TY - JOUR AN - 00148427 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chriss, S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CORRELATION OF CEMENT MORTAR CURED BY 28-DAY STANDARD AND ACCELERATED METHODS PY - 1976/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 440-443 AB - Based on the results of an experimental preliminary investigation, two correlations are presented between the standard 28-day strengths of 2-in. (50-8-mm) portland cement mortar cube specimens and the strengths of companion specimens cured under standard conditions for 1 day, and then subjected to accelerated curing for 1, 2, and 3 days in a water bath at 95 degrees C. The proposed correlations, although by no means conclusive, seem to indicate that a unified approach to prediction of standard 28-day strengths may be possible without resorting to development of individual "standard curing-accelerated curling" relationships for each kind of cement of different quality. KW - Accelerating (Process) KW - Accelerating agents KW - Cement mortars KW - Concrete curing KW - Correlation analysis KW - Portland cement KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455161 AU - Gadallah, Ahmed Atef AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Design Parameters for Asphalt Emulsion Treated Mixtures : Interim Report PY - 1976/10/05 SP - 220p AB - This study reports the findings of a detailed laboratory investigation concerning the effect of asphalt emulsion content, added moisture content, aggregate gradation, and the use of additives (1% portland cement) on the design parameters and properties of asphalt emulsion treated mixtures (AETM) using Marshall Equipment. The evaluation was conducted at different curing stages of the mix. One aggregate type and one asphalt emulsion type and grade were used in the study. A modified Marshall method for preparing and testing AETM specimens was developed and used in the evaluation section of the study. The evaluation of AETM properties resulted in a number of significant results. The properties of AETM are an outcome of a complex array of factors. Evaluating the mix properties as related to only a single factor is not sufficient; the interaction of these factors influence the properties of the AETM. The study showed that Marshall Stiffness and/or Index could be used, in addition to the conventional design parameters for Marshall Method of mix design, to better control the mix properties. The experiments showed that the water sensitivity test is very important in evaluating AETM properties and needs to be an integral part in the Marshall Design procedure for AETM. Based on the results of the overall investigation, a recommended evaluation system for AETM was presented. KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Bituminous bases KW - Concrete curing KW - Marshall test KW - Mix design KW - Moisture damage KW - Portland cement UR - http://archive.org/stream/studyofdesignpar00gada#page/n5/mode/2up UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313936 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154003 AU - California Department of Water Resources AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN PY - 1976/10 SP - 1392p-in 3 AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153964 AU - Hoel, L A AU - Herrin, M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ORGANIZING AND OPERATING A VANPOOL PROGRAM: FEASIBILITY OF VANPOOLING IN VIRGINIA PY - 1976/10 SP - 37 p. AB - The report identifies the various elements of passenger transportation vanpool programs and describes the procedures necessary for employers and agencies to implement a vanpool program, based on Virginia conditions. The concept of vanpools is introduced and benefits to management and employees are identified. Among these are reduced needs for parking, reduced traffic congestion, lower commuting costs and conveniences. Employer concerns about vanpool implementation are discussed, such as legal aspects and insurance costs. In Virginia there are no serious legal problems to prevent vanpooling. Experience with vanpools elsewhere in the U.S. indicate that methods for managing and operating programs differ from one company to another although the basic concept is similar to that selected by the 3M Company in its pioneering effort. KW - Buses KW - Commuters KW - Conservation KW - Cooperation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Employment KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic KW - Insurance KW - Legal factors KW - Management KW - Parking KW - Passenger transportation KW - Personnel management KW - Policy KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban transportation KW - Vanpools KW - Vehicular traffic UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36268/77-R15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194755 AU - Weisner, J P AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF COMBINATION INSERT AND SEALANT FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1976/10 SP - 30 p. AB - The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate under actual field conditions the performance of a combination insert and sealant for concrete pavement. In October, 1971, thirty transverse joints using this material were installed on a widening contract on I-95, North of Baltimore. Observations of the sealinserts were made biannually: once during maximum joint closure and once during maximum joint opening. The sealant performed satisfactorily throughout the study. A specification for this type of combination insert and sealant is contained in Appendix A. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Sealing compounds KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180867 AU - Berman, W AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY. REPORT III-2. A METHODOLOGY TO MEASURE THE INFLUENCE OF TRUCKS ON THE FLOW OF TRAFFIC PY - 1976/10 SP - 105 p. AB - As a means of describing the effect of trucks on the peak period traffic flow rate, the parameters of time headway and velocity were investigated. By analyzing and comparing time headways for vehicles, a factor, Truck Influence Ratio (TIR), was developed which expresses the number of passenger cars displaced by a truck. The factor was expanded to give an estimation of the percentage reduction in the flow rate due to the presence of trucks in the traffic lane. Analysis of the data collected showed that a truck displaces 1.5 passenger cars during periods of heavy traffic demand, that is, the TIR equals 1.5 passenger cars per truck. Therefore, the existence of trucks in the traffic stream results in a seven percent reduction in the flow rate. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic KW - Markov processes KW - Maryland KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Time KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys KW - Truck effect on highway capacity KW - Trucks KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Vehicular tunnels KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169767 AU - Katona, M G AU - Smith, J M AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CANDE: SYSTEM MANUAL PY - 1976/10 SP - 221 p. AB - The manual presents logic for a Fortran computer program CANDE for the structural design and analysis for culverts. The purpose of the manual is to aide the engineer and/or computer analyst in the following tasks: (a) installing CANDE on a host computer, (b) increasing blank storage capacity for large problems, and (c) extending CANDE to incorporate new solution theories, pipe models and soil models. Also, the general architecture and cross reference of subroutines are documented with basic programming strategy. The report includes the source listing of CANDE with liberal comment cards. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Computer memory KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pipe KW - Corrugated steel KW - Corrugated steel pipes KW - Culverts KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Soil mechanics KW - Steel pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179507 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - MILLER, R H AU - Ciesielski, S K AU - Wallo, E M AU - Boyle, M J AU - Pindzola, D M AU - Tropea, J AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated TI - TECHNOLOGY FOR USE OF INCINERATOR RESIDUE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL PY - 1976/10 SP - 342 p. AB - Incineration of solid waste is a major means of refuse disposal in many major metropolitan areas. There are presently 141 operating municipal incinerator plants in 24 states and the District of Columbia. These plants are responsible for producing approximately 5 million tons of incinerator residue annually. These residues are a heterogeneous mixture of components such as glass, metals, ceramics, ash, and combustibles. Six basic types of incinerator residues were identified in this study. Representative samples of these materials were obtained in the field and subjected to extensive laboratory study. The materials were characterized and evaluated for performance in base course and wearing surface mixtures. Based on these tests, incinerator residue is not recommended for use in portland cement concrete. It is, however, recommended as an aggregate in bituminous mixtures. Three experimental sections were placed using incinerator residue in bituminous wearing surface mixtures. The mixes used have performed well since their placement in the latter part of 1975. Early data on skid resistance for these mixtures indicates that the addition of incinerator residue does improve pavement skid resistance. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Fly ash KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Refuse KW - Road construction KW - Skid resistance KW - Solid wastes KW - Surface treating KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159010 AU - Essigman, MFJ AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING EMBANKMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF THE VARIABILITY RESULTING FROM SOIL COMPACTION PY - 1976/10 SP - 114 p. AB - A glacial silty clay was studied to determine what variables control laboratory impact-compacted density and strength and their variabilities. Additionally, the laboratory data were examined statistically as possible predictors of field results. Density and strength are controlled by moisture content and density, respectively, as well as by interactions between variables (i.e., one-on-one relations between variables are not adequate to define the dependences). The variabilities are controlled by the magnitudes of density or strength as well as by interactions between variables. Results of limited field sheepsfoot compaction of the same soil show relationships very similar to those from the laboratory; the field variabilities are, however larger. Enough field data were not available to develop reliable field compaction relationships. However a prediction technique was developed, using laboratory data that should ultimately be applicable for field data. The designer selects the strength he wishes for the compacted soil, and the variability he will accept; the technique tells him what density, moisture content, and energy to specify for compaction of that soil using a specific type of compaction. Appropriate field data are now being collected to demonstrate this technique for field compaction predictions. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Clay KW - Density KW - Embankments KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Indiana KW - Moisture content KW - Properties of materials KW - Silts KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Statistics KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176548 AU - Richards, A M AU - Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - CAUSES, MEASUREMENT AND PREVENTION OF PAVEMENT FORCES LEADING TO BLOWUPS PY - 1976/10 SP - 131 p. AB - A survey of blowup activity in Ohio's concrete pavements was conducted. One hundred and seventy-two blowups of various severity were reported during 1975 and 1976. A survey of blowup literature in the Untied States was conducted and resulted in an extensive bibliography of material dealing with jointed concrete pavements. A method of measuring residual strains within a concrete pavement was developed. Strain gage rosettes are attached to the walls of a corehole by means of an installation tool which was invented for this project. The hole is over-cored and the relief strains are measured. Available theory has been adapted to allow computation of state of stress in the original slab at the level of the gages. Laboratory and field tests were conducted. Computer models of the overcore and an entire pavement slab were developed using the STRUDL package. Various temperature loadings and boundary conditions were studied. KW - Bibliographies KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Causes KW - Concrete pavements KW - Force KW - Joint construction KW - Measurement KW - Pavement blowups KW - Prevention KW - Residual stress KW - Simulation KW - Strain gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172029 AU - Katona, M G AU - Smith, J M AU - Odello, R S AU - Allgood, J R AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CANDE--A MODERN APPROACH FOR THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BURIED CULVERTS PY - 1976/10 SP - 475 p. AB - A unified computer methodology is presented for the structural design, analysis, and evaluation of buried culverts made of corrugated steel, aluminum, reinforced concrete, and a class of plastic pipe. Through proper representation of soil-structure interaction, the engineer can test and evaluate either old or new culvert design concepts. The engineer may select any of three solution levels in the computer program, depending on the complexity of the problem and vigor of solution derived. Level 1 is a closed-form elasticity solution (Burns), whereas levels 2 and 3 are based on finite element methods. Each solution characterizes the culvert-soil system by plain strain geometry and loading. Analytical modeling features incremental construction and non-linear constitutive models for characterizing culvert and soil behavior. Culvert material models account for ductile yielding and brittle cracking. CANDE designs are compared with traditional design solutions for both corrugated metal and reinforced concrete pipe. Field experimental data compared to CANDE predictions demonstrate good condition. /Author/ KW - Aluminum KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pipe KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Corrugated steel KW - Corrugated steel pipes KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Plastics KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Soil mechanics KW - Steel pipe KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165764 AU - Welch, B H AU - Wiley, M L AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - INVESTIGATION OF HYDRATED LIME-ASPHALT AND AGGREGATE INTERACTION PY - 1976/10 SP - 70 p. AB - The addition of hydrated lime to bituminous mixtures has been used as an aid for anti-stripping of asphalt-aggregate combinations. Previous work in Utah noted the hydrated lime supplement has the tendency to reduce the hardening rate of asphaltic binders and increase initial stability values. As a result, minimum immersion compression standards were developed, below which hydrated lime became a common bituminous mix supplement for improved mixture qualities. This study focused on a factorial laboratory design consisting of two aggregate sources (silaceous and calcareous), three viscosity graded asphalts (AC-10, AC-15 and AC-20), two lime sources and three concentrations of lime (0, 1/2 and 1 percent) to identify the interaction of asphalt-aggregate-and hydrated lime that yields reduced hardening of asphaltic binders and stronger bituminous mixtures. Results direct the cause for variance between separate combinations of asphalt and aggregate on immersion compression to the optimum asphalt content for different aggregate sources, and to a lesser degree the chemical components of the aggregate or asphalt. It is verified that the addition of hydrated lime to asphaltic concrete does increase stability and reduce the hardening rate of some asphalts. Recommendations are made to consider the use of one-half to one percent hydrated lime on the basis of RTFO viscosity in addition to wet-dry immersion compression ratio values. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Binders KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Chemical reactions KW - Compression tests KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardness KW - Immersion compression test KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169764 AU - Naval Construction Battalion Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CANDE PY - 1976/10 SP - 849 p. AB - No abstract available. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pipe KW - Corrugated steel KW - Corrugated steel pipes KW - Culverts KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Soil mechanics KW - Steel pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57965 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00167456 JO - Highway Focus AU - Robinson, J R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAWDUST EMBANKMENT PY - 1976/10 VL - 8 IS - 3 SP - p. 106-112 AB - This article describes the reconstruction efforts on a highway as a result of embankment slides. In the reconstruction, fill was placed over the old roadbed and widening was done on both sides. The first step taken toward repair was to intercept seepage on the upper side of the road. A trench for an 18 inch pipe was excavated into solid shale. The pipe flowed for several weeks after it was installed. The pipe still carries a substantial flow during periods of heavy rainfall. It was decided to use sawdust as an embankment material because of favorable results elsewhere and because it was less expensive than other alternatives. All of the loose material from the slide was pushed downhill and leveled to form a bench or base for the new enbankment. A four foot lift of pit gravel was placed on top of the sawdust, and the slope was platted with a few inches of the same material. Approximate measures of embankment material used and cost is included. The sawdust embankment has been in place for eight months, and there is no noticeable settlement. Plans are now being made to use sawdust embankments in other slide-prone areas. KW - Costs KW - Embankments KW - Flow KW - Gravel KW - Ground settlement KW - Moisture content KW - Rainfall KW - Road construction KW - Sawdust KW - Seepage KW - Slope stability KW - Streamflow KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00157894 AU - Essigman, M F AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - AN EXAMINATION OF THE VARIABILITY RESULTING FROM SOIL COMPACTION PY - 1976/10 SP - 111 p. AB - A glacial silty clay was studied to determine what variables control laboratory impact-compacted density and strength and their variabilities. Additionally, the laboratory data were examined statistically as possible predictors of field results. Density and strength are controlled by moisture content and density, respectively, as well as by interactions between variables (i.e., one-on-one relations between variables are not adequate to define the dependences). The variabilities are controlled by the magnitudes of density of strength as well as by interactions between variables. Results of limited field sheepsfoot compaction of the same soil show relationships very similar to those from the laboratory; the field variabilities are, however larger. Enough field data were not available to develop reliable field compaction relationships. However a prediction technique was developed, using laboratory data that should ultimately be applicable for field data. The designer selects the strength he wishes for the compacted soil, and the variability he will accept; the technique tells him what density, moisture content, and energy to specify for compaction of that soil using a specific type of compaction. Appropriate field data are now being collected to demonstrate this technique for field compaction predictions. /Author/ KW - Clay KW - Density KW - Forecasting KW - Glacial soils KW - Moisture content KW - Sheepsfoot rollers KW - Silts KW - Soil compaction KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158076 AU - Steere, L B AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - SKID NUMBER-SPEED GRADIENT TESTING IN COLORADO PY - 1976/10 SP - 40 p. AB - This Interim Report covers the Colorado Division of Highways investigation of skid resistance deterioration as test speeds are increased. Tests were made on one Portland Cement test site and on nineteen samples of the four most frequently applied asphaltic friction courses provided for the Colorado Specifications. These tests produced evidence that skid resistance measured on Colorado Type A Open Graded Plant Mix Seal Coats deteriorated to a significantly lesser degree than any of the other four pavements. Type A PMSC produced the highest absolute skid resistance values. Further monitoring of the test sites is necessary to determine the rate of degradation of the pavement surfaces due to time, weather, and traffic. KW - Asphalt KW - Degradation KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158098 AU - Janson, M H AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - LIGHTS AND LIGHTING FOR HAZARD WARNING AND DELINEATION PY - 1976/10 SP - 97 p. AB - Hazard Warning Study - In a laboratory study 24 observers, representing a cross-section of driver ages, were asked to respond to a flashing yellow light, presented to scale in a simulated roadway setting amongst various other lights; both flashing and steady-burning. A field study was also conducted using both 6 and 12-v lamps, wherein observers were required to compare these lights at varying flash rates. It was found that a flash rate of between 95 and 105 flashes per minute, with an approximately 20 percent 'on time,' was preferred, with an effective intensity of a least 20 to 40 candela for a 1,000-ft warning distance. Delineation Lighting Study - In a laboratory study with 108 observers, and a field study using 20 observers, steady-burning lights proved distinctly superior to various types of flashing light delineation systems. For best delineation, the left and right rows of lights should be different colors. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Field studies KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Flashing yellow signals KW - Hazard markings KW - Highway delineators KW - Lighting KW - Simulation KW - Vision KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158149 AU - Holbrook, L F AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - ACCIDENT RATES AND SURFACE PROPERTIES--AN INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIPS PY - 1976/10 SP - 57 p. AB - Urban and rural trunkline intersections are examined with regard to their wet accident percentages. The examination first takes account of the estimated percentage of surface wet time for each month from January to December. Because precipitation data are only available for the amount of precipitation for designated time intervals, a method is developed to convert these data into percent wet time--a factor necessary in assessing wet surface exposure. Using this conversion method, the precipitation data from 120 weather stations are transformed to give a month by month wetness profile for the entire state for the years 1963 to 1974. The range in monthly wetness for this period is from less than 1% to more than 25%. This potential 25 to 1 ratio is very influential in wet accident incidence and should be taken into account before other wet accident variables are examined. Nearly 40,000 accidents occurring at over 2,000 intersections for which a skid number value was available were tabulated to provide wet accident proportions. These data together with the location's wet time proportion, as estimated from the nearest weather station, provided an opportunity to statistically fit the wet accident model for the variables included, and for each of three surface types in common use. The fit is satisfactory and suggests an accelerating function for skid number; for all levels of wetness, and taking all surfaces together, a skid number less than about 30 is accompanied by an accelerating increase in wet accident percentages; although the actual shape of the curve depends on wet time. In general, it appears that there is no skid number hazard threshold--wet accident incidence increases monotonically and continuously, albeit at an increasing rate, as skid number deteriorates. This relationship appears strongest for the bituminous aggregate surfaces. KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Crash rates KW - Intersections KW - Pavements KW - Precipitation KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Texture KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153999 AU - Owings, R P AU - Adair, J W AU - Cantor, C AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. TASK L. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME V PY - 1976/10 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine practical laboratory methods of testing breakaway supports to assure their effectiveness in automobile/support impacts. The study involved analysis and computer simulation of vehicle impacts with breakaway sign and luminaire supports. A pendulum impact test facility was designed and built, and impact teste were conducted on sign and luminaire supports. The results of these laboratory tests incorporating a crushable nose of aluminum honeycomb were compared with full-scale impact tests as well as computer-simulated impacts. Correlations were found to be good for slip base structures, while for shoe base luminaires the scatter was too large to make definite conclusions. The study has resulted in recommendations for minimum sizes for foundations for luminaire supports and the specification of single laboratory test criteria incorporating crush rate parameters. KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Pendulum tests KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Simulation KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154005 AU - Goodridge, J D AU - California Department of Water Resources AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN. VOLUME II. LONG-DURATION PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY DATA PY - 1976/10 SP - 396 p. AB - This report is an analysis of depth-duration-frequency of precipitation in California and contains the annual series extreme values from about 30 rain gage networks in California. A statistical analysis of each record is available, giving 12 return periods ranging from 2 to 10,000 years and durations of 5 minutes to 60 days, including the annual total precipitation. Methods of interstation interpolation are given. Hourly precipitation records of the National Weather Service were reevaluated to develop 5-, 10-, 15- and 30-minute extreme data. This volume reports depth-duration-frequency analysis of precipitation with durations of one day to 60 days from 900 nonrecording rain gages. The data contained in this report are intended for use in runoff computation using procedures such as the rational method or the unit hydrograph method. KW - California KW - Coefficient of variation KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Frequency distributions KW - Hazards KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Hydrology KW - Interpolation KW - Kurtosis KW - Maps KW - Precipitation KW - Precipitation (Meteorology) KW - Rain gages KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Risk assessment KW - Runoff KW - Safety KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage KW - Tables (Data) KW - Unit hydrographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154030 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR EMULSIFIED ASPHALT STABILIZATION OF SANDY SOILS IN MISSISSIPPI PY - 1976/10 SP - 107 p. AB - In the first phase of the investigation various factors affecting stabilization of sands with emulsion is studied. The results show that well-graded sands with sufficient silt-clay material respond well to emulsions. Portland cement in trace quantities is required, however, to improve the water-susceptibility of the mixture. Because of its superior bonding to silicious aggregate, cationic emulsion is preferred in sand stabilization. Making use of the test results on eight naturally occurring soils and one synthetic aggregate mix design criteria for sands and sandy soils are proposed in the second part of the report. Mixtures which strip or stiffen excessively on mixing may be unsatisfactory. In addition, a mixture will be considered suitable if they have a minimum of 50% coating. Minimum Marshall strength of 202 N (900 lbs.) will insure that CETM would not undergo shear failure under heavy truck tire pressure. Another criterion, to detect and avoid moisture susceptible mixtures, is that Marshall cylinders during vacuum soaking should not absorb more than 10% moisture. The last chapter presents a step by step procedure of mixture design of CETM mixtures. KW - Aggregates KW - Clay soils KW - Compaction KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mississippi KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Portland cement KW - Sand KW - Sandy soils KW - Shear strength KW - Silts KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154006 AU - Goodridge, J D AU - California Department of Water Resources AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAINFALL ANALYSIS FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN. VOLUME III. INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY CURVES PY - 1976/10 SP - 313 p. AB - This report is an analysis of depth-duration-frequency of precipitation in California and contains the annual series extreme values from about 30 rain gage networks in California. A statistical analysis of each record is available, giving 12 return periods ranging from 2 to 10,000 years and durations of 5 minutes to 60 days, including the annual total precipitation. Methods of interstation interpolation are given. Hourly precipitation records of the National Weather Service were reevaluated to develop 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-minute extreme data. This volume contains precipitation intensity-duration-frequency curves from 500 recording rain gages, based on maximum annual rainfall depths for 5 to 180 minutes. The information contained in this report is intended for use in runoff computation using procedures such as the rational method or the unit hydrograph method. KW - Building sites KW - California KW - Coefficient of variation KW - Depth KW - Drainage KW - Frequency distributions KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Interpolation KW - Location KW - Maps KW - Periodic variations KW - Precipitation KW - Precipitation (Meteorology) KW - Rain gages KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Runoff KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage KW - Tables (Data) KW - Time series analysis KW - Unit hydrographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154774 AU - Lane, K R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTROL OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. REPORT IV PY - 1976/10 SP - 34 p. AB - Statistical specifications were employed on a trial basis on a contract calling for a bituminous concrete pavement on a premix (Class 4) base and a rolled gravel base in the Town of Oxford. In contrast to normal procedures, control strips and nuclear gages were used to assess compactive effort. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Concrete bases KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Gravel KW - Performance tests KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151860 AU - Zak, J M AU - Troll, J AU - Havis, J R AU - Carrow, R N AU - Mosler, S H AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE VEGETATIVE COVER FOR CRITICAL AND ERODED AREAS PY - 1976/10 SP - 137 p. AB - Studies were made on the establishment of shrubs and trees on highway roadsides from container-grown and bare-root plants, root cuttings, and from seed, broadcast or spot seeded, under wood chips or with grasses as mulch material. Various aspects of establishing herbaceous plants were investigated. Methods of growing woody plants for setting on roadsides at any time during the growing season instead of at the usual spring or fall planting times were studied. Several growth retardants and two soil sterilants were tested for suppression of vegetative growth. KW - Chippings KW - Chips KW - Containers KW - Cutting KW - Erosion control KW - Grasses KW - Growth regulators KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Massachusetts KW - Mulches KW - Nitrogen KW - Pipe KW - Plant cover KW - Plant genetics KW - Plants KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Roadside KW - Roots KW - Roots (Plants) KW - Seeds KW - Shrubs KW - Soil fertility KW - Soil sterilants KW - Soils KW - Sterilization KW - Trees KW - Urban growth KW - Vegetation KW - Wood chips KW - Wood waste UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151777 AU - Willenbrock, J H AU - Kopac, P A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRICE ADJUSTMENT SYSTEMS FOR STATISTICALLY BASED RESTRICTED PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1976/10 SP - 171 p. AB - This report presents a methodology which can be used to develop price adjustment systems suited for statistically based, restricted performance specifications. An example of the use of this methodology for a specific situation, that of bituminous concrete paving for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, is also presented. Three approaches are proposed for the development of a price adjustment system. These are: (1) the performance or serviceability approach, (2) the cost of production approach, and (3) the trial and error O.C. curve approach. A fourth approach, the cost of quality control approach, is also examined, but cannot be fully developed at this time because of the limited cost data which are available. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Costs KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Histograms KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Prices KW - Quality control KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151729 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - EVALUATION OF RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS FOR ROADWAY DELINEATION DURING FOG PY - 1976/10 SP - 28 p. AB - The feasibility of using reflex reflective devices and materials for roadway delineation and vehicle guidance during fog was investigated, with emphasis on the nighttime visibility characteristics. Also, consideration was given to various experimental methods of marker placement for roadway delineation and to protecting the markers from snowplow damage. Two types of corner-cube raised markers were placed along the highway edge line on 20-ft. (6.1 m) centers. In one placement concept, snowplowable and non-snowplowable markers were placed on the pavement surface; in a second concept, the markers were recessed below the pavement surface in grooves. The marking systems were subjectively evaluated by observing the legibility properties during fog and noting the number of markers visible. Based on the observations, the raised pavement markers were thought to provide sufficient nighttime roadway delineation for vehicle guidance during light to medium density fogs. Although data were not available for dense fog, it is felt that adequate delineation would be provided for such fog conditions. The method of grooving the pavement in the vicinity of the edge line for the purpose of recessing the markers to provide snowplowability was found to be feasible, providing adequate drainage is provided and a groove is placed in front of the marker. The length of the groove depends upon the reflectivity-distance requirements. KW - Configuration KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Durability KW - Fog KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway traffic control KW - Markers KW - Night KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Reflectance KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflector markers KW - Road markings KW - Shape KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Visibility KW - Vision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36305/77-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151778 AU - Willenbrock, J H AU - Kopac, P A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES FOR PENNDOT'S RESTRICTED PERFORMANCE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1976/10 SP - 95 p. AB - The objective of this report is to discuss the development of O.C. curves for the asphalt content and density characteristics of PennDOT's restricted performance bituminous concrete specifications. The report provides sufficient information to enable the development of O.C. curves for a wide majority of statistically based acceptance plans which are in use. The discussion begins with the simple case of an acceptance plan for which (X bar) prime and (sigma prime) are assumed to be known, then goes on to the case where one of these parameters is unknown, and finally to the more complicated case where both of the parameters are unknown. This latter case is most applicable to the PennDOT situation. Examples are given throughout the report which closely parallel PennDOT's acceptance procedures. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Computer programs KW - Density KW - Density mass/volume KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Parameters KW - Pavements KW - Probability theory KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01344949 AU - Demetsky, Michael J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Applications Manual for Logit Modes of Express Bus-Fringe Parking Choices PY - 1976/09 SP - 80p AB - Manual computations and computerized applications of logit. models are described. The models demonstrated reflect travel behavior concerning express bus-fringe parking transit. The specific travel issues addressed include the basic automobile vs. express bus transit choice, model, transferability, between two study areas, submodal split, and n-dimensional choice modeling. A series of curves derived from th:e mathematical models are presented in the appendices to simplify computations. A FORTRAN subroutine for using these models within the Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) battery of computer programs for transportation planning is provided. KW - Bus transit KW - Choice models KW - Express buses KW - Express service KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Fringe parking KW - Logits KW - Mathematical models KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36362/77-R22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1105692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462080 AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATIONS MANUAL FOR LOGIT MODELS OF EXPRESS BUS-FRINGE PARKING CHOICES. FINAL REPORT--IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1976/09 SP - v.p. AB - Manual computations and computerized applications of logit models are described. The models demonstrated reflect travel behavior concerning express bus-fringe parking transit. The specific travel issues addressed include the basic automobile vs. express bus transit choice, model transferability between two study areas, submodal split, and n-dimensional choice modeling. A series of curves derived from the mathematical models are presented in the appendices to simplify computations. A FORTRAN subroutine for using these models within the UTPS battery of computer programs for transportation planning is provided. KW - Express buses KW - Fringe parking KW - Information processing KW - Logits KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165493 AU - Rivkin, M D AU - Brecher, S AU - Bivkin, G W AU - Rivkin Associates, Incorporated TI - ACQUISITION OF LAND FOR JOINT HIGHWAY AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND MAIN REPORT PY - 1976/09 SP - 144 p. AB - Excess or expanded acquisition by public agencies to provide sites for public and/or private development projects adjacent to transportation facilities is limited. This report examines legal, financial, political, and administrative parameters of four types of takings: remnants or remainders, acquisition for protection of the facility or adjacent land from adverse impacts, recoupment of project costs, and acquisition expressly for joint development. Case studies are made of actual projects in six States (Arizona, Florida, Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, and Nevada) and on the Toronto subway system. In several cases the highway or transportation agency was used as an arm of the local government to undertake expanded acquisition. Few acquired properties were sold; typically the highway agency or local government leased the sites on a long- or short-term basis. In most cases a formal inter-agency group coordinated and directed the process from acquisition through site development, and there was significant public support and high quality technical and political leadership. The study recommends that highway agencies broaden their financial and administrative support to highway corridor planning by: (1) identifying surplus land already in their ownership and working with communities and community groups to determine where and how this land could be used for mutually beneficial joint development projects, (2) offering the services of their skilled personnel to communities interested in joint development, and (3) encouraging local communities to adopt their own acquisition programs and regulatory techniques to capture the wide range of public benefits of highway development. KW - City planning KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Financial expenditures KW - Highway departments KW - Highways KW - Joint development KW - Land use planning KW - Leasing KW - Legal factors KW - Local government KW - Politics KW - Property acquisition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/55953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194751 AU - Reed, R E AU - Cole, H A AU - Nielsen Engineering and Research Incorporated AU - National Aeronautics and Space Administration TI - RANDOMDEC: MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND AND APPLICATION TO DETECTION OF STRUCTURAL DETERIORATION IN BRIDGES PY - 1976/09 SP - 180 p. AB - The application of Randomdec analysis to the detection of flaws in highway bridges is investigated analytically and experimentally. The analytical study shows basic properties of the method including the relationship between the Randomdec signature, the amplitude spectrum and the modal response of the system. The experimental program included a field study on five bridges and a laboratory study on samples with induced fatigue cracks. The bridge work produced results on signature characteristics of different types of structural members and on the detection of structural changes in a bridge under dynamic testing. The laboratory study showed that within the frequency range of 1-10 KHz, crack growth in the range of 0.25 to 0.7 cm can be detected at distances up to about one meter. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue analysis KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189354 AU - Dommasch, I N AU - Hollinger, R L AU - Reilly, E F AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - PASSIVE CONTROL AT RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING PY - 1976/09 SP - n.p. AB - Two combinations of experimental advance warning and crossing signs were developed for use at passively controlled rail-highway grade crossings. Each combination was installed at three sites for a total of six experimental sites. New conventional signing was installed at four additional sites. "Before" and "after" studies measured the effectiveness of two control changes; "as is" conventional to upgraded conventional and upgraded conventional to experimental. Effectiveness was measured using motorist interviews, observed brake light applications, and sport speed studies. Upon comparison of before and after studies, an increase was noticed at all experimental sites in "Signs" (either advance or cross buck) as a reason for awareness. All increases except one were statistically significant. Differences in responses to experimental signs were noticed when the signs were considered together (advance and crossbuck) and in combination with other responses. It was found that the experimental signs using brilliant yellow green Scotchlite were more noticeable than the other combination of experimental signs. Other changes include a reduction in the variance of spot speeds at nine out of ten sites, and an increase in the percentage of motorists observed to apply brakes at seven out of seven sites. From the results, it was implied that all control changes increased awareness of the crossings. At experimental sites, the new signing is considered to account for this increase in awareness. /FHWA/ KW - Awareness KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Interviewing KW - Personnel performance KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167081 AU - Ferrara, A A AU - Yenetchi, G AU - Grumman Aerospace Corp. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION OF PREFERENTIAL BRIDGE ICING USING HEAT PIPES PY - 1976/09 SP - 140 p. AB - This report describes the results of a 27 month analytical and test program to investigate the use of heat pipes and renewable energy sources (specifically earth heat) to avoid the preferential freezing of highway bridge decks. Based on computer simulations of typical preferential icing events (days), a single system design is recommended for most U.S. locations. This design consists of nominal 0.5 inch heat pipes at the slab mid-plane, on 23 cm centers, connected to nominal 2 inch heat pipes in the ground via a pumped fluid loop, with 1 m of earth heat pipe provided for every 0.3 m2 of bridge deck. The report also provides preliminary assessment of the design requirements and costs of an alternate, solar collector design; it concludes that the solar collector design may offer economic advantages over the earth heat pipe system, and thus should be investigated further. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Convection (Fluid mechanics) KW - Costs KW - Deicing KW - Heat flow KW - Heat loss KW - Heat pipes KW - Heat transfer KW - Highway bridges KW - Icing KW - Pipe KW - Pipes tubes KW - Preferential icing KW - Simulation KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166444 AU - Heins, C P AU - Colville, J AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - LOAD FACTOR DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STEEL I BEAM COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1976/09 SP - 63 p. AB - This report presents a summary of the results of a comphrehensive research program, designed to evaluate the load distribution and effective width of steel composite highway bridges, under factored loading. The results are given in the form of several emperical equations, for use in determining the load distribution and effective slab widths. Applications of these equations, relative to the design of several bridges, is given in detail. A commentary of the theory, model experiments, and correlation between theory and tests is also given. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Load factor KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Static loads KW - Steel beams KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Ultimate strength KW - Ultimate strength method KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167127 AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - Bemis, G R AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR POLLUTION AND ROADWAY LOCATION, DESIGN, AND OPERATION, PRELIMINARY STUDY OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON AND ADJACENT TO FREEWAYS PY - 1976/09 SP - 214 p. AB - The air quality measurements used to characterize the temporal and spatial distributions of carbon monoxide (CO) downwind from highway line sources are discussed. Three different highway geometrics were monitored within the Los Angeles area. They included two depressed sections, an at-grade section and a fill section. Measurements for this study, at any one site, consisted of (1) as many as 24 carbon monoxide sampling points for the integrated one hour CO concentrations, (2) one hour values of surface wind speeds and directions, and (3) one hour traffic counts. All CO measurements were made using bag sampling techniques. The data were analyzed to determine the vertical and horizontal dispersion rates, the effects of surface roughness on the dispersion of CO and CO spatial distribution during a period of relatively high concentrations. The data base collected for this study will provide information to verify and calibrate line source diffusion models. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Dispersion KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic distribution KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166495 AU - Ferrara, A A AU - Yenetchi, G AU - Grumman Aerospace Corp. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION OF PREFERENTIAL BRIDGE ICING USING HEAT PIPES PY - 1976/09 SP - 21 p. AB - This report describes the results of a 27 month analytical and test program to investigate the use of heat pipes and renewable energy sources (specifically earth heat) to avoid the preferential freezing of highway bridge decks. Based on computer simulations of typical preferential icing events (days), a single system design is recommended for most U.S. locations. This design consists of nominal 0.5 inch heat pipes at the slab mid-plane, on 23 cm centers, connected to nominal 2 inch heat pipes in the ground via a pumped fluid loop, with 1 m of earth heat pipe provided for every 0.3 square meters of bridge deck. The report also provides preliminary assessment of the design requirements and costs of an alternative, solar collector design; it concludes that the solar collector design may offer economic advantages over the earth heat pipe system, and thus should be investigated further. KW - Bridge decks KW - Deicing KW - Energy KW - Heat pipes KW - Highway bridges KW - Icing KW - Preferential icing KW - Simulation KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178780 AU - Smoak, W G AU - Bureau of Reclamation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD EVALUATION OF A TECHNIQUE FOR POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SURFACES PY - 1976/09 SP - 161 p. AB - The development and field evaluation of a technique of impregnating new concrete bridge decks with an acrylic polymer system to a depth of 1 inch (25 mm) or more for protection against chloride induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel and freeze-thaw deterioration is reported. The durability of concrete treated with the polymer impregnation technique was determined in chloride intrusion, freeze-thaw and skid and abrasion resistance tests. The first polymer impregnation of the entire riding surface of a full size bridge deck was performed as a part of this research and development program in October 1974. A detailed discussion of this first field treatment and a general discussion of two subsequent full size bridge treatments which resulted in refinements to the treatment technique are included. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Polymers KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Skid resistance tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158930 AU - Chan, E L AU - Champion, F C AU - Castanon, D R AU - Chang, J C AU - HANNON, J B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED NUCLEAR GAGE DEVELOPMENT - PHASE I AND II PY - 1976/09 SP - 227 p. AB - This report contains Phase I and II of an investigation covering the design and construction of a prototype nuclear-moisture-density backscatter gage. Gage development was based upon the analysis of several factors which affect gage performance. This research indicated that the prototype gage measurements are approximately equivalent to measurements obtained by a commercial transmission gage. The implication of this research finding concerns the qualification of the backscatter test method as a valid, reliable, and expedient procedure for determining in-situ soil conditions. KW - Backscattering KW - Densitometers KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Gamma counters KW - Geiger counters KW - Geological surveying KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture meters KW - Neutron counters KW - Nuclear tests KW - Radiation measuring instruments KW - Soil exploration KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178333 AU - Michie, J D AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPGRADING SAFETY PERFORMANCE IN RETROFITTING TRAFFIC RAILING SYSTEMS PY - 1976/09 SP - 129 p. AB - From bridge rail information of 51 State highway agencies and personal interviews with five selected highway agencies, current state-of-the-art of bridge railing safety performance was assessed. Based on the analysis of 14 specific railing designs, an estimated assessment of the performance of bridge rails on a national scale is presented. The data indicates that a significant percentage of existing railings may be below currently attainable safety performance standards. Bridge railing designs are grouped into four categories according to profile geometry and features that are amenable to a common retrofit design. Two categories, II and III, represent about 82 percent of existing installations. Five retrofit designs for Categories II and III were developed and evaluated by a 22-crash test program. Although not crash-test evaluated, an improved approach guardrail design features a thrie beam rail element and a breakaway cable terminal. /Author/ KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge railings KW - Cables KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fees KW - Highway safety KW - Modernization KW - Performance KW - Retrofitting KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172027 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - AGGREGATE QUALITY AS RELATED TO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1976/09 SP - n.p. AB - This research study has been concerned with the evaluation of low quality aggregate for use in paving mixtures. The mixture evaluation was carried out using environmental simulation, moduli response, indirect tensile strength and structural simulation of pavement responses. The research findings indicate that pavement mixtures using low quality aggregate are susceptible to environment-induced damage. The use of these mixtures in the pavement surface course, which is exposed to the combined effects of environment and loading, is not fully justified. The review of data indicates that both coarse aggregate and fine aggregate are equally responsible for mixture durability. The use of low quality sand might, in fact, have en equally detrimental effect when compared to the effect of coarse aggregate. For mixtures in which low quality sand was replaced with limestone sand, the mixture performance exhibits a two-fold improvement. The use of sulfur as a mixture additive similarly improved mixture performance. The simulation of pavement performance indicates that two inches of a 301 mixture prepared with locally available aggregate is equivalent to one inch of asphaltic base course 301 prepared with a limestone material from Franklin County. /Author/ KW - Aggregate analysis KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Durability KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fine aggregates KW - Flexible pavements KW - Limestone KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Sand KW - Simulation KW - Sulfur KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143978 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1975. SECTION 1. VEHICLES, DRIVERS, AND FUELS PY - 1976/09 SP - 86 p. AB - The publication presents the 1975 statistical and analytical tables of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, and highway-user taxation. The Highway Statistics series has been published annually beginning with 1945. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Motor vehicles KW - Revenues KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158128 AU - Epps, J A AU - Larrimore, I E AU - Meyer, A H AU - Cos, S G AU - Evans, J R AU - Jones, H L AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Wottan, C V AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR USE BY THE TEXAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PY - 1976/09 SP - 414 p. AB - Close cooperation among Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation district maintenance operational personnel, central office representatives and the Texas Transportation Institute study team together with a review of the literature provided the necessary information to develop selected maintenance management tools. These management tools consist of maintenance performance standards, cost codes and a maintenance rating system which has been implemented in part by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance standards KW - Standards KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158112 AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - FUNDAMENTALS OF FROST ACTION IN SUBGRADE SOILS SN - 44D4-044 PY - 1976/09 SP - 73 p. AB - The research report deals with the investigative work done to develop a routine test for soil frost susceptibility. The objectives of the test investigation were: (1) the refinement of a testing apparatus constructed by M.I.T. and similar in design to apparatus developed and tested at M.I.T. under a previous HRP project; (2) the development of routine testing and soil frost susceptibility categorization procedures; (3) the implementation of testing program to provide the Design Engineers with soil frost susceptibility design data. The objectives have not been accomplished with the existing equipment-even after numerous equipment and procedural modifications. The results of testing on both typical field and laboratory blended soil types are discussed herein along with the encountered procedural and equipment problems. Recommendations for termination of testing with the existing equipment and for equipment modifications for possible future work are made. KW - Frost action KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158116 AU - BUSHEY, R W AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMETNAL OVERLAYS TO MINIMIZE REFLECTION CRACKING PY - 1976/09 SP - 44 p. AB - Californis's research on experimental asphalt concrete overlays to minimize reflection cracking has been in progress since 1971. An evaluation of various methods and systems is being made to determine their effectiveness in reducing reflection cracking in bituminous overlays. The purpose of this interim report is to present information on the construction of the experimental overlay projects and to report on their performance to date. An additional 0.12 foot AC placed in conjunction with a 0.08 foot maintenance blanket (0.20 foot total) is performing better than the experimental test sections on a project with thermal cracking. On two projects in Southern Calironia with alligator cracks 1/8 inch wide or narrower and visible signs of pumping in the surfacing, the use of Petromat has extended the life of a one inch overlay by more than two years. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction KW - Experimental roads KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158137 AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CEMENT CONTENT OF FRESH CONCRETE PY - 1976/09 SP - 38 p. AB - A test method for determining the cement content of fresh concrete was developed for both laboratory and field use. Using hydrochloric acid to keep a concrete mixture constantly neutralized, the cement content can be determined to within about 1/4 sack per cubic yard. Field tests indicate the method is most useful in evaluating the performance of a concrete mixer. Relative cement contents of various portions of a batch can be determined in about one hour. Adjustments to aggregate and/or cement feed can then be made as needed to improve mixing uniformity. KW - Admixtures KW - Cement content KW - Concrete mixers KW - Field tests KW - Hydrochloric acid KW - Performance KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155433 AU - Gamble, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMOTE IDENTIFICATION OF GEOLOGIC MATERIALS BY MULTISPECTRAL TECHNIQUES: AN EVALUATION OF APPLICABILITY TO HIGHWAY PLANNING IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1976/09 SP - 45 p. AB - The remote classification of terrain features and natural materials at a California test site, obtained by multisensor scanner and computer assisted processing techniques is compared to a detailed geologic map that served as ground truth for evaluating classification accuracy. The purpose of the study was to determine if the multispectral method of remotely discriminating natural materials had practical application for highway and environmental planning, and for route selection. At the present stage of development the method does not obviate aerial photography and field studies to obtain the information of engineering significance required for preconstruction planning. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Engineering geology KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field studies KW - Geologic maps (Aerial) KW - Geological maps KW - Geological surveying KW - Highway planning KW - Maps KW - Remote sensing KW - Route choice KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Terrain KW - Terrain evaluation KW - Topographic maps KW - Traffic measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154861 AU - Nakao, D I AU - Howell, R B AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY OPERATION AND PLANT DAMAGE. DATA APPENDIX. (SOIL CHEMISTRY, SALT APPLICATION, OZONE PRECIPITATION) PY - 1976/09 SP - 192 p. AB - The Transportation Laboratory is engaged in a study of the effects of deicing salts on roadside vegetation in and around the Lake Tahoe Basin. The portion of the study dealing with soil chemistry, salt application rates, ozone, and precipitation, was reported in an Interim Report dated January 1976. This Appendix Report contains the backup data for that Interim Report. KW - Air quality KW - California KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Damage assessment KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Highways KW - Inorganic salts KW - Lake Tahoe Basin KW - Loss and damage KW - Maps KW - Ozone KW - Plants KW - Properties of materials KW - Rainfall KW - Roadside KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil properties KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154808 AU - Simonsen, J E AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR REPLACING JOINTS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1976/09 SP - 29 p. AB - The performance of precast and cast-in-place slabs used for repair of concrete pavements is described. The development of the repair procedures was discussed in an interim, MDSHT Report No. R-968, August 1975. Briefly, the procedures require full-depth diamond blade sawing of the repair limits, removal of the distressed concrete area without disturbing the existing base, placement of the slab, and installation of sealed joints between new and old slabs. A previously sawed concrete area, up to 10 ft long, and one lane wide, can be replaced with a precast slab and opened to traffic in about 1-1/2 hours. A similar size area can be repaired with fast-set concrete and opened to traffic in 6 to 8 hours. Evaluation of the performance of the repairs indicates that both repair types will perform reasonably well for at least 5 years and it is expected that the majority of the repairs will continue to give good service for 10 years. Some faulting develops at the joints, but deflection at the joints under load, and slab rocking, do not appear to have any serious effect on the performance of the repairs. KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Highways KW - Joint sealers KW - Maintenance KW - Michigan KW - Precast concrete KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153958 AU - Michael, E D AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS ON WILDLIFE PY - 1976/09 SP - 100 p. AB - Field studies were conducted in Coopers Rock State Forest, northern West Virginia, to measure the impact of Appalachian Highway 48 on wildlife populations. Field data were collected from 1971 (the year prior to highway construction being initiated) to 1975 (one year after the highway was open to traffic). Changes in population densities were monitored by recording direct sightings and sign. The construction of the highway resulted in the creation of two new habitats which were not previously present, the right-of-way vegetation and ecotone. Responses of small mammals and song birds to these new habitats are discussed. Populations of some animals increase following highway construction while others decrease. Responses of major game animals. No game animal seemed to exhibit a change in distribution as a result of the highway being constructed. Also, no change in population density could be attributed to the presence of the highway. KW - Animals KW - Birds KW - Construction KW - Ecology KW - Field studies KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Migration KW - National parks KW - Parks KW - Population growth KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction KW - Vegetation KW - West Virginia KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142560 AU - Huffine, W W AU - Reed, L W AU - Gray, F AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - ROADSIDE EROSION CONTROL PY - 1976/09 SP - 141 p. AB - Soaking bermudagrass sprigs four hours in water was equally as effective in promoting root and shoot development as the best treatments from five growth regulators. MS-2 on Coherex produced better aggregation of a Vernon-Lucien complex clayey soil for 45 days than Curasol or Petroset. Curasol applied to a Teller fine sandy loam provided the best aggregation for 45 days. The best erosion control on a Vernon-Lucien soil complex was obtained from an excelsior blanket, bluestem hay, and excelsior fiber in this descending order. J M Fiber Tileguard mat was found to be unsuitable as a protective mulch for 10 plant species. Wherever possible all seeds should be drilled preferably, for establishment of erosion resitant ground covers. Grasses that seem to be best adapted on the man- made soils east of US-81 with 25 to 45% slope, that are loamy, shallow, and acidic are K. R. bluestem and weeping lovegrass on south facing cut slopes followed by bermudagrass. Weeping love seems to be best on north facing cut slopes followed by K. R. bluestem. On clayey, shallow to very shallow, soils in this area, basic in reaction, bermudagrass seems to be best on east and west facing cut slopes. West of US-81 on soils with a 25 to 45% slope, loamy deep to shallow, and basic, switchgrass and sideoats grama seem to be best on north facing cut slopes. On south facing cut slopes weeping lovegrass seems to be best. On loamy, very shallow, basic soils in this area sideoats grama seems to be best on either east or west facing cut slopes. Southland smooth promegrass, fertilized with 100-80-60/acre, will provide the quickest protection from soil erosion when compared to Kentucky 31 tall fescue, or crested wheatgrass seeded on highly erodible. Bates- Collinsville complex soil that had been loosened by dishing prior to seeding. Two years after seeding the best ground cover would be provided by either Southland smooth brome or crested wheatgrass fertilized with 100- 80-60/acre. KW - Clay soils KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Plant food KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61938 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00142196 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Quesnel, D J AU - Meshii, M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - LOCAL STRAIN BEHAVIOR PRIOR TO FATIGUE CRACK NUCLEATION PY - 1976/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 319-326 AB - The local strain behavior of cold-rolled HSLA (niobium) steel was investigated in the vicinity of a circular hole for first loading, first unloading, and in the unloaded state after 50 000 and 82 000 cycles by determining the function of distance from an 0.02-in. (508-micro m) circular notch by direct comparison of optical micrographs at approximately x1000. The technique allows changes in length to be determined to plus or minus 0.15 micro m which, over a 100-micro m gage length, corresponds to an engineering strain resolution of plus or minus 0.15%. The resolution is sufficiently high to allow local strain distribtutions, as calculated from elasticity and plasticity theory, to be compared with the experimental data. A pseudo-plastic solution was developed from the plane stress solution by considering A. E. Green's three-dimensional solution and Neuber's relation between stress and strain concentrations. The monotonic deformation law obeyed by cold-rolled niobium steel was experimentally determined and combined with the pseudo- plasticity result to obtain a quantitative prediction of the local strain behavior on first loading. Experimentally obtained strain behaviors for first loading provide good agreement with the pseudo-plasticity result for each of the strain levels investigated. The strain distribution measured after the first unloading demonstrated that a compressive residual stress is generated during the first cycle. The strain distribution developed by repeated tension loading is also presented and discussed. KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Steel KW - Strain measurement KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65600 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00142199 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Blank, H R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - RED MUD FROM ALUMINA PLANTS AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF SYNTHETIC AGGREGATE PY - 1976/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 355-358 AB - Red mud, from an alumina plant at Point Comfort, Texas, molded into balls and heated in a muffle furnace to 2300 to 2400 degrees F (1260 to 1316 degrees C), partially crystallizes and forms a strong, heavy, synthetic aggregate. Attempts to produce a lightweight aggregate by adding small amounts of gas-forming materials to the red mud before heating were unsuccessful. The additives used and the products formed are described. Apparently the red mud does not soften until heated to nearly 2400 degrees F. Gases given off at lower temperatures either blow the aggregates apart or escape through cracks without expanding the mass. KW - Additives KW - Aluminum oxide KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Mud KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65603 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00142195 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bianchetti, R AU - Hamstad, M A AU - Mukherjee, A K AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ORIGIN OF BURST-TYPE ACOUSTIC EMISSION IN UNFLAWED 7075-T6 ALUMINUM PY - 1976/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 313-318 AB - Tensile tests were used to study the acoustic emission from several 7075-T6 aluminum plates. Specimens from one plate produced a large burst-type emission in addition to the continuous emission. Metallographic and fracture surface studies indicated that the burst-type emission resulted from the brittle fracture of large primary inclusions in the microstructure. KW - Acoustic properties KW - Aluminum KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Inclusions KW - Microstructure KW - Pollutants KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65599 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00142194 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Roberts, F L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - AN EVALUATION OF A PROPOSED TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY OF DENSE GRADED AGGREGATE PY - 1976/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 303-312 AB - A unique compaction test method similar to ASTM Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils. Using 10-lb (4.5-kg) Rammer and 18- in. (457-mm) Drop (D 1557-70) was developed and evaluated in the course of a National Cooperative Highway Research Program study of density standards for field compaction of granular base and subbases conducted at Clemson University. The new test method, called the Marshall Hammer Compaction Test, utilizes a standards 1/30 cu ft (944.64 cu cm) mold as specified in ASTM Test D 1557-70, Method C, but the 10-lb (4.53-kg) Marshall hammer is substituted for the 10-lb (4.53-kg) Proctor hammer. Also, forty blows for each of the five layers are used to provide a total compaction effort of 90 000 ft-lbs/cu ft (4362.6 kN-m/cu m) for the new test. Laboratory density tests were performed using ASTM Test D 1557-70, Marshall hammer, and a combination procedure to determine the effects of additional energy and confinement on density produced. Four materials were tested with these procedures, and the densities were compared. Gradation tests were also performed to determine the extent of the degradation produced by the additional compaction energy. The laboratory densities were compared with densities obtained from full-scale prototype test pit constructions using the same materials. Results from this study showed that the Marshall hammer procedure produced densities that were on the average 3 lb/cu ft (48 kg/cu m) higher than those produced using ASTM Test D 1557-70. A comparison of the laboratory densities with the field densities showed that ASTM Test D 1557-70 obtained maximum dry density results which were 96.7% of the test pit densities while the Marshall hammer procedure obtained 99.0%. If a specification of 98% of maximum field compaction is required, as in some control-strip, compaction-control procedures, then the Marshall hammer procedure would provide an adequate target density at a specification level of 100% or less. KW - Compaction KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Dry density KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Marshall test KW - Maximum density (Laboratory tests) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00142197 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ostergren, W J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A DAMAGE FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED FAILURE EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING HOLD TIME AND FREQUENCY EFFECTS IN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE, LOW CYCLE FATIGUE PY - 1976/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 327-339 AB - A new approach is developed for predicting strain- controlled, low cycle fatigue life at elevated temperature using a proposed energy measure of fatigue damage. This measure of damage, defined as the net tensile hysteretic energy of the fatigue cycle, can be approximated by the damage function. The damage function is applied to predicting effects of hold time and frequency, when time-dependent damage occurs, through failure relations incorporating a variation of Coffin's frequency modified approach. Failure equations are developed for two postulated categories of time-dependent damage. KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Loss and damage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Time dependence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65601 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00142198 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kalousek, G L AU - Porter, L C AU - Harboe, E M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PAST, PRESENT, AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SULFATE- RESISTING CONCRETES PY - 1976/09 VL - 4 IS - 5 SP - p. 347-354 AB - The relations between computed or measured C3A contents and sulfate deterioration of concrete and the modifying effects of C4AF on these relations are discussed. The poor performances of some high quality sulfate-resisting mortars and concretes and the anomalous effects of porosities of cement pastes are considered. Research indicates that the life expectancy of pozzolan concretes relates more to the kind of pozzolan than to limitations on amounts of C3A and C4AF of Types II and V cements. Future specifications should consider interrelations of pozzolan quality, W/C ratio, and rigorously defined porosity as primary factors in sulfate attack on concretes. Results showed that Type II and Type V cements used with the same pozzolans were equally effective in resisting sulfate attack. Present hypotheses on the effects of C4AF on sulfate attack or prevention of attack are not sufficiently developed for practical use. KW - Concrete KW - Porosity KW - Pozzolan KW - Sulfate resisting cement KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65602 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00126476 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Clear, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMANENT BRIDGE DECK REPAIR PY - 1976/09 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - p. 53-62 AB - This article summarizes the discussions and recommendations of the interim report, "Evaluation of Portland Cement Concrete for Permanent Bridge Deck Repair". The effect of chloride in reinforced concrete; the chloride content corrosion threshold; suggestions for determining the concrete that must be removed prior to repair; the use of a rotary hammer to obtain portland cement concrete samples for chloride analyses; and the wet chemical analysis procedure for total chloride developed by the Federal Highway Administration are summarized. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/34932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149860 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Polasek, J C AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY PY - 1976/08/18 SP - 108 p. AB - Air quality measurements along Houston freeways have been made at an "at-grade" site and are to be started shortly at a "cut" site. These measurements are used to characterize carbon monozide concentrations downwind from highway line sources. Measurements at each site consist of carbon monoxide concentrations at 10 locations, vehicle length, speed and count by lane, and detailed meteorological data from four states between five and 101.5 feet. All of the instruments are interfaced to a Data General Nova 1200 computer which allows the data to be taken simultaneously and on a rapid time basis. The data from the experimental program will be used to verify line source dispersion models for Texas. Experimental data from essentially all previous experimental programs have been assembled and used in developing and verifying an improved roadway dispersion model. The improved model along with the well known models of CALINE-2, AIRPOL-4 and HIWAY were compared to the data from the previous programs. Significantly improved results were obtained with the modified model. All of the models and all of the previous data are based on one hour average concepts. The data from the current experimental program have not been compared to the models at this time. /Author/ KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaporation KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01283988 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - URBAN SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING INC TI - "THE AUDIBLE LANDSCAPE", MANUEL RELATIF AU BRUIT ROUTIER ET A L'UTILISATION DU SOL T2 - THE AUDIBLE LANDSCAPE : A MANUAL FOR HIGHWAY NOISE AND LAND USE PY - 1976/08 SP - 94P AB - CE MANUEL EST UNE REIMPRESSION DE L'EDITION DE 1974. IL EST DESTINE A ASSISTER LES AUTORITES LOCALES DANS LE DOMAINE DE L'UTILISATION DU SOL COMPTE TENU DU BRUIT ROUTIER. SON BUT EST TRIPLE : 1) INDIQUER COMMENT LES AUTORITES LOCALES PEUVENT ORIENTER LA MISE EN VALEUR DES TERRES AU VOISINAGE DES ROUTES ; 2) INDIQUER COMMENT REDUIRE L'IMPACT DU BRUIT SUR LES ACTIVITES EXISTANTES ; 3) RECOMMANDER DES SOURCES COMPLEMENTAIRES D'INFORMATION. IL NE PRESENTE PAS UNE STRATEGIE UNIQUE MAIS MONTRE QUE LES SOLUTIONS DEPENDENT DES CONDITIONS LOCALES ; IL PRESENTE UNE LARGE VARIETE DE TECHNIQUES POTENTIELLES DE REDUCTION DU BRUIT, INDIQUE LES ACTIONS ADMINISTRATIVES POSSIBLES DESTINEES A ENCOURAGER L'ADOPTION DES TECHNIQUES PHYSIQUES SUSCEPTIBLES DE REDUIRE L'IMPACT DU BRUIT ET PRESENTE LES STRATEGIES POSSIBLES POUR METTRE EN OEUVRE UN PROGRAMME D'UTILISATION DU SOL COMPATIBLE AVEC LE BRUIT (1 - DOC ; 2 - PHY.AC.N : M DELANNE). KW - Administration (gouv) KW - Amenagement du territoire KW - Autorite locale KW - Bruit KW - Circulation KW - Decreases KW - Diminution KW - Environment KW - Environnement KW - Federal government KW - Land use KW - Local government agencies KW - Noise KW - Regional planning KW - Traffic KW - Utilisation du sol UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1045140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151749 AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM PY - 1976/08 SP - 796p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198208 AU - Kapp, C AU - Bandy, E AU - DEDERER, C AU - SCHUBERT, J AU - Breitenbach, D AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CHANGES THROUGH 1974. SPECIAL REPORT NO. 1 PY - 1976/08 SP - 67 p. AB - A review of the data regularly monitored under the surveillance element of the continuing, comprehensive and cooperative transportation planning process is annually undertaken to provide a current picture of travel conditions in the Baltimore Region and the underlying social, economic, and developmental factors affecting travel. As part of this effort, trends and patterns in the use and performance of the transportation system are identified as are trends and patterns in regional growth. The annual review is also undertaken to assess the implications of actual changes on future travel requirements. An investigation of the reasonableness of the projected patterns of growth used in simulating travel is conducted to determine whether the forecasts are consistent with observed changes. This aspect of the review, not only illustrates the types and magnitude of travel changes that could be expected if trends continue but provides some insight as to whether modifications to the transportation plan and program are appropriate. KW - Airports KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Competition KW - Economic development KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Land use forecasting KW - Marine terminals KW - Passengers KW - Port structures KW - Ports KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation modes KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167119 AU - Southern California Association of Governments AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING FOR THE AUTOMOBILE IN THE SCAG REGION: AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES FOR REDUCING AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS AND FUEL CONSUMPTION PY - 1976/08 SP - 171 p. AB - The report describes the results of a one-year analysis of alternatives for reducing automotive emissions and fuel consumption in Southern California. The analysis covers a variety of regulatory techniques, such as mandatory inspection and maintenance, emissions and fuel economy standards, emergency smog controls, and gasoline rationing. Several pricing mechanisms have also been studied, including gasoline taxes, parking surcharges, and vehicle registration taxes. Traffic control measures, such as ramp metering, preferential lanes, and signal synchronization are also considered. The report concludes that the most attractive program of all those studied is mandatory inspection and maintenance. KW - Air quality management KW - Automobiles KW - California KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Taxation KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166441 AU - Foss, R N AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - NOISE BARRIER SCREEN MEASUREMENTS, DOUBLE BARRIERS PY - 1976/08 SP - 49 p. AB - This report documents the results of an investigation to determine the attenuative effect of two cascaded walls or barrier screens on the transmission of sound. The study was for point sources and involved the use of tone burst techniques for the experimental determination of the attenuation produced by a wide variety of two-wall configurations. This work was modeled at 5 and 10 kHz. The final result was the development of an algorithm for accurately predicting the attenuation of two-wall systems. KW - Angle of incidence KW - Attenuation KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Highways KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Noise sound KW - Sound KW - Sound KW - Sound attenuation KW - Sound level UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/024.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151868 AU - Lubke, R A AU - Putnam, D G AU - Honeywell AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTION. PHASE III. PASSIVE BUS DETECTOR/INTERSECTION PRIORITY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. OPTION 1: EVALUATION AND FIELD TEST DEMONSTRATION PY - 1976/08 SP - 142 p. AB - The Passive Bus Detector/Intersection Priority System developed under this project was evaluated in two U.S. cities. Two engineering models were installed; in Washington, D.C. (14th and C Street) and in Minneapolis, Minnesota (33rd Avenue and Johnson Street, N.E.). Each system was formally evaluated for a three-month period, during which all design goals were successfully met or exceeded. Classification accuracy of 95 percent to 97 percent was consistently reached with less than 1 percent false alarms. Benefit ratios ranged between 20 percent and 40 percent. KW - Bus priority KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Intersections KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179504 AU - Semmler, R A AU - Viergutz, O J AU - Wakely, H G AU - Wilner, K AU - Betz, H AU - IIT Research Institute TI - RADIOLUMINESCENT LANE DELINEATORS FOR WET-NIGHT VISIBILITY PY - 1976/08 SP - 105 p. AB - A theoretical and experimental program was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of using radioluminescent light sources (with hydrogen-3 or krypton-85) as roadway lane markers. Simulated markers using ultraviolet light stimulation and a ribbed coverplate to counteract Fresnel losses were built and matched to the luminance of actual radioluminescent materials. The radioactivity required to fabricate a comparable single marker is estimated to be 240 curies of hydrogen-3. The luminance when viewed at 1.5 deg, is approximately 1.2 scotopic footlambert (4.1 scotopic cd/sq m). Subjective visibility tests of simulated radioluminescent markers using observers in an instrument test vehicle established the visibility of a dry marker as 350 ft (107 m) and of a wet marker as 275 ft (84 m). These values are greater than the visibility distance for a paint stripe or used retroreflector but are less than the values for a new retroreflector. Radioluminescent markers using hydrogen-3 are therefore sufficiently bright but costs ($1.00 per curie) are high and there is a potential for radiation overexposure in an accident situation at a stockpile or storage facility. /FHWA/ KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Highway delineators KW - Hydrogen KW - Krypton KW - Noble gases KW - Paint KW - Radiation hazards KW - Radioisotopes KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175493 AU - Nebgen, J W AU - Edwards, J G AU - Weatherman, D F AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF WASTE SULFATE FOR REMEDIAL TREATMENT OF SOILS. VOLUME I. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS PY - 1976/08 SP - 217 p. AB - The effects of waste sulfate (phosphogypsum from fertilizer manufacture, flue gas desulfurization solids, and neutralized acid mine drainage solids) on physical and strength properties of soils have been studied. Waste sulfate alone has little effect on soil strengths. However, if it is used in combination with lime, higher strengths can be achieved with waste sulfate/lime than can be obtained with equivalent lime treatment because of soil-sulfate-lime reactions. Fly ash can be used with waste sulfate/lime mixtures to improve strengths further. Cement kiln dust has been shown to be an effective substitute for lime as a soil stabilizer. The report is presented in two volumes. Volume I--Discussion of Results--describes the experimental work and contains the interpretation of data and conclusions and recommendations. KW - Acid mine drainage KW - Acids KW - Air quality management KW - Calcium oxide KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Cement kilns KW - Compressive strength KW - Fertilizers KW - Flue gases KW - Fly ash KW - Industrial wastes KW - Land reclamation KW - Mines KW - Ovens KW - Performance evaluations KW - Phosphate deposits KW - Phosphate rock KW - Phosphates KW - Reclamation KW - Regression analysis KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Sludge disposal KW - Soil stabilization KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Statistical analysis KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Sulfates KW - Waste disposal KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175494 AU - Bebgen, J W AU - Edwards, J G AU - Weatherman, D F AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF WASTE SULFATE FOR REMEDIAL TREATMENT OF SOILS. VOLUME II--APPENDICES PY - 1976/08 SP - 147 p. AB - Volume II--Appendices--contains an annotated bibliography of literature reviewed, Atterberg Limit, and moisture-density data for waste sulfate/soil systems, experimental unconfined compressive strength data, and an outline of multiple regression procedures used for data analysis. KW - Air quality management KW - Bibliographies KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Compressive strength KW - Data analysis KW - Density KW - Fertilizers KW - Fly ash KW - Industrial wastes KW - Land reclamation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Moisture content KW - Phosphate deposits KW - Phosphate rock KW - Reclamation KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Sludge disposal KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil stabilization KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Sulfates KW - Tables (Data) KW - Waste disposal KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174740 AU - Rubin, L A AU - Fowler, J C AU - Griffin, J N AU - Still, W L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NEW SENSING SYSTEM FOR PRE-EXCAVATION SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION FOR TUNNELS IN ROCK MASSES. VOLUME I. FEASIBILITY STUDY AND SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1976/08 SP - 206 p. AB - This report includes a feasibility study and system design for an initial prototype of a sensing system for pre-excavation subsurface investigation for tunnels in rock. Tunnels in rock are very expensive, and costs often rise far above estimates when unforeseen problems are encountered during excavation. New techniques in rapid excavation technology, such as the development of boring machines, have increased the need for improved site investigation. Possibilities for a new sensing system that will provide more complete data on subsurface conditions were investigated. Favorable results obtained from high-resolution geophysical sensing in boreholes have been combined with improvements in drilling of long, horizontal, precise boreholes in order to provide an economical alternative to pilot tunnel for subsurface investigation. Pilot tunnel costs as with all subsurface construction are rising at rates much higher than the economy, thus the use of borehole site investigation has potentially very high benefit/cost characteristics. The prototype system designed is a highly mobile geophysical measurement (data acquisition) system. The system will take electromagnetic radar measurements, pulsed acoustical measurements, and multi-spaced array resistivity measurements. The sensors will be used in traverses along the borehole, and data will be taken and stored on magnetic tape for subsequent reduction and analysis at a computational center. The system could reduce accidents, reduce bid contingencies, and reduce other factors contributing to rapid escalating costs of subsurface excavation. Volume I describes the feasibility study and system design. Volume II contains the Appendices A-R. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustic emission KW - Analysis KW - Boreholes KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Functional analysis KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geological surveying KW - Radar KW - Rock tunneling KW - Rocks KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismic surveys KW - Seismicity KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Surveys KW - Tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174741 AU - Rubin, L A AU - Fowler, J C AU - Griffin, J N AU - Still, W L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NEW SENSING SYSTEM FOR PRE-EXCAVATION SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION FOR TUNNELS IN ROCK MASSES. VOLUME II. APPENDICES: DETAILED THEORETICAL, EXPERIMENTAL AND ECONOMIC FOUNDATION PY - 1976/08 SP - 505 p. AB - Contents: Theoretical studies-(Alternatives considered for a feasible baseline system, Rock characteristics of significance in tunneling, Range and resolution, Acoustic wave propagation in hard rock, Acoustic sensing system, Ground-probing radar, Electrical resistivity, Signal processing techniques applicable to subsurface investigation of rock masses through boreholes, Conceptual design of hard rock sensor conveyance device, Applicability of drill rigs as propulsion devices); Critical laboratory experiments-(Studies of geo-engineering properties of rock related to the use of radar and sonar probing systems, Transverse-dipole borehole antennas, Subsurface experiments with radar); Economic considerations-(Comparative study of probabilities of success of candidate system design concepts, Economic analysis of the full-capability system, Cost of pilot tunnels, Analysis of sensing cost-benefit ratios as functions of borehole size, Cost-effectiveness considerations for propulsion and penetration). KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Acoustic emission KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Analysis KW - Antennas KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Boreholes KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Economic analysis KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Engineering geology KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Functional analysis KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geological surveying KW - Mass KW - Radar KW - Range (Statistics) KW - Range (Vehicles) KW - Resistivity KW - Resolution KW - Rock mass KW - Rock tunneling KW - Rocks KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismic surveys KW - Seismicity KW - Sensors KW - Sonar KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Surveys KW - Tunneling KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165755 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Allison, James R AU - Gurney, G F AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - GROOVED STRIPES FOR PLOW-RESISTANT WET-NIGHT LANE DELINEATION. PHASE II--RECESSED REFLECTOR DELINEATION PY - 1976/08 SP - 29 p. AB - In this study's first stage, 44 combinations of groove geometry and paint treatments were installed on an abandoned roadway to evaluate their wet-night visibility. The most promising patterns were then installed on an operational highway for further evaluation in the study's second stage. The results indicated that only a recessed reflector system was more visible than conventional beaded paint stripes from a moving vehicle. This report details a third stage, which consisted of placing 105 recessed reflectors on an operational highway to identify installation problems, the amount of delination provided, and possible maintenance problems. Variables included in the installation were pavement type, roadway geometry, and reflector and recess depth and configuration. Evaluations consisted of wet-night visibility surveys, system condition surveys, telephotometer measurements, and subjective evaluations. After 1 year of exposure to traffic and snow-and-ice control operations, all reflectors are functioning. Sight distances under wet-night conditions range from 480 ft to less than 40 ft (146.3 to 12.2 m), and are influenced by roadway geometry, reflector and recess depths, dirt accumulation, and drainage. Delineation, which depends on the reflector's sight distance and target value, varies from excellent to poor. Glare on the pavement reduced the target value of reflectors along one section of roadway and contributed to poor delineation. /FHWA/ KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Grooves KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Night KW - Pavement grooving KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Sight distance KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Surveys KW - Traffic paint KW - Visibility KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169788 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Reynolds, J W AU - McCormick, R M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PROCEDURES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CHLORIDE IN HARDENED CONCRETE PY - 1976/08 SP - 52 p. AB - In the widely used potentiometric titration procedure for the analysis of chloride in powdered hardened concrete samples, difficulties have often been encountered when determining the endpoint. These difficulties have been eliminated through the use of the Gran method of endpoint determination, which also simplifies the titration and improves the overall precision of the method. Using test specimens, the accuracy of this improved potentiometric titration procedure was evaluated by comparison with the atomic absorption and neutron activation procedures developed for the same analysis. The comparison indicated that the improved titration procedure is the simplest and most economical of the three and possibly is the most accurate. KW - Absorption spectra KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Atomic absorption KW - Atomic physics KW - Atomic spectroscopy KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardened concrete KW - Neutron activation analysis KW - Performance evaluations KW - Potentiometers KW - Resonance KW - Spectroscopy KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Volumetric analysis UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/77-r7.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37351/77-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165731 AU - Jones, K E AU - Wilbur, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A USER'S MANUAL FOR THE CALINE-2 COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1976/08 SP - 62 p. AB - Assessment of the environmental impact resulting from the operation of highways often requires some form of mathematical simulation. This is certainly true for estimating the environmental effect of air contaminants contained in the exhaust of automobiles. A mathematical approach generally known as the "California Line Source Model" was developed in 1972 by the California Department of Transportation and widely used to estimate highway (project-level) impact on air quality. An updated version of the California model was developed in January 1975 by the California Department of Transportation. The new Model is designated and should be referenced as CALINE-2 (January 1975 version). The purpose of this manual is to document the computer program written to execute CALINE-2. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Computer programs KW - Contaminants KW - Environmental impacts KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highway transportation KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165750 AU - Jagannath, M V AU - Roberts, A W AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF SNOWPLOWABLE RAISED REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS IN NEW JERSEY PY - 1976/08 SP - 54 p. AB - The Stimsonite Model 99-K snowplowable raised reflective pavement marker was evaluated for its ability to withstand snowplowing operations and traffic in central New Jersey. Castings are evaluated for their durability as well as the damage they cause to snowplow blades. Five reflector assembly types are also evaluated and rated for loss and damage by type. Results showed that steel blades had no effect on castings, whereas tungsten carbide insert blades caused gouging and scraping on casting surfaces. Carbide inserts were damaged in the tests. Reflector losses are attributed to the effects of traffic as well as to snowplowing. An estimate of the cost to install and maintain markers is itemized. /FHWA/ KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Durability KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Evaluation KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Snowplows KW - Testing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169262 AU - Henry, R D AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Kay, J L AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF UTCS (URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS) CONTROL STRATEGIES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1976/08 SP - 29 p. AB - The report summarizes the evaluation of three generations of signal control strategies developed for the Urban Traffic Control Systems (UTCS) program in Washington, D.C. This research was performed in two phases. Phase I of the research consisted of an evaluation of four alternatives of first generation control strategies. Phase II of the research evaluated the Second and Third Generation Control Strategies. This effort also included a reinvestigation of the most effective First Generation Control Strategies (1GC-TRSP). The First Generation (TRSP) was found to be operationally effective, was the least expensive to apply, and should be given primary consideration for implementation. The results indicate second generation may have applications on arterials, was only slightly more costly to implement than 1GC (TRSP), and should undergo further experimentation to ascertain its application and effectiveness. Third Generation did not prove effective and requires further development. KW - Analysis KW - Automatic control KW - Computer programming KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Evaluation KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Networks KW - Research KW - Strategy KW - Substitutes KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168895 AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - OVERLOADING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES: A PARAMETRIC STUDY PY - 1976/08 SP - 183 p. AB - This report presents the results of a parametric study on the overloading response of right simple span beam-slab bridges with reinforced concrete deck and prestressed concrete I-beams. Nine bridges with span lengths of 40, 70 and 100 feet having 5, 7 and 8 beams are designed in accordance with current specifications. These bridges are subjected to 5 overload vehicles each, resulting in 45 case studies. Each bridge is loaded by the vehicles on predefined traffic lanes in order to produce the maximum flexural response at the midspan of the bridge superstructure. By using program BOVA (Bridge OVerload Analysis) the response of the bridges when subjected to the vehicles is determined. For various load levels the damage that the superstructure will sustain, and the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam and slab concrete, are also tabulated. Examples and recommendations for the implementation of the findings for Overload Permit Issuance operations are included. The results of a pilot study on the effects of deck deterioration on the load carrying capacity of the bridges are also presented. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158088 AU - Petersen, J C AU - Ensley, E K AU - Plancher, H AU - Haines, W E AU - Energy Research and Development Administration TI - PAVING ASPHALTS: ASPHALT-AGGREGATE INTERACTIONS AND ASPHALT INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS PY - 1976/08 SP - 50 p. AB - The isolation, identification and quantitative measurement of the functional group types in asphalt that are strongly adsorbed at the asphalt-aggregate interface are described. A 4 x 4 matrix of four different asphalts and four different aggregates was used in the study. The relative affinity of the various functional types for the aggregate surfaces is assessed. Association-dissociation interactions of asphalt molecules were studied by microcalorimetry. Methods for calculating the association rate constants, the number of molecular units in an associated complex, and the enthalpy and energy of activation of the association reactions are described. Experimentally derived values are cited for selected asphalt. Relationships between molecular interactions and micelle formation in asphalts are proposed. The heats of immersion of a variety of asphalt-aggregate systems were determined. The energy released when aggregate is immersed in asphalt is proposed as indicative of the strength of the asphalt-aggregate bond. In the study, both experimental asphalts and conventional paving asphalts were evaluated. A variety of aggregates including those produced from byproducts and wastes were also tested. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Heat of immersion KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Interaction KW - Isolation KW - Micelles KW - Molecules KW - Plastics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158124 AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF LOADING RATE ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT MORTAR CUBES PY - 1976/08 SP - 23 p. AB - Cement mortar cubes were prepared in accordance with AASHTO Designation T 106-72 and tested for compressive strength at loading rates of approximately 20, 35, 50 65, and 80 seconds at ages of 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. Type I and Type II Cements were used. The data were analyzed statistically to determine if there was a significant difference in compressive strength of mortar cubes when tested over the range of loading rates allowed in T 106-72. It was determined that there is a difference in the compressive strengths of mortar cubes tested at faster loading rates. It was concluded that the effect of loading rate on the compressive strength could be reduced by restricting the allowable range of loading rates to 65-35 seconds. KW - Cement mortars KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete bridges KW - Loading rate KW - Loads KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158062 AU - Parks, D M AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - VEHICULAR CRASH TESTS OF UNANCHORED SAFETY--SHAPED PRECAST CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIERS WITH PINNED END CONNECTIONS PY - 1976/08 SP - 83 p. AB - Four vehicular crash tests of three different unanchored precast concrete mediam barrier (CMB) designs with pinned end connections are reported. Large size passenger cars weighing about 4900 lbs impacted the barriers at speeds/angles of 65 mph/7 deg, 68 mph/23 deg 66 mph/40 deg, and 39 mph/25 deg. Barrier tilting and excessive lateral barrier movement contributed to vehicle vaulting and hazardous vehicle trajectories in two tests. The barriers for these same two tests were extensively damaged. Vehicles were redirected in two moderate impact tests. Based on the results of the four crash tests and a limited field survey, recommendations restricting the use of precast CMB segments with pinned end connections for temporary and permanent barrier installations and stressing the need for tightner barrier joints to minimize lateral and rotational barrier movement are included. Further research is suggested. KW - Crashes KW - Field studies KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Precast concrete KW - Testing KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153963 AU - Messer, C J AU - Fambro, D B AU - Turner, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DIAMOND INTERCHANGE OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A FRONTAGE ROAD LEVEL OF SERVICE EVALUATION PROGRAM. PASSER III PY - 1976/08 SP - 122 p. AB - The research effort was directed toward several topic areas which included: development of a practical diamond interchange computer program which could be used to evaluate various design and signalization strategies and to determine optimum configurations, development of a related operational computer program for providing frontage road progression, evaluate techniques for making smooth signal transitions, develop methods for estimating freeway and frontage road travel times, and develop design distance separation requirements for entrance and exit ramps to cross-street interchanges on urban freeways with frontage roads. A package of computer programs dealing with the design and operation of signalized diamond interchanges was programmed on SDHPT's computer system, and a user's manual was prepared. KW - Access roads KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Ramps KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signals KW - Travel time KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153971 AU - Fullerton, I J AU - Kell, J H AU - Aiona, E J AU - Central Road Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID SYSTEMS STUDY. COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1976/08 SP - 54 p. AB - A bibliography of almost 500 reports, articles, and technical documents is presented together with annotations of the more significant entries. In addition to literature related to motorist aid concepts (roadside callboxes, highway/courtesy patrols, in-vehicle communications/CB radio), documents pertaining to associated systems and technology of significance to motorist aid techniques are also listed. The annotated entries seek to evaluate the applicability of specific references. KW - Bibliographies KW - Call boxes KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Communication systems KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fire fighting KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Medical services KW - Methodology KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Patrol KW - Radio KW - Regional planning KW - Systems engineering KW - Technology KW - Telephone KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153970 AU - Fullerton, I J AU - Kell, J H AU - Aiona, E J AU - Central Road Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID SYSTEMS STUDY. STATE OF THE ART REPORT PY - 1976/08 SP - 303 p. AB - This report presents a comprehensive, objective evaluation of the current state of the art in motorist aid systems. It is intended as a central reference source for practicing engineers and other public officials seeking to determine the best course of action in providing assistance to disabled motorists. The alternative forms of motorist aid system concepts are defined in terms of functional elements and operating characteristics. System descriptions and operational histories of a representative cross-section of projects utilizing the various concepts are documented. Emphasis is then placed on federally-funded roadside callbox systems, their strengths and weaknesses, critical issues which have emerged as specific performance data became available are evaluated to provide a framework to assist traffic and highway engineers plan, design, install, operate, and evaluate future callbox systems. Major suppliers of MAS equipment are identified together with the key features of their relevant product line. KW - Call boxes KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Drivers KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Fire fighting KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Medical services KW - Methodology KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Regional planning KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Systems engineering KW - Technology KW - Telephone KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151819 AU - Sauerlender, O H AU - Davinroy, T B AU - Pagano, A M AU - PALLEY, J P AU - Hargroves, B T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - THE HIGHWAY CORRIDOR: PREDICTING THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY LOCATIONS. PHASE II PY - 1976/08 SP - 333 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to develop and calibrate a model capable of predicting the economic impacts of new highways at the minor civil division level. The model is applicable to rural boroughs and townships within 10 miles of a proposed new facility, and is to be used at the corridor planning level. A very important practical consideration is that application of the model requires only the collection of secondary data. The model consists of a set of predictive equations which assess the impact of highway location on the following variables: (1) population, (2) personal income, (3) manufacturing employment, (4) retail and selected service sales and employment, (5) market value of real estate, (6) local government millage rate. The model was calibrated by using data from 271 minor civil divisions (110 boroughs and 161 townships) located in six different highway corridors. KW - Building sites KW - Demographics KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Equations KW - Factor analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Income KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Models KW - Population KW - Real property KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151737 AU - Finn, F N AU - KULKARNI, R AU - McMorran, J AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FRAMEWORK FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ARIZONA PY - 1976/08 SP - 170 p. AB - The investigation was designed to develop an implementable pavement management system incorporating multiple attributes of cost and performance factors. The pavement management system compares alternate initial designs with selected maintenance procedures to determine the most appropriate combinations of design and maintenance strategies. The system also works with in-service pavements. Unique features of the system include the use of utility theory to combine multiple attributes into a single summary value, the consideration of 'tradeoffs' between attributes and the inclusion of uncertainty in the prediction models. Computer programs have been prepared and the system is considered ready for trial implementation on selected projects within the state. KW - Analysis KW - Arizona KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Implementation KW - Inservice KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Strategy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151724 AU - Douglas, B M AU - University of Nevada, Reno AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUICK RELEASE PULLBACK TESTING AND ANALYTICAL SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF A SIX SPAN COMPOSITE GIRDER BRIDGE PY - 1976/08 SP - 82 p. AB - A six span four hundred and fifty foot long continuous composite girder bridge has been subjected to extensive dynamic testing to identify its structural dynamic properties. Transverse motions were induced by quick release pullback testing and vertical motions were induced by normal vehicular traffic. Analysis of the data obtained indicates that this type of dynamic testing is very effective for bridge structures of this type. After obtaining the experimental dynamic properties, a linear analytical model was used for purposes of comparison with the experimental results and for estimating the seismic forces induced by small to moderate earthquakes having recurrence times on the order of 30 to 40 years in Western Nevada. Results of this analysis indicate that the earthquake forces prescribed by the AASHTO specifications (1961), under which this bridge was designed, are too low for seismic regions of the Western United States. The 300-pound per linear foot minimum transverse wind load controlled in the design, but dynamic seismic analysis indicates that lateral forces in excess of four or five times those caused by the wind loads would be expected to occur every 30 to 40 years. The peak ground motions associated with the earthquakes used in this study are about 14 percent of the largest ground motions ever recorded during an earthquake. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquakes KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Highway traffic KW - Lateral loads KW - Nevada KW - Seismic properties KW - Seismicity KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151751 AU - Kessmann, R W AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOLUME II. DATA BASE INTERFACE AND SUPPORT SUBROUTINES: MODIFIED FIRST GENERATION ROUTINES PY - 1976/08 SP - 295 p. AB - This document describes the Traffic Adaptive Network Signal Timing Program (TANSTP) of the Urban Traffic Control System. TANSTP is a second generation traffic control package wherein optimal traffic signal timing patterns are generated on-line as a function of current and predicted traffic flow conditions to minimize average network vehicle delay. In addition to the network optimization routine, the package includes a traffic flow predictor, real-time subnetwork determination routine, a subnetwork interfacing routine, a transition optimization routine, and a local intersection optimization routine which adjusts splits and offsets to minimize delay on a cycle by cycle basis. The TANSTP package uses the executive structure, the detector processing, and the controller command software of the first generation, UTCS software. This is volume 2 of a 3 volume set. KW - City planning KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interfaces KW - Optimization KW - Programming manuals KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151752 AU - Kessmann, R W AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOLUME III. UTCS/TANSTP DATA BASE AND DATA BASE UPDATE PROCEDURES; OFFLINE SUPPORT PROGRAMS; OPERATING PROCEDURES PY - 1976/08 SP - 205 p. AB - This document describes the Traffic Adaptive Network Signal Timing Program (TANSTP) of the Urban Traffic Control System. TANSTP is a second generation traffic control package wherein optimal traffic signal timing patterns are generated on-line as a function of current and predicted traffic flow conditions to minimize average network vehicle delay. In addition to the network optimization routine, the package includes a traffic flow predictor, real-time subnetwork determination routine, a subnetwork interfacing routine, a transition optimization routine, and a local intersection optimization routine which adjusts splits and offsets to minimize delay on a cycle by cycle basis. The TANSTP package uses the executive structure, the detector processing, and the controller command software of the first generation UTCS software. This is volume 3 of a 3 volume set. KW - City planning KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interfaces KW - Optimization KW - Programming manuals KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151762 AU - Gerhardt, C L AU - NELSON, D D AU - Greene, D M AU - Systems Technology Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED WIND AND BRIDGE MOTION DATA RECORDED AT LONG-SPAN BRIDGE SITES PY - 1976/08 SP - 152 p. AB - Wind velocity and bridge motion data recorded at two long-span bridge sites are presented. Methods of data reduction are specified, and detailed and summary data are included. Wind velocity spectra are compared to theoretical models. Bridge motion data are shown as acceleration spectra and acceleration time histories. A project chronology and data base summary are also included. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Data reduction KW - Databases KW - Dynamic loads KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Long span bridges KW - Motion KW - Power spectra KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind pressure KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151750 AU - Kessmann, R W AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE NETWORK SIGNAL TIMING PROGRAM. VOLUME I. OVERVIEW DESCRIPTION; NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION AND FLOW CHARTS OF TANSTP ROUTINES PY - 1976/08 SP - 291 p. AB - This document describes the Traffic Adaptive Network Signal Timing Program (TANSTP) of the Urban Traffic Control System. TANSTP is a second generation traffic control package wherein optimal traffic signal timing patterns are generated on-line as a function of current and predicted traffic flow conditions to minimize average network vehicle delay. In addition to the network optimization routine, the package includes a traffic flow predictor, real-time subnetwork determination routine, a subnetwork interfacing routine, a transition optimization routine, and a local intersection optimization routine which adjusts splits and offsets to minimize delay on a cycle by cycle basis. The TANSTP package uses the executive structure, the detector processing, and the controller command software of the first generation, UTCS software. This is volume one of a three volume set. KW - City planning KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interfaces KW - Optimization KW - Programming manuals KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Software KW - Subroutines KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151735 AU - Andersen, D A AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS FOR CCTV TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1976/08 SP - 41 p. AB - The report is one of a series presenting findings of research on freeway traffic control systems and surveillance techniques. Areas covered include the following: testing and evaluation of low light level television cameras for traffic surveillance, use of television traffic surveillance systems during hours of darkness, low volume incident detection using television, and alternatives for the location of the cameras relative to the roadway lanes. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Low light level viewing KW - Night KW - Surveillance KW - Television cameras KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151245 AU - JONES, P S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Geophysical Prospecting AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RIGHT-OF-WAY COST ESTIMATING MODEL PY - 1976/08 SP - 120 p. AB - This report describes an analytical model that has been developed for estimating the future cost of land that will be required as right-of-way for highway projects, particularly new construction and major upgrading projects. The model is called the Right-of-Way Cost Estimating (ROWCE) Model. The model is intended for use as part of the project programming activity that leads to the Construction Work Program. The model is intended for use when only limited data are available to describe the land to be acquired. The model consists of two parts, a present cost estimator and a future price estimator. The present cost estimator contains a procedure for selecting sample points, identifying the land parcels that contain the sample points, and determining the present value of the sample parcels. The future price estimator uses a Delphi procedure to focus the opinion of a panel of experts with respect to future price changes. KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Economic models KW - Estimates KW - Estimating KW - Highway planning KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Modernization KW - Present value KW - Prices KW - Property acquisition KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149585 AU - Butler, H D AU - Furr, H L AU - Suchicki, E J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE SLAB STRENGHENING SYSTEM PY - 1976/08 IS - 5F306 SP - 73 p. AB - A method has been developed to strengthen existing deteriorating bridge slabs from underneath, thus eliminating disruption of traffic. A small portion of two structures near downtown Houston, Texas, was strengthened using this method. The effectiveness of this strengthening was evaluated by means of field measurements of deflection and strain under static wheel loading before and after strengthening. The strengthening system was erected under traffic conditions with little difficulty. It reduced slab deflections and stresses by more than 50% and provided a significant increase in ultimate strength. The strengthening system has not healed the existing slab cracking and some type of surface sealing will be required to prevent further surface decomposition by exposure to contaminants. /Author/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Static loads KW - Stresses KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149593 AU - Besselievre, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC CONTROLLERS FOR HYDRAULICALLY POWERED DEICING CHEMICAL SPREADERS SN - 166 83 6 356 PY - 1976/08 IS - 7B101 SP - 28 p. AB - Automatic ground-speed-oriented controllers for hydraulically powered deicing chemical spreaders were designed and manufactured to refine and simplify the spreading of deicing chemicals and abrasives. This report summarizes users' opinions of how these controllers have performed in the field. The format of the report includes the following: Introduction; Methods used to control the spreading rate of hydraulic spreaders; Users' evaluation of automatic controllers (this section is the focal point of the report); Miscellaneous data about automatic controllers and about the users of automatic controllers; Information about the manufacturers of automatic controllers; Equipment which simplifies the calibration of automatic controllers. /Author/ KW - Abrasives KW - Automatic control KW - Chemicals KW - Consumer behavior KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Spreaders KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151136 AU - Wolf, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 1 AERIAL ANALYTICAL TRIANGULATION TEXAS PROJECT PY - 1976/08 SP - 39 p. AB - This report presents the study and comparison of the different methods in which the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation and Region 15, FHWA, conduct aerial triangulation of strips of large-scale aerial photography. The comparison included different methods of ground control and use of different computer programs. Aerial triangulation accuracy resulting from the different methods is presented. In addition, aerial triangulation of a 189-photo rectangular block of large-scale aerial photography was performed. Different computer programs were used to process the data which contains over 4100 measurements of 1137 points. Accuracy resulting from the different processing programs is presented. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial triangulation KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Analytical photogrammetry KW - Computer programs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Measurement KW - Photogrammetry KW - Texas KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147367 AU - Kearns, R W AU - WARD, J F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TESTS OF FHWA REFERENCE SYSTEMS AT THE WESTERN FIELD TEST CENTER PY - 1976/08 SP - 167 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is developing a program to improve the method of measuring wet weather pavement skid resistance (SN) and to reduce the variation in results. At the national level, an interim reference system (IRS) is maintained and operated by the National Bureau of Standards. At the regional level, an area reference system (ARS) is maintained and operated at each FHWA field test center. Inter-comparisons between these reference systems and the highway measuring systems at the state level, provide measurement assurance. Correlation results between the IRS and the Western ARS are given and the SN is described as a function of test speed. The test program is explained from test preparations, tuning and calibration of subsystems, through dynamic measurement of the surfaces. Controlled and uncontrolled variables are identified, discussed, and in some cases, experimentally verified. KW - Calibration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Referencing KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Standards KW - States KW - Texture KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00215946 AU - Ramsey, W J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR TEST EQUIPMENT INVESTIGATION LANE-WELLS LOGGER, PART I PY - 1976/08 AB - THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF THE ROAD LOGGER REPEATABILITY MEASUREMENT, AS WELL AS, CORRELATION TESTS BETWEEN STATIONARY AND MOVING ROAD LOGGER TESTS VS. CONVENTIONAL TEST, AND STATIONARY VS. MOVING ROAD LOGGER TESTS. FROM THE RESULTS IT WAS DETERMINED THAT REPEATABLILITY OF THE ROAD LOGGER COMPARES FAVORABLY WITH THAT DETERMINED FOR CONVENTIONAL TESTS AND THE CORRELATION TESTS INDICATE THAT THE ROAD LOGGER IS SUFFICIENTLY ACCURATE FOR COMPACTION CONTROL. /AUTHOR/ KW - Compaction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Measurement KW - Radioactive well logging KW - Recording instruments KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/108057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580323 AU - LaChapelle, E R AU - Johnson, J B AU - Langdon, J A AU - Morig, C R AU - Sackett, E M AU - Taylor, P L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternate Methods of Avalanche Control - Interim Report PY - 1976/07//Interim Report SP - 99p AB - This document contains a collection of reports resulting from the second year's study on alternate methods of avalanche control. The reports are entitled: (1) Air Bag System by E.R. LaChapelle, C.R. Morig and P.L. Taylor; (2) Gas Exploder System by E.R. LaChapelle, C.R. Morig and P.L. Taylor; (3) Vibrator Tests by E.R. LaChapelle, C.R. Morig and P.L. Taylor; (4) Mechanical Resonance of Snow by J.B. Johnson; (5) Interface Modification Field Tests by E.R. LaChapelle; and (6) Approximate Solutions for the Interruption of the Creep and Glide of a Snowpack by Rigid Structures by J.A. Langdon. KW - Avalanches KW - Control devices KW - Highway safety KW - Snow mechanics UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/019.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151741 AU - Mann, G W AU - Curtis, C A AU - Roberts, D V AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF THREE EXPERIMENTAL STRUCTURAL SECTIONS OF EL CENTRO ROAD PY - 1976/07 SP - 50 p. AB - This report relates the performance of three experimental structural sections constructed over highly resilient soils during 1959 and 1960 on El Centro Road, 03-Sac-99. Test sections consisted of asphalt concrete over cement treated base, asphalt concrete over asphalt concrete base and asphalt concrete over aggregate base. Structural sections were constructed so that gravel equivalents were approximately equal for the three types of layered systems. The test sections were originally designed to accommodate roughly 10,000,000 EWL's which is equivalent to a 10 year Traffic Index of about 9.0. The performance of the test road after reaching the number of design EWL's was satisfactory for all structural types. However, after 15 years of service the treated base sections showed better performance than the untreated base sections. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California KW - Centrifugal pumps KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Experiments KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Solidification KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146467 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Elzeftawy, A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE MOVEMENT AND MOISTURE EQUILIBRIA IN PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1976/07 SP - 150 p. AB - The primary purpose of IHR-604 is to develop a satisfactory and realistic procedure for determining moisture movement and moisture equilibria in pavement systems and to develop procedures for using this information in pavement design. The specific objectives of this interim report were to fulfill the requirements of Phase I (Development of Working Moisture Model), as follows: develop, based on environmental factors, a theoretrical model for predicting moisture movement and moisture equilibria in pavement systems; validate the moisture model and if necessary refine the moisture model by means of controlled laboratory studies; and prepare the interim report concerning the development of the moisture model and its validation by using laboratory data and available field data. It is expected that the findings from this research project will be helpful to those who must make decisions relating to moisture problems in pavement systems. The moisture model can be used to determine how various design modifications influence the moisture regime in a pavement system. It is anticipated that the model and related field and laboratory studies will lead to a less empirical approach for incorporating moisture effects into pavement design, construction, behavior, and performance. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Computer programming KW - Finite differences KW - Migration KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Periodic variations KW - Pore pressure KW - Soil water UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168998 AU - Kawashima, K AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING BRIDGE DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN PROVIDING ADEQUATE STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE TO SEISMIC DISTURBANCES. PHASE V. CORRELATIVE INVESTIGATIONS ON THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A MODEL BRIDGE STRUCTURE PY - 1976/07 IS - 76-29 SP - 231 p. AB - This report describes correlations between analytical and experimental seismic responses of a model bridge structure which was constructed to have the same features as the typical full-scale high curved highway bridge structure. Modifications of the previously reported mathematical procedures for simulating the nonlinear behavior of expansion joints are presented. These include subdividing the time interval of integration and applying an equilibrium correction at the end of each interval and each subinterval. Correlations of displacement response of the bridge model carried out for three different excitations are described. Parameter studies conducted to assist in the interpretation of correlation results are presented, and the characteristics of the dynamic behavior of the bridge model are discussed. General conclusions are summarized. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Elastic waves KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Structural engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176237 AU - Wolfe, V D AU - Macnab, S H AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRUGATED METAL PIPE COMPARISON STUDY PY - 1976/07 SP - 97 p. AB - Over 100 uncoated galvanized steel and alclad aluminum culverts were inspected during the course of this six-year study. Environments varied from coastal with rain fall exceeding 110 inches per year to semiarid range lands of Eastern Oregon where rainfall averages only 10 inches per year. Test culverts ranged in age from 60 years to two years with most in the range of four to ten years. It was found that the only significant variable influencing the performance of uncoated galvanized steel and alclad aluminum culvert was their location east or west of the Cascade Mountain Range which is the north-south divider of the State into wet and dry regions. In Eastern Oregon where the climate is dry both materials have performed satisfactorily while in Western Oregon where the climate is wet, aluminum has performed well but galvanized steel corrodes quite rapidly when unprotected. KW - Age KW - Aluminum KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Climate KW - Corrosion KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Culverts KW - Galvanized materials KW - Galvanized metals KW - Galvanizing KW - Metal pipe KW - Oregon KW - Performance evaluations KW - Steel KW - Steel pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154051 AU - Claffey, P J AU - Claffey (PJ), Consulting Engineer AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR FUEL CONSERVATION PY - 1976/07 SP - 244 p. AB - Detailed information on the way passenger car fuel consumption is affected by how people drive and by the care taken to keep car engines and tires in proper running order was sought through highway test operations. Test operations included: (1) measurement of the fuel consumption of a sample of 93 drivers for operation under specific sets of urban driving conditions, (2) measurement of the fuel consumption of a sample of 22 passenger cars both for operation before and after a major tune-up, (3) measurement of the fuel consumption of a single passenger car for both low and high ranges of acceleration rates and for stop cycles, stop-cycle frequencies, and for various road design details, and (4) measurement of the fuel consumption of a sample of 18 passenger cars for a given tire inflation pressure and for a pressure equal to 80 percent of the given tire inflation pressure. All fuel consumption measurements were made with a fuelmeter capable of measuring fuel consumption to the nearest 1/1,000th of a gallon. The findings of the study include: 1) passenger car tune-ups do not improve fuel economy unless there is some definite fuel-wasting malfunction in the car, 2) radial tires reduce passenger car fuel consumption by approximately 7 percent for the same tire inflation pressure, and 3) fuel economy varies strikingly among drivers, with those accelerating from stop at an even steady rate having the best fuel economy. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Acceleration physics KW - Automobile engines KW - Automobiles KW - Conservation KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Speed control KW - Tires KW - Transmissions KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169263 AU - Henry, R D AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Kay, J L AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF UTCS (URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS) CONTROL STRATEGIES. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1976/07 SP - 162 p. AB - The report describes the evaluation of three generations of signal control strategies developed for the Urban Traffic Control Systems (UTCS) program in Washington, D.C. The research was performed in two phases. Phase I of the research consisted of an evaluation of four alternatives of first generation control strategies. Phase II of the research evaluated the Second and Third Generation Control Strategies. This effort also included a re-investigation of the most effective First Generation Control Strategies (1GC-TRSP). The evaluation was performed using a vehicle-minute measure of effectiveness derived from sureillance system volume data and moving car travel time data. The costs to implement each of the three generations were developed for hypothetical networks of 100, 500, and 1,000 signalized intersections. The First Generation (TRSP) was found to be operationally effective, was the least expensive to apply, and should be given primary consideration for implementation. Second Generation proved effective on arterials, was only slightly more costly to implement than 1GC (TRSP), and should be given consideration for areas with substantial arterial development. Third Generation did not prove effective, and requires further development. KW - Automatic control KW - Computer programming KW - Control systems KW - Detectors KW - Effectiveness KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Research KW - Signalized intersections KW - Strategy KW - Substitutes KW - Systems engineering KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Travel time KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158139 AU - Cusick, R W AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - BEHAVIOR OF SHRINKAGE-COMPENSATING CONCRETE PY - 1976/07 SP - 49 p. AB - The objective of this research was to determine if shrinkage-compensating concrete, when compared with Type 1 concrete, would reduce corresion of the reinforcing steel in a bridge deck, hence minimizing deterioration. Specimens 1 ft (305 mm) by 6 ft (1830 mm) and 7 in. (180 mm) deep were first cracked and then subjected to freezing and thawing in the presence of deicing salts. After freeze-thaw cycling, tests were conducted to determine the porosity and chloride content of the respective concrete type. The results show clearly that the shrinkage-compensating concrete simulated bridge decks crack significantly less than the Type 1 concrete bridge decks. However, at locations where cracks are present, the development of corrosion will be the same for both types of concrete. The shrinkage-compensating concrete was found to have a slightly higher porosity than the Type 1 concrete. The chloride concentration determined after the freeze-thaw tests was higher for the shrinkage-compensating concrete at a 1-in. (25-mm) depth but at a depth of 2 in. (50 mm) the concentrations were the same for both concretes. and the movement systems which are determined to be feasible and desirable, and includes explanatory text and material describing the function, operations and spatial interrelationships of the various modes. It includes an evaluation of the financial feasibility of the plan recommendations and an estimate of the construction and development costs involved, as well as recommendations on the phasing of the plan in graphic and descriptive form. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Deterioration KW - Expansive concrete KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Porosity KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153892 AU - Shah, S C AU - Ray, G L AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - ADVANCE TRAFFIC CONTROL WARNING SYSTEMS FOR MAINTENANCE PY - 1976/07 SP - 33 p. AB - The report discusses the effect of certain variables defined by sign size, height of installation and legend on the driver responses as measured by speed, conflict and queuing parameters. Effects of electronically actuated, directional flashing signs were also evaluated in terms of the above defined responses. The experiment was conducted at four locations within the State on two-lane and Interstate systems requiring single lane closures during maintenance. The conclusions that follow are based on the analysis and evaluation of the various responses using the analysis-of-variance procedure. (1) The speed decrease at two-lane locations was greater for the 30-inch (0.762 m) signs than either the 36-inch (0.914 m) or the 48-inch (1.22 m) signs. (2) At Interstate locations, the 36-inch (0.914 m) signs yielded better overall response than the corresponding 30-inch (0.762 m) signs. (3) The height of sign installation and sign legend did not indicate any statistical difference in the measured responses. (4) Sequencing accumulative difference in the measured responses. (4) Sequencing accumulative bidirectional chevrons greatly enhanced the obedience of the driver to warning signs. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Flashing sign KW - Interstate highways KW - Maintenance KW - Queuing KW - Reaction time KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Speed KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153874 AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - GUIDELINES FOR FLASHING TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES SN - 31A1-594 PY - 1976/07 SP - 228 p. AB - This report details the development of guidelines for the installation of certain classes of flashing traffic control devices. The devices studied were, continuous flashing and vehicle actuated two-way and four-way STOP intersection beacons, continuous and vehicle actuated advanced warning (STOP AHEAD) beacons and vehicle actuated beacons for speed limit control on curves. The guidelines are based upon the results of a state-of-the-art review, extensive field work, accident studies, and analytical investigations. They are presented in graphical form with a set of procedures for their use. KW - Actuated control KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Beacons KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Flashing beacons KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Traffic control devices KW - Vehicles KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153886 AU - Stemmler, R E AU - Kapka, S J AU - Ohio University, Athens TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS, ACQUISITION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE PY - 1976/07 SP - 125 p. AB - This research project has developed an inventory control system for the major pavement marking materials in Ohio. Important features of this system include the establishment of a materials requirements planning for specifying a delivery schedule for pavement paint and a reorder point system for controlling glass bead inventory. This system specifies methods and procedures for acquisition, distribution, and storage of these materials from the state's twelve districts. Economic evaluation has dictated recommendations for a change to 55-gallon paint drums, for purchase of drum carts and other specialized equipment, for manpower scheduling on a four-day work week, and for multi-line striping with fast-dry paint. Additional recommendations were made for conversion of old stripers to handle fast-dry paint, for retention of a local paint supplier to deliver short-term emergency orders, and for evaluation of the proportion of contracted work awarded. The implementation of the materials control system and the related policy and procedure recommendations will result in an estimated savings of over $100,000 per year. Further savings in the three-million dollar annual budget for pavement marking could result from studies of contractor practices, state record-keeping requirements, and sampling and testing procedures. KW - Acquisition KW - Delivery service KW - Economic analysis KW - Handling and storage KW - Inventory control KW - Maintenance management KW - Physical distribution KW - Property acquisition KW - Road marking materials KW - Scheduling KW - Storage facilities KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154856 AU - Bogdanoff, M A AU - THOMPSON, R P AU - California Business and Transportation Agency AU - California Highway Patrol AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WARNING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS. PART I. CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS PY - 1976/07 SP - 226 p. AB - The report evaluates a changeable message sign system in Los Angeles providing warning and information to motorists. 35 bulb matrix signs were installed along 24 directional-miles of freeway. These signs were minicomputer activated via leased telephone lines and displayed operator selected messages. Electronic traffic surveillance provided incident detection, end-of-queue locations and the length of congestion. Field personnel and the Highway Patrol also detected and identified incidents. Areas included in this evaluation are public acceptance, vehicle speeds approaching a queue (closing speed), diversion, lane changes and accidents. KW - Acceptance KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems hardware KW - Computer systems programs KW - Computers KW - Cost estimating KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Estimates KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information display systems KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Lane changing KW - Minicomputers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Speed KW - Symbols KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transmission lines KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154783 AU - Mirza, J F AU - Tawfik, M E AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - END CRACKING IN PRESTRESSED MEMBERS DURING DETENSIONING PY - 1976/07 SP - 86 p. AB - This report is concerned with an investigation to determine analytically as well as experimentally the theory that end cracking observed during prestress transfer in pretensioned operations is caused by tensile stress induced by the restraining effect of relatively short length of unbonded cables. Production line prestressed members were monitored for strain increase during detensioning and the castings were measured for elastic shortening. Results were compared with an analytic model capable of furnishing cable strains during any detensioning scheme in a multiple casting operation. Full scale experimental members were designed such that during transfer tensile stress in concrete due to cable restraint would be maximized. Cracks were indeed caused as predicted by analytic calculations. Finally as an example problem, full scale production line girders were monitored for cable strain during detensioning and compared with analytically calculated values. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Beams KW - Cables KW - Casting KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Flame cutting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Numerical analysis KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sheathing KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Tensioning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151731 AU - Nolan, M E AU - Hatano, M M AU - Howell, R B AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF DITCH EROSION USING FIBERGLASS ROVING (TYPE B STUDY) PY - 1976/07 SP - 53 p. AB - This study demonstrated the use of fiberglass roving with vegetation for erosion control in drainage ditches. Three sites in the state were treated which had various soil types and different climatological conditions. The test sites were monitored with photographs, field observations and precipitation measurements during the period from installation (Fall 1975) to Spring 1976. The fiberglass roving with vegetation was effective in reducing erosion at all three locations. Grasses planted prior to treatment emerged through the fiberglass mat with little or no difficulty. The treatment cost varied from $1.13 to $2.27 per square yard. This study was a follow-up to a study that used fiberglass roving for erosion control at Ponderosa Road Interchange and Highway 50 (03-ED-50-PM 8.4) during the winter of 1973-1974. KW - Asphalt KW - California KW - Climatology KW - Costs KW - Ditches KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass fibers KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Rovings (Fiber bundles) KW - Soils KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151225 AU - Kawashima, K AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATIVE INVESTIGATIONS ON THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF A MODEL BRIDGE STRUCTURE PY - 1976/07 SP - 246 p. AB - This report is one in a series to result from the investigation, 'An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Existing Bridge Design Methodology in Providing Adequate Structural Resistance to Seismic Disturbances', sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Descriptions are given of the correlations between analytical and experimental seismic responses of a model bridge structure which was constructed to have the same features as the typical full-scale high curved highway bridge structure. Modifications of the previously reported mathematical procedures for simulating the nonlinear behavior of expansion joints are presented. These include subdividing the time interval of integration and applying an equilibrium correlation at the end of each interval and each subinterval. Correlations of displacement response of the bridge model carried out for the three different excitations are described. Parameter studies conducted to assist in the interpretation of correlation results are presented and the characteristics of the dynamic behavior of the bridge model are discussed. Finally, based on the correlation results presented, general conclusions are deduced and summarized. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamics KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Elastic waves KW - Expansion joints KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness methods KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151138 AU - Hammerschlag, D AU - Barber, B K AU - Everett, J M AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island School of Design AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation TI - THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND URBAN STRUCTURE: A FORCE FOR CHANGE IN RHODE ISLAND. SUMMARY PY - 1976/07 SP - 27 p. AB - The study shows how the metropolitan structure of Rhode Island has changed in response to Interstate highways and of how decisionmaking for Interstate highways in this State was influenced by a concern for metropolitan development. Between 1956 and 1975 Rhode Island completed its 70-mile-system of Interstate highways at a cost of about $300 million. During this period profound changes occurred in the patterns of urban development and in travel patterns. The study documents and analyzes those changes, focusing on land development patterns, on economic impacts, and on design features of both the freeways and the landscape. KW - City planning KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Freeway design KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Landscaping KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Real estate development KW - Rhode Island KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150475 AU - Hammerschlag, D AU - Barber, B K AU - Everett, J M AU - University of Rhode Island, Narragansett AU - Rhode Island School of Design AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation TI - THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND URBAN STRUCTURE: A FORCE FOR CHANGE IN RHODE ISLAND PY - 1976/07 SP - 162 p. AB - The study shows how the metropolitan structure of one State, Rhode Island, has changed in response to Interstate highways and of how decisionmaking for Interstate highways in this state was influenced by a concern for metropolitan development. Between 1956 and 1975 Rhode Island completed its 70-mile-system of Interstate highways at a cost of about $300 million. During this period profound changes occurred in the patterns of urban development and in travel patterns. This study documents and analyzes those changes, focusing on land development patterns, on economic impacts, and on design features of both the freeways and the landscape. KW - City planning KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Freeway design KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Landscape design KW - Landscaping KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Real estate development KW - Rhode Island KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150462 AU - Goble and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - D.C. Implementation Div. TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE DRIVING WEAP PROGRAM PY - 1976/07 SP - 449p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150463 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE DRIVING WEAP PROGRAM. VOLUME 1. BACKGROUND PY - 1976/07 SP - 127 p. AB - This report is presented in four volumes. The first presents a general discussion of the use of the wave equation and how this particular program models the hammer-pile-soil system. Emphasis is placed on a discussion of the operation of diesel hammers and how that operation is modeled by WEAP. The second volume provides a description of program input and output and can serve as a user's manual for the program. It is strongly recommended that all users read Volume I prior to the User's Manual so that they will understand the assumptions contained in the program and how it is intended that it be used. The third volume was prepared to aid the computer operator during the initial stages of program and data file loading. It also contains a flow chart which may be of interest to those users who want to study the program in greater detail. The fourth volume contains the three parts of a lecture which is also available in the form of a tape/slide show. The contents of this narrative report deal with background, models and applications of the Wave Equation. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Hammers KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150465 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE DRIVING WEAP PROGRAM. VOLUME III. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1976/07 SP - 130 p. AB - A computer program was written and tested that performs a realistic Wave Equation Analysis of Piles driven by any type of impact hammer. Conventional pile and soil models were used in addition to both a thermodynamic model for diesels and refined mechanical hammer models. The program development was aimed at providing a simple input and both a flexible and extensive output that includes automatic plotting capabilities. Pile Driving Hammer data were prepared and stored in a file for most of the commonly encountered models. The computer language is FORTRAN 4. The program was extensively tested against measured pile top force and velocity data and against measured diesel combustion pressure and stroke. This volume is the third in a series. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Hammers KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Needs assessment KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Thermodynamics KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150464 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE DRIVING WEAP PROGRAM. VOLUME II. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1976/07 SP - 124 p. AB - WEAP is a computer program written in FORTRAN 4 code which performs a Wave Equation Analysis for Piles. This program was developed between July 1975 and July 1976 under a contract with the Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development. This user's manual is intended to provide first, a very basic outline of the various program functions; second, a definition of the input quantities; third, a description of the output and finally, sample problems. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Output KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146487 AU - Kearns, R W AU - WARD, J F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TESTS AT THE FHWA EASTERN FIELD TEST CENTER PY - 1976/07 SP - 99 p. AB - The measurement of the skid resistance of highways, under wet weather conditions, is part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) skid accident reduction program. To standardize and to improve the precision of the measurements, the program includes national and regional reference systems to which the highway measuring systems may be systematically related. This report describes evaluation tests conducted at the FHWA Eastern Field Test Center (EFTC) which included the use of the Eastern Area Reference System (EARS) and the Interim Reference System (IRS) maintained by the National Bureau of Standards. The performance characteristics of the EARS, its subsystems and a correlation equation between the EARS and the IRS are presented. A method of quantifying sources of dispersion is applied to the measurements made by the IRS on the EFTC reference surfaces. Recommendations for modifications to the EARS, the test procedures, and EFTC facilities are made. KW - Classification KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Rain KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146496 AU - FINSTERBUSCH, K AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS OF HIGHWAY LOCATIONS PY - 1976/07 SP - 107 p. AB - The report outlines the steps in a social impact assessment for highway location alternatives, reviews the social impacts of highways, presents procedures for assessing social impacts of prospective highways, and develops social criteria for locating highways. Social impacts are defined and the full range of potential social impacts of highways are listed both by topical categories and by stages of the highway location. Three important social impacts for residents are discussed in some detail. Displacement is examined for its economic and psychological effects. The possible effects of highway noise on nearby residents and the genral effects of highways on property values are also discussed. Four commonly used procedures for highway locations studies are reviewed and improvements are recommended. These procedures are: field investigation of displacement, map analysis, community social profile, and the report on public meetings. KW - City planning KW - Communities KW - Dwellings KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Location KW - Neighborhoods KW - Persons by socioeconomic levels KW - Present value KW - Public participation KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Social factors KW - Sociology KW - Traffic noise KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147719 AU - Golden, H G AU - Price, M AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS FOR SMALL NATURAL STREAMS IN GEORGIA PY - 1976/07 SP - 75 p. AB - Flood information from 104 project basins (0.1 to 20 square miles) and data available from 170 larger basins (20 to 1,500 square miles) are analyzed to provide planners and designers with relations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of flood-peak discharges on small natural streams in Georgia. In 1963 the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, began this program to collect and analyze flood-peak data from small drainage basins. More than 90 percent of the project activity was directed toward the acquisition and processing of data for more than two thousand rainfall- runoff periods occurring during 1964-74 at the 104 project stations. Storm rainfall data were computed at 5-minute intervals from records of six long- term (about 75 years) National Weather Service stations. The U.S. Geological Survey mathematical rainfall-runoff model is used to synthesize long-term flood records for about 80 percent of the project stations. Station flood-frequency data are developed, using the log-Pearson Type III distribution with regionalized skew coefficients. Multiple regression analysis is used to define relations between flood-frequency station data for small and large streams and 10 physical and climatological basin characteristics. The analysis indicates the drainage-basin size is the most significant variable. Five regions having distinct flood-peak characteristics are delineated. One of these regions, known as the Sand Hills, has not been delineated previously as an area of "low" flood runoff. The developed relations, expressed as equations and nomographs, are considered usable for virtually any site in Georgia where the drainage area is between 0.1 and 20 square miles, and the flow is natural. KW - Data collection KW - Drainage basins KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144111 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Elzeftawy, A A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - INTERIM REPORT: MOISTURE MOVEMENT AND MOISTURE EQUILIBRIA IN PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1976/07 IS - 5C216 SP - 147 p. AB - The primary purpose of IHR-604 is to develop a satisfactory and realistic procedure for determining moisture movement and moisture equilibria in pavement systems and to develop procedures for utilizing this information in pavement design. The specific objectives of this interim report were to fulfill the requirements of Phase I (Development of Working Moisture Model), as follows: 1. Part 1.1 - Develop, based on environmental factors, a theoretical model for predicting moisture movement and moisture equilibria in pavement systems. 2. Part 1.2 - Validate the moisture model and if necessary refine the moisture model by means of controlled laboratory studies. 3. Part 1.3 - Prepare the interim report concerning the development of the moisture model and its validation by using laboratory data and available field data. It is expected that the findings from this research project will be helpful to those who must make decisions relating to moisture problems in pavement systems. The moisture model can be used to determine how various design modifications influence the moisture regime in a pavement system. It is anticipated that the model and related field and laboratory studies will lead to a less empirical approach for incorporating moisture effects into pavement design, construction, behavior, and performance. /FHWA/ KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture movement KW - Motion KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158071 AU - Keane, J D AU - Bruno, J A AU - Weaver, REF AU - Carnegie Mellon Research Institute TI - SURFACE PROFILE FOR ANTI-CORROSION PAINTS PY - 1976/06/30 SP - 169 p. AB - The following new findings and concepts are expected to lead to a better understanding of the role of surface preparation profile in coatings performance. Scanning electron microscopy and related techniques (especially in 3-D stereo) made it possible to visualize, for the first time, the true topography of structural steel surfaces cleaned by various methods and to reconstruct the probable mechanism of profile formation. Exposure tests still under way have already established important trends: abrasive size and profile height, within normal ranges, had a relatively minor effect on coatings performance; increasing the degree of surface preparation yielded diminishing returns; sand and other non-metallic blast media gave consistently good results. Primer thickness was very critical. These and other major variables (angle of impingement, oiliness, rolling direction, pre-rusting, steel thickness, etc.) are still the subject of continuing exposures. A proposed specification has been developed for a standard method of measuring profile by optical microscopy. An (h sub max) concept was developed ot inter-relate four good field methods which formerly had yielded wide discrepancies in measuring profile (visual comparator, depth age, magnetic gage, and replica tape/gage). Three additional methods were found to be especially effective in research studies: (microsections, stylus traces, and a triangulation technique), whereas four other approaches are of special future interest (surface volume, pneumatic, scratch gage, and light-section gage). The effects of the major surface preparation parameters on profile were established including type of abrasive, size of abrasive, degree of blast cleaning, type of equipment, angle of impingement, steel thickness, peak count, and steel variation. KW - Abrasives KW - Anticorrosion coatings KW - Anticorrosion paint KW - Blast cleaning KW - Coatings KW - Electron microscopes KW - Optical properties KW - Paint KW - Profiles KW - Profilometers KW - Sand blasting KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Structural steel KW - Surface dynamics profilometer KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149624 AU - Carlson, R F AU - Norton, W AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks TI - USER'S GUIDE FOR ATMOSPHERIC CARBON MONOXIDE TRANSPORT MODEL PY - 1976/06/30 SP - 157 p. AB - In the winter months of Fairbanks, Alaska, a highly stable air temperature inversion creates high levels of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. As an aid to understanding this problem, a CO transport computer model has been created which provides a useful tool when used in conjunction with other measurement and analytic studies of traffic, meteorology, emissions control, zoning, and parking management. The model is completely documented and illustrated with several examples. Named ACOSP (Atmospheric CO Simulation Program), it predicts expected CO concentrations within a specific geographic area for a defined set of CO sources. At the present time, the model is programmed to consider automobile emissions as the major CO source and may include estimates of stationary sources. The model is coded for computer solution in the FORTRAN programming language and uses the finite-element method of numerical solution of the basic convective-diffusion equations. Although it has a potential for real-time analysis and control, at the present time the model will be most valuable for investigating and understanding the physical processes which are responsible for high CO levels and for testing remedial control measures at high speed and low cost. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151239 AU - Goodpasture, D W AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRESS HISTORY OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES - II PY - 1976/06/30 SP - 75 p. AB - A stress and loading history study of two bridge sites, Knoxville and Harriman, was conducted by the University of Tennessee over a three year period. A data collection system developed on an earlier investigation, was used to obtain the stress history data. Problems in data acquisition precluded data collection at the Harriman bridge site, therefore all results are for the Knoxville bridges. Load history data was obtained at a weigh station approximately ten miles from the Knoxville bridge site. The Knoxville bridges were selected on the basis of high truck traffic volumes present. The data obtained was used in a proposed design procedure based on fatigue of the main bridge girders. The lives of the bridges were predicted using Miner's hypothesis, the root-mean-square method and the root-mean-cube method. Each method verified that fatigue was not a problem at the Knoxville bridge site even if traffic volumes or weights are increased within certain limits. The correlation of truck weight to summation of girder stresses appears to be high. Controlled load tests were performed and these results are reported in detail. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway traffic KW - Load tests KW - Loading history KW - Loads KW - Roots /mathematical/ KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tennessee KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455013 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Putnam County, Indiana PY - 1976/06/23 SP - 63p AB - The engineering soils map of Putnam County, Indiana which accompanies this report was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs, having an approximate scale of 1:20,000, were taken in August 1939. Aerial photographic interpretation of the land forms and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference . A field trip was made to the area for the purposes of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soils texture. Standard symbols were employed to delineate land forms and soil textures. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism and map presentation. Although no soil samples were collected and tested by the staff of the Joint Highway Research Project, general soil profiles were developed and are shown on the soils map. The soil profiles were compiled from the agriculture literature and from the boring data of the roadway soil survey along 1-70 supplied by the State Highway Commission. Liberal reference was made to the "Formation Distribution and Engineering Characteristic of Soils", and "Soil Survey of Putnam County, Indiana." KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Geological surveying KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Putnam County (Indiana) KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314564 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581030 AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Social Factors in Transportation Planning Executive Summary PY - 1976/06//Executive Summary SP - 7p AB - This report presents a summary of the research project which resulted in the following guideline reports: 25.1 Development and Implementation of Community Involvement Programs; 25.2 Identification and Measurement of Social Factors in Transportation Planning; 25.3 Conducting Surveys Concerning Transportation; 25.4 Operation of Interdisciplinary Teams; and 25.5 Team Scheduling and Management. KW - Community involvement KW - Multidisciplinary teams KW - Public participation KW - Social factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel surveys UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/025.0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162322 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate route 88 Schoharie-Schenectady county line to New York State Thruway (I-90), Schenectady and Albany counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976/06//Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/923308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01102055 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State street corridor, 23 rd. street to Broadway avenue, Project M-1045(001), Project M-1046(001), draft environmental impact statement PY - 1976/06//Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073560 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Environmental statement and location study report. U.S. 61 North-South facility in Davenport, Scott County PY - 1976/06//Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145540 AU - Los Angeles Department of City Planning AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POPULATION ESTIMATE AND HOUSING INVENTORY MODEL. 1974 AND 1975 METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS PY - 1976/06 SP - 95 p. AB - The report describes the methodology used to develop the Population Estimate and Housing Inventory Model and the various assumptions incorporated in the model to generate the 1974 and 1975 population and housing estimates. Although assumptions will vary from year to year and from place to place, the basic methodology will be followed in the future so estimate results will be comparable. The flexibility of the model will enable new sources of data to be readily accepted by the model. The city's automated system can be applied to any geographic location where required data are available. This document will also serve as an instructional guide for technicians who wish to properly execute the Population Estimate and Housing Inventory Model. KW - California KW - Census KW - City planning KW - Estimates KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Guidelines KW - Housing KW - Housings KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Population KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168915 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANUAL. VOLUME I. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION AND FLOW CHARTS PY - 1976/06 SP - 401 p. AB - An Urban Traffic Control and Bus Priority System has been implemented in the District of Columbia. The system includes on-street surveillance and control elements and a central office data processing facility. This manual describes the software for this system. This is Volume I of 2 volumes which comprise the UTCS/BPS Software Manual. It contains Section 1, Introduction and Section 2, Programming Specifications. KW - Buses KW - Computer programming KW - Data communications KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Multiplexing KW - Programming manuals KW - Subroutines KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168916 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANUAL. VOLUME II. VARIABLE DEFINITIONS; ALGORITHM AND OFF-LINE SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1976/06 SP - 181 p. AB - An Urban Traffic Control and Bus Priority System has been implemented in the District of Columbia. The system includes on-street surveillance and control elements and a central office data processing facility. This manual describes the software for this system. This is Volume II of 2 volumes which comprise the UTCS/BPS Software Manual. It contains Section 3, Glossary and Section 4, Appendices. KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Data communications KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Multiplexing KW - Subroutines KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771230 AU - Iverson, E A AU - Scaringi, M AU - Limotti, B AU - Jacobson, R AU - Parker, R AU - Morgan, D AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL FACTORS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1976/06 SP - 244 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop criteria and procedures for the identification and measurement of social impacts in transportation planning and the process by which such analyses are integrated into the decision-making process. The guidelines developed from this study address several related but different parts of the total planning and design process. Two of the reports prepared as a part of this study are concerned with identifying and measuring social factors and conducting social and economic surveys to obtain necessary data. A third report is concerned with the development and implementation of community involvement programs. The assumption is made that an effective planning and design process must provide means by which the values and opinions of residents of affected communities and users of transportation facilities can be incorporated in technical studies and in the decision-making process. Two additional reports contain guidelines for the operation of interdisciplinary teams and team scheduling and management. The systematic interdisciplinary approach undertaken in the State of Washington provides a means by which technical data, community values and opinions, and planning and design concepts and standards can all be evaluated by the team in reaching a recommended solution to a problem. KW - Community action programs KW - Decision making KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/025.6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158075 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Freeman, J R AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR FATIGUE CHARACTERIZATION OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE PY - 1976/06 SP - 127 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop a simple test to design bituminous concrete mixtures for fatigue resistance. Included are two literature reviews: (1) current fatigue testing procedures, and (2) simple test methods that offer possibilities for fatigue prediction. Seven bituminous concretes representing five areas of the United States were tested by a beam fatigue apparatus and several selected simple test methods. Correlations were performed between fatigue results and simple test results, and the best correlations were obtained with the indirect tensile test. Indirect tensile test results correlate with the stress-fatigue life curve under the constant stress fatigue test mode and the strain-fatigue life curve under the constant strain fatigue test mode. The main conclusion is that the indirect tensile test can be used to predict the fatigue characteristics of bituminous concretes and a simple test method is recommended. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Forecasting KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mix design KW - Resistance KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486235 AU - Worley, R E AU - Metheny, T M AU - Stratton, F W AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT SURFACE DYNAMICS FRICTION MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS IN KANSAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1976/06 SP - 58 p. AB - Friction measurements of 277 test sections of Kansas pavement surfaces were made with a locked wheel skid trailer. Many of them were repeated several times. Stereo-photography evaluation was also conducted on some surface types. All types of construction, materials, and mix designs used in Kansas can have high skid numbers. Skid numbers are not constant for a given section of roadway or type of construction. Seasonal variation of 30 skid numbers has been measured in Kansas, so a single value is not very significant. Averages may also have little significance as they are dependent on the number of tests and when they were run. A wide variety of materials and mixes are used in Kansas. Some materials used in certain ways indicate possible superiority, such as chert (chat) aggregate used in Portland cement concrete pavement and slurry seals, but not in hot mixes. Expanded shale and sandstone are also indicated to be good skid resistant aggregates. Seasonal variation of speed gradient was detected for all common Kansas surface types. Frosting has occurred on open-graded mixes when adjacent denser mix types remained frostless. Lightweight aggregate open-graded mixes were particularly frost susceptible. KW - Cherts KW - Friction KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Locked-wheel KW - Measurement KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Sandstones KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Shale KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid trailers KW - Skidding KW - Stereoscopic cameras KW - Stereoscopic photography KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179473 AU - Honeywell Incorported TI - SECOND GENERATION CONTROL FORTRAN SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT-VOLUME II PY - 1976/06 SP - 356 p. AB - The Second Generation UTCS developed by TRW was converted from its machine dependent language to FORTRAN. Enhancements to the system included an improved technique for determining when traffic signal timing pattern recomputation should occur; a change to provide for maintenance of user defined signal phase splits or offsets; a recoding of the link/phase correlation; a modification in the offset optimization algorithm to properly compare optimum solutions for alternate cycle lengths; and numerous corrections to the UTCS data base. File maintenance for the source programs was developed, and all source images are in easily-modified magnetic tape formats. A source language editing program was added to the system library for the 2GC FORTRAN system. Documentation for routines which remain unchanged from the original 2GC was updated to reflect new documentation standards. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321172 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS RESOURCE INFORMATION (JUNE 1976) PY - 1976/06 AB - Report presenting estimates of energy consumed in the construction and operation of rapid transit systems and highways; and fuel consumed by vehicles relative to driving and road conditions. Includes 15 tables and 10 charts showing energy or fuel consumed in basic material processing, construction of rapid rail systems and freeways, operation of each type of vehicle, and total mass transit systems in selected cities. Appendices (P. 49-103) include 42 tables showing factors to adjust fuel consumption for variations in speed conditions; for automobiles, pickup trucks, 2-axle 6-tire trucks, semitrailers, and buses. Copyright asi. Based on published data from federal agencies, state highway depts, and academic studies. KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Highways KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335941 AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADDENDA TO URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND BUS PRIORITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE MANUAL FOR UTCS/CIC, UTCS/MGVD AND UTCS/PBPS PY - 1976/06 SP - 92 p. AB - The basic assembly language software developed for the UTCS/BPS is documented in the Urban Traffic Control and Bus Priority System Software Manual, Volume I (FHWA-RD-76-185) and Volume II (FHWA-RD-76-186). Subsequent to this documentation, three modifications to the basic software were made: (1) UTCS/CIC-to add a new critical intersection algorithm; (2) UTCS/MGVD-to accommodate a Magnetic Gradient Vehicle Detector (MGVD) being testing in the UTCS network; (3) UTCS/PBPS-to add a new bus priority algorithm. Because of the less universal application of these modified versions, it was decided not to generate three separate Software Manuals incorporating each modification. Instead, this document contains all the material with which to convert the basic software package to any one of the three modified versions by the replacement and addition of certain pages. A Foreward to each addendum section explains how the change material is to be used. In addition each addendum section includes a narrative description of how the modification functionally effects the system operation. (FHWA) KW - Algorithms KW - Bus priority KW - Manuals KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00324482 AU - Anderson, J T AU - Ultrasystems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK ON COMPONENTS FOR SAFETY REST AREAS PY - 1976/06 SP - 118 p. AB - This handbook was prepared under Contract No. DOT-FH-11-8518 for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Information on the functionality of components in typical safety rest areas on Federal-aid highways of the Interstate, Primary, and Secondary Systems is provided for nine convenience components (i.e., picnic tables, shelters, trash receptacles, drinking fountains, etc.) and on nine comfort components (partitions, walls and floors, toilets, wash basins, hand dryers, etc.). Ranges of typical operating and maintenance costs of safety rest areas which have modern comfort stations are also included. This handbook is intended to expand the data available to highway department personnel faced with choosing one type of component from several allernatives. It is not intended to restrict design alternatives but to provide additional insight into the problems many states have experienced with different types of components in their safety rest areas and any solutions that have been developed. (Author) KW - Components KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Handbooks KW - Parks KW - Roadside rest areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318503 AU - HOLDER, R W AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Fuhs, C A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PRELIMINARY CONGESTION IINDIIES FOR URBAN FREEWAYS IN TEXAS PY - 1976/06 SP - 40 p. AB - Traffic congestion on urban freeways in Texas is a growing concern; freeways in each of the five largest cities in Texas experience some degree of connestion every weekday, yet no quantitative measure of freeway congestion has been developed. The report documents the results of an effort to develop a preliminary freeway congestion index. Elements of congestion are discussed, and measures of congestion which can be derived from available data are presented. Several candidate congestion indices are identified, and values for each are calculated and compared for ninteen selected freeways in five Texas cities. The study utilizes only readily available data; as a consequence, the results need to be viewed as preliminary, since data from a limited number of locations are used to describe an entire segment of roadway. Finally, recommendations are made of the best index to use for various applications. KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Networks KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197531 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Liff, A I AU - Honeywell AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE. URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT. VOLUME II. CYRANO PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS PY - 1976/06 SP - 310 p. AB - This report presents the results of the research performed to date on the Third Generation UTCS Software (3GC) System. This system provides on-line cycle-free traffic signal optimization. This report is comprised of six volumes which detail the third generation software for undersaturated conditions (CYRANO) as implemented in Washington, DC. This volume (Vol. 2) contains the following topics: System narrative; System flow charts; Routine descriptions--support module, application portion; Routine descriptions--setup module; Routine descriptions - CYRANO module; CIC/QMC policy (CIC/QMC module); Off-line simulation. KW - Computer programming KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197530 AU - Honeywell AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE. URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT. VOLUME I. SYSTEM OVERVIEW PY - 1976/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This report presents the results of the research performed to date on the Third Generation UTCS Software (3GC) System. This system provides on-line cycle-free traffic signal optimization. This report is comprised of six volumes which detail the third generation software for undersaturated conditions (CYRANO) as implemented in Washington, DC. The algorithm for developing signal timing patterns on-line for saturated conditions (CIC/QMC) is only described functionally because it requires further development. This volume (Vol. 1) contains the following topics: Third generation control-system description; 3GC design approach; Data base configurations; Priority interrupt system; Data processing equipment. KW - Computer programming KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Network flows KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190170 AU - Peterson, D E AU - Sorbe, V K AU - Sy, C C AU - Lai, J S AU - Utah Department of Public Safety AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City TI - USE OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT TO DETERMINE MIXTURE BEHAVIOR, PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND THERMORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES PY - 1976/06 SP - 219 p. AB - The project consists of sixteen experimental tests sections, each 150 feet long, constructed as part of a primary highway project on U.S. 50 & 6 near Green River, Utah, in August 1968. The purpose of the construction of these test sections were to evaluate whether or not a synthetic rubber can beneficially modify asphalt cement and subsequently enhance the qualities of a bituminous concrete. Additional factors analyzed have been the ten first order interactions: TB, TS, TV, TC, BS, SV and VC. The following thermorheological properties were also evaluated, principally to determine the effects of the synthetic rubber additive on their behavior: creep compliance, compressive strength, stiffness, ultimate compressive strain and indirect tensile strength. In the evaluation of test data rubber had the most noticeable effect on the thermorheological properties. Its effect on laboratory tests, such as ductility and viscosity were usually the same as those resulting from a comparable testing using a high viscosity asphalt. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Ductility tests KW - Mixtures KW - Pavement performance KW - Rheology KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Stiffness KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Tensile strength KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189360 AU - Huang, B K AU - KIM, K H AU - Chen, Y R AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - VEHICLE EARTH BERM SIMULATION STUDY PY - 1976/06 SP - 110 p. AB - Earth berm configurations were investigated using simulation models to study their effectiveness in redirecting impacting vehicles at various approaching speeds and angles. The modified N.C. earth berm (RS berm) with 10-inch initial energy-dissipating curb-like steps was further tested and modified to reduce the step height. Improved berm with six 5-inch curb-like steps showed good results after many other configurations had been considered. Substantial height reduction of steps from 10 inches down to 5 inches resulted in satisfactory vehicle dynamic responses upon impact. However, the overall performance of this improved berm was about equivalent to that of the RS berm. Dynamic responses of vehicle impacting shrub barriers were also studied in conjunction with berm configurations without energy-dissipating curb-like steps. Proper biological system barriers were designed to absorb vehicular kinetic energy in order to prevent errant vehicles from fatal accidents. Simulation analysis showed that shrub barriers would effectively deter the impacting vehicle and improve the performance of an earth berm. /FHWA/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Berms KW - Dissipation KW - Earth KW - Impacts KW - Shrubs KW - Simulation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182556 AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated TI - RESPONSE OF BRIDGE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS UNDER WIND-INDUCED VIBRATIONS PY - 1976/06 SP - 283 p. AB - Structural dynamics of long slender member of contemporary cross-section shapes are investigated in a comprehensive manner for the purpose of precluding vortex excited vibration and mitigating damages to the member due to fatigue. The unique features are (1) the ends can have various degree of elastic restraint, (2) different levels of axial tension are allowed for both flexural and torsional vibrations, (3) flow regime can be either subcritical (single-frequency resonance) or supercritical (random shedding). The text consists of recommended design guide with design charts appended with supplements which show the basis of the design guide, mathematical theories, illustrative examples and a lengthy bibliography. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cross sections KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Resonance KW - Structural design KW - Structural members KW - Vibration KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167039 AU - Scarzello, J F AU - Usher, S W AU - Naval Surface Weapons Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELF-POWERED VEHICLE DETECTOR (SPVD) MAGNETIC SENSOR DEVELOPMENT PY - 1976/06 SP - 68 p. AB - Development of a low power Brown type ring core magnetometer is described for a Self Powered Vehicle Detector (SPVD) unit capable of sensing motor vehicles in a roadway. Sensor stabilization techniques are discussed and a digital feedback loop was designed for improving magnetometer performance and sensor logic functions. The optimized sensor with digital feedback stabilization and low power logic appears adequate for the SPVD. KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurement KW - Magnetometers KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Sensors KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166438 AU - Fu, C C AU - Colville, J AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INELASTIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES. ULTIMATE LOAD CAPACITY OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1976/06 SP - 149 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to determine the plastic distribution factor of continuous, composite bridges for use with the Load Factor Design Method. An analytical method was developed for the elastic and inelastic behavior of such systems. The resulting equations were solved by a computer program. Using the computer program, 48 two-span and three-span composite bridges were analyzed. The plastic distribution factors were then obtained. Existing data for simple span composite bridges was also analyzed. The following equation for the plastic distribution factor, (DF sub p), was found to give excellent correlation with the numberical results. (DF sub p) = 2.0 (Number of traffic lanes)/(number of girders). KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous structures KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway design KW - I beams KW - Load factor KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Plastic state KW - Plasticity KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166484 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Kimball, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER RESEARCH. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1976/06 SP - 94 p. AB - A comprehensive research program was conducted to appraise performance of concrete median barriers. Investigations included twenty-four crash tests which evaluated performance of barrier profiles, precast designs, and end treatments. Theoretical investigations using mathematical crash simulation program identified a new barrier shape which was crash tested to compare performance with currently used profiles. Load and stability criteria were determined from experiments and used to analyze barrier alternatives. Three crash tests examined performance of the CMB when impacted at 45 and 55 mph by a 40,000-lb intercity bus. Accident data were collected and analyzed for in-service performance of the concrete median barrier. State-of-the-art investigations provide summary of state practice and specific CMB details. Cost factors are discussed for concrete median barrier construction. This research is considered applicable to concrete bridge parapets. This volume is the first of two. KW - Concrete structures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Loads KW - Median barriers KW - Performance tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166273 AU - Kwong, K W AU - KUAN, J AU - Peck, R AU - California State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CALIFORNIA DRIVER ACCIDENT FREQUENCIES I: AN EXPLORATORY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS PY - 1976/06 SP - 57 p. AB - The longitudinal study attempts to develop an optimum accident prediction system using nine year driving history records of a large sample of California drivers and biographical and mileage exposure data collected through a questionnaire survey. An exploratory non-concurrent regression analysis on three year accident interval produced a prediction equation with 29 predictor variables and a multiple correlation coefficient of .271. Among the variables which discriminated between accidents and non-accident drivers were prior conviction frequencies and prior accidents. Drivers with prior accidents and convictions were more likely to have accidents in subsequent time periods. KW - California KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Licenses KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Prevention KW - Questionnaires KW - Reggression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159388 AU - Williams, D AU - GODDEN, W G AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL MODEL STUDIES ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF HIGH CURVED OVERCROSSINGS PY - 1976/06 SP - 167 p. AB - An experimental model study relating to the seismic resistance of large multi-span curved overcrossings of the type which suffered heavy damage during the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake is reported. The feasibility of developing a model to satisfy the necessary similitude requirements of such a complex structure, and also capable of being tested on the 20 ft x 20 ft (6.1 m) Shaking Table at the University of California, is outlined. The small amplitude dynamic characteristics of the microconcrete model, a 1/30 true-scale version of a hypothetical prototype, are examined and for this elastic range the experimental results compared satisfactorily with those predicted analytically. The response of the model is described for a series of progressively more intense simulated seismic excitations applied (i) horizontally in the asymmestric longitudinal direction, and (ii) horizontally in the symmetric direction, both alone and also with simultaneous vertical excitation. The existence of expansion joints in the bridge deck proved to have great influence on the response of the structure. Despite the inclusion of strong ductile restrainers across these joints, they were subjected to severe damage caused by multiple impacting in both torsional and translational modes. Some recommendations concerning this design are made. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Curvature KW - Curved profiles KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquakes KW - Elastic waves KW - Expansion joints KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Scale models KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180866 AU - RODRIGUEZ, J L AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY. REPORT III-1. VEHICULAR PLATOON PARAMETERS: A METHODOLOGY FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1976/06 SP - 68 p. AB - The Baltimore Harbor Tunnel is a restricted facility since the demand often exceeds the Tunnel's capacity. As a result, long vehicular platoons tend to form. This study developed a technique utilizing vehicular platoon parameters for the evaluation of the several control alternatives. Data collected at the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel were used to identify platoons of two or more vehicles utilizing a 200-foot (60.9 m) minimum space headway criterion. The data were also used to determine the number and size of the platoons, the platoon concentrations, the platoon velocities, the average space headways within the platoons, and the number of vehicles within the platoons. Utilizing Greenberg's model of hydrodynamic traffic flow, the platoon concentration and platoon velocity relationship was examined for all the control alternatives. From this relationship, an optimal control policy was developed and an application to on-line computer control was proposed. KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Information processing KW - Markov processes KW - Maryland KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179476 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Liff, A I AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT--VOLUME II PY - 1976/06 SP - 308 p. AB - The UTCS third generation software (3GC) has been implemented by KLD Associates, Inc. and Honeywell Inc. in the District of Columbia. The 3GC software has been designed as an integrated package consisting of a cycle free response algorithm for network optimization (CYRANO) which develops signal timing patterns on-line for undersaturated conditions. The 3GC software interfaces with all existing UTCS hardware elements including the surveillance system, controllers, displays and operators console. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179480 AU - Honeywell Incorported TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT-VOLUME VI PY - 1976/06 SP - 62 p. AB - The UTCS third generation software (3GC) has been implemented by KLD Associates, Inc. and Howeywell Inc. in the District of Columbia. The 3GC software has been designed as an integrated package consisting of a cycle free response algorithm for network optimization (CYRACO) which develops signal timing patterns on-line for undersaturated conditions. The 3GC software interfaces with all existing UTFCS hardware elements including the surveillance system, controllers, displays and operations console. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179474 AU - Honeywell Incorported TI - SECOND GENERATION CONTROL FORTRAN SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT-VOLUME III PY - 1976/06 SP - 219 p. AB - The Second Generation UTCS developed by TRW was converted from its machine dependent language to FORTRAN. Enhancements to the system included an improved technique for determining when traffic signal timing pattern recomputation should occur; a change to provide for maintenance of user defined signal phase splits or offsets; a recoding of the link/phase correlations; a modification in the offset optimization algoritym to properly compare optimum solutions for alternate cycle lengths; and numerous corrections to the UTCS data base. File maintenance for the source programs was developed, and all source images are in easily-modified magnetic tape formats. A source language editing program was added to the system library for the 2GC FORTRAN system. Documentation for routines which remain unchanged from the original 2GC was updated to reflect new documentation standards. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programming languages KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Software KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179477 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - Liff, A I AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT-VOLUME III PY - 1976/06 SP - 68 p. AB - The UTCS third generation software (3GC) has been implemented by KLD Associates, Inc. and Honeywell Inc. in the District of Columbia. The 3GC software has been designed as an integrated package consisting of a cycle free response algorithm for network optimization (CYRANO) which develops signal timing patterns on-line for undersaturated conditions. The 3GC software interfaces with all existing UTCS hardware elements including the surveillance system, controllers, displays and operations console. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179479 AU - Honeywell Incorported TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT-VOLUME V PY - 1976/06 SP - 283 p. AB - The UTCS third generation software (3GC) has been implemented by KLD Associates, Inc. and Honeywell Inc. in the District of Columbia. The 3GC software has been designed as an integrated package consisting of a cycle free response algorithm for network optimization (CYRANO) which develops signal timing patterns on-line for undersaturated conditions. The 3GC software interfaces with all existing UTCS hardware elements including the surveillance system, controllers, displays and operations console. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179478 AU - Honeywell Incorported TI - THIRD GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE: URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT-VOLUME IV PY - 1976/06 SP - 429 p. AB - The UTCS third generation software (3GC) has been implemented by KLD Associates, Inc. and Honeywell Inc. in the District of Columbia. The 3GC software has been designed as an integrated package consisting of a cycle free response algorithm for network optimization (CYRANO) which develops signal timing patterns on-line for undersaturated conditions. The 3GC software interfaces with all existing UTCS hardware elements including the surveillance system, controllers, displays and operators console. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172067 AU - Peterson, D E AU - Sorbe, V K AU - Sy, C C AU - Lai, J S AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City TI - USE OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT TO DETERMINE MIXTURE BEHAVIOR, PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE AND THERMORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES PY - 1976/06 SP - n.p. AB - The project consists of sixteen experimental tests sections, each 150 feet long, constructed as part of a primary highway project on U.S. 50 & 6 near Green River, Utha, in August 1968. The purpose of the construction of these test sections were to evaluate whether or not a synthetic rubber can beneficially modify asphalt cement and subsequently enhance the qualities of a bituminous concrete. Additional factors analyzed have been the ten first order interactions; TB, TS, TV, TC, BS, SV and VC. The following thermorheological properties were also evaluated, principally to determine the effects of the synthetic rubber additive on their behavior: creep compliance, compressive strength, stiffness, ultimate compressive strain and indirect tensile strength. In the evaluation of test data rubber had the most noticeable effect on the thermorheological properties. Its effect on laboratory tests, such as ductility and viscosity were usually the same as those resulting from a comparable testing using a high viscosity asphalt. /Author/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compressive strength KW - Creep KW - Ductility KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mixtures KW - Pavement performance KW - Rheological properties KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Synthetic rubber KW - Tension tests KW - Testing KW - Thermal properties KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172036 AU - Williams, D AU - GODDEN, W G AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING BRIDGE DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN RESISTING EARTHQUAKES--PHASE IV: EXPERIMENTAL MODEL STUDIES ON THE SEISMIC RESPONSE OF HIGH CURVED OVERCROSSINGS PY - 1976/06 SP - 153 p. AB - An experimental model study relating to the seismic resistance of large multi-span curved overcrossings of the type which suffered heavy damage during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake is reported. This report is one in a series to result from the investigation, "An Investigtaion of the Effectiveness of Existing Bridge Design Methodology in Providing Adequate Structural Resistance to Seismic Disturbances." The feasibility of developing a model to satisfy the necessary similitude requirements of such a complex structure, and also capable of being tested on the 20 ft x 20 ft (6.1 m) shaking table at the University of California, is outlined. The small amplitude dynamic characteristics of the microconcrete model, a 1/30 true-scale version of a hypothetical prototype, are examined and for this elastic range the experimental results compared satisfactorily with those predicted analytically. The response of the model is described for a series of progressively more intense simulated seismic excitations applied i) horizontally in the asymmetric longitudinal direction, and ii) horizontally in the symmetric direction, both alone and also with simultaneous vertical excitation. Existence of expansion joints in the bridge deck proved to have great influence on the response of the structure. Despite inclusion of strong ductile restrainers across these joints, they were subjected to severe damage caused by multiple impacting in both torsional and translational modes. Some recommendations concerning the design are made. /Author/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Forecasting KW - Impact strength KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Shock resistance KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Structural engineering KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165727 AU - Myrup, L O AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A CONSISTENT SCHEME FOR ESTIMATING DIFFUSIVITIES TO BE USED IN AIR QUALITY MODELS PY - 1976/06 SP - 73 p. AB - A vertical diffusivity model consistent with the latest developments in the theory of the atmospheric boundary layer is developed. It considers the Pasquill stability classes, the Monin-Obukhov mixing length, land use and phi-functions. The model constitutes a "cookbook" procedure for estimating vertical diffusivity from easily available meteorology and land use information. A method of interfacing the diffusivity model with grid and trajectory models is discussed. The combination of these models will allow transportation planners and engineers to evaluate the interrelationships of land use, transportation and air quality planning. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Boundary layer KW - Diffusivity KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165734 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Buranarom, C AU - Karakouzian, M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS FOR IMPROVED DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE VOLUME 1. PLAN OF RESEARCH, STATE-OF-THE-ART, AND MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1976/06 SP - 211 p. AB - In this study, the State-of-the-Art of fatigue and fracture concepts and mathematical developments of stress-intensity factor were reviewed. The interrelation between normalized stress-intensity factor crack length and beam on elastic foundation are discussed. The effect of material constituents influencing the fatigue and fracture response of asphaltic mixtures are discussed. The sensitivity analysis included the effect of mixture constituents such as asphalt, filler and polymeric and fibrous additives. In this study, a number of fatigue models for asphaltic concrete were also investigated. In this volume, the State-of-the-Art of fatigue and fracture concepts and mathematical development of stress-intensity factor are reviewed. The mathematical relation between the normalized stress-intensity factor, crack length and beam on elastic foundation geometry are presented. Nomographs are developed to aid in solution of stress-intensity variation with crack length. The limits of analysis and restriction of the theory are discussed. Typical examples demonstrating the applicability of concepts developed are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic design KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - State of the art studies KW - Stress conditions KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165735 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Dat, M AU - Makdisi-Tlyas, F AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MACHANICS FOR IMPROVED DESIGN OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE, VOLUME 2: EVALUATION OF IMPROVED MIXTURE FORMULATIONS AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON FATIGUE MODELS PY - 1976/06 SP - 498 p. AB - In this study, the State-of-the-Art of fatigue and fracture concepts and matheamtical developments of stress-intensity factor were reviewed. The interrelation between normalized stress-intensity factor crack length and beam on elastic foundation are discussed. The effect of material consitituents influencing the fatigue and fracture response of asphaltic mixtures are discussed. The sensitivity analysis included the effect of mixture constituents such as asphalt, filler and polymeric and fibrous additives. In this study, a number of fatigue models for asphaltic concrete were also investigated. In this volume, a sensitivity analysis of mixture variables and a study of fatigue models as related to fracture mechanics is presented. The sensitivity analysis included the effect of mixture constituents, such as aggregate, asphalt and filler content as well as influence of mixture additives. Numerous polymeric and fiberous additives were investigated and effects of treatment levels and additive types on fatigue parameter A were evaluated. In this investigation a number of fatigue models for asphaltic concrete were investigated. These models ranged from the simplest form to the most general form. Variation of the parameters in these models were studied and relationships to asphalt mix were investigated. /FHWA/ KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic design KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Models KW - Stresses KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158061 AU - Parks, D M AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - VEHICULAR CRASH TESTS OF FOUR BULLNOSE TRAFFIC BARRIER DESIGNS PY - 1976/06 SP - 94 p. AB - Four vehicular crash tests conducted on metal beam guardrail envelopes called "bullnose barriers" are reported. Large size passenger cars weighing about 4,900 lbs (2,220 kg) impacted the barriers at speeds of 41 to 64 mph (18 to 29 m/sec). In three tests the vehicle impacted the nose of the barrier head-on, and in the last test it struck the nose in a 10 deg/18 in. off-center attitude. The barriers consisted of two flared sides of W-section guardrail joined at one end by a curved section with about a 5 foot (1.5 m) radius. The barriers were supported by wood posts and anchored with cables at the front and back of each flared side of the barrier. Some designs also included the following features: breakaway cable anchors, different post sizes, torsional post reinforcement, concrete footings, and a secondary cable restraint system. A bullnose design capable of stopping and containing a 60 mph (27 m/sec) head-on impact at low deceleration with no intrusion of barrrier or vehicle components into the passenger compartment and little barrier debris was developed. However, a high speed vehicle impacting off-center at an angle into a similar barrier rode down the front of the barrier without being stopped or contained. Recommendations for further testing and suggested design changes are included to improve the capability of the barrier for off-center angular impacts. KW - Barrier design KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cables KW - Cold weather construction KW - Concrete construction KW - Deceleration KW - Footings KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Posts KW - Structural design KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158109 AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT PY - 1976/06 SP - 104 p. AB - The Michigan Department of State Highways & Transportation made excellent progress toward reducing construction engineering costs during the years 1967 through 1971. Manpower charges, which represent roughly 85 percent of all construction engineering costs, were decreased approximately 12 percent despite a 23-percent increase in the work load (as measured in 1967 dollares). The two changes had the effect of cutting construction engineering costs by 29 percent. Costs still ranged from 8 to 16 percent of contractor payments, averaging 13. The Department elected to solve the problem through controlled research. The systems approach had worked well in bringing about preconstruction and maintenance management improvements; it would now be applied to construction. The construction management system developed through the research is simple, easy to administer. Its development was complex-but the presentation in this report is designed to provide an easy-to-follow synthesis. The first chapter is directed toward th need for a management system, and the criteria to be met. Each major component of the final system is then discussed in a separate chapter. Considerations relative to managing the system are discussed in Chapter Six. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Labor costs KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158050 AU - Botzler, P W AU - Colville, J AU - Heins, C P AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - ULTIMATE LOAD TESTS OF CONTINUOUS, COMPOSITE BRIDGE MODELS PY - 1976/06 SP - 118 p. AB - The results of ultimate load tests of two models of continuous span slab-girder bridge structures are presented. These tests were intended to provide data for checking a computer program for inelastic behavior of continuous bridges. Of the models tested, one had two spans, the other had three spans and both models consisted of three equally spaced steel "S" beams supporting a poured concrete slab. It was concluded that the computer program provides an excellent means of predicting the behavior of continuous, composite highway bridges. In addition, it was found that the effective widths and load distribution factors at inelastic loads differed from the corresponding elastic values, and that elastic distribution factors for negative moment are different than those for positive moment. KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite structures KW - Computer programs KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Load factor KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158084 AU - VALLEJO, J AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Haas, R AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - PERMANENT DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT MIXTURES BY REPEATED-LOAD INDIRECT TENSILE TEST PY - 1976/06 SP - 84 p. AB - This report reviews the basic concepts of the parmanent deformation structural subsystem, the properties required, and the possible methods required to obtain these properties. Special consideration is given to the permanent deformation parameters given by VESYS IIM. The results of this study suggest that the repeated-load indirect tensile test can be used to obtain the parmanent deformation characteristics or properties required for the structural design and analysis of pavements. It was also found that the permanent deformation behavior obtained using the repeated-load indirect tensile test is similar to that obtained using a triaxial test with an axial tensile stress. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Deformation KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Pavement design KW - Repeated loads KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158093 AU - Marr, W A AU - Lambe, T W AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology TI - MOVEMENT AND STABILITY OF CUTS AND FILLS SN - Res. Rpt. R76032 PY - 1976/06 SP - 55 p. AB - This report describes the accomplishments of an 11-year research program conducted in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Public Works and the Federal Highway Administration. The primary objective of the research was to obtain fundamental information on the reliability of techniques for predicting deformation, pore pressures and stability of embankments placed on a thick depost of soft soil. Prediction techniques were evaluated by comparing predicted performance with performance measured primarily at two test sections, one of which was loaded to a stability failure on an embankment fill north of Boston. This report gives the main conclusions from the research in terms of how well different prediction techniques indicated actual performance. Tenative recommendations relative to design and construction are given for five topics: stability, deformations, pore pressures, research results in more detail are included. KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Deformation KW - Embankments KW - Excavations KW - Fills KW - Instrumentation KW - Motion KW - Pore pressure KW - Soils KW - Springs (Water) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153883 AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - EFFECTS OF SIGN ILLUMINATION ON DRIVER BEHAVIOR SN - Research Proj. 103-1 PY - 1976/06 SP - 25 p. AB - This study's purpose was to determine the effects on driver performance of illuminating overhead guide signs. The method used was to analyze erratic driving maneuvers at three successive signs, both before and after their illumination. No change in traffic performance attributable to sign lighting was measured. The test site may have been so complex that lighting signs alone was insufficient to produce practically significant operational improvements. Additionally, erratic maneuver counting may not have been a sensitive enough method to detect changes in performance. Subjectively, however, the illuminated signs were judged to be an improvement because they provided noticeably earlier recognition time and longer reading and comprehension times, thus increasing driver comfort and safety. KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Guide signs KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Problem drivers KW - Reading KW - Reckless drivers KW - Recognition KW - Subjective analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153873 AU - Bellis, E D AU - Graves, H B AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - HIGHWAY FENCES AS VEHICLE-DEER COLLISION DETERRENTS PY - 1976/06 SP - 26 p. AB - A survey of highway fencing along Interstate 80 in Centre County showed that 7 1/2 foot, type 3-modified fence has little value as a vehicle-deer collision deterrent; many deer crawl under the fence to the planted right-of-way and abundance of gaps underneath provides for easy penetration. From December 1974 through March 1976 numbers and position of deer were observed from a vehicle driven along 6 miles of I-80 at night. Bimodal patterns of abundance were found, deer were most numerous in spring and fall; of 2577 deer sightings, 74.5% were on the highway side and 25.5% on the far side of the fence. Comparisons between a control area (north side of highway) where the fence was unmodified and test areas (south side) where gaps underneath were plugged and/or top five wires removed or repaired showed that the critical weakness in the fence is the underside but also that large numbers of deer cross a fully repaired fence. Only 6 deer were reported killed during the 16 months of study and no live deer were seen on the highway; these results, relative to previous findings beginning in 1967, strongly suggest that high traffic volume prevents deer from venturing onto the highway, thus reducing collisions. KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Fences KW - Highways KW - Right of way KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137419 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FISCAL YEAR 1977 DOT PROGRAM BY POLICY AND RD AND D MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES. PROGRAM LEVELS FOR FISCAL YEARS 1975, 1976, 1977. VOLUME 1 PY - 1976/06 SP - 218 p. AB - The analysis of the DOT budget requests for Fiscal Year 1977 is presented in terms of its relationship to DOT policy and RD&D objectives. These objectives are: (1) modernize regulation and legislation, (2) increase efficiency and service, (3) improve safety and security, (4) lessen unfavorable environmental impacts, (5) minimize adverse impacts on energy constraints, and (6) increase knowledge base. The total budget of $14.1 billion contains $367.7 millions for RD&D or about 2.6% of the total. The document consists of two volumes. Volume 1 contains narrative and fiscal descriptions of line item requests. Volume II provides tables and analyses from differing management perspectives. KW - Air transportation KW - Budgeting KW - Development KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Federal budgets KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Government policies KW - Government regulations KW - Highway transportation KW - Management KW - Policy KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research management KW - Safety KW - Technological forecasting KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Urban transportation KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158223 AU - Fontana, J AU - Kukacka, L E AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory TI - INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE POLYMER MATERIALS SUPPLEMENT NO. 2, LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS PY - 1976/06 SP - 27 p. AB - Laboratory demonstrations presented as part of a course entitled "Introduction to Concrete Polymer Materials" are described. Experimental procedures, required equipment, and sources of these materials are listed. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete KW - Equipment KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methodology KW - Polymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154838 AU - Edmunson, G C AU - Soil Conservation Service AU - California Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANT MATERIALS STUDY. A SEARCH FOR DROUGHT-TOLERANT PLANT MATERIALS FOR EROSION CONTROL, REVEGETATION, AND LANDSCAPING ALONG CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS PY - 1976/06 SP - 276 p. AB - Plant materials were assembled, propagated, and established along California state highways. Grasses, legumes, and the California poppy were evaluated for erosion control, fire control, and aesthetic purposes. Shrubby species were evaluated for revegetation and general landscaping. Emphasis was placed upon drought-tolerant, low-growing plants which would require a minimum of maintenance. A herbaceous seeding guide and a list of native shrubs and trees were prepared for California, classified by major land resource areas. Special and supplementary studies relevant to plant propagation and establishment were conducted. Whenever possible, the plants were evaluated on representative highway sites using common methods applied by contractors. Most data were collected by visual observation, no statistical analyses were made beyond simple arithmetic averages. Some continued monitoring of plantings is recommended to assess anticipated future changes. KW - Acclimatization KW - Adaptation (Psychology) KW - Aesthetics KW - Assessments KW - Building sites KW - California KW - Drought KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Landscape KW - Landscaping KW - Legumes KW - Leguminous plants KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Plant reproduction KW - Plants KW - Propagation KW - Reproduction (Biology) KW - Roadside KW - Shrubs KW - Soils KW - Trees KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141899 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TEST PROCEDURE FOR THE DESIGN OF BLACK BASE PY - 1976/06 SP - 18 p. AB - There is no standard design procedure available for black base mixes containing aggregates larger than 1" (25.4 mm). This investigation dealt with the use of stability testing equipment similar to that used in the design of surface mixes and development of a compaction procedure for 6" (152.4 mm) diameter specimens. A compaction procedure was developed that could be used with slight modification to duplicate field densities. The trends of the VTM and VFA curves appear promising as an indicator of the proper asphalt content; however, the inherent variability of the stability measurement eliminates it as a design criterion. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Bituminous bases KW - Compaction KW - Field density KW - Mix design KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36251/76-R62.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141876 AU - Hoover, T AU - California Department of Transportation TI - WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY FOR HYDROMULCH PY - 1976/06 SP - NPI AB - It was the intent of this project to develop a reliable test for evaluating the water-holding capacity of various types of hydro-mulch fibers. This was accomplished by refining an initial method which was a synthesis of the methods used by three major producer/testers of hydromulch fiber. Both the initial and resultant methods are described as well as the process of refinement. /Author/ KW - Evaluation KW - Fibers KW - Mulches KW - Refining KW - Testing KW - Water holding capacity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151740 AU - Meacham, D G AU - Bishara, A G AU - Mitric, S AU - Besch, L AU - Hurd, J O AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY METRICATION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1976/06 SP - 16 p. AB - The study purpose is to identify various problems which are likely to arise during highway metrication and to prepare a detailed plan for research aimed at solving conversion problems. Investigations reveal a need for an early selection of the metric units to be used, the vital importance of early metrication of specifications and standards, and the absolute necessity of coordination of metrication activities on the national level. KW - Conversion KW - Coordination KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Metric system KW - Policy KW - Specialized training KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Systems of measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150476 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Peterson, D E AU - Wiley, M AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALTS AS RELATED TO THE PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1976/06 SP - 84 p. AB - Pavement cracking and related distress are the major problem with Utah highways. This study was initiated to isolate the causes and propose solutions to this problem. The most significant factor influencing transverse cracking was found to be the source of asphalt crude. This difference in asphalt performance was found to be related to the parameters temperature susceptibility, force ductility, ductility, aging index, chemical composition, and cannon cone viscosity. The viscosity and penetration grading methods were found to be inadequate in controlling pavement cracking. The high level of air voids content was found to cause a more rapid hardening of the asphalt binder than the low level of air voids. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical composition KW - Defects KW - Ductility KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highways KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Porosity KW - Temperature KW - Transverse cracking KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146505 AU - Fong, SKL AU - Hamada, H S AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation TI - STATIC LOAD-DEFLECTION STUDIES OF PRESTRESSED HAWAIIAN AGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1976/06 SP - 146 p. AB - Using three types of concrete mixes (two lightweights and one normal weight), 18 underreinforced prestressed concrete beams were tested to investigate the load-deflection behavior of Hawaiian aggregate concrete beams subjected to single and repeated load cycles. Test results indicate that for working stresses, the differences in deflections are due to the modulus of elasticity of the three concrete mixes. The modulus of elasticity of the three concrete mixes were generally found to be adequately approximated by the cylinder secant modulus (0.4f' sub c) or the ACI recommended equation. For post cracking behavior it was found that although the normal weight concrete beams generally had larger moduli of elasticity, ultimate moments and ultimate deflections than the lightweight concrete beams, it was felt that there were no significant differences in the post cracking behavior of the lightweight or normal weight concrete beams. Available methods of predicting the load-deflection relationship of prestressed concrete beams were reported and compared with the measured data. The moment versus curvature analysis for single and repeated cyclic loadings showed that the degree of fit of the theoretical and experimental curves were dependent of the assumptions of the stress-strain curves of the concrete and the steel. KW - Aggregates KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Concrete construction KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Deformation curve KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Hawaii KW - Loads KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146506 AU - Fong, SKL AU - Hamada, H S AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation TI - DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF PRETENSIONED HAWAIIAN AGGREGATE CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1976/06 SP - 161 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to study the dynamic behavior of prestressed concrete beams made with lightweight Hawaiian aggregate concrete and to determine whether the use of lightweight Hawaiian concrete is advisable for primary structural members. Tests were performed on prestressed concrete beams made with four different types of aggregates--two lightweight and two normal weight. The beams were tested under cyclic impact loads. The applied load, reaction, deflection, and acceleration-time histories were recorded. This study compares the dynamic response of the lightweight and normal weight prestressed concrete beams. A single-degree of freedom system numerical method for calculation of the dynamic displacement-time history using the static load-deflection relationship is presented. Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that when subjected to dynamic loads, prestressed concrete beams made with lightweight Hawaiian concrete behave comparably with prestressed concrete beams made with normal weight concrete. The single-degree of freedom system method of analysis predicts the deflection-time history of the beam with satisfactory results. On the basis of this study, prestressed concrete beams made with lightweight Hawaiian aggregate concrete are recommended for primary structural use. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Hawaii KW - Lightweight concrete KW - Loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Repeated loads KW - Sand KW - Structural members UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146507 AU - Hamada, H S AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation TI - CREEP AND SHRINKAGE FROM MANUFACTURED FINE HAWAIIAN AGGREGATE CONCRETES PY - 1976/06 SP - 55 p. AB - The results from experimental studies on uniaxially loaded and stress-free concrete cylinders are reported. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of manufactured sand on the creep and shrinkage behavior of Hawaiian aggregate concretes. It was found that the creep and shrinkage from the manufactured sand were similar to that from concretes cast with beach sand. The compressive strength versus age curve of manufactured fine Hawaiian aggregate concretes was similar to beach sand concrete. The values of ultimate shrinkage strains and ultimate creep strains are reported. Mathematical expressions for predicting creep and shrinkage are reported. KW - Aggregates KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Creep KW - Fine aggregates KW - Forecasting KW - Hawaii KW - Sand KW - Shrinkage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146502 AU - Albrecht, P AU - Abtahi, A AU - Irwin, G R AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE STRENGTH OF OVERLOADED BRIDGE COMPONENTS PY - 1976/06 SP - 152 p. AB - The principal objective of this study is to investigate the fatigue behavior of a weldment subjected to periodic overloads. The three main aspects of this investigation are (1) the experimental determination of the fatigue strength of a welded detail with periodic overloads added to the constant amplitude stress cycling, (2) the application of fracture mechanics concepts to fatigue life prediction of periodically overloaded specimens, and (3) generalization of the results to other types of detail and determination of safe overloading conditions for steel bridges. KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Metal bridges KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Steel KW - Steel bridges KW - Stress cycle KW - Stresses KW - Weldments KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142873 AU - Herndon, J AU - Lenahan, T AU - Halliburton Services TI - GROUTING IN SOILS VOLUME 1: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT PY - 1976/06 SP - 101 p. AB - This report summarizes present grouting technology applicable to soils. It includes all aspects of grouting, from theory to present practices; from the history of grouting to recommendations for improved techniques. The information was obtained from published and unpublished reports, job inspections, interviews of grouting specialists in both the United States and Europe, and the writers' past experience. A companion report, Volume 2 (FHWA-RD-76-27) is entitled "Design and Operations Manual." KW - Grouting KW - Methodology KW - Soils KW - State of the art studies KW - Water control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142874 AU - Herndon, J AU - Lenahan, T AU - Halliburton Services TI - GROUTING IN SOILS VOLUME 2: DESIGN AND OPERATIONS MANUAL PY - 1976/06 SP - 303 p. AB - This manual provides guidelines for the design and conduct of soil grouting operations, from the selection of the grout and the design of the injection pattern to construction control methods and evaluation of the completed treatment. This report empasizes grouting applications associated with excavation and tunneling in an urban environment. It describes the three general grouting techniques - permeation, void filling, and compaction - and covers in detail, six applications: (1) groundwater control, (2) sand stabilization, (3) soil strengthening, (4) backpacking tunnel liners, (5) leak repairs, and (6) tieback anchorages. A companion report, Volume 1 (FHWA-RD-76-26) is entitled "A State-of-the-Art Report." KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Grouting KW - Guidelines KW - Injection KW - Leakage KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Tunnel lining UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62109 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00141262 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McGee, H W AU - Warren, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGHT TURN ON RED PY - 1976/06 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-31 AB - The right turn on red (RTOR) rule of each state is identified, and the state' experiences with RTOR are described. Information is also given on RTOR accidents, vehicle delay, fuel savings and signing as well as the preliminary results of a public opinion survey of driver and pedestrian attidutes toward RTOR. It was found that when one state adopts RTOR (permits right turn on rid if drivers stop and yield the right-of-way, except where prohibited by a sign) border states usually follow suite. RTOR reduces right turn delays, consequently reducing auto emissions and increasing fuel savings. Preliminary accident analysis data indicate that accidents are occurring because of RTOR. However, they are comparatively less frequent than other intersection accidents. Many pedestrians feel endangered by RTOR and this may lead to its prohibition in areas with significant pedestrian traffic. The safety problem, as well as the legal and signing aspects of RTOR are currently being researched. KW - Drivers KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Pedestrians KW - Public opinion KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47151 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00141263 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Roberts, K M AU - Klipple, A G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER EXPECTATIONS AT FREEWAY LANE DROPS PY - 1976/06 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-35 AB - This study was conducted to determine the effects of different sign types and lane drop panel messages on driver expectations at freeway interchange lane drops and major splits. Two laboratory experiments were conducted. The first investigated driver expectations regarding lane drop geometrics and route-and-destination expectations. The second experiment studied expectations regarding geometrics for both lane drop and major split interchanges. In the experiments, subject performance was measured in terms of choice correctness, response latency, and subjective certainty of the accuracy of each choice. The results indicate that lane drop panels significantly improve the correctness of driver's expectations of freeway interchange geometrics in terms of lane drop configurations. Of the panels tested, the MUST EXIT and EXIT ONLY messages were the most helpful in forming correct expectations. The efficiency of these messages relative to one another is influenced by specific interchange geometrics. Diagrammatic signs, with or without lane drop panels, functioned as well as conventional signs with panels at exits and were superior in all respects to conventional signs at splits. /Author/ KW - Behavior KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Intersection elements KW - Lane drops KW - Panels KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47152 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00141260 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Smoak, W G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1976/06 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-8 AB - The procedures, materials and equipment are described which were used in the first polymer impregnated concrete bridge deck to provide preotection against chloride ion intrusion. The research, laboratory program and durability tests culminating in the development of the field process technology are also described. The surface impregnation process is composed of 4 steps: the concrete is cleaned of surface contaminants; the concrete is dried to a depth sufficient to permit the desired monomer penetration; the concrete is impregnated with a monomer system composed of 90 to 95 percent by weight of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 10 to 5 percent by weight trimethylolpropane trimethylacrylate (TMPTMA). The monomer system also contains an azo-type polymerization catalyst; after the monomer has penetrated to the desired depth, it is polymerized by heating the concrete to activate the polymerization catalyst. The estimated cost of such impregnation of a concrete bridge deck will be approximately $27 per square yard of treated surface. This does not include profit, overhead or traffic control. KW - Bridge decks KW - Catalysts KW - Chlorine KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Heating KW - Methlymethacrylate KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture equivalents KW - Polymerization KW - Polymers KW - Research KW - Surface treating KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47149 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00141261 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Miller, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BREAKAWAY BARRICADES PY - 1976/06 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-8 AB - The development and testing is described of a Type III barricade, constructed of polyvinyl chloride (PBC) pipe, which is superior in every respect to the conventional wooden barricade. The breadaway barricades cost $55.31 each compared to $78.15 each for the conventional type. The The design allows the plastic component to scatter on impact resulting in minimum damage to both the barricade and the vehicle. The modular design standard and uniform dimensions facilitate component replacement and eliminate the need for a large inventory. The lightweight (45 lbs) and breakaway characteristics combine to provide a much safer barricade. The barricades can usually be reassembled in 10 to 15 minutes on the scene thereby eliminating replacement costs. The barricades are also portable and easily transportable. KW - Barricades KW - Breakaway supports KW - Costs KW - Equipment replacement KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Lightweight materials KW - Modular structures KW - Pipe KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Portable equipment KW - Replacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141034 AU - Gatling, F P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF AUDITORY AND VISUAL PRESENTATION OF NAVIGATIONAL MESSAGES ON MESSAGE RETURNS PY - 1976/06 SP - 24 p. AB - Navigational messages containing from two to seven units of information were presented to three groups of subjects. One group of subjects received the messages after they had seen an alerting sign and, in response to the sign, tuned the radio to a specified frequency to receive the message (manual group). A second group received the messages automatically and aurally (automatic group). The third group received the information visually. The manual group did constently poorer on message retention than the other two groups. There was no difference in message retention between the aural automatic group and the visual group. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Navigation KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Symbols KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143029 AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Alexander, G J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING TREATMENTS FOR INTERCHANGE LANE DROPS PY - 1976/06 SP - 185 p. AB - The purpose of the interchange lane drop study was to develop a uniform method of signing to warn drivers of interchange lane drops and to guide them to their proper route or destination. The report presents recommendations for interchange lane drop signing and the analytical and empirical basis for the recommendations. It summarizes the analytical work leading to the development of recommended treatments. Included are a literature review, a state-of-the-art survey of existing treatments and a human factors analysis of the problem. Recommendations are made for exits and splits. For exits, the black-on-yellow EXIT ONLY panel, consistently applied is recommended when route continuity is maintained, and in conjunction with diagrammatics at left exits. A diagrammatic treatment without the EXIT ONLY panel is recommended at exits where route discontinuity occurs. At splits, conventional signing is recommended for certain splits without an optional lane and diagrammatics at optional lane splits and splits without an optional lane where the off-route movement is to the left of the through-route movement. KW - Diagrammatic signs KW - Diagrams KW - Expressways KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Lane drops KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Signs KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143028 AU - Busching, H W AU - Covault, D O AU - Dean, R L AU - Lochow, R AU - National Highway Institute AU - American Society of Heating, Refrig & Air Conditioning Engineers AU - Clemson University AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSPORTATION AND CONSTRUCTION PY - 1976/05/10 SP - 291 p. AB - Partial Contents: Highway transportation's response to energy conservation; Alternate transport modes and energy consumption; Alternate freight modes; Public transportation and energy conservation; Rail transportation - its place in the Nation's energy conservation program; Vehicle performance; Optimizing the use of materials and energy in construction; Options for conserving energy in transportation; Transportation system design; Energy conservation related to traffic operations. KW - Automobiles KW - Cargo transportation KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway operations KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Meetings KW - Railroad transportation KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Traffic KW - Transportation KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146497 AU - Quinn, B E AU - Gevers, D E AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS FOR PREDICTING HIGHWAY BEHAVIOR PY - 1976/05/01 SP - 61 p. AB - Since it is possible to measure the pavement roughness spectrum, it is desirable to obtain vehicle characteristics that can be used with the pavement roughness spectrum to predict passenger acceleration and dynamic tire force. Vehicle frequency response characteristics are obtained in the laboratory that can be used for this purpose. This is the second of three reports on pavement roughness and vehicle dynamics studies under this contract. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Suspension systems KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01353860 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Skid Resistance of Pavements PY - 1976/05//Interim Report FY 1975 SP - 54p AB - The primary objective of this research were twofold: (1) the determination of the repeatability and statistical variance of the skid resistance measuring unit as a system, and (2) investigate several non-system variables which appeared to be of significance magnitude relative to influencing pavement skid resistance. The variables discussed n this report are pavement temperature, precipitation, test speed and seasonal influence. An analysis of controlled testing on a Portland Cement Concrete surface, which was not subjected to traffic, indicated that the skid trailer as a system has a mean inherent repeatability error of +/- 1.2 skid number (SN). This value represents the average standard error of means that is derived from individual testing series. The individual analyses of pavement temperature and precipitation prior to testing indicated that these variables did not measurably influence the skid resistance of the particular pavements tested, Also, considerable data relative to speed gradient and multi-speed relationships are presented. The results of this information along with left vs. right wheelpath comparisons are included as part of this study. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Pavements KW - Precipitation (Meteorology) KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid trailers KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149622 AU - McNaught, E D AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - TESTING OF SELECTED BEADS FOR TRAFFIC PAINTS PY - 1976/05 IS - 1I1-0 SP - 23 p. AB - Beads for traffic paint were evaluated under field conditions on longitudinal paint stripes applied by a standard state paint truck and crew. Types tested were the state's standard bead, uniformly graded flotation beads, state standard beads with flotation treatment, and polyester beads with and without an anti-ultraviolet light treatment. All were applied at three different rates to both asphalt and portland cement concrete pavements. Performance was rated until substantial failure occurred after three months, using a vehicle-mounted photocell device, subjective visual ratings, and close-up photography. The uniform gradation flotation beads were found to be brighter than the others tested, having about the same brightness at a 4 lb/gal application rate as the New York standard beads applied at 6 lb/gal. All other types has less but essentially similar brightness. Application rate did not appear to influence brightness to the degree expected, but this was attributed to bead distribution problems caused by a poorly designed dispenser. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Brightness KW - Glass beads KW - Gradation KW - Polyester resins KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflective beads KW - Reflectorized paint KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151736 AU - Racin, J A AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY. AN APPROACH AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR WIND FLOW FIELD ANALYSIS PY - 1976/05 SP - 50 p. AB - Regional air quality studies and photochemical simulation models require the description of wind flow patterns for specific hours of various meteorological regimes. An interdisciplinary team that includes a meteorologist, and air pollution modeler, an environmental planner, and an air quality engineer can use plots of wind vectors to design a network of wind monitoring stations. Along with user instructions, input forms, and a computer program, an approach for conducting a wind flow field analysis is presented. KW - Air pollution KW - Anemometry KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Environment KW - Environmental surveys KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Monitoring KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Photochemical reactions KW - Photochemistry KW - Regional planning KW - Simulation KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Vector analysis KW - Vectors KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155346 AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AVAILABILITY OF MINING WASTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR USE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL PY - 1976/05 SP - 499p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150486 AU - McGee, H W AU - Stimpson, W A AU - Cohen, J AU - King, G F AU - Morris, R F AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED. VOLUME I. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1976/05 SP - 246 p. AB - Right-turn-on-a-red traffic signal (RTOR) is a practice which has gained wider acceptance and use by the states in the last few years. However, there is still disagreement on whether, where, and how RTOR should be implemented. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to determine whether permitting RTOR is desirable and to prepare guidelines for determining inclusion or exclusion of this movement. The study scope included field data collection and computer simulation analyses, accident analyses, driver and pedestrian attitude surveys, legal and law enforcement analyses, and a signing needs evaluation. The results of the various studies support the adoption of the generally permissive RTOR rule by all states. Significant benefits in the form of reduced delay, fuel consumption, and auto emissions can be realized without sacrificing safety. KW - Attitudes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Law enforcement KW - Right turn on red KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143229 AU - Wickham, G E AU - Tiedemann, H R AU - Jacobs Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELING. VOLUME 1. CONSTRUCTION METHODS, DESIGN, AND ACTIVITY VARIATIONS PY - 1976/05 SP - 213 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to develop an analytical method for evaluating and optimizing cut-and-cover tunneling operations. The method is based on the results of a series of multiple estimates prepared by contractor type of basic resource estimating, rather than published unit prices. Major variables are type of structure, type of ground support, type of bracing, depth of excavation, and depth of water table. Volume 1 contains detailed descriptions of the study situations considered, the methodology to be employed, design criteria used, alternate methods of performing each construction activity, and a discussion on methods of cost analysis. KW - Analysis KW - Bracing KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Covering KW - Cut and cover tunneling KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Ground handling KW - Ground support KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - Structural supports KW - Subway design KW - Subways KW - Supports KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Underground structures KW - Underground supporting KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144136 AU - Oram, R L AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TECHNICAL REPORTS PY - 1976/05 SP - 149 p. AB - This document is a bibliography of readily obtainable technical reports on operational transportation improvements. It was prepared to assist in the development of Transportation System Management (TSM) plans as required by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration/Federal Highway Administration urban transportation planning regulations that were issued in Fall 1975, and in the implementation of TSM improvements. (TSM plans are intended to document the local strategy for improving air quality, conserving energy, and improving transportation efficiency and mobility through management of the existing transportation system.) Descriptions and availability information on over 150 reports dealing with low-capital, short-range, or policy oriented urban transportation improvements are included and classified into 9 sections. The first, General, includes transportation management overviews, survey reports on the various operational approaches and strategies for improved transportation efficiency, and demonstration program reports. The remaining sections contain more focused reports in the following areas: Preferential Treatment for High Occupancy Vehicles, Traffic Operations, Parking Management, Transit Improvements, Transit Management, Pooling and Paratransit, Pedestrians and Bicycles, and Transportation Demand Management. KW - Bibliographies KW - Bicycles KW - Carpools KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss collisions (Ground transportation) KW - Paratransit services KW - Parking KW - Pedestrians KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation research KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56600/56626/transportationsy761rich_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145621 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFERENTIAL FACILITIES FOR CARPOOLS AND BUSES - SEVEN REPORTS PY - 1976/05 SP - 59 p. AB - These seven reports on preferential facilities for carpools and buses have been assembled and reprinted by the Federal Highway Administration. The reports provide information on several recent projects to increase the person-moving capacity of the highway system by designating facilities for preferential use by high-occupancy vehicles. The reports cover many different types of priority treatment. Some of the reports analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of particular projects. Other reports emphasize the project design and operational features; others simply describe the current operation of unique or unusual projects. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Cooperation KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Passenger transportation KW - Ramps KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190054 AU - Harding, J C AU - Mack, W M AU - Still, W L AU - Tracy, N AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated TI - DRILLING AND PREPARATION OF REUSABLE, LONG RANGE, HORIZONTAL BORE HOLES IN ROCK AND IN GOUGE. VOLUME III. A DEVELOPMENT PLAN TO EXTEND PENETRATION CAPACITY. INCREASE ACCURACY AND REDUCE COSTS PY - 1976/05 SP - 291 p. AB - The objective of this study is to assess horizontal drilling as an alternative to pilot tunneling in geological investigation prior to the design and construction of highway tunnels to identify means to increase the penetration capability and accuracy and decrease the cost of horizontal drilling. This volume evaluates the potential for improving horizontal drilling capability by: (a) more efficient use of existing equipment, modification of existing equipment, and adaption of equipment not previously employed for horizontal drilling and by (b) developing new horizontal drilling equipment and techniques. Within these guidelines, means are identified to decrease the cost and/or increase the performance capability of horizontal drilling. Development plans to implement these improvements are outlined and estimates of development costs are indicated. This is the third of three volumes. Volume I is published as FHWA-RD 75-95, subtitle: A State-of-the-Art Assessment. Volume II is published as FHWA-RD-75-96, subtitle: Estimating Manual for Time and Cost Requirements. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Alignment KW - Boreholes KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction equipment KW - Costs KW - Drilling KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Pendulum tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178795 AU - Knox, P L AU - Crawford, R H AU - Trans-Fax, Incorporated TI - LIVESTOCK TRUCKING INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE: A CASE STUDY OF TRANS-FAX PY - 1976/05 SP - 43 p. AB - This report analyzes and evaluates the economic costs and benefits of establishing and operating a regional clearinghouse system, which provides information regarding availability of truck transport capacity in relationship to cattle and general livestock transport needs. KW - Agricultural exemption KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Capacity KW - Economics KW - Freight transportation KW - Livestock KW - Livestock transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Shippers KW - Traffic managers KW - Trucking KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167380 AU - Kenney, J M AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DETECTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1976/05 SP - 25 p. AB - The technical feasibility of detecting the approach of motor vehicles by seismic means was determined by the recording and analysis of road vibration, and verified by the construction of a seismic switch which was reliably triggered at a distance of 50 metres (164 ft) along the pavement by vehicles travelling at 50 km/h (30 mph). KW - Ceramic materials KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic switches KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Lead compounds KW - Lead inorganic compounds KW - Lead titanates KW - Motor vehicles KW - Piezoelectric materials KW - Piezoelectric transducers KW - Polymers KW - Pressure gages KW - Pressure sensors KW - Resins KW - Seismic detection KW - Seismology KW - Speed KW - Switches KW - Switches (Electricity) KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vibration KW - Vinyl resins KW - Vinylidene resins KW - Zirconates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142888 AU - Bali, S G AU - McGee, H W AU - Taylor, J I AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART ON ROADWAY DELINEATION SYSTEMS PY - 1976/05 SP - 101 p. AB - Roadway delineation treatments and systems are those devices and techniques which individually or in combination provide guidance, regularoty, or warning information to drivers under various highway situations. This state-of-the-art report on roadway delineation systems constitutes an update to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 130. In the first part of the report, studies documented since the publication of NCHRP Report 130 are reviewed. This review is organized under two headings; Delineation Situations and Delineation Treatments. Under the former heading, studies relative to the application of different delineation treatments and systems for various highway situations are evaluated. The latter heading contains reviews of the studies from the standpoint of materials, cost, maintenance, durability and environmental effects. Recommendations subject to ongoing research on delineation applications under different highway situations are given in the second part. A partially annotated bibliography is also included. KW - Costs KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway delineators KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158046 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated TI - AVAILABILITY OF MINING WASTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR USE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL--VOLUME II. LOCATION OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL WASTES AND MINING INDUSTRY TRENDS PY - 1976/05 SP - 138 p. AB - Over 1.7 billion tons of mining and metallurgical wastes are produced each year in the United States. Many of these materials possess properties which make them potentially useful for construction purposes. Although some of these materials have been successfully used in certain phases of highway construction, most are avoided in favor of conventional materials. More information is needed regarding the types, locations, quantities, and nature of these wastes. This study was performed to determine the availability of mining and metallurgical wastes and to assess their potential for use in highway construction. A large number of information sources were used to develop an inventory and classification system for these wastes. Information presented in Volume II was obtained mainly from knowledgeable personnel in the mining industry and government agencies, supplemented by key reports and industry periodicals. Maps and tabulations of mineral wastes from 35 principal mining states are presented in this volume. This is the second of three volumes, Volume I, published as FHWA-RD-76-106, is subtitled "Classification and Technical and Environmental Analysis"; Volume III, published as FHWA-RD-76-108, is subtitled "Annotated Bibliography." KW - Availability KW - Building materials KW - Maps KW - Metallurgy KW - Mining KW - Road construction KW - Supply KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158047 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - MILLER, R H AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated TI - AVAILABILITY OF MINING WASTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR USE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL--VOLUME I. CLASSIFICATION AND TECHNICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PY - 1976/05 SP - 308 p. AB - This study was performed to determine the availability of mining and metallurgical wastes in the United States and to assess their potential for use in various aspects of highway construction. A comprehensive literature survey was performed to develop information on locations, amounts, compositions, and uses of various mining and metallurgical wastes. Knowledgeable personnel in the mining industry, governmental agencies, trade associations, and universities were contacted to obtain additional unpublished information. The information was used to inventory, classify, and evaluate these wastes. Over 1.6 billion tons of mining and metallurgical wastes are produced each year. Although a small percentage of all this material is actually being used, a number of mining and metallurgical wastes have been successfully utilized as highway construction material. A number of other mineral wastes are potentially useful with some degree of processing. Materials most highly recommended for use in highway construction are gold gravels, steel slag, lead-zinc chat, phosphate slag, taconite tailings, copper slag, and waste rock from the mining of copper, fluorspar, gold, and iron ore. This is the first of three volumes. Volume II, published as FHWA-RD-76-107, is subtitled "Location of Mining and Metallurgical Wastes and Mining Industry Trends." Volume III, published as FHWA-RD-76-108, is subtitled "Annotated Bibliograph." KW - Availability KW - Building materials KW - Metallurgy KW - Mining KW - Road construction KW - Supply KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158045 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated TI - AVAILABILITY OF MINING WASTES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR USE AS HIGHWAY MATERIAL. VOLUME III, ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1976/05 SP - 47 p. AB - This study was performed to determine the availability of mining and metallurgical wastes and to assess their potential for use in various aspects of highway construction. A review was made of domestic and foreign literature pertaining to the production and use of these waste materials. This review covered references on the quantities, locations, characteristics, and utilization efforts associated with various types of mining and metallurgical wastes. Particular emphasis was given to those references which present the findings of research concerned with the engineering properties and the field performance of specific waste materials. A total of 80 of the most pertinent references on the subject of mineral waste utilization are cited in this volume. This is the third of three volumes. Volume I, published as FHWA-RD-76-106, is subtitled "Classification and Technical and Environmental Analysis." Volume III, published as FHWA-RD-76-107, is subtitled "Location of Mining and Metallurgical Wastes and Mining Industry Trends." KW - Availability KW - Bibliographies KW - Building materials KW - Metallurgy KW - Mining KW - Road construction KW - Supply KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153877 AU - Culp, J D AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF STEEL PLATE BUT JOINTS WELDED BY SUBMERGED ARC AND ELECTROSLAG WELDING PROCEDURES PY - 1976/05 SP - 136 p. AB - Welded butt joints, typical of those used in the flanges of steel plate girders, were welded by electroslag and submerged arc processes in ASTM A36 and A588 steel plates. The electroslag weldments were made by the consumable guide method using both the water cooled and non-cooled retaining shoes. Complete metallurgical studies were done on the weldments to define and document the various weld metal and heat-affected zones that were present. Chemical compositions of the various weldment zones are presented and discussed. Deficiencies were discovered in the alloy composition of some of the weldments in A588 steel that were approved for use in a bare, unpainted exposure. Control of weld metal chemistry is seen to be very difficult in an electroslag weldment. Tensile tests on the various weldments regeal significant nonhomogeneous and anisotropic behaviors in the electroslag weld metal. Three series of Charpy V-notch impact evaluations were conducted on the weldments. The 1st series evaluated the performance of all the weld metal zones, the heat affected zones, and the base metal at a test temperature of 0 F. These tests revealed the nonhomogeneous nature of the impact toughness in electroslag weld metal and a failure to meet acceptance criteria by some of the weldments. The 2nd series involved impact testing over the temperature range of minus 40 to plus 40 F and revealed the temperature-transition characteristics of the weldment zones. The 3rd series of Charpy tests revealed the highly anisotropic nature of the impact toughness of the electroslag weld metal zones. Fatigue crack initiation tests were conducted on small tensile specimens taken from the weldments with crack starter notches machined in them. These tests revealed that the submerged arc weld metal has a significatly longer crack initiation life than the electroslag weld metal and that in some cases the electroslag weld metal was inferior to the base metal. Recommended changes in specifications are also included. KW - Alloy steel KW - Base metal KW - Butt joints KW - Chemical composition KW - Electroslag welding KW - Fatigue strength KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Metallography KW - Shock resistance KW - Steel plates KW - Submerged arc welding KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests KW - Weld metal KW - Welded plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154787 AU - Roy, M B AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINLIN USER'S MANUAL PY - 1976/05 SP - 86 p. AB - This is a User's Manual for the Computer Program FINLIN (Finite element, Isoparametric, Non-Linear with Interaction and No-tension). It is a finite element computer program for analysis of flexible pipe culverts buried in soil. Details of mathematical formulations, developments of different element properties, and related information can be found in the Interim Report Predicting Performance of Pipe Culverts Buried in Soil M. B. Roy, JHRP-76-15, May 1976. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Dynamics KW - Finite element method KW - Flexibility KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pipe KW - Pipe culverts KW - Properties of materials KW - Sewer pipe KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soil pipes KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Underground drains KW - Underground structures KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154786 AU - Leonards, G A AU - Roy, M B AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF PIPE CULVERTS BURIED IN SOIL PY - 1976/05 SP - 244 p. AB - An analytical tool based on the finite element method has been developed to analyze buried culvert problems in a realistic fashion. Segments of a curved bar with three degrees of freedom (normal, tangential and rotational) at each end have been used to simulate a thin pipe where nodal moments are important. Triangular, isoparametric elements with one curved boundary (to fit the shape of pipe), and three midside nodes have been used to represent the soil. A special type of interaction element with zero thickness has been used between pipe and soil to simulate interface behavior, including slip and/or the inability to resist tensile stresses. Nonlinear, anisotropic soil properties have been accounted for. Actual test data are used as input for soil properties. A computer program was written to include all the aspects mentioned above, and example problems were solved to demonstrate its versatility and to investigate the influence of such factors as non-linear soil properties, relative stiffness of pipe and soil, inclusion of weak materials near the spring line, and construction procedures. The present program is applicable only for analysis of two-dimensional problems transverse to the pipe in which the state of stress either in the soil mass or in the pipe does not approach failure. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Dynamics KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Loads KW - Pipe culverts KW - Properties of materials KW - Sewer pipe KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soil pipes KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Underground drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151201 AU - LaCroix, J E AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SMOOTHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1976/05 SP - 22 p. AB - The report briefly describes Illinois' study of riding quality of newly constructed pavement, modifications made to the sensing devices of the BPR-Type Roughometer to improve its capabilities in measuring short pavement sections and to increase the operating speed, and calibration techniques. Included is a list of published reports, with abstracts, emanating from the project. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calibration KW - Highway pavement KW - Highways KW - Illinois KW - Operating speed KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151207 AU - Vecellio, R L AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - DETERMINATION OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN GENERATING REVENUE FOR HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS - A SUPPLEMENT - REMOVAL OF SALES TAX EXEMPTION ON GASOLINE AND MOTOR FUEL PY - 1976/05 SP - 24 p. AB - The removal of the sales tax exemption on gasoline and motor fuel as a means of increasing revenue for the Alabama Highway Department is investigated. Revenue estimates are provided on an annual basis through 1981 for assumed retail prices of gasoline and motor fuel. The relationship between the added revenue generated and the Highway Department's projected deficit is documented. A means of administering the tax at the pump is suggested. Advantages and disadvantages of a sales tax on fuel are presented. KW - Alabama KW - Budgeting KW - Deficits KW - Estimates KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Highway economics KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Motor fuels KW - Prices KW - Revenues KW - Sales KW - State of the art studies KW - Taxation KW - Taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149590 AU - Cooper, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE AND HIGHWAY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM THE 1976 GUATEMALA EARTHQUAKE PY - 1976/05 IS - 5A2-0 SP - 55 p. AB - The Guatemala earthquakes of February 4 and 6, 1976 caused severe economic hardships because of highway bridge failures and damage. The damage to three major bridges, Augua Caliente, LaAsuncion, and Incienso is described. A general discussion of damage to bridges and the roadway along a major highway, the Atlantic Highway, (Route CA9), is also presented. /Author/ KW - Bridges KW - Defects KW - Earthquakes KW - Economic impacts KW - Failure KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151152 AU - SMITH, L M AU - Kawam, A AU - Gillette Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM ON LIME-FLY ASH COMPOSITIONS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1976/05 SP - 37 p. AB - This review, which covers over 65 articles, examined the literature until 1973 on topics pertinent to the use of waste sulfate. Since waste sulfate utilization is relatively new, the emphasis of the literature search was on use of gypsum in pozzolanic mixtures. The areas covered, therefore, were the strength and engineering properties of lime-fly ash, lime-pozzolan, lime-fly ash-aggregate, lime gypsum-pozzolan and lime-gypsum-fly ash mixtures. Compound identification studies of clays, pozzolans and fly ash with both lime and lime-gypsum mixtures were also reviewed. The literature showed that the addition of gypsum to pozzolan or fly ash mixtures does alter its engineering properties and could be used to advantage. Also the chemical reactions that occur in lime-fly ash-gypsum mixtures are similar to other natural pozzolans. Therefore, it should be feasible to use waste sulfate as the source of gypsum. KW - Bibliographies KW - Building materials KW - Calcium oxide KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Chemical reactions KW - Clay KW - Clay minerals KW - Compressive strength KW - Fly ash KW - Gypsum KW - Highways KW - Industrial wastes KW - Land reclamation KW - Lime fly ash KW - Pozzolan KW - Reclamation KW - Reviews KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Strength of materials KW - Sulfates KW - Utilization KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150487 AU - McGee, H W AU - Stimpson, W A AU - Cohen, J AU - King, G F AU - Morris, R F AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGHT-TURN-ON-RED. VOLUME II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1976/05 SP - 25 p. AB - Contents: Findings (RTOR rules and state inventory, Safety aspects of RTOR, RTOR utilization, RTOR delay savings, Fuel savings and auto emission reductions, Driver and pedestrian attitudes towards RTOR, Legal aspects of RTOR, Law-enforcement aspects of RTOR, Signing aspects of RTOR); Recommendation for a national RTOR policy; Recommended guidelines for prohibiting RTOR; Signing recommendations (Sign message, Variable-time regulations, Sign installation, Other signing recommendations, Sign message research); Recommended MUTCD changes (2B-35 Traffic signal signs, 4B-5 Meaning of signal indications, 4B-21 Traffic signals near grade crossings, 4D-7 Pedestrian intervals and phases); Other recommendations (RTOR accident reporting and investigation, Modifications to state driver's manuals, Driver education for RTOR). KW - Attitudes KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Law enforcement KW - Right turn on red KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144132 AU - Way, G B AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - PREVENTION OF REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN ARIZONA MINNETONKA-EAST (A CASE STUDY) PY - 1976/05 SP - 90 p. AB - In conjunction with a thin overlay (1-1/4" AC and 1/2" ACFC) 18 test sections consisting of various treatments were built in 1971 and 1972 to determine to what extent they prevented reflective cracking. From these 18 treatments five were found to significantly reduce reflective cracking. These treatments were: (1) Heater scarification plus petroset; (2) Asphalt rubber membrane interlayer; (3) Fiberglass; (4) Heater scarification plus reclamite; and (5) 200/300 penetration asphalt. Besides cracking other performance values including roughness, rutting, deflection and asphalt properties are reported. Costs in terms of construction and actual maintenance are given. From all of the above each treatment's mechanism of failure or success is reviewed and considered in determining the conclusions and recommendations. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Fiberglass KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Roughness KW - Rubber KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Scarifying KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145559 AU - Meyers, J F AU - Pichumani, R AU - Kapples, B S AU - GAI Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLY ASH AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL FOR HIGHWAYS. A MANUAL PY - 1976/05 SP - 201 p. AB - The pozzolanic properties of fly ash, which enable it to react with lime to form cementitious products, have made fly ash a good quality base or subbase course material when used with lime or cement to stabilize aggregates and soils, or when used alone with lime or cement. Strength and durability criteria have been established for this application, and appropriate testing procedures have been developed. Construction procedures utilize standard equipment and techniques for central mixing or mix in-place operations. Fly ash is used as embankment or structural backfill material over weak or compressible soils because of the reduced surcharge that results from its light unit weight. In addition, its good shear strength properties result in low compressibility and good stability characteristics. Economies can be realized in the design of retaining structures backfilled with lightweight fly ash. Fly ash improves the flow properties and strength characteristics of grouts. It can be used alone for void-filling, or used in conjunction with Portland cement, lime, clay, sand, and gravel to develop grouts for applications related to highway structures. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building materials KW - Cement KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Embankments KW - Fly ash KW - Formulations KW - Grout KW - Handling and storage KW - Highways KW - Land reclamation KW - Lime fly ash KW - Limestone KW - Materials management KW - Pozzolan KW - Reclamation KW - Shear strength KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Storage facilities KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144122 AU - Bruggeman, J AU - Urbanek, G AU - OWEN, J AU - Abrams, C AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - REVIEW OF CURRENT AND PROPOSED LOW COST FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SN - 31C2-512 PY - 1976/05 SP - 179 p. AB - This research report was prepared as an interim report for contract DOT-FH-11-8813, entitled "Alternative Surveillance Concept and Methods of Freeway Incident Management". The results of an in-depth review and preliminary analysis of the state-of-the-art of various minimum investment, low technology, freeway incident management systems are presented in this report. This effort included an extensive literature review and interviews conducted with interested agencies working in the freeway incident environment. In addition, a number of on-site incident investigations were conducted and 15 videotaped incidents were studied. The interviews and the on-site and videotape investigations provided the basis for the structure of six candidate freeway incident management systems, which are organized along functional lines. The detection, administrative, organizational, preplanning, and traffic control options of each of the candidates are presented with respect to their costs, characteristics, effectiveness, remedial potential, and several option-specific issues. Finally, data are presented to suggest a particular option effectiveness as compared with the total universe of all incidents. /FHWA/ KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Low costs KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142846 AU - Spelman, S R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF ASPHALT-COKE BREEZE PAVING MIXTURES FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1976/05 SP - 80 p. AB - Efforts to reduce the corrosion of reinforcing steel in bridge decks has led to the use of a conductive overlay as one type of cathodic protection system. This type of overlay utilizes a conductive aggregate made from coke in a bituminous concrete mix. In preparation for using this system on three bridges on the George Washington Memorial Parkway near McLean, Virginia, a laboratory evaluation was conducted. The Immersion-Compression, Hveem, and Marshall methods of mix design were performed on samples of "coke-breeze" aggregate from two sources to determine the optimum asphalt contents. The results indicated that these three mix design procedures produce large differences in design asphalt contents and sample properties. A test strip placed during construction showed that the Marshall method of compacting samples were the most appropriate for these materials. The resistivity of molded samples of "coke-breeze" asphalt concrete was determined by using soil resistivity techniques. The parameter that showed the most influence on these results was the free carbon content of the coke. The influence of the asphalt content, aggregate gradation, and specimen density was minor unless the carbon content decreased to the 50 percent level or lower. The chemical analysis of these materials showed that the free carbon content may vary considerably for materials obtained at different times from the same source. A recommended gradation band and minimum carbon content (80 percent) were utilized with success in the specifications for the parkway bridges. The Marshall method (50-blow) or equal is recommended for preliminary laboratory evaluation of mixtures. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Coke KW - Mix design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141036 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1976/05 SP - 70 p. AB - Studies of urban traffic operations were conducted on the freeways of Texas to determine the design and effectiveness of traffic control and surveillance systems; to relieve peak period congestion; to lessen the impact of disabled vehicles on the operation and safety of the freeways; and reduce the incidents of overhead structure damage by overheight vehicles. The research study uses demonstration installations to test the implementation requirements as well as to evaluate the operational theory. KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overhead suspension KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44108 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00139347 JO - Federal Highway Administration Newsletter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USED TIRES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1976/05 IS - 5 SP - p. 3 AB - A demonstration project (No. 37) has been presented in 20 states in which hot asphalt-vulcanized rubber paving material usage is promoted. The material, which can be applied as a seal coat, may also be used as an interlayer and will reduce certain types of reflective cracking in bituminous pavements. Discarded automobile tires may be used and so alleviate the national scrap tire problem. A contract has been signed in Texas for a 5-mile seal coating project, and combination seal coat/interlayer construction project is planned in Utah. Any state deciding to construct and evaluate a project may receive assistance from the Demonstration Projects Division of the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Asphalt KW - Assistance programs KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Building materials KW - Demonstration projects KW - Grant aid KW - Reflection cracking KW - Road construction KW - Rubber KW - Scrap KW - Seal coats KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139713 AU - Goldberg, D T AU - Jaworski, W E AU - Gordon, M D AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND UNDERPINNING. VOLUME 3: CONSTRUCTION METHODS PY - 1976/04/01 SP - 480 p. AB - This provides specific design recommendations, design considerations, and construction techniques for the construction of lateral support systems and underpinning. The design considerations are presented for each technique or method (solider piles, steel sheeting, diaphragm walls, internal bracing, tiebacks, underpinning, grouting, and freezing). The factors affecting the design or implementation of these schemes are discussed. Construction techniques are presented, and literature references are provided for those seeking even greater detail. An overview of the construction methods compares the applicability of the techniques and the construction costs of each. Other reports developed from the study are FHWA-RD-128, Volume I, Design and Construction; FHWA-RD-129, Volume II, Design Fundamentals; and FHWA-RD-131, Concepts for Improved Lateral Support Systems. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Cut and cover tunneling KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Diaphragm walls KW - Earth pressure KW - Freezing KW - Grouting KW - Lateral supports KW - Structural supports KW - Subway construction KW - Subways KW - Tiebacks KW - Tunnel excavation KW - Tunneling KW - Underpinning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11200/11200/009758.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46527/FHWA-RD-75-130.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143271 AU - Goldberg, D T AU - Jaworski, W E AU - Gordon, D AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS AND UNDERPINNING. VOLUME II. DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS PY - 1976/04/01 SP - 252 p. AB - This report provides current information and design guidelines on cut-and-cover tunneling for practicing engineers. The main emphasis is on the geotechnical aspects of engineering. Included in this volume is a state-of-the-art summary of displacements and lateral pressure. Other topics are basic concepts of soil mechanics, ground water in open cut, passive resistance, design aspects of lateral earth pressure, stability analysis of sheeted excavations, bearing capacity of deep foundations, and construction monitoring. Detailed explanations of design methods and literature citations are included. Other reports prepared as part of the study are FHWA-RD-75-128, Volume I, Design and Construction; FHWA-RD-75-130, Volume 3, Construction Methods; and FHWA-RD-75-131, Concepts for Improved Lateral Support Systems. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bracing KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earth pressure KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Groundwater KW - Lateral pressure KW - Lateral supports KW - Stability analysis KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Underground structures KW - Underground supporting KW - Underpinning KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11100/11198/009757.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46526/FHWA-RD-75-129.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142844 AU - Goldberg, D T AU - Jaworski, W E AU - Gordon, D M AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. TI - CONCEPTS FOR IMPROVED LATERAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS PY - 1976/04/01 SP - 45 p. AB - No abstract provided. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167310 AU - Racin, J A AU - Allen, P D AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY - EVALUATION OF A MODIFIED APRAC-1A CARBON MONOXIDE DIFFUSION MODEL FOR THE SACRAMENTO REGION PY - 1976/04 SP - 93 p. AB - A validation study and sensitivity analysis of the APRAC-1A Gaussian model for predicting concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) is reported. Bag samples of CO were collected at nine (9) locations in urban Sacramento during the winter of 1974. Model predictions were compared to the field measurements. The Model underpredicted station values by an average of 170%. After this work was completed, temperature corrections for motor vehicles, CO emissions, EPA published information indicated that CO emission rates were underestimated by about 150 to 200%. If this correction were applied the average predictions from APRAC should be very close to the measurements. The sensitivity analysis indicates that maximum CO predictions vary linearly with emissions. KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Management KW - Management planning KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Performance evaluations KW - Planning KW - Sensitivity KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind direction KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151734 AU - Smith, R D AU - Kendrick, C B AU - Jonas, P G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF STRUCTURAL GRADE BRIDGE STEELS (PART I) PY - 1976/04 SP - 20 p. AB - The brittle fracture resistance or toughness of a bridge steel tends to vary inversely with its grain size at service temperature. The service temperature grain size in turn tends to be proportional to the steel's austenitic grain size at the final rolling or normalizing temperature used to process it. The McQuaid-Ehn test, however, measures the austenitic grain size of a steel specimen at 1700F, a temperature which may or may not be representative of the final processing temperature of the plate from which the specimen derived. Since the austenitic grain size varies with the final processing temperature, it follows, that the McQuaid-Ehn grain size doesn't necessarily correlate with fracture toughness. Hence, specifying a fine grain practice, verified by McQuaid-Ehn grain size tests, does not insure that hot rolled steel will be fine grained or suitably resistant to brittle fracture at service temperatures. It only insures that the steel may have these properties if it is control rolled below 1900F or normalized. These correlations and the basis for these conclusions are discussed in this report. KW - Bridges KW - Brittle fracturing KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fracture properties KW - Fracture tests KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Highway bridges KW - Metal plates KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Structural steel KW - Temperature KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147299 AU - Alexander, M L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE OF LIME TREATED ROADWAYS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1976/04 SP - 96 p. AB - A review was made of the pavement condition of roadways constructed with lime treated soils and aggregates throughout California. This review, in conjunction with detailed investigations of selected roadways, was used to evaluate the performance of lime treated materials when incorporated into the roadway structural section. It was concluded that lime treated materials can provide a satisfactory alternative to high quality aggregate base and subbase materials. Distress or failure of lime treated materials was traced to three primary sources: nonresponsive soils, poor distribution of the lime, and inadequate design of the roadbed. Conclusions and recommendations regarding testing, design and construction practices are also presented. KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - California KW - Construction equipment KW - Failure KW - Highway pavement KW - Highways KW - Pavements KW - Roads KW - Soil chemistry KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176011 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Kutz, S A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFICATION CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUMENTATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGHWAY PY - 1976/04 SP - 77 p. AB - Recognizing the need for a capability of rapidly evaluating new designs, materials, construction techniques, and loading conditions, The Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, has created the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility. The facility is a single-lane, oval-shaped, full-size experimental highway one mile in length. One major attribute of the facility is its ability to accommodate research which is cyclic in nature. The original facility, completed in 1972 as a portion of PennDOT Research Project 71-7, consisted of 17 test sections and was used to perform a comparative evaluation of four base course materials currently used by PennDOT. This report is a documentary of the construction and instrumentation for the second cycle of research (PennDOT Research Project 75-2). This construction and instrumentation was the first major activity of the second cycle and replaced four of the original test sections with eight shorter sections. The result was a modified research facility consisting of 21 test sections which will enable accomplishment of the second cycle research objectives. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Instrumentation KW - Pennsylvania KW - Test facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146476 AU - Technology Service Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS PY - 1976/04 SP - 549 p. AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486234 AU - Morrison, G L AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Stratton, F W AU - Gilliland, W J AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHLORIDE REMOVAL AND MONOMER IMPREGNATION OF BRIDGE DECK CONCRETE BY ELECTRO-OSMOSIS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1976/04 SP - 41 p. AB - Application of a direct current potential between bridge reinforcing steel and a copper screen conductor on the bridge surface is a means of removing chloride ion from bridge deck concrete. Potentials on the order of 220 volts D.C. and current densities on the order of 2 amperes per square foot cause significant reduction in chloride content in periods ranging from hours to tens of hours depending on initial chloride content. Reductions of as much as 20 pounds of chloride per cubic yard (No. Cl ion/ cu yd) have been attained in laboratory samples. A reduction of 10 pounds of chloride per cubic yard in chloride content at 3 cents per kilowatt hour would result in an electrical cost of about 40 cents per square yard per pound of chloride reduction. There is no evolution of chlorine gas if a copper screen, rather than an inert material, is used for the positive electrode. Removal of the chloride results in a significant increase (about 5 times) in the concrete permeability leaving the deck much more vulnerable to future salt attack. Overlays, membranes, and surface sealants may not be adequate to prevent future corrosion problems due to internal chloride redistribution by an electro-osmotically created battery effect. Monomers, polymers or other materials may be moved into the concrete either simultaneously with or subsequent to chloride removal by the same applied potential. A monomer penetration depth of 15 inches within 24 hours has been attained. At least one polymer, furfural-acetone, results in a significant reduction in permeability (to about 1/3 that of untreated concrete and 1/15 that of electrically treated concrete) in the concrete in the vicinity of the reinforcing steel. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Copper KW - Costs KW - Direct current KW - Electrodes KW - Electroosmosis KW - Furfural-acetone KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Monomers KW - Permeability KW - Polymers KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179471 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDIES OF THE ROAD MARKING CODE PY - 1976/04 SP - 77 p. AB - The studies described in this report are concerned with the driver's reactions to road markings. The first study investigated the driver's understanding of the various white and colored markings on the road and his approval of different road marking applications. It was found that the driver favors markings which show the path of travel under adverse conditions, or which guide him in performing difficult maneuvers. Troublesome markings are those which attempt to communicate meanings which the driver may find difficult to interpret or which he may consider unnecessary. Respondents did not show a satisfactory understanding of the road marking code. More than a quarter of the explanations were wrong of the single solid white, single wide white, double broken yellow, single broken yellow and single broken white markings. The second study concerned the development of an "ideal" coding system. Respondents chose "the most logical and understandable" markings to fit a variety of common highway situations. It was found that a broken line has a natural association (population stereotype) with permission to cross. Yellow markings are associated with hazard. It was concluded that the driver requires instructions on poorly understood markings. It was also recommended that yellow markings not be used to indicate counter-flow traffic. Yellow markings should be used where a real hazard exists, such as on railroad crossings, bus stops, lift turn channelizations, dangerous curves and highway repair areas. /FHWA/ KW - Center lines KW - Coding systems KW - Color codes KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Hazard markings KW - Perception KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking KW - Whites KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143214 AU - Southern California Association of Governments AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation TI - TRANSIT SAFETY AND SECURITY: A DESIGN FRAMEWORK PY - 1976/04 SP - 170 p. AB - The study is an analysis of transit crime data for the Southern California region. It examines safety and security deficiencies in transit design and recommends ways in which they can be ameliorated. The study contains the following: (1) development of security and safety objectives in the operation of major transit systems, (2) assessment of crime patterns and safety problems for selected regional transit corridors, (3) examination of the effectiveness of crime prevention by physical design of transit facilities, and (4) development of a reference document for safety and security design criteria in transit facilities. Some specific design areas examined include the following: park-and-ride facilities, parking structures; site planning and landscaping; illumination levels; passenger boarding safety; subway and elevated systems; station visibility; closure and monitoring; traffic and parking criteria; and the special needs of the elderly and handicapped. KW - Aged KW - California KW - Crimes KW - Criminal investigation KW - Criminal law KW - Criminology KW - Design KW - Highway safety KW - Law KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Lighting KW - Park and ride KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Passenger security KW - Passenger terminals KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Prevention KW - Public law KW - Rail transit stations KW - Railroad bridges KW - Rapid transit KW - Regional transportation KW - Safety KW - Security KW - Subways KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166435 AU - Murray, B D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPANSIVE SOIL STUDY PY - 1976/04 SP - 78 p. AB - When pavements (both asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete) are built over expansive soils, the surface often distorts and/or cracks, causing poor riding qualities and excessive maintenance. Sixty-four locations throughout the state reportedly having pavement distress due to expansive soils were investigated for environmental factors and the pavement conditions evaluated. Twenty-five representative locations were selected from these and soil samples obtained for a laboratory investigation to determine which soil characteristics were most applicable for predicting potential cracking distress. The laboratory testing indicated approximately eighty percent of these locations were considered to have significant distress which could be attributed to expansive soils. The other twenty percent contained distress apparently caused by other than expansive soils. The laboratory work indicated that some routine soil classification tests are equal to, or better than, certain cumbersome tests recommended by other researchers for identifying expansive soils. The linear expansion test is recommended for use to establish moisture/density values for construction. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - California KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Density KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soil classification KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil tests KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176774 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Kutz, S A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - MODIFICATION CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUMENTATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HIGHWAY SN - Research Proj 75-2 PY - 1976/04 SP - 74 p. AB - Recognizing the need for a capability of rapidly evaluating new designs, materials, construction techniques, and loading conditions, The Pennsylvania Transportation Institute, in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, has created the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility. The facility is a single-lane, oval shaped, fullsize experimental highway one mile in length. One major attribute of the facility is its ability to accommodate research which is cyclic in nature. The original facility, completed in 1972 as a portion of PennDOT Research Project 71-1, consisted of 17 test sections and was used to perform a comparative evaluation of four base course materials currently used by PennDOT. This report is a documentary of the construction and instrumentation for the second cycle of research (PennDOT Research PRoject 75-2). This construction and instrumentation was the first major activity of the second cycle and replaced four of the original test sections with eight shorter sections. The result was a modified research facility consisting of 21 test sections which will enable accomplishment of the second cycle research objectives. /Author/ KW - Experiments KW - Highway design KW - Instrumentation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165774 AU - Vecellio, R L AU - Auburn University TI - REMOVAL OF SALES TAX EXEMPTION ON GASOLINE AND MOTOR FUEL PY - 1976/04 SP - 21 p. AB - The removal of the sales tax exemption on gasoline and motor fuel as a means of increasing revenue for the Alabama Highway Department is investigated. Revenue estimates are provided on an annual basis through 1981 for assumed retail prices of gasoline and motor fuel. The relationship between the added revenue generated and the Highway Department's projected deficit is documented. A means of administering the tax at the pump is suggested. Advantages and disadvantages of a sales tax on fuel are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Exemption KW - Gasoline KW - Incentives KW - Motor fuels KW - Rates KW - Retail trade KW - Sales KW - Taxation KW - Taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163612 JO - Highway Focus AU - Peterson, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIREFIGHTING FACILITIES ON FREEWAYS PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 111-115 AB - In a 1969 report issued by the Seattle Fire Department, recommendations were made for the installation of dry standpipes, signs, communications system and turnarounds on I-05 in Seattle, Washington. Twenty nine separate systems were installed at various locations along I-05. These included 12 wet systems connected to the city water supply, 12 dry systems which can be connected to an existing water source by use of a fire fighting truck, and 4 bridge outlet systems. This provides a system for approximately 1,000 feet of freeway. Brief comments are made on the fire hydrants, water pipe, gate valves, retaining wall cabinet, rising sidewalk inlets, and signs. Protection of the system from damage (caused by excess pressures, back flows, pipe expansion) and the hydrostatic test are discussed. KW - Communication systems KW - Fire fighting KW - Freeways KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Loss and damage KW - Signs KW - Water pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144124 AU - Cosaboom, B AU - Kozlov, G S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS TO DISPLACEMENT RESPONSES OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES (SUPPLEMENT II) PY - 1976/04 AB - The report contains an in-depth presentation and analysis of thermal and displacement data taken from two typical highway bridges in New Jersey. A linear relationship between air temperature and displacements at bridge joints, as well as the practical independence of those displacements from all other environmental factors, is thoroughly established. New insight is provided concerning the assumption of proper coefficients of thermal expansion. The effectiveness of bridge bearing systems in controlling the movements is discussed. The effects of geometry upon joint displacements are brought to light and the significance of the information with regard to selection of type of joint is pointed out. /FHWA/ KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Motion KW - Temperature KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142842 AU - Zelensky, P N AU - Zelensky (Paul N) TI - APPROXIMATE METHOD FOR COMPUTING BACKWATER PROFILES IN CORRUGATED METAL PIPES PY - 1976/04 SP - 42 p. AB - The determination of the shape and characteristics of a backwater profile in a closed conduit is generally a lengthy and tedious procedure without the use of a computer. Utilizating the charts and tables of this publication and a few simple calculations, it is possible to completely define an M2 profile in a circular structural plate corrugated metal pipe with 6 x 2 inch corrugations. The depth of flow, velocity head, and specific head may be determined at various points along the backwater curve, and the total length of the backwater curve may be defined. Use of the publication will also provide the user with a better understanding of the effects of flow parameter variations on the shape and extent of the backwater profile. KW - Approximation (Mathematics) KW - Backwaters KW - Closed conduits KW - Conduits KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Depth KW - Flow KW - Metal pipe KW - Velocity head UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144126 AU - Cosaboom, B AU - Fuca, T AU - Kozlov, G S AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - T TI - REMOTE ELECTRONIC DATA GATHERING AND STORAGE SYSTEM (SUPPLEMENT I) PY - 1976/04 AB - The development, installation, and use of a remote electronic data gathering and storing system is described in detail. The system automatically gathered thermal data and joint displacement data from two specially instrumented highway bridges for a period of one year. The bridges were selected on the basis that they typified many highway bridges used in the New Jersey State and Interstate highway system, having steel superstructures, and reinforced concrete decks, and being of simple span, composite design. In general, the data system worked quite well with minimal interruption or data loss, thereby obtained a continuous, multi- seasonal close look at the thermal and displacement behavior of skewed and non-skewed bridges. Data analysis and conclusions drawn thereform are included in a separate report titled, "The Relationship of Environmental Parameters to Displacement Responses of Highway Bridges". /FHWA/ KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Thermal properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158064 AU - Allen, P D AU - Crews, W B AU - Ranzieri, A J AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND REGIONAL AIR QUALITY--A DIFKIN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PY - 1976/04 SP - 114 p. AB - An analysis of the DIFKIN photochemical model characteristics and sensitivities to various input parameters is presented. DIFKIN is a trajectory type photochemical air quality simulation model. The most sensitive input parameters to Ozone production are initial concentrations, reaction rate constants, and inversion base height. The ratio of Reactive Hydrocarbons to Nitric Oxide emissions are far more important in determining Ozone production than the actual magnitudes for emissions. The DIFKIN model is most applicable to projects that result in changes in emissions in a few adjacent grid cells rather than widespread changes in emissions over an air basin. Five or more trajectories should be used to determine air quality impacts of a particular project. KW - Air pollution KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Mathematical models KW - Nitric oxide KW - Ozone KW - Photochemistry KW - Pollutants KW - Sensitivity KW - Simulation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143026 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHOTOLOGGING GUIDELINES FOR THE UPDATE AND REFILMING OF THE STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM PY - 1976/04 SP - 16 p. AB - Recommendations are made concerning the update and refilming of the State Highway System. Optimum times for filming the Interstate, Primary, Secondary and State Road systems are given as a function of the physical condition of the roadway, weather, and seasonal factors. Procedures for updating due to the reconstruction or relocation of a route are also given. KW - Cinematography KW - Data collection KW - Film KW - Guidelines KW - Information processing KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Photologging KW - Physical condition KW - Routes KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - State highways KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153875 AU - Payne, H J AU - Helfenbein, E D AU - Technology Service Corporation TI - FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE DATA PY - 1976/04 SP - 35 p. AB - The development and testing of incident detection algorithms was based upon freeway surveillance data obtained from Los Angeles and Minneapolis. In the instance of Los Angeles data, data were in the form of samples of the sensor presence pulses fifteen times per second. For purposes of this study, these data were aggregated in the form of twenty-second averages, by lane, of occupancy and volume. Data obtained from Minneapolis were already aggregated in the form of thirty-second averages of occupancy and volume, usually averaged over all lanes at a sensor station. These aggregated data are available in the form of magnetic tapes. The organization and contents of these tapes are described here. The data include instances of malfunctioning sensors. KW - Algorithms KW - Freeways KW - Sensors KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48728 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149790 JO - Highway Focus AU - Swertfager, W E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY GROOVING IN LOUISIANA PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 22-28 AB - Louisiana's solution to the problem of hydroplaning was to groove the pavement to produce a macrotexture capable of discharging water to neighboring voids and thus reduce the hydrodynamic forces. Specifications adopted in Louisiana called for the grooving blades to be 0.095 inches wide + or - 0.003, and spaced at 3/4 inch. The equipment included blades driven by a 270 h.p. diesel engine while a tractor provides the push. A large tank truck is pulled behind the groover and receives the water and concrete residue which is vacuumed up from the pavement. A couple of properly placed hinges allow the tractor and the bank of blades to operate independently thus permitting the blades to conform to a certain amount of pavement irregularities. The grooving projects are being evaluated in 2 areas: accident rate reduction; observation of the grooved surface. The Louisiana grooving specifications are detailed. KW - Highway safety KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136914 AU - Hudson, S B AU - Bowery, F J AU - Higgins, F T AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - West Virginia Department of Highways TI - STUDY TO REFINE METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD OF EARLY PREDICTION OF POTENTIAL STRENGTH OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1976/04 SP - 104 p. AB - The study is based on two designed experiments to further increase the practicality of using early (+ or - 24 hour) tests of concrete test cylinders made at the job-site as a means of quality control of concrete. The scope of the work included concrete of four cement constants, so proportioned as to simulate field conditions where part of the cement was inadvertently omitted. Also the effect of two retarding admixtures on the early strengths of concrete of normal cement concrete was investigated. Specimen cylinders were tested at from one to three days of age without pretreatment, and with the use of both celotex pressure pads and sulphur mortar caps. KW - Admixtures KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete retarders KW - Concrete tests KW - Construction sites KW - Cylinders KW - Experiments KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Stiffened cylinders KW - Strength of materials KW - Surface treating KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00152457 AU - COLEMAN, J AU - STEWART, G R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATIONS OF RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING ACCIDENT DATA PY - 1976/04 AB - This research resulted in improved techniques for predicting railroad-highway grade crossing accidents and their severity. Although many variables could not be investigated in the study, the capability for their subsequent consideration has been established. A framework for using accident prediction equations has been outlined and may be expanded as additional factors relating to safety improvements are investigated. There are still many unanswered questions regarding the occurrence of accidents and their severity at grade crossings. In this study, the ratio of the number of accidents for a group of crossings to the number of crossing years of exposure has evolved as a measure of the accident potential for a group of crossings. Future studies based on the Nationwide DOT-AAR grade crossing inventory and the revised FRA accident information will be helpful in establishing many other useful relationships between crossing characteristics and accident potential. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Grade crossing accidents KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151710 AU - Burt, J O AU - Babin, D W AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS EVALUATION PY - 1976/04 SP - 53 p. AB - This relatively short-term project was initiated in order to perfect installation, operation, and maintenance practices necessary for continued accurate and reliable operation of a computerized Weigh in Motion system which will be used to gather truck weight data in a long-term study to improve flexible pavement design. A complete Weigh-in-Motion system installation was made on U.S. Highway 190 near Baton Rouge and operated for approximately three months, during which time 173 trucks varying in weight and numbers of axles and traveling at various speeds were correlatively checked for total weight against Louisiana Department of Highways enforcement scales located nearby. Accuracy of the system's speed determination capability was checked at the beginning and end of the three month operating period using a hand-held radar unit as reference. KW - Accuracy KW - Axles KW - Computers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Installation KW - Loads KW - Louisiana KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Reliability KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Transducers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight KW - Weight measurement UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20104.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47823 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149788 JO - Highway Focus AU - Scarr, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSVERSE TEXTURING WITH METAL TINES PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 9-17 AB - The transverse texturing is done by the mechanical texturizer of the paving train which uses the edge of the freshly formed slab for alignment. This texturizer used spring steel tines four inches long, spaced approximately 1/2 inch apart, and 1/8 inche in diameter. The speed of the comb should be slow enough so that it will penetrate the surface to the required depth, yet fast enough so that the machine can keep up with the paver. The tines should be pulled across the surface as the water sheen of the fresh concrete begins to disappear. Difficulties with transverse tine grooving are discussed, and comparison is made with the normal burlap drag texture. Experience in Louisiana where the rainfall is high and hydroplaning is a major concern is reported here. This project was designed to evaluate several types of surface textures for a skid resistant pavement surface. KW - Concrete finishing KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149799 JO - Highway Focus AU - Foor, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECAST P.C.C. PAVEMENT SECTIONS PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 94-97 AB - Prefabricated pavement sections were laid over a grout base when it became necessary to replace an entire section of the eastbound traffic lane on state route 101 in California. A thickness of 0.67 ft. was selected for the prefabricated concrete slab and it was formed and poured in an open area approximately 1500 ft. from the repair zone. Forms utilizing 2-inch by 6-inch timbers faced with 3/4-inch plywood were constructed and dimensioned to provide a clear space of approximately 0.1 ft. on all sides of the slab. Lifting inserts were placed at points approximately 1/6 span in from the slab edges. Details are described of the concrete mix and various aspects of the repair work. The total elapsed time for the operation, including traffic control measures, was 7 hours and 15 minutes. The true work time was 5 hours and 30 minutes. The total cost for the operation was under $3,000. KW - Concrete forms KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151206 AU - Rainer, R K AU - Epley, D R AU - Leathers, C G AU - Moore, R K AU - Vecellio, R L AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - DETERMINATION OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN GENERATING REVENUE FOR HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS PY - 1976/04 SP - 245 p. AB - Four variable fuel tax models are investigated with respect to Alabama Highway Department operations. The fixed percentage fuel tax model establishes the state gasoline tax as a constant percentage of the wholesale price of gasoline. The simple price indices ratio model pegs state fuel taxes to a ratio of price indexes. The aggregated price indices ratio model related state fuel taxes to functions of price indexes. The fuel efficiency tax model relates the gasoline tax to the variables of consumer price index and automobile efficiency. Advantages and disadvantages of each model are presented. Extensive simulation results are presented to permit determination of expected revenue under selected strategies. Other methods of increasing highway department revenue are presented. KW - Alabama KW - Consumer Price Index KW - Cost indexes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economic models KW - Efficiency KW - Financing KW - Gasoline KW - Highway economics KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Models KW - Motor fuels KW - Prices KW - Public administration KW - Ratios KW - Revenues KW - Simulation KW - State government KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistical analysis KW - Taxation KW - Taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47688 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149792 JO - Highway Focus AU - Sussman, W A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECLAIMED GLASS AGGREGATE ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 46-49 AB - The inspection is reported of a project in which glassphalt mix (63 percent crushed glass, 36 percent rock dust, 1 percent hydrated lime and 5.1-5.8 percent grade 60/70 asphalt binder) was placed on a section of public street in California. The section was a 3-inch compacted layer, 600 feet long and approximately 22 feet wide placed over a 7-inch aggregate base. To increase the bonding, one percent hydrated lime was added as an anti-stripping agent. A 10-ton steel roller was used and there was a large amount of compaction upon rolling. The glassphalt remained at high temperatures for a long period and caused compaction difficulties. Further observations related to rolling and crushing of glass particles are reported glassphalt appears to be lighter than conventional asphalt and high in voids. It is estimted that it would require 3 million bottles for 1 mile lane, 3 inches thick at 63 percent crushed glass. Comments are also made regarding problems of glass dust, roadway glare, and cost. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Glasphalt KW - Glass KW - Land reclamation KW - Paving KW - Reclamation KW - Recycling KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67490 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149795 JO - Highway Focus AU - Gay, L H AU - Hawley, J C AU - Lindsay, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBROUS CONCRETE OVERLAY-TEXAS TEST SECTION PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 66-68 AB - The inspection (in April 1974) is reported of a 6-1/2 month old experimental fibrous concrete overlay on I-10. A set of photographs made during the inspection are presented here. The original CRCP which was overlaid by the fibrous concrete was not repaired prior to placing the overlay and no bond breaker was used between the two concretes. The photographs reveal transverse cracking reflected from the damaged CRCP underneath. The photographs also show evidence of fiber balls in the surface of the pavement. KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Inspection KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149801 JO - Highway Focus AU - O'neil, P E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAST-IN-PLACE PIPE PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 120-124 AB - Cast-in-place monolithic concrete pipe was placed in a prepared trench using a slip-form machine. Specifications which had to be met by the contractor are set forth. The trench was excavated to the proper width and the bottom of the trench was shaped to conform to the bottom 210 degrees of the external diameter of the pipe. The slip-form machine (designed for the specified pipe size and desired wall thickness) was then placed in the trench. The inner walls of the machine had vibrators attached to them. A cement finisher dressed the exterior top of the pipe immediately behind the slip form machine. A man in the pipe set the top form and finished the interior bottom surface. Observations are made regarding cracking problems. It is concluded from this project that this is an expendient method to place pipe of the larger sizes. Savings were realized with this method of cast-in-place pipe. KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete pipe KW - Slip form pavers KW - Slip forms KW - Specifications KW - Trenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67499 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149797 JO - Highway Focus AU - er, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBROUS CONCRETE OVERLAY IN MINNESOTA PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 79-89 AB - The construction is reported of five 500-foot test sections of glass fiber and steel fiber portland cement concrete (PCC) overlays and a 1300 foot section of plain portland cement concrete overlay which were included as part of a contract for bituminous overlay. The surface overlayed was PCC which was fairly worn and had moderate transverse cracking. One inch long and flat steel and glass fibers were used. Details are given of the concrete mix per cubic yard. The concrete surface was sandblasted, then swept with a power broom, the epoxy bonding agent was sprayed on the surface, followed by the slipform paver, followed by transverse hand floating and brooming and then membrane curing compound. The steel reinforcing bars placed over the transverse cracks in the underlying pavement were held in position by small piles of concrete. Details are given of the overlay procedures. Problems associated with the glass fiber concrete and the balling of steel fibers are discussed. Inspections will be made to evaluate the performance of the overlays. KW - Concrete KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Glass fibers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67495 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149793 JO - Highway Focus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED ASPHALT PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 50-52 AB - The existing asphaltic concrete (A.C.) surfacing and underlying clay material was pulverized, mixed with quick lime, and compacted to a depth of 0.83 feet in a project to improve the structural section and widen a section of State Highway 45. The operational sequence involved working in 3100 lineal feet sections, 12 feet wide. This required 3 loads of lime or 75 tons for each section. The 3 day work sequence (listed) consisted of : ripping the asphalt and breaking it down to approximately 4-inch diameter size; pulverizing the old A.C. so that 90 percent would pass the 1-1/2 inch screen; spread the lime; final mixing of the material, compacted, trimmed and final rolled. Thus a stable base material was produced. The surfacing received on application of CRS asphaltic emulsion applied at a rate of 0.2 gallon per square yard. A light sand coating was applied, as well as an asphalt concrete blanket. Performance was judged to be good. Comments are made on the use of lime, even quicklime in wintertime. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calcium oxide KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement widening KW - Quicklimes KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149794 JO - Highway Focus AU - Gay, L H AU - Hawley, J C AU - Lindsay, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBROUS CONCRETE OVERLAY-FORT HOOD, TEXAS PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 53-65 AB - A 4-inch thick fibrous concrete was placed on an old asphaltic concrete in 20 ft. wide lanes with sawed joints every 50 feet. All joints were filled with premolded neoprene joint filler. The outer strips of concrete were tied across the joint with tie bars. The interior slabs were not tied. The mix used here consisted of 8 ingredients: fibers (round wires made from rejected brass coated wire used in automobile tires) comprising about 1-1/2 percent of the total mix; cement (5-1/2 sacks of type I); fly ash (replaced 3 sacks of cement and provided pozzolanic action); water (35 gals.); coarse aggregate (rounded aggregate of one size); sand; air entrainment agent to obtain about 4 percent air; and set retarder. The introduction of the fibers in the direction of the conveyor belt carrying other materials and at sufficient speed to prevent tumbling was important. It was also important that fibers be introduced into the mixer at a relatively high speed. Details are given of external vibration, flexure tests, shrinkage of the concrete, and the mix design. Questions which have been raised and which must be answered prior to initiating a full scale project are listed. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - Mix design KW - Shrinkage KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67492 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149800 JO - Highway Focus AU - Scovill, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC SANDBLASTING OF PAVEMENT STRIPING PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 106-110 AB - A method of hydraulics and blasting is described which can minimize or elimate many problems associated with conventional sandblasting or other methods of striping obliteration. The procedure involves the use of the Hydroblaster which consists of a high-pressure water pump powered by either a gasoline engine or electric motor, and is mounted on skids or a 2-wheeled trailer. A hand-held wand and an abrasive tank are included. An independent water source which is clean and under 60 to 100 psi pressure is required. Details of the pump and the rest of the unit are described. This machine, which should be operated only by qualified personnel, removes striping with a minimum of asphalt removal and no polishing. The water washes out the voids so the operator can see when all the paint is gone. A 2-man crew can average over 270 feet of striping removal per hour. Because there are no dust problems or excessive flooding, striping can be removed with minimal disturbance to adjacent traffic. KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Road markings KW - Sand blasting KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67498 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149802 JO - Highway Focus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS SERVICE INFORMATION IN INDIANA PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 116-119 AB - This service which was designed to assist both traveller and merchant, consists of 2 elements: a highway sign specifically mentioning that the Motorist Service Information is placed near the rest area entrance-way to signal to passing motorists that travel information is available at an upcoming rest area; and the display that is housed in a lighted cabinet within the rest area building. The latter is a large strip scaled approximately 3 inches to one mile which will include the interstate from the rest area where the display is located to the next rest area, the state line, or the next major metropolitan area. The main feature of this map is its use of color coded cards placed roughly in scale position which identify businesses by type or company name. The map utilizes a colored photograph mounted on 1/4 inch masonite stock. Each business desiring consideration for this service must make request to, and be approved by the Division of Roadside Development. Present plans in Indiana call for the Motorist Service Information display to be included as a matter of course in all rest areas. KW - Color codes KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Information display systems KW - Maps KW - Roadside improvement KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67500 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149787 JO - Highway Focus AU - Parker, J L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FINISHING OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-8 AB - Tine finishing of plastic concrete is gaining acceptance throught the U.S. in helping to prevent wet skidding accidents. This finish involves the use of pieces of metal or tines, which are fixed to a board on a set spacing. This board is dragged across the pavement either mechanically or by hand, causing the tines to form grooves in the pavement. Tine finishing studies have employed 2 different spacings, approximately 1/4 inch by 1/2 inch spacings. The finish that had the best drainage characteristic was that with the 1/2 inch spacing. Arkansas efforts are described where special provisions required the tines to be approximately 0.32 by 0.83 inch steel flat wire, 4 inches to 5 inches in length, spaced on 1/2 inch centers. The groove produced in the concrete was from 1/8 inches to 3/16 inches in depth. KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149789 JO - Highway Focus AU - Rice, H E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STEEL COMB AND BROOM FINISH ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 18-21 AB - An evaluation was made of the broom finish and steel comb finish applied to a concrete pavement and the steel comb finish was determined to be the better of the 2 methods. The steel comb finish was applied transversely with a steel comb having tines 0.03 inches by 0.08 inches in cross section spaced at 1/2 inch. The depth of the grooves produced was approximately 1/8 inch. The width of the steel comb attachment was also eight feet. Among the advantages of using the steel comb finish are: the constant depths and a uniform finish; the comb finish can be made with one pass which inhibits mixing or incorporating of bleed water into the surface concrete; textures produced with the steel comb appear more durable than those produced by the broom. Foremen reported no significant noise difference after riding on the 2 types of rough finishes. KW - Brooming KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavements KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67487 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149791 JO - Highway Focus AU - McDonald, A R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA'S LEAN CONCRETE BASE PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 37-45 AB - In an effort to construct a base more economically and easier to build and providing greater puming resistance than cement treated base, 4 miles of 50 foot wide lean concrete base (LCB) were constructed on a freeway section on State Route 91. The gradation of Class 3 Aggregate Base which required a 1-1/2 inch maximum size gradation was used. The aggregate was manufactured by a combination crusher-screening process. An air-entraining additive was being used to obtain 3-1/2 percent air readings. Lean Concrete Base was hauled to the construction site in "belly dumps" carrying 12 to 16 cubic yard loads and dumped on the grade ahead of the paving machine. A large front-end loader was used to spread the material, and a specially modified paver was used to place the 50-foot wide section in one pass. Details are given of vibrators, curing compound, and core strengths. Reports indicate that the lean concrete based provided an excellent working platform for paving operations. This change to lean concrete base eliminated rolling and trimming operations, and increased the production rate. KW - Aggregates KW - Air entraining agents KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Lean concrete KW - Lean mix concrete KW - Paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149796 JO - Highway Focus AU - Bellner, B T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF FIBROUS CONCRETE FOR PAVEMENT OVERLAYS PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 69-78 AB - A project is reported which was designed to determine the feasibility of batching, mixing, transporting and finishing fiber- reinforced concrete with conventional paving equipment, and to determine the relative performance of the experimental overlay in comparison to adjacent conventional overlay. Details are given of the mix proportions, the base preparation, and the spreading of the fibrous concrete. Although the struck surface of the freshly poured concrete appeared satisfactory, the balls were causing a problem in finishing. Tests indicated that the air content averaged 6 percent and the slump averaged 2 inches. Concrete saws cut a longitudinal joint in the center of each 24 foot wide pavement and the transverse joints. This project was paved in 2 separate days because traffic had to be maintained on these heavily used highways. A major advantage of the fibrous concrete is its early strength. Inspections were made prior to installation, and the type and location of deterioration in the existing slab was recorded. The results of subsequent surveys showed very few additional cracks spills or other defects. KW - Air content KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavers KW - Paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67494 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00149798 JO - Highway Focus AU - Stephenson, E L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT OVERLAY OF EXISTING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAY PY - 1976/04 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 90-93 AB - The upgrading is reported of a 2-lane 20-foot wide (9" - 6" - 9") thick portland cement concrete roadway to a 4-lane divided section having 24 foot wide roadways. The continuously reinforced concrete section provided for 35 No. 5 longitudinal bars in the -inch thick section and 39 No.5 longitudinal bars in the 8-inch thick section. No. 4 transverse bars spaced at 30-inch 3-c were specified. The longitudinal steel was high strength grade. The evaluation of the center of the longitudinal steel is shown as T/2 + 1/2 from the subgrade with tolerance of + or - 1/2-inch. Observations related to cracking and pumping joints are recorded. Observations lead to the opinion that overlay of concrete with continuously reinforced concrete is entirely satisfactory and practical in areas where the use of salt for snow and ice removal is low. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151157 AU - Honeywell Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 2GC SENSITIVITY STUDY. URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT PY - 1976/04 SP - 101 p. AB - The UTCS-1 simulation model, modified for UTCS Second Generation Control (2GC), was used to evaluate the sensitivity of 2GC to five traffic control parameters related to ideal link offsets and timing plan optimization. The simulation testing was conducted under varying traffic conditions on portions of the UTCS Washington, D.C. network. Results, as evaluated against a standardized MOE set, showed that performance can be improved when the predicted speeds used in computing ideal link offsets are multiplied by a section-wide scalar, and this technique was recommended for incorporation into 2GC algorithms. KW - Algorithms KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Maryland KW - Networks KW - Offsets (Traffic signal timing) KW - Optimization KW - Sensitivity KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban transportation KW - Virginia KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147399 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Carr, L AU - Lowery, LLJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS - WAVE EQUATION USERS MANUAL TTI PROGRAM. VOLUME I. BACKGROUND PY - 1976/04 SP - 60 p. AB - In recent years, the wave equation has been used extensively by both highway departments and private contractors for the analysis of pile driving problems. It has been used to predict impact stresses in piles during driving and also to estimate the static soil resistance acting on the piles at the time of driving. This information makes it possible for the engineer to answer such questions as: (1) Can a given hammer drive a pile to the required depth of penetration. (2) Will excessive stresses be induced in pile or hammer during driving. (3) What cushion is necessary to limit driving stresses. The purpose of the information presented herein is to assist highway engineers in understanding, use, and practical application of the computer program written to analyze piles by the wave equation. Special emphasis is placed on the solution of practical problems. Numerous example solutions, including preparation of input data, input forms, computer output and application of results are included. This manual is the first in a series. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Hammers KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147358 AU - Cosaboom, B AU - Kozlov, G AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD TESTS OF ARMORED BRIDGE JOINTS PY - 1976/04 SP - 48 p. AB - This report describes the instrumentation and load testing of two different armored expansion joints. The purpose of the tests was to shed light on factors relating to the design of armored joints, and more specifically, to determine whether either of the two subject joints was underdesigned or overdesigned. Two armored expansion joints for bridges are analyzed with respect to their stress behavior under static loading. Details of the static load tests and attempts at dynamic load tests are provided. Although the tests described herein are very limited, significant information is provided regarding design loads, flexural rigidity of the armored joint system, method and spacing of anchorage, and geometry of the armament. KW - Anchorages KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Armored edge joints KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Construction joints KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design load KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints KW - Fasteners KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147402 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Carr, L AU - Lowery, LLJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS - WAVE EQUATION USERS MANUAL TTI PROGRAM. VOLUME IV. NARRATIVE PRESENTATION PY - 1976/04 SP - 46 p. AB - In recent years, the wave equation has been used extensively by both highway departments and private contractors for the analysis of pile driving problems. It has been used to predict impact stresses in piles during driving and also to estimate the static soil resistance acting on the piles at the time of driving. The purpose of the information presented herein is to assist highway engineers in understanding, use, and practical application of the computer program written to analyze piles by the wave equation. Special emphasis is placed on the solution of practical problems. Numerous example solutions, including preparation of input data, input forms, computer output and application of results are included. This manual is the fourth in a series. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147401 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Carr, L AU - Lowery, LLJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS - WAVE EQUATION USERS MANUAL TTI PROGRAM. VOLUME III. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1976/04 SP - 85 p. AB - The report provides a listing, flow chart, and other pertinent information regarding the computer program for analyzing driven piles by the wave equation. The program is written in the basic FORTRAN language and has been especially programmed to easily convert to most computers having FORTRAN capability. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147400 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Carr, L AU - Lowery, LLJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS - WAVE EQUATION USERS MANUAL TTI PROGRAM. VOLUME II. COMPUTER PROGRAM AND SAMPLE PROBLEMS PY - 1976/04 SP - 172 p. AB - In recent years, the wave equation has been used extensively by both highway departments and private contractors for the analysis of pile driving problems. It has been used to predict impact stresses in piles during driving and also to estimate the static soil resistance acting on the piles at the time of driving. The purpose of the information presented herein is to assist highway engineers in understanding, use, and practical application of the computer program written to analyze piles by the wave equation. Special emphasis is placed on the solution of practical problems. Numerous example solutions, including preparation of input data, input forms, computer output and application of results are included. This manual is the second in a series. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing piles KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pile drivers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile structures KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - User needs KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147398 AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington, D.C. Implementation Div. TI - PILE DRIVING ANALYSIS - WAVE EQUATION USERS MANUAL TTI PROGRAM PY - 1976/04 SP - 363p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146465 AU - Howerter, E D AU - Rudd, T J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF THE SCHONFELD METHOD OF HIGHWAY SURFACE TEXTURE CODE ASSIGNMENT. VOLUME IV. PROFILE CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE PY - 1976/04 SP - 176 p. AB - In Phase I of the research project, it was demonstrated that the Schonfeld method of surface texture classification could be automated by electronically digitizing stereophotographs of the actual surface and then performing a computer analysis on the digital surface data. However, while it is possible to collect the necessary pavement data on-board a moving vehicle, due to the off-line digitizing and considerable computer processing required, this approach is not readily adaptable for real time implementation. Phase II of this research project involved an investigation into the feasibility of automating the Schonfeld method using considerably less pavement data in the form of single line profiles rather than the complete surface description. A single line profile classification algorithm was developed from which surface statistics and Schonfeld parameters, equivalent to those obtained from the three-dimensional classification technique, could be calculated. This was applied to fourteen samples covering a wide range of bituminous pavements and the feasibility of using a single line profile technique for obtaining surface characteristics and the corresponding Schonfeld parameters was demonstrated. KW - Algorithms KW - Automation KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Classification KW - Digital computers KW - Digital recording KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Profiles KW - Recording KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stereoscopic cameras KW - Stereoscopic photography KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146456 AU - Besselievre, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: A REPORT OF NEW IDEAS RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED BY HIGHWAY AGENCIES IN FHWA REGION 3 PY - 1976/04 SP - 127 p. AB - The report contains listings of research that has been implemented recently or will soon be implemented by states in Region 3. Emphasis is placed on research results that have actually been implemented since it is known that the ideas are usable and it is more likely that a highway agency will adopt an item already being used by another organization. Implemented research items are listed by state and are grouped into specific categories, such as Pavement Design and Construction or Traffic and Safety, as listed in the Table of Contents. Items are identified by a descriptive title accompanied by the name and phone number of an individual familiar with the implementation, and a short narrative. KW - Abstracts KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Erosion control KW - Highway departments KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Research KW - States KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144113 AU - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE I-495 BUS PRIORITY TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1976/04 SP - 181 p. AB - The Bus Priority Traffic Management System (TRAMS) on I-495 enables automatic classification of vehicles and distinguishes the buses from the other traffic. With an assumption as to the average number of passengers in each vehicle type, and referring to the speed of the vehicles, the computer calculates a "Passenger - Mile -Rate." Each day this factor is compared with the rate for a target day, when conditions were good, and a performance factor is calculated. Variations in the performance factor are related to causes to identify steps which might be taken to improve passenger service. In general, bus operations on I-495 receive a high level of service through the exclusive bus lane. Delays, however, do become evident during the morning peak as buses approach the Lincoln Tunnel Toll Plaza. Development of Automatic Vehicle Identification for buses to allow non-stop toll collection is being pursued by the Port Authority on a related project and will provide an important step in reducing these delays. However, additional traffic control steps are desirable to insure free movement through the tunnel and into the bus terminal. An overall traffic display for control personnel at the Lincoln Tunnel Police Desk is recommended to assist this movement. /FHWA/ KW - Bus priority KW - Passenger miles KW - Tolls KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144138 AU - Besselievre, W C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER--A REPORT OF NEW IDEAS RECENTLY IMPLEMENTED BY HIGHWAY AGENCIES IN FHWA REGION 3 PY - 1976/04 SP - 123 p. AB - This report contains listings of new concepts and research ideas that had, in early 1975, been recently implemented by State highway organizations and the Washington, D.C. highway department in FHWA's Region 3. The report's format should allow any highway professional of any discipline to quickly scan those new ideas which directly interest him: 1. Implemented ideas from each highway organization are segregated from those of other highway organizations. 2. Implemented ideas have been placed in readily identifiable categories for easy reference (see Table of Contents). 3. Each item within each category is identified by a descriptive title which is followed by a brief narrative and the name and phone number of a highway professional who is familiar with the implemented idea. 4. Each item which the author felt could be identified in more than one category has been identified in each category and cross- referenced to the narrative. All information found in this report was obtained during face-to-face interviews with State and District highway employees. /FHWA/ KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144141 AU - Bilbey, R C AU - Tri-State Regional Planning Commission TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM MANHATTAN CBD-NORTH JERSEY CORRIDOR EVALUATION OF EXCLUSIVE BUS LANES SN - R-519 PY - 1976/04 SP - 26 p. AB - The first demonstration of a contra-flow exclusive bus lane was instituted on New Jersey Interstate - 495. This bus lane provides an east-bound route in the normally westbound median lane of the expressway approach to the Lincoln Tunnel. After opening in December 1970, the 2.5 mile priority access route was used by 8.7 million riders with an average commuting time saving of between 10-25 minutes during the morning peak period. The XBL has improved the travel time of all modes in the eastbound morning peak period. A second demonstration in the Region of contra-flow XBL was opened in October 1971 on the Long Island Expressway from the vicinity of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway westbound to the Queens-Midtown Tunnel. This XBL extends 2 miles on the Long Island Expressway and provides for travel time savings of up to 15 minutes for the 6,500 daily morning peak period riders. The Regional XBL's have been responsible for stemming the progressive downward decline in commuter bus ridership since 1970, but have not encouraged greater use of express bus service into the Midtown CBD. Each demonstration is considered extremely successful as transportation systems management projects. /FHWA/ KW - Bus lanes KW - Bus priority KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Demonstration projects KW - Ridership KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel time KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145626 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - Cosaboom, B AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFORMED ELASTOMERIC JOINT SEALERS FOR BRIDGES. PHASE I. SUMMARY AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE PY - 1976/04 SP - 53 p. AB - A proven effective solution is provided to the problem of sealing joints in bridge decks. At the heart of the solution is the use of specially designed joint armor in combination with currently available preformed elastomeric sealers. The approach recommended is adequate for simple span, composite, concrete and steel structures with span lengths up to 170 feet. The special armored joint system was field tested on three structures. Two of these structures were monitored both manually and with automatic instrumentation to determine the causes and range of magnitudes of bridge end movements; they were also tested for leakage with dyes at periodic intervals over a five year time span. The third structure was used to conduct load tests on the joint armor and armor anchorage components. Application of the study results led to the development of practical procedures for the design and construction of armored bridge joints and for the selection of an appropriate size of preformed elastomeric sealer. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Armored edge joints KW - Bearing stress KW - Bearings KW - Bridge anchorages KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Construction joints KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Elastomer modified tars KW - Elastomers KW - End movements KW - Fasteners KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint sealers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Leakage KW - Load tests KW - Monitoring KW - New Jersey KW - Performance tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear stress KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Tar KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144118 AU - Payne, H J AU - Technology Service Corporation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS, VOLUME 1: SUMMARY OF RESULTS SN - 31C3-502 PY - 1976/04 SP - 20 p. AB - The development and testing of incident detection algorithms was based on Los Angeles and Minneapolis freeway surveillance data. Algorithms considered were based on times series and pattern recognition techniques. Attention was given to the effects of geometrics, sensor configuration and weather, and methods were developed for detecting malfunctioning sensors and for identifying the lane of an incident. This, the first volume, provides a summary of the methodology developed and used in this study, results obtained and recommendations for implementation. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Highway design KW - Incidents KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Time series KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142848 AU - Payne, H J AU - Knobel, H C AU - Technology Service Corporation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS, VOLUME 3: USER GUIDELINES SN - 31C3-502 PY - 1976/04 SP - 117 p. AB - The development and testing of incident detection algorithms was based on Los Angeles and Minneapolis freeway surveillance data. Algorithms considered were based on times series and pattern recognition techniques. Attention was given to the effects of geometrics, sensor configuration and weather, and methods were developed for detecting malfunctioning detectors and for identifying the lane of an incident. This, the third volume, describes procedures for implementing software designed for incident detection and the identification of malfunctioning detectors, provides guidelines for choosing a basic incident detection algorithm and threshold set among the candidates offered, and describes procedures for modifying the basic algorithms to account for sensor configuration, geometrics, and other effects. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Highway design KW - Incidents KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Software KW - Time series KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144116 AU - Payne, H J AU - Helfenbein, E D AU - Knobel, H C AU - Technology Service Corporation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS, VOLUME 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DETAILED RESULTS SN - 31C3-502 PY - 1976/04 SP - 316 p. AB - The development and testing of incident detection algorithms was based on Los Angeles and Minneapolis freeway surveillance data. Algorithms considered were based on times series and pattern recognition techniques. Attention was given to the effects of geometrics, sensor configuration and weather, and methods were developed for detecting malfunctioning sensors and for identifying the lane of an incident. The second volume describes the methodology used for evaluating and calibrating incident detection algorithms, the specific time series techniques examined (exponential smoothing and traffic correlation) and the decision tree structure for algorithms. Detailed results and discussions pertaining to all aspects of this study are presented here. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Highway design KW - Incidents KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Research KW - Time series KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weather UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30700/30748/FHWA_RD_76_20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144115 AU - Knobel, H C AU - Helfenbein, E D AU - Technology Service Corporation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INCIDENT DETECTION ALGORITHMS, VOLUME 4: PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION FOR CALIBRATION, EVALUATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION SN - 31C3-502 PY - 1976/04 SP - 101 p. AB - The development and testing of incident detection algorithms was based on Los Angeles and Minneapolis freeway surveillance data. Algorithms considered were based on times series and pattern recognition techniques. Attention was given to the effects of geometrics, sensor configuration and weather, and methods were developed for detection malfunctioning sensors and for identifying the lane of an incident. This, the fourth volume, contains documentation of programs which can be implemented to provide the incident detection function in a real-time system, and programs which can be used for evaluating and calibrating incident detection algorithms. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programs KW - Highway design KW - Incidents KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Time series KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic lanes KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142909 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS. VOLUME 3: PERFORMANCE AFTER 830 DAILY SALT APPLICATIONS PY - 1976/04 SP - 64 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation is to provide administrators and designers with factual data on which to base decisions on the type of protection to provide to bridge decks constructed in corrosive environments. Specifically, the objective is to determine the relative time-to-corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in concrete slabs, fabricated from various mix designs and construction procedures when the slabs are subject to periodic setting with a 3 percent NaC1 solution. One hundred and twenty-four, 4 ft. by 5 ft. by 6 in. reinforced concrete slabs were fabricated, cured, and placed in the outdoor exposure yard on elevated stands. Concrete covering the feasible range of mix designs were investigated. Clear concrete cover ove the reinforcing steel was varied from 1 to 3 inches. Various finishing methods, curing procedures, admixtures, surface protective treatments and special new concretes were also included. Volume I and II, FHWA-RD-73-32 and 33, issued in April 1973 presented the details of slab fabrication and testing as well as an interim evaluation after 330 daily salt applications. This report, Volume 3, presents the results of evaluations of conventional concretes and those materials and techniques which "looked good" in the initial report. 830 daily saltings were applied prior to this evaluation. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion protection KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slabs KW - Sodium chloride KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143024 AU - Bailey, S N AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED TEST DEVELOPMENT FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1976/04 SP - 63 p. AB - A satisfactory accelerated concrete strength test method has been developed. The method, called 'autogenous curing', consists of placing a fresh 6 x 12-inch concrete cylinder in an insulated enclosure for a 48-hour curing period, then testing for compressive strength. The developed 48-hour compressive strengths are 40 to 75 percent of the 28-day standard moist cured compressive strengths. This method can be used for concrete quality control and acceptance. In the laboratory, a series of tests were designed to determine the magnitude and direction that changes in cement quantity and types, aggregates, temperature, and admixtures would have on the correlation between the 48-hour cure strength and the 28-day standard moist cured strength. Analyses of the data indicated that a new strength correlation curve should be established when any changes are made in the concrete. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143042 AU - DiRenzo, J F AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL SURVEY PROCEDURES FOR STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. HOUSEHOLD/ROADSIDE/MODAL-SURVEYS PY - 1976/04 SP - 153 p. AB - The report describes and evaluates alternative travel survey procedures that have been used for or are potentially applicable to statewide transportation planning. The types of survey procedures discussed in the report include household, roadside, and modal passenger survey techniques. The potential uses, strengths, and weaknesses of each type of survey are assessed. The report presents illustrative survey instruments, survey costs, and procedures for administering surveys for statewide transportation planning. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Households KW - Interviewing KW - Measurement KW - Modal analysis KW - Modal split KW - Regional planning KW - Route surveying KW - Route surveys KW - State government KW - State planning KW - States KW - Surveying KW - Surveys KW - Traffic surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141037 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DEFLECTIONS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1976/04 SP - 33 p. AB - Eight satellite projects with asphaltic layer thicknesses varying from 3.5 inches (88 mm) to 13.5 inches (338 mm) were tested for dynaflect deflections during the four seasons of 1974-75. The projects were located throughout Virginia. The evaluation of the deflection data showed the maximum deflection, the area of the deflected basin, and the spreadability and modulus of elasticity of the deflected basin to be functions of the log of the temperature. The asphaltic concrete thicknesses are divided into three groups of 2 to 4 inches (50 to 100 mm), 4 to 10 inches (100 to 250 mm), and 10 to 15 inches (250 to 375 mm) for a correlation of the mean pavement temperature with temperature adjustment factors. Correlation equations and graphs are developed. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Evaluation KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Temperature KW - Thickness UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36271/76-R50.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139337 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JUNKYARDS AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT PY - 1976/04 SP - 234 p. AB - Formal papers and discussions are published which were presented at the seminar which was designed to meet the need for exchange of information between government and the private sector on the problem of jukyards and waste dispasal. The recyclabe aspects of junkyards, are covered, and an overview is presented of scrap metal supply and demand. Papers are also presented on resource recovery programs and private industry, environmental aspects, and the coordination of state programs in solid waste management. The workshops on applying innovative ideas to the problems of disposal, covered aspects such as design and screening of salvage, wrecking and dumping facilities, community planning for locating salvage and disposal sites, collecting and disposing of abandoned automobilies, and organizing community programs. The market value of roadside beauty is also discussed. KW - Abandoned cars KW - Abandonment KW - Beautification KW - City planning KW - Environmental impacts KW - Governments KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Junkyards KW - Metals KW - Private enterprise KW - Recycling KW - Salvage KW - Scrap KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01332922 AU - White, W H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Quality Assurance Program: Aggregate Gradation Control Study (Portland Cement Concrete Coarse Aggregate) PY - 1976/03/29 SP - 87p AB - The purpose of this Bulletin is to transmit informational copies of an Aggregate Gradation Control Study of Coarse Aggregate (AASHTO Designated Size No. 57) used in portland cement concrete. The study was a cooperative effort involving 20 participants; the State highway agencies of Maryland, District of Columbia, Delaware, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia; and the Region 3 Office of the Federal Highway Administration. The study addresses two major questions: (1) Under existing construction practice does gradation of No. 57 aggregates change from point of production (quarry) to point of incorporation (batch plant) so as to significantly affect the quality of the concrete? (2) What areas should be further explored for future development of more realistic and practical gradation control procedures? KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete structures KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - Quarrying UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35500/35544/Aggregate_gradation_control_study.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1094090 ER - TY - SER AN - 01297862 JO - FHWA BULLETIN PB - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION - US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION - REGION THREE AU - WHITE, W H TI - ETUDE DU CONTROLE DE LA GRANULARITE DES GRANULATS T2 - AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL STUDY PY - 1976/03/29 SP - + AB - L'AUTEUR TRAITE DES EFFETS DE LA "AASHTO SIZE NUMERO 57" GRANULARITE DES GRANULATS GROSSIERS ET DE LA SEGREGATION SUR L'EFFICACITE DU CIMENT MESUREE PAR MANIABILITE ET LA QUALITE DANS LE BETON DE CIMENT PORTLAND. IL CHERCHE A DETERMINER EN PARTICULIER SI LES VARIATIONS DE GRANULARITE ET LE POINT DE PRODUCTION ET LE POINT D'INCORPORATION DES GRANULATS SONT SUFFISAMMENT IMPORTANTES POUR AVOIR UNE INFLUENCE SUR LA QUALITE DU BETON (GEOTECHNIQUE ROUTIERE - M TRAN). KW - Aggregates KW - Beton hydraulique KW - Cement KW - Ciment KW - Coarse grained materials KW - Concrete KW - Controle KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Granularite KW - Granulat KW - Gros (mater) KW - Particle size distribution KW - Qualite KW - Quality KW - SEGREGATION KW - Surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1059038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457219 AU - Pavlovich, Raymond Doran AU - Goetz, William Harner AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Direct Tension Test Results for Some Asphalt Concretes : Technical Paper PY - 1976/03/16 SP - 46p AB - This paper describes an experiment that determined the effect of some mixture and environmental variables on strain at failure (limiting strain) of some asphalt concretes. Cylindrical specimens were loaded to failure in direct tension and strain at failure was calculated from axial deformations. Independent variables of the experiment included asphalt type as described by nominal penetration and viscosity, aggregate gradation, temperature and strain rate. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effect of each of these parameters on limiting strain. Linear and non-linear regression equations are provided to relate the significant independent variables to limiting strain. Analysis of these data (or combinations of these data for each sequential step) resulted in the following conclusions: asphalt types that were used for this study have no significant effect on limiting strain when mixtures using these materials are loaded to failure in direct tension; fine-graded mixtures exhibit significantly greater strain at failure than dense- or coarse-graded mixtures; temperature is by far the most significant factor, of the parameters studied affecting limiting strain; and strain rate has an effect on limiting strain. Reasonable agreement between the values predicted by the Van der Poel nomograph and measured stiffness values was observed for most specimens tested. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Failure analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Temperature KW - Tension tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313918 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455165 AU - Chapman, David Robert AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Lovell, C W AU - Sisiliano, William J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Comparative Study of Shale Classification Tests and Systems : Technical Paper PY - 1976/03/16 SP - 36p AB - The abundance of shale rock necessitates its economical and efficient use in compacted embankments. Differing shale durabilities require a variety of design parameters and construction techniques. Classification systems for shales are available, and are helpful, but most have not been definitively correlated with field performance of compacted shales. Simple laboratory tests were selected from several existing classification systems, and performed on six Indiana shales. Tests included: Slake Durability, slaking tests with different slaking fluids, Atterberg limits, Los Angeles Abrasion, Schmidt Hammer hardness, and the Washington Degradation test. Also included was a study of sample preparation effects on Atterberg limits results. The shales were then classified by each system, and the descriptive categories for the various systems were compared. Regression analysis was used to examine statistical relationships among results from different tests. X-ray diffraction patterns and some soil chemistry procedures were used to identify constituent minerals and their relative percentages. Tests expected to be particularly useful in shale classification include Slake Durability and two simple slaking procedures. Tests designed to evaluate mineral aggregates for pavements were generally too severe for the softer shales which are most prevalent in Indiana. KW - Argillaceous sediments KW - Classification KW - Embankments KW - Rocks KW - Shale KW - Slaking UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313920 UR - http://ia700400.us.archive.org/17/items/comparativestudy00chap/comparativestudy00chap.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455164 AU - Gadallah, Ahmed Atef AU - Stafford, George K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 95 : Progress Report PY - 1976/03/16 SP - 33p AB - This report is another on the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana Highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the months of October and November 1975. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 57.4 mph. The overall average speed for passenger cars and all trucks was 57.8 mph and 56.3 mph, respectively. These overall average speeds are 1.0 mph, 0.9 mph and 1.1 mph less for all vehicles, passenger cars, and all trucks, respectively, as compared to the data collected in July-September 1975 (speed report no. 94). KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313919 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455160 AU - Barnes, Bobby David AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Morphology of the Paste-Aggregate Interface, Volume 2 PY - 1976/03/16 SP - 182p AB - The results of this study provide extensive new information on the nature and morphology of the interfacial zone between cement paste and aggregate and on crack development in concrete. A thin "duplex film" of Ca(OH) backed with a layer of C-S-H gel particles deposits directly on the aggregate surface; a few large Ca(OH) crystals then develop and extend into the cement paste. A secondary deposit of thick Ca(OH) crystals deposits later and effectively ties the duplex film to the cement paste. An unusual pattern of cement hydration in which C S grains apparently dissolve out from within thin hydration product shells is confirmed, but this appears to have little effect on cracking. These features occur for all types of portland cement examined irrespective of w: c ratio. In mortars, fine cracks were found within a certain zone from the aggregate prior to loading and likely existing before drying. On compressive loading these extended near the interface until high stress levels initiated unstable crack propagation. Previous investigators apparently were unable to observe these fine preexisting cracks because of the inadequate resolving power of the methods used. KW - Aggregates KW - Cement paste KW - Concrete KW - Cracking KW - Hydration UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314562 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142969 AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID SYSTEMS STUDY. FINAL POLICY REPORT PY - 1976/03/01 SP - 196 p. AB - This report presents the results of a review and evaluation of past and current FHWA policy and its impact on the development of motorist aid systems. The national scope and magnitude of disabled motorist need is examined, as well as the alternatives available to meet those needs. Current status of operational or planned motorist aid callbox systems are inventoried and summarized. Emphasis is placed on analyses of the experience gained and lessons learned from operational systems. The results of these analyses form the framework for assessing alternatives and future directions. KW - Call boxes KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Evaluation KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Policy KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01498669 AU - Missouri State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Strength and Drainage Properties of a Rocky Residual Soil PY - 1976/03//Final Report SP - 55p AB - The quantity of granular material in a Clarksville residual clay was varied to determine the effect on strength parameters as determined by triaxial test procedures. Consolidation and permeability characteristics were also studied. Some general conclusions are drawn on the relationship of granular content to permeability and pore pressure development in embankment construction. KW - Consolidation KW - Embankments KW - Granular soils KW - Permeability KW - Residual soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP75-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1278086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073558 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 61 Expressway northwest of the city of Charleston, Charleston County: environmental impact statement PY - 1976/03//Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151739 AU - Ingram, J W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INDUCTIVE LOOP VEHICLE DETECTOR: INSTALLATION ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA AND MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES PY - 1976/03 SP - 29 p. AB - The paper describes techniques to improve the operation and reliability of Inductive Loop Vehicle Detectors. Three aspects are discussed: Installation design aids, installation acceptance criteria and maintenance techniques. The paper is divided into two sections, the first titled 'To the Traffic Engineer' and the second 'To the Maintenance Technician'. The emphasis is on practical solutions to design, installation and maintenance problems. Technical data is provided, based on measurements of test loops located at the California Transportation Laboratory's Detector test site. All loops tested were 6 feet (1.83 meter) 'square' loops consisting of three turns of 12 AWG (20 gage metric) wire. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Detectors KW - Highway traffic control KW - Inductance KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic induction KW - Maintenance KW - Tests KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172043 AU - Juster, R D AU - Batchelder, J H AU - Multisystems, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ANALYSIS PACKAGE (HIAP) VOLUME I: USER'S GUIDE PY - 1976/03 SP - 723 p. AB - The Highway Investment Analysis Package (HIAP) is a computerized evaluation and investment programming model developed to aid State, regional, and local organizations in making the best use of limited highway funds. Using microeconomic theory, HIAP analyzes alternative (including staged) improvements to individual roadway sections and limited networks of sections specified by their physical, traffic, and operational characteristics. Estimates of both highway user (i.e., vehicle operating costs, travel times, and accidents) and non-user (i.e., noise levels and air pollutant emissions) impacts are produced. Non-user impacts may be compared to specified threshold values to identify environmental problems and to screen improvements for the program selection process. HIAP uses marginal analysis to develop multiperiod investment programs, selecting those imporvements which maximize either user benefits or one of several accident reduction measures. The selection process permits consideration of a broad range of funding constraints, which may be tailored to the specific needs of individual organizations. It allows consideration of multiple alternatives and staged improvements at each analysis site. Great flexibility in the content and format of input data is afforded the analyst. Furthermore, HIAP includes a transformation program which allows the analysis of data already available in the format used for the 1970-1990 Highway Needs Study. /Author/ KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Fund allocations KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Mathematical models KW - Microeconomics KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Travel time KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00641331 AU - Ben-Akiva, M E AU - Jessiman, W A AU - Nestle, R AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP AND MODE OF TRAVEL: VOLUME 4 - WORK MODE CHOICE MODELS WITH CARPOOL MODE PY - 1976/03 SP - 41 p. AB - This report describes the development of disaggregate behavioral work mode choice models which extend the previous joint automobile ownership/work mode choice models (1) to include three modes - drive alone, shared ride or carpool, and transit - and (2) to include all household workers, not just primary workers or breadwinners as in the previous models. Specific models presented in this report are: (1) a binary (car/transit) work mode choice model for all workers, (2) three different specifications of a three-mode work mode choice model for all workers, and (3) a joint auto ownership/primary worker work mode choice model with three mode alternatives and three auto ownership levels. All models are estimated using 1968 Washington, D.C. Home Interview Survey data. All models are logit models estimated using maximum likelihood estimation techniques. Conclusions on the applicability of these models and recommendations for further research and development are also reported in this volume. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Behavior KW - Carpools KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Logits KW - Mode choice KW - Public transit KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Travel demand KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00641330 AU - Ben-Akiva, M E AU - Lerman, S R AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP AND MODE OF TRAVEL: VOLUME 3 - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1976/03 SP - 255 p. AB - This report describes the development of disaggregate (household level) models of automobile ownership, from a discussion of the underlying behavioral theory of auto ownership and a review of previous auto ownership modelling efforts to the formulation, estimation, and sensitivity testing of disaggregate behavioral models of automobile ownership. The fundamental behavioral hypothesis upon which the model structure is based is that a household makes its automobile ownership decision interdependently with the decision of usual mode of travel to work for the primary worker in the household, i.e., a change in one will cause the household to consider a change in the other; work trips by other members of the household and all the household's non-work trips are of less importance as a determinant of auto ownership. Consequently, the models presented here are simultaneous or joint models of auto ownership and primary worker work mode choice. The choice and formulation of independent (explanatory) variables is presented, and their coefficients (relative weights) estimated for 7 distinct socioeconomic groups, or market segments, with different behavioral characteristics. Elasticities are derived and analyzed for each market segment, and the models are used to examine shifts in auto ownership resulting from changes in levels of transit service. The implications of these findings on the traditional travel demand forecasting process are discussed. All models are logit models estimated by maximum likelihood estimation techniques on 1968 Washington, D.C. data. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Behavior KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Level of service KW - Logits KW - Mode choice KW - Public transit KW - Transit services KW - Travel demand KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00641329 AU - Lerman, S R AU - Ben-Akiva, M E AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP AND MODE OF TRAVEL: VOLUME 2 - TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1976/03 SP - 49 p. AB - This report is a technical summary of a series of disaggregate behavioral models which forecast the probability that a household will select various automobile ownership and mode to work combinations. The models assume that work place and residential location are predetermined and are based on the premise that a household's auto ownership decision and consideration of usual mode choice to work, at least for the primary worker, are interdependent. The multinomial logit model is used in a joint structure which captures the complex interrelationship between auto ownership and mode to work decisions. The report describes the considerations in the choice of independent variables and the specification of the utility functions. The estimation results for each of seven distinct soico-economic groups, or market segments, with different behavioral characteristics are presented and analyzed. One of the models is then used to examine the shifts in automobile ownership resulting from alternative levels of transit service improvements for a suburban household. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Behavior KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Improvements KW - Logits KW - Mode choice KW - Multinomial logits KW - Public transit KW - Transit services KW - Travel demand KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601509 AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Appalachian Regional Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF THE COST OF COMPLETING THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1976/03 SP - n.p. AB - This publication contains the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's 1976 estimate of the cost of completing the Appalachian Development Highway System in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The data were compiled from various phases of location studies and design underway for each segment and represent the best information available. The typical sections as presented in this report reflect the adoption of the special AASHTO Traffic Safety Committee's report "Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety." KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488700 AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Appalachian Regional Commission TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETE THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1976/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This report, updating the estimated cost of completing the Appalachian Development System of Highways in North Carolina, summarizes the results of planning, location design, right-of-way, and all other features necessary to present a realistic estimate. It consists of a series of lane section drawings, tables and maps, showing the individual data for each corridor. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - North Carolina KW - Regional planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488697 AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Appalachian Regional Commission TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETE THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF KENTUCKY PY - 1976/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report, updating the estimated cost of completing the Appalachian Development System of Highways in Kentucky, summarizes the results of planning, location design, right-of-way, and all other features necessary to present a realistic estimate. It consists of a series of lane section drawings, tables and maps, showing the individual data for each corridor. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Location KW - Regional planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488721 AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Appalachian Regional Commission TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETE THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF OHIO PY - 1976/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report, updating the estimated cost of completing the Appalachian Development System of Highways in Ohio, summarizes the results of planning, location design, right-of-way, and all other features necessary to present a realistic estimate. It consists of a series of lane section drawings, tables and maps, showing the individual data for each corridor. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Ohio KW - Regional planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488698 AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Appalachian Regional Commission TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETE THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA PY - 1976/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report, updating the estimated cost of completing the Appalachian Development System of Highways in Georgia, summarizes the results of planning, location design, right-of-way, and all other features necessary to present a realistic estimate. It consists of a series of lane section drawings, tables and maps, showing the individual data for each corridor. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Georgia KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Regional planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488699 AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Appalachian Regional Commission TI - 1976 ESTIMATE OF COST TO COMPLETE THE APPALACHIAN DEVELOPMENT HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA. SUPPLEMENTAL PY - 1976/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report, updating the estimated cost of completing the Appalachian Development System of Highways in Georgia, summarizes the results of planning, location design, right-of-way, and all other features necessary to present a realistic estimate. It consists of a series of lane section drawings, tables and maps, showing the individual data for each corridor. This is a supplement to the main report of the same name and date. KW - Appalachian Mountains KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Georgia KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Regional planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151766 AU - Booz-Allen and Hamilton, Incorporated AU - GRUEN ASSOCIATES AU - Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION FACILITY PROXIMITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT PY - 1976/03 SP - 296 p. AB - This study provides techniques for the assessment of proximity impacts related to transportation facilities. The examination of proximity impacts included those related to highways and freeways, busways, and special operational improvements, transit, and new modes of transit. Proximity impacts are those direct and indirect effects which represent a significant change from existing or future community conditions. A two-stage evaluation was developed for the assessment of the following impact indicators: noise, air quality, traffic volume and accident experience, parking availability, pedestrian safety, land use, local fiscal effects, aesthetics, access/barrier, and neighborhood/community disruption. The report also includes an illustrative application of the assessment procedures to a candidate transportation project. KW - Accessibility KW - Aesthetics KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution forecasting KW - Busways KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Land use KW - Neighborhoods KW - Noise KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Passenger stations KW - Passenger terminals KW - Rail transit facilities KW - Railroad stations KW - Safety KW - Sound level KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145537 AU - Blue, V AU - Tri-State Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM, MANHATTAN CBD-NORTH JERSEY CORRIDOR. EVALUATION OF FRINGE PARKING PY - 1976/03 SP - 15 p. AB - The fringe parking program in New Jersey is used as a means of transferring and diverting auto users to transit on the periphery to the Manhattan CBD. Its effectiveness as a system can be measured in that 5300 parking spaces with occupancy of 77 percent of capacity can reduce commuting vehicle miles of travel by 40 million annually. Over the past 20 years a fringe parking system for auto-bus transfers has grown and expanded away from the CBD following the path of urban emigration. The six park-and-ride facilities examined in this report range from those immediately adjacent to the Manhattan CBD to as far away as 36 miles. The facilities consist of Port Authority Bus Terminal and parking lots in New Jersey at Weehawken, North Bergen, Ridgefield, East Brunswick, and Willowbrook. KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Commuters KW - Demonstration projects KW - Fringe parking KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Parking facilities KW - Passenger terminals KW - Surveys KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel demand KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188971 AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF TUBELINGS. A DRYLAND PLANTING TECHNIQUE PY - 1976/03 SP - 15 p. AB - A study to determine the effectiveness of a new planting technique suited for arid environments was initiated in 1973. Survival rates and species adaptation were observed. /FHWA/ KW - Arid land KW - Easements KW - Planting KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188972 AU - Aratani, T AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation TI - A STUDY TO DETERMINE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED PLANTS IN SHADE UNDER STRUCTURES PY - 1976/03 SP - 14 p. AB - The objective of this study was to screen selected general to determine their applicability to planting under highway structures. /FHWA/ KW - Easements KW - Highways KW - Planting KW - Shading KW - Urban growth KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182647 AU - EASTMAN, R AU - Miller, A A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT COMPUTER PROGRAM: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1976/03 AB - The traverse adjustment program described in this manual is capable of solving traverse problems through the use of any one of the seven different modes, including two corrections and four adjustment methods. The two most significant of these methods, distance correction and weighted least squares adjustment, are described in detail in this report. The other five methods are more or less conventional and will be mentioned only briefly because most engineers are acquainted with them. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Distance KW - Least squares method KW - Manuals KW - Traverse methods KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167271 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - O'Quin, J C AU - Hudson, W R AU - Austin Research Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF FHWA STRUCTURAL MODEL VESYS II. VOLUME 1. PREPARATORY AND RELATED STUDIES PY - 1976/03 SP - 264 p. AB - This is Volume 1 of a two-volume report and includes the results of studies preparatory to a detailed sensitivity analysis for the FHWA pavement structural model VESYS IIM, comparisons of predicted and measured pavement performance and recommendations for improvements to VESYS IIM. Volume 2 reports the results of the detailed sensitivity analysis itself. VESYS IIM is a comprehensive but very complex computer program currently requiring some 67 input values, about 27 of which are program control variables and the rest actual independent variables. Comparisons of VESYS IIM predicted responses to those actually measured for certain AASHO Road Test and Brampton Test Road Sections were made to test VESYS IIM capability for rational predictions. The effort is discussed in detail, and the results are presented. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Creep properties KW - Curve fitting KW - Deformation KW - Fees KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensitivity KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166485 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Kimball, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER RESEARCH. VOLUME 2. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1976/03 SP - 468 p. AB - A comprehensive research program was conducted to appraise performance of concrete median barriers. Investigations included twenty-four crash tests which evaluated performance of barrier profiles, precast designs, and end treatments. Theoretical investigations using a mathematical crash simulation program identified a new barrier shape which was crash tested to compare performance with currently used profiles. Load and stability criteria were determined from experiments and used to analyze barrier alternatives. This volume is the second of two. KW - Concrete structures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Loads KW - Median barriers KW - Performance tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159343 AU - Kassel, S J AU - Winter, W A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED METHODS OF ACQUIRING AND REDUCING AEROMETRIC DATA PY - 1976/03 SP - 51 p. AB - This research report presents a semi-automated method of reducing aerometric data from mechanical weather station strip charts. In addition, the development and evaluation of a digital cassette-based data acquisition system as a replacement for analog strip charts on existing and future environmental monitoring equipment is described. Discussion is given on the feasibility of implementing these systems. The automatic methods of acquiring and reducing aerometric data, as described in this report, have proven to be feasible and cost effective. However, it has been found that much technical expertise is required to implement and maintain this equipment. There are still some basic problems associated with their general usage. KW - Air pollution KW - Analog computers KW - Analog systems KW - Automation KW - Computer programming KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Information processing KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Minicomputers KW - Weather stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179472 AU - Koehler, L E AU - Berg, R O AU - Honeywell, Incorporated TI - MOTORIST AID TRANSCEIVER-VOLUME 3 PY - 1976/03 SP - 80 p. AB - This report summarizes the communications needs of the motorist and briefly describes existing CB motorist-aid systems. The major emphasis is on suggested FCC actions to improve the motorist-aid and emergency capabilities of the Citizens Radio Service. On CB, literally millions of users share only 23 channels. Even if the number of channels is increased to 50 or 100, expanded rule enforcement and public education efforts are needed to insure effective use of the available spectrum space. Because of the heavy volume of motorist-aid messages in some areas, at least one additional motorist-aid channel would be desirable in an expanded Class D service. Oneway advisory channels within or adjacent to Citizens Radio Service frequency allocations may be a very cost-effective means of disseminating road, traffic, and weather information. Automatic transmitter indentification would aid in rule enforcement and reduce the transceiver theft problem. It would also make possible new technical concepts such as automatic CB emergency telephone interconnect devices, to improve emergency monitoring coverage. Low-cost automatic identification techniques are described in this report. A VHF or UHF Citizens Radio Service would be much better suited technically than the present 11-meter Citizens Band for a nationwide motorist communications system. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic equipment identification KW - Automatic identification KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Citizen band radio KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio transmitters KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179493 AU - Bruce, R W AU - Hahn, E E AU - Iwankiw, N R AU - IIT Research Institute TI - GUARDRAIL/VEHICLE DYNAMIC INTERACTION PY - 1976/03 SP - 238 p. AB - A research program was undertaken to obtain an insight on the effects of the modified automobile bumper configurations produced by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 215 on the collision behavior of a variety of guardrails and median barriers. Specific objectives of this study were to: a) develop and implement a generalized simulation model capable of depicting the three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic response of guardrail/median barrier systems; b) develop and implement a three-dimensional vehicle model that accounts for the bumper modifications produced by FMVSS 215 and is capable of three-dimensional interaction with the guardrail/median barrier simulation model; c) identify, through parametric analysis, selected guardrails and median barriers that are particularly sensitive in their respective performance to the modifications produced by FMVSS 215; and d) establish whether FMVSS 215 vehicle modifications significantly alter barrier performance to a degree warranting barrier modification and/or FMVSS 215 revision. An underlying purpose of this effort was to increase our awareness and understanding of guardrail/vehicle interaction phenomena as well as isolate the contributary factors in barrier performance. KW - Bumpers KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Impact studies KW - Median barriers KW - Parametric equations KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175541 AU - Russell, O AU - Stanczuk, D AU - Everett, J AU - Coon, R AU - Earth Satellite Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AERIAL REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR DEFINING CRITICAL GEOLOGIC FEATURES PERTINENT TO TUNNEL LOCATION AND DESIGN PY - 1976/03 SP - 353 p. AB - Operational testing and evaluation of commercially available remote sensing data including space imagery, side-looking airborne radar, black-and-white, color infrared, color, and low sun angle photography. Multispectral scanner data (including thermal infrared), and airborne geophysical systems over the East River Mountain tunnel in West Virginia and the Carlin Canyon tunnel in Nevada demonstrates that, if integrated with conventionally acquired geologic data, remote sensing can reduce the cost of tunnel site selection and evaluation and in almost every instance provides unique geologic information. There is no single array of remote sensors that is optimal for all tunnel sites, but there is a suite of remotely sensed data including space imagery, black-and-white and color aerial photography, low sun angle photography, and side-looking airborne radar (if it already exists) that should be analyzed for most sites because of high information content and relatively low cost. Several other systems including side-looking airborne radar, thermal infrared scanners, and airborne geophysical systems can provide uniquely valuable geologic information under particular sets of geologic and climatic conditions, but are deemed too expensive for inclusion in all tunnel site evaluation programs. (Color illustrations reproduced in black and white) KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Costs KW - Geological surveying KW - Geology KW - Geology (Soils) KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Geophysical surveys KW - Imagery KW - Infrared radiation KW - Multispectral photography KW - Remote sensing KW - Side looking radar KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151817 AU - Chen, C L AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN STORM RUNOFF INLET HYDROGRAPH STUDY. VOLUME 5. SOIL-COVER-MOISTURE COMPLEX: ANALYSIS OF PARAMETRIC INFILTRATION MODELS FOR HIGHWAY SIDESLOPES PY - 1976/03 SP - 185 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to develop an accurate design method for computing inlet hydrographs of surface runoff, with average recurrence intervals of 10, 25, and 50 years, from typical urban highway by flood routing technique. The boundary-value problem of one-dimensional infiltration resulting from rainfall is formulated and solved numerically on a digital computer. The numerical solutions of this idealized mathematical model is used as a basic testing tool in the subsequent analysis of various parametric infiltration models including the Green-Ampt, Kostiakov, Philip, Horton, and Holtan equations. The time of ponding is shown to be the most important parameter in a parametric infiltration model and can be expressed in terms of other parameters in the model as well as the rainfall intensity. Validity of typical standard curves so developed were experimentally examined in the Utah Water Research Laboratory stormflow experiment facility. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Digital computers KW - Flood routing KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Hydrographs KW - Hydrology KW - Infiltration KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Ponding KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Storm sewers KW - Turf KW - Urban areas KW - Utah KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151815 AU - Fletcher, J E AU - Chen, C L AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN STORM RUNOFF INLET HYDROGRAPH STUDY. VOLUME 3. HYDROLOGIC DATA FOR TWO URBAN HIGHWAY WATERSHEDS IN THE SALT LAKE CITY AREA, UTAH PY - 1976/03 SP - 116 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to develop an accurate design method for computing inlet hydrographs of surface runoff, with average recurrence intervals of 10, 25, and 50 years, from typical urban highway by flood routing technique. Hydrologic data such as the rainfall intensity, runoff flow rate, air temperature, wind velocity, and soil moisture content were collected during rainfall seasons in 1972 and 1973 on two urban highway watersheds in the Salt Lake City area, Utah. These data were used in the verification of a mathematical model simulating the surface runoff from such highway watersheds. The difficulties and inherent problems associated with field data collection from urban highway cross-section are discussed and possible remedies recommended. Hyetographs and the corresponding hydrographs of major storms which occurred in 1972 and 1973 at both sites are presented. KW - Anemometry KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Flood routing KW - Floods KW - Highways KW - Hydrographs KW - Hydrology KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Moisture content KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Soil water KW - Storm sewers KW - Urban areas KW - Utah KW - Velocity KW - Watersheds KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151814 AU - Chen, C L AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN STORM RUNOFF INLET HYDROGRAPH STUDY. VOLUME 2. LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT FOR SHEET FLOWS OVER NATURAL TURF SURFACES PY - 1976/03 SP - 107 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to develop an accurate design method for computing inlet hydrographs of surface runoff, with average recurrence intervals of 10, 25, and 50 years, from typical urban highway by flood routing technique. Resistance to sheet flows over natural turf surfaces is experimentally investigated. The formulation of a functional relationship between the resistance coefficient and controlling parameters for shallow flows over various turf surfaces is essential to the mathematical modeling of surface runoff from urban highway sideslopes covered with different species of turf. An analysis of results obtained from laboratory experiments for laminar flow on Kentucky Blue grass and Bermuda grass reveals that a relationship exists between the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient, Reynolds number, and bed slope. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Flood routing KW - Flow KW - Friction KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Hydrographs KW - Inlets KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Resistance KW - Reynolds number KW - Runoff KW - Side slopes KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Storm sewers KW - Streamflow KW - Surfaces KW - Test procedures KW - Turf KW - Urban areas KW - Utah KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151816 AU - Chen, C L AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN STORM RUNOFF INLET HYDROGRAPH STUDY. VOLUME 4. SYNTHETIC STORMS FOR DESIGN OF URBAN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE FACILITIES PY - 1976/03 SP - 173 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to develop an accurate design method for computing inlet hydrographs of surface runoff, with average recurrence intervals of 10, 25, and 50 years, from typical urban highway by flood routing technique. Knowledge of the time distribution of rainfall in heavy storms constitutes a basis for the design of an urban storm sewer system. A unified time-coordinate system and the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships are used to develop the generalized synthetic (design) hyetograph equations for all types of storms. The hyetograph equations are further normalized for identifying the dimensionless parameters that play predominant roles in the formulation of a design storm pattern. The method of least squares and an optimization technique are applied to the evaluation of the storm parameters through the use of the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency maps in the U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Distribution property KW - Drainage KW - Flood routing KW - Highways KW - Hydrographs KW - Hydrology KW - Inlets KW - Least squares method KW - Maps KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Physical distribution KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Storm sewers KW - Urban areas KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172044 AU - Juster, R D AU - Batchelder, J H AU - Multisystems, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY INVESTMENT ANALYSIS PACKAGE (HIAP) VOLUME II: PROGRAMMER'S GUIDE PY - 1976/03 SP - 505 p. AB - The Highway Investment Analysis Package (HIAP) is a computerized evaluation and investment programming model developed to aid State, regional, and local organizations in making the best use of limited highway funds. Using microeconomic theory, HIAP analyzes alternative (including staged) improvements to individual roadway sections and limited networks of sections specified by their physical, traffic, and operational characteristics. Estimates of both highway user (i.e., vehicle operating costs, travel times, and accidents) and non-user (i.e., noise levels and air pollution emissions) impacts are produced. Non-user impacts may be compared to specified threshold values to identify environmental problems and to screen improvements for the program selection process. HIAP uses marginal analysis to develop multiperiod investment programs, selecting those improvements with maximize either user benefits or one of several accident reduction measures. The selection process permits consideration of a broad range of funding constrints, which may be tailored to the specific needs of individual organizaitons. It allows consideration of multiple alternatives and staged improvements at each analysis site. Great flexibility in the content and format of input data is afforded the analyst. Furthermore, HIAP includes a transformation program which allows the analysis of data already available in the format used for the 1970-1990 Highway Needs Study. /Author/ KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Fund allocations KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Mathematical models KW - Microeconomics KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Travel time KW - User benefits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172057 AU - Eldin, MSN AU - Manke, P G AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE USE OF THE STIFFNESS CONCEPT IN MINIMIZING LOW TEMPERATURE TRANSVERSE CRACKING--INTERIM REPORT III PY - 1976/03 SP - 43 p. AB - A review of pertinent literature on characterizing the rheological properties of bitumen at low-temperatures and relating these properties to the development of transverse cracks in flexible pavements. Various methods for direct and indirect determination of the "stiffness modulus" of asphalt binders and mixtures are discussed. The stiffness moduli of thirty-one Oklahoma asphalt cement samples and a series of asphalt concrete mixtures were determined. Results were compared with limiting values suggested in the literature. A majority of the tested asphalt cements and mixtures exceeded the recommended critical stiffness values. The results indicated that the stiffness modulus approach can be applied to Oklahoma materials to identify suitable low-temperature characteristics that will mitigate transverse pavement cracking. /Author/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Flexible pavements KW - Low temperature KW - Pavement cracking KW - Rheological properties KW - Stiffness KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143980 AU - Croteau, J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENSURING RELIABILITY OF MAYS ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS PY - 1976/03 SP - 51 p. AB - A measurement device known as the Mays Ride Meter is extensively used to quickly and inexpensively determine relative pavement roughness. Mays results are most commonly used in various rating systems for establishing pavement rehabilitation priorities. This report presents a set of procedures for systematically monitoring the output of the New Jersey Mays device so as to determine if the equipment is functioning properly and providing reliable measurements. Appendix A describes in detail the nature and relative magnitude of the various individual components of Mays measurement variability. The results of this analysis of variance are applied by example to routine Mays decision-making situations faced by operations personnel. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Mays ride meter KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Reliability KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143934 AU - Mills, W H AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE TREATMENT STUDY PY - 1976/03 SP - 223 p. AB - This report includes a study of past highway surface treatment in Georgia; recommended revision to specifications; describes current construction methods and techniques; identifies problem areas; and recommends ways to improve construction. The appendix includes a Surface Treatment Construction Manual and Training Program outline. The major problems are identified as streaking and bleeding and an investigation into the causes of these problems was made. Three types of bituminous materials were used on surface treatment projects in an attempt to evaluate asphalt pavement types. A test method for uniformity of asphalt application is proposed and preliminary results are presented. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Ba KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Bituminous materials KW - Concrete finishing KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Georgia KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Performance tests KW - Quality control KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167277 AU - Nour Eldin, M S AU - Manke, P G AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Deptartment of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES IN PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT III. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE USE OF THE STIFFNESS CONCEPT IN MINIMIZING LOW-TEMPERATURE TRANSVERSE CRACKING PY - 1976/03 SP - 46 p. AB - A review is presented of pertinent literature on characterizing the rheological properties of bitumen at low-temperatures, and relating these properties to the development of transverse cracks in flexible pavements. Various methods for direct and indirect determination of the 'stiffness modulus' of asphalt binders and mixtures are discussed. The stiffness moduli of thirty-one Oklahoma asphalt cement samples and a series of asphalt concrete mixtures were determined. Results were compared with limiting values suggested in the literature. A majority of the tested asphalt cements and mixtures exceeded the recommended critical stiffness values. The results indicated that the stiffness modulus approach can be applied to Oklahoma materials to identify suitable low-temperature characteristics that will mitigate transverse pavement cracking. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Oklahoma KW - Rheology KW - Shear modulus KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158044 AU - Baum, E J AU - Pitter, R L AU - Oregon Graduate Center TI - THE IMPACT OF EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES ON AIR QUALITY: ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL, FINAL REPORT AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1976/03 SP - 280 p. AB - The results are presented of an aerosol characterization, inventory and modeling study conducted in Portland, Oregon. Physical and chemical characteristics of central urban and highway related aerosols were examined by chemical and morphological analysis of impactor and hi-vol samples. The origin of aerosol species were examined in order to identify chemical species uniquely associated with major aerosol sources (tracers). Aerosol inventories based on mass balance calculations with chemical "tracers" were performed on an annual and seasonal basis for several sampling sites in the Urban area. Aerial and ground mobile monitoring was conducted of oxidant, SO sub x and visibility reducing particulates were separately identified. An advection-dispersion model, ROADS, was developed which estimates the concentration of pollutants near roadbeds, including highway cut sections and in the vicinity of sloping terrain. ROADS estimates the concentrations of reactive gaseous species and aerosol through the inclusion of PSMOG, a 22-step computer reactivity model. A computer model, VIS1, was developed which predicts visual range from data on characteristics of the ambient or source aerosol. All models were demonstrated to reproduce field sampling results (smog chamber results in the case of PSMOG) as reported in the literature. KW - Aerosols KW - Air pollution KW - Chemical analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Inventory KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Oxidant KW - Oxidizing agents KW - Sampling KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141045 AU - Silva-Tulla, F AU - Marr, W A AU - Lambe, T W AU - d Facilities Division AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - STABILITY OF AN EMBANKMENT ON A PARTIALLY CONSOLIDATED FOUNDATION PY - 1976/03 SP - 126 p. AB - A test fill was built on a section of embankment north of Boston with the objective of determining the appropriate strength parameters of Boston Blue Clay for stability analyses. Predictions of the fill elevation to cause failure, made before the field test begin, are based on Unconfined Compression, Unconsolidated Undrained triaxial, field vane and SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties) undrained strengths. The Simplified Bishop and the Morgenstern-Price procedures of stability analyses are utilized for the predictions which are compared with the actual field test results. The test fill failed at an elevation of +56.5 ft after adding 18.7 ft of fill to the five year old embankment. The field instrumentation was not as successful in warning against impending failure as was expected. The only consistent but very conservative sign of instability was provided by the settlement plates. The uncorrected field vane and SHANSEP yielded the most accurate predictions of stability. The field vane prediction was 51.5 ft (9.0% underestimate) and the SHANSEP prediction was 60.7 ft (7.4% overestimate). The UC and UU strength were much too low, underestimating the failure elevation by 33%. KW - Compression KW - Consolidations KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Fills KW - Foundations KW - Properties of materials KW - Soft clays KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stability analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Undrained strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153881 AU - MARTINEZ, J AU - Young, R D AU - Faatz, W C AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT GROOVING ON FRICTION, BRAKING, AND VEHICLE CONTROL PY - 1976/03 SP - 179 p. AB - A comprehensive literature review and laboratory and full-scale tests were performed to develop mathematical models that would predict the effects of pavement grooving on friction, braking, and vehicle control. The mathematical models predict the response of automobiles, motorcycles and articulted vehicles. Based upon the test motrcycle, rider evaluation demonstrates a perceptible difference between traffic-worn and unworn grooving and the effect becomes more pronounced at higher speeds. Also, the effect of pavement grooving on motorcycle response cannot be detected from electronic instrumentation that measures steering angle and steering torque. The various grooving geometries tested do not show any significant difference for the cases considered. In addition, for a typical small car towed-vehicle combination the effects of grooving, using electronic instrumentation could not be detected at different speeds for various trailer and tongue loads. No full-scale instrumented tests were performed for an automobile. Based upon computer simulation of a medium weight vehicle, the effect of grooving is more beneficial for lower friction than high friction pavements. Also, for the case considered, a 50 mph constant steer maneuver on a 400 ft radius curve, the grooves provide a very noticeable increase in the vehicle's directional stability. Recommendations are presented based upon automobile driver and motorcycle rider evaluation of the grooved pavements, the test data, and computer simulation. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Motorcycles KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Reviews KW - Simulation KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137430 AU - Post, T M AU - BERNARD, J E AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF VEHICLES TO PAVEMENT UNDULATIONS PY - 1976/03 SP - 44 p. AB - The ride response of two passenger vehicles to long configuration, large amplitude pavement undulations was simulated with a computer model. Passenger accelerations, spring deflections, tire forces, and ground clearances were estimated at speeds up to 60 m.p.h. Two pavement undulation configurations were tested: A 12-foot by 5-inch parabolic design which had been favorably reported in earlier British research and a 16-foot by 6-inch design which was an attempt to improve on the British design. The study concludes that the 16-foot by 6-inch configuration is not acceptable because the Buick station wagon would have zero ground clearance at 15 to 20 m.p.h. and the Mustang at 30 to 50 m.p.h. This would not occur at any speed for the 12 by 5-inch undulation. A trial installation, possibly of lesser amplitude, should be monitored over some length of time before pavement undulations are recommended as a widespread speed control device. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Automobiles KW - Configuration KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Loads KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Speed control KW - Speed control humps KW - Tires KW - Traffic safety KW - Undulation KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle responses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141896 AU - Florence, R H AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEVERAL MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1976/03 SP - 168 p. AB - A considerable amount of CRC pavements in Indiana have shown some distress. Past research by Faiz and Yoder have delved into the causes of this distress. Nevertheless, methods to maintain the existing CRC pavements are needed. This research deals with the design and construction of several maintenance techniques for CRC pavements. A section of pavement on I-65 was stratified into "similar" sections of pavement using deflection, cracking, and breakups as the selection criteria. Various types of maintenance were applied to these sections in the summer and early fall of 1975. Observations of the construction process were made and detailed descriptions were presented. Preliminary comparisons were made of the effects of the construction along with the comparative costs of each. Specific conclusions cannot be made at this time as to the best type of maintenance to be used. These final conclusions must await a further evaluation period to determine the long term effects of the maintenance. This evaluation will be presented in later reports. /FHWA/ KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141913 AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - NON-CHEMICAL MEANS OF PEST MANAGEMENT IN THE HIGHWAYS LANDSCAPE PY - 1976/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This research project was directed towards the development of a non-chemical insect pest management program. This report is presented in a discursive manner, the technical details have been listed in References Cited. The management of insect pests in highway landscapes involves the solution of various interacting problems done in common with agricultural pest management programs and others unique to highway landscapes. The problems in common with agricultural pest management programs include the phenomena of insect pest resurgence following non- selective pesticide applications. This report makes recommendations on the development of pest management, involving a minimum of chemical usage, or integrated control. Specific recommendations are made for non-chemical means of pest control for the most damaging pest to highway landscapes. The control of Lepidoptera with Bacillus thuringienses is discussed and recommendations on application and rates are given. The natural parasitism that occurs in plant pests is discussed and recommendations are made for effective management procedures to increase beneficial parasites and predators. /FHWA/ KW - Beautification KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Insects KW - Landscape KW - Pest control KW - Pesticides KW - Plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/61493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153962 AU - Ward, A L AU - Cupal, J J AU - Goodwin, G A AU - Morris, H D AU - Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND USE ON BIG GAME POPULATIONS PY - 1976/03 SP - 101 p. AB - Pronghorn antelope, mule deer, and elk are affected by right-of-way fences and highway traffic. At least 153 antelope, 561 mule deer, and 10 elk have been killed through vehicle accidents along a 55-mile section of I-80 west of Laramie, Wyoming, during a 5.5-year period. Since antelope are reluctant to jump fences and use underpasses, I-80 is a barrier and the herds are managed accordingly. Antelope can be kept off the highway by maintaining good woven wire fences and preventing snow from drifting over the right-of-way fence. Mule deer jump right-of-way fences, but can be forced to use underpasses by using deer-proof fencing. Both resident and migratory mule deer are affected by roads and traffic. Proper management should provide safe deer crossings thus increasing the safety of the highway user. Since elk are large, they present a greater hazard to motorists, and should be discouraged from crossing highways by proper fencing and road location. New techniques using heart-rate telemetry shows great potential for use in further studies of animal behavior in relation to the ever increasing activities of man. KW - Construction KW - Deer KW - Fences KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Impacts KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Population growth KW - Property acquisition KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Right of way KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction KW - Telemetry KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Wildlife KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153998 AU - Owings, R P AU - Adair, J W AU - Rudd, T J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. TASK K. CORRELATION OF FULL-SCALE, LABORATORY, ANALYTICAL, AND COMPUTER-SIMULATED RESULTS. VOLUME IV PY - 1976/03 SP - 79 p. AB - Results of a correlation study between full-scale, laboratory pendulum, analytical, and computer-simulated tests of impacts with breakaway sign and luminaire supports is presented. Momentum change during impact is used as a basis of comparison in the correlation. This task report is part of a study in which a full investigation into impact phenomena of vehicles with breakaway supports was made using analytical, computer simulated, laboratory pendulum, and full-scale testing techniques. Procedures for acceptance testing of breakaway sign and luminaire supports using a pendulum impact facility were also developed. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Breakaway supports KW - Correlation analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Momentum KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pendulum tests KW - Simulation KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151813 AU - Chen, C L AU - Utah State University, Logan AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN STORM RUNOFF INLET HYDROGRAPH STUDY. VOLUME 1. COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF FROM URBAN HIGHWAY WATERSHEDS UNDER TIME-AND SPACE-VARYING RAINSTORMS PY - 1976/03 SP - 273 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to develop an accurate design method for computing inlet hydrographs of surface runoff, with average recurrence intervals of 10, 25, and 50 years, from typical urban highway by flood routing technique. The most comprehensive mathematical model based on the method of characteristics was developed for computing the runoff inlet hydrograph. All flood routing methods were extensively reviewed and the most efficient and accurate technique was adopted for the formulation of a numerical (computer) model including all the rainfall-runoff processes on a highway watershed. Accuracy of the computer model was then examined by comparing the computed inlet hydrographs with field data obtained both from the Corps of Engineers airfield experiments and from typical highway cross-sections in the Salt Lake City area. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Flood routing KW - Floods KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Grasses KW - Highways KW - Hydrographs KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Rain KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Runoff KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Storm sewers KW - Storms KW - Turf KW - Urban areas KW - Utah KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151771 AU - Fletchall, O H AU - Gebhardt, M R AU - Missouri State Highway Department AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEGETATION CONTROL ON ROADSIDE AND SIMILAR AREAS PY - 1976/03 SP - 114 p. AB - This research was initiated to discover more effective, more efficient, and safer methods of controlling roadside vegetation. Specifically, the research was designed to find the safest way to control weeds near susceptible crops and to find the best herbicide(s) to selectively control 'hard-to-kill' undesirable vegetation. All promising herbicides and thickening agents on the market at the time the research was initiated were evaluated. The equivalent rates of several soil sterilant herbicides were established. The effectiveness of growth retardants were studied. The research can be readily applied to areas having plant populations and growing conditions similar to Missouri. KW - Amines KW - Chlorine organic compounds KW - Crops KW - Farm produce KW - Growth regulators KW - Herbicides KW - Missouri KW - Nitrogen compounds KW - Nitrogen organic compounds KW - Organic compounds KW - Phenol KW - Plant regulators KW - Precipitation (Chemistry) KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Roads KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Soil sterilants KW - Soils KW - Sterilization KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP76-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151780 AU - Koehler, L E AU - Berg, R O AU - Gardner, J A AU - Summers, R AU - Honeywell, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID TRANSCEIVER. VOLUME 1 PY - 1976/03 SP - 131 p. AB - The report describes the analysis and preliminary design of a short-range motorist aid transceiver which would function as a wireless communication link between an automobile and a roadside callbox. Digital signalling would be the primary operating mode, with two-way simplex voice communication as a backup. Our analysis showed that a hand-held 5 milliwatt transceiver operating at approximately 450 MHz could provide the desired one-mile communication range. Circuit technologies such as inductorless injection-locked oscillators, surface acoustic wave filters and stripline filters were breadboarded and tested to show their potential for low-cost production. A CMOS logic demonstrator was designed and constructed; it provided eight selectable digital message, automatic transmitter identification, audible and visual acknowledgement, and dispatcher control of voice operation. Preliminary cost estimates showed that the transceiver could be produced in large quantities at a unit cost within the 60-dollar design goal. However, development work was discontinued because of the questionable cost effectiveness of the short-range transceiver concept. Emphasis during the remainder of the program was shifted to an analysis of the Citizens Radio Service for motorist aid and emergencies. KW - Acoustics KW - Call boxes KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Citizen band radio KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Digital techniques KW - Drivers KW - Emergencies KW - Estimates KW - Highways KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Oscillators KW - Pulse communication KW - Pulse modulation KW - Radio KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio transmitters KW - Safety KW - Signal generators KW - Signaling KW - Speech KW - Systems analysis KW - Transceivers KW - Ultrahigh frequencies KW - Ultrahigh frequency KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151781 AU - Koehler, L E AU - Berg, R O AU - Gardner, J A AU - Luoma, J AU - Honeywell AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID TRANSCEIVER. VOLUME 2 PY - 1976/03 SP - 183 p. AB - CB radio, as the Class D. Citizens Radio Service is commonly known, is a vast and growing resource for communication with the travelling public. This report contains the results of a study of CB radio for motorist aid and emergencies--how it is being used, its benefits and problems, and what can be done to improve its effectiveness. The recent phenomenal growth in the popularity of CB has been accompanied by an increase in CB monitoring activities by police and public safety agencies. Full time, complete geographical coverage is still a long way from reality. Although actual emergency calls are fairly rare, it takes a considerable degree of operator attention to sort CB emergency calls from routine messages, noise, skip and extraneous communications. Additional motorist-aid channels are not practical within the limited RF spectrum presently allocated to CB. Digital signalling offers an alternative way of separating emergency and motorist-assistance calls from other traffic. Suggestions for FCC actions and other steps which should make existing and proposed Citizens Radio Services more useful for motorist aid are presented in this report. Design and test data are given for a CB digital adapter which shows the feasibility of low-cost automatic transmitter identification and digital signalling. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Digital techniques KW - Drivers KW - Emergencies KW - Highways KW - Human factors engineering KW - Identification systems KW - Monitoring KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Pulse communication KW - Pulse modulation KW - Radio KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio transmitters KW - Safety KW - Signaling KW - Specifications KW - Transceivers KW - Very high frequency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150480 AU - Boyko, L L AU - Lederer, E H AU - Sawyer, R G AU - Syracuse University Research Corporation AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROWAVE HEATING FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE PY - 1976/03 SP - 93 p. AB - This report describes a two-year program during which a high power microwave generator was designed, fabricated, and tested. The microwave road patch system consists of a microwave power generating system and an associated cooling unit and applicator. This equipment is mounted on a modified 2 1/2-ton dump truck equipped with a hydraulic loader. The theoretical and practical considerations involved in the development and performance of this equipment and in the investigation of the polymer concrete compositions are discussed. Also, a series of field tests was conducted in Syracuse, New York, and in each of the sponsoring states. The system's feasibility for use in repairing bridge decks and pavements was successfully demonstrated, and alternative uses of this equipment are indicated. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Fabrication KW - Field tests KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Microwave devices KW - Microwave equipment KW - Microwaves KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymers KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146458 AU - Glascock, L A AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VIBRATORY ROLLER EVALUATION STUDY PY - 1976/03 SP - 55 p. AB - A research study was recently undertaken to evaluate the capabilities of vibratory rollers to compact asphaltic concrete pavements. The performance of these rollers was compared to relative density and surface smoothness criteria contained in Department specifications as well as to results produced by conventional rolling methods. It was determined that vibratory rollers could meet the requirements set forth in the specifications. General appearance of the pavement surface compacted by vibratory rollers was found to compare favorably with pavements compacted by static weight rollers. Surface ripples, undulations and other objectionable features were not found to be a major problem on the projects constructed under this particular research study. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Concrete pavements KW - Density KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Louisiana KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Roll compacting KW - Roller leveling KW - Rollers KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Vibratory rollers UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145627 AU - Mehalchick, G J AU - Kozlov, G S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF VARIOUS BRIDGE DECK JOINT SEALING SYSTEMS PY - 1976/03 SP - 43 p. AB - The research, to date conducted on the reinforced expansion dam type sealing system, consists of system evaluation with respect to simplicity of installation, field performance (water-tightness, damage susceptibility, accommodation of movements due to bridge joint skew angles and adequacy of design) and cost. Two such expansion dams have been evaluated to date. The study of installation procedures for expansion dams demonstrated the excessive complexity and their need for unobtainable levels of field precision. With each brand of expansion dam, alterations with regard to the 'sealer' (joint seat, anchors) and to the structure (cutting of bridge deck re-bars) where necessary at most sites to permit these dams' installation. Leakage has occurred at all sites along with various deteriorations i.e., cracks, gaps, damage from traffic, apparent damage to the structure (the joint seat) and exposure of the system's anchoring elements. It is judged that the reinforced expansion dams evaluated thus far have not performed successfully. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Bearing stress KW - Bearings KW - Bridge anchorages KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction joints KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Deterioration KW - Dye markers KW - Dyes KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion KW - Fasteners KW - Field performance KW - Highway bridges KW - Joint sealers KW - Leakage KW - Marking materials KW - New Jersey KW - Performance KW - Performance tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Stresses KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142892 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - O'Quin, J C AU - Hudson, W R AU - Austin Research Engineers, Incorporated TI - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF FHWA STRUCTURAL MODEL VESYS II. VOLUME 2 - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS PY - 1976/03 SP - 132 p. AB - This is Volume 2 of a two-volume report of the results of a detailed sensitivity analysis for the FHWA flexible pavement structure model VESYS IIM. Procedures were developed and applied for conducting a sensitivity analysis for the rather complex VESYS IIM that had 30 independent variables. As a full factorial consideration at only two levels would have involved some 2 to the 30th power solutions, it was necessary to screen out relatively insignificant independent variables in stages and by various methods, separate the analysis into two factorials and to use fractional factorial techniques and other carefully constructed innovations to reduce the task to a manageable level. The sensitivity analysis was completed with a very minimum of lost information despite the staggering sizes of the full factorials represented. Separate analyses were conducted for cracking damage, rut depth, slope variance, Present Serviceability Index (PSI) and Service Life. The procedures employed, details of the specific analyses and the results of the sensitivity analysis are described in this volume. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143257 AU - Hawkes, W D AU - Marr, W A AU - Lambe, T W AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington, D.C. TI - UNDRAINED DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF PARTIALLY CONSOLIDATED BOSTON BLUE CLAY PY - 1976/03 SP - 127 p. AB - This report compares predicted and measured deformations of a soft clay foundation for a high embankment subjected to an increase in surcharge load. The 40-ft high embankment has been in place over 120 ft of Boston Blue Clay since 1968. During the summer of 1974, MIT and MDPW planned to load one station to complete failure to assess methods for predicting embankment stability. Detailed predictions of vertical and horizontal deformation for the additional loading were made by several methods, mostly before field loading began. These predictions are compared with the field measurements. Predictions of vertical undrained deformation by elastic theory, the method of D'Appolonia et al, which accounts for local yielding and a finite element analysis are within a 100% of the measured values with the finite element method overpredicting settlement and the other two methods underpredicting settlement. KW - Behavior KW - Clay soils KW - Computer programming KW - Consolidations KW - Deformation KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Foundations structures KW - Ground settlement KW - Highways KW - Loads KW - Massachusetts KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143232 AU - Donner, R L AU - Welsh, L E AU - Grillo, T F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTABLE DISPOSABLE TRAFFIC DETECTOR LOOP PY - 1976/03 SP - 26 p. AB - The study was initiated to design and develop new devices to obtain better data for use in highway traffic studies. One of the developments was the Portable Disposable Loop. This loop can be installed in ten to 15 minutes by two people with only a minimum inconvenience to the motorist. KW - Data collection KW - Detectors KW - Disposal KW - Ground vehicles KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Loop detectors KW - Portable equipment KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141039 AU - Mascunana, I AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - HIGHWAY INSULATING MATERIAL EVALUATION PROJECT IHD-8 PY - 1976/03 SP - 33 p. AB - This report describes the experimental use of All-Weather Crete HI-45 expanded perlite-asphalt hot mix insulating sub-base to control frost penetration of the subgrade in a gull scale highway construction project over a period of five years. Conclusions and recommendations concerning use maintenance are presented. The first half of the study, covering two years of monitoring field data, was published in an interim report in October 1973. Field data for the second half covering the last three years of the study, is included in this report. The final results of the study indicated that four inches of AWC (24 pcf density) subbase under a 10-inch PCC pavement, was effective in preventing penetration of freezing subsurface temperatures and frost action in the subgrade in northern Illinois. Other thicknesses and compaction densities of AWC tried in this study were ineffective when the freezing index in the area was over 600 degree-days. KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Evaluation KW - Frost control KW - Highway maintenance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Insulating materials KW - Road construction KW - Snow and ice control KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141040 AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EVALUATION OF THE HIGH LOAD DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM ON I.H. 45 IN HOUSTON PY - 1976/03 SP - 53 p. AB - The detection and warning system to alert truck drivers of overheight loads in advance of a low clearance structure on I.H. 45 in Houston is evaluated. Volume and speed data taken during control studies indicate that the warning system did not adversely affect traffic operations in the study section. Analysis of brake light applications indicate that in three of five time periods over three days, the warning system was significantly noticeable and did cause momentary braking reactions. Tests conducted on the photoelectric sensors and incandescent lamp source in the detection system indicate that various size objects (one inch and more in size) will be detected under certain light source to detector distances. KW - Brake lamps KW - Braking lights KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Evaluation KW - Highway operations KW - Incandescent lamps KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Photoelectricity KW - Speed studies KW - Studies KW - Traffic KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00141038 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Peterson, D E AU - Shepherh, L W AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVEMENT OF UTAH'S FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE SYSTEM PY - 1976/03 SP - 112 p. AB - A study was made of Utah's Flexible Pavement Performance System to introduce new methods, and to increase the accuracy of the output. The Terminal Serviceability Relationship was revised to consider not only Functional Class but also Average Daily Traffic. Parameters related to the shape of the deflection basin were reviewed, and the spreadability chart was incorporated into the system. A method to correct deflection data for temperature variations was adopted. The procedure considers the temperature history, surface temperature, pavement thickness, and the time of day of testing. A computerized pavement evaluation system was developed to aid maintenance personnel in making the most appropriate pavement rehabilitation decision. Priority listings are generated for maintenance relating to the pavement condition parameters; structural adequacy, distress, serviceability, and skid. An overall listing is also produced considering the failure modes with respect to average daily traffic, 18 Kip loads, running speeds and functional class. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Spreadability KW - Spreading KW - Surface temperature KW - Temperature KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/44110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143020 AU - Shimada, J K AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - National Highway Institute TI - ANALYSIS OF ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY TECHNICIANS PY - 1976/03 SP - 72 p. AB - The objective of the project was to evaluate the impact of the Associate Degree Program for Traffic Technicians on the students' subsequent job performance as technicians. Data collection was accomplished through the use of personal and telephone interviews with the students, their immediate job supervisors, and the primary instructors of the academic program. The data consist of responses to questions, regarding the adequacy of the program, the work performance of the students, and related aspects. The results generally indicate that effective training was provided for both the entry-level and experienced students. The program provided the tools necessary in traffic engineering work, and increased job awareness and interest. KW - Abilities KW - Instructors KW - Interviewing KW - Job analysis KW - Jobs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personnel development KW - Students KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143021 AU - Popovics, S AU - Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER PAVEMENT CONCRETE FOR ARIZONA STUDY II PY - 1976/03 SP - 146 p. AB - The most important result of this investigation is the development of the addition of urea-formaldehyde combinations in the form of a monomer system to the mixing water of portland cement mortars and concretes. Although the addition of this system to concretes produced only negligible strength increases, experimental data indicated that several combinations of the same system with mortars produced compressive strength increases of 1500 to 2500 psi. It is not clear at this time why the urea-formaldehyde monomer system is effective in mortars and ineffective in concretes. Further investigation is needed to improve the effectiveness of this monomer system in concretes, too. The application of such a monomer system is advantageous from economical standpoint because this is the least expensive form of the urea-formaldehyde combinations, and because the technology of such monomer systems in mortars and concretes is simple. Several other directions were also investigated, such as the optimization of the basic urea-formaldehyde prepolymers, acidic urea-formaldehyde prepolymers, and several other chemical systems and commercially available polymers. Some of these systems did produce strength increases but these were not high enough. KW - Arizona KW - Composite materials KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Formaldehyde KW - Monomers KW - Mortar KW - Mortars material KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymers KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resins KW - Urea UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139703 AU - Banks, F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROFILE OF LABOR IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1976/03 SP - 114 p. AB - This report provides a detailed description and analysis of labor employed by highway contractors, covering such aspects as total numbers employed; distribution and trends by sex, minority groups, and occupational classifications and groupings; hourly, weekly, and annual earnings; length of workweek; seasonality; unemployment; unionization; and productivity. Comparisons are made with conditions in general building construction, special trade contract construction, and heavy contract construction other than highway, and between construction, manufacturing, and the total economy. Data for this study were obtained in 1974. Although data have been available for the subdivisions of the contract construction industry since 1958, no known analysis has been made to date focusing on the highway construction phase, as such. As indicated by the conclusions made in this study, highway construction employment characteristics and conditions are atypical in many respects, varying considerably from those in other phase of construction. In illustration: Employment on highways expanded considerably (18 percent) over the period 1958-1972, but the rate of growth was less than occurred in other heavy and special trade construction or in total nonagricultural employment. Highway construction workers have received higher hourly and weekly rates than most other construction workers, manufacturing production workers, or wage earners generally in the economy. Yet, special studies reveal that their annual earnings, reflecting intermittent unemployment and greater seasonality, compare unfavorably with those received by many other industry divisions in the economy. Moreover, their earnings are more skewed toward the lower ranges, indicating a heavier concentration in the unskilled and semi-skilled classifications. A comparison of skills required in the various segments of construction show that highway employees laid off in slack periods may not be necessarily equipped to find employment in other heavy construction or in general building. Productivity in highway construction, measured in terms of output per man-hour, grew at an average annual rate of 3.7 percent over the period 1950-1972, compared with KW - Construction industry KW - Employee compensation KW - Hiring policies KW - Labor unions KW - Laborers KW - Manufacturing KW - Minorities KW - Productivity KW - Road construction KW - Unemployment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43903 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00136319 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wood, L E AU - Smith, D L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND THE BIOENVIRONMENT PY - 1976/03 VL - 39 IS - 4 SP - p. 137-141 AB - A number of research programs are studying the impact of the highway environment on wildlife. The larger animals such as elk and deer, as well as small game, birds and fish are being studied. The biological control of some plant species and the effect of certain herbicides on the environment are also under study. A Wyoming study is investigating the impact of Interstate 80 on the migratory habits and patterns of elk, deer, and antelope, and another study is evaluating various methods of deer-auto collisions. A number of states are investigating the impact of new highways on various families of wild life. It is emphasized that research in this field must be flexible and dynamic, and that researchers, planners and construction and maintenance engineers must be sensitive to the delicate balance between man and nature. KW - Automobiles KW - Biological control KW - Birds KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fishes KW - Herbicides KW - Highway engineers KW - Highways KW - Plants KW - Research KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/45923 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00138583 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kao, C C AU - SLATE, F O AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - TENSILE-SHEAR BOND STRENGTH AND FAILURE BETWEEN AGGREGATE AND MORTAR PY - 1976/03 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - p. 148-150 AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the tensile-shear bond strength and failure of the mortar-aggregate interface. The techniques used are reported. The results indicate that the Mohr failure envelope in the tension-shear quadrant is almost a straight line and that the failure is essentially tensile in nature. KW - Aggregates KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Failure KW - Interfaces KW - Mohr failure theory KW - Mortar KW - Shear strength KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/46450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136898 AU - Byrne, B F AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown TI - BRIDGE SHOULDER WIDTH STUDY PY - 1976/03 SP - 329 p. AB - The State of West Virginia is presently engaged in a large-scale program of new highway construction and improvements to older highways. This program includes the construction of many new bridges and widening of many older ones. At the present time there are no guidelines regarding the optimum width for these structures. If all new bridges are constructed with a full shoulder and older structures are widened to include a full shoulder, and if this full shoulder is not required from a safety or traffic operations standpoint, an unnecessary financial burden will have been placed on the State of West Virginia. The objective of the research is to determine the traffic and safety advantages, if any, to be derived from carrying full shoulder widths across long bridge structures. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway operations KW - Prevention KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Road construction KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety KW - Structural design KW - Structures KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - West Virginia KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136827 AU - Weber, W G AU - Wilson, C AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEDIMENT CONTROL DAMS PY - 1976/03 SP - 38 p. AB - Small dams in waterways have been extensively used by PennDOT in erosion control. The evaluation of the performance of these small dams was conducted to determine how well they performed in removing sediment from flowing water. Also the various methods of constructing these dams were compared. The results indicate that only minor amounts of suspended sediment are removed from the flowing water. However, the bottom transport is trapped by these dams. The rock dams generally were stable. KW - Bed load KW - Construction KW - Dams KW - Drainage KW - Effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Flow KW - Highways KW - Loads KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Removal KW - Rockfill dams KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Suspended sediments KW - Turbidity KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133958 AU - Chang, H S AU - Lytton, R L AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - PREDICTION OF THERMAL REFLECTION CRACKING IN WEST TEXAS PY - 1976/03 SP - 102 p. AB - An economical means of rehabilitating deteriorated pavement is through the use of an overlay. The performance of overlay systems has, however, been far from satisfactory as the performance of any one system has varied widely among different installation sites. This study presents a rational approach for the prediction of overlay life and gives recommendations which are expected to extend the life of overlays. The predictions are made using linear elastic and viscoelastic stress analysis and viscoelastic fracture mechanics. Initially, a prediction scheme for viscoelastic thermal stresses in the overlay and old asphalt surface is used to predict thermal stresses more accurately than any previous attempt. These stresses are then applied to the crack surface to study the effects of material properties on crack development. The stress intensity factors necessary for this analysis are calculated using the finite element technique with the crack tip elements developed by Pian. Predictions of service life are made using the empirical relationship developed by Paris. The results show that there are three states of crack growth in an overlay each of which require different layered arrangements of material properties to lower the stress intensity factor and thus retard crack growth. The influence of viscoelasticity properties on reduction of crack growth are presented with the service lives for typical asphaltic concretes. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Finite element method KW - Linear elasticity KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Service life KW - Structural analysis KW - Thermal stresses KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133976 AU - Badgley, F I AU - Rossano, A T AU - Lutrick, D AU - Alsid, H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Highways TI - THE SELECTION AND CALIBRATION OF AIR QUALITY DIFFUSION MODELS FOR WASHINGTON STATE HIGHWAY LINE SOURCES PY - 1976/03 SP - 81 p. AB - At the request of the Washington State Department of Highways a study was conducted to evaluate three computer models specifically designed to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentration at receptor points along roadways. The models were evaluated on their ability to predict values obtained from a monitoring network established along various roadways in the State of Washington. Monitoring consisted of 12 ground level CO stations, 2 meteorological stations and traffic counters. Traffic speeds were sampled for conformity during peak hours. The final selected models, CALINE II and EPA's HIWAY, were given calibration factors to be used when calculating Receptor Concentrations for Impact Assessments. KW - Air pollution KW - Calibration KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Monitoring KW - Simulation KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic speed UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/012.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133181 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Woods, D L AU - Stover, V G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC OPERATIONS TRAINING PROGRAM PY - 1976/02/29 SP - 105 p. AB - This is the final report on the Development of an Urban Traffic Operations Training Program for nationwide application. A three-level program concept structured to the needs of management, supervisory and technical levels of urban transportation is presented. An overview course 'Alternatives for Improving Urban Transportation' - was prepared and presented in Washington, D.C. Recommendations are presented for nine courses at the supervisory level. Details such as scope, training objectives, and course outlines are included. Recommendations for major subject areas and course topics for the Technical Level are presented. Course outlines for this level are not included. KW - Curricula KW - Engineering KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Management KW - Specialized training KW - Supervision KW - Supervisors KW - Technology KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00146521 AU - Sultan, H A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL EROSION AND DUST CONTROL ON ARIZONA HIGHWAYS: PART IV. FINAL REPORT - FIELD TESTING PROGRAM PY - 1976/02/04 SP - 139 p. AB - Several chemical stabilizers were selected for use in a large scale field application, based on a laboratory testing program. Spray-on application of chemicals to control dust and wind erosion on untrafficable areas were made using eleven chemicals. Five chemicals were used on an unpaved road using a spray-on application to control erosion and dust behind traffic. Three chemicals were also used on the unpaved road using a mixed-in application. Methods of field application are given. Details of monitoring techniques including HiVol dust collection, dust fall collection in cups, and extraction tests are discussed. Results indicate availability of several chemicals that proved successful in controlling dust on untrafficable areas. Only two chemical treatments proved successful to control dust on unpaved roads. KW - Arizona KW - Chemical stabilization KW - Chemicals KW - Dust control KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Monitoring KW - Scour KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Unpaved roads KW - Wind erosion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166489 AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald and Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ROADWAY OCCUPANCY FOR FREEWAY PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION PY - 1976/02 SP - 843p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/58633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151803 AU - Tignor, S AU - Wilbur, A D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE DATA - DATA TAPES. JANUARY 1974 - FEBRUARY 1976 PY - 1976/02 AB - The development and testing of incident detection algorithms was based on freeway surveillance data obtaned in Los Angeles and Minneapolis. The Los Angeles data were in the form of samples of the sensor presence pulses fifteen times per second. These data were aggregated in the form of twenty-second averages, by lane, of occupancy and volume. The Minneapolis data were already aggregated in the form of thirty-second averages of occupancy and volume, usually averaged over all lanes at a sensor station. The organization and contents of these tapes are described in the Report FHWA-RD-76-74. These data tapes were used in the development of incident detection algorithms described in FHWA Reports FHWA-RD-76-19, FHWA-RD-76-20, FHWA-RD-76-21 and FHWA-RD-76-22 titled 'Development and Testing of Incident Detection Algorithms' Volumes 1 - 4. The three reels contain condensed data sets, each set consisting of three files. Reel 1, the Los Angeles data tape, contains three data sets with Incident Data. Reel 2 is a continuation of the Los Angeles data tape with one data set of Incident Data, one with Incident-Free Data and one set with Mulfunction Data. Reel 3, the Minneapolis data tape, contains one data set of Incident Data and one set of Non-Incident Data. KW - Algorithms KW - California KW - Computer programming KW - Data files KW - Data processing equipment KW - Data tapes KW - Detectors KW - Failure KW - Freeways KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Minnesota KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335940 AU - Segal, D J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-VEHICLE-OBJECT SIMULATION MODEL-1976 ENGINEERING MANUAL-VALIDATION PY - 1976/02 SP - 233 p. AB - A series of reports have been written to document revised and updated versions of the simulation of highway-vehicle-object interactions in a single vehicle highway environment. The programs documented were developed under FHWA sponsorship to provide the highway safety community with an analytical means of evaluating the effects of highway/roadside environment on safety. This manual is addressed to the engineer and contains evidence of the validity of the HVOSM mathematical model and computer simulation. Both rigorous tests of validity by comparisons with extensively documented full-scale tests and general comparisons are included. (FHWA) KW - Highway safety KW - Interaction KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Validation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335938 AU - Segal, D J AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-VEHICLE-OBJECT SIMULATION MODEL-1976 PROGRAMMERS MANUAL PY - 1976/02 SP - 575 p. AB - A series of reports have been written to document revised and updated versions of the simulation of highway-vehicle-object interactions in a single vehicle highway environment. The programs documented were developed under FHWA sponsorship to provide the highway safety community with an analytical means of evaluating the effects of highway/roadside environment on safety. This manual is addressed to the applications programmer who might wish to modify or extend the HVOSM. The detailed descriptions of the subroutines and linkages among them are designed to be used in conjunction with a source program listing. Ancillary information of interest to the programmer is also included. (FHWA) KW - Computer programming KW - Highway safety KW - Interaction KW - Manuals KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190056 AU - Dowding, C H AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Titan Contractors Corporation AU - Draper (Charles Stark) Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Weston Geophysical Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF HORIZONTAL BORING FOR SITE INVESTIGATION IN SOIL PY - 1976/02 SP - 398 p. AB - The objective of this study is to assess horizontal boring and exploration as an alternative to vertical boring in geotechnical investigation prior to the design and construction of tunnels. The study was divided into three separate topics: Excavation, Exploration, and Economics. Under Excavation, new ideas and preliminary designs were developed for continuous, maneuverable penetration out to distances of 5000 ft (1500 m). Detailed methodology is presented for penetration to 2000 to 3000 ft (610 to 915 m) with recently developed equipment and technology. Under Exploration, preliminary designs were developed for down-hole seismic (geophysical) and contact sensing. These approaches were technically evaluated by investigation of wave attenuation characteristics and hole disturbance. Under Economics, horizontal penetration (with on-board sensing and separate follower sensing) was compared for cost effectiveness with vertical boring and surface geophysics. In addition, the cost of unanticipated conditions was summarized from case histories to assess the value of the various exploration approaches. /FHWA/ KW - Alignment KW - Attenuation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drilling KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Exploration KW - External trip KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Pendulum tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Seismic surveys KW - Seismicity KW - Site investigation KW - Soil properties KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Surveying KW - Surveys KW - Travel KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179485 AU - Ross, H E AU - Kohutek, T L AU - Pledger, J AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - GUIDE FOR SELECTING, LOCATING, AND DESIGNING TRAFFIC BARRIERS: VOLUME II--TECHNICAL APPENDIX PY - 1976/02 SP - 180 p. AB - The guide presents the results of a synthesis of current information on the various elements of traffic barrier systems, including warrants, structural and strength characteristics, maintenance characteristics, selection criteria, and placement data. Criteria on these elements are summarized for each of the four basic barrier types, namely, roadside barriers (heretofore commonly referred to as guardrails), median barriers, bridge rails and crash cushions. A chapter on a cost-effective selection procedure is included, primarily to provide the highway engineer with an alternate approach to the more conventional means of establishing barrier need and a barrier selection if warranted. The information is presented in two volumes. Volume II, which is actually a technical appendix, contains supporting data and is a valuable supplement to the basic guidelines. /FHWA/ KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrail warrants KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Location KW - Selecting KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158092 AU - SIMPSON, M A AU - Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated TI - NOISE BARRIER ATTENUATION FIELD EXPERIENCE PY - 1976/02 SP - 95 p. AB - A noise measurement program was undertaken at ten field sites at which a variety of noise barriers have been constructed, in order to compare measured values of barrier attenuation with analytical projections. Barrier types included in the study were concrete, mansonry and wooden walls, and berms of various shapes. The measured attenuation values were compared with attenuations predicted by the Kurze-Anderson Infinite Line Source Model of barrier attenuation. The analysis indicated that the model predicts barrier attenuation qually well at all locations behind the barrier. On the average, the model underpredicts the measured attenuation by 1 to 2 dB. The model works best for thin vertical walls, while the largest underpredictions generally occur for berms. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Attenuation KW - Berms KW - Concrete KW - Field studies KW - Masonry construction KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Noise barriers KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158043 AU - Segal, D J AU - Calspan Corporation TI - HIGHWAY-VEHICLE--OBJECT SIMULATION MODEL-1976, 4 VOLUMES: USERS MANUAL, PROGRAMMERS MANUAL, ENGINEERING MANUAL-ANALYSIS, AND ENGINEERING MANUAL--VALIDATION PY - 1976/02 SP - 1422 p. AB - A series of reports have been written to document revised and updated versions of the simulation of highway-vehicle-object interactions in a single vehicle highway environment. The programs documented were developed under FHWA sponsorship to provide the highway safety community with an analytical means of evaluating the effects of highway/roadside environment on safety. This manual is the most general of the manuals describing the simulation. It provides an introduction to the simulation and enough information for a user to submit a run, obtain results, and interpret the HVOSM output. No description of the inertial subroutine structure or the derivation of the equations used is supplied. This manual is one of four volumes (No. ZR-5461-V): HVOSM--1976 Users Manual; HVOSM--1976 Programmers Manual; HVOSM--1976 Engineering Manual-Analysis; HVOSM--1976 Engineering Manual-Validation. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Computer programs KW - Highway safety KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158091 AU - SIMPSON, M A AU - Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated TI - NOISE BARRIER DESIGN HANDBOOK PY - 1976/02 SP - 265 p. AB - This handbook is intended to be a tool for use by the highway designer to aid in the design of noise abatement barriers. It provides a means of defining the geometric configuration of a barrier to produce a desired noise reduction, and also provides a design evaluation and selection procedure in which specific barriers are detailed, and then evaluated in terms of cost, acoustical characteristics, and non-acoustical characteristics (such as durability, ease of maintenance, safety, aesthetics and community acceptance). This handbook guides the designer in the preparation of a design which he believes will be accepted by the community and perform as desired both acoustically and non-acoustically, for reasonable cost. KW - Acceptance KW - Acoustic properties KW - Aesthetics KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Handbooks KW - Maintenance KW - Noise barriers KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137377 AU - Roberts, D V AU - BUSHEY, R W AU - Matthews, J A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOLLOW-UP STUDY FOR THE CALIFORNIA RESILIENCE DESIGN METHOD PY - 1976/02 SP - 96 p. AB - California's research efforts to develop and implement a structural design method for flexible pavement sections overlying untreated bases and resilient basement soils are described. This design method involves testing soils for resilience properties and predicting pavement deflections for proposed structural sections. Predicted deflections are compared to previously developed tolerable deflection levels for varying asphalt concrete thicknesses and traffic indexes. When predicted deflection values exceed tolerable deflections, an additional increment of subbase or base material is designed to reduce predicted deflection values to tolerable levels. The resilience test equipment used to determine potentially resilient soils is described. The mobile equipment, Deflectometer and Dynaflect, used to measure deflections on the as built pavements is also described. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California KW - Deflection KW - Equipment tests KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Shear properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Test equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00137358 AU - Glascock, L A AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SULPHUR-ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1976/02 SP - 62 p. AB - This report is concerned with a laboratory program of preparing and testing Marshall specimens to evaluate the physical properties of sulphur-asphalt-sand paving material using Louisiana sand deposits and asphalt cements AC-20 and AC-40. Principal objectives of the research effort are to familiarize Department of Highway personnel with basic properties of this new paving material and verify results obtained by others through previous research evaluations. Test findings demonstrate that desirable physical properties based on the Marshall method of mix design can be obtained with various combinations of sulphur, asphalt and sand mixed in a manner similar to asphaltic concrete. The material exhibited somewhat higher Marshall stabilities with a slightly greater sensitivity to water action, based on Marshall immersion tests, than conventional asphaltic concrete mixtures. KW - Asphalt KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Highways KW - Laboratory tests KW - Louisiana KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physical properties KW - Sand KW - Sand deposits KW - Sulfur UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20100.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153996 AU - Owings, R P AU - Adair, J W AU - Rudd, T J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. TASK G. LABORATORY TESTING OF SUPPORTS. VOLUME II PY - 1976/02 SP - 324 p. AB - Results of laboratory tests conducted at the Federal Highway Administration's Impact Test Facility are reported. A description of the impact test facility is given, along with testing procedures. The tests performed are described and results are summarized. Support specimens tested include slip-base steel luminaires, aluminum shoe-base luminaires, and dual-legged sign supports. This task report is part of a study in which a full investigation into impact phenomenon of vehicles with breakaway supports was made and acceptance testing procedures for sign and luminaire supports were developed. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Equipment tests KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Steel structures KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Test equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153995 AU - Owings, R P AU - Adair, J W AU - Rudd, T J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. TASK F. LABORATORY ACCEPTANCE TESTING FOR SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. VOLUME I PY - 1976/02 SP - 123 p. AB - The report recommends a laboratory test procedure that can be used to test luminaires and sign supports. A discussion of past and present acceptance standards is given, along with a detailed study of analysis techniques that can be used to investigate the events of an impact. Automobile crush characteristics are reviewed with respect to their role in an impact and a subjective look at the human tolerance level is given. A laboratory test procedure is then defined along with criteria describing what is or is not acceptable. A detailed description of this testing provides a basis for determining the acceptability of a luminaire or sign support. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Footings KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153997 AU - Owings, R P AU - Adair, J W AU - Rudd, T J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. TASK J. FULL-SCALE IMPACT TESTS. VOLUME III PY - 1976/02 SP - 120 p. AB - The report describes the results of full-scale tests of automobiles impacting breakaway sign and luminaire supports. These results were used to correlate pendulum impact tests and computer simulations with actual full-scale impacts. This task report is part of a study in which a full investigation into impact phenomena of vehicles with breakaway supports was made using analytical, computer simulated, laboratory, and full-scale testing techniques. Procedures for acceptance testing of breakaway sign and luminaire supports using a pendulum impact facility were developed. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pendulum tests KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149617 AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Department of Transportation TI - REHABILITATION OF FAULTED PAVEMENTS BY GRINDING PY - 1976/02 IS - 5J103 SP - 23 p. AB - This report covers a study of grinding of PCC pavements to restore riding quality which had deteriorated due to faulting of joints. The results of the study show that grinding is a satisfactory method of restoring smoothness provided the pavement is structurally adequate. Even though faulting may recur on some projects within a few years after grinding, service life was shown to be extended a significant length of time at a cost considerably less than that of an overlay. Where an existing lane is ground and one or more new lanes added to the outside, the ground lane is expected to last as long or longer than the new lanes. To prevent the recurrence of faulting on a ground pavement, a recommendation is made to provide a nonerodible material in the outer shoulder adjacent to the pavement. /FHWA/ KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Faulting KW - Grinding KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Riding qualities KW - Smoothness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149584 AU - Novak, E C AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - EVALUATION OF A MODEL FOR PREDICTING TRANSVERSE CRACKING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PY - 1976/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This report describes a study comparing actual transverse cracking performance with that predicted by the Hajek-Haas method. No functional relationship was found to exist, and a limited laboratory study was conducted in an attempt to determine why. The study also considered the fact that transverse cracking in Michigan could have been essentially eliminated using McLeod's mix stiffness criteria; however, these criteria would exclude from use many stiff bituminous mixes which have given essentially crack-free service. Results indicated that the tensile strength, as well as stiffness modulus, both influence a bituminousmix's ability to resist cracking. Since stiffness modulus and tensile strength are not necessarily related, both should be included in models for predicting transverse cracking. Aggregate tensile strength also has a significant effect on the tensile strength of the mixes, thus mix tensile strength should not be estimated from asphalt cement properties alone. The data also indicate that bituminous stiffness can be lowered to such extent that tensile strength of the mix will no longer influence transverse cracking potential. It is thought that high tensile strength is required for stiff mixes to perform in an essentially crack-free manner. Though McLeod's guidelines will reject some stiffer mixes which can also display essentially crack-free performance, following his mix stiffness guidelines will essentially eliminate transverse cracking in Michigan. Procedures similar to those suggested by Burgess, et al, are suggested for identifying stiffer bituminous mixes that can perform essentially crack free. /Author/ KW - Data analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Tensile strength KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00150461 AU - Pelletier, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 10, IMPROVED SKID RESISTANT PAVEMENTS PY - 1976/02 SP - 52 p. AB - As part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Demonstration Projects Program, Demonstration Project No. 10, Improved Skid Resistant Pavements, was intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of open-graded asphalt friction courses (often termed plant-mix seals) and to assist those states interested in trying this skid resistant pavement overlay for the first time. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Coatings KW - Concrete finishing KW - Construction KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Friction KW - Highway planning KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mixtures KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavements KW - Plant mix KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Technical assistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145543 AU - Bullen, A G AU - Athol, P AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTRAS, A MICROSCOPIC FREEWAY SIMULATION MODEL. VOLUME II. FREEWAY MICRO-SIMULATION COMPONENT MODEL DEVELOPMENT PY - 1976/02 SP - 88 p. AB - The series of volumes documents the work performed to adopt a freeway simulation model for studying freeway incidents. The resulting program, INTRA (Integrated Traffic Simulation) is a vehicle-specific time-stepping simulation designed to realistically represent traffic and traffic control in a freeway and surrounding surface street environment. This volume documents the development of the simulation components which model the car-following, lane-changing and vehicle generation aspects of freeway traffic. KW - Car following KW - Computer programs KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lane changing KW - Mathematical models KW - Ramps KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142865 AU - Honeywell Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUEL CONSUMPTION STUDY. URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM (UTCS) SOFTWARE SUPPORT PROJECT PY - 1976/02 SP - 71 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to conduct computer simulation testing of traffic control scenarios to determine the effects of various traffic conditions, network configurations and traffic control policies on the consumption of fuel by vehicles in a network. 751a Prepared for Federal Energy Administration, Washington, D.C. Office of Transportation Policy and Research. (PC A04-MF A01) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142847 AU - Honeywell Inc. TI - DEVELOPMENT OF UTCS SIGNAL TIMING PATTERNS WITH BUS PRIORITY PY - 1976/02 SP - 82 p. AB - The project involved development of UTCS time-of-day signal patterns that give preference to buses operating in Sections I and III of the Washington, D.C. UTCS traffic control area. Section I is a heavily traveled east-west arterial; Section III is a grid-like netowrk just north and west of the White House, extending to Washington Circle. The overall objective of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of preferential treatment for buses when using fixed time signalization. This work included data collection and preparation, signal pattern generation and evaluation, and the conversion of selected signal patterns into a format compatible with signal controllers in Sections I and III. Signal patterns were generated using TRANSYT/5, a software package developed by the British Road Research Laboratory. This version of TRANSYT includes a bus traffic model, and an option that gives preferential treatment to buses. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00142854 AU - Butler, B C AU - Boos, J V AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ROADWAY OCCUPANCY FOR FREEWAY PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1976/02 SP - 24 p. AB - This report briefly summarizes the three volume study report which presents an economic analysis of roadway occupancy for freeway pavement maintenance and rehabilitation. The economic assessments take into account motorist related impacts as well as some general public impacts. The assessments and conclusions are based upon previous state-of-the-art and study of field data. /Author/ KW - Assessments KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic analysis KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Impact studies KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139185 AU - Holman, F L AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAX BEADS IN CONCRETE PY - 1976/02 SP - 29 p. AB - The addition of wax beads to a concrete mix and subsequent heat treatment of the hardened concrete has been found to be effective in sealing the concrete. This study was to determine if normal steam curing would melt the wax beads included in the concrete mix design. If not, it was desired to determine if there is an optimum time after steam curing to heat treat the hardened concrete to melt the wax beads. Fifty concrete cylinders containing 3% by weight of wax beads and twenty control cylinders were prepared, steam cured, and subjected to various tests in the laboratory. The study results indicate that the normal steam curing process as used in Alabama does not metl the wax beads. It is questionable whether there is an optimum time after steam curing to heat treat the concrete to melt the wax beads. The inclusion of wax beads in the concrete resulted in lowered compressive strengths of the test cylinders. KW - Admixtures KW - Beading KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete hardening KW - Cylinders KW - Hardened concrete KW - Heat treatment KW - Metal heating KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Steam curing KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00135920 AU - Smith, R L AU - Hauser, G E AU - Center for Research, Incorporated TI - CALCULATION OF FLOOD DISCHARGES AND FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS IN KANSAS PY - 1976/02 SP - 174 p. AB - Project developed specific design methodologies for (a) calculation of flood frequency relationships for both rural and urban conditions, and (b) calculation of flood hydrrographs for specified frequencies. The recommended procedures are based on the Frequency Equivalent Non-Linear Hydrograph (FENL-H) method developed at the University of Kansas. FENL-H utilizes a form of the modified rational formula Q = XZA where A = peak discharge in cfs, X = rainfall excess rate in inches/hr, Z is the ratio of peak discharge to the equilibrium discharge, and A is the drainage area in acres. The time of concentration and the time to equilibrium are presumed to be equal. Application of the FENL-H model to 110 Kansas basins for which peak discharge records were available during a common 17 year period clearly shows that the time of concentration decreases as the rate of rainfall excess increases. The data also indicates that the bulk of the unexplained variance in current flood frequency equations in Kansas can be attributed to a very nominal variance in the frequency distributions of the input rainfall. The design procedures presented in the report are believed applicable to watersheds ranging in size from 400 acres to 500 square miles. KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Drainage basins KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Floods KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Peak discharge KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Rational formula KW - Rational formula (Hydraulics) KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00131391 AU - Mundy, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1976 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1976/02 SP - 7 p. AB - Following comments on the present system of driver licensing by the States and a listing of driver licensing standards from Section 203 of title II of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 (Section 402,23 USC), an explanation is given of the tables in this report which contain data on the following for the 50 States and the District of Columbia: (1) driver license administration and age requirements; (2) driver examination; (3) reciprocity; (4) driver license content; (5) driver license fees; and (6) suspension, revocation and reinstatement. The driver license law is administred by the Department of Motor Vehicles or Transportation in 25 States and the District of Columbia, by Departments of Public Safety or law enforcement agencies in 14 States, and by other departments (State, Revenue, Highways, etc.) in 11 States. The minimum legal driving age ranges from 14 to 21 years, but may be changed according to certain conditions in many of the States. Forty-three States require positive identification of applicants before issuance of the first drivers license. The time permitted to obtain a license for a newcomer to a State ranges from immediately in 17 States, up to 30 days in an additional 14 States, and up to 90 days in an additional 17 States. Driver license fees vary greatly among the States. Fees for original licenses average nearly $2 per year, but since the terms range from 1 to 4 years, the total fees range from $2 to $15.50. KW - Administration KW - Age KW - Data KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Driving tests KW - Fees KW - Laws KW - Reciprocity KW - Regulations KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/33051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094629 AU - Lerman, S R AU - Manski, C F AU - Atherton, T J AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-RANDOM SAMPLING IN THE CALIBRATION OF DISAGGREGATE CHOICE MODELS PY - 1976/02 SP - 56 p. AB - Most disaggregate travel demand models have been developed using random samples of households and trip-makers. However, it is also possible to use two types of non-random sampling in the calibration of demand models. The first, stratified sampling, uses different sampling rates based on the values of independent variables in the model. The second sampling process, termed choice-based sampling, is based on the observed choices made by travelers. Four basic conclusions are reached regarding alternative sampling procedures and the development of disaggregate choice models. (1) Disaggregate choice travel demand models calibrated on stratified samples require no special adjusting or weighting. (2) Disaggregate choice travel demand models calibrated on choice-based samples do require adjusting or weighting. (3) The appropriate weight for modifying each choice-based sample observation is simply: Probability of a randomly drawn sample making that choice; probability of a choice-based sample making that choice. (4) It is possible to update existing travel demand models using supplemental random, stratified or choice-based sample data using a formula based on Bayes' rule. KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Calibration KW - Choice models KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Forecasting KW - Households KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Probability theory KW - Sampling KW - Travel KW - Travel demand KW - Trip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/31024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457218 AU - Yurysta, Thomas H AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Effect of Commercial Vehicles on Delay at Intersections : Technical Paper PY - 1976/01/13 SP - 28p AB - This research paper reports the results of a study of the effects of commercial vehicles on intersection delay. The objective was to determine the delay effect of commercial vehicles on through traffic at signalized intersections and to determine the effect of intersection corner radii on right-turning speeds of commercial vehicles. Commercial vehicles were defined as any vehicle having at least 6 tires and 2 or more axles. Data was collected at intersections from 5 cities in Indiana. Twenty-three intersection approaches were studied for commercial vehicle delay and 19 intersection corner radii were studied for right turn speeds of commercial vehicles. The results of this research are both quantitative and qualitative. It was found that a passenger car's average running travel time through a signalized intersection was increased from 39.9 seconds to 49.4 seconds, when one or more commercial vehicles were traveling ahead of it in the same platoon of vehicles. Significant factors or variables were found to either increase or decrease commercial vehicle delay. Right turn speeds of passenger cars, truck combinations, and commercial vehicles were found for varying intersection corner radii. From a delay viewpoint, a 30 foot radius was found to be optimum for a single-unit truck and a 60 foot radius was found optimum for a truck combination. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Indiana KW - Right turns KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Turning radius KW - Turning traffic UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313913 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457214 AU - Mekemson, James Robert AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of the Traffic Engineering Functions in the Small Municipalities of Indiana PY - 1976/01/13 SP - 169p AB - This report analyzes the results of a questionnaire and field visits to twenty-six small Indiana municipalities. The summaries and analyses of the data showed that in general, as the population size of the municipality decreased, there was a corresponding decline in the quantity and quality of the traffic engineering functions performed. This relationship was best illustrated by the conformance of the traffic signs to the standards as set forth in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Traffic engineering is provided by many municipal employees, most of whom acknowledge little expertise and inadequate time. They desire means of improving their capability but in general the small towns find it difficult to obtain adequate financing to insure such improvement. The poor application of traffic engineering is clearly evident in the inadequate basic signing for traffic control which exists and which is illustrated in the report. A great need exists in developing better expertise or other ways of applying traffic engineering in these municipalities. KW - Indiana KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Small towns KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic signs UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313915 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219017 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288064 TI - MESURES RENFORCANT LA RESISTANCE AU RENVERSEMENT DES POIDS LOURDS AB - EN 1974 ET 1975, NOUS AVONS ETUDIE L'INFLUENCE DE MESURES RENFORCANT LA RESISTANCE AU RENVERSEMENT DES POIDS LOURDS DANS LE DOMAINE STATICODYNAMIQUE. L'ETUDE DU BALLANT LIQUIDE ET PLUS PARTICULIEREMENT DES FREQUENCES D'OSCILLATIONS DES LIQUIDES TRANSPORTES EN CITERNE A MONTRE DES POSSIBILITES DE RESONANCE AVEC LA SUSPENSION. AUSSI NOUS AVONS ABORDE UNE MODELISATION EN DYNAMIQUE DU COMPORTEMENT DES POIDS LOURDS. A PARTIR DU MODELE ETABLI EN 1975, NOUS ETUDIERONS PLUS PARTICULIEREMENT L'INFLUENCE DE L'AMORTISSEMENT DE ROULIS SUR LA STABILITE DES VEHICULES SEMI-REMORQUES. ON PROCEDERA A L'EVALUATION DU COUT MAXIMAL PAR VEHICULE DES MESURES VISANT AU RENFORCEMENT DE LA RESISTANCE AU RENVERSEMENT PAR LES TROIS CATEGORIES SUIVANTES :ENSEMBLE DES POIDS LOURDS DE 26 A 38 T ET MIMD. KW - Overturning KW - Poids lourd KW - Tonneau (veh) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049237 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288060 TI - IDENTIFICATION DES MESURES DE SECURITE EN ZONE URBAINE (LE MANS) AB - L'OBJECTIF DE L'ETUDE EST D'ETABLIR UNE LISTE DE MESURES DE SECURITE INTERESSANTES EN AGGLOMERATION, PAR L'ETUDE DE L'APPARITION DE FACTEURS ACCIDENTOGENES DANS LES ACCIDENTS. TRAVAUX 1975 L'ETUDE PORTE SUR LA VILLE DU MANS DONT L'ONSER POSSEDE, POUR UNE ANNEE, LES P.V. D'ACCIDENTS CORPORELS. LA LECTURE DES PROCES-VERBAUX D'ACCIDENTS A PERMIS D'ETUDIER LA GENESE DES ACCIDENTS, DE RECHERCHER LES FACTEURS ACCIDENTOGENES ET D'EN ETABLIR UNE PREMIERE TYPOLOGIE. PROGRAMME D'ETUDE 1976 L'ETUDE DES FACTEURS ACCIDENTOGENES ET DES MANOEUVRES A L'ORIGINE DE L'ACCIDENT EN LIAISON AVEC LES VARIABLES DESCRIPTIVES DE LA VILLE PERMETTRA DE DEGAGER LES CONTREMESURES PARTICULIERES RELATIVES A L'INFRASTRUCTURE - LA SIGNALISATION ET LA REGLEMENTATION. EN VUE DE JUGER LA GENERALISATION DES PROBLEMES RENCONTRES AU MANS A L'ENSEMBLE DE LA FRANCE, IL SERA NECESSAIRE DE COMPARER, DU POINT DE VUE DE LA SECURITE, LA VILLE DU MANS AUX AUTRES VILLES DE SA TAILLE, POUR EN CONNAITRE LES CARACTERES GENERAUX ET SPECIFIQUES. KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Urban areas KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049233 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280575 TI - L'APRES PERMIS ET LES PROBLEMES DE POST-APPRENTISSAGE AB - OBJECTIF :LES DIFFERENTES APPROCHES DU DOMAINE (DE 1973 A 1975) ONT ABOUTI A UN ENSEMBLE DE RESULTATS CONVERGENTS METTANT EN EVIDENCE DES CONSTANTES FONDAMENTALES DANS LES ETAPES DE L'APRES-PERMIS ET DANS LES PROBLEMES QU'ELLES SOUS-TENDENT. IL CONVIENT DONC MAINTENANT D'ORIENTER LES PRINCIPALES ACTIONS DE RECHERCHE DANS LE BUT ; 1. DE RACCOURCIR AU MAXIMUM L'ETAPE DE "SOLITUDE" DES 500 PREMIERS KILOMETRES DE CONDUITE APRES LE PERMIS. 2. DE MAITRISER MIEUX LES ELEMENTS PERTURBATEURS QUI APPARAISSENT APRES 500 KILOMETRES :ASPECT LUDIQUE, AGRESSIVITE, SUR-ESTIMATION DE SOI-MEME DANS LA CONFRONTATION AU RISQUE ET AU DANGER. 3. DE LIMITER OU DE FAIRE REGRESSER LE PHENOMENE DU SUR-RISQUE LIE A LA FOIS A L'AGE ET A L'INEXPERIENCE DE LA CONDUITE. 4. DE PRECISER LES MODALITES DES DIFFERENTS TYPES DE CONSEILS OU DE RECYCLAGE QUI POURRAIENT INTERVENIR POUR LES CONDUCTEURS DEBUTANTS DANS LE CADRE DU NOUVEAU PERMIS A POINTS. METHODE :1. MISE AU POINT D'UN INSTRUMENT DE DIAGNOSTIC, QUI PERMETTRAIT DE CARACTERISER UNE CONDUITE SURE, ET LES ECARTS A CE MODELE. 2. EXPERIMENTATION D'UNE PROCEDURE D'AUTO-EVALUATION PERMETTANT AU DEBUTANT DE FAIRE LE POINT PERIODIQUEMENT, ET COMPARAISON DE L'IMPACT AU NIVEAU DES INFRACTIONS, AVEC DES TECHNIQUES DE GROUPE. 3. MISE AU POINT DE TECHNIQUES DE CONSEILS ET ESSAIS D'EXPERIMENTATIONS :IMPACT DES LETTRES D'AVERTISSEMENT, CONDITIONS ET TYPES DE RECYCLAGE, CONDITIONS ET MODALITES DE GUIDAGE OU DE PROCEDURES D'AMELIORATION. KW - Apprentissage (conducteur) KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Permis de conduire KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041692 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280574 TI - APPRENTISSAGE DES ACTIVITES PREVISIONNELLES DU CONDUCTEUR AB - BUT :ANALYSER LES ACTIVITES PERCEPTIVES MISES EN JEU DANS DIFFERENTES TACHES DE CONDUITE ET DE SON APPRENTISSAGE PAR LE BIAIS DE L'ANALYSE DE L'ACTIVITE EXPLORATOIRE VISUELLE. METHODES : 1) METHODE GENERALE :ON A UTILISE LES ENREGISTREMENTS DU DEPLACEMENT DES POINTS DE FIXATION COMME TEMOINS DE L'ACTIVITE EXPLORATOIRE VISUELLE. DE PLUS, LES REPONSES OU COMMENTAIRES VERBAUX DES SUJETS ONT SERVI DE TEMOINS DE L'ACTIVITE COGNITIVE ET PREVISIONNELLE EN RELATION AVEC L'ACTIVITE PERCEPTIVE VISUELLE. 2) METHODE SPECIFIQUE :ON A ESSAYE DE COMPARER L'ACTIVITE EXPLORATOIRE VISUELLE, DANS DES SITUATIONS REELLES SIMPLES, A SON HOMOLOGUE DANS LES MEMES SITUATIONS SIMPLES SIMULEES SUR FILM. ON A ESSAYE D'EVALUER LE ROLE DE DIVERS PRINCIPES ET/OU PROCEDES DIDACTIQUES SUR L'ACCELERATION DE LA CONSTITUTION DES DIFFERENTES ACTIVITES ETUDIEES. EN PARTICULIER, ON A ETUDIE LE ROLE D'ENTRAINEMENTS SPECIFIQUES SUR FILMS DANS L'APPRENTISSAGE DE LA PREVISION D'UN CONFLIT A UNE INTERSECTION. KW - Apprentissage (conducteur) KW - Decision making KW - Driver training KW - Processus de decision KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041691 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280573 TI - ENQUETE CONCERNANT LES BLESSURES OCULAIRES DUES AUX ACCIDENTS DE LA ROUTE AB - L'OBJET DE L'ETUDE A ETE D'ESTIMER AU MOYEN D'UNE ENQUETE EXTENSIVE AUPRES DES SERVICES OPHTALMOLOGIQUES COUVRANT PLUSIEURS REGIONS, LA PROPORTION DES BLESSES OCULAIRES, USAGERS DE VOITURES DE TOURISME, DONT LA LESION A POUR ORIGINE LE PARE-BRISE, SELON QUE CES USAGERS SONT CEINTURES OU NON, ET DANS LA MESURE DU POSSIBLE, SELON LA NATURE DE CE PARE-BRISE (TREMPE OU FEUILLETE). CETTE ETUDE EST FINANCEE PAR MOITIE PAR LES MINISTRES DE L'EQUIPEMENT ET DE LA SANTE PUBLIQUE. CETTE FICHE ANNULE LA 501181. KW - Accident KW - Blessure KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Oeil KW - Pare brise KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Vision KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041690 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270704 TI - REGULATION DE LA VITESSE : AIDE A LA CONDUITE EN VUE DU RESPECT DES LIMITATIONS LEGALES AB - LA LIMITATION GENERALISEE DE LA VITESSE IMPOSE AU CONDUCTEUR UN CONTROLE METRIQUE DE SA VITESSE PLUS IMPORTANT. UN CERTAIN NOMBRE DE TRAVAUX ONT MONTRE QUE LE CONDUCTEUR ESTIME PEU CORRECTEMENT SA VITESSE EN TERMES METRIQUES ET D'UNE MANIERE GENERALE QU'UN CERTAIN NOMBRE DE FACTEURS AFFECTENT LA PERCEPTION DE LA VITESSE PAR LE CONDUCTEUR. ON PEUT SE DEMANDER SI LE COMPTEUR DE VITESSE CONSTITUE UNE AIDE EFFICACE POUR LA REALISATION DE LA TACHE DE CONTROLE DE LA VITESSE AINSI MODIFIEE (EXIGENCES METRIQUES PLUS FORTES). POUR REPONDRE A CETTE QUESTION, IL EST NECESSAIRE DE DEFINIR LES EXIGENCES DU CONTROLE QUE DOIT REALISER LE CONDUCTEUR EN VUE DU RESPECT DES LIMITATIONS LEGALES D'UNE PART, D'EXAMINER LA NATURE DE L'INFORMATION PROPOSEE PAR LE COMPTEUR DE VITESSE ET LA MANIERE DONT LE CONDUCTEUR PEUT OBTENIR CETTE INFORMATION D'AUTRE PART. C'EST POURQUOI L'ETUDE AURA POUR OBJET : -D'UNE PART, D'ANALYSER LES MODALITES D'UTILISATION DU COMPTEUR DE VITESSE PAR LES CONDUCTEURS (VERIFICATION DES HYPOTHESES ET PRECISION SUR LES FACTEURS AFFECTANT LA PRISE D'INFORMATION SUR LE COMPTEUR DE VITESSE). -D'AUTRE PART, DE MENER UNE INVESTIGATION SUR LES AUTRES CLASSES D'INFORMATION ET LES AUTRES SUPPORTS D'INFORMATION SUSCEPTIBLES DE JOUER UN ROLE D'AIDE AU CONTROLE DE LA VITESSE. UN CERTAIN NOMBRE DE DISPOSITIFS ACTUELLEMENT PROPOSES SUR LE MARCHE SERONT NOTAMMENT EXAMINES DANS CETTE OPTIQUE. CES DEUX TYPES D'ANALYSE SERONT MENES EN FONCTION DES EXIGENCES DE CONTROLE DE LA VITESSE. KW - Equipement KW - Equipment KW - Habitacle KW - Limitation de vitesse KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Speed limits KW - Vehicle compartments KW - Vehicle interiors KW - Vehicles KW - Vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031807 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257642 TI - RECIDIVE ET INFLUENCE DE LA SUSPENSION DU PERMIS SUR LA PRATIQUE DE LA CONDUITE AUTOMOBILE AB - OBJECTIF : RECUEILLIR DES INFORMATIONS DE SOURCES DIVERSES AYANT TRAIT A L'EFFICACITE DE SUSPENSION EN TANT QUE SANCTION ET A SON RESPECT PAR L'USAGER. METHODE :1. RECUEIL D'INFORMATIONS SUR LES PROBLEMES DE TRAITEMENT D'ALCOOLEMIE (ASPECT LEGISLATIF, INSTITUTIONNEL, ETC..) 2. CONSTITUTION D'UN DOSSIER A PARTIR DES DONNEES DESCRIPTIVES FOURNIES PAR LES COMMISSIONS SUR LE NOMBRE ET LA NATURE DES CAS DE RECIDIVE TRAITES. 3. RECUEIL DE DONNEES QUALITATIVES AUPRES D'USAGERS AYANT RECUPERE LEUR PERMIS (VINGT ENTRETIENS NON DIRECTIFS ).4. SONDAGE AUPRES D'UN ECHANTILLON D'AUTOMOBILISTES. KW - Behavior KW - Comportement KW - Conducteur KW - Confiscation KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Retrait (permis de conduire) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416585 AU - Appleyard, D AU - Gerson, M S AU - Lintell, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Liveable urban streets: managing auto traffic in neighborhoods PY - 1976/01 IS - FHWA/SES-76-03 SP - 451P AB - This study reports the effects of auto traffic on street life and residential neighborhoods, evaluates efforts to manage traffic in residential neighborhoods, and proposes methods for carrying out and evaluating traffic management plans. The study first reports on about 500 home interviews taken in san francisco on residential streets with varying volumes, compositions, and types of traffic. Some reactions reported include the following: (1) heavy traffic caused many people to move away from a street; (2) people who remained on a street with heavy traffic adapted through withdrawal from their yards and even from the fronts of their houses; (3) even on lightly traveled streets traffic safety was seen as a problem, but it was the occasional fast car rather than the continual traffic; (4) lightly traveled streets were occupied by more families, owners, and long term residents than more heavily traveled streets. Following this section are descriptions of pioneering traffic management programs in three london boroughs, other international efforts to protect neighborhoods, and similar efforts in the san francisco bay area. The final section summarizes traffic impacts and proposes a process of analysis, alternatives evaluation, and experimentation that can be undertaken by a city wishing to make its streets and neighborhoods more liveable (a). KW - Environment KW - Highway traffic control KW - Local area traffic management KW - Neighborhoods KW - Neighbourhood KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Road environment KW - Street KW - Streets KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184383 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01310384 TI - SPEED LIMIT AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS AND IN BUILT-UP AREAS T2 - REGULATION DE LA VITESSE A LA TRAVERSEE DE POINTS SINGULIERS ET DE PETITES AGGLOMERATIONS AB - GENERAL OBJECTIVES THIS INVESTIGATION IS PART OF A GENERAL SCHEME FOR CONTROLLING SPEED AND IMPROVING ROAD SAFETY IN BUILT UP AREAS. THE AIM IS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPERIMENTAL DEVICES FOR REDUCING DRIVING SPEED AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS SUCH AS THE ENTRY TO A BUILT-UP AREA. THE DEVICES ARE BASED ON PERCEPTIVE RESPONSES AND THEY FUNCTION SEMI-AUTOMATICALLY BY MODIFYING THE DRIVER'S PERCEPTION OF SPEED. KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - France KW - France KW - Perception KW - Perception KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1071566 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288065 TI - SPEED LIMIT: A DRIVING AID FOR RESPECTING LEGAL LIMITS T2 - REGULATION DE LA VITESSE: AIDE A LA CONDUITE EN VUE DU RESPECT DES LIMITATIONS LEGALES AB - THE GENERAL APPLICATION OF SPEED LIMITS REQUIRES THAT THE DRIVER EXERCISES AN IMPORTANT QUANTITIVE CONTROL OVER THE CAR PERFORMANCE. A NUMBER OF INVESTIGATIONS HAVE SHOWN THAT DRIVERS HAVE A POOR APPRECIATION OF THEIR ACTUAL SPEED AND THAT GENERALLY ONLY A FEW FACTORS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS APPRECIATION. THE QUESTION IS WHETHER THE SPEEDOMETER IS AN EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENT IN MAKING A QUANTITIVE ESTIMATE OF SPEED. TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER THE ACTIONS REQUIRED OF THE DRIVER IN RESPECTING THE SPEED LIMIT AND THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SPEEDOMETER INFORMATION IS PRESENTED TO AND ASSIMILATED BY THE DRIVER. THUS THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PRESENT STUDY ARE: - TO DETERMINE THE MANNER IN WHICH SPEEDOMETER INFORMATION IS ASSIMILATED BY THE DRIVERS (CONFIRMATION OF ASSUMPTIONS AND A MORE DETAILED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESS); - TO CONSIDER OTHER MEANS OF PROVIDING INFORMATION THAT COULD BE USEFUL IN THE CONTROL OF SPEED INCLUDING A NUMBER OF DEVICES THAT HAVE BEEN PROPOSED BY INDUSTRY. THESE TWO OBJECTIVES WILL BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPEED LIMITATION REQUIREMENTS. KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - France KW - France KW - Perception KW - Perception KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Speedometer KW - Speedometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049238 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288063 TI - INCREASING THE OVER-TURNING RESISTANCE OF HEAVY VEHICLES T2 - MESURES RENFORCANT LA RESISTANCE AU RENVERSEMENT DES POIDS LOURDS AB - DURING 1974 AND 1975 THE EFFECTS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC MEASURES FOR INCREASING THE OVERTURNING RESISTANCE OF HEAVY VEHICLES WERE INVESTIGATED. A STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT, AND IN PARTICULAR, THE OSCILLATING FREQUENCY OF LIQUIDS WHEN TRANSPORTED IN TANKERS, REVEALED THE POSSIBILITY OF RESONANCE WITH THE SUSPENSION. ATTEMPTS WERE MADE ACCORDINGLY TO MODEL THE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF THE HEAVY VEHICLES. SINCE 1975 A MODEL HAS BEEN USED TO STUDY THE WAY IN WHICH ROLL DAMPING AFFECTS THE STABILITY OF SEMI-TRAILERS. NEXT, THE MAXIMUM COST PER VEHICLE OF MEANS FOR INCREASING THE OVERTURNING RESISTANCE FOR THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: ALL HEAVY VEHICLES IN THE 26 TO 38 TONNE RANGE AND "M.I.M.D." WILL BE DETERMINED. KW - Commodities KW - Driving KW - France KW - France KW - Freight KW - Handling characteristics KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Motion KW - Movement KW - Overturning KW - Overturning (veh) KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - TANKER KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049236 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288061 TI - EFFECT OF DRIVING LICENCE SUSPENSION ON DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND REPEATED OFFENCES T2 - RECIDIVE ET INFLUENCE DE LA SUSPENSION DU PERMIS SUR LA PRATIQUE DE LA CONDUITE AUTOMOBILE AB - OBJECTIVE. TO GATHER INFORMATION FROM VARIOUS SOURCES CONCERNING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DRIVING LICENCE SUSPENSION AS A SANCTION AND THE WAY IN WHICH SUCH SUSPENSION IS RESPECTED BY THOSE CONCERNED. ACTION. 1. TO COLLECT INFORMATION ON THE PROBLEM OF TREATING ALCOHOLICS (LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS ETC.). 2. TO PREPARE A DOSSIER BASED ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE COMMISSIONS INVOLVED AND CONCERNING THE NUMBER AND NATURE OF REPEATED OFFENCES INVOLVING DRIVING LICENCE SUSPENSIONS. 3. TO COLLECT QUALITATIVE INFORMATION AS A RESULT OF CONSULTING DRIVERS WHO HAVE RECOVERED THEIR LICENCES (TWENTY INFORMAL MEETINGS). 4. TO CONDUCT AN OPINION POLL INVOLVING A SAMPLE POPULATION OF MOTORISTS. KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Confiscation KW - Confiscation (driving licence) KW - Driver KW - Driver licenses KW - Drivers KW - Drunkenness KW - France KW - France KW - Intoxication KW - Recidivist KW - Recidivists KW - Research project KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049234 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288059 TI - IDENTIFICATION OF POSSIBLE SAFETY MEASURES IN URBAN AREAS (LE MANS) T2 - IDENTIFICATION DES MESURES DE SECURITE EN ZONE URBAINE (LE MANS) AB - THE OBJECT OF THIS STUDY IS TO ESTABLISH A LIST OF POSSIBLE SAFETY MEASURES IN BUILT-UP AREAS AS A RESULT OF A STUDY OF THE FACTORS GIVING RISE TO ACCIDENTS. WORK DURING 1975. STUDIES WERE MADE FOR LE MANS WHERE ONSER HAD ACCESS TO ACCIDENT REPORTS INVOLVING PERSONAL INJURY OVER A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR. THESE REPORTS WERE STUDIED WITH A VIEW TO IDENTIFYING AND MAKING A FIRST CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACTORS GIVING RISE TO ACCIDENTS. PROPOSED STUDIES FOR 1976. A STUDY OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS, THE VEHICLE MANOEUVRES AND THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT INVOLVED IN ACCIDENTS WILL ALLOW SAFETY COUNTER MEASURES TO BE PROPOSED WITH REGARD TO THE ROAD SYSTEM: CARRIAGEWAY MARKINGS, TRAFFIC SIGNS AND SIGNALS, TRAFFIC REGULATIONS, ETC.. IF THE PROPOSALS FOR LE MANS ARE TO BE GENERALLY AND SPECIFICALLY APPLICABLE IN FRANCE IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO MAKE COMPARISONS, FROM THE SAFETY POINT OF VIEW, WITH THE SITUATIONS IN OTHER TOWNS OF SIMILAR SIZE TO LE MANS. KW - Accident KW - Accident prevention KW - Cause KW - Causes KW - Classification KW - Classification KW - Crashes KW - France KW - France KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Prevention KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049232 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288052 TI - BEHAVIOUR AND FURTHER INSTRUCTION OF RECENTLY QUALIFIED DRIVERS T2 - L'APRES-PERMIS ET LES PROBLEMES DE POST-APPRENTISSAGE AB - OBJECTIVES. THE RESULTS OF THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES IN THIS FIELD (1973 TO 1975) ALL REVEAL THE SAME FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE BEHAVIOUR OF NEWLY QUALIFIED DRIVERS DURING THE PERIOD FOLLOWING THEIR TEST. THUS THE OBJECTIVES OF ANY FURTHER RESEARCH SHOULD BE AS FOLLOWS: 1. TO LIMIT AS FAR AS POSSIBLE THE AMOUNT OF "SOLO" DRIVING FOR THE FIRST 500 KM AFTER THE DRIVER HAS PASSED HIS TEST. 2. TO EXERCISE A BETTER CONTROL OVER THE DISTURBING CHARACTERISTICS WHICH APPEAR AFTER 500 KM OF DRIVING: AGGRESSIVE OR FRIVOLOUS ATTITUDE, OVER ESTIMATION OF OWN ABILITIES IN THE FACE OF RISK OR DANGER. 3. TO LIMIT OR REDUCE THE EXCESSIVE RISK DUE TO AGE AND LACK OF DRIVING EXPERIENCE. 4. TO DEFINE A BASIS FOR ADVISING OR PROVIDING FURTHER INSTRUCTION FOR NEWLY QUALIFIED DRIVERS USING THE NEW GRADED (POINTS) DRIVING LICENCE. ACTION 1. TO DEVELOP A DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE AS A MEANS FOR IDENTIFYING DEVIATIONS FROM GOOD DRIVING PRACTICE. 2. TO TRY OUT A SELF EVALUATION PROCEDURE TO BE PERIODICALLY USED BY NEW DRIVERS AND TO MAKE A COMPARISON AS REGARDS OFFENCES BETWEEN THIS SELF EVALUATION AND GROUP TEST RESULTS. 3. TO DEVELOP PROCEDURES FOR ADVISING NEW DRIVERS AND EXPERIMENTS: IMPACT OF WARNING NOTICES, CONDITIONS AND TYPES OF RETRAINING, BASIS AND TYPE OF FURTHER INSTRUCTION AND TRAINING. KW - Age KW - Age KW - Attitude (psychol) KW - Attitudes KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Driving KW - Driving (veh) KW - Driving licence KW - Education KW - Education KW - France KW - France KW - Motor skills KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Risk taking KW - Risk taking KW - Skill (road user) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049225 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288051 TI - DRIVER ANTICIPATION TRAINING T2 - APPRENTISSAGE DES ACTIVITES PREVISIONNELLES DU CONDUCTEUR AB - TO ANALYZE THE PERCEPTIVE ACTIONS INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT DRIVER TASKS AND TO STUDY TRAINING TECHNIQUES FOLLOWING ANALYSIS OF VISUAL EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY. GENERAL PROCEDURE EYE MOVEMENTS WILL BE RECORDED AS AN INDICATION OF VISUAL EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY. AT THE SAME TIME THE ACTIONS OR VERBAL COMMENTS OF THE SUBJECTS WILL GIVE SOME INFORMATION CONCERNING THEIR COGNITIVE AND ANTICIPATORY RESPONSE IN RELATION TO THEIR VISUAL PERCEPTION. SPECIFIC ACTION COMPARISONS WILL BE MADE BETWEEN THE VISUAL EXPLORATORY ACTION IN SIMPLE BUT REAL SITUATIONS AND THE SAME RESPONSE IN SIMULATED EQUIVALENT SITUATIONS USING FILMS. ATTEMPTS WILL BE MADE TO ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRINCIPLES AND/OR LEARNING PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE DIFFERENT OBSERVED ACTIVITIES. IN PARTICULAR A STUDY WILL BE MADE OF THE ROLE OF FILMS IN TEACHING DRIVERS TO ANTICIPATE POSSIBLE CONFLICTS AT A ROAD INTERSECTION. KW - Danger KW - Decision making KW - Decision process KW - Driver training KW - Driver training KW - Eye movement KW - Eye movements KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Near midair crashes KW - Near miss KW - Perception KW - Perception KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Stress (psychol) KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049224 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288049 TI - INQUIRY CONCERNING EYE INJURIES CAUSED BY ROAD ACCIDENTS T2 - ENQUETE CONCERNANT LES BLESSURES OCULAIRES DUES AUX ACCIDENTS DE LA ROUTE AB - THE OBJECT OF THE STUDY IS TO DETERMINE, AS A RESULT OF AN EXTENSIVE INQUIRY INVOLVING THE OPTHALMIC SERVICES IN SEVERAL DISTRICTS, THE PROPORTION OF EYE INJURIES TO DRIVERS OF PRIVATE CARS, THAT ARE CAUSED BY THE WINDSCREEN WITH INFORMATION ON THE USE OR LACK OF USE OF SEAT BELTS AND SO FAR AS POSSIBLE ON THE TYPE OF WINDSCREEN (TEMPERED OR LAMINATED GLASS). THE STUDY IS JOINTLY FINANCED BY THE MINISTRIES OF EQUIPMENT AND OF PUBLIC HEALTH. KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Manual safety belts KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Safety belt KW - Use KW - Use KW - Vision KW - Vision KW - WINDSCREEN (CAR) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175994 AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Saylak, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Sulphur Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULPHUR EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA): SULPHUR/ASPHALT MIXTURE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS - LUFKIN FIELD TRIALS PY - 1976/01 SP - 73 p. AB - This report deals with pavement mixture designs and construction operation of field trials on U.S. 69 north of Lufkin, Texas. The binders used in this field trial consisted of pure asphalt cement for the control sections and 30/70 weight percent of a sulphur/asphalt emulsion as the test binder. All elements of the structural (thickness) design were produced in pairs for comparison purposes with the exception of two thinner sections selected to possibly show distress in two or three years. Otherwise, the thickness designs used in the test sections were those specified by the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation in the conventional section of this highway. Preconstruction laboratory evaluations of mixture properties and field laboratory control measurements are included as a part of this report. KW - Aggregates KW - Air pollution KW - Binders KW - Compressive strength KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Hydrogen sulfide KW - Laboratory tests KW - Physical properties KW - Sulfur KW - Texas KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334520 AU - Winter, W A AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC NOISE NEAR HIGHWAYS PY - 1976/01 SP - 73 p. AB - The report discusses parameters used to measure and describe noise. It presents and discusses a noise emission model for automobiles and a free field noise dispersion model for predicting equivalent noise level. Noise barriers are discussed at length. A formal nomograph method is presented for predicting barrier effectiveness against truck noise peaks. A computer method is also given for predicting barrier effectiveness. There are ancillary notes on noise reflections, ground effects and atmospheric effects. arts in transportation. To accomplish these objectives, NEMC created a 15-member New England Task Force on Transportation Design and the Arts. To insure full representation of those involved in transportation planning and decision-making, the Task Force membership included government officials, transportation planners, transit operators, and regional planning agency staff. Private sector art directors were also represented. The Task Force served as a resource to identify the perceived needs of local governments vis-a-vis aesthetics in transportation and the opportunities and constraints associated with such efforts. To document the perceptions, ideas and considerations of the Task Force members and to further analyze local situations, NEMC conducted ten site visits in locations throughout New England. The sites represented a cross-section of New England, including at least one community in each New England state and two regional planning agencies (RPAs). The RPAs were included to provide a regional perspective from areas where a regional approach to transportation planning and services is being used. NEMC's research methodology emphasized comparative analysis. By selecting four communities with successful, aesthetically designed transportation systems and comparing them to four communities that were restricted in their efforts to include aesthetics, NEMC was able to identify reasons for successful programs and constraints to programs in other communities. Individuals interviewed during the site visits included transit operators, planners, town managers and community development directors. They provided first-hand information on how their transportation systems operated and the impact of aesthetic design on their projects. The information included in this report is based on the site visits and Task Force meeting discussions, and covers the following: constraints at the local level precluding design consideration; current or planned activities at the local level to consider design in transportation in five New England communities; future transportation project possibilities for design in four communities; and recommended actions to promote design in transportation systems at the local level. (Author) KW - Aesthetics KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Loudness KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Public transit KW - Regional transportation KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335957 AU - Foster, R E AU - Benson, J D AU - Stover, V AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSEQUENCES OF SMALL SAMPLE O-D DATA COLLECTION IN THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS PY - 1976/01 SP - 157 p. AB - Using data from an urban area of 825,000, this study was undertaken to determine the confidence with which small samples of home interview survey data can be used in travel forecasting procedures. The results show that smaller samples than those traditionally used will produce acceptable traffic assignment results. (FHWA) KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Households KW - Interviewing KW - Origin and destination KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172034 AU - Yimprasert, P AU - Fowler, D W AU - Paul, D R AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - DURABILITY, STRENGTH, AND METHOD OF APPLICATION OF POLYMER-IMPREGNATED CONCRETE FOR SLABS PY - 1976/01 SP - 230 p. AB - The application of polymer-impregnated concrete (PIC) for improving the durability of concrete slabs, especially highway bridge decks, has been widely investigated. For this application, the slab is partially impregnated from the upper surface. Parameters such as drying time and temperature, soaking time, and curing time and temperature, which, of course, can influence the durability of concrete bridge decks after impregnation, were thoroughly investigated. The monomer system of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 1% (by weight) benzoyl peroxide (BP) and 10% (by weight) trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) was generally used throughout the tests. A drying temperature of more than 212 degrees F to 300 degrees F was acceptable for the slabs tested. To obtain at least a 1-in. polymer depth,a soaking time of 4 hours or more was necessary. Steam was found to be an economical, safe and workable curing source for field treatment. With adequate steam, the monomer in concrete can be cured within 30 minutes. A curing temperature of at least 140 degree F is necessary to achieve adequate polymer depth. It is recommended that the minimum curing time and temperature of 60 minutes and 150 degrees F, respectively, should be used for actual field impregnations. The durability of partially-impregnated slabs was evaluated by freeze-thaw tests conducted on 10-in. X 10-in. X 6-in. concrete slabs. It was found that the durability performance of concrete was significantly increased by PIC impregnaton. /Author/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Drying KW - Drying temperature KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Metal working KW - Polymer concrete KW - Slabs KW - Soaking KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00143979 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION AND PROGRAMMING OF ROADSIDE HAZARD IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1976/01 SP - 184 p. AB - The project seeks to identify those features of the roadside environment which constitute a hazard to the highway user, and examines the nature of the problem on non-freeway facilities. The report summarizes the initial work on the project, including a review of the literature, a formalization of the concept of a roadside hazard, and an evaluation of the characteristics of single vehicle accidents. The field investigation procedure is outlined, and the preliminary results of accident site investigations are discussed. The applicability of photologs in evaluating roadside safety is examined. A preliminary structure for roadside hazard identification and correction is presented, and the tasks to be undertaken during the remainder of this research to finalize the evaluation procedure are discussed. KW - Cameras KW - Crash investigation KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Photographic techniques KW - Photography KW - Photologging KW - Reviews KW - Roads KW - Roadside KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158079 AU - Babcock, W F AU - Robinson, J M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - THE RESULTS OF A 1970 AND 1975 ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF LAND DEVELOPMENTS ON FREEWAYS IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1976/01 SP - 108 p. AB - Publications ERSD 70-4 and 71-4 were concerned with an analysis of the impact of freeways upon land development in North Carolina. The results and analyses were based upon a field inventory conducted in 1970 along with special studies in urban areas conducted in 1970 and 1972. Many of the interstate freeways were not open to traffic in 1970 and some had only been opened a short time. Therefore, it was determined to conduct another inventory in 1975 in order to analyze land developments on the new routes and to determine the increase in highway oriented land developments on those routes studied in 1970. This report summarizes these findings and makes suggestions concerning those freeways and their particular interchanges that will attract additional land development to the point that congestion may require the reconstruction of the interchange unless steps are taken to prepare for the additional land development. Additionally, a manual of guidelines for relating land development and freeway impact has been prepared entitled "Concepts and Guidelines for Highway and Land Planning in North Carolina." KW - Development KW - Freeways KW - Interchanges KW - Real estate development KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154860 AU - Nakao, D I AU - Hatano, M M AU - Howell, R B AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY OPERATION AND PLANT DAMAGE PY - 1976/01 SP - 73 p. AB - A five-year study was undertaken by Caltrans in 1973 to study the effects of deicing salts on terrestrial vegetation and explore other possible causes of plant damage both natural and manmade, and to recommend alternative courses of action. The study is essentially divided into two phases: (1) soil chemistry and salt analysis, and (2) vegetation damage assessment and recommendations for mitigation. The Environmental Branch of the Transportation Laboratory is performing phase 1 and the University of California at Davis has contracted to perform that portion of the research dealing with vegetation (phase 2). Ozone concentration data monitored from August 1974 through July 1975 indicated the levels are below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air quality standard of .08 PPM (hourly average). KW - Air pollution KW - California KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Damage assessment KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Inorganic salts KW - Lake Tahoe Basin KW - Loss and damage KW - Monitoring KW - Ozone KW - Plants KW - Recommendations KW - Soil analysis KW - Soil chemistry KW - Standards KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154782 AU - Kimball, C E AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Michie, J D AU - Wentworth, J A AU - Viner, J G AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COLLAPSING RING BRIDGE RAILING SYSTEM PY - 1976/01 SP - 229 p. AB - An experimental program was conducted to develop an energy-absorbing bridge rail system which used the deformation of steel rings as the primary energy absorber. Fourteen full-scale vehicle crash tests were performed with 2,000-lb, 4,000-lb, 19,000-lb, 40,000-lb and 70,000-lb vehicles. Strain gage, vehicle accelerometer and high-speed movie data were taken. KW - Accelerometers KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Collapse KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact tests KW - Rings KW - Simulation KW - Steel KW - Strain gages KW - Testing KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144106 AU - Steere, L B AU - Tapp, S C AU - Whalin, W V AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION IN COLORADO PY - 1976/01 IS - 5C315 SP - 36 p. AB - This is an Interim Report which reviews the capability of the Department of Highways to detect bridge deck deterioration and to take remedial and deterrent action. Department personnel have observed FHWA demonstrations of, and gained experience in the use of, equipment and procedures to evaluate bridge decks. Decks have been repaired using a wide range of materials and processes, from limited patching with both common and unusual or experimental proprietary materials, to extensive removal and replacement of deck concrete. An expanded program of removal of damaged and/or contaminated deck material and replacement with latex modified concrete will be undertaken during the upcoming construction season. Placement of the same material on a new structure also will occur this year. Considerable laboratory and field testing of moisture barrier membranes has been done. Specifications covering fabrication and application of membranes have been published and refined. An extensive retesting program is being carried out to check the continued effectiveness of waterproofing membranes and installation technqiues. Research continues in an effort to bring forth economical methods for prevention of bridge deck deterioration and repair of decks already damaged. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Latex KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Polymer concrete KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00144110 AU - Ragan, R M AU - Gingrich, T E AU - Jackson, T J AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RETICULAR INLET GRATES PY - 1976/01 SP - 97 p. AB - The report describes the experimental approach followed in the development of rating curves for Maryland State Highway Administration Standard WR, Standard NR, and Single WR reticular inlet grates. Rating curves for these grates are given for longitudinal slopes between 0 and 13%, and cross slopes between 1.6 and 10% are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Culvert inlets KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Ratings KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/62576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00145542 AU - WICKS, D A AU - Lieberman, E B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTRAS, A MICROSCOPIC FREEWAY SIMULATION MODEL. VOLUME I. PROGRAM DESIGN AND PARAMETER CALIBRATION PY - 1976/01 SP - 146 p. AB - The series of volumes documents the work performed to adopt a freeway simulation model for studying freeway incidents. The resulting program, INTRAS (Integrated Traffic Simulation), is a vehicle-specific time-stepping simulation designed to realistically represent traffic and traffic control in a freeway and surrounding surface street environment. This volume describes the detailed capabilities of INTRAS and its structural and procedural attributes. The calibration of traffic descriptive parameters are also presented herein. This volume is the first in a series. KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Ramps KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00139257 AU - Newton, J G AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARLY DETECTION AND CORRECTION OF SINKHOLE PROBLEMS IN ALABAMA, WITH A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF REMOTE SENSING APPLICATION PY - 1976/01 SP - 83 p. AB - Recent sinkhole activity in Alabama has resulted in costly damage to highways and other structures, major pollution, and accidents. Sinkholes are divided into two categories defined as "induced" and "natural." Induced sinkholes are those related to man's activities whereas natural sinkholes are not. Induced sinkholes develop in a much shorter time-span than natural sinkholes. The development of both categories is dependent on some degree of solution of carbonate rocks. Induced sinkholes are divided into two types, those resulting from a decline in the water table due to ground-water withdrawals and those resulting from construction. It is estimated that more than 4,000 of these sinkholes, areas of subsidence, or related features have formed in Alabama since 1900. Almost all induced sinkholes occur where cavities developed in residual or other unconsolidated deposits overlying openings in carbonate rocks. Collapses forming new natural sinkholes in Alabama are rare and are comparable in size to induced sinkholes. Of the thousands of natural sinkholes on topographic maps, the earliest stage in their development is a matter of geologic and hydrologic history. The initial deformation of the land surface forming a new sinkhole can result from continuous solution of bedrock, a natural decline in the water table, or a combination of both. The first displacement in the land surface forming a natural sinkhole generally occurs in one of three ways. It occurs where roofs consisting of bedrock or of unconsolidated deposits collapse into an opening in bedrock progressively enlarged by solution. The collapse of cavities in unconsolidated deposits that have formed as a result of the downward migration of the deposits into underlying openings in bedrock is probably one of the more common modes of development. Slow subsidence resulting from solution of the upper surface of bedrock or the downward migration of unconsolidated deposits also form sinkholes in areas where the rate of subsidence exceeds the rate of deposition. Many sinkholes develop with little or no warning, others are preceded by the formation of recognizable features that can be observed on the ground and from the air. Photographs, and other remote sensing data, are useful in the location and evaluation of potential sinkhole problems along planned highway corrdors. They are also useful in the definition of potential sites of collapse where recognizable features are present. These features include sinkholes and other related openings, lineaments and other linear features or trends, water loss, and vegetative stress or anomalous vigor. This information coupled with that on geologic and topographic maps and from available water records allows an evaluation of potential highway corridors with a minimum of fieldwork. /Author/ KW - Bedrock KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Collapse KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Geologic mapping KW - Geological surveying KW - Groundwater KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Mapping KW - Remote sensing KW - Sediments KW - Sinkholes KW - Topographic maps KW - Unconsolidated sediments KW - Values in measurement KW - Water table UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/43643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00136885 AU - Lizzio, A M AU - Nelson, D S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STEEL BRIDGE INSPECTION INSTRUMENTS: ACOUSTIC CRACK DETECTOR (ACD)/MAGNETIC CRACK DEFINER (MCD) PY - 1976/01 SP - 50 p. AB - This report discusses the field testing and evaluation of a steel bridge inspection device developed for FHWA by the Southwest Research Institute and tested in cooperation with ten participating state highway departments including Connecticut, California, Montana, Idaho, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia, Texas, Arkansas, and Virginia. The device was used on various types and ages of steel bridges ranging from wrought iron trusses to modern bridge steels. The study concluded that the disadvantages with conventional non-destructive test equipment have not been eliminated with the ACD/MCD system: that is, extensive operator training is still required, and little or no production rate of inspected members of bridges is feasible. The difficulties encountered in characterizing the ACD unit to the steel being surveyed would limit its practical use to indepth inspections by trained personnel of structural details susceptible to fatigue cracking on relatively new bridges. Cracks observed by visual inspection can be verified and defined on flat smooth surfaces by the ACD/MCD units. KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Bridge structures KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Equipment KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Iron KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Training KW - Trusses KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Wrought iron UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/42588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00133410 AU - Elnaggar, H A AU - Flint, N K AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGHWAY CUTS IN ROCK PY - 1976/01 SP - 66 p. AB - Following the recommendations of the study reported by Hamel and Flint 1969, PDH Research Project No. 41472, evaluation of potential sliding areas on LR 1021 was made. The purpose of this study was to develop design criteria for cut slopes in rock based on data obtained from instrumented slopes, supplemented by laboratory testing of representative samples. However, due to construction delays a decision was made to terminate the subject project until 1976. For this reason, only the preliminary study of the slump bench near station 342 was made and reported. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embankments KW - Excavations KW - Geochemistry KW - Geologic investigations KW - Geologic structures KW - Geological surveying KW - Geologically affected surfaces KW - Highways KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pennsylvania KW - Residual stress KW - Road construction KW - Rocks KW - Runoff KW - Sliding KW - Slopes KW - Static stability KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/41521 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129510 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Emery, J J AU - Kim, C S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - BASE STABILIZATION USING PELLETIZED BLAST FURNACE SLAG PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 94-100 AB - Laboratory studies on the use of fine-grained, self-cementing pelletized blast furnace slag in stabilized base construction are presented. The slag chemistry is such that the finer portions of ground pelletized slag show cementing properties. A satisfactory stabilized base mix composed of 70% crusher run blast furnace slag and 30% ground pelletized slag has been developed, and the critical level of minus No. 200 fines has been established. The ground pelletized slag is readily produced, even from moist pellets, using an intensive mixer with a high speed rotor that grinds the slag. The strength development of the ground pelletized slag is not very sensitive to the glass content but is highly dependent on the quantity and Blaine fineness of the minus No. 200 fines in the ground slag. A procedure for the determination of glass content is given. The use of ground pelletized blast furnace slag offers a viable alternative to the use of asphaltic or portland cements in many cases, with an attendent saving in energy resource requirements. /Author/ KW - Asphalt cement KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blast furnaces KW - Chemical properties KW - Comminution KW - Compressive strength KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Glass KW - Grinding KW - Grinding /comminution/ KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pellets KW - Portland cement KW - Slag KW - Stabilized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129505 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gonzalez, H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SCREENING TEST FOR TORSIONAL CREEP PERFORMANCE OF PLASTICS PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-25 AB - The objective of this project was to determine the usefulness and limitations of a modified indentation hardness test in determining the creep resistance of plastics. Tests were run on 13 different materials and correlations were made between the modified hardness test and torsional creep tests at a 1000-psi (6895-kPa) stress level up to 500 h. The modified hardness test may be used as a screening test for creep performance as it allows determination of expected creep performance at a very early stage of material evaluation, where there are usually limited amounts of material available. Equations were developed to allow the prediction of creep performance. The correlations developed are not applicable to anisotropic materials. /Author/ KW - Creep KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Hardness tests KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Screenings KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129507 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Berger, D M AU - Mroz, S E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INSTRUMENTS FOR INSPECTION OF COATINGS PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 29-39 AB - The long expected life of a coating system depends on surface preparation, application of the coating, quality of the material, and good inspection practices. ASTM Committees D01.43 Coatings for Power Generation Facilities and ASTM D01.46 Industrial Protective Painting are concerned with inspection. Visual standards and instruments are used to inspect various nuclear grade coatings. Magnetic and eddy current gages are used for measuring film thickness. Holiday detectors and the Elcometer adhesion tester are a part of coating inspection. /Author/ KW - Coatings KW - Detectors KW - Eddy currents KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Industrial plants KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurements KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear particles KW - Paint KW - Power KW - Protective coatings KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129509 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Berger, R L AU - Kung, J H AU - Young, J F AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE DRYING SHRINKAGE OF ALITE PASTE PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 85-93 AB - The drying shrinkage at 55% relative humidity of alite pastes with and without 1% calcium chloride (CaCl2) at equal degrees of hydration was investigated. CaCl2, increases drying shrinkage at all levels of hydration studied. However, the difference in drying shrinkage of pastes with and without 1% CaCl2, decreased with increased hydration. Shrinkage of pastes with CaCl2, decreased with increasing hydration (40 to 75%), whereas shrinkage of pastes without CaC;2, increased with increasing hydration (43 to 62%). A larger weight loss during drying was noted in pastes without CaCl2. Reference is made to the relationship between the observed shrinkage in alite pastes and differences in the pore size distributions of tricalcium silicate pastes with and without CaCl2. /Author/ KW - Calcium chloride KW - Drying KW - Humidity KW - Hydration KW - Pores KW - Pores (Geology) KW - Shrinkage KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36383 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129512 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Coutinho, A S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DISCUSSION OF "A NEW TEST FOR SULFATE RESISTANCE OF CEMENTS" BY P.K. MEHTA AND O.E. GJORV PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 40-41 AB - Attention is called to the Bayliss test for determining the concentration of calcium carbonate and aggressive carbon dioxide in sulphate solution. This test should always be carried out before beginning the test for sulfate resistance of cements to define clearly the medium in which the test is to be carried out (incrusting or non-incrusting). In the case of an incrustating medium, there is an initial period during which the pH of the medium in which the specimens are immersed tends to rise, followed by another in which the pH diminishes and tends towards its initial value; in that case there is no corrosion. If the medium is non-incrustating, the pH tends to rise and never decreases, even if the medium in contact with the test specimens is changed. The pH should never be allowed to rise above 9. KW - Calcium carbonate KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Cement KW - Corrosion resistance KW - pH value KW - Sulfates KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36387 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129511 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - KHERA, R P AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - REMOLDING STRESSES AND DIRECTIONAL STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF AN ILLITIC CLAY PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 101-108 AB - The cause and the nature of anisotropy in a cohesive soil was investigated by direct shear and triaxial compression tests. Samples formed under hydrostatic stress showed isotropic shear strength and pore pressure behavior as well as the lack of bias in soil fabric. When the samples from the same clay were molded under one-dimensional consolidation stress, the pore pressure was observed to be isotropic, but the effective stress strength was not. Also, these samples had oriented soil structure. The anisotropic strength resulted from the sample stress history and not from the stresses existing prior to shearing. The ratio between the pore pressure at failure and the mean consolidation pressure during remolding, as well as the inclination of the failure plane to the specimen axis, were observed to be essentially constant for all specimens. /Author/ KW - Anisotropy KW - Anisotropy (Physics) KW - Cohesive soils KW - Compression KW - Consolidations KW - Direct shear tests KW - Failure KW - Failure theory KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Illites KW - Isotropy KW - Pore pressure KW - Remolded clay soils KW - Remolded clays KW - Shear strength KW - Soil structure KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Triaxial compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00094046 AU - Moore, W S AU - Imperial, J F AU - Tunstall, J AU - Wagner, M H AU - Hurst, P M AU - General Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1976/01 SP - 188 p. AB - The purpose of the contract was to conduct a benefit/cost analysis of seven alcohol safety countermeasures in order to determine the potential for successful implementation in terms of the estimated cost/effectiveness of each countermeasure and to provide NHTSA with baseline information for allocating research monies in the area of countermeasure development. The countermeasures analyzed were: sober pill, self tester, evidential roadside tester, non-cooperative breath tester, alcohol safety interlock system, continuous monitoring device, operating time recorder. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Blood alcohol levels KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood chemical analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Drunk drivers KW - Drunk driving KW - Economic models KW - Equipment tests KW - Ethanol KW - Fund allocations KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Systems analysis KW - Test equipment KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/30621 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129506 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hostinsky, T AU - Cadek, J AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - A CONSTANT TENSILE STRESS CREEP TESTING MACHINE PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 26-28 AB - A new constant tensile stress creep testing machine is described. The machine makes it possible to keep the stress constant within 0.1% up to a strain 0.45, assuming the volume of the specimen does not change during the test. The cam profile has been solved for specimen gage lengths of 50.0, 35.0, and 25.0 mm. The static counterbalance of the loading system ensures its high sensitivity, which, together with the minimizing of frictional forces, offers the possibility for the tensile stress to be accurately defined. /Author/ KW - Cams KW - Creep KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Machines KW - Profiles KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36380 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00129508 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Barrick, J E AU - Krokosky, E M AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON STATIC STRENGTH OF HYDRATED PORTLAND CEMENT PY - 1976/01 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - p. 61-73 AB - This paper delineates the effects of temperature and relative humidity on static strength (fatigue) or hydrated portland cement mortar. An experimental program involving the static loading of small cement-sand beams at varying conditions of temperature and relative humidity was undertaken to obtain information on the time required for fracture. This data was analyzed with a statistical procedure developed for truncated, lognormal distributions. The results are presented as cumulative probability distributions. A stress-corrosion mechanism dependent on the presence of calcium hydroxide is postulated as a result of this study. /Author/ KW - Beams KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Corrosion KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Experiments KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Humidity KW - Hydrates KW - Portland cement KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stresses KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/36382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514095 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Iowa 415, Polk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513217 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-118, Simi Valley-San Fernando Valley Freeway construction, SR-126, Santa Paula Freeway to I-210, Foothill Freeway, Los Angeles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft,Dsum, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297541 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01411731 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - Assessing transportation-related air quality impacts PY - 1976 IS - 167 SP - 202p U1 - Conference on the State of the Art of Assessing Transportation-Related Air Quality ImpactsU.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental AffairsFederal Highway AdministrationWashington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19751022 EndDate:19751024 Sponsors:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Environmental Affairs, Federal Highway Administration KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution KW - Exhaust gases KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Vehicle emissions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1179529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01162321 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate route 495 and relocated state route 140, City of Taunton, Towns of Foxborough, Mansfield, Norton, Raynham, Bridgewater : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/923307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160847 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-557 (IL-58-Golf Road) from the Tri-State Tollway to Harlem Ave, Cook County PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final, Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160845 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-69, Charlotte to I-96 and I96 northwest of Lansing, Eaton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final, Draft supplement to the final preparation materials B1,record of decision B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160843 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - St. Joe River Road, Forest Route 20, Shoshone County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160842 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-57 improvement, Cedar Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160840 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Florence Ave alignment, Bloomfield Ave to Telegraph Road, Los Angeles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160839 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-7 relocation, Pultney Township, Bellaire : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160838 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-63, US-36 to US-136, Vermillion/Warren counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final; 4(f) report B1; Case study report B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01125642 AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed four lane multi-modal concept : final supplemental environmental/section 4(f) statement PY - 1976 SP - x, 263 leaves in various foliations KW - Arlington County (Virginia) KW - Design KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Expressways KW - Fairfax County (Virginia) KW - Four lane highways KW - Interstate 66 KW - Interstate highways KW - Roads KW - Transportation KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01125639 AU - National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - District of Columbia Department of Transportation AU - Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments TI - Transportation systems management element for the Washington metropolitan area PY - 1976 SP - ii, 178 p. in various pagings KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Regional planning KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transit KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060415 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84, section 2 corridor location between Windham and Rhode Island state line : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final, Final AppendixA KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060413 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84, section 1, corridor location between Manchester and Columbia : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final, Final AppendixA(in FHWA-CT-769999-FappA) KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060411 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 4th and 5th Streets improvement, Newport : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060410 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 561 construction from Freeway 520 north to I-386N including City Island bridge, Dubuque : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060408 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-59, Jefferson County line to North Prairie, Waukesha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060406 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-61, USH-151, and STH-35 alternate improvement proposals, Mississippi River to Dickeyville, Grant County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060405 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-45, Mayfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060404 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-14, Evansville to Madison, Dane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060403 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-501, I-85 to Wellington Drive, Durham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060402 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-75, bridge replacement over Allegheny River at Emlenton : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060401 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 36, Macon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060400 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Harbor Blvd widening between West Fifth St and Channel Islands Blvd, Oxnard : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060399 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 151 construction, US-82 to US-59, Texarkana : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060398 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 147, Huguenot Road improvement, Chesterfield County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060397 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-470, Belmont County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060396 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Union Blvd, Colorado Springs : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060395 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dahlonega connector, Forsyth County / Dawson County / Lumpkin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060394 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-202 relocation, Massachusetts state line to NH-119, Rindge : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060393 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - N-2, 14th-38th, 38th-Old Cheney Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060392 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-405, Fremont Bridge to Union Ave, Portland, Access study : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060391 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway 40, Columbia Falls east and west : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060389 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-37, Haleakala Hwy Pukalani section bypass construction from Haliimaile Road to FAS-377, Makawao District, Maui : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060387 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-64 construction from Beckley to Sam Black church, Raleigh/Summers/Greenbrier counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Draft EIS from Beckley to Bradley B1; Public hearing B2(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060386 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Haskell Loop construction from Sixth and Massachusetts to Eleventh and Haskell, Lawrence : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060385 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Susquehanna River bridge contruction, Binghamton : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060384 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-54, south of Mexico to east of Mexico, Anderson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060383 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - University Ave, project US-1133(6), Las Cruces : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060382 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Burnside-Sandy Blvd traffic improvements, Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060381 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-82-182 construction, Prosser to I-80N (WA,OR) : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060380 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-210 dualization, Prince George's County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060379 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6 and US-34 upgrading and reconstruction, Nebraska-23 junction revision, Phelps County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060378 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-703 widening, Charleston County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060376 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-205 construction from the Lewis and Clark Hwy in Clark County, WA to S.E. Foster Road in Multnomah County, OR : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060375 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - McLean Blvd, MacArthur Road-31st St South-29th St, Wichita : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060374 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-460 (IL-15) improvement, 24th St to 13th St, Mt.Vernon : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060371 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-3, Milwaukee County expressway system construction to connect I-94 stadium interchange and I-894 Greenfield interchange, Milwaukee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060370 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway 177 and Highway 18, Manhattan : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060369 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Gravel extraction from sectionsof the Seward Meridian : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060368 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Grove St, Lewis to Elm, Sedgwick County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060367 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-23, junction CSAH-24-junction STH-212 : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060366 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-6, West Dodge Road proposed new construction, 114th St to 164th St, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060365 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - March Lane expressway construction, El Dorado St to West Lane, Stockton : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060363 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-561 construction from Centennial Bridge to I-80 and US-61-67 bypass from Howell St in Davenport to 6th St in Bettendorf, Scott County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060362 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sacramento River bridge construction connecting SR-273 and I-5, Shasta County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060361 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-51 freeway alignment, Merrill-CTH K, Lincoln/Oneida counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060360 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seattle CBD exclusive bus lanes from South Jackson St to Virginia St : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060359 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50, Bryantsville to Lawrence/Jackson County line : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060358 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50, Jackson/Lawrence County line to I-65 : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060356 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-820 construction from I-30 west of Fort Worth to proposed I-20 southwest of Fort Worth and I-20 from proposed I-820 junction to I-20 in southwest Fort Worth : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060355 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Jesus T. Pinero Ave development, San Juan : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060354 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-28 and federal aid urban Route 5306, Scotts Bluff County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060353 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 construction, Elko : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060352 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-276 to US-76 proposed freeway, Laurens/Greenville/Anderson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060351 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-73 improvements, Leavenworth/Atchison counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060350 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FH-19, Tonasket-San Poil Hwy reconstruction, Okanogan County line to Republic, Ferry County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060349 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 390 construction around Marshall from US-80 to US-59 to I-20 : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060348 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-143, Hohokam Expressway, junction I-10 and Washington St construction, Maricopa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060347 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 business loop construction, Berrien County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060346 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sion Farm to Christiansted Hwy improvement, St.Croix : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060345 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20 construction from near US-175 and I-635E intersection to east of Forney, Dallas/Kaufman counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060344 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-53 relocation, widening, Floyd County / Gordon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060343 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-405, FAI 474 and 74 to County Highway 25, Peoria County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060342 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-9 upgrading, Waukon to Lansing, Allamakee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060341 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-52, Auburn-Oxford section construction, Worcenter County : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060340 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-167 construction, SR-410 to SR-18, Sumner vicinity to Auburn vicinity : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060339 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-24, 11th St to 5th St, Kansas City : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060338 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-676 construction from Morgan Blvd to Atlantic Ave, Camden : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060336 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-110 extension, Harding Blvd-junction Scenic Hwy, East Baton Rouge Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1976///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Scotlandville before the highway: attachment no.42 B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819721 ER -