TY - RPRT AN - 00172039 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Temple, W H AU - Burt, W T AU - Azar, D G AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - EVALUATION OF JOINT SEALANT MATERIALS PY - 1977/05 SP - n.p. AB - In May, 1968, the Department's Research and Development Section initiated a project to evaluate joint sealants being marketed for use on roads and bridges. In the study, representatives of 31 companies installed 46 products primarily on one road and one bridge for evaluation. Highway research engineers evaluated the materials' properties and the field performance of the joint sealants. The investigators concluded that: (1) transverse joints in roads and bridges can be effectively sealed through proper design, construction and selection of materials, (2) of the sealants tested neoprene compression seals performed best in the transverse pavement joints and in the bridge expansion joints, (3) three pourable sealants (two polyurethanes and the one polyvinyl chloride material) performed effectively in the field, (4) the asphalt-based sealants did not adequately seal joints that experienced movement, (5) many pourable sealants performed well in the laboratory but experienced mixing and application problems in the field, (6) lubricant adhesives enhanced the performance of neoprene compression seals, (7) the best approach to forming pavement joint reservoirs appears to be the removable or permanent inserts, (8) periodic cleaning and resealing of transverse contraction and expansion joints is both necessary and cost-effective. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion joints KW - Field performance KW - Joint sealers KW - Neoprene KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Road construction KW - Sealing compounds KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Transverse joints UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_105A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172045 AU - Hoff, G C AU - Godwin, L N AU - Saucier, K L AU - Buck, A D AU - Husbands, T B AU - Mather, K AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE ZERO MAINTENANCE PAVING MATERIALS VOLUME 1 PY - 1977/05 SP - 678 p. AB - A broad spectrum of materials which may have potential for improving the characteristics of pavements with regard to ruducing future maintenance were reviewed with those materials or materials systems possessing the most advantages being considered as candidates for a zero maintenance paving system. These included Gussasphalt, asbestos asphalts, sulfur modified asphalts, noncalcareous inorganic cements (sulfur and phosphate), expansive cements, fiber reinforced concree, polymers in concretes, sealants, ceramics, prestressed concrete and vacuum processed concrete. These materials were compared to conventional asphalt and portland cement concrete systems on the basis of mechanical properties, ease of construction and maintenance, environmental compatibility, availability, cost, and possible uses. None of the materials or materials systems studied will provide a singular answer to the problem of zero maintenance. However, many of the materials possess characteristics which could be incorporated into pavements to greatly extend the period prior to maintenance. /Author/ KW - Asbestos KW - Building materials KW - Ceramic materials KW - Costs KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Gussasphalt KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Sealing compounds KW - Soil suction KW - Sulfur compounds KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172050 AU - Frobel, R K AU - Jimenez, R A AU - Cluff, C B AU - University of Arizona, Tucson TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD DEVELOPMENT OF ASPHALT-RUBBER FOR USE AS A WATERPROOF MEMBRANE PY - 1977/05 SP - 66 p. AB - The research has been directed toward obtaining information on some of the physical properties of various asphalt-rubber (A-R) mixes as related to waterproof membrane applications. In Particular, three rubber particle size distributions and three asphalt-rubber spread quantities were investigated. Laboratory testing utilized for physical property determination included thin film permeability, water absorption (ASTM D570-72), Water Vapor Transmission (ASTM 96-72, procedure BW), ductility (ASTM D113-74), Tensile-Toughness, Viscosity and slope stability. The results of the study showed that the A-R as an integral membrane is relatively impermeable. The addition of the rubber does not affect the permeability of an otherwise homogenous asphalt film. Physical property values of asphalt that are increased when rubber is added include water absorption, slope stability, toughness and viscosity. Those that exhibit lower physical property values include ductility and slope-flow characteristics. Installation of experimental field plots provided additional positive information on the waterproofing characteristics of the A-R and also helped develop field procedures on A-R application to a prepared subgrade. /Author/ KW - Ductility KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Permeability KW - Rubber KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Slope stability KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169754 AU - Ladd, C C AU - Foott, R AU - Ladd (Charles C.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION DESIGN OF EMBANKMENTS CONSTRUCTED ON VARVED CLAYS PY - 1977/05 SP - 248 p. AB - Varved clays are glacial deposits composed of alternate silt and clay layers. They have strength and permeability characteristics which are more highly anisotropic than other cohesive soils and which complicate evaluation of stability and prediction of consolidation behavior. The report reviews the engineering properties of varved clays and methods of stabilizing soft cohesive foundations beneath embankments. It then describes in detail recommended design procedures for use with embankments constructed on varved clay deposits and presents recommendations for evaluating the soil parameters required. An overall design methodology is presented and site investigation and construction supervision requirements are discussed. The detailed analytical design procedure is demonstrated using an example design problem. KW - Clay KW - Construction KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Foundations KW - Properties of materials KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Site investigation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil tests KW - Varved clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165733 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Owen, J P AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - ALTERNATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT-VOLUME 5. TRAINING GUIDE FOR ON-SITE INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PY - 1977/05 SP - 104 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeway alone. This research study identifies low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreements, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This volume of the report has been developed to assist police, highway departments, and traffic engineering personnel responsible for traffic control and incident cleanup at the site of a freeway accident, spill, or breakdown. /FHWA/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Low costs KW - Safety KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168899 AU - Sackman, H AU - Monahan, B AU - Parsonson, P S AU - Trevino, A F AU - Urban Interface Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTOR PLACEMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED, ISOLATED TRAFFIC-ACTUATED INTERSECTION CONTROL. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/05 SP - 14 p. AB - The study was undertaken to improve understanding of how to place vehicle detectors at high-speed (at least 35 mph), isolated, traffic-actuated intersections, and how to test and evaluate alternative detector/controller configurations for intersection traffic safety and efficiency. This volume provides a general overview of project results including the other two volumes, and has appendices that summarize the characteristics of the main types of advanced detection that were investigated. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Actuating systems KW - Actuation KW - Behavior KW - Configuration KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Design KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection speed control KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Placement KW - Positioning KW - Shape KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168900 AU - Sackman, H AU - Monahan, B AU - Parsonson, P S AU - Trevino, A F AU - Urban Interface Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DETECTOR PLACEMENT FOR HIGH-SPEED, ISOLATED TRAFFIC-ACTUATED INTERSECTION CONTROL. VOLUME 2. MANUAL OF THEORY AND PRACTICE PY - 1977/05 SP - 180 p. AB - The study was undertaken to improve understanding of how to place vehicle detectors at high-speed (at least 35 mph), isolated, traffic-actuated intersections, and how to test and evaluate alternative detector/controller configurations for intersection traffic safety and efficiency. Drivers are often indecisive in approaching such intersections. If a vehicle is being operated at high speed, and a green signal changes to yellow, driver indecision may lead to various types of accidents. Strategies that have been advanced for detector placement to minimize the untimely display of yellow are illustrated and reviewed in this volume. This is the first time that available knowledge on detector placement for such intersections has been systematically integrated within a single publication. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Actuating systems KW - Actuation KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersection speed control KW - Intersections KW - Location KW - Manuals KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Placement KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Tile KW - Tile /material/ KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57650 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165800 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - MEININGER, R C AU - Wagner, F T AU - Hall, K W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - CONCRETE CORE STRENGTH--THE EFFECT OF LENGTH TO DIAMETER RATIO PY - 1977/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 147-153 AB - The ASTM Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Bams of Concrete (C 42-68) currently contains length to diameter ratio correction factors for soaked cores but not dried cores. However, it is widely recognized that for structures which will be substantially dry in service dried cores are more appropriate. It is sometimes difficult--because of constraints of aggretate size, reinforcing bar placement, and member dimensions--to obtian drilled cores of the preferred dimensions, with a length twice the diameter. Research performed in two laboratories involving the drilling and testing of a large number of 4-in. (102-mm) diameter soaked and dried cores with length to diameter ratios, of 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0, taken from six structural-size members, indicates that the same correction factors can be used for both moisture conditions and that the factors now in ASTM Method C 42-68 should be lowered slightly. In addition, data were gathered on the effect of end preparation procedure on core strength. For the methods used (three capping procedures and grinding of the ends) no important differences in measured strength were noted. /Author/ KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Data collection KW - Drilling KW - Laboratory studies KW - Moisture content KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60138 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165801 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sadasivan, S K AU - Raju, V S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - SHEAR STRENGTH OF SAND AT CONSTANT VOLUME PY - 1977/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 224-230 AB - To verify the expressions developed by other researchers for separating the strength component resulting from volume change in shear (dilatancy), shear tests at constant volume as well as drained tests are necessary. In conventional undrained triaxila tests on granular mateials, volume change of the soil skeleton occurs as a result of rubber membrane penetration. In the present investigation, conventional tests were modified to ensure a constant volume condition by compensating for the rubber membrane penetration. Drained tests, conventional undrained tests, and modified undrained tests were conducted on a uniform medium sand, uniform coarse sand, and a gap-graded sand; the results are compared. Conventional undrained tests gave somewhat higher values of shear strength than those of modified undrained tests. The results of drained tests corrected for volume change compare well with those of modified undrained tests. /Author/ KW - Dilatancy KW - Sand KW - Shear strength KW - Shear tests KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60139 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00165802 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Al-Rawi, R S AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - GYPSUM CONTENT OF CEMENTS USED IN CONCRETE CURED BY ACCELERATED METHODS PY - 1977/05 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - p. 231-237 AB - The effects of the gypsum content of cement on several engineering properties of concrete cured by accelerated and normal methods were investigated. It is shown that increased gypsum content results in a significant decrease in the slump of concrete and that there is an optimum gypsum content, considerably higher for accelerated-cured concrete than for normally cured concrete, at which maximum strength is obtained. Contrary to prevailing theory, the increase in the compressive strength of accelerated-cured concrete with increased gypsum content is too small to warrant a gypsum content higher than that for normal curing conditions. In addition, insufficient sulphur trioxide content cannot be the only cause for the reduction in the later-age strength of accelerated-cured concrete compared with that of normally cured concrete. The optimum gypsum content under accelerated curing conditions may be used without risk of reduction in the durability of concrete caused by excessive, delayed expansion. /Author/ KW - Accelerating (Process) KW - Accelerating agents KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Durability KW - Expansion KW - Gypsum cement KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Sulfur compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/60140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158114 AU - McCagg, R A AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - FATIGUE FAILURE OF ALUMINUM LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS PY - 1977/05 SP - 27 p. AB - Several aluminum luminaire supports have failed in New York State in recent years. This report summarizes results of a study to determine the causes of these failures and to develop an analytical tool for their prediction. Three structures located along I-90 in Albany were instrumented and tested. Dynamic strain, wind velocity, and wind direction were monitored. Test data included frequency of vibration, damping coefficients and wind velocities. The observed failures were concluded to result from high-cycle overstress due to aerodynamically induced vibrations at moderate wind velocities. The inability of the available analysis to predict these failures is attributed to lack of sophistication in the vortex-shedding analysis and lack of information on low-velocity winds. KW - Aluminum KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Failure KW - Forecasting KW - Luminaires KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind direction KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158100 AU - Pearson, F C AU - Schoener, G E AU - GRUEN ASSOCIATES AU - National Assn of Counties Research Foundation TI - LAND USE AND ARTERIAL SPACING IN SUBURBAN AREAS PY - 1977/05 SP - 56 p. AB - This report provides guidelines for correlating arterial street systems with development patterns and densities in representative suburban areas. The guidelines supplement conventional methods of traffic forecasting and circulation planning in cases where technical resources are limited or quick estimates for alternative development proposals are needed. Guidelines are given in Chart 1 to relate areawide suburban development densities, per-mile traffic volumes, and arterial street system lanes and spacing. Since supplemental charts provide areawide adjustment factors for different project size and density combinations, level of traffic service, transit utilization, car ownership, nonresidential-residential mix, and freeway diversion. A second series of charts presents traffic relationships for concentrated development (major traffic generators). Charts are provided for airport, industrial, university, office, government, shopping center, hospital, and apartment concentration. A summary chart translates the daily traffic figures into the number of street lanes required for access to the major generator. KW - Airports KW - Arterial highways KW - Automobile ownership KW - Circulation KW - Density KW - Development KW - Governments KW - Industries KW - Land use KW - Networks KW - Office buildings KW - Public transit KW - Shopping centers KW - Streets KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/tmip/publications/other_reports/land_use_arterial_spacing/ UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158070 AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF CHLORIDES FOR HIGHWAY DEICING PY - 1977/05 SP - 25 p. AB - This review was initiated to ascertain the state-of-the-art of highway deicing and to furnish information and suggestions for use in planning and initiating research in this problem area. This concise report summarizes the results of the review. Information concerning the various alternatives to chlorides for highway deicing, chemical and physical, which have been or are being used satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily by State Highway Agencies, contacted Canadian provinces, responsive European countries, and contacted federal agencies and private institutions is contained herein. In addition, throughout the report, pertinent information from cited references as well as personal evaluations, suggestions and recommendations are given. KW - Chlorides KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies KW - Substitutes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179872 AU - McMichael, K L AU - Azar, D AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - THIN FILMS OF PAINT ON STEEL PY - 1977/04/29 SP - 31 p. AB - The overall objectives of this study were to establish a rapid method for evaluating paint performance through thin films, and to find a substitute for an oil base primer containing red lead oxide. Due to factors involving homogeneity, continuity, and vehicle dilution effects, the thin film method for monitoring corrosion resistance, as conferred on steel by a primer, was not found to be satisfactory. Sixteen rust inhibitive primers were evaluated by various means and found to be inferior to an AASHTO M72-74 red lead in long oil primer. Of the primers tested which were compatible with existing red lead systems, a primer utilizing Nalzin SC-1 (zinc phospho-oxide complex) in a slow-drying oil alkyd appeared to be the most promising. /FHWA/ KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Paint KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Steel KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616163 AU - Nixon, John F AU - Kennedy, Temple R AU - Hustace, David AU - Underwood, Jon P AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sprinkle Treatment for Skid Resistant Surfaces - Volume I PY - 1977/04//Final Report SP - 49p AB - Sprinkle treatment for improved skid resistance involves the procedure of applying and embedding non-polishing aggregates into the surfaces of newly placed hot-mix asphalt concrete pavement, and freshly placed Portland cement concrete pavement. This addition of skid resistant aggregate prior to compaction of the hot-mix and/or before the set of Portland cement concrete enables embedment and retention of the skid resistant material. By the utilization of low skid quality aggregate for structural requirements of the pavement and reserving high quality non-polishing aggregates for the wearing surface, improved skid resistance of the roadway can be realized and valuable aggregate resources conserved. Reports of detailed investigations of Great Britain, Belgium and Virginia as well as reference material complementary to this study are included in Volume II. A 20 minute slide/tape and 15 minute narrative motion picture have been produced which describe the investigation and detail recommendations for successful sprinkle treatment construction. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Chip sprinkling (Surface treatments) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/510-1f-vol1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1429012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158077 AU - O'Connor, L J AU - McNaught, E D AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - SERVICE LIFE OF BUTTON SIGN COPY PY - 1977/04 SP - 30 p. AB - Both prismatic-button and reflective-sheeting legend materials are used for copy on New York's signs. Enclused-lens sheeting ("engineer" grade), used in the past, is shorter-lived and less bright than buttons; recently introduced encapsulated-lens sheeting ("high-intensity" grade) is a serious contender to buttons in this application. This study was undertaken to determine button copy service life on New York's highways. The findings showed 1) that button copy provides acceptable brightness for about 12 years, 2) by 12 years nearly all buttons have cracked to some degree, resulting in reduced brightness, 3) clearcoating, found on 10 percent of the buttons, causes an unacceptable loss of brightness, 4) deterioration of copy frames was usually slight and did not impair daytime legibility (those damaged to the extent that buttons were lost did lose nighttime legibility), 5) sign directional orientation did not appear to affect service life, 6) dirt accumulation and its effects on brightness were negligibile, and 7) at high angularity )large divergence and incidence angles) button reflectivity was less sensitive to age. KW - Brightness KW - Buttons KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Dirt KW - Encapsulated lens KW - Legibility KW - Prismatic reflector KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Service life KW - Sign legend KW - Signs KW - Soils KW - Symbols UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158099 AU - Kuthy, R A AU - Ungerer, R P AU - Renfrew, W W AU - Hiss, JGF AU - Rizzuto, I F AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY OF VERTICAL PILE GROUPS PY - 1977/04 SP - 49 p. AB - This report summarizes results of a literature review concerning methods of evaluating lateral load capacity of vertical piles. Three basic approaches are discussed: load tests (full-sized and scaled models), prescription values, and analytical solutions. Two analytical methods that appear to be used widely are described in some detail -- one developed by Bengt B. Broms and another by Lymon C. Reese. Both researchers treat a pile as a beam on an elastic foundation. Broms incorporates simplifying assumptions that facilitate manual solutions, while the Reese method provides for more varied conditions and generally requires using a computer. A step-by-step procedure and an illustrative example are included for each method. It is concluded that empirical-analytical methods now are the most feasible approach to estimating lateral load capacity in most situations. Broms's and Reese's methods are considered to provide rational design procedures, the choice between them depending upon the complexity of soil and pile conditions. Load tests should be reserved for only the most critical situations and when economically warrented. Prescription values generally provide a crude approximation, at best, unless based on extensive experience under similar conditions. Values used for designing a particular structure should reflect past experience and sound engineering judgement. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Beams KW - Corrosion KW - Design methods KW - Estimating KW - Lateral loads KW - Load factor KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Vertical piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158138 AU - Grygiel, J S AU - Amsler, D E AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - CAPPING CONCRETE CYLINDERS WITH NEOPRENE PADS SN - Research Proj. 108-1 PY - 1977/04 SP - 25 p. AB - Concrete cylinders were tested for compressive strength using two capping systems. Neoprene pads confined in extrusion controllers were compared with sulfur-mortar caps for differences in testing variation, average strength, and economy. Cylinders tested with neoprene pads were found to exhibit slightly higher average compressive strengths--149 to 172 psi--with equal or less testing variation, than comparison cylinders tested with sulfur-mortar caps. Additionally, neoprene pads are substantially less costly and hazardous than sulfur-mortar caps. KW - Capping KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Cylinders KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Neoprene KW - Pads KW - Safety KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169777 AU - Nittinger, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MILLING AND PLANING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PY - 1977/04 SP - 34 p. AB - In 1975, a 1 1/2-in. layer of asphalt concrete was removed from 7 1/2 miles of 4-lane divided pavement using three different methods -- hot milling, cold milling, and hot planing. The site, Rte 5 between Albany and Schenectady, is a major thoroughfare with an AADT of 28,000 to 50,000 vehicles. Because it is curbed and has a relatively expensive color-contrasted median, removal and replacement of the wearing course appeared more economical than raising curbs, manholes, etc., and reconstructing the median. During the work, both air and noise pollution were monitored and neither exceeded industrial or construction limits. Tests run on the asphalt before and after removal showed virtually no effect on its properties. The three machines were quite different in configuration and operating characteristics. Their effective width of removal ranged from 5 to 12 ft, the depth from 3/8 to the full 1 1/2 in. in one pass, and the forward speed from 10 to 40 ft/min. The net result was an effective removal rate -- full-depth per 10-hr day -- of 1800 to 7100 sq. yds. These rates, however, were not entirely indicative of each machine's relative ability to remove asphalt in a given location. The length of the following equipment train to remove the milled or planed material, and the amount of hand removal necessary around manholes, drop inlets, and traffic-counting loops, both increased with the faster machines. The general conclusion was that all three machines provided efficient means of removing old asphalt, but that several factors must be considered before selecting any of the processes for a given location. KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Milling machining KW - New York (State) KW - Noise KW - Particles KW - Planing KW - Productivity KW - Removal KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181953 AU - McMichael, K L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THIN FILMS OF PAINT ON STEEL PY - 1977/04 SP - 38 p. AB - The overall objectives of this study were to establish a rapid method for evaluating paint performance through thin films, and to find a substitute for an oil base primer containing red lead oxide. Due to factors involving homogeneity, continuity, and vehicle dilution effects, the thin film method for monitoring corrosion resistance, as conferred on steel by a primer, was not found to be satisfactory. Sixteen rust inhibitive primers were evaluated by various means and found to be inferior to an AASHTO M72-74 red lead in long oil primer. Of the primers tested which were compatible with existing red lead systems, a primer using Nalzin SC-1 (zinc phospho-oxide complex) in a slow-drying oil alkyd appeared to be the most promising. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Diffraction KW - Durability KW - Electron microscopy KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Paint KW - Pigments KW - Substitutes KW - Tests KW - Thin films KW - Weathering KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction KW - Zinc inorganic compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393526 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANPAC/BACKPAC GENERAL INFORMATION MANUAL. COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1977/04 SP - 436 p. AB - Background information is given on use of the PLANPAC/BACKPAC battery of urban transportation computer programs available throuhg FHWA. Although developed for urban transportation planning, they are also useful in statewide transportation planning. Although all programs in this manual are part of PLANPAC/BACKPAC, many have been included in a subsequent package called Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS). UTPS can be used for multimodal transportation planning. PLANPAC is a file of 59 programs normally used for analysis of auto, truck and taxi trips in a metropolitan area. BACKPAC is a backup package of programs dealing with urban planning and also includes programs for capacity analysis, parking studies, spiderweb assignment, data conversion, land use forecasting and special analyses such as poltting census files. This document is intended to meet the needs of those already familiar with urban planning but who require information related to computer applications. KW - Census KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Land use KW - Partial differential equations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181385 AU - WEBB, W E AU - Dudgeon, J E AU - University of Alabama, University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - A REFLECTANCE MEASURING SYSTEM FOR FIELD USE PY - 1977/04 SP - 63 p. AB - A portable reflectance measuring system suitable for in situ measurement of road signs, pavement markers and road stripes has been constructed. The reflectometer has adequate sensitivity to allow measurements of road stripes at grazing incidence and to permit measurements to be made from off-the-road locations, thus avoiding obstructing traffic or exposing the operating personnel to unnecessary hazards. The use of phase-lock detection techniques to eliminate background radiation allows measurements to be made on a sun-lit target. The instrument's spectral response simulates the human photopic response when viewing under a 2856K (CIE standard source A) lamp as required by federal specification LS-300A. KW - Coatings KW - Field tests KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Markers KW - Measurement KW - Optical instruments KW - Optical measurement KW - Optical reflectometers KW - Phase detectors KW - Reflectance KW - Reflective coatings KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectometers KW - Road markings KW - Striping KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197634 AU - Ross, HEJ AU - Schafer, D F AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF CURRENT PRACTICE IN SUPPORTS FOR SMALL SIGNS - DOCUMENTATION OF DATA REDUCTION AND INFORMATION FILE PY - 1977/04 SP - 50 p. AB - A comprehensive survey was conducted among state, city, county and toll road agencies, sign support suppliers and sign contractors to determine current practices with regard to supports for small highway sign installations. The survey was conducted through a mail questionnaire and follow-up interviews. Raw data from the survey was coded and stored on magnetic tape for analysis. Data retrieval and analysis was accomplished through small utility computer programs. This report describes the input data and the format it is stored in. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Design KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance KW - Questionnaires KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Surveys KW - Toll roads KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189955 AU - Izatt, J O AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Saylak, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SAND-ASPHALT-SULPHUR (S-A-S). SAND-ASPHALT-SULPHUR FIELD TRIAL HIGHWAY U.S. 77, KENEDY COUNTY, TEXAS SN - 243 02 6 356 PY - 1977/04 SP - 119 p. AB - This report describes the procedures used to design and construct trial pavement sections in Kenedy County, Texas. Sulphur, by acting as a structuring agent between aggregates, allowed the use of a poor-quality aggregate in lieu of higher-quality aggregates in these trial sections. This construction technique, which was developed by Shell, Canada, will be evaluated for at least three years at Kenedy County. /Authors/ KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Sulfur compounds KW - Trials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167026 AU - Stephens, E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF THE SEISMIC VELOCITY OF ROCK TO THE RIPPING ABILITY OF THE HD41 TRACTOR PY - 1977/04 SP - 31 p. AB - Seismic velocities were obtained of rock where the Allis-Chalmers HD41 (now Fiat-Allis 41-B) tractor was being used, followed by observations of which rock was rippable; or in the case of already completed projects, a determination was made by interviewing inspectors, engineers, and superintendents of which rock had been rippable and which had required blasting. The study included two types of rock on seven projects, which were the only projects to use HD41 tractors during the study time. The rock types studied were granitic and volcanic. The granitic rock consisted of fractured to massive, weathered to fresh quartz diorite, granite, and gneiss. The volcanic rocks included basalt, basaltic agglomerate, and a welded tuff. The basaltic material ranged from fresh to weathered, while the tuff was relatively fresh but ranged from intensely fractured to massive. The rippability of rock is related to the joint spacings and rock type as well as the seismic velocity. KW - Basalt KW - Bulldozers KW - Construction equipment KW - Excavations KW - Granite KW - Igneous rocks KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Physical properties KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Seismology KW - Spacing KW - Tearing KW - Truck tractors KW - Volcanic rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179857 AU - Lacinak, H W AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - EVALUATION OF WATER-BASED INORGANIC ZINC PAINT SYSTEMS PY - 1977/04 SP - 13 p. AB - This research project was conducted in order to find good quality water-based inorganic zinc paint systems and to develop good techniques for field application. However, based upon laboratory evaluation of 12 different paint systems, it was concluded that the development of water-based zinc paint systems has not been sufficiently advanced to the point of full-scale field application. In fact, it was the opinion of this researcher that due to the laboratory results, no paint system involved in the testing program warranted a field test. The laboratory evaluation using several different generic types of topcoats enabled a recommendation to be made as to what appeared to be the most compatible systems of those undergoing tests. Two systems, each consisting of the waterbased inorganic zinc silicate primer and the epoxy polamide topcoat, had the best relative compatibility between coats after being exposed to a salt fog atmosphere for 4 weeks. /FHWA/ KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polyamide resins KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Silicates KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178805 AU - Dry, D R AU - Henry, J J AU - Dahir, S H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - SEASONAL SKID RESISTANCE VARIATIONS PY - 1977/04 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to determine the nature and causes of the variation of skid resistance with time. Included are seasonal variations and variations due to precipitation and other weather factors which influence skid resistance measurements. The results of this study are to be used to develop a prediction model for estimating the lowest value of skid resistance that a pavement will attain from measurements made at a time of the year when skid number is not at the minimum value. This interim report summarizes the findings of the first year of a three-year study. Presented is a tentative method for predicting minimum skid resistance that takes into account the precipitation history prior to the measurement and the number of days between the measurement and the data at which the minimum is expected. /FHWA/ KW - Forecasting KW - Precipitation KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180812 AU - Fadl, A I AU - Gamble, Q L AU - Mohraz, B AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - TESTS OF A PRECAST POST-TENSIONED COMPOSITE BRIDGE GIRDER HAVING TWO SPANS OF 124 FEET PY - 1977/04 SP - 180 p. AB - A prototype bridge girder was designed, built, and tested. The 250 ft long two-span girder was made of 3 precast segments about 88, 74, and 88 ft in length. The segments were supported on 3 final and 2 temporary supports. The joints were of cast-in-place concrete, as was the composite deck. After the site-cast concrete was cured, the structure was post-tensioned to establish continuity and the temporary supports were removed. The two longer segments were pretensioned to resist the girder and deck dead loads, while the shorter segment was reinforced with deformed bars for the same loads. The structure was subjected to a series of loadings, during which deflections, reactions, and concrete strains were measured. The loads approximated AASHTO HS-20 vehicles. The first 4 tests were to service loads, with total applied loads of 73.6 kips. The structure remained elastic and crack free during these tests. Two tests were to the design ultimate load, 198.7 kips. A load of 328.2 kips was applied in the final test without causing failure. The final loading was applied to produce maximum shear in one splice, and a shear failure, complicated by large flexural deformations, appeared to be developing when the test ended. The final test produced a maximum deflection of 10.8 in., and a residual of about 1.0 in. The joint details used in the prototype structure were adequate, and the presence of the joint had no influence on the behavior of the structure until extremely large overloads were reached. KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Concepts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Failure KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Innovation KW - Load tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Reaction KW - Shear failures KW - Shear strength KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178799 AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment TI - VESYS G-A COMPUTER PROGRAM ANALYSIS OF N-LAYERED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 57 p. AB - This report contains the operating instructions for the computer program VESYS G that is used to predict the responses, distress, and performance of N-layered flexible pavements. VESYS G was developed by integrating a version of the CHEVRON N-layer computer program, modified at the University of Utah to be probabilistc and viscoelastic, with the FHWA VESYS IIM structural subsystem. Primary (stationary load) response. General (moving load and temperature) repsonse. Damage (cracking, rutting, and roughness). Performance (serviceability). VESYS G basically replaced the three-layer primary response model of VESYS IIM with an N-layer one. These changes and a sensitivity analysis are presented. KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Loads KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Response KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sensitivity KW - Serviceability KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176579 AU - Dhamrait, J S AU - TAYLOR, R K AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - TERMINAL TREATMENTS FOR ILLINOIS CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 53 p. AB - As part of an extensive study conducted to determine the significant relationship between the behavior of CRC pavement and various design features, an evaluation was made of several types of anchor lug systems and terminal joints. Movement of the ends of CRC pavements can exert damaging forces against bridge structures and adjacent conventional pavement. To prevent this type of damage, some type of terminal treatment is necessary at each free end. A terminal treatment can be designed either to restrain the movement (an anchor system) or to accommodate the movement (a terminal joint system). Because the optimum number and spacing of anchor lugs for various soil conditions and subbase types were not known, the number and spacing of lugs were varied at different locations in the state and the behaviour of the various lug arrangements were compared. All combinations of lug spacing and number of lugs appear to have been effective in partially restraining the pavement movement, however, distresses in the lug area have developed at some locations. In an effort to find a less costly yet satisfactory method of alleviating the effect of end movements, ten wide-flange beam terminal joints were constructed at two locations. The data indicate that the terminal joint provides an effective method of accommodating the movements at the ends of pavements at a lower cost than restraining the movements with anchor lugs. /FHWA/ KW - Anchors KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lugs KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174416 AU - Roberts, R AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRACTURE BEHAVIOR OF A36 BRIDGE STEELS PY - 1977/04 SP - 59 p. AB - The fracture toughness behavior of three heats of A36 steel was examined in terms of CVN response and K sub ic measurements at an intermediate rate of loading (i.e., one second rise time to failure). These results were contrasted with current AASHTO toughness requirements and heat or "H" testing frequency. It was concluded that "H" frequency testing could prove to be inadequate for fracture critical details. In such instances each piece of steel should be tested for tis CVN performance at the specification temperature. /Author/ KW - Alloy steel KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Failure KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fracture properties KW - Loading rate KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Metallurgy KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Structural design KW - Temperature KW - Tests KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175256 AU - Plancher, H AU - Green, E L AU - Petersen, J C AU - Energy Research and Development Administration AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVING ASPHALT; REDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE HARDENING OF ASPHALTS BY TREATMENT WITH HYDRATED LIME-A MECHANISTIC STUDY PY - 1977/04 SP - 39 p. AB - This study showed that lime treatment removes polar, viscosity-building components and reduces the susceptibility of the asphalt to laboratory oxidative hardening. The beneficial effects of lime treatment in reducing asphalt oxidative hardening were attributed to two synergistic effects: (1) lime reduces the formation of oxidation products by the removal of oxidation catalysts or promoters and (2) lime reduces the sensitivity of the asphalt to these oxidation products by removing polar molecules that would otherwise interact with the oxidation products to cause an increase in viscosity. Relationships were observed between polar functional group interactions and changes in asphaltene content and viscosity. KW - Additives KW - Aggregates KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Catalysts KW - Concrete hardening KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hardness KW - Interaction KW - Oxidation KW - Polar compounds KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172870 AU - McKenzie, L J AU - Fowler, D D AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF GRANULATED CALCINED CLAY IN LANDSCAPING PY - 1977/04 SP - 61 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation of calcined clay as a modifier of topsoil for backfill for landscaping plants. The calcined clay modified topsoil was compared with Illinois Standard Specification backfill using peat moss. The results of laboratory tests indicate that peat moss is more effective in altering the void ratio, capillary porosity, liquid limit, and moisture storage capacity than is calcined clay. The results of field trials established in Interstate highway landscaping projects indicate that soil modification obtained with calcined clay is essentially permanent and calcined clay modified backfill is more stable structurally than peat moss modified backfill. No significant differences in growth or mortality rates were found between calcined clay sections and peat moss sections. The cost of calcined clay treatments was approximately double the cost of peat moss treatments. /Author/ KW - Analysis KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Calcines KW - Clay KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Field studies KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Granular materials KW - Landscape KW - Moisture content KW - Moss KW - Peat soils KW - Porosity KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Topsoil KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172046 AU - Richardson, E S AU - McClelland, R L AU - Rosenbaum, R E AU - Barger, R J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INVESTIGATION OF PRESENT AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL PRACTICES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SHORT-CUT OR ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS PY - 1977/04 SP - 115 p. AB - This report covers the first phase of an investigation into current aggregate gradation control practies. It presents the results of a literature search and a survey of current testing procedures and sampling and testing frequencies for various aggregate uses. Summary information is presented on length and method of sample drying; size and number of sieves; length and method shaking; source of the sample (i.e. stockpile, truck, roadway, etc.); and who (producer or consumer) performs the test. Also included are recommendations as to testing and sampling frequencies based on theinformation gathered. Short-cut and alternative test methods for gradation determination are described, and those that offer promise of being a good substitute for the standard method will be further investigated and tested in the second phase of the study. /Author/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Control KW - Crash investigation KW - Sampling KW - Sieves KW - Studies KW - Surveys KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168387 AU - Knepp, A J AU - Subinski, R P AU - Tseng, M T AU - Water Resources Engineers, Incorporated TI - EVALUATION OF FLOOD RISK FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF HIGHWAY STREAM CROSSINGS. VOLUME II--ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE BACKWATER EXPERIMENTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 182 p. AB - This report presents the results of a series of experiments carried out using a large scale physical model of backwater caused by highway stream crossings of wide, heavily-vegetated flood plains. Variables studied included wingwall and spillthrough abutements, spur dikes, prototype bridge openings between 100 and 1100 ft and prototype flows between 8,000 and 36,000 cfs. An important aspect of these experiments was the use of large scale roughness elements protruding the free surface to provide the necessary ranges of roughness to simulate prototype conditions. Five combinations of roughness densities in patterns were tested in the course of experimentation. Primary emphasis was on crossings normal to flow; however, eccentric and skewed crossings were also tested. Results of the study included an analysis of the sensitivity of water surface elevation to the principal variables, quantification of both the local and height of the maximum backwater, and data for possible future study and modification of existing backwater methods. /Author/ KW - Abutments KW - Backwaters KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Flood plains KW - Floods KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Risk analysis KW - Roughness KW - Runoff KW - Sensitivity KW - Simulation KW - Spur dikes KW - Streams KW - Structural design KW - Water surface profiles KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158063 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Lehigh University TI - USE OF BARTONSVILLE BRIDGE TO WEIGH TRUCKS IN MOTION PY - 1977/04 SP - 86 p. AB - Results of a mission oriented pilot study are presented. The study has three main objectives; (1) design two instrumentation systems (main and back-up) incorporating a span of the Bartonsville Bridge on I-80 near TR-33 to weigh mainly 5-axle trucks in motion and without driver awareness, (2) field test the systems to determine their feasibility, and (3) if feasible, collect sufficient data to evaluate the possible extent of overloaded 5-axle trucks on I-80. The main system employs strain gages on all girders at two cross-sections. The back-up system employs deflection gages on all girders at the same cross-sections. A single output from each system was recorded using the oscillograph trace recorders on board the FHWA instruments trailer. Calibration was by means of two trucks of known weight and axle spacing travelling periodically over the span. Results are presented in the form of frequency histograms showing the frequency distributions for tractor weight (steering plus drive axles), trailer weight (trailer axles), individual drive and trailer axle weight and gross vehicle weight as determined from each instrumentation system. The main system appeared to give more realistic results. The study concluded that of the total 5-axle truck traffic recorded during the sample period, about 20% exceeded the Pennsylvania legal gross vehicle weight for 5-axle trucks. KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weighing devices KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158113 AU - Cusick, R W AU - Kesler, C E AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - FINAL SUMMARY REPORT: BEHAVIOR OF SHRINKAGE COMPENSATING CONCRETES SUITABLE FOR USE IN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1977/04 SP - 33 p. AB - The objective of this research was to determine if the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete in bridge decks minimizes cracking and the subsequent spalling caused by rusting of the steel reinforcing. The magnitude of expansion is influenced significantly be length of and methods of storing the shrinkage-compensating cement, choice of admixtures, mixing time, curing procedures and degree of restraint. The magnitude of expansion is approximately the same in specimens 3-in. (75-mm) to 8-in. (200-mm) thick if the restraint is the same and if good curing procedures are followed. The simulated bridge deck specimens made with shrinkage-compensating cements did not crack, or had only a few cracks when compared to the specimens made with Type 1 cement. The rate of corrosion of the reinforcing was about the same for both of the concretes but was greater at cracked sections than at uncracked sections. The porosity of the shrinkage-compensating concrete was found to be about 20 percent greater than that of the Type 1 concrete, but the chloride ion concentration was approximately the same at a given depth. The elimination of cracks by using shrinkage-compensating cement concrete will prevent the rapid corrosion of the reinforcement and subsequent spalling in a bridge that occurs at a crack, and extend the life of the deck before repairs are needed. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete curing KW - Corrosion KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Design KW - Design costs KW - Expansive concrete KW - Handling and storage KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Spalling KW - Storage facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158144 AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - ASPHALT CEMENT CONSISTENCY STUDY: FIELD EVALUATION OF VISCOSITY AND PENETRATION GRADED ASPHALT CEMENTS PY - 1977/04 SP - 64 p. AB - The report is concerned with the comparative evaluation of durability and field performance of penetration and viscosity graded asphalt cements from four suppliers. The principal findings summarized below are based on 60 month service of sections constructed with these asphalts: (1) the hardening of asphalt cements is a hyperbolic function of time; (2) asphalt cements with original high viscosity tend to harden more and at a rapid rate; (3) there was no significant difference in durability between the two types of asphalts. Likewise, for a given source, there was no recognizable difference in their performance in pavements, (4) by all durability criteria, asphalts one grade softer than the harder viscosity graded asphalts are more durable and sections constructed with these softer grade asphalts are performing better than any other harder grade asphalts after 60 months of service, and (5) there was no association between the high temperature susceptible viscosity graded asphalts and pavement performance. Likewise, there was no association between voids in pavement and rate of asphalt hardening. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Concrete hardening KW - Consistency KW - Durability KW - Hardness KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20107.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155424 AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM BY UPGRADING AND OPTIMIZING TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1977/04 SP - 77 p. AB - An analysis was conducted to assess the effect of shifting program emphasis to promulgate traffic control device improvements on all public roads. Upgrading and optimizing the highway information system was evaluated in terms of human factors, safety, benefit-cost, and traffic engineering. It was found that those portions of the highway system not in compliance with the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) would experience significant safety benefits and improved system efficiency through upgrading to current standards. Among the factors leading to this conclusion are: (1) Traffic control device deficiencies can lead to driver error and accidents; (2) roads with the lowest level of MUTCD compliance generally experience disproportionately high accident rates; (3) studies show significant, positive safety and efficiency benefits and driver error reductions with traffic control device improvements; (4) if optimizing the total information system reduced accidents by 10 percent, a benefit-cost ratio of from 10:1 to 20:1 would be realized. It was recommended that emphasis be given to upgrading all traffic control devices to MUTCD standards and optimizing through positive guidance. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Control devices KW - Drivers KW - Economic factors KW - Errors KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Improvements KW - Information systems KW - Modernization KW - Optimization KW - Prevention KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Recommendations KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168386 AU - Kropp, P K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1977/03/23 SP - 99 p. AB - The objective of this investigation was to establish the basic response characteristics for common types of highway bridges under the passage of ordinary vehicular traffic. The response characteristics under consideration were the maximum values of displacement, velocity, acceleration, and jerk together with the frequency content and damping ratio. Sixty-two bridges of all types of construction with one through four spans were instrumented with a deflection gage and a varying number of accelerometers. More than 2200 vehicle crossings were recorded with the major portion being heavy trucks. The results of the investigation indicate that the level of acceleration experienced by most bridges falls below the values which would be psychologically disturbing to pedestrians. The results also indicate that the fundamental torsional mode contributes as much or sometimes more to the total bridge motion as does the fundamental bending mode. An algorithm is also presented which will permit the integration of acceleration in order to find velocity and/or displacement. Also a technique to differentiate the displacement or acceleration in order to find the corresponding velocity or jerk is presented. /Author/ KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Highway bridges KW - Jerk control KW - Pedestrians KW - Torsion KW - Traffic flow KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158068 AU - McNaught, E D AU - Capelli, J T AU - Gurney, G F AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - TEST PERFORMANCE OF THERMOPLASTIC MARKINGS ON NEW YORK CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/03 SP - 29 p. AB - Thermoplastic centerline markings were installed at 25 sites on portland cement concrete pavement throughout New York State to evaluate their performance under various pavement and weather conditions, and to identify factors affecting their performance. Their durability was highly variable and generally poor, with only five sites in good condition after 4 years. Most failures were related to winter weather, with about 80 percent of those observed occurring during winter months. Higher snowfall resulted in higher failure rates, on the average, although some sites performed well in high snowfall areas, and some did poorly in low snowfall areas. The specification requiring a 4- to 5-mil epoxy primer, with the thermoplastic applied when the primer is in a tacky state, appears satisfactory. Lesser or greater primer thicknesses and thermoplastic applied over wet or dry primer, generally resulted in poorer performance. Differences in traffic volumes had no apparent effect on performance, but strips in locations subjected to heavy cross-traffic (such as intersections and passing zones) displayed accelerated failures due to abrasion. Strips applied over very smooth textured pavement surfaces failed more rapidly than those applied over rougher textures. Effects on performance of several other factors could not be determined, including pavement age, length of time the material was held at application temperature, direction of stripe application relative to traffic, presence of moisture in the pavement, and dust on the pavement. KW - Aquifers KW - Center lines KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road markings KW - Snow KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154050 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Rider, R W AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VIBRATION OF PAVEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1977/03 SP - 53 p. AB - The effects of spud vibrators mounted on slipform pavers were examined on three paving projects. Slump and entrained air of the plastic concrete were measured and paver speed was deliberately varied. A total of 364 pavement cores were taken at various distances from the vibrators for determination of density, entrapped air content, aggregate distribution, and mesh embedment. Riding quality of the finished pavement was also measured. No aggregate segregation was found, and riding quality was not affected by the vibrators. The only appreciable effect on the reinforcing mesh was a slight increase in depth directly beneath the vibrators. Both density and entrapped air content provided measures of consolidation effected by the vibration applied to the concrete. Slump and air content of the plastic concrete affected pavement density because density of water and air is less than that of the other mix materials. However they had no appreciable effect on entrapped air content. Paver speed had some effects on density and entrapped air content, but these were small within a range of paver speeds up to 19 fpm. Vibrator frequency ranged from 7,000 to 11,000 vpm on the three projects, but no substantial differences in consolidation could be attributed to these differences. The greatest effects on density and entrapped air were related to distance of the concrete from the vibrator. The top of the pavement was consolidated better than the bottom, and substantial decreases in consolidation occurred only a few inches from vibrators. KW - Aggregates KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Consolidations KW - Construction equipment KW - Density KW - Entrapped air KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Polymer concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Slip form pavers KW - Slip form paving KW - Slip forms KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Vibrators KW - Vibrators (Electricity) KW - Vibrators machinery KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167336 AU - Blue, V AU - Adler, B AU - Tri-State Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. CORRIDOR EVALUATION PY - 1977/03 SP - 33 p. AB - Manhattan CBD - North Jersey Corridorwide Improvements have been significant. Over the course of the Urban Corridor Demonstration Program in the Manhattan CBD-North Jersey Corridor millions of vehicle miles have been saved per year by fringe parking, 25-37 million passenger hours per year have been saved by the exclusive bus lane, and approximately 625,000 passengers annually enjoy a more direct and faster trip into the CBD because of the bus reroutes. Other projects include I-495 bus priority traffic management system, Route 3 BPTMS and traffic control demonstrations, and automatic bus identification. Coordination among numerous agencies was involved with each project. Fringe parking, exclusive bus lanes, and the rerouting of buses in Midtown Manhattan CBD to better distribute travelers to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal amounted to a successful experiment in bus passenger carrying effectiveness. KW - Bus lines KW - Buses KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Highway traffic control KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) KW - Parking facilities KW - Passenger transportation KW - Route surveys KW - Surveying KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167344 AU - Green, E L AU - Tolonen, W J AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT RUBBER MIXTURES. PART I. BASIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOR PY - 1977/03 SP - 97 p. AB - The properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures composed of paving grade asphalt and ground automobile tire rubber are examined. The mechanism of swelling of the rubber in asphalt and asphalt-like materials is proposed and the effect of variables which affect the swelling is discussed. Experiments determining the swelling of tire rubber in selected oils are related to the swelling of tire rubber in asphalt. Several test methods are presented which measure the properties of the asphalt-rubber mixture. Data concerning the properties of a commercially available asphalt-rubber mixture and the effects of processing variables on these properties are presented. Techniques useful for the quality control of this material as well as suggestions for research into the theoretical aspects of the unique characteristics of this material are discussed. KW - Additives KW - Binders KW - Building materials KW - Dynamic properties KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Elastomers KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highways KW - Kerosene KW - Laboratory tests KW - Land reclamation KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Reclamation KW - Rheology KW - Rubber coatings KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Swelling KW - Tires KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174744 AU - Dhamrait, J S AU - Jacobsen, F K AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE WITH CRC PAVEMENTS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1977/03 SP - 61 p. AB - Developing mechanical means for economically setting steel reinforcing in a continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement was one objective of a study Illinois started in 1960. While constructing six experimental pavements between 1963 and 1966, one bar assembly machine and several reinforcement depressors were developed; however, slipform pavers that feed the longitudinal bars through a series of tubes, eliminating the use of transverse bars, have replaced the use of side forms, and now is the most common way of placing CRC pavement in Illinois. Experience indicates that CRC pavement must be built more carefully than conventional jointed pavements; otherwise, insufficient lap and gaps in reinforcement as well as unconsolidated concrete around the reinforcing steel, particularly at joints, will cause early failures. To repair a CRC pavement successfully, patches should be at least 10 feet from construction joints; reinforcing steel exposed for lapping should not be bent above the pavement surface; new steel should be supported on chairs at the same level as the existing steel and should be securely tied; and damaged steel within the lap area, when less than 10 percent, may be repaired by welding; otherwise, welding is not permitted. KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Illinois KW - Maintenance KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168887 AU - Reagan, J A AU - Grant, C A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION NOISE: MEASUREMENT, PREDICTION AND MITIGATION PY - 1977/03 SP - 32 p. AB - In early 1976, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a two-part program designed to study, evaluate and provide guidance in the area of construction noise. Part one was a short-range effort to prepare a manual for use by highway oriented groups and individuals in coping with construction noise during the various stages of project development. The manual would be a state-of-the-art review dealing with measurement, prediction and mitigation. Part two was the sponsorship of a workshop on the mitigation of construction noise. The purpose of the workshop was to develop long-range strategies for controlling construction. This manual represents the completion of part one of the program. This manual does not represent FHWA policy. It is an attempt to summarize the rapidly evolving technology in controlling and mitigating construction noise. This manual represents a logical starting point into the evaluation and control of highway construction noise. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Construction KW - Effective sound pressure KW - Highways KW - Loudness KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154797 AU - Spear, B D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATIONS OF NEW TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING TECHNIQUES TO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. A STUDY OF INDIVIDUAL CHOICE MODELS PY - 1977/03 SP - 163 p. AB - The report documents the application of individual choice (disaggregate) travel demand models in urban transportation planning. Three general areas of application are covered: (1) The traditional travel demand forecasting process; (2) short range, transportation systems management evaluation; and (3) patronage and revenue forecasting for new transportation systems. For each application, the suitability of the model is discussed, recent applications are summarized, and two detailed case studies are presented to demonstrate how the models were used. A short primer on individual choice models is included to provide the planner with enough information to understand how the models work and their differences from more conventional planning models. References are given for those who would like to know more about individual choice models. KW - Alloys KW - Choice models KW - Forecasting KW - Management KW - Manganese KW - Manganese alloys KW - Mathematical models KW - Revenues KW - Ridership KW - Systems management KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/SICM.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165748 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - Henry, R D AU - Royer, D E AU - JHK & Associates TI - EVALUATION OF REDUCED CARPOOL COMMUTER TOLLS ON THE CONNECTICUT TURNPIKE PY - 1977/03 SP - 55 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to evaluate the effects of reduced commuter tolls on the formation of carpools on the Connecticut Turnpike. The evaluation was conducted by surveying present carpool ticket users and incorporating the results of a previous survey conducted in 1975. It was determined that the economic incentive associated with the present tolls was too small to attract a significant number of carpools. The present toll structure and ticket system has resulted in a significnat growth in the use of regular commuter tickets as opposed to carpool tickets. However, the present carpool ticket users perceive a substantial benefit from the plan in light of the fact that the actual economic benefit is small. /FHWA/ KW - Carpools KW - Commuting KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Evaluation KW - Incentives KW - Surveys KW - Toll collection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165737 AU - California Department of Transportation TI - BUS/CARPOOL LANES ROUTE 101 MARIN COUNTY EVALUATION REPORT, DECEMBER 1974-DECEMBER 1976 PY - 1977/03 SP - 72 p. AB - This report evaluates the operation of the High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes on Route 101 between the Richardson Bay Bridge and Greenbrae in Marin County. It covers the operation of the HOV lanes while operated as exclusive bus lanes only ad as lanes reserved for buses and carpools of three or more occupants. The report discusses the HOV lanes impact on travel, modal shift, highway operation, bus transit operation, safety, air quality, energy consumption, and public reaction to the HOV lanes. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impact studies KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Public opinion KW - Public transit KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308357 AU - Miller, A S AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Utah Department of Public Safety AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES, SECOND REPORT: SNOW AND ICE CONTROL OPERATIONS PY - 1977/03 SP - 37 p. AB - This report presents the major results of an in-depth study of Snow and Ice Control Operations conducted in four States during the winter of 1975-76. The states involved were California, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Utah. To the extent possible, within the time frame of the study, all aspects of snow and ice control activities (material, equipment and labor) were analyzed. Initial estimates indicate potential savings on the order of $5 million among the four states upon implementation of the changes recommended as a result of this project. The recommendation with the greatest potential for immediate cost reduction are the control of application rates and the adoption of ground control spreders. /FHWA/ KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Laborers KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Optimization KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Snow and ice control KW - Spreaders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185279 AU - McNutly, E G AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS OF STRESS-STRAIN CONSOLADATION DATA PY - 1977/03 SP - n.p. AB - A computerized, mathematical algorithm is described and presented for analyzing the semilogarithmic stress-strain (time-independent) properties of standard, controlled-gradient, and controlled-rate-of-strain consolidation tests. This algorithm is an automation of manual graphical procedures currently used in engineering practice to obtain stress-strain information necessary for use in time-independent settlement analysis. The Casagrande and Schmertmann constructions are analytically represented to determine the preconsolidation stress and the in situ, compressibility coefficients of compression and expansion. Values for each of these parameters range between a probable and minimum value. The point of maximum curvature is determined for the Casagrande construction by use of the mathematical definition of the radius of curvature or by the analytical representation of a newly proposed graphical approach. The location of the point of maximum curvature has been found to depend on the arithmetic scale factors used for the horizontal and vertical directions in the semilogarithmic representation of the consolidation curves. The mathematical algorithm is written in Fortran IV for use with the IBM 370/165 computer and the Calcomp 663 drum platter. The computer program has proven effective in the reduction and asnalysis of stress-strain data from more than 40 controlled and 30 standard consolidation tests. /FHWA/ KW - Algorithms KW - Compressibility KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Deformation curve KW - Expansion KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Soil consolidation test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188512 AU - Manos, G P AU - University of Akron TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ROADSIDE PARK WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS, FINAL REPORT PY - 1977/03 SP - n.p. AB - The research effort involved a two year study of field and laboratory evaluation of Roadside Park wastewater systems. Eleven roadside parks were studied in 1975 consisting of extended aeration systems and 4 roadside parks in 1976 whose treatment mode was extended aeration and tertiary sand filtration. While both treatment modes provide adequate removal of BOD, SS, and nitrification, the system coupled with tertiary treatment gave consistently better results during periods of high flow. Both systems provide nitrification and complete removal of organic-nitrogen when proper operation and maintenance is provided. Treatment efficiencies of 95 percent were obtained for BOD, SS, NH4 and TKN. Water usage was measured and recorded throughout the test period and the variability determined. Two of the roadside parks were 50 percent of their design capacity during the test period. Part 2 includes a study of the rotating biological disc process as a treatment method for wastewaters of roadside parks. The important features are low energy requirement and a lower capital investment cost over conventional modes. The RBD would require housing for protection from inclement weather. Should tertiary treatment prove unnecessary with the RBD, the cost-benefit will be enhanced. Part 3 contains a study of land application of treated wastewater on land areas. The conclusion indicates land application would not be suitable nor desirable treatment mode at roadside parks in the State of Ohio. Climatic conditions and storage of wastewater during inclement weather require purchase of additional land from neighboring properties make this method of treatment costly and impractical. Part 4 includes water usage data obtained for the 15 roadside parks during the test period. Frequency distribution of water usage is documented. /FHWA/ KW - Aeration KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Filters KW - Laboratory tests KW - Land use KW - Parks KW - Roadside KW - Sand KW - Sand filters KW - Sewage treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182633 AU - Fischer, F L AU - Frank, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin TI - AXIAL TENSION FATIGUE STRENGTH OF ANCHOR BOLTS PY - 1977/03 SP - 115 p. AB - The report presents the results of an experimental investigation to determine the influence of several specification and design parameters on the fatigue behavior of commonly used anchor bolts. The parameters studied include: type of steel, thread series, nominal diameter, thread forming method, and stress range on the tensile stress area. Analysis of the test results showed that the fatigue life of anchor bolts is comparable to a Category E detail in the present AASHTO fatigue specifications. The pitch of the thread and the diameter of the anchor bolt did not influence the fatigue behavior of the bolts studied. The tensile strength of the steel did influence the fatigue life of the anchor bolts. The A36 steel bolts gave significantly longer fatigue lives. The test series of anchor bolts with rolled threads yielded fatigue lives comparable to bolts with cut threads except at the lower stress ranges. No cracking of the rolled threaded bars was found for stress ranges of 10 and 15 ksi. Longitudinal beam ultrasonic inspection of anchor bolts was found to be capable of detecting early stages of fatigue cracking. A method of estimating the remaining fatigue life of a bolt with a fatigue crack was developed. /FHWA/ KW - Anchor bolts KW - Axial tension KW - Diameter KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fibers KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Threads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179850 AU - McKenzie, L J AU - Little, R J AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - BEHAVIOR OF CONTRACTION JOINTS IN THE REHABILITATED AASHO TEST ROAD PY - 1977/03 SP - 79 p. AB - Rehabilitating the AASHO Test Road pavement gave an opportunity to examine the bahavior of sawed dowelled contraction joints spaced at 14 ft (4.57 m) in non-reinforced pavement overlying a granular subbase with those sawed at 40 ft (12.19 m) and at 100 ft (30.48 m) in reinforced pavements on both granular and stabilized subbases. Behavior for this study represents a change in spalling, faulting, joint opening, D-cracking, transverse cracking and pavement smoothness. Faulting decreased as joint interval decreased and as pavement thickness increased. Faulting was reduced where the subbase was stabilized. The cumulative amount of faulting per pavement mile was largest for 15-ft panels even though they had the least fault per joint. This fact partly accounts for pavements with 40-ft joints being smoother than those with 15-ft joints. The amount of spalling per mile of pavement increased as the joint interval decreased, although the number of major spalls per joint tended to increase as joint interval and joint opening increased. Transverse cracking between the joints increased as joint interval increased, but it was reduced over a stabilized subbase. The amount of D-cracking per mile of pavement increased as the number of joints and cracks increased and as the pavement aged. The best overall pavement behavior and the lowest Roughness Index were associated with pavements that had the fewest joints, particularly on a BAM subbase. /FHWA/ KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Contraction joints KW - Faulting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Granular bases KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Smoothness KW - Spalling KW - Stabilized materials KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181347 AU - Majidzaden, K AU - Suckarieh, G AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - THE STUDY OF PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PY - 1977/03 SP - 246 p. AB - The main purpose of this study is to recommend a procedure for flexible overlay design over rigid pavements. The current overlay design procedures are based mostly on experience acquired in the field of pavement design. They are oriented toward reducing the pavement deflection and keeping it below a certain limiting value believed to critical; no detailed analysis of the pavement before and after rehabilitation is usually used. In the few methods where some structural analysis suggested, no tools are offered to help achieving the proposed analysis. The investigation is aimed toward a workable rational overlay design procedure, whereby the effect of load, climatic factors, pavement conditions such as joints and pavement history are incorporated. The design procedure is offered along with a computer program, discussions and some nomographs to help the designer analyze the rigid pavement structure before and after overlaying it. The sources of the information and the analysis presented in this paper vary from existing methods of analysis found in the literature, to analysis done by the author to help build the recommended design procedure. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Finite differences KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Temperature KW - Temperature distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176287 AU - Ricker, E R AU - Banks, J F AU - Brenner, R AU - Brown, D B AU - Hall, J W AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM STANDARDS WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1977/03 SP - 38 p. AB - The adequacy and appropriateness of the highway safety program standards are evaluated. The standards are No. 9, Identification and Surveillance of Accident Locations, No. 12, Highway Design, Construction and Maintenance, No. 13, Traffic Engineering Services, and the engineering portion of No. 14, Pedestrian Safety. Alternative approaches to the existing three-plus standards were considered. The following key recommendations are made as the basis for enhancing highway safety: (1) Existing three-plus standards be restated to include only those procedural elements related to the planning, development and evaluation of a comprehensive highway safety program; (2) Procedures and guidelines for selecting and implementing specific countermeasures be developed and distributed to Federal, state and local agencies; (3) New safety standards be directed to the areas of (1) accident reporting and records, (b) safety improvement planning and programming, (c) design, construction, maintenance, and operations, (d) manpower and (e) evaluations. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Hazards KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Traffic engineering KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176550 AU - Dhamrait, J S AU - Jacobsen, F K AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE WITH CRC PAVEMENTS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1977/03 SP - 61 p. AB - Developing mechanical means for economically setting steel reinforcing in a continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement was one objective of a study Illinois started in 1960. While constructing six experimental pavements between 1963 and 1966, one bar assembly machine and several reinforcement depressors were developed; however, slipform pavers that feed the longitudinal bars through a series of tubes, eliminating the use of transverse bars, have replaced the use of side forms, and now is the most common way of placing CRC pavement in Illinois. Experience indicates that CRC pavement must be built more carefully than conventional jointed pavements; otherwise insufficient lap and gaps in reinforcement as well as unconsolidated concrete around the reinforcing steel, particularly at joints, will cause early failures. To repair a CRC pavement successfully, patches should be at least 10 feet long by one lane wide, 18 inches from transverse cracks, and 10 feet from construction joints; reinforcing steel exposed for lapping should not be bent above the pavement surface; new steel should be supported on chairs at the same level as the existing steel and should be securely tied; and damaged steel within the lap area, when less than 10 percent, may be repaired by welding; otherwise, welding is not permitted. repaired by welding; otherwise, welding is not permitted. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174422 AU - Barnoff, R M AU - Ordorff, J A AU - Harbaugh, R B AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - OVERLOAD TESTING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE PY - 1977/03 SP - 127 p. AB - An experimental prestressed concrete I-beam bridge was constructed and tested at The Pennsylvania State University. One span of this two-span, simply supported curved bridge had a conventional, reinforced, composite, cast-in-place concrete deck; the other was constructed with precast, prestressed concrete planks topped with reinforced cast-in-place concrete. Each span was supported by six precast, prestressed concrete I-beams. The structure was instrumented for measuring beam strains and deflections, deck concrete surface strains, and deck reinforcing steel strains. Various methods were also employed to monitor deck deterioration. The behavior of the bridge was studied under static load, repeated load, and overload conditions during a 2-1/2 year test period. Test results indicated no significant differences in the structural behavior of the two spans, implying that current design methods are applicable to bridge decks utilizing precast, prestressed planks. However, present design methods appear to be conservative for both types of construction. Beam strains and deflections, deck strains, and live load moments were all considerably below the values indicated by design computations. Lateral load distributions to the interior beams showed close agreement with design values; however, load distribution to the exterior beams was 53 percent greater than design. Longitudinal wheel load distribution agreed closely with currently accepted theory. Bridge behaviour under overload substantiated the linear behavior assumed in current design. /Author/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cast in place structures KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - I beams KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00159679 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Taylor, D H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF CEMENT HYDRATION BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 102-105 AB - A new scanning electron microscopy technique is described which permits the study of cement hydration in greater detail than by other methods. Its chief advantages are (1) high sensitivity to early stages of hydration; (2) ability to detect amorphous as well as crystalline phases; and (3) ability to distinguish the behavior of individual components (cement or aggregate) of concrete during hydration. Examples of results obtained by this technique are presented. KW - Aggregates KW - Cement KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Electron microscopes KW - Hydration KW - Microscopes, electron KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Sensitivity KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/54044 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00159673 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Adepegba, D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - STRUCTURAL STRENGTH OF SHORT, AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS OF REINFORCED, LATERIZED CONCRETE PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 134-140 AB - Laterized concrete was defined as concrete in which "stable" laterite fines replace sand. Reinforced and unreinforced laterized concrete short columns of the same dimensions were cast from three mixes by weight and tested in axial compression after approximately 28 days. Shear and cleavage modes of failure were recognized in unreinforced laterized concrete short columns; however, lateral reinforcement prevented the development of short vertical cracks that led to failure in the reinforced laterized concrete short columns. KW - Axial compression KW - Axial loads KW - Building sites KW - Cleavage KW - Cleavage fracture KW - Columns KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laterites KW - Location KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/54040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172032 AU - Neal, B F AU - Mason, P E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CONCRETE CREEP STUDY PY - 1977/03 SP - 20 p. AB - Creep and shrinkage characteristics were determined for concrete made with aggregates from three different sources. A 1200 psi (8 Mpa) load was applied to creep specimens at three different concrete ages, and maintained for a minimum of 77 days. Using best fit curve equations determined from the concrete tests, a prediction of creep and shrinkage for any period up to one year can be made with reasonable accuracy. Although certain properties of aggregate and concrete are indicators of potential creep, more satisfactory results can be obtained by measuring creep and shrinkage as outlined in the report, using concrete made with the ingredients and in the proportions to be used in a specific structure. /Author/ KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Creep KW - Forecasting KW - Loads KW - Shrinkage KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172058 AU - Shah, V R AU - Henry, J J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - RELATIONSHIP OF LOCKED WHEEL FRICTION TO THAT OF OTHER TEST MODES PY - 1977/03 SP - 96 p. AB - This research was conducted to determine whether there are any advantages in evaluating pavements using the side force or brake slip methods over the current practice using the Locked Wheel Method (ASTM E 274-70). High correlation is obtained between the results of the three methods which indicate that they are related to each other. The concept of using the Reduced Brake Slip Number Plot (BSN vs. sliding velocity) is introduced and it is shown that it can be used to determine Skid Number Gradient (SNG) from a test conducted at only one vhicle speed. The use of side force and slip testing for the evaluation of longitudinally grooved concrete pavements is investigated with blank and ribbed tires. It is shown that measurements with a blank tire indicate a substantial improvement due to grooving while measurements with a ribbed tire are not sensitive to the effects of longitudinal pavement grooves. An analytical model for predicting side force from locked wheel or slip testing is developed and it is applied to the six pavements on which testing was performed. Good agreement is obtained between experimental and predicted results. /Author/ KW - Braking KW - Correlation analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Locked-wheel KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Sideslip KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Testing KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169763 AU - Croteau, J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOLLOW-UP STUDY: FLOATING GLASS BEADS FOR TRAFFIC STRIPES PY - 1977/03 SP - 68 p. AB - A previous New Jersey study indicated that a new type of specially graded, flotation coated reflective glass bead provided improved traffic stripe performance when applied by gravity feed to a conventional slow-drying paint. This report presents the results of a follow-up study undertaken to determine if the pneumatic pressure bead application technique required for the state's current fast-drying paint would negate the night visibility advantage previously observed for the special bead. The beads studied were of four types: the conventional wide-gradation beads with and without the flotation treatment and uniformly-graded floating and non-floating beads. The various beads were applied as lanelines and edgelines on both concrete and bituminous pavements. Night visibility measurements were made with a Colorado-type photometer. A series of special night visibility photographs were taken to complement these instrument measurements of stripe brightness. Conventional close-up photographs were made to assess the relative embedment of the beads. The collected night visibility data indicates that uniformly-graded, flotation coated glass beads applied using N.J.'s conventional (pneumatic pressure) equipment yield traffic stripes of greater brightness than those reflectorized with any of the other bead types studied. It is recommended that the state adopt the use of the special beads applied at 4 lbs/gallon on blacktop and 5 lbs/gallon on concrete. If adjusting bead application rate to the predominant pavement type is not deemed feasible by Maintenance, 4 lbs/gallon should be used on both pavement types. KW - Beads KW - Brightness KW - Drying KW - Glass KW - Glass beads KW - Highway traffic control KW - Night visibility KW - Pavements KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165745 AU - Smith, N L AU - Morawski, E J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY METHOD OF PREDICTING WEAR RESISTANCE OF AGGREGATES PY - 1977/03 SP - 40 p. AB - A laboratory polishing and measuring system has been developed which can be used to predict the degree to which aggregates can be expected to polish under pneumatic tired traffic. Standard sized pneumatic tires are used to polish laboratory specimens. Results are quantified by calculating the asymptote approached by an hyperbolic curve fitted to data reflecting frictional resistance versus polishing effort. Aggregates are rated against the performance of a control aggregate polished concurrently with the candidates. Usual quality test data and petrographic classifications are included in the data identifying the aggregates tested. In addition to thirty-three local sources, three from the ASTM list of standard aggregates has been examined and rated. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Durability KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Laboratory studies KW - Measurement KW - Pneumatic equipment KW - Pneumatic tire KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168930 AU - Martin, L D AU - Gill, S A AU - Scott, N L AU - Consulting Engineers Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFABRICATED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FOR CUT-AND-COVER TUNNELS. VOLUME 1. DESIGN CONCEPTS PY - 1977/03 SP - 190 p. AB - This report explores the possibility of improving cut-and-cover tunnel construction in urban areas by the use of prefabricated structural members. Various shapes and materials are examined and methods of incorporating these shapes are described. Types of loadings required and design methods are shown. The study concludes that the use of prefabricated members, particularly precast concrete members, is feasible and offers opportunities for significantly reducing surface disruption time. It shows construction methods for the use of precast wall members placed in fluid (slurry) trenches, and precast, prestressed members. This report is the first of two volumes. Volume 2, FHWA-RD-76-114, 'Three Case Studies,' summarizes designs and cost considerations applicable to three actual tunnel sites. KW - Analysis KW - Construction KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Cut and cover tunneling KW - Design KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Foundations KW - Loads KW - Precast concrete KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Slurry trenches KW - Slurry tunneling KW - Tunnel lining KW - Tunneling KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57666 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00158355 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sanders, J H AU - Berger, W G AU - Hanscom, F R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC EVALUATOR SYSTEM: AN INNOVATIVE DATA COLLECTION TOOL PY - 1977/03 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - p. 149-155 AB - The Traffic Evaluator System described is an electronic system which collects computer readable data on traffic flow. The system permits computer reconstruction of the interactions among all vehicles as they pass through an instrumented segment of highway as well as completely describes each vehicle and its trajectory. This research tool has been used by Biotechnology, Inc., since 1969. This article describes the system and some of its applications. KW - Electronic control KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic evaluator systems KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/53903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00157897 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - CRAWFORD-SOUTH: COLORADO'S FIRST FULL LENGTH LIME STABILIZATION PROJECT PY - 1977/03 SP - 25 p. AB - Eleven years of evaluation since construction with lime tilled subgrade soils in place of aggregate subbase indicate that lime stabilization can be substituted for standard subbase materials. The few small failures which have occurred are attributed to poor drainage. Lime was spread on the scarified subgrade directly from the transport using a homemade spreader. Mixing was accomplished with a Bros mixer towed behind a medium size tractor. Initial mixing into the soil was done immediately after the dry lime had been spread and enough water added to bring the soil up to at least optimum. Further details of construction are described, as well as the soil conditions, cost and evaluation. The amount of the lime used for stabilizing the soil was determined by unconfined compressive strength tests. The soils tested did not show a great increase in compressive strength upon the addition of lime. Approximately 150,000 equivalent 18k axle loads have been sustained by this roadway in the last 11 years. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Costs KW - Failure KW - Highway drainage KW - Soil conditions KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade materials KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00164009 AU - McNulty, E G AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - COMPUTERIZED ANALYSIS OF STRESS-STRAIN CONSOLIDATION DATA PY - 1977/03 SP - 31 p. AB - A computerized, mathematical algorithm is described and presented for anlayzing the semilogarithmic stress-strain (time-independent) properties of standard, controlled-gradient, and controlled-rate-of-strain consolidation tests. This algorithm is an automation of manual graphical procedures currently used in engineering practice to obtain stress-strain information necessary for use in time-independent settlement analysis. The Casagrande and Schmertmann constructions are analytically represented to determine the preconsolidation stress and the in situ, compressibility coefficients of compression and expansion. Values for each of these parameters range between a probable and minimum value. The point of maximum curvature is determined for the Casgrande construction by use of the mathematical definition of the radius of curvature or by the analytical representation of a newly proposed graphical approach. The location of the point of maximum curvature has been found to depend on the arithmetic scale factors used for the horizontal and vertical direction in the semilogarithmic representation of the consolidation curves. The mathematical algorithm is written in Fortran IV for use with the IBM 370/165 computer and the Calcomp 663 drum plotter. The computer program has proven effective in the reduction and analysis of stress-strain data from more than 40 controlled and 30 standard consolidation tests. /Author/ KW - Compression KW - Computer programs KW - Consolidations KW - Deformation curve KW - Ground settlement KW - Highway grades KW - Mathematical models KW - Preconsolidation KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/55112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163618 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bucci, R J AU - Sha, G T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - EFFECT OF ANTIBUCKLING CONSTRAINT ON DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR OF ALUMINUM SHEET PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 94-95 AB - Tests were made to compare K sub c values for Alclad aluminum sheet 7475-T761 determined from 16-in. (406-mm) wide, center-cracked tension panels tested with the without guides designed to prevent buckling from intensifying the crack tip stress field. The tests show that for sheet thicknesses ranging from 0.06 to 0.15 in. (1.52 to 3.81 mm) a multiplication factor of 0.87 is required to convert K sub c values obtained employing antibuckling guides to corresponding values obtained without guides. Above 0.15-in. thickness, test panels appeared to be of sufficient stiffness to prevent buckling without the use of guides, and therefore the conversion factor is unity. KW - Aluminum KW - Buckling KW - Cracking KW - Intensity KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163621 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Walker, E K AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MULTIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN APPROXIMATIONS FOR NOTCH FATIGUE BEHAVIORS PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 106-113 AB - The use of the fatigue notch factor k sub f Neuber's rule is shown to be identical in the elastic range to the assumption of the Hookian stress concentration factor K sub t, a multiaxial stress state, and a maximum principal strain criterion for fatigue life. The adequacy of assuming the fatigue notch factor K sub f is demonstrated for mild notches. Arguments are presented in favor of assuming a multiaxial stress state at the notch for highly constrained notches. KW - Deformation curve KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Metals KW - Notch strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59115 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163625 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Collins, J J AU - Hsu, TTC AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - PROPERTIES OF FLORIDA-OOLITE CONCRETE PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 141-143 AB - An experimental study of the mechanical properties of Florida-oolite concrete determined were strength, modulus of elasticity, creep, and shrinkage. The properties determined for oolite aggregates were strength, modulus of elasticity, unit weight, specific gravity, absorption, and percentage of voids. The modulus of elasticity and the creep coefficient of concrete were found to be significantly less than the values predicted by the standard American Concrete Institute equations. In addition, the effects of prestress and heat curing on the properties of Florida-oolite concrete are discussed. KW - Absorption KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Creep KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Oolite KW - Percent air voids KW - Physical properties KW - Sedimentary rocks KW - Shrinkage KW - Specific gravity KW - Strength of materials KW - Unit weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163617 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Guess, T R AU - Allred, R E AU - Gerstle, F P AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - COMPARISON OF LAP SHEAR TEST SPECIMENS PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 84-93 AB - The single lap shear test specimen, a method for measuring the shear strengths of structural adhesives, was evaluated in a combined experimental and analytical study. The shear strengths of two structural adhesives were measured with the conventional thin adherend lap shear specimen and with several thick adherend configurations. Shear strengths obtained from thin specimens were too low: Failure was controlled by the tensile (peel) strength of the adhesive/adherend interface rather than by the adhesive shear strength. Equally significant was the finding that the relative shear strengths of the two adhesives measured with the thin specimen configuration were opposite the results from the thick adherend specimeans. The apparent shear strengths from thick adherend test specimens increased with increasing adherend thickness, an expected result; however,they decreased with increasing adhesive thickness, a trend which did not agree with published analyses. This anomaly is explained by finite element analyses of the shear and normal stress gradients in the adhesive layer. KW - Adhesives KW - Lap joints KW - Shear strength KW - Specimens KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59112 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163622 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Adams, D F AU - Perry, J L AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - STATIC AND IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF GRAPHITE/EPOXY COMPOSITE LAMINATES CONTAINING THIRD-PHASE REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 114-123 AB - A series of graphite/epoxy composite laminates containing four different types of third-phase reinforcement materials were fabricated, incorporating an anisotropic ply lay-up pattern. Both thick and thin laminates were used. Static tensile, flexure, and short beam shear specimens and Charpy impact specimens were tested, the latter with an instrumented impact tester. The facture surfaces of the static flexure and the Charpy impact specimens were then examined in detail with a scanning electron microscope. Observed similarities and differences between the static flexure and impact fracture characteristics of a given composite were noted and referred to the corresponding energies absorbed to failure. Similar comparisons were made between the various material combinations. KW - Composite materials KW - Electron microscopes KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Flexure KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Graphite KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Laminates KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Static response KW - Statics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163623 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cash, C G AU - Gumpertz, W H AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ECONOMIC AND PERFORMANCE ASPECTS OF INCREASING INSULATION ON THE TEMPERATURE OF BUILT-UP ROOFING MEMBANES PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 124-129 AB - The energy crisis has raised demands for a substantial increase in the insulation of roofing systems, and calculations in this paper confirm that the financially most favorable insulation has a thermal resistance much higher than that of presently used systems. Objections have been raised to the increase in the thermal resistance of roofs on the basis that this will result in a substantial increase of the temperature range to which membranes are subjected, with resultant increase of membrane cracking from temperature movement. We have made a number of calculations to check on the justification of such concerns. The results of our work, based on a number of simplifying assumptions, show that increasing the thermal resistance of insulation, over presently prevailing standards, does not significantly enlarge the thermal range to which roofing membranes are presently subjected. This applies both to changes in the ambient temperature and to solar radiation. Insulation thickness should therefore be based on considerations of economy and energy conservation, but there are still unresolved problems of decreasing impact resistance and lateral stability. KW - Conservation KW - Economic factors KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Energy KW - Insulating materials KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Performance KW - Roofs KW - Solar radiation KW - Temperature KW - Thermal resistance KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59117 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163624 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ashton, H E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - RELIABILITY OF WHITTEMORE GAGE LENGTH MEASUREMENTS PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 130-133 AB - A large number of measurements on a nickel-steel alloy bar and on brass inserts in the bar were taken to determine if wear was taking place in the alloy standard or in the Whittemore gage. Microscopic examination was used to confirm the dimensional results. It was concluded that neither the gage nor the brass exhibited significant changes in readings but that the alloy showed a change after 1500 readings. It is proposed that for long-term studies an alloy bar with hardened steel inserts should be used. The precision of measurements made with the gage was estimated from the large set of resutls. KW - Alloy steel KW - Length KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nickel alloys KW - Nickel steels KW - Reliability KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59118 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00163619 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sullivan, A M AU - Crooker, T W AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - THE EFFECTS OF SPECIMEN THICKNESS AND STRESS RELIEF ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE IN NICKEL-CHROMIUM-MOLYBDENUM-VANADIUM STEEL PY - 1977/03 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - p. 96-101 AB - Structural design now incorporates the weight-saving advantage of high-strength alloys by reducing the thickness requirements of load-bearing members. For fail-safe applications of thin-section material (less than 0.50 in. (12.7 mm) thick) in high-performance ship structures, quantitative information concerning fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) is highly important. The paucity and diverse conclusions of presently available information concerning the effect of material thickness on FCGR provides little engineering guidance for the design of thin-section structures. This study of FCGR on a 5Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel tested in three thicknesses indicates that internal residual stresses may have a retardation effect on FCGR in this material. When the material was tested after stress relief, crack growth was accelerated and was essentially the same for all thicknesses. KW - Alloy steel KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Stress relieving KW - Thickness KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00158303 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rice, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1977/03 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - p. 160-166 AB - This article discusses the seasonal or temporal changes in pavement skid resistance by presenting background information, examples of changes which have been observed, and the possible mechanisms involved in the changes. Several consequences of variations in skid resistance are described and the Federal Highway Administration's approach to solving the problem is presented. KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Roads KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/53866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159619 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - JHK & Associates TI - PRIORITY TREATMENT FOR HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES: PROJECT STATUS REPORT PY - 1977/03 SP - 32 p. AB - This report discusses the current status of 14 preferential treatment projects for buses and carpools in the United States. the range of projects covered include bus and carpool lanes physically separated from the flow of other traffic, contra-flow lanes, exclusive median with-flow lanes, bypasses of metered freeway ramps, and toll reductions for carpools. Key historical events in the development of each project are cited and observations are made on the effectiveness of each. /Author/ KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Strategic planning KW - Tolls KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158104 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Forster, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE: MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION AND HEAT TREATING STUDIES PY - 1977/03 SP - 73 p. AB - The work described herein was aimed at developing the information and processes necessary for efficient experimental construction of bridge decks using internally sealed concrete. This concrete is sealed by means of wax included in the mix, and was developed for use in bridge decks to prevent the penetration of water and chlorides to the reinforcing steel. Specific goals of the study were: (1) The development of safet, efficient field heating systems needed to melt the wax and seal the concrete. (2) The definition of the engineering properties of the particular internally sealed concrete specified for the experimental projects. During the early testing phases, concrete cracking problems were encountered and circumvented by modifying the heating and bead-manufacturing processes. Heating equipment experiments performed to develop both small, single pass, fast-heating equipment and equipment which slowly heats a large area at once are described. Also discussed are the tests performed to document the engineering properties of internally sealed concrete (i.e., strength, bond to underlying concrete and reinforcing steel, abrasion resistance, skid resistance, shrinkage, etc.). Finally, the findings of an analysis of two prototype internally sealed decks built in 1975 and heat treated in 1976 are presented. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Heat treatment KW - Heating equipment KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Metal heating KW - Properties of materials KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Shrinkage KW - Skid resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158103 AU - Holmes, J R AU - Schmid, G W AU - Downey, G L AU - Ekstrom, R E AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln TI - REPORT ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE CONTRACTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1977/03 SP - 389 p. AB - The general nature of the deterioration of prestressed concrete bridges through contraction in Nebraska is discussed and clearly illustrated through the use of photographs taken from a previous field study involving 82 bridges. The test program, formulated to determine the actual nature and cause of the deterioration process, involved continued study of 90 existing bridges, two new instrumented field structures in a natural environment, and a new full-scale model structure in a partially controlled environment. The new structures were heavily instrumented with mechanical and electrical types of strain measurement devices, thermometer and humidity wells, and other deformation references. The devices were pre-embedded using tape-in-place techniques to avoid damage to the steel forms for the girders. This technique gave quick access to ready-to-read installation points after girder forms were stripped. Readings were taken over a 4-year period. The computer was used to store and analyze the data. A high-speed plotter was used to plot the curves. An analysis is presented and remedial recommendations are outlined. KW - Analysis KW - Computers KW - Concrete bridges KW - Contraction KW - Deterioration KW - Girders KW - Humidity KW - Instrumentation KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Scale models KW - Strain measurement KW - Thermometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158129 AU - Ghanem AU - Hussam, M F AU - Lloyd AU - John, P AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - DESIGN AND PROOF TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS PY - 1977/03 AB - The accuracy of a proposed proof test for single cell box culverts was verified by testing 16 full size specimens. The proof test involved placing a symmetrical arrangement of concentrated loads against the upper and lower slabs. The measured strength was compared to that predicted by yield line theory. It was shown that for culverts reinforced with welded wire fabric, the plastic moment capacity should be based on the tensile strength of the wire. For culverts reinforced with deformed bars, the plastic moment could be based on the yield strength of the reinforcement; however, because of strain hardening, the proof test procedure occasionally underestimated the actual capacity. It was found that the proof test could detect significant deficiencies in either style of flexural reinforcement. Efforts to develop a nondestructive proof test based on crack width were unsuccessful. An ancillary study involving 24 beams considered the influence of reinforcement style on the width of flexural cracks under sustained loading conditions. It was found that deformed bars provided significantly better crack control than smooth welded wire fabric. KW - Box culverts KW - Cracking KW - Deformed bars KW - Design KW - Loads KW - Precast concrete KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile strength KW - Testing KW - Welded wire fabrics KW - Yield line method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158060 AU - Zell, J B AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - VEHICLE-INDUCED GUST LOADS ON ALUMINUM OVERHEAD SIGN STRUCTURES PY - 1977/03 SP - 15 p. AB - Vehicle-induced gust loads are not included in New York State's design of aluminum overhead sign support structures and designers have feared that these loads might lead to fatigue failures. This report summarizes the results of a project initiated to determine if current design procedures must be revised, and if existing sign structures should be inspected for possible damage. Two existing sign structures on I-787 in Albany were instrumented and tested. Dynamic strain was measured using a specially constructed data-acquisition system capable of monitoring up to eight channels of data at the rate of 200 samples per second per-channel. Test data included stress range histograms, frequencies of vibration, and damping coefficients for sign structure vibration induced by large vehicles, in this case trucks. From analysis of the test data and information on fatigue strength of aluminum, it is concluded that such gust loads have no appreciable effect on fatigue life of the test structures. KW - Aluminum KW - Data collection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Strain measurement KW - Stresses KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154018 AU - Kearns, R W AU - WARD, J F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TESTS OF NEW FHWA REFERENCE SYSTEMS AT THE EASTERN FIELD TEST CENTER PY - 1977/03 SP - 131 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is developing a program to improve the method of measuring wet weather pavement skid resistance (SN) and to reduce the variation in results. At the national level, an interim reference system (IRS) is maintained and operated by the National Bureau of Standards. At the regional level, an area reference system (ARS) is maintained and operated at each FHWA Field Test Center. Intercomparisons between these reference systems and the highway measuring systems at the state level provide measurement assurance. In this report, the first correlations between three identical, newly manufactured systems (ARS 1, 2, 3) and the IRS are given. Computed standard deviations of mid-range predicted SN values are typically less than 0.1 SN. SN is given as a function of test speed for each system, on two test surfaces. Speed gradients of SN are found to be characteristic of the surface. KW - Calibration KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Standard deviation KW - Standards KW - Testing KW - Tests KW - Texture KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154779 AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTING OF HOT-APPLIED TRAFFIC PAINTS PY - 1977/03 SP - 16 p. AB - Three heated traffic paints and the State's standard unheated paint were compared on both asphalt and portland cement concrete pavements to determine relative drying times, performance, and durability. In addition, two gradations of glass beads were applied with each paint type. All paints performed better on asphalt concrete pavement than on portland cement concrete. On asphalt concrete pavement, snow and ice contributed to accelerated wear, probably masking potential differences in durability. In these tests, the standard unheated paint performed best, while the 120F heated paint performed poorest, although the difference was not large. In areas where snow and ice do not affect durability, larger differences in durability might be encountered, which could control the choice of paint to be used. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Beads KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drying KW - Drying rate KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frost damage KW - Glass KW - Glass beads KW - Heat KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Paint KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Snow and ice control KW - Traffic paint KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49017 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00152343 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE BARRIER SELECTION, DESIGN, AND CONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCES: A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT-1975 IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE 76-8 PY - 1977/03 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - p. 171 AB - Highway engineers are becoming increasingly aware of the wide range of alternatives that are available to abate highway traffic noise. One of the most commonly used alternatives has been the construction of free standing noise barriers. This report contains a cross section of the experiences of State highway agencies in the selection, design, and construction of highway noise barriers. It summarizes progress to data and includes project data, sample plans, and photographs for different types of barriers. Factors considered in the report include safety, barrier design, cost, attenuation, community acceptance, and maintenance problems. /Author/ KW - Attenuation KW - Barrier design KW - Barrier types KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Noise barriers KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51891 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00152342 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS HANDBOOK IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE 76- 10 PY - 1977/03 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - p. 171 AB - Present day urban traffic problems have created an urgent need for the development of both basic and advanced transportation and traffic engineering resources. This handbook presents the basic principles for the planning, design, and implementation of traffic control systems for urban streets and freeways. Individual elements discussed include traffic control studies and concepts, surveillance techniques, street hardware, central equipment and system selection, and implementation and evaluation methods. The handbook was developed for a wide range of potential users, but it is primarily aimed at the practicing traffic engineer who has had limited exposure to computer-based systems. Its objective is to aid in the application of new technology in the implementation of traffic surveillance and control systems. The use of the handbook with other proven and newly emerging transportation system management concepts will help make better use of existing facilities. /Author/ KW - Handbooks KW - Highway planning KW - Implementation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00152344 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLOTTED UNDERDRAIN SYSTEMS, IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE 76-9 PY - 1977/03 VL - 40 IS - 4 SP - p. 173 AB - Slotted plastic pipe has been used in agriculture as an underdrain for many years. Because of the success of this pipe in providing long term drainage, the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Federal Highway Projects in Region 8 undertook an evaluation project to determine the application of these types of underdrains in the highway industry. Their findings, as presented in Implementation Package 76--9, have shown that a properly designed slotted underdrain system is capable of quickly and efficiently removing free water from soils and pavement structures over a long period without clogging the filter system or causing siltation of the pipe. This report contains test results and findings of six underdrain systems as well as a design example and sample specifications. KW - Drainage KW - Filters KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Pipe KW - Silts KW - Slotted pipes KW - Soil water KW - Subdrains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158057 AU - Turner, F C AU - DAVIS, H E AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION REQUIREMENTS, VOLUME I PY - 1977/02/25 SP - 52 p. AB - This report on urban transportation systems covers a study made in 31 urban areas located in 14 countries, including 9 cities in the U.S.A. Information is presented on the development and use of mass transit systems in each of these cities, the costs of providing and operating the systems, the sources of financing required, and the changing patterns of rider usage of transport modes, including the private motor vehicle. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Comparative analysis KW - Economics KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Mode choice KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Ridership KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation KW - User characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158994 AU - Turner, F C AU - DAVIS, H E AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION REQUIREMENTS. VOLUME II PY - 1977/02/25 SP - 434 p. AB - This volume contains a report on each of the 31 urban areas studied, as well as a description of the National Setting for each of the 14 countries in which the individual urban areas are located. Volume II contains detailed comments and statistics pertaining to the mass transit situation and experience in each urban area studied, which is the basis of the comments contained in Volume I. KW - Automobiles KW - Canada KW - City planning KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Financing KW - France KW - Germany KW - Highway traffic KW - Italy KW - Local government KW - Mode choice KW - Netherlands KW - Operating costs KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Reviews KW - Ridership KW - Statistics KW - Sweden KW - Switzerland KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - United States KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01353905 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Skid Resistance of Pavements. Interim Report PY - 1977/02//Interim Report FY-76 SP - 50p AB - This publication contains information in various parameters which were considered to be of primary influence relative to skid resistance variation. Considerable data is presented on the dynamic repeatability and statistical variance of the measuring unit as a system. Environmental and physical variables which include pavement temperature, tow vehicle cab temperature and humidity, season, water discharge rate, transverse pavement variation and speed gradient data are discussed. An analysis based on two years of controlled testing on a portland cement concrete (PCC) surface indicated the inherent repeatability error of the skid trailer as a system to be +/-1.3 skid numbers (SN). A multiple regression analysis of the environmental variables specified accounted for only 39 percent of the variation encountered during the repeatability testing program. The lateral positioning of the test tire is extremely critical due to inherent pavement variation and wear. Differences as large as 20 skid numbers were noted on the randomly selected locations. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Humidity KW - Pavement performance KW - Repeatability KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid trailers KW - Statistical analysis KW - Temperature KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174732 AU - Winters, F AU - Sasor, S R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT HEATING, 1969-1975 PY - 1977/02 SP - 209 p. AB - In order to evaluate a roadway heating system which used the energy stored in the earth for snow melting, a 3200 square foot experimental heated pavement was constructed in Trenton, New Jersey. Heat was extracted from the earth by means of a grid of pipes buried 3 to 13 ft. below ground and transferred via an ethylene glycol-water solution to pipes embedded in a test pavement. For purposes of comparison, a section of pavement heated by electrical resistance wires was also included as part of the installation. Results of operation have indicated that the best snow melting has taken place on sections of portland cement concrete containing 3/4 inch and 1-1/4 inch wrought iron pipe spaced on 6 inch centers and embedded at a depth of 2 inches. These sections produced an average heat dissipation rate of approximately 100 BTU's per square foot of surface area per hour when 2 linear feet of pipe buried in the earth were coupled to 1 linear foot of pipe embedded in the test pavement. Snow melting rates were usually between 1/4 inch and 1/2 inch per hour. During the Summers of 1970 and 1971 the system was operated for the purpose of transferring heat from the warm pavement to the earth where it could be stored for use during the winters. Heat was successfully transferred; however, due to the loss of heat to the surrounding earth and the atmosphere during the fall, no significant storage of heat was achieved by the start of the snow season. The thermal insulation used with the pipes buried 3 to 13 feet in the earth was not effective in reducing heat loss during the fall. Though this installation was shown to be more economical to operate than an electrically heated pavement, the total cost was higher when construction cost was considered. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Ethylene glycol KW - Heat exchangers KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Heat transfer KW - New Jersey KW - Pavements KW - Piping systems KW - Snow removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174734 AU - Johnson, E G AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PAXSON ROADWAY ICING PY - 1977/02 SP - 39 p. AB - In 1970 a research study was started on a series of roadway icings near Paxson on the Richardson Highway. This area was selected after considering the icing severity, the repeatibility, and the high cost of maintenance of this site. Two cross sections approximately a half mile apart were selected as representing the worst parts of two different icings. Section One is located at the northern end of Paxson Lake at Mile 182.2 and Section Two is located 0.5 miles north of this section. This report presents a summary of subsurface explorations made in 1970 and of field studies and instrumentation made during the winters 1970-71 through 1975-76. Included in the conclusions are recommendations for correcting this icing problem based on the findings of this study. KW - Alaska KW - Field tests KW - Frost KW - Frost penetration KW - Ice formations KW - Maintenance KW - Roads KW - Snowfall UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154816 AU - Pratt, R H AU - Pedersen, N J AU - Mather, J J AU - Pratt (RH) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVELER RESPONSE TO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CHANGES - A HANDBOOK FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNERS PY - 1977/02 SP - 283 p. AB - Transportation planners and decisionmakers need an understanding of how travelers respond to changes in the urban transportation system if they are to correctly identify the most favorable opportunities to maximize beneficial use of highways and transit operations. Traveler response to the following 10 types of transportation change are investigated: pool/bus priority lanes, variable work hours, carpooling encouragement activities, buspools/vanpools, area auto restraints, auto facility pricing, transit scheduling/frequency, bus routing/coverage, transit fare changes, and transit marketing/amenities. KW - Bus lanes KW - Bus priority KW - Carpools KW - Consumer behavior KW - Decision making KW - Fares KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Marketing KW - Public transit KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Scheduling KW - Staggered work hours KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - User reactions KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319107 AU - Zuieback, J M AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTIONAL REQUIREMENTS NECESSARY TO REDUCE SKIDDING ACCIDENT FREQUENCIES PY - 1977/02 SP - 214 p. AB - The report documents a study which attempted to establish frictional requirements as a function of site specific traffic operational characteristics and roadway geometry. Frictional demand was determined for cornering on isolated horizonal curves and passing on two-lane rural highways by measuring peak accelerations of vehicles at 9 curve sites and 4 passing sites. These data and the relationships developed are presented in the report. Previously, other studies had determined frictional demand for intersections and other highway sites. Also, available pavement friction had been determined for several vehicles and pavements in terms of maximum accelerations permitted without inducing skidding. Frictional demand varies complexly as a function of vehicle, site specific traffic operational characteristics, and roadway geometry. The relationships have not been established that allow the analytical determination of frictional requirements. The report should be examined critically by interested researchers. (FHWA) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Crash rates KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Highway curves KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rural highways KW - Skid resistance KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191673 AU - Ertugrul, A M AU - Hammond, H R AU - Greiner Engineering Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTALS IN AIR QUALITY PY - 1977/02 SP - 294 p. AB - The Implementation Package presents a basic understanding of air quality fundamentals. The text focuses its attention specifically to highway related air pollution and procedures used in the highway air quality assessment process. It gives the historical background of the air pollution problem in the U.S. and the world leading up to the Clean Air Act. It presents the major pollutants with emphasis on highway related, and discusses pollutant classification, sources and the potential effect on man and his environment. Highway traffic impacts on ambient air quality are explained along with discussions of engine emissions and the transportation network. It discusses the Clean Air Act development and the implementation procedures related to the transportation problem. The concept, methods and requirements of air pollution analysis are extensively covered. The various factors required for analysis such as meteorology, emissions factors, background concentrations, site monitoring, etc., are defined and explained in detail. The book concludes with a presentation of guidelines for preparing a comprehensive air quality study report for a highway E.I.S. KW - Air pollution KW - Assessments KW - Clean Air Act KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Exhaust gases KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Monitoring KW - Regulations KW - Sources KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189363 AU - Heins, C P AU - Martin, T L AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - DISTORTIONAL EFFECTS OF CURVED I GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1977/02 IS - 5F3-6 SP - 124 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to present a simplified means for determining more accurately the stress distribution in curved girder bridge systems, considering web distortion. The distortional response of a single span curved girder bridge system is determined by application of a finite difference procedure. This procedure was then computerized, resulting in a series of design equations. A complete design example is given, in order to illustrate the application of these equations. /FHWA/ KW - Biology KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deformation curve KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Girders KW - I beams KW - Structural design KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167105 AU - Fong, B C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE RAMP CONTROL THROUGH THE USE OF MICROCOMPUTER PY - 1977/02 SP - 126 p. AB - The research was involved in the investigation, development, and implementation of ramp control hardware and software through the use of microcomputer. A prototype controller consisting of a 4-bit Intel microprocessor and 2096 x 8 bit of programmable read-only-memory was developed for exploratory study. It was concluded that the second generation N-MOS microprocessors have superior instruction power and hardware capabilities than their P-MOS predecessors. The Type 140 Controller design specification was prepared under this research. The first 200 units of the Type 140 Controller, have been purchased for implementation. Programs for traffic responsive ramp control have been developed to be implemented with the Type 140 Controller. KW - Automatic control KW - Central processing units KW - Central processing units (Computers) KW - Computer memory KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Computer systems hardware KW - Computers KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Hardware KW - Highway traffic control KW - Microcomputers KW - Ramp metering KW - Random access computer storage KW - Random access memory KW - Read only storage KW - Real time control KW - Real time operation KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167027 AU - Hadley, W O AU - Louisiana Tech University, Baton Rouge AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - AN EVALUATION OF GAP-GRADED CONCRETES PY - 1977/02 SP - 133 p. AB - In many parts of Louisiana the sources of naturally occurring continuously-graded aggregates are being depleted without any expectation of replacement. Many of the available marginal aggregate sources are rejected because of gap-grading, i.e., certain particle sizes are lacking, or the sizes and quantities of the coarse aggregate do not meet the existing specification requirements. This report describes a study which was undertaken to compare the behavior of gap-graded concretes with the behavior of continuously-graded concretes to determine whether or not the gap-graded concrete mixtures were comparable to the continuously-graded concrete mixtures. The five factors investigated in this study were coarse aggregate gradation, water-cement ratio, cement content, fine aggregate content, and length of curing. The fundamental material properties evaluated were compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, Poisson's ratio, and tensile strain, while the properties of the plastic concrete mix which were investigated included slump, density, air content, and workability. KW - Aggregates KW - Air content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Continuous grading KW - Density KW - Gap grading KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Gravel KW - Louisiana KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Polymer concrete KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Specifications KW - Tensile strength KW - Variables KW - Variations KW - Water cement ratio KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172867 AU - Johnson, E G AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PAXSON ROADWAY ICING PY - 1977/02 SP - 33 p. AB - In 1970 a research study was started on a series of roadway icings near Paxson on the Richardson Highway. This area was selected after considering the icing severity, the repeatibility, and the high cost of maintenance of this site. Two cross sections approximately a half mile apart were selected as representing the worst parts of two different icings. In the fall of 1970 field investigation of subsurface conditions were carried out in conjunction with the installation of vertical thermocouple strings, snow poles and piezomters. Throughout the winter of 1970-71 the progressive icings, snow fall and frost penetration were monitored. An extensive search for water sources was also performed to determine the method by which the water reaches the icings. Data from this first winter indicted the depths of frost penetration in roadway and ditch area, but did not provide good groundwater information. From the fall of 1971 through 1974, heavy winter snows effectively insulated the ditch areas and reduced the icing to tolerable levels. Extremely low snowfall during the 1975-76 winter again resulted in extremely severe icing conditions. During this winter, groundwater level recorders were installed to measure pressure heads beneath to ditch ice, and air temperatures were continuously recorded, in addition to periodic snow and ice depth measurements. Recommendations are made for prevention of the icing conditions, based on results of the field studies. /FHWA/ KW - Ditches KW - Frost KW - Frost damage KW - Frost penetration KW - Groundwater KW - Highway maintenance KW - Icing KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Piezometers KW - Snow and ice control KW - Tellurometers KW - Thermocouples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172053 AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - PERFORMANCE OF SPECIAL CURING AGENTS AND WATER REDUCING AGENTS ON CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN COLORADO PY - 1977/02 SP - 15 p. AB - In 1970, seven test sections, and their companion control sections, were placed as sections of concrete pavement on northeastern Colorado Interstate routes. There was a test section for each of three water reducing agents on the market at that time, and a test section for an emulsified linseed oil curing compound. There were three test sections for chlorinated rubber curing compounds. After 6-1/2 years of evaluation, the results show that none of the additives or curing compounds provided superior wearing qualities over the product regularly specified for pavement construction by the Colorado Department of Highways. The cost of the water reducing agents would increase the cost of PCC pavements between 1% and 2% with no noticeable improvement in rut prevention for this heavy studded tire environment. The use of chlorinated rubber type of curing compound or emulsified linseed oil curing compounds would increase the cost of pavements between 11found and 31found a square yard, without improving the wear resistance to any measurable extent. /Author/ KW - Analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Curing agents KW - Durability KW - Emulsions KW - Flash point KW - Linseed oil KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Studded tires KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/67997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169742 AU - Rhodes, J R AU - Carino, N C AU - Sieberg, R D AU - Stout, J AU - TAYLOR, M C AU - Columbia Scientific Industries AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU DETERMINATION OF THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE IN BRIDGE DECKS--FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1977/02 SP - 117 p. AB - The objective of this two-phase program is to develop a gauge and corresponding test method for rapid, local, in situ determinations of the total chloride ion concentration in P.C.C. bridge decks or other reinforced concrete members at the level of the outermost mat of reinforcing steel, with a sensitivity of 100 ppm Cl or better. In Phase I a literature search and paper study confirmed that X-ray fluorescence, thermal neutron activation and thermal neutron-prompt gamma analysis were the only promising techniques. A dual measurement method, employing both the prompt gamma and activation techniques, was shown to be feasible for nondestructive monitoring of chloride content at a specified depth or depth region below the surface with a sensitivity of 100 ppm or better, independently of the chloride content in the surface layers. The instrumentation could be used for rapid in-situ sample analysis. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chlorides KW - Chlorine content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Gamma neutron logging KW - Insitu methods KW - Instrumentation KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Neutron activation analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Seas KW - X ray analysis KW - X ray fluorescence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165753 AU - Hadley, W O AU - Louisiana Tech University, Ruston TI - GAP-GRADED CONCRETE RESEARCH PY - 1977/02 SP - 120 p. AB - In many parts of Louisiana the sources of naturally occurring continuously-graded aggregates are being depleted without any expectation of replacement. Many of the available marginal aggregate sources are rejected because of gap-grading, i.e., certain particle sizes are lacking, or the sizes and quantities of the coarse aggregate do not meet the existing specification requirements. This report describes a study which was undertaken to compare the behavior of gap-graded concretes with the behavior of continuously-graded concretes to determine whether or not the gap-graded concrete mixtures were comparable to the continuously-graded concrete mixtures. The five factors investigated in this study were coarse aggregate gradation, water-cement ratio, cement content, fine aggregate content, and length of curing. The fundamental material properties evaluated were compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, Poisson's ratio, and tensile strain, while the properties of the plastic concrete mix which were investigated included slump, density, air content, and workability. The results of an evaluation of the homogeneity of the variances among and within the concretes indicate that, for most fundamental engineering properties, the variances were essentially the same for all gap-graded concretes and the continuously-graded concrete. And in addition, direct comparisons of mean property values indicated that the gap-graded concretes, in general, equalled or exceeded those of the continuously-graded concretes. This conclusion is general in scope since it is based upon a wide variety of workable and nonworkable concrete mixes. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Continuous grading KW - Fine aggregates KW - Graded fine aggregate KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Plasticity KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Tensile strength KW - Testing KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00157892 AU - Lutton, R J AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPACTED SHALE EMBANKMENTS. SLAKING INDEXES FOR DESIGN PY - 1977/02 VL - 3 SP - 100 p. AB - A criterion for anticipating the performance of shales in embankments according to simple slaking indexes is presented. The basis for this criterion is information on service performance of numerous highway embankments of generally known construction in relation to the slake-durability index or jar-slake index of associated shales. This evaluation procedure is offered for further study and field trial at the state level. /Author/ KW - Construction KW - Embankments KW - Highway design KW - Index tests KW - Level of service KW - Performance KW - Service KW - Shale KW - Slaking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158148 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - ALTERNATIVES TO TYPE II CEMENT, PART I--PRELIMINARY LABORATORY STUDIES PY - 1977/02 SP - 31 p. AB - In this study concrete mixtures incorporating fly ash are being investigated as possible alternatives to mixtures utilizing Type II cements. The mixture characteristics being considered are strength, resistance to freezing and thawing and sulfates, heat of hydration, and volume stability. Control mixtures are made of Type I, II, and III cements. In the experimental mixtures, Type IP cement--a blend of ordinary cement and fly ash--and Type I cement with fly ash as an admixture are being used. This report gives the results of initial tests for compressive and flexural strengths, resistance to rapid freezing and thawing, early volume change, time of set, and heat of hydration. Long-term strength data and information on sulfate and scaling resistance and drying shrinkage will be presented in the final report, with recommendations from the study. KW - Admixtures KW - Cement KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Heat of hydration KW - Laboratory studies KW - Strength of materials KW - Sulfates KW - Volcanic eruptions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36277/77-R38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155356 AU - Watson, JWJ AU - Hanlon, R F AU - Myhra, D AU - Strieter, R AU - Mitre Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFRASTRUCTURE AND HIGHWAY SUPPORT NEEDS OF REGIONS AFFECTED BY ENERGY ACTIVITIES PY - 1977/02 SP - 193 p. AB - The population increases and additional personal travel by highway expected to result from additional energy production in the period in 1977-85 are indicated for each of the lower 48 states. The forces that affect capability of the local infrastructure to cope with strains from such population increases are addressed. KW - Civil engineering KW - Demographics KW - Energy KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Population KW - Population growth KW - Population migrations KW - Population movements KW - Roads KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - States KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Travel KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155365 AU - Leigh, J G AU - Mitre Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PROJECTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS PY - 1977/02 SP - 80 p. AB - Current energy models and projections are surveyed. Four are analyzed in detail to provide a basis for projecting infrastructure and highway development needs associated with energy production. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coal KW - Crude oil KW - Demand KW - Econometrics KW - Economic models KW - Electric power demand KW - Electric power supply KW - Electricity KW - Energy KW - Energy demand KW - Energy forecasts KW - Energy models KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Fossil fuels KW - Highway transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Natural gas KW - Petroleum KW - Projection KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153975 AU - McNaught, E D AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION OF A FLAIL-TYPE PAVEMENT GROOVING MACHINE PY - 1977/02 SP - 13 p. AB - New York is investigating transverse grooving to improve pavement skid resistance at intersections. A demonstration was held to determine whether a flail-type grooving machine -- the Errut Spetin 12 -- would be a suitable alternative to diamond-cutter-equipped machines for grooving the heavily worn pavements being studied. Because of possible interest of others in this equipment, the results are being reported. It was found that (1) groove depth was not acceptable, but additional depth could probably be obtained through equipment adjustment and operator care, (2) spalling was not objectionable, (3) the machine can operate satisfactorily within a single traffic lane, (4) an initial skid number increase of 8 to 10 may be achieved, (5) work sites require cleaning at completion of the grooving, (6) the machine will provide acceptable grooving provided a slightly increased depth with acceptable spalling characteristics is achieved, (7) the high noise level of the equipment will require operator ear protection, and (8) the length of the demonstration sections and period since they were installed were insufficient to draw firm conclusions regarding skid resistance changes, durability, and noise characteristics of the grooves themselves, but these will be discussed in later reports on this research study. KW - Construction equipment KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Intersections KW - Machines KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Sound level KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153985 AU - Nittinger, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THICK-LIFT FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT WEARING COURSES PY - 1977/02 SP - 22 p. AB - Two-lift construction -- placing binder and top courses over either a base course or existing pavement -- has long been accepted practice. New York State 1973 specifications required that all paving in upstate counties be completed before October 15, and that the binder course not be exposed over the winter. This places the contractor in a precarious situation. Pavement construction scheduling may require placing the top course after this deadline. By the time the base is placed, the construction season is generally into late September or early October, after which the binder is placed (provided no adverse weather conditions occur), thus carrying construction into late September or early October. The contractor has perhaps one to three weeks to place top course if the weather is acceptable; this is often impossible. Eliminating the binder would help alleviate this problem. Placing a thicker top course in one lift would help heat retention and possibly contribute to higher densities and lower void contents, and the paving deadline could be extended. Field experiments reported here show this to be true. Pavement roughness was of special concern because the binder is also known as a 'shim' course; its elimination might create a rougher riding surface. The average driver, however, cannot discern any appreciable changes in roughness because these are so slight. The thick-lift wearing course provided a denser pavement and was much more efficient to place. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Binder course KW - Cold weather construction KW - Compaction KW - Flexible pavements KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement course thickness KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Roll compacting KW - Rollers KW - Roughness KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Thick lift construction KW - Thickness KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154014 AU - Agrawal, Sudhir K AU - Meyer, W E AU - Henry, J J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF HYDROPLANING POTENTIAL PY - 1977/02 SP - 100 p. AB - Hydroplaning is a condition in which the vehicle tires are separated from the pavement by a layer of water. Thus, steering and braking capabilities are greatly reduced. Various methods are employed to control hydroplaning; pavement grooving and providing coarse texture finish are two examples. Their primary purpose is to provide an escape path for water under the tire. The measurement of hydroplaning potential of pavements, that is, of the inability of the accumulated water to escape from the tire-pavement contact area, affords a useful criterion for ranking the performance of the pavements. The results show that very low values of Brake Force Coefficient are obtained when an ASTM Standard E 524 tire is tested at 24 psi (1.66 bar) inflation pressure and 650-lb (295-kg) vertical load. These results enabled the selection of the test parameters for testing at speeds which were easily attainable at the test facility. An important finding was that delivering the water approximately 6.5 ft (2m) ahead of the tire provided thick waterfilm thicknesses required for hydroplaning. By simple modification to the existing friction tester, the hydroplaning potential of four different pavements was measured in terms of the speed above which hydroplaning will occur. KW - Braking force coefficient KW - Braking performance KW - Friction factor KW - Highway safety KW - Hydroplaning KW - Inflation KW - Interaction KW - Measurement KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Speed KW - Surface waters KW - Thickness KW - Tires KW - Velocity KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149910 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS HANDBOOK PY - 1977/01/31 SP - 650 p. AB - This handbook, which was developed in recognition of the need for the compilation and dissemination of information on advanced traffic control systems, presents the basic principles for the planning, design, and implementation of such systems for urban streets and freeways. The presentation concept and organization of this handbook is developed from the viewpoint of systems engineering. Traffic control studies are described, and traffic control and surveillance concepts are reviewed. Hardware components are outlined, and computer concepts, and communication concepts are stated. Local and central controllers are described, as well as display, television and driver information systems. Available systems technology and candidate system definition, evaluation and implementation are also covered. The management of traffic control systems is discussed. Appndices are included which provide information on: freeway origin- destination study, freeway input-output studies, acceleration noise-mean velocity gradient, travel time and delay, measures of the quality of traffic service, information sources, costs checklist, costs of freeway ramp metering systems, and costs of selected urban street traffic control systems. KW - Costs KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Information processing KW - Origin and destination KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Systems engineering KW - Television KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Travel time KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105633 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fatal and Injury Accident Rates on Federal-Aid and Other Highway Systems/1975 PY - 1977/01/28 SP - 48p AB - Data on fatal and nonfatal injuries in motor vehicle traffic accidents for calendar year 1975 are summarized by highway system in the tables. These tables, compiled from reports submitted to the Federal Highway Administration by the 50 States and the District of Columbia as of November 1976, include data for all roads and streets in the United States. KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20922/PB98158447.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01382182 AU - Toft, G S AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 98 PY - 1977/01/11/Interim Report SP - 83p AB - This report is the quarterly study of speeds of vehicles on rural Indiana Highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane, and two-lane rural highways and interstate urban highways throughout the state during the months of July, August and September 1976. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for passenger cars was 58.0 mph. The overall average speed for heavy trucks was 57.1 mph. These were 0.7 mph and 0.3 mph lower for passenger cars and heavy trucks, respectively, than the results of June-September 1975 (Speed Report No. 94). KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313943 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1150102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399298 AU - CRAWFORD, W L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF AN INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS AIDED DESIGN SYSTEM PY - 1977/01 SP - 82 p. AB - This is the first of three interim reports to be prepared on a four-year study to develop an Interactive Graphics Aided Design System. In addition to documenting the accomplishments of the first ten months of the study, it is also intended to document some of the reasoning behind development of an interactive graphics design system for roadway design and to discuss the conceptual designs. The overall objective for the study is the development of a roadway design system utilizing graphics cathode ray tubes as an interface between the designer and the computer with emphasis on graphics input and output. The development is to use as a base existing engineering desing systems and specifically the Roadway Design System (RDS) developed by the Texas Highway Department (now the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation). In addition to the engineering design systems, the Interactive Graphics Aided Design System will utilize the digital geographic data base produced by the Texas Automated Mapping System (also developed by the Texas Highway Deparement) for the base survey information. (Author) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Highway design KW - Interactive graphics KW - Mapping KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00157893 AU - Pyskadlo, R M AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - ATTENUATION OF FROST ACTION: SELECTED PROBLEMS PY - 1977/01 SP - 52 p. AB - This study addressed selected problems associated with frost action, with the following specific objectives: 1) determination of objectionable differential heaving at culverts, 2) study of heat transfer in a culvert-soil system, 3) evaluation of four experimental thermally insulated culverts, and 4) investigation of several methods for transition from fully insulated to uninsulated pavement. First, a survey in northern New York revealed that most differential frost heaves were occurring at culverts, but that only one of every eight culverts was associated with such heaves. Second, in the case of one instrumented culvert, the pipe appeared to aid in thawing of frozen soil but did not greatly influence frost depth in the soil near it; however, a second instrumented but uninsulated culvert serving as a control significantly influenced both thawing and frost depth in soil near the pipe. Third, of the four insulated culverts, three completely covered with insulation were effective in minimizing the potential for differential frost heaving; a fourth, where a continuous layer of insulation was placed below the pipe, was ineffective because it allowed the frost line to be drawn down and restricted upward warming of the pipe. Fourth, based on an instrumented field test, the concept of a tapered insulation transistion appears valid in that it permits a gradual increase in frost penetration, which (theoretically) should decrease any abrupt change in vertical profile at the extremities of insulated pavements; varying the spacing of small strips of insulations was less effective. Finally, the concluding chapter documents the performance of several other transition sections, but because they were constructed before this study began and were not instrumented, no conclusions were drawn. /Author/ KW - Culverts KW - Frost KW - Frost action KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost penetration KW - Frost protection KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Heat transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180869 AU - Carter, Everett C AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY PY - 1977/01 SP - 40 p. AB - The three-phase project has utilized the Baltimore Harbor tunnel for field study and this report summarizes the accomplishments of all three phases. The expected major benefits of the research project was the capability of applying traffic flow theory concepts to the actual operation of highway facilities, particularly restricted facilities. Limited surveillance and control showed that a mainline control signal upstream of the tunnel entrance can operate at a fixed rate and increase throughput while increasing average speed. Further analysis of the tunnel traffic flow characteristics should produce methods to further optimize flow through the tunnel. A real-time data acquisition system using inductive loops is necessary in the tunnel and along the throughway. A minicomputer located at the tunnel should be used to analyze the data and develop an overall control system hierachy. Such control would probably include input ramp control, mainline control and variable message signs. Traffic flow theory can be applied to improve operations on restricted facilities. KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Markov processes KW - Maryland KW - Mathematical models KW - Minicomputers KW - Optimization KW - Ramps KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Tunnels KW - Variable message signs KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197635 AU - Ross, HEJ AU - Buffington, J L AU - Weaver, G D AU - Schafer, D L AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE PRACTICE IN SUPPORTS FOR SMALL HIGHWAY SIGNS PY - 1977/01 SP - 295 p. AB - A comprehensive survey was conducted among state, city, county, and toll road agencies, sign support suppliers, and sign contractors to determine current practices with regard to supports for small highway sign installations. The survey was conducted through a mail questionnaire and follow-up interviews. A literature search was also conducted to determine the extent to which existing sign support systems met current safety standards. Small signs were arbitrarily defined as those having a total panel area less than 50 square feet (4.65 square meters). As such, the major portion of the study relates to supports for regulatory signs and warning signs. Some guide signs are also in this category. The report provides state-of-the-practice information on small sign supports. Included are statistical data on sign use, design data, cost data, and maintenance data. Also included is an evaluation of current sign support systems in terms of current safety performance guidelines. KW - Building KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety engineering KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistics KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191041 AU - Deen, R C AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH REPORTS ISSUED BY THE DIVISION OF RESEARCH PY - 1977/01 SP - 105 p. AB - The listings are an updating of Research Report 320, Chronological Listing of Research Reports, and Research Report 321, Subject Listing of Research Reports, issued in January 1972. The first listing is a summary of reports issued by the Division of Research since 1939 by year. The second listing is by subject areas; this listing has been greatly expanded over the subject matter listing in 1972. All reports have been categorized according to a subject-area list used by the Transportation Research Board, which is included. Any report can be categorized under more than one of the subject areas, depending upon the major thrusts of the particular report. KW - Construction KW - Finance KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Indexing KW - Kentucky KW - Land use KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Subject indexing KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189362 AU - Heins, C P AU - HUMPHREYS, R S AU - University of Maryland, College Park TI - INTERACTION EFFECTS OF BENDING AND TROSION ON STEEL BOX GIRDERS PY - 1977/01 SP - 221 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultimate strength behavior of box girders when subjected to simultaneously applied bending and torsional loads. The study was conducted by experimentally testing several straight box girder models. Both non-composite and composite girders were tested. The results were compared to expected behavior based on available analytical methods. From the test results a non-dimensional interaction curve was developed to expedite the load factor design of box girders. Simple relationships are also presented to relate straight box girders to curved box girders. With these relationships, the interaction curves can be applied to curved box girder designs. Application of these relationships are given by a design example. /FHWA/ KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Box girders KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Girders KW - Stresses KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188509 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF A DYNAMIC LOAD INDUCING DEVICE PY - 1977/01 SP - 141 p. AB - This study has been concerned with the evaluation of dynamic load inducing device. A Road Rater instrument used for the pavement condition evaluation in Maryland was studied in this project. The dynamic deflection measurements of numerous pavement sites were evaluated and their performance were correlated with the field observations. Mathematical concepts and computer programs required for the pavement deflection analysis were also developed. The study arrived at several conclusions: (1) The Road Rater instrument when used with an acceptable range of frequency, and amplitude could be a useful tool for assessment of pavement conditions. The accuracy of measurements is greatly dependent on the displacement waveform and its stability at various frequencies. A deviation from sine waveform could significantly affect the magnitude of induced loads. (2) The deflection parameters, maximum deflection, SCI and BCI are accurate indicators of pavement performance. (3) The deflection of pavements exhibiting satisfactory performance, show a response linearily to the load magnitude. The load-deflection response, however, becomes non-linear, for pavements exhibiting structural distress and poor performance. (4) The interrelation between maximum deflection and SCI can be used to identify pavements exhibiting various levels of structural performance. (5) Pavement modulus-temperature interrelation has been developed using results of field measurements. A temperature correction factor has been formulated to adjust the pavement deflection measurements to a reference temperature of 70 deg. F. (6) Computer programs, graphical technical and analysis procedures have been developed. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Dynamic loads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modulus KW - Pavement performance KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167037 AU - Manke, P G AU - Eldin, MSN AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS MIXES IN PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT V. A STUDY OF TRANSVERSE CRACKING IN OKLAHOMA FLEXIBLE HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1977/01 SP - 118 p. AB - Field and laboratory studies were made to investigate the nature and extent of transverse cracks on Oklahoma flexible pavements and to determine the possible causes of this form of distress. Only the influence and contribution to this type of cracking from the bituminous components of the pavements were considered. Nine test sites on State and Interstate highway sections were studied. Examinations of field cores showed that newly developed transverse cracks did not extend through the pavement matrix and supported the concept that such cracks are caused by tensile forces developed at low temperatures. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Defects KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Stiffness KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Thermal stresses KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181346 AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHEAR PUNCHING OF BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1977/01 SP - 49 p. AB - The report summarizes the findings of the research on the susceptibility of reinforced concrete slabs of beam-slab type highway bridges to shear punch failure due to the wheel loads. The investigation included a review of literature on shear punching of bridge decks due to patch loads, and five parametric investigations covering a wide range of slab and wheel loading configurations. The patch loads considered correspond to the wheel loadings of trucks and dollies of special vehicles. It has been conclusively found that the bridge decks will not undergo shear punch failure due to the single or tandem wheels of overloaded vehicles. The mode of failure of the deck slab is essentially due to the flexural behavior. KW - Bridge decks KW - Failure KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Mechanical failure KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear failure /local/ KW - Shear properties KW - Shear stress KW - Socioeconomic areas KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181345 AU - Carney, J F AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A PORTABLE ENERGY ABSORBING SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY SERVICE VEHICLES PY - 1977/01 SP - 127 p. AB - A portable energy absorbing system which is attached to the rear of a standard 14,000 pound highway service vehicle used in maintenance operations has been designed and fabricated. Four full scale crash tests have been conducted to evaluate the structural integrity and performance of the portable energy absorbing system. The results of this testing program demonstrate that this energy absorbing system provides protection during a collision for both the errant motorist and the State Personnel working in the service vehicle. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashworthiness KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Energy absorption KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Performance tests KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179488 AU - Rudder, F F AU - Lam, P AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - UPDATE OF TSC HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION CODE (1974) PY - 1977/01 SP - 49 p. AB - Modifications to the TSC highway traffic noise prediction code are described that include speed-dependent noise emission levels for all vehicle types considered by the code and the development of a users manual for the prediction code. Comparisons between highway noise predictions using the modified version and previous versions of the prediction code are presnented. The evolution of the TSC highway traffic noise prediction code is described to indicate salient differences between the several versions in existence. KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sound level KW - Speed KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175558 AU - Hatano, M M AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBLE NOISE LIMITS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT AND STUDY OF NOISE REDUCTION METHODS PY - 1977/01 SP - 154 p. AB - This study concerns modifications and evaluation of noise attenuating devices and methods for quieting diesel powered vehicles and construction equipment. The findings were used to develop guidelines for operation and correction of noisy vehicles and equipment and specifications for construction contracts. The major effort was directed towards modification of an existing 1964 diesel powered dump truck to build a 'Quieted Truck'. Changes to the exhaust system, cooling system and building a tunnel around the engine and drive train were successful in significantly reducing noise. The amount of reduction varied depending on factors such as speed and mode of operation. As one example, an estimated reduction from 82 to 73 dBA was measured at 50 feet during an acceleration test at 50 mph. A literature survey and synthesis on diesel powered trucks and construction equipment are a part of this report. KW - Construction equipment KW - Diesel engines KW - Diesel trucks KW - Engine noise KW - Engines KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Performance based specifications KW - Sound level KW - Specifications KW - Truck engines KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165933 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DESIGN---A MANUAL OF TECHNIQUES PY - 1977/01 SP - 360 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Public participation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165728 AU - Manke, P G AU - Eldin, MSN AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater TI - A STUDY OF TRANSVERSE CRACKING IN OKLAHOMA FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--INTERIM REPORT V PY - 1977/01 SP - 117 p. AB - Field and laboratory studies were made to investigate the nature and extent of transverse cracks on Oklahoma flexible pavements and to determine the possible causes of this form of distress. Only the influence and contribution to this type of cracking from the bituminous components of the pavements were considered. Nine test sites on State and Interstate highway sections were studied. Examinations of field cores showed that newly developed transverse cracks did not extend through the pavement matrix and supported the concept that such cracks are caused by tensile forces developed at low temperatures. Tensile properties of core sample specimens at 0 deg, -5 deg and -10 deg were determined using a tensile splitting test. Use was made of the "stiffness modulus" concept in characterizing the behavior of the recovered asphalt binders and the paving mixtures from the cores. A satisfactory correlation was found between the tensile splitting test results and the cracking indices of the test site pavements. That is, cracking was more pronounced as the failure strains of the samples decreased and the failure stiffness increased. Stiffness moduli of the recovered asphalts also was significantly correlated with the cracking indices. The stiffer or harder the asphalt cement in a pavement the greater was the degree of transverse cracking. /FHWA/ KW - Binders KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Flexible pavements KW - Low temperature KW - Stiffness KW - Tensile splitting tests KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Tension tests KW - Testing KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00168960 AU - Berry, R G AU - Greenman-Pederson Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - A SUB-SYSTEM TO PREDICT TRAFFIC RELATED PERFORMANCE FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. (A SYNTHESIS OF AVAILABLE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EXPERIENCES) PY - 1977/01 SP - 188 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to develop and provide an immediately implementable sub-system to produce the structural input necessary for a rational approach to determining budgetary priorities for maintenance and rehabilitation of conventional flexible pavements (i.e., asphalt concrete over crushed gravel or crushed rock base). Using the traffic model devised by Jung, et al., of Ontario, the sub-system uses structural measurements (deflection test data) gathered with a vibratory non-destructive testing device (Road Rater) to provide a Predicted Relative Remaining Service Life value for comparative purposes between individual pavement sections within a given environmental area. Additional input required includes: Present Serviceability Rating, Terminal Serviceability Rating, and equivalent 18 kip axle load data. A rapid survey sampling technique was developed and empirical confidence limits were determined for various sample sizes. Seventy-four (74) pavement sections, comprising approximately 175 centerline miles, were tested and evaluated. Test date and evaluation results are included. The report also lists the necessary BASIC language data processing programs and user instructions and provides a recommendation for implementation of the sub-system at the State level. KW - Basic programming language KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - High speed photography KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Ratings KW - Sampling KW - Serviceability KW - Testing KW - Vibrators mechanical KW - Vibratory equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00156415 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Goonewardane, K AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - BEHAVIOR OF AGGREGATE IN THE WASHINGTON DEGRADATION TEST PY - 1977/01 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-25 AB - The variations of the Washington degradation test values with particle sizes and times of agitation were studied on some samples of aggregate. The sand equivalent measuring technique was modified to read fines produced. The study has established that the Washington degradation test is a clay leaching test dependent on surface area of charge. Surface attrition also occurs. A mathematical model is proposed which agrees with the samples considered. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Attrition KW - Clay KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Leaching KW - Materials tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mixing KW - Road materials KW - Sand equivalent test KW - Sand, silica KW - Silica sands KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Testing KW - Turnover UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/53080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158125 AU - Button, E F AU - Rubins, E J AU - Woodward, M A AU - Griffin, G F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - EFFECTS OF DEICING SALTS AND LEAD UPON TREES, SHRUBS AND SOILS IN CONNECTICUT PY - 1977/01 SP - 179 p. AB - The effects of deicing salts and particulate lead were studied on twenty-eight species of trees and shrubs planted in 1968 and 1971 adjacent to a heavily travelled interstate roadway in central Connecticut. The soil on the same test site was also investigated for the accumulation of undesirable elements and their effect on its chemical and physical properties. Field observations, chemical analyses of plant tissues, tissue indices, and soils investigations all indicate that areas within 30 feet of the highway are unfavorable to the normal growth of many trees and shrubs. Consequently, trees and shrubs growing between 30 and 80 feet of the pavement were rated on their relative tolerance to roadside condition. The data support the thesis that on well-drained sites under Connecticut conditions, deicing salts are being removed annually from the root-zone soil about as fast as they are being added. The data also suggest that trapping of lead particulates by vegetation bordering highways apparently results in an increase of lead in the underlying surface soils. Foliage may be effective in protecting areas immediately beyond the vegetative border from lead (pb) fallout. KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical properties KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway drainage KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Particulates KW - Physical properties KW - Shrubs KW - Site investigation KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Surface drainage KW - Trees KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158059 AU - Voorhees, L D AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo TI - WATERFOWL NESTING: HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY MOVING VERSUS SUCCESSION PY - 1977/01 SP - 72 p. AB - Waterfowl nesting was compared on early and later successional blocks of land along a 23-mile (37 km) section of Interstate 94 right-of-way in Stutsman County, North Dakota. Alternate one-mile (1.6 km) blocks of the study area were maintained in an early successional stage by annual fall mowing; the remaining one-mile (1.6 km) blocks, representing later successional stages, were left unmowed. No change was detected in the unmowed nesting preference from 1969 to 1972 as the vegetation became successively older. Success in unmowed blocks continually declined from 1969 to 1972. For highest waterfowl production in the duck-producing regions along I-94, the vegetation should be ketp in the earlier stages of ecological succession. To accomplish this, it is recommended that the Highway Department set up a rotational mowing policy at three-year intervals; i.e., one-third of the area would be totally mowed each year. Mowing, as in the past, would be a haying operation. The vegetation would be cut, bailed, and removed from the area. KW - Birds KW - Ecology KW - Highway maintenance KW - Mowing KW - Nesting KW - Right of way KW - Sets KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158049 AU - Rudder, F F AU - Lam, P AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - USER'S MANUAL: TSC HIGHWAY NOISE PREDICTION CODE: MOD-04 PY - 1977/01 SP - 238 p. AB - The users manual presents a detailed description of the TSC highway noise prediction computer program. The evolution of the TSC program is described to illustrate salient differences between successive versions of the computer code. The version presented in this manual is called the MOD-04 version. The manual relates the analytical basis to the coded statements to indicate how the prediction procedure utlizes input data. The manual describes the features of the MOD-04 version and present guidelines for formulating problems. Detailed description of input data requirements and example problems are presented to illustrate usage of the computer program. The appendicies to the users manual describe the theoretical basis, computer system details, and subprogram descriptions of the MOD-04 version of the TSC highway noise prediction code. KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158102 AU - Missouri State Highway Department TI - INVESTIGATION OF "D" CRACKING IN PCC PAVEMENTS--PHASE 3--FINAL PY - 1977/01 SP - 83 p. AB - This report investigates the significane of specific design change which were made in an attempt to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of D-cracking on Portland Cement Concrete Pavements. This report covers Phase 3 or the field performance study of this investigation. The reduce maximum size coarse aggregate was shown to be a positive measure to reducing the rate of occurrence of D-cracking. A 4 mil polyethylene moisture barrier placed under the pavement did not show significant reduction in the occurrence or the rate of formation of D-cracking to warrant its continued useage. The use of a cement treated compacted granular base in an area of a possible high water table and slightly unstable fill resulted in accelerated occurrence and rate of D-cracking. KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Cluster analysis KW - Clustering KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - D cracking KW - Ethylene resins KW - Granular bases KW - Maximum size aggregates KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Polyethylene KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP77-5_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155958 AU - Burchett, J L AU - Rizenbergs, R L AU - Moore, T A AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - SURFACE DYNAMICS PROFILOMETER AND QUARTER-CAR SIMULATOR: DESCRITION, EVALUATION, AND ADAPTATION PY - 1977/01 SP - 41 p. AB - A Surface Dynamics Profilometer was acquired in December 1968. The SD Profilometer was designed to rapidly and accurately measure the profile of the surface over which it is driven. A Quarter-Car Simulator was obtained in 1970. The simulator, a special purpose analog computer, was designed to process road profiles measured with the SD Profilometer. This processing involves analog simulation of a simplified vehicle. Factors and variables associated with the devices and calibration and test procedures were investigated and standardized. The Automatic Roughness-Measuring System using an automobile (Kentucky interim standard method of test for roughness) was correlated with SD Profilometer--QC Simulator system to permit continued assessment of pavements previously tested with the automobile. Precision of the SD Profilometer and QC Simulator was demonstrated by repeated testing of several pavements. Pavements with the higher roughness indices exhibited about the same standard deviation as pavements with lower roughness indices. On a percentage basis, therefore, the measurement precision was better for a rougher pavement than for a smoother pavement. A single measurement was within three percent of the sample mean 95 percent of the time. The roughness index obtained by simulating the Bureau of Public Roads Roughometer within the QC Simulator system was selected as the best expression of road roughness. /Author/ KW - Analog computers KW - Automobiles KW - Calibration KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilometers KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Standard deviation KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153965 AU - Franklin, J D AU - Sullivan, R H AU - Kuykendall, C R AU - Chipps, J A AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ENGINEERING SERVICES FOR SMALL POLITICAL JURISDICTIONS PY - 1977/01 SP - 144 p. AB - The document reviews the status of traffic engineering services as applied in cities and counties varying in population from 2,500 to 40,000. The data resulted from questionnaires sent to 50 states, 1,350 selected cities and counties, and interviews in two jurisdictions and one state in each respective FHWA Region. Alternate methods of providing traffic engineering services are identified and evaluated in relation to Highway Safety Program Standard 13 - Traffic Engineering. Parameters influencing delivery of services such as cost effectiveness, governmental relationships and constraints, community resources, and category of community are discussed. KW - Communities KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Parking facilities KW - Prevention KW - Questionnaires KW - Safety KW - Small cities KW - States KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153966 AU - KOZIOL, J S AU - Mengert, P H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING PASSIVE SIGNING STUDY PY - 1977/01 SP - 137 p. AB - More than three-fourths of the 219,000 public railroad grade crossings nationwide are equipped with passive warning signs only. A two-phase study is now underway to develop improved passive signing for use at these grade crossings. This study is a pool-funded effort involving 25 states, the Federal Railroad Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. This report describes seven signing configurations (at-crossing sign and advance warning signs) tested in two states during Phase I of the study, the test sites, the types of data collected, the experimental variables, the analysis procedure, and the results of Phase I. Upon completion of Phase II, which involves nationwide testing, a final report will be written making recommendations on what signs should be adopted for driver warning at railroad grade crossings. KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Project management KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Visual warning systems KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149167 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON FEDERAL-AID AND OTHER HIGHWAY SYSTEM/1975 PY - 1977/01 SP - 38 p. AB - Data on fatal and non fatal injuries in motor vehicle traffic accidents for 1975 are summarized by highway systems. The data includes the following: A two year comparison of fatality rates by highway system for the years from 1970-1975. Fatal accident rates, fatality rates, injury accident rates, and injury rates by highway system and states for 1975. Also, the relationship between 1975 fatality and injury accident data and vehicle registration, population, and number of licensed drivers. KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Driver licensing KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/64672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151859 AU - Law, S M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF RAINFALL-SIMULATOR AND EROSION TESTING PROCEDURE PY - 1977/01 SP - 45 p. AB - Much money, time and work are expended each year in evaluating new erosion products. Test locations in the field are now hard to find; therefore, a better method of first checking these products had to be found. A tentative laboratory test procedure had been developed by which these products could be evaluated. A rainfall-simulator had been designed and operated using this test procedure; however, complete testing for statistical purposes had not been accomplished. The specific aims of the study were: (1) to supply documentation of statistical repeatability of the rainfall-simulator and the soil-loss data using the test procedure, (2) to reevaluate the design and operation of the rainfall-simulator, and (3) to reevaluate the test procedure. These aims were carried out in a series of repetitive tests. KW - Environment KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Irrigation KW - Nozzles KW - Rain KW - Rainfall KW - Reproducibility KW - Simulation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Spray nozzles KW - Sprinkle irrigation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Training simulators UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20106.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151761 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - ASPHALT EMULSION TREATED AGGREGATES. PART 1. LABORATORY EVALUATION PY - 1977/01 SP - 95 p. AB - This report is concerned with the development of a testing procedure for the laboratory evaluation of granular soils mixed with asphalt emulsions for use in pavements. The specific topics investigated or discussed for use in Arizona are aspects of mixing, compaction, and strength testing of the asphalt-emulsion mixtures. Data are presented to show the effects of mixing water, emulsion content, and soaking of specimens on the density, R-value, stability and cohesiometer value of aggregates compacted with the Triaxial Institute kneading compactor. The principal benefit or improvement from the use of the emulsion is shown to be on the cohesiometer value for mixtures prepared and tested at ambient temperature. Additional comparisons are made with specimens prepared and tested at other temperatures with the emulsion and also with the base asphalt cement of the emulsion. A procedure for the laboratory evaluation of emulsion-aggregate mixtures is presented. KW - Aggregates KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Emulsions KW - Granular soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixtures KW - Pavements KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151773 AU - Allen, D L AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STIFFNESS OF SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1977/01 SP - 16 p. AB - A rational approach to the solution of the stiffness of solid-liquid mixtures is presented. The stiffness of such mixtures is dependent on the stiffness of the viscous medium and the volume concentration and elastic modulus of the solid portion. Finally, the general solution is applied, in particular, to bitumen-aggregate mixtures; and the results are compared to experimental data. KW - Aggregates KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous aggregates KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Liquids KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mixtures KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Solids KW - Stiffness KW - Viscosity KW - Volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513216 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-505 (Industrial Freeway) construction, Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v), Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511640 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate 630, Interstate 430, Interstate 30 : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511375 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Taylor Highway, Tetlin Junction to Canadian border : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510466 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-39 improvement, American Falls Dam, I-15 west interchange, Power County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507683 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Ofu-Olosega vehicular connection : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507682 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-525, Swamp Creek Interchange to SR-99, Snohomish County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01451278 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-32 (Patuxent Freeway), Anne Arundel/Howard counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Fsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419953 AU - Stimpson, W A AU - Mcgee, H W AU - Kittleson, W K AU - Ruddy, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field evaluation of selected delineation treatments on two lane rural highways PY - 1977 IS - FHWA/RD-77-118 SP - 344P KW - Accident KW - Behavior KW - Crashes KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Pavement marking KW - Probability KW - Probability KW - Road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187751 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01390576 AU - United States. Transportation Research Board TI - Information packet: Conference on the Future of the National Highway Safety Program, Airlie House, Warranton, Virginia, March 6-9 1977 PY - 1977 SP - 1 folder (loose-leaf) U1 - Conference on the Future of the National Highway Safety ProgramNational Highway Traffic Study AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19770306 EndDate:19770309 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Study Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - National government KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Road safety KW - Transport authority KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1158342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160853 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70 widening, Kansas City : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160852 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Minnesota Drive extension, Anchorage : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160851 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-35E construction, Dakota County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160849 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-27 construction from Lansing to Ithaca, Clinton/Gratiot counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draft2,maps B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160848 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Canton Road and SR-5 relocation from Church St and Cherokee St, Marietta, Cobb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921831 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125634 JO - VHTRC ; AU - McKeel, Wallace T AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Evaluation of epoxy coated reinforcing steel PY - 1977 SP - iii, 26 p. AB - Epoxy coated deck reinforcement was evaluated during the construction of two bridges on Rte. I-77 in Carroll County. The contractor was favorably impressed with the coated steel, which sustained no damage during shipping or deck construction. Among the data collected were resistivity and potential readings, initial chloride contents of the deck concrete, and unit costs. It appears that the epoxy coatings had many small bare spots and other flaws that were not effectively patched at the site. Further evaluations after the bridges are opened to traffic and subjected to applications of deicing salts are recommended. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Epoxy resins KW - Floors KW - Maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Testing KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/77-r56.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36289/77-R56.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36888/94-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886584 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125623 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Barton, Furman W AU - Larew, H G AU - Wyant, David C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Behavior of rigid and flexible culvert pipes under deep fill PY - 1977 SP - vi, 35, [57] p. AB - Along a section of Interstate 77 in Carroll County, in the mountainous region of southwestern Virginia, it was necessary to construct a fill approximately 258 ft (78 m) deep. The flow of a mountain stream had to be carried through this massive embankment and, because of the nature of the terrain, it was decided to use a temporary steel culvert and a permanent concrete culvert. The unusual features of this project provided a unique opportunity for a detailed experimental field study of the response of rigid and flexible culverts under deep fill. A 60-in (1.52-m) nominal diameter corrugated steel pipe approximately 1,875 ft (572 m) long was instrumented and installed under a fill approximately 256 ft (78 m) deep as a part of the construction of Interstate 77. The steel culvert, which served as the temporary carrier of the mountain stream under the roadway, was instrumented to provide for determinations of the longitudinal and circumferential strains and cross section deformations at different heights of fill. The permanent reinforced concrete culvert had a nominal inside diameter of 96 in (2.44 m), a length of 795 ft (242 m), and was designed for a cover of 163 ft (50 m). The instrumentation associated with the concrete culvert consisted of two transverse rings of deflection gages to permit a determination of the deformed shape of the cross section. In addition, a series of settlement plates was placed in the embankment above and adjacent to the concrete culvert. Although only limited strain data from the steel pipe were available for analysis, the variation of strain versus fill depth was determined for selected locations. Strain data indicated the existence of high stresses and localized yielding which might be expected for the corrugated geometry used. Deflection gage data were obtained up to a fill of 256 ft (78 m) for the steel pipe and up to 125 ft (38.1 m) for the concrete pipe. These data appeared to be extremely reliable. Using these data, deformed cross sections of the culverts were plotted for the various fill levels. Knowledge of the deformed cross section also permitted the determination of the circumferential bending moments. Plots were made of crown deflection versus fill depth and the maximum crown deflection measured was determined to be in excess of 6 in (0.15 m) for the steel pipe but only 0.10 in (0.25 cm) for the concrete culvert. Crown deflection was also found of the placement of a total fill of 256 ft (78 m), well in excess of the design fill, the steel culvert appears to remain structurally sound. Research personnel who took deformation readings inside the steel culvert after the fill had been completed reported no plate tearing nor serious bolt tipping. However, the pipe has undergone severe local plastic deformations in the region of the crown. The concrete pipe, on the other hand, exhibited rather serious cracking and spalling at longitudinal locations along the spring line. Settlement curves, plotted from the recorded settlement data, provided detailed information concerning the amount and rate of settlement in the vicinity of the concrete culvert. Settlements of almost 5 ft (1.52 m) were observed as well as two separate periods of rapid settlement. As of October 1976, both culverts were still intact and useful, although efforts were under way to improve the condition of the concrete culvert before abandoning the temporary steel pipe. KW - Culvert pipe KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Interstate 77 KW - Performance KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/77-r29.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36285/77-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886573 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125622 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Shepard, Frank D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Traffic flow evaluation of pavement inset lights for use during fog : Final report PY - 1977 SP - iii, 25 p. AB - Reduced visibility resulting from fog presents a very hazardous condition on the highway because of the inability of motorists to readily observe pavement markings and signs and the movement of traffic. Afton Mountain, which is traversed by I-64, often is the site of such reduced visibility because of the low cloud covering the mountain top during periods of rain. An awareness of the fog problem on Afton Mountain led to a decision to install a lighting system consisting of pavement inset lights to aid motorists during periods of fog on a 5.8-mile (9.4-km) section of I-64 encompassing the top of the mountain. The purpose of this research was to investigate the characteristics of the traffic flow with the system of pavement inset lights during fog through the collection and analysis of data before and after the lights were installed. The traffic flow parameters evaluated were vehicle speeds, headways, queues, and lateral placement. A before and after accident analysis was made also. Overall, the lighting system led to higher nighttime speeds, an increase in speed differentials for various cases during both daytime and nighttime, and a decrease in nighttime headways and queuing. These changes in traffic flow characteristics may be construed as producing an increase in the potential for accidents; however, they are thought by the author to be a result of the inset lighting system providing improved delineation for the guidance of motorists. This improvement in guidance, especially during fogs at night, should provide safer driving conditions than hitherto existed. KW - Fog KW - Interstate 64 KW - Lighting KW - Luminaires KW - Roads KW - Roadway guidance markers KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic flow KW - Virginia KW - Visibility UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/78-r25.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36306/78-R25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886572 ER - TY - SER AN - 01119833 JO - VHTRC ; AU - McGeehan, Daniel D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - An evaluation of the feasibility of using photologging in the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation PY - 1977 SP - 90 p. in various pagings AB - A photolog system was pilot tested to obtain data for a comparison of the costs of a statewide photologging program with those incurred in other methods of recording roadway information. KW - Roads KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/77-r43.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36278/77-R43.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880005 ER - TY - SER AN - 01106083 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Tyson, Samuel S AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Two-course bonded concrete bridge deck construction : interim report no. 3 : Deck evaluations after three years PY - 1977 SP - 5 p. ; KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Floors UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/78-r23.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37600/37640/78-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01106023 AU - Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates AU - McGaughy, Marshall & McMillan AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration Region 3 TI - Route 64, city of Hampton, from 0.407 mi. west intersection Route 167 (LaSalle Avenue) to 0.155 mi. west Hampton Roads Bridge tunnel : administrative action : final environmental impact/section 4(f) statement PY - 1977 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Expressways KW - Hampton (Virginia) KW - Highway planning KW - Interstate 64 KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865637 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105797 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Hughes, Charles S AU - Fielding, R V AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Evaluation of recycled asphaltic concrete PY - 1977 SP - 15 p. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt plants KW - Evaluation KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Road materials KW - Salvage KW - Waste products UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/77-r42.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01102054 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Santa Fe Drive widening, Denver County / Arapahoe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100968 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-81 freeway from southern border of Republic County to US-36, Republic County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100966 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NH-9 improvements, Cheshire County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100962 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-24 (SH-200) proposed improvement, Missoula County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100956 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Freeway, Dodge St to I-680, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100955 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West Side Hwy project, New York : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix, Final supplement to the final(3v,v.3 in 2pts) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073695 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-21 relocation from Lapeer to Wadhams, Lapper and St. Clair counties, Michigan PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060616 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-07076, 17th St extension, Altoona : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060615 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-35 relocation (proposed), Houston to Alvin : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060614 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 265 (Danville Expressway) bypass, Pittsylvania county : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060613 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-89 expressway construction, Alpine County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060612 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-9 upgrading, Madison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060610 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-143 (FAU-2612), Lemont Road, Lemont High Rise Bridge, Cook/Du Page counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060609 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Arterial hwy 518 and IA-92 relocation, Washington County / Johnson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060608 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-480 and SR-252, Lorain/Cuyahoga counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060607 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 520 construction, Hardin County / Grundy County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060605 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Arterial hwy 520, Diversion of cropland to transportation use and vegetation removal, Hamilton County / Hardin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060604 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1127, section C00, Erie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060602 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - City Blvd construction from Eutaw St to Russell St and I-395 from Ostend St to Russell St and Conway St, Baltimore : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draft2, Supplement to the draft3(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060601 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-10 Reserve Relief Canal Turnaround and Interchange, St.John the Baptist Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060600 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-41 improvement, Willard to Estancia, Torrance County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060599 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 518, Cedar Falls-Iowa Hwy 3, Black Hawk County / Bremer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060597 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-841, Jefferson Freeway : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060596 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Brownsville-Matamoros, Mexico railroad relocation demonstration project : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060595 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CTH Q extension, CTH H to IH-94, Kenosha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060594 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-76 construction linking I-76 to I-70 at Wadsworth Blvd, Denver : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060593 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian corridor D development, Williamsburg to Peebles : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060592 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101, Oregon Coast Hwy south unit, Astoria-Camp Riley section construction, Clatsop County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060590 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lee's Summit Road improvements, SR-24 to I-70, Independence : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060589 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-255, St. Louis : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060588 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - McCarran Blvd (Ring Road), Reno and Sparks : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060587 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-662, Sangamon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060586 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 completion, Wheeler/Gray counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060585 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-127 improvements between US-12 and M-50, Jackson/Hillsdale/Lenawee counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060584 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-35 expansion and US-61, Duluth : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060583 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 17th St extension, Altoona : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060582 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rural primary highway construction through Alamosa : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060580 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 17, Southern Tier Expressway, Hinsdale to Erie : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final supplement to the final; Adverse effects of alternative no.5 B1; Responses to draft EIS B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060579 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-82 and SR-97 connector construction, Union Gap, Yakima County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060578 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-133, 90th St improvement, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060577 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-25 widening, I-40 to Blue Ridge Parkway, Asheville : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060576 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-127 improvement from 2nd Ave to SR-1400, Hickory : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060574 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-65 and I-70 distributor route construction, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060572 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-15-US-64 construction, Pulaski, Giles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060571 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Gould St connection upgrading to improve US-30, Pocatello : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060570 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-127 and KY-151 relocation, Anderson/Franklin counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060569 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest hwy 13 (US-2) reconstruction, Walton to Nimrod, Glacier National Park : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060567 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bailey Ave-Illinois Central Gulf RR overpass, Bailey Ave improvements, Peter St to Neatum St, Jackson : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060565 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sprain Brook Parkway extension from the Cross Westchester Expressway to Bradhurst Ave, Westchester County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060564 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FH-32, North Cascades Hwy, Bacon Creek to Goodell Creek, Skagit/Whatcom counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060562 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1398, Freeman Mill Road relocation from Meadowview Road to Randleman Road, Greensboro : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060561 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ocean Blvd construction from Morris Ave to Ocean Ave, Long Branch, Monmouth County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060560 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-69 improvement, Armstrong to Atoka, Bryan/Atoka counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060558 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-275 (formerly I-75) construction, St. Petersburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060557 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Knoxville Blvd contruction from US-441 to SR-158, Knox County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060556 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-36 improvement, Missouri state line to Brown/Doniphan County line, Location study : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kansas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060555 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-80, Somerset-London Road, Corridor J, Rockcastle River to Bernstadt, Pulaski/Laurel counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060553 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tellico Plains-Robbinsville public lands hwy from San Leetlah Gap, Graham County, NC to Beech Gap, Monroe County, TN : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060551 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Route 15 improvements, Sebring to north of Mansfield and traffic Route 6 improvements from east of Mansfield to west of Mansfield, Tioga County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060550 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Everett bypass construction and US-30 upgrading, Everett to Bedford, Bedford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060548 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Columbus bypass connecting Columbus, GA and Phenix City, AL : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final; Draft section 4(f) analysis, Idle Hour Park B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060547 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MN-43 relocation, Wilson to Winona, Winona County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060546 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 1 (Mo Pac Freeway), FM-1325 to RM-2222, Austin : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060545 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 1 (Mo Pac Freeway) construction from RM-2244 south to US-290W, Austin : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060543 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95 expressway, east leg and I-515 Spur construction, Clark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060541 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-64 widening, Hampton : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060540 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Inter-City Route, Odessa to Midland : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060539 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-29 construction from SR-27 spur to SR-153, Appalachian corridor J, Hamilton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060538 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LA-641 extension and I-10 interchange construction, St.James Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060536 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Woonsocket Industrial Hwy construction from SR-146 in Lincoln to SR-122 in Cumberland and Woonsocket : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Rhode Island UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060535 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-119, Pikeville-Williamson Road construction from US-23 to Caney Branch at Zebulon, Pike County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060534 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southeast arterial Hwy, Route 169 replacement, Little Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060533 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-27, Flatrock to Greenwood : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060532 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-464 completion (I-64 and Norfolk connector), Chesapeake-Norfolk : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060530 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-55 from Woodrow Wilson Dr to I-220, Jackson section : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final; I-55 and Riverside Park 4(f) determination B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060529 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ash Fork-Flagstaff Hwy Williams Interstate Freeway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060527 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-18 improvement near Marion : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060526 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-166 and SR-61 widening, upgrading from Carrolton Bypass to Villa Rica Bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060524 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-70 construction, Sevier Valley, Sevier County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final; Predicting social change B1; Biological assessment B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060523 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-391 (proposed), Chicopee-Holyoke : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060522 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West 10th St upgrading, I-465 to West St, West 10th St bridge over White River, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060521 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway 520 construction, Grundy County / Black Hawk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060520 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Freeway-US-48 construction from Cumberland to Hancock, Allegany/Washington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060519 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-287-US-84 reconstruction, alignment, improvment, Palestine : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060518 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-828, Normandy Drive improvements from Rue Versailles to SR-A1A, Miami Beach, Dade County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060517 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lake City western bypass construction, Columbia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060516 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FH-12 (SR-126) reconstruction, Cuba to Pojoaque : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060514 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-89 reconstruction, STH-11 to Whitewater Road, Walworth County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060513 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Logan St and Dewitt Road improvements from Kalamazoo St in Lansing to proposed I-69 in Dewitt Township : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060512 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-390, Genesco Expressway, Monroe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060511 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-74 (proposed), Rutherfordton to Columbus : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060510 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-131 construction from 19 Mile Road to existing US-131 north of Ashton : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060509 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-842, Broward Blvd, Ft.Lauderdale : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060508 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Detroit-Rocky River Bridge, Lakewood-Rocky River : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060507 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pensacola Naval Air Station west gate and I-10 highway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060506 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-297, Whipple Ave extension, Stark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060505 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-51 improvements from Cumberland to North Branch, Allegany County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060504 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Saticoy St extension, improvement, widening, Los Angeles : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060503 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-74, west of Hallsboro to east of Bolton, Columbus County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060502 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tenth St South upgrading, St.Cloud : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060501 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-380, Cedar Rapids : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060500 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Clay-Herron St extension, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060499 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-93 reconstruction (Elmo-Rollins, Flathead County line south), Polson to Kalispell, Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060498 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-193 relocation from existing MD-193 to MD-556, Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060497 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-2 construction from Fobes Hill to North Monroe interchange, Snohomish County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060496 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-315 construction, Ackerman Road to I-270, Franklin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060495 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-14 improvement, Kennewick vicinity : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060494 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-9A southeastern extenstion, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060493 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 59s facility, I-35 to IA-5, Polk County / Warren County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060492 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-41 and SR-180, Metropolitan freeway project, Fresno : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060491 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North arterial Loop, Midland : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060490 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2, Leeds to Churches Ferry, Benson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final(in FHWA-ND-800793) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060489 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD Route 2 and 4 extended from Patuxent River Bridge to MD-235, Saint Mary's County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060488 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-590, Rochester Outer Loop construction, Scottsville Road to Winton Road, Monroe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060487 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 71, South Midtown Freeway construction, Kansas City : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Revised draft(2v),Frev(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060486 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-81-30 and connector, Columbus : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060485 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Oneida St bridge and approaches construction, Local St, Appleton : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060484 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mapleton Center St, Utah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060483 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Daly Ave Route construction, Wisconsin Rapids : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060482 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-22, Wautoma-Waupaca Road reconstruction, Portage/Waupaca counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060481 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Routes 169 and 440, Bayonne Bridge, Bayonne to Bayview Ave, Jersey City : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draft2, Supplement to the draft3, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060479 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15W construction along existing alignment from Raft River Interchange to Rockland Junction, Cassia County / Power County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060477 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-36 improvements from Rock Creek north to of Erwin to the Johnson City south city limits, Union County / Carter County / Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060476 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-461 bypass connector construction, Pulaski/Rockcastle counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060475 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2, Chittenden County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final[1997] KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060474 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-5-US-1 upgrading, Dania to Fort Lauderdale, Broward County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060473 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 construction from I-494/694 interchange to Trunk Hwy 95 interchange, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060472 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-169, Princeton-Onamia, Mille Lacs/Sherburne counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060471 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-131, Tiburon Blvd improvements, Tiburon : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060470 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Center St-Mercy Road intersection improvement, Omaha : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060469 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-3, Noble/DeKalb counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060468 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wilmington SE outer loop proposed construction, Shipyard Blvd to US-17, New Hanover County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060467 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 construction, upgrading in Minneapolis and Brooklyn Center, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060466 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-95 improvement, Cox's Ranch to Goff Bridge, Riggins area : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060465 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Flamingo Road improvement from I-15 east to Boulder Hwy, Clark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060464 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-395 corridor, South Virginia St to Panther Valley, Washoe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(fol), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060463 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 Bypass, Bemidji : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060462 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-10-Edens Isles Drive interchange construction, St.Tammany Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060460 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 bypass, Jefferson Barracks Bridge (Mississippi River) replacement, Monroe County IL/St.Louis County MO : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060458 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Project I-20-1(40) construction, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060456 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Conn-156 replacement of bridge and approaches over Niantic River, East Lyme and Waterford, New London County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060455 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-676, Vine St Expressway construction from Schuykill Expressway to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge and I-95 interchange, Philadelphia : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060454 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-90 from I-10 to SH-146, Harris/Liberty counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060453 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-35, River Falls-Hudson Road, Pierce/St.Croix counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060452 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Piilani Hwy, Kihei-Makena Road (Kula Hwy), Maui : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Technical appendices B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060450 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1013 section A00, Lackawanna Valley expressway, section B10 Carbondale bypass, Lackawanna County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060449 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84 construction from Hartford, CT to Providence, RI, Overview assessment PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060448 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fort Collins expressway construction : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060447 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Louisa-Fort Gay bridge replacement, Lawrence County, KY and Wayne County, WV : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060446 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge-Stadium arterial, Albuquerque : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060445 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Loop 201 partial modifications, Missouri St to McKinney Road on SH-146, Baytown : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060444 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-5 to SR-82, northern loop construction of Warren bypass, Trumbull County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060443 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Independence Blvd corridor, portion of CBD inner loop construction from I-77 to Northwest Freeway : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060442 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Salt Lake Blvd, Puuloa Road to Halawa Heights Road extension, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060440 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-74 construction from Laurinburg bypass to US-74 and SR-1362 intersection, Scotland/Robeson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060438 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CTH-JJ-I-43 construction, Manitowoc County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060437 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West Cornhusker Hwy upgrading, reconstruction, Lincoln : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060436 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 209 reconstruction, Spring Glen to Hurley : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Section 4(f) determination B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060435 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-191 Spur, Big Sky : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060433 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-140 (Northwest Expressway), Baltimore City line to Reistertown and Phase 1 rapid transit, Baltimore City line to Owings Mills, Baltimore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060431 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-31E relocation, Allen County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060430 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stolley Park Road upgrading, reconstruction, Grand Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060429 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bobby Jones Expressway extension, US-1 to Savannah River, Augusta : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060428 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 36 construction from Doniphan County, KS to 17th St in St. Joseph, MO : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060426 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wacker Drive extension construction, Randolph St-Columbus Drive-North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060425 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2, Belknap St viaduct replacement, Superior : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060424 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Florida St proposed improvement, extension, Government Blvd to Springhill Ave, Mobile : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060423 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-61 relocation, Oliver Springs bypass, Oliver Springs : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060421 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-24 relocation from US-20 bypass east of Wabash to SR-37 west of Huntington, Wabash/Huntington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060420 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-18 expressway, Clayton County, planning report : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060419 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-471, Cincinnati I-275 connector (proposed), Campbell County : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060418 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-210 proposed construction, Los Angeles : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060417 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Route 119 and 66, LR-1015 and 69 relocation, New Stanton to Delmont : environmental impact statement PY - 1977///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167337 AU - Torrey, W R AU - Mills, F W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTING EFFECTIVE CITIZEN PARTICIPATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1977 SP - 35 p. AB - In recent years much of the discussion of citizen participation has focused on describing individual techniques. Several efforts have been made to collect and synthesize this material. These efforts have mostly been in the area of transportation planning and have usually been encyclopedic. Typically these works have suggested selecting techniques through elaborate, interactive processes using classification schemes with up to nine dimensions. This paper tries to summarize that information and provide a simple framework for using it. Transportation planning is used as a specific example, but the framework and summary information can equally be applied to other types of planning. KW - Communities KW - Decision making KW - Planning KW - Problem solving KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Public participation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190095 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FEDERAL ROLE IN....AIDING PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC PY - 1977 SP - n.p. AB - The Federal role in aiding pedestrain traffic, as played by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is moving beyond the traditional one of assisting State to construct sidewalks and promote pedestrian safety. While this role will of course continue, FHWA is now also paying attention to pedestrian needs in at least three other areas: improving the existing street and sidewalks systems to better accommodate elderly or physically handicapped pedestrians; improving the liveability (and Safety) of streets in residential neighborhoods; and creating attractive walking environments in dense urban downtowns as an laternative to using the automobile, especially for short trips. KW - Aged KW - Electron micrographs KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Pedestrian malls KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Sidewalks KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84770 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824921 AU - Lindow, E S AU - Brown, J J AU - Purdue University TI - A SYSTEM FOR LIFE-CYCLE DESIGN OF PAVEMENT PY - 1977 SP - p. 523-538 AB - Facility design and maintenance based on life-cycle cost analyses has been justified from economic and serviceability standards. To efficiently provide guidance in pavement management activities, the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory has developed a computerized system for performing life-cycle pavement analyses. The aim of this paper is to describe this system, and exemplify its use relative to the life-cycle design of portland cement concrete pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824922 AU - Parker, F AU - Rice, J L AU - Purdue University TI - STEEL FIBROUS CONCRETE FOR AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 541-555 AB - Steel fibrous concrete is a composite material consisting of a concrete matrix containing a random dispersion of small steel fibers. The introduction of the fibers imparts to the concrete matrix certain characteristics, such as resistance to spalling, the ability to sustain load after initial cracking, and the ability to keep cracks tightly closed, which improve its performance compared to plain or conventionally reinforced concrete pavement. This paper discusses the properties of steel fibrous concrete, procedures for designing and constructing steel fibrous concrete airport pavements, and applications on airports. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Composite materials KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - General aviation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Steel fibers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824923 AU - Rugenstein, E E AU - Purdue University TI - SUMMARY AND EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT TEXTURING PRACTICES PY - 1977 SP - p. 557-563 AB - Water on the pavement surface is a major cause of highway accidents. It induces hydroplaning, reduces skid resistance, and adversely affects vehicle control. Modern high speed traffic challenges the highway engineer to provide immediate drainage at the tire-pavement interface for rapid removal of pavement surface water during rainy weather. Proper texturing of concrete pavement for good drainage is one of many elements that needs to be recognized in providing and maintaining a safe highway. This research presents brief descriptions of several texturing methods that have or are being used by several states in the U.S. The policy and/or guidelines of American Concrete Paving Association, Portland Cement Association, Federal Highway Administration, and AASHTO on texturing of portland cement concrete pavement are also given. Findings and conclusions are then summarized to provide an up-to-date view of texturing practices. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Hydroplaning KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage KW - Texturing (Pavement maintenance) KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824919 AU - Yrjanson, W A AU - Purdue University TI - ECONOCRETE IN PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1977 SP - p. 487-495 AB - In many areas of the U.S., the supply of conventional aggregates meeting present specifications is rapidly being depleteed or has already become exhausted. This shortage is partly due to overly restrictive specifications and to a lack of technology and development to utilize those aggregates in a concrete pavement system. With the necessary advances in research and development, previously rejected aggregate sources could furnish a substantial amount of the aggregates needed in pavement construction in some parts of the U.S. With this in mind, the American Concrete Paving Association's Technical Subcommittee on Materials and Mix Design started work in 1973 on the development of a composite concrete pavement structure. The aim was to produce a high quality, skid resistant, durable concrete surfacing on top of a concrete designed for local environmental conditions and made from locally available commercial materials. The term Econocrete was coined to describe the concrete mixtures developed under this program, and this paper focuses on the uses of Econocrete as a composite, subbase, shoulder, and paving material in pavement structures. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Aggregates by source KW - American Concrete Paving Association KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Econocrete KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Paving materials KW - Recycled materials KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824920 AU - Smith, P AU - Treybig, H J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Purdue University TI - CONCEPTS FOR RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PY - 1977 SP - p. 507-521 AB - This paper presents overlay design concepts developed by a U.S. Federal Highway Administration sponsored program. An actual working design procedure was developed from these concepts and is being packaged into a computer program with a user's manual. Efforts were made to use and improve the most up-to-date concepts and theories available for rigid pavement overlay design in developing a universal design procedure for implementation. The new procedure described here accounts for rehabilitation of existing Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements by overlaying with either PCC or asphaltic concrete. This same concept has been applied to design of overlays for flexible pavements and airfield pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824918 AU - Bergren, J V AU - Britson, R A AU - Purdue University TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE UTILIZING RECYCLED PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 469-485 AB - During 1974 and 1975, the state of Iowa became interested in and began investigations into uses of "Econocrete." That is, the use of locally available materials, or lower quality materials, in base course pavement construction. Further discussions resulted in consideration of recycling an existing portland cement concrete roadway. This paper describes a site where this concept was attempted on a 1.6-mile stretch of a road project in the northwest corner of Iowa. The project was an attempt to remove and crush the existing pavement, use the material as it came from the crusher, hopefully without further processing, perhaps add some concrete sand, and to proportion, mix, place, and finish with conventional slip form paving equipment. The mix design used, an overall discussion of the project, and observations and recommendations are all provided. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Econocrete KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Iowa KW - Mix design KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Recycled materials KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824914 AU - Domenichini, L AU - Moraldi, G AU - Purdue University TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CEMENT TREATED SUBBASES ON THE DESIGN OF AIRPORT P.C. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 349-364 AB - This paper examines the influence of a cement treated subbase course on the performance of the concrete pavement in light of results obtained by applying the linear elastic layered theory method of pavement layer stress and strain evaluation. A comparison is also made with results obtained by applying Westergaard's and Eisenmann's methods and with results obtained by Childs in laboratory tests. Conclusions are presented. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Cement treated pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Linear elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717631 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824916 AU - Thornton, J B AU - Purdue University TI - INVESTIGATION INTO THE PERFORMANCE OF RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS AND SEALANTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 435-446 AB - The first portland cement concrete pavement in the U.S. was laid in the 1890s, but was soon abandoned because of defects and difficulty of maintenance, mostly related to problems with cracking and joint contraction. Unsealed joints continue to be a major contributor to concrete pavement deterioration today. The entrance of surface water into the pavement system through the joints can cause faulting of joints, loss of base material, eventual slab cracking, and reduced rideability. This paper discusses a recently completed (circa 1977) 5-year study into the area of joints and sealants for rigid pavements in which 32 test sections were constructed between the fall of 1970 and the spring of 1971 on I-20 east of Atlanta. Evaluations of the performance of the joint variables and sealants were made during the duration of the study period and are reported here. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Contraction joints KW - Georgia KW - Georgia Department of Transportation KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Joint sealing KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717633 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824912 AU - DeChamps, Y AU - DePaepe, R AU - Dutron, P AU - Purdue University TI - BELGIAN EXPERIENCE WITH CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 319-334 AB - Throughout the 1970s, Belgium's highway network was considerably extended, and the Belgian Highways Administration realized the advantages offered by continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs). A major study was carried out on 3 experimental sections of roadway to firmly establish the characteristics of CRCPs. This paper provides a brief description of these pavements, giving special attention to those features that distinguish Belgian CRCPs from their U.S. counterparts. The paper then focuses on the behavior of Belgian CRCPs in actual service. CRCP performance and distress on Belgian roads is next discussed, and the last section sets forth the modifications that have been proposed and adopted for future application on the basis of detailed study and examination of existing CRCP roadways. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Belgium KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Experimental roads KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824917 AU - Renner, K H AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAY BASED ON PERFORMANCE PY - 1977 SP - p. 447-467 AB - To counteract the effects of unusually heavy traffic volume on roadways, 2 major requirements must be met in all rigid pavement design. The pavement system must be adequate to support the applied wheel loads and must also withstand environmental forces. The need is also great to improve and strengthen pavements throughout the U.S. Interstate Highway system. For this reason, state highway designers have encouraged the use of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) in order to minimize pavement distress and early wear. This article discusses design criteria for CRC overlays, and also looks at portland cement concrete (PCC) overlays for PCC pavements, rigid overlays on asphalt pavements, and other types of overlay design practices to extend the service life of various concrete roadway pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Interstate highways KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824911 AU - Faiz, A AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN INDIANA PY - 1977 SP - p. 301-318 AB - This study reports the findings of a detailed field investigation of in-service continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCPs) in Indiana. One aim of the evaluation was to recommend design and construction guidelines that would improve CRCP performance. A statistical analysis of the condition survey data showed that subbase type, methods of steel placement and steel fabrication, concrete slump, and pavement age since opening to traffic were significant contributors to pavement performance. The results of the field tests and lab studies showed that failures in CRCP are a function of a number of interacting variables, which are discussed in detail in this research. The paper concludes with a set of construction and design guidelines that should help to improve the performance of CRCP in Indiana. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field studies KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Indiana KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824913 AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Purdue University TI - IMPROVED BASE DESIGN FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 337-347 AB - By the 1970s, thousands of lane miles of concrete pavements (CPs) had been constructed carrying, for the most part, considerably heavier traffic loads than anticipated in the design stage. These pavements have mostly performed as expected, although there have been both problems and some surprises associated with the various approaches used in CP construction. California's experiences with CPs have been mostly limited to the nonreinforced type with short joint spacing. While most of these have performed quite well, a recurrent problem has been faulting at transverse joints. The underlying problem affecting pavement performance and service life has been determined to be related mostly to physical changes that are occurring under the concrete slab caused by repetitions of axle loadings heavy enough to cause slab deflections. Another major problem is surface water entering void space of concrete slabs and causing adverse effects. The majority of this paper deals with recent experience in California relating to these subjects, aimed at negating the ravages of surface water entrapped within the structural section of CPs and the design features, such as a non-erodible base, that must be incorporated into the typical CP cross-section to minimize slab distress. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slab on grade KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824915 AU - Ring, G W AU - Purdue University TI - DRAINAGE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - 1977 SP - p. 365-381 AB - A number of studies have shown that concrete pavements have an average service life of 27 years. However, the service life of individual pavements range from 1 year to over 50 years, even though they were designed to meet the same criteria. This wide disparity in performance is a strong indicator that the present design criteria do not include consideration of some engineering characteristic that is having a profound influence on the service life of the pavement. This paper attempts to show that subsurface drainage is this missing important factor in the performance of concrete pavements, and describes the means to achieve adequate drainage. Ongoing research related to subsurface drainage of pavements is discussed. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824909 AU - Blum, R C AU - Solberg, C E AU - Purdue University TI - PLAIN PAVEMENT: AN ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE PY - 1977 SP - p. 279-293 AB - Many state departments of transportation are dealing with a lack of sufficient funds for construction of needed highway projects. This paper relates how the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT), in this period of shrinking dollars and spiraling construction costs, met the challenge of providing a quality concrete pavement at less cost. The factors that contributed to the decision to change from the usual steel reinforced pavement to a non-reinforced concrete pavement on a recent freeway project are examined in detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - State departments of transportation KW - Unreinforced concrete KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717626 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824910 AU - Huber, R G AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN OF LOW VOLUME CONCRETE ROADS PY - 1977 SP - p. 295-299 AB - This paper provides an overview of the development of the slipform method of roadway paving in Iowa, the state in which this process had its origins in the middle 1940s. Growth in the manufacture of slipform paving equipment since the late 1950s is described, and cost issues are related. Slipform paving practices and design specifications are discussed in detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction equipment KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Iowa KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement design KW - Road construction KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824907 AU - Lake, J R AU - Lister, N W AU - Thompson, P D AU - Purdue University TI - CONCRETE ROAD EXPERIENCE IN GREAT BRITAIN 1969-1975 PY - 1977 SP - p. 247-263 AB - This article provides an overview of the use of concrete in road and highway pavements in the U.K. Although concrete for roadway pavements in Britain has been used for more than 100 years, and despite continued improvement in design and specifications, problems still occur and finished pavements today still exhibit undesirable features, particularly in riding quality and surface texture. The major full-scale recent concrete road experiments in the Road Research Laboratory's program are listed in tabular form, showing site by site various design aspects investigated, and these are discussed in detail following a description of the criteria adopted for judging pavement performance. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Ride quality KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824908 AU - Ray, M AU - Purdue University TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENTS IN FRANCE. STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF OLD PAVEMENTS AND CONSEQUENCES DRAWN FROM NEW HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1977 SP - p. 265-277 AB - A very recent study (circa 1977) of the performance of superhighway pavements in France was conducted, and this paper details some of the many investigations emanating from this research. An assessment of the use of other concrete pavement construction techniques used throughout the world was also made and the reasons for the French selections are set out along with the latest modifications applied to French structural design. Lastly, future research trends in France relating to pavement design are examined. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - France KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824904 AU - Harvey, TSW AU - McLean, J A AU - Purdue University TI - CANADIAN FORCES EXPERIENCE IN SLIP-FORMING AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 205-221 AB - This article describes the construction of a new 10,000 ft x 150 ft runway at the Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake, Alberta. The runway was rather hastily built to coincide with the start of a pilot training program. A number of problems were subsequently encountered and are discussed in detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Canada KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Military aviation KW - Military engineering KW - Military facilities KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824905 AU - Brown, P P AU - Jones, M P AU - Purdue University TI - NAVY EXPERIENCE IN ELIMINATING KEYS FROM CONSTRUCTION JOINTS OF CONCRETE AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 223-228 AB - Some form of key has long been used in the longitudinal joints of paving lanes to prevent faulting and to reduce stresses at the slab edges. The common alternatives to forming keys are to provide either dowels along the joint or to thicken the edges of the slabs. Because of the increased incidence of failure along keyed joints in its airfield pavements, the U.S. Navy is now constructing the longitudinal pavement joints without keys or dowels, simply using a straight butt joint with unthickened edges, and always underlain by a high quality stabilized base course. This article describes this practice in some detail. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Military aviation KW - Military engineering KW - Military facilities KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824906 AU - Koch, O G AU - Chebrat, W K AU - de Gasparre, G AU - Purdue University TI - CONCEPTS FOR THE SELECTION OF PAVEMENTS FOR RUNWAYS, TAXIWAYS, AND APRONS OF LARGE SIZE AIRPORTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 229-244 AB - The main aim in the design of pavements for large airports is to utilize all the technical resources and experience available from all over the world in order to guarantee the longest possible service life for the pavements. This article discusses various criteria and concepts to be considered in selecting appropriate pavement types and design methods for large airport runways, taxiways, and aprons. The focus is primarily on the benefits of prestressing in heavy duty concrete pavement construction. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport facilities KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons (Airports) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - General aviation KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Taxiways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824903 AU - Hutchinson, R L AU - Vedros, P J AU - Purdue University TI - PERFORMANCE OF HEAVY-LOAD PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE (RIGID) AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 187-203 AB - The question of the adequacy of design criteria for heavy-load rigid airfield pavements is addressed. The results of an analysis of the performance of the pavements at 12 military airfields, designed and constructed using U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACE) developed heavy-load criteria, are presented. The analysis consists of a prediction of the allowable traffic for the aircraft that have used the pavements using the ACE criteria, which is then compared to the actual traffic results to obtain a measure of the life of the pavement that has been expended. The percent of service life used is then compared to the condition of the pavements to assess the adequacy of the criteria. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - General aviation KW - Military aviation KW - Military facilities KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824900 AU - Wagner, W V AU - Purdue University TI - SOME DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR JOINTED, REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS (JRCP) PY - 1977 SP - p. 137-148 AB - This article provides an overview of jointed reinforced concrete pavements (JRCP). The basic features of JRCP are described as: transverse joints, reinforcement (for crack control), and load transfer devices (dowels) across the transverse joints and longitudinal ties across the longitudinal joints. The components of JRCP are listed as: soil and/or subbase, concrete slab, reinforcement, load transfer devices, and joints/joint sealant. JRCP component design and cost considerations are also discussed. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Reinforced concrete pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824902 AU - Argue, G H AU - Denyes, B B AU - Sebastyan, G Y AU - Purdue University TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR CANADIAN AIRFIELDS PY - 1977 SP - p. 177-186 AB - This paper provides a brief synopsis of Transport Canada structural design practices for the provision of airfield concrete pavements at Canadian airports. Design considerations in related areas of construction, operations, and evaluation are also discussed in a general manner. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Airports KW - Canada KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Pavement design KW - Transport Canada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717619 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824898 AU - Calverley, MAA AU - Purdue University TI - THE DESIGN OF BRITISH AIRPORTS AUTHORITY PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - p. 97-106 AB - The British Airports Authority (BAA) owns and operates 7 major airports within the U.K., namely, the 3 London airports of Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted, together with Prestwick, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow in Scotland. This paper looks at the design of BAA pavements, and discusses loading, pavement types, including composite and flexible pavements, and plain, reinforced, and prestressed concrete pavements. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airports KW - British Airports Authority KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - General aviation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Scotland KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717615 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824901 AU - Friberg, B F AU - Purdue University TI - PRESTRESSED PAVEMENTS, THEORY INTO PRACTICE PY - 1977 SP - p. 157-173 AB - Prestressed concrete pavement exploration began in the 1930s, only a short time after the prestressing of building structures came into practice. While prestressing of concrete bridges and buildings has attained a prominent place in construction, its use in pavement engineering is still considered something of a novelty. A primary reason for this situation appears to be that the economy of concrete pavements is peculiarly dependent on standardization of design and construction procedures. This article provides an overview of prestressed concrete pavements, focusing on issues related to the structural value of prestress in pavement design and on performance and maintenance advantages. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Prestressed concrete pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824897 AU - Sharp, R AU - Purdue University TI - EUROPEAN CONCRETE ROAD STANDARDS AND PRACTICES PY - 1977 SP - p. 73-96 AB - This paper consists of data from a synoptic table of European Concrete Road Standards and Practices covering 12 countries. The individual features of concrete pavement design are examined, the different approaches used in various European countries are discussed, and basic statistics presented are elaborated upon. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Europe KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Standards KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00824899 AU - Springenschmid, R AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN CONCEPTS OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN EUROPE PY - 1977 SP - p. 109-119 AB - Many European countries, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Spain, Germany, the U.K., and others utilize concrete pavements on their roads and highways. This article deals with various concrete pavement design methods used in these countries, focusing on prestressed concrete pavements, continuously reinforced concrete pavements, and other design types. Theoretical factors relating to the design process are also discussed, including pavement stress, slab dimensions, load transfer, subbases, and thickness. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Europe KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/717616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00163586 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE INSPECTOR'S MANUAL FOR MOVABLE BRIDGES PY - 1977 SP - 186 p. AB - The electrical and mechanical components used on most movable bridges are covered in this manual which is intended for training inspectors, and as a reference for experienced inspectors. The methods of operation and the components of the basic types of bridges are reviewed as well as their function and inspection. The machinery unique to the swing-spans, the vertical lifts and bascules are described and their inspection is outlined. The preparation, safety, bridge inspection procedure, and reporting of findings are summarized, and the details are provided of the procedure for electrical equipment and circuitry, as well as the safety procedures to be followed for an electrical inspection. KW - Bridge members KW - Electric circuits KW - Electrical equipment KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Maintenance KW - Movable bridges KW - Swing bridges KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/54837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772808 AU - Dorsey, Warren AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGNING FOR TRAFFIC SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL : A STATE OF THE ART REPORT PY - 1977 SP - 137 p. AB - This report is a state of the art (circa 1977) summary of variable message signing (VMS) technology currently utilized for traffic control applications. Describes the four basic components of a VMS system: display, control system, system interconnect, and highway surveillance system. The report focuses on the VMS display. KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771820 AU - Cross, Kenneth D AU - McGrath, James J AU - Anacapa Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - West Virginia Department of Highways TI - A STUDY OF TRIP PLANNING AND MAP USE BY AMERICAN MOTORISTS PY - 1977 SP - 487 p. AB - This report describes the methods and findings of a study of highway navigation by motorists taking trips into unfamiliar territory. The research quantitatively defines the practices of motorists in planning such trips; the experiences and problems they encounter enroute in navigating freeways, conventional highways, and streets; and the effectiveness of the present system of maps and signs in meeting motorists' requirements. KW - Automobile driving KW - Route choice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772175 AU - Zove, Philip AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS) FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN STUDY : PHASE 1 : FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1977 SP - 3 v. AB - A study was performed to determine the feasibility of implementing an Integrated Motorist Information System (IMIS) in the northern Long Island Corridor of New York State. The objectives of IMIS are to demonstrate the benefits of an integrated approach to traffic management and to permit research on motorist information systems and advanced concepts in traffic flow optimization. In the study extensive corridor data were collected and analyzed to determine candidate alternative routes and connecting roadways to be included in the system network. Trade-off studies were performed to identify the most suitable approaches and equipment types for implementing the IMIS features. Two traffic simulation programs were used to perform system configurational studies and develop fundamental benefit relationships for various control policies. A set of nine alternative system designs were developed, varying in network configuration, equipment complement, and functional capability. For each design, benefits costs, and benefit/cost ratios were calculated. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver information systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772527 AU - Okano, Fred AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S PROGRAM ON AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1977 SP - 12 p. AB - This presentation provides a history of IVHS initiatives up to 1977 and describes the FHWA-sponsored research program on automated highways as of November 1977 as well as other U.S. Dept. of Transportation-sponsored research on automated vehicles, transit, and railroads KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Railroad transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395877 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1976 ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY PY - 1977 SP - 74 p. AB - Statistical data are presented on all 1976 motor-carrier accidents involving interstate, foreign, or intrastate operations which resulted in a death of a human being, or bodily injury requiring medical treatment away from the scene, or total property damage aggregating $2000 or more (either actual or estimated costs). Tables and graphs are arranged according to the following scheme: statistical summary, geographic summary; who (carrier, personnel and trip involvement); what (vehicle and cargo information), where (location and roadway environment); when (coincidental environment); and how (the accident itself). KW - Crashes KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213553 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179089 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Selinger, Carl S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGING TRANSPORTATION DEMAND BY ALTERNATIVE WORK SCHEDULE TECHNIQUES PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 67-74 AB - The management of urban transportation demand involves a number of techniques to reduce congestion by altering peak demand patterns. This paper discusses several transportation system management elements and focuses on alternative work schedule techniques such as staggered and flexible work hours and the shortened workweek. Alternative work schedules are deemed to be the most promising approach to managing transportation demand since such techniques are usually highly cost effective, are popularly received, entail nontransportation societal benefits, and can be implemented quickly. The effectiveness and state of practice of various alternative work schedule techniques are discussed, and a recommended approach for studying, implementing, and evaluating such techniques is presented. Brief case studies are given of programs in urban areas. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Hours of labor KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Staggered work hours KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation KW - Weekdays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74278 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179071 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Koski, David R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC OPERATIONS IMPROVEMENTS TO MANAGE AND CONTROL THE FLOW OF VEHICLES PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 6-7 AB - The conclusions of this workshop are as follows: Long-range (20-year) transportation planning is clearly necessary; however, those long-range plans must be flexible and subject to change since frequently they do not deal adequately with local transportation operations, funding cannot be secured to implement them, and transportation modes, methods, and attitudes change because of fluctuations in the economy, environmental concerns, and development. TSM does not mean that everybody travels by transit but that all forms of transportation are integrated to obtain optimum efficiency within the public right-of-way provided. TSM should not become overly complicated and cannot be tied up in red tape; Federal administrative requirements for acquiring and accounting of funds may render TSM inefficient and even impossible to accomplish. MPOs that are not properly structured should not approve federally funded programs. In some instances, the state department of transportation may provide more efficient transportation system programming, planning, and implementation in those states that are primarily nonurbanized. Lastly, MPOs should not be given responsibility for implementing transportation programs. Instead, they should solicit and incorporate the recommendations of those who are responsible for transportation system operation. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Federal government KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Metropolitan government KW - Regulations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361180 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL STUDY. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES IN COLLISIONS INVOLVING VEHICLES PARKED OR STOPPED ON HIGHWAY SHOULDERS PY - 1977 SP - 22 p. AB - This is a pilot study of In-Depth Accident Reports involving commercial and noncommercial vehicles parked on highway shoulders. It covers accidents investigated by the Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety during 9 calendar years (1967 through 1975). FHWA's field staff conducted in-depth accident investigations of 2,006 (.5%) of the 400,000 accident reports filed in this time period. Fifty eight (3%) of these 2,006 accidents involved commercial and/or non-commercial vehicles stopped on highway shoulders. These accidents resulted in 105 fatalities and 199 injuries. Forty seven of the accidents occurred on Interstate highways, 8 on U.S. highways, and three on State routes and city streets. Fifty two were rear-end collisions which resulted in ninety two fatalities. A truck collided with a car in thirty of the accidents, resulting in fifty six fatalities. The initial cause of the accident was dozing at the wheel in thirty one reports (thirty commercial drivers) which resulted in sixty three of the fatalities. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Musculoskeletal system KW - Rear end crashes KW - Shoulder accidents KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318187 AU - Litz, L E AU - Cutrell, J AU - Centeno, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL HIGHWAY PLANNING SYSTEM. COMPUTER PROGRAM USERS' MANUAL. VOLUME 1 PY - 1977 SP - 272 p. AB - An effective highway transportation planning process is the basis for, and is a necessary continuous part of efficient highway transportation management. A series of manuals and accompanying computer programs were developed to provide guidelines for establishing a system and the basic data collection programs and analysis that are a necessary beginning for accomplishing such a planning process. The object of the manual is to assist with the development of efficient procedures for analyzing the road inventory data beginning with the receipt of the completed field forms. It includes a suggested organization for office operations and documentation to assist with the installation and use of the computer programs that were developed for the system. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Office management KW - Organization KW - Organization theory KW - Regional planning KW - Roads KW - Routes KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155583 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179103 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Altshuler, Alan A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESPONSE TO THE CASE STUDIES PRESENTED AT THE TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 157-158 AB - Three questions are addressed in this article. What are the problems to which TSM is addressed? How great is the challenge of integrating the new planning requirements that have been imposed on urban areas for the past several years? And, what are the constituencies of TSM? It appears at first glance that congestion is the primary problem and that TSM is the new traffic engineering strategy for alleviating congestion. However, issues such as increased equity, increased amenity, air quality improvements, and energy conservation also appear to be primary objectives. It is not always clear the extent to which TSM is addressed explicitly to these other issues on the extent to which it is an instrument for dealing with them. With all of the various types of planning--highway, transit, paratransit, long- and short-term capital & operating--to what extent is this proving to be a nearly insuperable burden or one that is proving to be quite managable in urban areas? It is noted that in those regions that still have major highway, transit, and capital-intensive transit projects, policymakers and planners are finding it difficult to focus on TSM and paratransit kind of issues. TSM, it is noted, is an initiative that has only succeeded insofar as it has pursued modest objectives that have not inconvienced significant numbers of drivers or voters and not significantly changed the basic urban transportation system. Such constituencies as the downtown businesses, central city governments, and transit authorities may eventually enable TSM to try more bolder initiatives and become more pervasive with respect to the nature of the urban transportation system. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Businesses KW - Implementation KW - Paratransit services KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Public transit KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74292 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179074 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kemp, Michael A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT OF DEMAND PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 9-10 AB - The scope of the workshop discussion was with the manipulation of work schedules to influence patterns of demand for urban transportation facilities. Experience suggests that the abandonment of uniform working hours is popular with employees and employers. Furthermore, society at large gains from the reduction of peak-hour congestion on transportation facilities. As to maximizing the beneficial transportation consequences, the best form of work schedule adjustment appears to be the most radical: flexible working hours. The New York City experience suggests that flexible working hours are more difficult to promote to employers than are less radical forms of schedule adjustment. The 4-day workweek appears to be the least popular form of schedule adjustment with employers, and to a lesser extent with employees too. A local government that is strongly committed to promoting staggered work hours should also consider fiscal or legal incentives for firms to participate. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Economics KW - Hours of labor KW - Legal factors KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Scheduling KW - Staggered work hours KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban transportation KW - Weekdays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74263 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179085 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goettee, David AU - Cadotte, Ernest R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FREIGHT MOVEMENT: A CRUCIAL COMPONENT OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 37-43 AB - This paper points out how important freight movement is to the functioning of the urban economy, how urban development can be encouraged by including freight movement in the urban transportation planning process, and how the inclusion of freight movement is both logically and legally supported. It is appropriate to apply planning funds to freight movements if these activities are included in the unified planning work program. Thus, the types of freight planning activities considered appropriate can be as varied as the cities that apply for those funds as a portion of their unified planning work programs. The important role of freight planning in the transportation system management (TSM) element is explored. Examples are given of TSM actions that can significantly improve the flow of both freight and people by reducing the conflicts between these essential activities. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Economics KW - Freight transportation KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74274 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179092 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tober, Ronald J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVING SERVICE QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE USE OF SERVICE STANDARDS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 86-91 AB - This paper describes the service policy of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority for surface public transportation and its use in urban transportation system management. The establishment and use of a comprehensive statement of service policy are discussed in the context of TSM objectives. Such a service policy, which contains service goals and objectives, service standards and guidelines, and planning and evaluation procedures, provides the transit manager with a management control framework for monitoring service performance and identifying remedial actions that will improve the quality of service and the efficiency and effectiveness of resource allocation. The paper describes how MBTA uses the control framework embodied in its service policy to identify both general service improvements and some specific TSM service improvements such as reserved bus lanes on arterial streets. The paper concludes by discussing how the MBTA service policy through cooperative planning has begun to make local city and town policy makers more sensitive to transit operations, thereby enhancing the prospects for successful implementation of potentially controversial TSM projects. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Bus transportation KW - Level of service KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Policy KW - Public transit KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Standards KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74281 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179099 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lloyd, Emily AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, A CASE STUDY PRESENTED AT THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 135-138 AB - The Boston case study deals with the development of an automobile-restricted zone (ARZ) in the retail center of the city through a reordering of circulation patterns of all the transportation elements converging in the area: private automobile, transit, service vehicles, taxis, pedestrians, and paratransit vehicles. This plan is one of several TSM elements included in the broad transportation plan for the Boston region. Two aspects of the plan are discussed in this report: First, this plan reflects the development of Boston's transportation policy during the past several years. Second, the implementation of a TSM element can be a complex process. TSM strategies, the ARZ development process, and the implementation of the ARZ plan are included in this case study. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Automobiles KW - Boston, Massachusetts, USA KW - Central business districts KW - Paratransit services KW - Pedestrians KW - Public transit KW - Taxicabs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic restraint KW - Transportation system management KW - Vehicle restrictions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74288 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179075 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fisher, Ronald J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACTIONS TO REDUCE VEHICLE USE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 10-12 AB - The workshop identified a list of objectives and constituencies that were relevant to TSM. Five categoreis were developed: National objectives, citizen participation objectives, transit objectives, taxpayer objectives, and local and national government objectives. Several general conclusions were drawn from the discussion: There may be negative reactions to TSM, especially if it involves reducing vehicle use; a careful understanding should be developed of local public objectives, and public involvement and support should be reached before moving ahead with TSM actions; efforts must be made to define local transportation problems and to analyze closely alternative solutions in which the public is involved. Although TSM may be viewed as a set of projects, it is also a planning process emphasizing short-term, low capital solutions that may also complement long-term capital intensive solutions, which are the traditional focus of this process. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Automobiles KW - Federal government KW - Local government KW - Public participation KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74264 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179077 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Patricelli, Robert E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEFINITION, OBJECTIVES, AND IMPLICATIONS OF TSM PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 14-17 AB - Transportation system management is a process for planning and operating a unitary system of urban transportation. Its key objective is conservation of fiscal resources, of energy, of environmental quality, and of quality of urban life. Broader implications of and issues raised by the TSM concept include (a) the need for a national policy on urban conservation (the federal government cannot set local land use policy, but it must restore locational neutrality to its programs); (b) institutional challenges (all elements of the urban transportation system cannot be treated in a unitary way unless the various governments cooperate fully; (c) federal support of TSM (UMTA may need transit operating funding to seed TSM operations); and (d) urban transportation and private ownership (UMTA should attempt some demonstration of private ownership of multipurpose urban transportation systems). /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Environment KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fund allocations KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74266 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179098 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kelm, Douglas AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTING TSM: A DISCUSSION PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 132-134 AB - Selected viewpoints of the public sector, the business community, and the media regarding the implementation of TSM are highlighted. For the elected official it is noted that the major problem is one of communication. Measures adopted that will ultimately affect the freedom of citizens to come and go as they please require prior communication. Citizen involvement is one way of opening channels of communication and allowing for citizen input. With respect to the business community, it is noted that unless they are involved. TSM actions such as staggered work hours, and carpool programs will not be as successful as they could be with respect to the media, it is noted that relations could be improved by informing the press of the conferences, better timing of press conferences and more cooperation. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Businesses KW - Carpools KW - Districts and authorities KW - Government agencies KW - Hours of labor KW - Implementation KW - Mass media KW - Media KW - Press coverage KW - Public participation KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179102 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Somerfeld, Warren O AU - Hoffman, Michael AU - Favour, Thomas AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MADISON, WISCONSIN, A CASE STUDY PRESENTED AT THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 148-157 AB - This article describes the efforts undertaken by the city of Madison with respect to TSM planning and implementation. It is noted that the city already has a developed set of transportation objectives and policies. Aslo, the Madison Department of Transportation is currently engaged in developing a municipal transportation policy that will provide a policy base for the city in its dealing with the legislative bodies of the county, state, and federal governments as well as their respective administrative branches. An inventory of the existing situation that includes travel patterns, street volumes, core are parking, and the transit system is described. The major activities of the transportation system management element include the following: Improve traffic operations by managing and controlling vehicle flow; provide preferential treatment for transit and other high occupancy vehicles; provide improvements for bicycles and pedestrians; improve management and control of parking facilities; reduce peak-hour traffic; reduce vehicle use in congested areas; and, continued action to improve transit service. Improvement planning in the Madison urban area for 1976-1980 and continued efforts to increase transit management efficiency are discussed. The problems of implementing TSM are described and it is noted that the main problem involves conflict between different policies or objectives. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Bicycles KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Madison, Wisconsin, USA KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Pedestrians KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74291 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179096 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Horowitz, Joel AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PACKAGING TRANSPORTATION ELEMENTS TO MEET ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 122-127 AB - Controversy over the relation between air quality requirements and urban transportation planning appears to center around two basic issues. The first is whether the implementation of transportation measures that improve air quality is consistent with the achievement of other transportation objectives. The second concerns the changes in the planning process needed to accommodate air quality requirements. This paper outlines the basic elements of a potential resolution of these issues. The transportation measures that have been proposed to improve air quality are virtually identical to the measures now being proposed to achieve a wide variety of other transportation objectives. However, the various measures are not necessarily equally effective in improving air quality and achieving other objectives. Thus, the process of selecting transportation measures for implementation often will involve making trade-offs between air quality objectives and other objectives. The need for such trade-offs is recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency, and the changes in the transportation planning process needed to enable the trade-offs to be made are consistent with current planning trends. However, three problem areas may require further attention in the future: encouraging the implementation of innovative demand-management approaches, developing procedures for mediating disputes between EPA and state and local agencies over the rate at which transportation change should take place, and preventing the planning process from becoming overly cumbersome. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Environment KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74285 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179084 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - van Gelder, William G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAFFIC OPERATION IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 35-37 AB - Transportation system management applied to traffic engineering operations requires reevaluating basic transportation needs of those who walk, use public transportation, or drive automobiles. Replacing existing control mechanisms is not adequate. New ways must be devised for optimally sharing limited rights-of-way. Signs, channelization, traffic signals, reversible lanes, and ramp-metering policies are discussed in this paper. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Automobiles KW - Channelization KW - Highway operations KW - Pedestrians KW - Public transit KW - Ramp metering KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Right of way KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74273 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179091 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ross, Harry S AU - Maull, Perry J AU - Smerk, George M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES APPLIED TO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 81-86 AB - Management by objectives requires input by all members of the management and supervisory staff of an organization; efforts are aimed at the achievement of stated results or objectives. Transportation system management in urban areas demands that transit and highway interests join forces in developing plans and action programs to make better use of existing facilities. This paper explores both management by objectives and transportation system management and provides suggestions on how the MBO technique can be used to design a TSM action plan. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Highways KW - Public transit KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74280 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179093 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hackley, Thomas AU - Guenther, Karl W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DIAL-A-RIDE AS AN ELEMENT IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 91-94 AB - The Ann Arbor Transportation Authority has been practicing transportation system management since 1973. The most important program element is the incremental implementation of demand-responsive services that operate in close coordination with the line bus system. Ridership has tripled during the past 3 years. Management of such a system is difficult. Political leaders are not easily satisfied; some want a high-efficiency, high-capacity line bus system; others want a small, stable, unchanging system. Neither side can always accept that constant incremental change is the proper way to achieve the desired end state. The Ann Arbor Transportation Authority must also work with other transportation agencies to ensure coordination and within its own staff to maintain the momentum that has been responsible for its success. This paper describes the Ann Arbor Transportation System and the planning philosophy behind that system as it relates to TSM. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Bus transportation KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Implementation KW - Paratransit services KW - Politics KW - Ridership KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74282 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179078 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tiemann, Norbert T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HEADING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 17-19 AB - This paper discusses how the Federal Highway Administration arrived at the policy of transportation system management, why FHWA thinks TSM is important, and just how it will contribute to improving urban transportation. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Federal government KW - Policy KW - Transportation system management KW - United States KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74267 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179097 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Grant, Albert A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROLE OF THE MPO IN FORMULATING THE TSM ELEMENT PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 127-132 AB - Developing and implementing effective transportation system management elements in urban transportation plans will depend greatly on the ability of the metropolitan planning organization to develop an acceptable institutional framework for cooperation and joint action that does not detract from the basic responsibility and authority of participating local and state agencies. MPOs, particularly those operating within the framework of councils of governments, can play a key role in the further refinement and implementation of TSM elements because of their ability to work with local and state policy and decision makers to achieve consensus in a metropolitan area. Because of their concerns with a wide range of functional and social service goals and needs, MPOs can recommend trade-offs among competing objectives, identify opportunities for applying locally successful TSM measrues to other parts of a metropolitan region, and integrate and relate TSM planning to other elements of the areawide transportation planning process. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - City planning KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Police powers KW - Politics KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74286 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179076 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mundy, Ray A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACTIONS TO IMPROVE TRANSIT MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 12-13 AB - Workshop participants began by listing the following areas in which improvements could be made in the management efficiency of transit operations: Service standards, commuter market approaches, organization of planning and operations; integration of paratransit, use of standard cost information, role of state departments of transportation, integration of control, small capital improvements, marketing, parking strategies, and payment of transit fares. However, only the first four topics were fully discussed. The workshop agreed that adequate service standards were needed but that provisions should be made so that new forms of public transportation would not be hindered by strict adherence to such service standards. The majority of the participants agreed that the cost of providing service to commuter markets with additional fixed-route, fixed-schedule transit systems or even express systems appeared to outweigh the benefits derived. With respect to paratransit, the discussion concluded with the general feeling that no one approach could be viewed as a panacea but that experimentation was needed with a variety of approaches to see what could be achieved in various urban areas. With respect to planning and operations, participants concluded that closer cooperation was necessary between planning and operation, and that an organizational form that encompassed both these functions with appropriate control mechanisms was highly desirable. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Commuting KW - Fares KW - Level of service KW - Marketing KW - Paratransit services KW - Parking KW - Public transit KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74265 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179083 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hunter, Robert N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT VIEW OF TSM PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 33-34 AB - Transportation system management is not a new concept but has been practiced as long as there have been transportation facilities. The need now is to have a balanced transportation system in which each mode does the job that it is best suited to do and for which there is an expressed need or desire. In addition, one mode is not artificially enhanced by impeding the efficiency of another mode. Achieving a balanced transportation system requires the cooperative efforts of all agencies involved. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - State highway departments KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74272 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179090 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Crain, John AU - Glazer, Larry AU - Higgins, Tom AU - Koffman, David AU - Ross, Dale AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACTIONS TO REDUCE VEHICLE USE IN CONGESTED AREAS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 74-81 AB - Federal TSM guidelines are used as a basis for four broad groups of measures for reducing vehicle use in congested areas. Within each group, examples of specific measures now in use or planned for implementation are presented. These are classified according to their important operational features; their advantages and problems are discussed. The four groups are (a) voluntary measures to increase vehicle occupancy, such as single-destination or regionwide car pooling, subscription buses, van pooling, and shared-ride taxi; (b) pricing mechanisms using supplementary or area licenses, parking surcharges, automatic vehicle identification, on-vehicle meters, and manual toll collection; (c) physical and operational restraint of vehicles by means of complete or partial street closures, traffic cells, traffic signals, and intersection modifications; and (d) peak-hour truck restrictions using permits or vehicle-size limitations. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Carpools KW - Fees KW - Implementation KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control devices KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Vanpools KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74279 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179101 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wright, Douglas G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PORTLAND, OREGON, A CASE STUDY PRESENTED AT THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 142-148 AB - The nature and purpose of many decisions, programs, and projects acted on in the city of Portland and in the Portland region before the final regulations conserving TSM were set forth, were consistent with the objectives and rationale of the TSM program. Because of this and because of the relatively high level of success on TSM efforts in Portland, the Portland experience provides a perspective on the early application of the TSM approach. More specifically, the TSM experience in Portland offers some useful insights on the relation between broad policies and TSM strategies and projects, considerations that should be addressed in the implementation of individual TSM projects, and apparent problems that must be confronted if TSM is to play an effective role in regional transportation planning and implementation process. TSM projects undertaken include the efficient use of road space, vehicle reduction in congested areas, and actions to improve transit service. It is noted that the public acceptance of TSM projects, flexibility of projects after completion, the simultaneous development of several projects, and a strong transportation policy direction are prerequisites to the eventual success of TSM. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Implementation KW - Portland, Oregon, USA KW - Public participation KW - Public transit KW - Regional transportation KW - Strategy KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74290 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179086 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goodman, Joseph M AU - Morin, Donald A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT FOR HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLES PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 44-48 AB - Preferential treatment for buses and car pools is one of the transportation system management actions that can be applied in many areas to promote shifts by commuters from low-occupancy automobiles to carpools and buses. Although the concept is relatively new, the experience gained from projects undertaken in many cities with diverse conditions has shown that it does work. Dramatic results have been achieved on I-95 in northern Virginia where two bus and car-pool lanes handle 17,000 persons/lane during the peak hour with space capacity. There are many different ways that buses and car pools can be given preferential treatment depending on the type of highway facility. Traffic flow models are available to facilitate the simulation of various alternatives strategies, and projects are eligible for Federal Highway Administration and Urban Mass Transportation Administration program funds. With the increased attention on TSM and the expression of it in the transportation improvement programs, traffic engineering, transit operating, and enforcement agencies must work cooperatively with metropolitan planning organizations to develop and implement more preferential treatment projects. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Bus transportation KW - Carpools KW - Commuting KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway capacity KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation system management KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74275 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179072 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goodman, Leon AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT FOR TRANSIT AND OTHER HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLES PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 7-8 AB - The workshop noted the critical importance of law enforcement, cooperation and compliance when implementing bus or carpool preferential lanes. Primarily because of safety considerations, a major current issue is whether to permit car pools in contraflow, high-occupancy vehicle lanes. Participants thought that carpools could be admitted to contraflow lanes on a permit basis, thus allowing some type of screening and education for potential operators in the lane. If there is no shoulder or buffer lane available for use as a breakdown area, then carpools, even with permit should not be admitted to contraflow lanes. Successful implementation of high-occupancy vehicle lanes is dependent on a carefully planned public information and education program. Preferential treatments should be used to develop new transit ridership in predominantly automobile-dominant territories as well as maintain existing ridership in areas where transit services are already established. It is noted that a preferential treatment that can be readily seen by motorists has a greater potential for automobile-to-transit diversion than a treatment that improves transit travel but is not too visible. The consensus of the workshop was that special facilities for high-occupancy vehicles should be considered for all highway-widening projects, particularly those that are radially oriented. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Carpools KW - Education KW - Law enforcement KW - Public transit KW - Reserved routes KW - Ridership KW - Routes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74261 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179073 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Twomey, Edward J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF PARKING PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 8-9 AB - Workshop discussion centered on an example of some problems that are encountered when attempts to manage parking are undertaken. An example is given that illustrates the pragmatic problems that urban areas face in seeking to gain some control over previously unchecked and unplanned parking construction. It is noted that dramatic changes in parking pricing and availability simply are not feasible in the majority of urban areas where sufficient alternatives to single-occupancy vehicle travel are missing. The following solutions were explored as a means of achieving some controls over parking: Reserving some of the excess supply of convenient CBD parking for carpoolers; appeal to major employers to provide car-pooling and van-pooling services; and improved transit services, especially express service in the peak periods. A more long range solution involves changing present zoning laws which require a minimum number of parking per unit of development, to a zoning law that would place a maximum ceiling on the number of parking spaces per unit of development. Management of parking under TSM is transportation planning, and it should be a part of any regulation that purports to influence noncaptial transportation improvements. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Carpools KW - Central business districts KW - Parking KW - Parking costs KW - Parking regulations KW - Pay parking KW - Public transit KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Vanpools KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74262 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179070 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rosenbloom, Sandra AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTRODUCTION, SUMMARY AND FINDINGS OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 1-5 AB - The conference on Transportation System Management (TSM) was designed to address three objectives: To provide the latest information and requirements; to provide the latest information on experiences with the actual implementation of a range TSM actions; and, to examine the emphasis of the regulations on a regional or metropolitan planning perspective. Throughout the conference, three major issues arose continually in the substantive and information presentations as well as during the discussions of the implementation of individual TSM actions: TSM as a planning process and the role of the MPO's in that process; perceived conflict between short-term and long-term transportation objectives; and, public involvement and acceptance of TSM actions. Two additional key issues stand out. The first is the question of the appropriate role for a planning professional in an MPO and the appropriate role for the MPO given its authority and resources. The second issue stems from the frustration felt by many of the participants when hearing case histories of both successful and unsuccessful TSM actions. The difficulty of identifying the "right" and "wrong" way before a project is actually started. Papers on each of the major topics addressed during the conference appears in the volume. Also included are reports of the workshop discussions and the case studies of cities in which TSM actions have been or are being implmented. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Case studies KW - Implementation KW - Metropolitan government KW - Public participation KW - Regional planning KW - Regulations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74259 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00185297 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - 163 p. AB - This publication contains workshop reports, conference papers and case studies that were presented at the conference on Transportation System Management (TSM). The conference addressed three objectives: provision of the latest information on DOT policies and requirements, the provision of the latest information on experiences with the actual implementation of a range of individual TSM actions, the examination of the emphasis of the regulations on a regional or metropolitan planning perspective. The conference emphasized urban areas that had or were having success in implementing TSM actions. Three major issues were highlighted in the presentations as well as during the discussion of implementation of individual TSM actions. The issues are: TSM as a planning process and the role of metropolitan planning organizations in that process, perceived conflict between short-term and long-range transportation objectives and public involvement and acceptance of TSM actions. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Administration KW - Case studies KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Regulations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302471 AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A BIKEWAY CRITERIA DIGEST PY - 1977 SP - 98 p. AB - The digest is an abstract of FHWA research documents as well as similar references on bikeway facility planning and design. It is intended for use by small government units with limited staff as well as State and Federal agencies with complex specialized staffs. The digest is functionally organized into four major, topical steps: Planning, Location, Design and Operations. Those steps progress from the bikeway planning stage through implementation and post construction. Sufficient content is provided to enable a planner or designer to establish a bikeway facility wherever desired. (FHWA) KW - Bikeways KW - Design KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - State government UR - http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/cms/downloads/BikewayABCDs1979.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189484 AU - Lukanen, E O AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF FULL-DEPTH ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1977 SP - 81 p. AB - This research investigation, conducted by the Physical Research Unit of the Minnesota Department of Transportation, began in 1971 to learn more about the behavior of Full-Depth asphalt pavements. The investigation has 26 test sections, each 1200 feet (365.8m) long, of a variety of thicknesses, on a variety of soils. The thicknesses range from approximately 5 inches (12.7 cm) to 17 1/2 inches (44.5 cm) and soil types include AASHO soil classification A-2-4's, A-3's, A-4's, A06's and A-7-6's. These soils include a stabilometer R-value range of 5 to 75. The major portions of the research work on this investigation consisted of Benkelman beam measurements on the test sections at 50 foot (15.2 m) intervals, taken weekly throughout the spring, bi-weekly throughout the summer and monthly into the fall. The temperature of the upper 1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) of the mat was measured each time the Benkelman beam deflections were taken. These data were then used to determine the effect the temperature and the season had on deflections and also created a set of correction factors to apply to the measured deflections to adjust the deflections to an 80 deg C) peak season deflection. The peak season 80 deg F (26.7 deg C) mat temperature deflection was then taken to be the standard deflection for each of the test sections. These standard deflections were then compared to the deflections of aggregate base pavements and a relation ship was developed between the Full-Depth thickness and the granular equivalency of an equivalent deflection aggregate base pavement. That relationship was then used to develop a Full-Depth bituminous pavement design chart which is the deflection equivalent of the flexible pavement design chart currently in use by Mn/DOT. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00184000 AU - Morchinek, R M AU - Cassellius, R H AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES USING FINER AGGREGATES SN - 9 PY - 1977 SP - 29 p. AB - Bituminous mixtures utilizing aggregates falling outside current gradation specifications were used as wearing courses on several low volume county roads in three counties in Minnesota. Evaluation consisted of visual observations, including photographic records, and frictional resistance testing. After five years in service, it appears that the use of finer gradation aggregates will result in satisfactory bituminous wearing courses on low-volume roads. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Fine aggregates KW - Gradation KW - Low volume roads KW - Skin resistance KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182543 AU - Button, E F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE OF A TIRE-SAND INERTIAL BARRIER SYSTEM IN CONNECTICUT PY - 1977 SP - 34 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, has installed a Tire-Sand Inertial Barrier System at the junction of Routes 2 and 17 in Glastonbury. This system utilizes scrap tires as containers for the sand mass and supports fabricated from 55-gallon (208.1 liter) paint drums. Design, Fabrication and Construction details are presented of the selected test site. The field exposure of the system is presented. The performance of the system is judged to be satisfactory in decelerating errant vehicles. /FHWA/ KW - Barrier design KW - Deceleration KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Impacts KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Sand KW - Tires KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167335 AU - Ferguson, J F AU - Parrish, K B AU - Browne, D W AU - Lellilid, S AU - Sylvester, R O AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF WASTEWATER HANDLING, HOLDING AND DISPOSAL FROM WASHINGTON STATE FERRIES PY - 1977 SP - 124 p. AB - Alternatives to control wastewater oders on board Washington State ferries and during discharge of the wastewater to sewerage systems were formulated, evaluated and tested. Holding tank aeration, using compressed air injection to a recycle line is an effective method. Sulfide is microbially oxidized, and anaerobic sulfate reducting bacteria are suppressed. Engineering and lab studies and a simulation model of the process were used to estimate suitable design parameters and costs. A prototype installation is recommended for optimization of operation. The addition of slug dosages of H202 was also found to be effective in laboratory and on-board vessels. The twice daily dose of about 50 mg/1 should be stirred into the holding tank using recycle mixing. Peroxide was found to oxidize sulfide, increase dissolved oxygen and suppress sulfate reducing bacteria. Other alternatives, including chlorine addition, pH increase, iron sulfide precipitation and toxic odor control compounds, were found ineffective and/or uneconomic. KW - Aeration KW - Ferries KW - Holding tanks KW - Marine transit KW - Sewage holding tanks KW - Sewage treatment KW - Shipboard sewage treatment KW - Ships KW - Tanks (Containers) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/027.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179108 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Berwager, Sydney D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PACKAGING TRANSPORTATION ELEMENTS TO MEET ENERGY GOALS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 118-122 AB - The need too consider energy in the development of transportation plans and programs is a relatively new development. The relation between the national energy problem and state and local actions is not widely understood. This paper discusses the Federal Energy Administration's program to support the development and implementation of state energy conservation plans and describes the required and optional transportation elements of such plans. It identifies various actions that can be instituted at the state, local, and regional levels. Finally, it discusses the trade-offs that may have to be made in developing the transportation programs to meet energy, air quality, and other objectives. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Energy KW - Federal government KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Regional government KW - State government KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74297 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179087 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kraft, Walter H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE PROVISIONS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 48-54 AB - Walking and bicycle transportation modes can complement the transportation network and yield desirable social, economic, environmental, and health benefits. Among the actions that should be considered to ensure the efficient use of existing street space are the appropriate provisions for bicycle and pedestrian facilities such as bicycle paths and exclusive lanes, pedestrian malls and other means of separating pedestrian and vehicular traffic, and secure and convenient storage areas for bicycles. This paper estimates that potential for travel by walking and bicycle modes and hypothesizes that this potential will continue to increase. The various options for pedestrian and bicycle facilities are described and examples are given. Pedestrian and bicycle provisions included in the transportation system management elements of the Tri-State and Delaware Valley regions are described. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - Environment KW - Pedestrian malls KW - Pedestrians KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74276 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179104 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP A--DISCUSSION OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 158-159 AB - The following conclusions with respect to transportation system management were reached in workshop A. TSM has been an effective means for conveying to transportation officials that federal funds are limited and that programs seeking to achieve use of existing facilities are essential if congestion it to be relieved and energy conserved. The federal policy statements are not in line with practice in two areas: Federal agencies can only use "discretionary" programs to leverage TSM actions. When conflicts arose as a result of the implementation of policies required by EPA and DOT, federal agencies failed to support local officials. Because TSM proposals are highly controversial, state and local agencies should budget funds for citizen participation during the development of the alternatives and for the marketing of the projects after implementation. TSM elements are too frequently regarded as project plans rather than programs for transportation improvement. Lastley, success cities are those in which TSM is regarded as an extension of regional transportation improvements and where the capital agenda is satisfied. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Marketing KW - Public participation KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74293 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179105 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP B--DISCUSSION OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 159-160 AB - This workshop addresses the question, Why does TSM seem to have been more successful in some cities than in others? It is suggested that TSM has been more active and successful in regions with a strong metropolitan planning organization and a tradition of an active regional planning program. TSM was also more successful in regions that had resolved the issue of major capital projects in their regions. Another area of discussion concerned the review of TSM projects for technical competency. The mechanism suggested was throguh a local technical committee composed of technical representatives from all local and regional agencies. Lastly, there was a general need expressed for more research on the development of better means for evaluating alternative TSM projects, for quantifying and measuring trade-offs between alternative strategies and for assessing the effectiveness of various types of TSM improvements. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capital KW - City planning KW - Regional planning KW - Strategy KW - Technical analysis KW - Technology assessment KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74294 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179082 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gianturco, Adriana AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STATE TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT VIEWPOINT OF TSM PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 30-33 AB - This paper points out the problems with instituting federal highway programs at the state level and relates those to TSM programs. The Diamond Lanes, multiple-occupancy vehicle lanes on the Santa Monica Freeway, are discussed to illustrate the reactions that can come from innovative approaches to controlling automobile travel. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Carpools KW - Federal government KW - Highway traffic control KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation system management KW - United States KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74271 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179080 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Orski, C Kenneth AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FEDERAL PERSPECTIVE REGARDING TSM PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 27-29 AB - This paper focuses on the institutional dimension of transportation system management and suggests local and federal policy to promote understanding and agreement on the institutional roles and responsibilities so that TSM is not enmeshed in debilitating jurisdictional disputes. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Federal government KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Policy KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74269 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179095 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lockwood, Stephen C AU - Wagner, Frederick A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE TSM PLANNING PROCESS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 100-118 AB - This paper describes a systematic TSM planning process that begins with setting objectives and ends with monitoring the effectiveness of implemented projects. The technical requirements for the process are also discussed. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Effectiveness KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74284 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179079 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Garrison, W L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVING PUBLIC FACILITY SYSTEMS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 19-27 AB - This paper seeks to evaluate TSM within the larger context of the problems and characteristics of transportation and other public facility systems. Necessary to this are two other objectives: identify the problems and characteristics of public facility systems and identifying strategies for improving their performance. The discussion is cast at the level of a class of systems. No attempt is made to evaluate the degree to which each public facility holds to the characteristics of the class of systems, although particular systems will be referred to in order to illustrate points or where an exception is illuminating. TSM is addressed at the end of the paper to provide a perspective on the problems it seeks to solve and on over expectations from it. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Facilities KW - Strategy KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74268 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179081 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mertz, William L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT FROM THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PERSPECTIVE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 29-30 AB - This paper reviews the history of federal aid to highways as it relates to those improvements that are now considered to be within the scope of transportation system management. Examples are given of current federal programs that provide funds for TSM improvements. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74270 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179094 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Remak, Roberta AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROBLEMS OF PACKAGING TSM ACTIVITIES: DIFFERING OBJECTIVES, CONFLICTS BETWEEN ACTIVITIES, AND INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 94-100 AB - This paper addresses the problems of selecting effective combinations of TSM activities in light of the broad and sometimes conflicting transportation goals to be achieved and considers some of the institutional implications of programs calling for the cooperation and approval of several public agencies and private organizations. Various federal and state programs and special local concerns represent a number of different social, environmental, and energy-conservation objectives that can be affected by a TSM program. No TSM activity can meet all of these objectives equally well, and local planners must evaluate the proposed program in terms of first one objective and then another to select the combination of activities that offers the best compromise. Both the feasibility and impact of individual TSM activities can be radically changed by being implemented at the same time. Some function more effectively in combination, and others work against each other. The TSM program must be evaluated as a whole to ensure that necessary supportive activities are included and that incompatible combinations are avoided. It is necessary to establish an institutional framework for incorporating all of the concerned agencies and organizations into the TSM planning process and to coordinate the action programs of participating public and private institutions. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Environment KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Local materials KW - Politics KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74283 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179107 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Deen, Thomas B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REACTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 162-163 AB - This article discusses TSM from a federal, local, and professional perspective. It is noted that the concept of TSM has been accepted at the local level, however, the federal government will have to accept the fact that TSM actions are longer-term and not necessarily a simple solution to a complex problem. Because so many TSM solutions are not highly visible, more citizen participation and public relations are needed. At the local level, the diversity of institutional arrangements and the essentialness of that diversity is stressed. It is noted that many communities that have a history of successful intergovernmental relations will be able to accommodate TSM with no difficulty. On the other hand, those that have had a history of tension and struggle for a variety of reasons may have a great difficulty in initiating TSM actions. If local planning is to be effective then traffic engineers and transit operators are going to have to move quickly into TSM planning. Community participation and the involvement of officials and the media is strongly recommended. For transportation officials, it is necessary that they remain aware of the pitfalls of big solutions that have not been well planned. Also, they should be aware of the changing moods of their constituenties and be prepared to face that change. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Federal government KW - Implementation KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Traffic engineers KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74296 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179100 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dallam, Larry AU - Alderson, Stephen AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA, A CASE STUDY PRESENTED AT THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 138-142 AB - This paper describes the transportation system management (TSM) approach to planning and development in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. This paper presents a brief overview of long-range planning in the area and an abstract of the plan. Several TSM projects that have been implemented are generally described to indicate the basis for the optimistic confidence the area has in the TSM approach to planning and implementation. The Twin Cities transportation plan, both its long-range and TSM elements, is based in great part on the knowledge derived from past projects designed to more effectively use existing investments. The TSM projects include bus on metered freeway, preferential transit lanes, computer traffic control system, skyways, and pooling. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Bus transportation KW - Carpools KW - Computers KW - Footbridges KW - Implementation KW - Metering KW - Minneapolis-St Paul, Minnesota, USA KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74289 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179106 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Robinson, Carlton C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REACTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 161-162 AB - This article presents some general concluding remarks about TSM. It is noted that the principle federal role seems to be changing--a shift of federal dollars from long-term to short-term objectives. If the federal source of long-term investment is eroded away because it is being spent on some of the shorter term areas the cities and counties and states are not necessarily going to be in a position to pickup up the burden of the needed long term investment. Another significant change associated with TSM is the role of the MPO. Are they to form a new layer of government between local and state governments, or are they to be a coordinating mechanism only. A successful TSM effort has to have specific objectives, a set of priorities, and ways to handle the trade-offs among conflicting objectives. It is noted that there are already a number of people who get to work in some kind of multiple-occupancy vehicle, and there is a growing trend toward flexible working hours. Both of these are helping to solve peak-hour transportation problems, therefore, it is necessary that TSM projects be addressed to the real and the right problems. U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Carpools KW - City planning KW - County government KW - Federal government KW - Fund allocations KW - Local government KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Staggered work hours KW - Transportation system management KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74295 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00179088 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ellis, Raymond H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PARKING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES PY - 1977 IS - 172 SP - pp 54-67 AB - This paper provides an overview of the range of parking management strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on describing the strategies and the considerations pertinent to their implementation in specific metropolitan areas. Because of the current interest in transportation system management, the paper is organized around the categories of parking management and control actions identified in the TSM regulations. /Author/ U1 - Conference on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE)Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19761107 EndDate:19761110 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) KW - Control KW - Implementation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Parking KW - Strategy KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158933 AU - Coulter, H T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USEFULNESS OF TWO MULTIREGIONAL ECONOMIC MODELS IN EVALUATING TRANSPORTATION POLICIES: A COMPARISON OF THE MULTIREGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL DEVELOPED BY KAREN R. POLENSKE AND THE MULTIREGIONAL MULTI-INDUSTRY FORECASTING MODEL DEVELOPED BY CURTIS C. HARRIS, JR PY - 1977 SP - 48 p. AB - The report describes and compares two large-scale economic forecasting models--the Multiregional Input-Output Model (MRIO) developed by Karen Polenske, and the Multi-regional Multi-industry Forecasting Model (MRMI) developed by Curtis Harris--to examine their usefulness to transportation planning at the national, State, and local levels. The models use fundamentally different methods of economic forecasting, and thus have different appropriate applications in transportation planning. KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economic impacts KW - Economic models KW - Highways KW - Input output devices KW - Lane lines KW - Linear programming KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Regions KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50870 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00176827 AU - Purdue University TI - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1977 SP - 600 pp AB - Proceedings include 35 papers that present information on the design of concrete pavements and runways for airports, for roads and streets of all classes, and for specialized uses. The primary objective of the conference was to present latest information of economical and practical aspects of portland cement concrete design. The papers in this proceedings are grouped according to the format selected for the program as follows: State of the Art, Design Principles, Airport Pavements, Highway Pavements, Bases, Subgrades and Drainage, and Joints, Maintenance Strategies and Innovations. Selected papers are indexed separately. U1 - International Conference on Concrete Pavement DesignPurdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways.Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana StartDate:19770215 EndDate:19770217 Sponsors:Purdue University, School of Civil Engineering; Federal Highway Administration; Portland Cement Association; Transportation Research Board; Federal Aviation Administration; and Indiana Department of Highways. KW - Airport runways KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Highway pavement KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Road materials KW - Roads KW - State of the art KW - State of the art studies KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73339 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00165385 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1977 IS - 178 SP - 43 p. AB - The delibrations and conclusions of the conference and workshops on the future of the National Highway Safety Program are discussed, the basic features of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 are outlined, the Federal role in this area is reviewed, and the issues and alternatives involved in the program are discussed. The conference recommended that the present 18 highway safety standards should be replaced by 2 types of requirements for state program approval; the first requirement would deal with features in which national uniformity is considered essential and the second requirement should be for approval of the procedures used by a state to plan and evaluate its program efforts. State governors should be responsible for the administration and performance of state highway safety programs. The National Highway Safety Program should be administered as a single program on the federal level. The federal government should continue to rely on the states to aid the Highway Safety efforts to local jurisdictions and to require a minimum of 40 percent of a state's Highway Safety grant funded under section 402 of the Highway Safety Act of 1966 to be expanded by local jurisdictions. Further recommendations regarding research and manpower development, private sector involvement, funding, incentives and sanctions and also presented. U1 - Conference on the Future of the National Highway Safety ProgramNational Highway Traffic Study AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19770306 EndDate:19770309 Sponsors:National Highway Traffic Study Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Federal government KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Incentives KW - Laws KW - Personnel KW - Private enterprise KW - Research KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/59991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155390 AU - Miller, N P AU - Fano, P C AU - Rosalanko, T J AU - Darcy, H B AU - Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BENEFITS TO THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY PROGRAM PROVIDED BY RELATION OF VEHICLE NOISE EMISSIONS PY - 1976/12/17 SP - 89 p. AB - Federal, state, and local governments are currently attempting to control the noise produced by roadway traffic. These controls are directed either at the source (vehicle noise emission regulations), or at the path (roadway location, noise barrier construction, land acquisition, or noise insulation for housing). This report computes the reduction in community noise levels produced by various source control strategies. These reductions in community noise levels are used to compare the various source control strategies, and to assess the relative effects of source control on path control. One of these effects is a reduction in required noise barrier heights. These reductions in height are computed and are translated into dollar savings per mile of noise barrier built. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Communities KW - Control KW - Costs KW - Federal government KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Public relations KW - Regulations KW - State government KW - Technology KW - Traffic noise KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455163 AU - Morre, D James AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chemical Control of Brush and Environmental Safety of Roadside Vegetation Management Chemicals : Interim Report PY - 1976/12/01 SP - 141p AB - The herbicide 2,4,5-T, alone or in combination with 2,4-D (brush killer) either as an ester formulation or as an amine salt, applied either as a dormant treatment in winter or to foliage in summer or early fall, remains as the most effective chemical treatment for control of roadside brush. However, regulatory rulings prohibit the use of 2,4,5-T on home grounds, recreational areas, and in or near water areas. Discontinuance of the use of 2,4,5-T in roadside applications on the basis of environmental safety should be seriously questioned. In the meantime, it became necessary to identify and test other herbicides and herbicide mixtures as alternative brush control agents for inclusion in roadside maintenance programs. A mixture of equal parts of an amine salt formulation of 2,4-D + 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) + dicamba (Banvel) is recommended for inclusion in the Fall-Spring spraying rotation to be applied by off-road equipment to unmowed portions of the Interstate System. This same mixture or "Krenite" brush control agent are recommended as a foliar application for control of brush along county roads and other situations where hydraulic spray applications directly to stems and foliage are indicated. Environmental safety of these herbicides was also investigated and is reported. Potential hazards were found to be minimal if the sprays were used as recommended. Control of herbicide drift is an important aspect of any chemical control of brush. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Herbicides KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Mowing KW - Roadside flora KW - Vegetation control KW - Weed control UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313938 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455019 AU - Costello, James C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Marion County, Indiana PY - 1976/12/01 SP - 73p AB - Development of an Engineering Soils Map of Marion County, Indiana was the primary goal of this project. The map is appended to this report; the report supplements the engineering soils map information. The detailed pedological soils map published in the 1972 Interim Soil Survey of Marion County was the single most important source of data used in the project. These agricultural soils map sheets, at a scale of 1:15840, were assembled to form a mosaic map of Marion County. Careful study of the soil series descriptions enabled the grouping of the series into appropriate land form and parent material categories. Preliminary land form and parent material boundaries of interest to engineers and planners were then delineated on the mosaic map. Routine airphoto interpretation techniques supplemented the pedological data. Aerial photographs were examined and the preliminary boundaries checked and modified, if necessary, to produce final land form and parent material boundaries. The final land form and parent material boundaries were graphically reduced to produce the engineering soils map. Symbols were used to delineate the parent material as grouped according to land form and origin. Textural symbols were superimposed to indicate the relative compositions of the parent materials. The map also includes a set of soil profiles which indicate, in general, the soil profiles of topographically high and low sites in the land form - parent material areas. Each profile shows the general range in depth and texture of each horizon - the A-, B-, and C- horizons - the latter being the parent material. The soil texture classification system used in the map profiles is that of the Indiana State Highway Commission (the ISHC soil classification system chart is shown on the map in the lower right hand corner). The ISHC system differs slightly from the USDA system so that the use of USDA textures have to be converted to the ISHC textures - for example, a USDA classified loam could be a loam or a clay loam under the ISHC system. The soil profiles portrayed on the engineering soils map have been numbered. Areas on the soils map have corresponding numbers to indicate the soil profile for that particular soil area. In the text of the report, pedological soil names have been provided for each parent material soil area shown on the map. In Appendix A quantitative engineering soil test data is provided for each pedological soil name. In Appendix B quantitative data as to soil problems and certain advantageous soil uses are provided according to pedological soil names. In Appendix C, soil boring data obtained from the construction of the interstate system within Marion County are provided. Appendix D contains information on the lithology of the bedrock surface throughout the county based on well logs. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314566 UR - http://ia600401.us.archive.org/4/items/engineeringsoils00cost/engineeringsoils00cost.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165732 AU - Morre, D J AU - Eberle, J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - A 5-YEAR EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY MOWING PRACTICES: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1976/12/01 SP - 23 p. AB - A 5-year evaluation of roadside mowing practices in the State of Indiana is presented. Findings show that the first mowing cycle is the most critical. This mowing if done too early is wasted because the most rapid grass growth occurs in early spring. If carried out too late or when the grass is wet, it becomes injurious to the turf due to piling up of grass and smothering. The optimum height for the first mowing cycle is between 18 and 24 inches. To prevent scalping and to avoid piling up and smothering of grass, the minimum height should be increased to 5 or 6 inches depending on the number of cycles. The second cycle of 3-cycle mowing is less critical and could be eliminated most seasons if the first cycle were delayed. The last cycle should be delayed so that no more than about 12 inches of growth occurs before winter. This leaves the roads with a well maintained appearance during the winter months and with enough growth to protect the grass from winter killing but not so much growth that the fall-spring spraying for control of broad-leaf weeds is interfered with. Unmowed roadsides remained in good condition over the 5-year observation period. A major problem is that brush begins to take over in many areas. Addition of a brush control agent to the fall-spring spraying rotation for these areas is indicated or 1-cycle mowing (mid July to mid August) at least every other year. /FHWA/ KW - Climate KW - Grasses KW - Highway maintenance KW - Mowing KW - Turf KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158119 AU - Sandonato, A G AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - EVALUATION OF INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE-FIELD INSTALLATION PY - 1976/12/01 SP - 29 p. AB - This report relates to the field installation procedures followed in the placing of the Internally Sealed Concrete at two of the five sections of overlay on the Austin Street Bridge in Boston (Charlestown) Mass. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Concrete KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418699 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Selected bibliography of hydraulic and hydrologic subjects PY - 1976/12 IS - 1 SP - 31P KW - Bibliographies KW - Bibliography KW - Hydrology KW - Hydrology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398748 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Offices of Research and Development AU - California. Department of Transportation TI - Optimization of traffic lane delineation PY - 1976/12 IS - FHWA-TS-77-200 SP - 131p KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delineation KW - Glass beads KW - Glass beads KW - Paint KW - Paint KW - Pavement marking KW - Reflecting road stud KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Road markings KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362796 AU - Teng, T C Paul AU - Albritton, Gayle E AU - Fulton, James P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Cement-Treated Bases PY - 1976/12//Final Report SP - 88p AB - The purpose of this study was to improve or to develop design criteria for cement-treated bases by means of field experiments using the recommendations for implementation from the laboratory studies conducted at the University of Mississippi. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the present design criteria are valid and need no modification. Consideration should be given to lime additive when high clay content is found in the base material. Sugar is a good retarding agent but also created undesirable large cracks. If the cracks can be formulated and retained as fine hair line cracks, they will not be reflective on the pavement surface. The usage of expansive cement and lime additive both create such hair line cracks. Results of the artificial traffic section have shown that even with traffic on the soil cement, the section performed as well as that with undisturbed curing. KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Deflection KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Soil cement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1127530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153986 AU - Whitmore, J L AU - Picciocca, R G AU - Snyder, W A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF HIGHWAY BARRIERS AND OTHER SAFETY ACCESSORIES PY - 1976/12 SP - 155 p. AB - A new concept in highway guiderail and median barrier design--the light post, strong beam barrier--was developed during a full-scale New York State test program in 1965. The results of that research led to complete revision of state barrier design standards. The project reported here was an extension of that research, with additional attention to several new problem areas. The work consisted of a 2-year test program of 125 full-scale vehicle impacts, as well as other field and laboratory investigations. Three general areas were covered: (1) field testing of barriers and rails, (2) field testing of other safety accessories, and (3) special investigations involving specific design problems. Included were investigations of guiderail deflection, vehicle size, end treatments, transitions, median barriers, vaulting, and improvements to previous designs. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deflection tests KW - Design standards KW - Field tests KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - New York (State) KW - Prevention KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Starch KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174743 AU - Goss, C L AU - Hankins, K D AU - Hubbard, A B AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT FOR COLLECTING PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS INFORMATION PY - 1976/12 SP - 94 p. AB - The report describes the equipment and methods for obtaining pavement roughness information. Mays Ride Meters are used for collecting inventory information, and the surface dynamics Profilometer is the standard by which the Mays Ride Meters are correlated. The report describes a trailer used to house the Mays Ride Meter equipment and a digital counter system designed to decrease data collection and processing time. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Digital recording KW - Equipment KW - Information processing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Recording KW - Roughness KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167385 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Hamm, M K AU - Engineers Testing Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILIZATION OF WASTE BOILER ASH IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN ARIZONA. PART I. PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1976/12 SP - 212 p. AB - Waste fly ash is produced by several coal-fired power generating plants in and adjacent to Arizona. A literature search, laboratory test program and analysis of test data indicate that available fly ashes can be advantageously used as admixtures in portland cement concrete for highway construction. Compressive strength, flexural strength, resistance to sulfate attack and freeze-thaw durability are included in the laboratory test series. Test data are used in the development of a mix design procedure aimed at optimizing the proportions of fly ash and portland cement. KW - Building materials KW - Coal KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost estimating KW - Durability KW - Electric power plants KW - Estimates KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Formulations KW - Highways KW - Laboratory tests KW - Land reclamation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reclamation KW - Solid waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00159312 AU - Benson, P E AU - Kuhl, D J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECISION OF THE RELATIVE COMPACTION TEST USING NUCLEAR GAGES PY - 1976/12 SP - 47 p. AB - Precision statements for the relative compaction test under varying conditions are given. The precision of the in situ density determination is based on application of Test Method No. Calif. 231-F using nuclear gages and a sampling technique called the area concept. Maximum wet density precision is based on ASTM-D1557-70. A model for nuclear gage repeatability is established and the adequacy of current calibration procedures is evaluated. The precision of ASTM-D1557-70 using California operators is reported. A number of pertinent variance components are isolated with respect to the overall relative compaction variance. Also, the variation of density determinations within a relatively uniform area is given for treated and untreated soils. Precision statements for a number of California concrete and aggregate test methods are also summarized. KW - Aggregates KW - Analysis of variance KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Experimental design KW - Field tests KW - Precision KW - Sampling KW - Soil tests KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175997 AU - Cantor, C AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF THE SCHONFELD METHOD OF HIGHWAY SURFACE TEXTURE CODE ASSIGNMENT. VOLUME V. SPECIFICATION OF A SINGLE-LINE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING HIGHWAY SURFACE TEXTURE PY - 1976/12 SP - 80 p. AB - The Phase III effort of this research project was directed toward the specification of a practical single-line instrument for the real-time measurement of surface texture from aboard a moving vehicle. Existing instrument concepts were investigated and evaluated, but proved to be inadequate for use aboard a vehicle moving at typical highway speeds. A new instrument concept was devised that showed the potential for use in the moving vehicle application. This concept involves projection of a very short duration, slit of light onto the road surface and detection of the resultant illuminated profile of surface texture with a sensitive vidicon television camera. Analytical and experimental evaluation of this concept verified its feasibility. The preliminary design, performance specifications, and implementation plan for a prototype of this instrument were prepared. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Design KW - Digital recording KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Profiles KW - Recording KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Television cameras KW - Texture KW - Vidicons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147370 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1975. SECTION 4. ROADWAY PY - 1976/12 SP - 84 p. AB - The publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use - the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance - the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant - the extent and changing characteristics of public highways, roads, and streets in the Nation. KW - Construction KW - Finance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Taxes KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182557 AU - Timmerman, D H AU - Society of Mechanical Engineers TI - AN EVALUATION OF BRIDGE APPROACH DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES PY - 1976/12 SP - 58 p. AB - An evaluation of bridge approach design and construction techniques was conducted. During the first phase of the project, bridge engineers were interviewed and a literature search was conducted. This resulted in a compendium of current knowledge and research efforts related to bridge approach technology. During the second phase of the project, bridge approach performance within the State of Ohio was studied. The data on approach performance was obtained from three separate bridge surveys within the state which provided data on 358 bridge approaches. Very poor correlation was found to exist between approach performance and the design and construction parameters studied. It was not possible to relate with any reliability conditions which would be associated with either generally satisfactory or unsatisfactory bridge approach behavior. It is, therefore, evident that a maintenance program is necessary to guarantee adequate bridge approach performance regardless of the design and construction techniques employed. General observations on bridge approach performance characteristics were reported. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Data collection KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Structural design KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179492 AU - Fenton, R E AU - Olson, K W AU - Mayhan, R J AU - TAKASAKI, G M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus TI - FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES IN THE LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF AUTOMATED GROUND VEHICLES PY - 1976/12 SP - 192 p. AB - Four essential aspects of the longitudinal control of vehicles in an automated, individual-vehicle system are considered here: a) Sector-level control; b) Communications between each controlled vehicle and the sector computer; c) The development of techniques for obtaining extremely accurate estimates of a vehicle's state; and d) The control of each individual vehicle. The emphasis was on the design, development and testing of hardware subsystems essential for implementing these facets in the context of high-speed (to 93 ft/sec or 28 m/s), small time-headway (1-2 sec) operation. The accomplishments over the second year of a two-year study include: a) The development and field evaluation of techniques for obtaining accurate estimates of vehicle position and instantaneous speed--plus or minus .05 ft in 10 ft (plus or minus .015m in 3.05m) and plus or minus 0.7 ft/sec (plus or minus 0.21 m/s), respectively for one of the three approaches evaluated; b) The development of validated models for both the propulsion and braking dynamics of a typical U.S. sedan; c) The design and field testing of a vehicle controller which provided good tracking and a comfortable ride; and d) The specification of both minimal and realistic requirements for sector-level communications. KW - Automatic control KW - Braking KW - Communications KW - Computers KW - Headways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Propulsion KW - Propulsion systems KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle power plants KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349157 AU - Weber, D O AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOLAR ELECTRICITY AS A POWER SOURCE FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION PY - 1976/12 SP - 17 p. AB - As part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Demonstration Projects Program, Demonstration Project No. 34, Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Deck, is intended to demonstrate the effectiveness of cathodic protection to control corrosion of reinforcing steel in bridge decks. This report discusses the use of solar electricity as a power source for a cathodic protection installation in the Washington, D.C. area. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion protection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Electricity KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Solar energy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198266 AU - Goodman, C R AU - Mordecai, J M AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRAVEL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES THROUGH 1985 - AN EXTRAPOLATION OF PAST TRENDS PY - 1976/12 SP - 51 p. AB - During the next decade, traffic volumes are projected to continue increasing significantly, with about a 39 percent increase in overall traffic levels. The use of public transportation, presently 8 percent of the region's travel, is projected to increase about 13 percent. Both of these estimates are consistent with recent trends. Within the region, major variations in traffic increases are projected. The largest increases are projected for radial roads outside of the Beltway and on cross-county highways. As traffic levels increase, peak traffic congestion will deteriorate. The amount of congestion depends on the particular corridor in question. Though congestion is projected to increase, pollutants emitted and gasoline consumed by autos will most likely decrease below today's levels because of federal mandates on new car sales. KW - Air pollution KW - Automobiles KW - Beltways KW - Counties KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Maryland KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Public transit KW - Radial highways KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198219 AU - Goodman, C R AU - Rosapep, T AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVEL IN THE BALTIMORE REGION PY - 1976/12 SP - 41 p. AB - A concerted effort is being made in the Baltimore region to deal with travel and its implications on personal mobility, traffic congestion, job accessibility, economic development, parking shortages, air quality and energy consumption. To assist this effort, information has been collected on the characteristics of the region's travel. In summary, travel in the region is currently: Peaked (60% of commuter work trips are made during short rush hours); Auto dependent (88% of peak trips are in automobiles); Work trip dominated; Dominated by long trips (80% of commuter traffic on trips longer than 10 miles one way); Made in low occupancy vehicles; and Diffused. KW - Automobiles KW - Economic development KW - Highway traffic KW - Maryland KW - Mobility KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318913 AU - Blum, R F AU - Organization for Environmental Growth, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GUIDE TO VISUAL QUALITY IN NOISE BARRIER DESIGN PY - 1976/12 SP - 130 p. AB - This publication is designed as a guide to aid individuals entrusted with the design of highway noise barriers, particularly in regard to visual quality. The guide introduces the basic principles of visual quality in general terms and illustrates the application of these basic principles to the design of highway noise barriers. The design of highway noise barriers is a process which involves a logical sequence of events including inventory, analysis, concept development, preliminary design, structural and detail design, etc. This guide indicates how visual design principles can be incorporated into this process. Highway Noise abatement measures can create visual problems due to the nature of the noise barrier and its acoustical requirements. This guide illustrates the potential visual problems created by noise barriers and identifies design measures which will minimize the visual disruption of the environment due to noise barrier construction. This guide to the basic principles which affect visual perception should serve as a tool for the designer of highway noise barriers. It is not the purpose of this publication to provide design solutions to noise abatement, but rather it is to illustrate and emphasize the need for visual quality as part of the design process. As such, the manual should be used as a supplement to technical information concerning noise abatement in an effort to produce highway noise barriers which are functional, attractive, and visually related to the surrounding environment. KW - Aesthetics KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Esthetic properties KW - Highways KW - Landscaping KW - Manuals KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound absorption KW - Structural design KW - Visual intrusions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198178 AU - Thompson, G I AU - Chatterjee, P AU - Stanford Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RATIONAL DETERMINATION OF PRIORITY TARGETS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SUMMARY OF GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHING R/D PRIORITIES AT FHWA PY - 1976/12 SP - 63 p. AB - The report presents a set of general guidelines for conducting decision analyses of FHWA R and D projects and establishing R and D priorities. It has been applied to several R and D projects and shown to be a logical and consistent approach to evaluating projects and to establishing priorities among those projects. Uncertainties on research outcomes and social and economic impacts can be handled effectively by this decision analysis methodology. In addition, the report presents new material on portfolio selection methods and a program for assessing values of R and D outcomes and describes a Highway Information Library for use in the R and D planning process. KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Federal government KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Libraries KW - Probability theory KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research management KW - Selection KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Strategic planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00167276 AU - Mohan, A G AU - Dulina, R G AU - Doering, A A AU - American Cyanamid Company AU - Goddard Space Flight Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE CHEMILUMINESCENT MATERIALS PY - 1976/12 SP - 67 p. AB - The feasibility of water-initiated peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence has been established. A mixture of Rhodamine B, a sulfonamido substituted dichlorophenyl oxalate and a solid hydrogen peroxide source, sodium perborate, provides emission for about 15 minutes on contact with water. Structural criteria for optimum water-soluble oxalate esters and fluorescers have been obtained. The feasibility of a rain-activated chemiluminescent highway strip is now established. KW - Chemical reactions KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Esters KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fluorescence KW - Hydrogen KW - Hydrogen peroxide KW - Molecular structure KW - Organic salts KW - Oxalates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Peroxides KW - Sodium KW - Solubility KW - Synthesis (Chemistry) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166496 AU - Hatano, M AU - Lister, B L AU - Hirsch, A D AU - HANNON, J B AU - Forsyth, R A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC IMPACT COMPACTION APPARATUS PY - 1976/12 SP - 99 p. AB - A laboratory evaluation of a mechanical impact soil compaction apparatus is reported. Comparisons of manual and mechanical procedures are made for test maximum soil density at optimum moisture content. Variations in test results between T.M. No. Calif. 216 and ASTM 1557-70 with the manual procedure and the mechanical compactor are discussed. Limits of variation between the mechanical compactor and the manual procedure are also presented. Compactor specifications and proposed methods for equipment calibration, operator certification, and laboratory determination of maximum wet density and relative compaction are given. It was concluded that the use of the mechanical impact compactor in conjunction with the manual procedure is feasible. KW - Calibration KW - California KW - Clay soils KW - Compacting equipment KW - Concrete arch culverts KW - Deformation KW - Machinery KW - Manual transmissions KW - Mechanical drive KW - Mechanical equipment KW - Moisture content KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil densification KW - Soil tests KW - Specifications KW - Wet density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179858 AU - Lacinak, H W AU - McMichael, K L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - EVALUATION OF ZINC COATING PROCEDURES PY - 1976/12 SP - 31 p. AB - This research project was conducted in order to compare the existing procedure of zinc coating by hot-dip galvanizing with the other zinc coating systems of painting and electroplating. Hardware coated by these processes was exposed to varied laboratory tests. Based upon the results of these tests, the protection afforded by the GS grade of electroplated hardware was determined to be equivalent to that of the hot-dip galvanized hardware having a coating thickness of approximately 2 ounces per square foot of surface area (0.061 g/sq cm). The LS grade of electroplated hardware was found to be inferior in performance to both the GS grade of electroplated and hot-dip galvanized hardware. The zinc-rich paints used as repair systems gave adequate protection to the hardware after being exposed in a hot and humid environment for 12 months. Results using the scanning electron microscope showed a distinct difference in the layer of zinc deposited on the steel surface using the electroplating and hot-dip galvanizing procedures. A four-year field evaluation has been completed. The results showed that generally all the zinc coatings were performing satisfactorily. /FHWA/ KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Electroplating KW - Galvanizing KW - Hot dip galvanizing KW - Zinc rich paint UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20116.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180868 AU - Loutzenheiser, R C AU - Carter, Everett C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - STUDY OF TRAFFIC FLOW ON A RESTRICTED FACILITY. REPORT III-SUMMARY PY - 1976/12 SP - 103 p. AB - The report concerns the accomplishments of the third, and final, phase of the project. Some limited tests proved that inductive loops taped to the side of the tunnel would adequately detect vehicle passage. Further analyses of the tunnel traffic flow and the signal control alternative were made. A platoon analysis recommended signal control using no control, 160-second cycle, and 120-second cycle depending on traffic conditions. Analysis of trucks showed that the number of passenger cars could be increased as much as 23 percent if the trucks were restricted from the tunnel. A simulation model was developed to analyze traffic flow through the tunnel. The model showed that improvements at the tunnel bottleneck will decrease travel time during peak flow; however, little change in travel time will occur during off-peak periods. A second simulation model evaluated the throughway system. Ramp metering and/or variable message signs with real-time surveillance would help reduce congestion. An overall control system hierarchy for the BHT system is feasible and should be investigated further. KW - Data collection KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic KW - Markov processes KW - Maryland KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Truck effect on highway capacity KW - Trucks KW - Tunnels KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Vehicular tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178798 AU - Arnold, C J AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - GALVANIZED STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS: PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1976/12 SP - 27 p. AB - This project was initiated in 1969 as a cooperative study with the Federal Highway Administration. It includes construction of laboratory specimens and experimental bridge decks for evaluation of galvanized reinforcement as a deterrent to bridge deck deterioration. After undergoing six winters of heavy salt exposure, the following general conclusions can be made about the field specimens; all typical of deterioration have appeared in the specimens, serious deterioration is significantly less on the sections with galvanized rebar, at least 3 in. of concrete cover is recommended over the steel, and no significant effects could be noted where galvanized and ungalvanized rebar were placed in direct contact in the concrete. After four winters, all five experimental bridge decks with galvanized rebar are in excellent condition. The feasibility of using galvanized bars in Michigan bridge deck construction has been demonstrated by this experiment. Further reports will be issued on this project as more data are collected. /FHWA/ KW - Consistency KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Galvanizing KW - Protective coatings KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179484 AU - Ross, H E AU - Kohutek, T L AU - Pledger, J AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - GUIDE FOR SELECTING, LOCATING, AND DESIGNING TRAFFIC BARRIERS: VOLUME I-GUIDELINES PY - 1976/12 SP - 286 p. AB - The guide presents the results of a synthesis of current information on the various elements of traffic barrier systems, including warrants, structural and strength characteristics, maintenance characteristics, selection criteria, and placement data. Criteria on these elements are summarized for each of the four basic barrier types, namely, roadside barriers (heretofore commonly referred to as guardrails), median barriers, bridge rails and crash cushions. A chapter on a cost-effective selection procedure is included, primarily to provide the highway engineer with an alternate approach to the more conventional means of establishing barrier need and a barrier selection if warranted. The information is presented in two volumes. Volume I contains essential guidelines relevant to the different design elements of each barrier system. /FHWA/ KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrail warrants KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Location KW - Selecting KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178819 AU - Van Atta, R O AU - Ludowise, H AU - Portland State University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROSCOPIC AND X-RAY EXAMINATION OF ROCK FOR DURABILITY TESTING PY - 1976/12 SP - 96 p. AB - Study of quarry rocks, core, weathered rock, and road base aggregates from 12 sources in western Oregon reveals that degree and type of alteration and textural distribution of glass are the chief causes of degradation in basaltic aggregate used in road construction. Smectitic clays are the alteration products most responsible for breakdown. Sampling for testing should include weathered rock. Some standard tests for durability show a higher correlation than others with type and degree of alteration and with actual service records of basaltic rock. A standard petrographic microscopic test must precede other testing. A stain test using benzidine to reveal the presence and textural distribution of montomrillonite and nontronite clays shows promise as a supplement to standard AASHTO tests. In very doubtful cases, tests using activation by thermal neutron irradiation may be used to detect sodium distribution in rocks. Scanning electron microscopy is of value to detect micro-fracturing. KW - Basalt KW - Clay KW - Degradation KW - Durability KW - Inspection KW - Microfracturing KW - Montmorillonite KW - Petrography KW - Road construction KW - Rocks KW - Sodium compounds KW - Stain test KW - X ray analysis KW - X ray inspection UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60559/FHWA-RD-77-36_Microscopic_and_x-ray_examination_of_rock_for_durability_testing.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176574 AU - Mason, J W AU - Abdelghani, A A AU - Anderson, A C AU - Englande, A J AU - Tulane University TI - A STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND FATE OF MSMA IN CRAYFISH AND BLACKBERRIES PY - 1976/12 SP - 98 p. AB - The arsenical herbicide, MSMA (monosodium salt methanearsonic acid) is used in the control of Johnson grass and other undesirable grasses along secondary highway rights of way in much of the southeastern and southcentral United States. In addition to commercial farms, crayfish are commonly harvested from ditches on or adjacent to sprayed areas. Previous bioassay studies done in this laboratory indicate that crayfish are resistant to relatively large doses of MSMA (48 hour TLM 5100 mg/1). Thus, concern had arisen over possible bioconcentration of MSMA in crayfish to levels that could pose a hazard to consumers. This study focuses on (1) rates of uptake of MSMA by crayfish in both edible and inedeble tissues (2) the translocation of MSMA to the fruit of maturing blackberries, and (3) the rate and extent of MSMA demethylation in soil cultures. Accumulation of MSMA was found to occur at low levels in both crayfish and blackberris with the greater concentration in the berry. Recommendations for prevention of accumulation of potentially hazardous levels center in preventing direct application of the herbicide to crayfish habitat or the leaves of blackberries with ripening fruit. The greatest cause for concern appears to lie with the possiblity of a spill of concentrate into crayfish growing waters. /FHWA/ KW - Aquatic life KW - Environmental impacts KW - Grasses KW - Hazards KW - Herbicides KW - Road shoulders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158947 AU - Butler, H D AU - Hoy, H E AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TEXAS QUICK-LOAD METHOD FOR FOUNDATION LOAD TESTING - USER'S MANUAL PY - 1976/12 SP - 62 p. AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation has developed and implemented a "quick-load" method for load testing piling and drilled shafts. Using this method a load test can be completed in a relatively short time of one to two hours. On small projects where the time consuming AASHTO test cannot be economically justified, use of this test makes it feasible to use full-scale load tests to verify foundation designs on these jobs. The purpose of the information presented herein is to assist highway engineers in understanding, using, and applying quick-load test methods. Additionally it will provide them with the information necessary to prepare specifications and cost estimates for quick-load testing. KW - Costs KW - Economic factors KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Jacks lifts KW - Load tests KW - Loading rate KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Mechanical tests KW - Pile foundations KW - Rapid methods KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00175500 AU - Jenkins, S R AU - Molz, F J AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alabama State Highway Department TI - TRANSPIRATION AND EVAPORATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT PY - 1976/12 SP - 84 p. AB - Treatment of liquid wastes from roadside comfort stations with relatively small, transient effluent volumes often involves prohibitive operation and maintenance costs. Also, existing lagoons and septic tanks may be unable to meet new state and federal restrictions on waste discharges. Therefore, experiments were conducted to develop practical, zero-discharge procedures for utilizing the evapotranspiration phenomenon to dispose of sewage effluent. Two separate experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, impervious evapotranspiration units were constructed in rectangular excavations. Both raw domestic waste and settled domestic waste were pumped into or sprayed onto the units, and the evapotranspiration rate was determined through a water balance. In the second experiment, effluent from a two-stage lagoon was sprayed on an area vegetated with grass and shrubs. Results indicate that the operation of a well-designed, lagoon-fed spray irrigation system will be an economical, ecologically-sound method for disposing of liquid wastes from roadside rest areas. KW - Alabama KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Effluents KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Filtration KW - Highways KW - Irrigation KW - Lagoons KW - Lagoons ponds KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sewage effluents KW - Sewage treatment KW - Sewerage KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Toilet facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151857 AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1976 WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT PY - 1976/12 SP - 503 p. AB - The report lists 5,430 projects, classified in accordance with the subject area classification system of the Transportation Research Board. It is the 12th in a series of annual reports on inventories of research and development projects conducted by governmental, academic and commercial research agencies in 41 countries, as reported by surveyors of the International Road Federation, the International Road Research Documentation program of OECD, and the HRIS. It is the only publication that reports world-wide information on current research activities in the highway field. KW - Classification KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Foreign KW - Highway transportation KW - Inventory KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Roads KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00174728 AU - Kearns, R W AU - WARD, J F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATIC FORCE CALIBRATION OF A SKID RESISTANCE MEASURING SYSTEM PY - 1976/12 SP - 88 p. AB - The report describes procedures for the calibration and control of a skid resistance measuring system, the FHWA Interim Reference System. This system employs a tow vehicle and two-wheeled skid trailer. The procedures are chosen to minimize errors, leading to an increased confidence in the measurement results. Equations of static equilibrium for the skid trailer are derived and experimentally verified. The motions of the system in response to static force are measured and shown to depend on tow vehicle as well as trailer characteristics. Variables affecting the force calibration are identified. These include hitch height, trailer weight, lateral force on the test tire, center of support of the test tire, temperature of the test tire and force transducer, and inflation pressure. The use of a force plate as a calibrator is described. It is shown that the calibrator must itself have been calibrated under conditions covering its use with the trailer. Calibration of the force plate under combined vertical and traction force is described. The procedures are adaptable to other similar skid resistance measuring systems. KW - Calibration KW - Height KW - Lateral loads KW - Loads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skid trailers KW - Statics KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Traffic safety KW - Trailers KW - Transducers KW - Weight KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172157 AU - Goss, C L AU - Hankins, K D AU - Hubbard, A B AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EQUIPMENT FOR COLLECTING PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS INFORMATION PY - 1976/12 SP - 82 p. AB - This report describes the equipment and methods for obtaining pavement roughness information. Mays Ride Meters are used for collecting inventory information, and the surface dynamics Profilometer is the standard by which the Mays Ride Meters are correlated. The report describes a trailer used to house the Mays Ride Meter equipment and a digital counter system designed to decrease data collection and processing time. /Author/ KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters KW - Smoothness KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/68069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165742 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stratfull, R F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE PY - 1976/12 SP - 44 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings presented in twelve individual interim reports. Of the twelve, four are concerned with field investigations of corrosion-damaged bridges, two with the evaluation of bridge deck membranes, and six with the general subject of laboratory corrosion testing. For continuously salt water submerged reinforced concrete, the chloride ion contents varied from 13 to 34 pounds per cubic yard, with an average of 25 pounds per cubic yard. Calculations based on absorption determinations indicated that the concrete could have contained a 10% chloride solution while the bay water contained 1.7% chloride. Heavy corrosion of the reinforcing steel was observed in 47% of those piles inspected, with maximum pit depth ranging from 0.017 inch to 0.260 inch. The average maximum pit depth was 0.114 inch for pit lengths up to 6 inches. The evaluation and study of corrosion-damaged bridges utilized chloride analysis of concrete samples, determination of metal loss of reinforcing steel samples, measurement of electrical potentials, the preparation of equipotential contour maps, and the determination of concrete delamination areas by sounding with chains. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pits KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169308 AU - Wyant, D C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF NUCLEAR GAGE MOISTURE STANDARDS PY - 1976/12 SP - 25 p. AB - Two sand and magnesium sulfate moisture standards and a magnesium density standard were implemented into the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation nuclear moisture gage calibration procedure. In addition to the development of moisture standards, the nuclear program used in determining the moisture calibration curve for a nuclear gage was modified to accept new input data and to provide a more useful output. (Portions of this document are not fully legible) KW - Calibration KW - Densitometers KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture meters KW - Nuclear tests KW - Radiation measuring instruments KW - Sand KW - Standards UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36381/77-R31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158131 AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CURING COMPOUNDS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1976/12 SP - 35 p. AB - New concrete curing compound formulations were developed which have properties superior to the wax- or wax-resin base materials formerly used. The new compounds are made from chlorinated rubber or hydrocarbon resin. Two new test methods were also developed and have been adopted. In the water retention test, curing compounds can now be accepted after 24 hours of testing in lieu of the 72 hours formerly required. The second test method describes a means of measuring the spread rate of curing compounds. Alternate test methods to the two which were adopted are also described; however, further study would be necessary before implementation. Specifications and test methods are included in the appendix. KW - Chlorinated rubber KW - Curing agents KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resins KW - Specifications KW - Spreading rate KW - Spreading rate (Painting) KW - Test procedures KW - Water retention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158055 AU - Elzeftawy, A AU - Dempsey, B J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - A METHOD OF PREDICTING HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND WATER DIFFUSIVITY FOR PAVEMENT SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1976/12 SP - 38 p. AB - A method of predicting the hydraulic conductivities and soil-water diffusivities of pavement subgrade soils is discussed. The method utilizes the soil moisture content-suction head relation, H (theta), to calculate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The value of the hydraulic conductivity at saturation, K sub s (the soil permeability), is used as a matching factor during the calculations. The H(theta) relations and the saturated conductivities, K sub s, of the soils were determined in the laboratory using the commercially available "Tempe" cell. Disturbed and undisturbed samples of Drummer, Fayette-C, Ottawa sand, and Class X concrete sand subgrade soils were used in this study. From the comparison between the experimental and calculated values, it can be concluded that the method successfully predicts the hydraulic conductivities of pavement subgrade soils. KW - Diffusivity KW - Forecasting KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Soil suction KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Water UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-016.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158097 AU - Newlon, H H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - LONG - TERM PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE CONTAINING HYDRATED HYDRAULIC LIME AS AN ADMIXTURE PY - 1976/12 SP - 63 p. AB - In 1941 two bridges were constructed with decks using concrete incorporating as an experimental fature the use of hydrated lime as an admixture in amounts varying from zero to 12%. After 35 years of service the decks were scheduled for repairs to correct surface spalling caused by corrosion of the reinforcing steel. Performance surveys were made including the measurement of electrical corrosion potential. Cores were removed for petrographic examination, chloride content and analysis by X-ray diffraction. Among the conclusions were: 1. The major defect observed in surface spalling. 2. Based upon electrical potential measurements, the corrosion potential decreases with increasing additions of lime between 4 and 8% and increases slightly between 8 and 12%. 3. The better than average performance of the decks as compared with contemporary decks undoubtedly reflects the greater than average testing and inspection exercised in connection with the experimental features of the project. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Corrosion KW - Diffraction KW - Geological surveying KW - Performance KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Spalling KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36276/77-R32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158072 AU - Chang, J C AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS IN LARGE SOIL MASSES PY - 1976/12 SP - 106 p. AB - This report presents the field data and theoretically analyzed results of stresses and deformations in three highway embankments. The theoretically predicted soil stresses and deformations by the finite retrically predicted soil stresses and deformations by the finite element method agree reasonable well with these field data. with these field data. KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Embankments KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Soil deformation KW - Soils KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158083 AU - Benson, P E AU - Kuhl, D J AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PRECISION OF THE RELATIVE COMPACTION TEST USING MUCLEAR GAGES PY - 1976/12 SP - 45 p. AB - Precision statements for the relative compaction test under varying conditions are given. The precision of the in situ density determination is based on application of Test Method No. Calif. 231-F utilizing nuclear gages and a sampling technique called the area concept. Maximum wet density precision is based on ASTM-D1557-70. A model for nuclear gage repeatability is established and the adequacy of current calibration procedures is evaluated. The precision of ASTM-D1557-70 using California operators is reported. A number of pertinent variance components are isolated with respect to the overall relative compaction variance. Also, the variation of density determinations within a relatively uniform area is given for treated and untreated soils. Precision statements for a number of California concrete and aggregate test methods are also summarized. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Compaction tests KW - Concrete tests KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Materials tests KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear gages KW - Relative compaction KW - Soil compaction test KW - Soils KW - Variance KW - Wet density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158133 AU - Brown, M G AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1976/12 SP - 14 p. AB - This report gives a brief historical summary of concrete mix design, and bridge deck design in Michigan from the inception of the project in 1963 to the present date. The original project called for the evaluation of Michigan's principles and practices of structures design, construction, and maintenance by means of a detailed field survey of a number of five and ten-year old bridge decks. Because of rapid technological advances, both in Michigan and in other states, changes in design and construction techniques were adopted with such rapidity that the original data collected for the project were rendered obsolete. The report cites some pertinent literature, presents data concerning Michigan's use of de-icing salts, and makes observations on current bridge deck practices in the state. As of the end of 1976, Michigan now specified epoxy coated rebars in the top mat and 3 in. of clear cover in all new bridge decks. Single-stage construction is used in lower traffic areas and two-stage, with either 1-1/2-in. latex modified concrete or 2-in. low-slump concrete is used in high traffic areas. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Control KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Deterioration KW - Mix design KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00155956 AU - Rizenbergs, R L AU - Burchett, J L AU - Warren, L A AU - Sampson, W M AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - STATEWIDE SURVEY OF SKID RESISTANCES OF PAVEMENTS PY - 1976/12 SP - 205 p. AB - Since 1969, when a research-type, skid-test trailer was acquired, U.S. routes were surveyed in 1970 and 1971, and the interstate and toll road systems were surveyed in 1971. The data were used for research purposes and have been reported. The interstate and toll road systems were surveyed again for research purposes in 1974. Since October 1974, surveys have been performed under a highway safety project grant. All primary and principal secondary roads, involving 4,612 miles (7425 km), were surveyed in 1975. The 1974 and 1975 surveys data reported herein, represented 25 percent of the mileage of rural, state-maintained roads in Kentucky and 75 percent of all traffic on rural, state-maintained roads. A second skid tester, survey-type, was acquired in April 1976; and survey-testing of major, rural collector roads continued during 1976. About 2 percent of the interstate mileage, about 19 percent of the primary mileage, and about 16 percent of the secondary mileage surveyed may be considered slippery. A small percentage of both state primary (3.7 percent) and state secondary (2.5 percent) roads were classified as very slippery. These pavement sections in particular should be flagged for deslicking. Trends and analysis of accidents on wet pavements from 1969 thorugh 1975 are reported. Description and evaluation of the resurfacing program from the standpoint of deslicking of pavements is also presented. In addition, results of high-accident location testing and evaluation are included. /Author/ KW - Data collection KW - Deslicking KW - Evaluation KW - Highway safety KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Primary highways KW - Resurfaced pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Rural highways KW - Secondary roads KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Slipperiness KW - Surveys KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153123 AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - FREEWAY WRONG-WAY ENTRY STUDY PY - 1976/12 SP - 68 p. AB - A wrong-way car stop device was installed on the East Ponce de Leon Avenue exit ramp from I-285 southbound near Atlanta. The device installed is a spring mounted collapsing curb that will collapse when hit by exiting vehicles but will obstruct entering vehicles. This device was evaluated, the wrong-way entry problem in the Atlanta area was assessed and the state-of-the-art in wrong-way entry preventatives was surveyed. Time- lapse video taping was used to observe the wrong-way car stop device. During 17 nights of taping a total of 6 wrong-way movements were observed, and one of these proceeded past the device and out of view of the camera. Findings of the research are that further steps should be taken to reduce wrong-way entries; that ramp signing and marking should be periodically inspected and maintained; and that the device is sufficiently durable and should be considered where less expensive methods of preventing wrong-way entries are not effective. /Author/ KW - Collapse KW - Costs KW - Curbs KW - Freeways KW - Ramps KW - State of the art studies KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic signs KW - Vehicles KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154055 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Mccabe, P J AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS PY - 1976/12 SP - 80 p. AB - Nine different treatments to the pavement were included in the design of an Interstate project in Colorado in anticipation of finding a method of reducing or eliminating reflection cracking through bituminous overlays. Each treatment is represented by two 1,000 foot (305 metre) long sections, and there were two standard sections which were used as a basis for comparison. The major item of work included in this project was a leveling course and a 2 inch (5 cm) overlay of an existing 3 inch (8 cm) bituminous pavement which brought this section of Interstate 70 to full standard design thickness. The linear cracking in the eight year old pavement before the overlay was placed averaged 41 feet (12.5 metres) per 1,000 square feet (93 square metres) and the alligator cracking averaged 36 square feet (3.3 square metres) per 1,000 square feet (93 square metres) of test section. Construction of the test sections began in September and was completed in October 1971. The treatments listed in the order of their performance for reducing reflective cracking were: Petromat (Polyethylene fabric), Slurry Seal, Rubberized Asphalt, Reclamite, Petroset, Hand Poured, Heater-Scarifier, Plant Mixed Seal, Squeegee Seal, and Standard (no treatment). KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Ethylene resins KW - Expansion KW - Fabrics KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyethylene KW - Polypropylene KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rubber KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Slurry seals KW - Solid wastes KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00153228 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chisholm, D B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ACCEPTANCE TEST CRITERIA FOR FRANGIBLE SIGN AND LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS PY - 1976/12 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - p. 116-120 AB - The frequency and severity of single vehicle ran-off-the-road accidents involving rigid sign and luminaire supports has prompted a Federal Highway Administration research program to evaluate the impact safety performance of these structures. The program features new testing procedures, analytical simulations to predict impact performance, and a new impact test facility using a crushable impact face with a variable mass pendulum. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Breakaway supports KW - Criteria KW - Forecasting KW - Frangible signs KW - Highway signs (Signals and markings) KW - Impact tests KW - Lighting columns KW - Lighting equipment KW - Lighting fixtures KW - Luminaires KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Test facilities KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/52383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154044 AU - Parker, D G AU - Thornton, S I AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arkansas State Highway Department TI - PERMEABILITY OF FLY ASH AND FLY ASH STABILIZED SOILS PY - 1976/12 SP - 104 p. AB - Fly ash, a pozzolanic by-product of coal burning power plants, is an abundant potential source of highway and embankment construction material. Some fly ashes are suitable for use as a supplement or replacement for lime and portland cement in soil stabilization applications. The following conclusions are based on the results of a study using a fly ash produced from Wyoming low sulfur coal and two Arkansas soils. (1) Addition of fly ash to clay or sand reduces the permeability. The fly ash was more effective in reducing the permeability of sand (permeability reduced three orders of magnitude at 50% fly ash) than in clay (reduced by a factor of 4 at 50% fly ash). (2) Permeability does not vary greatly with time. (3) Increased compactive effort increases density and reduces permeability in soils. However, reduction in permeability due to increased compactive effort are usually small. (4) The permeability of fly ash, placed in a slurry, varies between 0.0001 cm/sec and 0.000001 cm/sec depending on the amount of water in the slurry. (5) Fly ash placed dry, then saturated, developed shrinkage cracks which created secondary permeability. KW - Arkansas KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay soils KW - Coal KW - Compaction KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Electric power plants KW - Fly ash KW - Land reclamation KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement KW - Pozzolan KW - Properties of materials KW - Reclamation KW - Sand KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Solid waste disposal UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2047.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00149810 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATEMENT OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION POLICY PY - 1976/12 SP - 26 p. AB - This statement serves as basic policy guideance for the program planning, research, development, implementation, and management functions which are the responsibilities of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). It expresses broad policy considerations which underlie the actions taken by those charged with carrying out highway programs in accordance with legislative and regulatory requirements. The policy making process involves two fundemental problems; the question of the appropriate Federal role in improving the National's highway transportation systems; and the scope of national highway transportation policy. Providing a basis for the formation of policy are certain national transportation principles. These include mobility, intergovernmental cooperation, economic development, safety, energy, environmental quality, and civil rights. Any of these policies, of course, must complement those of other transportation modes. Therefore this statement is in agreement with that developed by the Secretary of Transportation and other related Federal agencies. Section Two of this statement, Policy Statements, sets forth the policies of the FHWA which directly affect the manner in which national highway transportation programs are administered. Since policy must be modified to reflect changes in society's needs and objectives, the FHWA periodically updates its policies. Section three of this statement, Policy Directions, considers policy changes that will confront the agency in the near future. KW - Economic development KW - Environmental protection KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Highway transportation KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Mobility KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/65027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151706 AU - Chatto, D R AU - Ford, R W AU - Warness, R AU - Chapman, B J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COATINGS, SEALANTS AND PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1976/12 SP - 48 p. AB - The State of California, Office of Transportation laboratory has developed and improved formulations for protective coatings used in highway construction and maintenance. During the period from 1970 to 1975, under this federally funded project, a major portion of the paint research has been on traffic line paints. This report describes work done on rapid dry hot applied and fast dry cold applied traffic paint formulations, their improvement, and efforts to reduce raw materials costs. This report also describes the development or modification of specifications for concrete curing compounds, zinc rich primers for structural steel, flame spray traffic lines, vinyl wash primer and rapid dry equipment enamel. Preliminary work on water base paints is also described. A report on a series of laboratory tests for comparing effectiveness of five coating materials for protecting bridge deck concrete against damage by deicing salts is also included. KW - Bridge decks KW - California KW - Coatings KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete finishing KW - Costs KW - Curing agents KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Paint KW - Pavements KW - Protective coatings KW - Road construction KW - Road markings KW - Sealing compounds KW - Specifications KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151246 AU - Predoehl, N H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EDWARD JUNCTION TEST SECTION, BINDER MODIFIERS AS CONSTRUCTION SEALS PY - 1976/12 SP - 41 p. AB - This report contains a description of the installation and first year observations of a second construction seal Binder Modifier test section. It is located in a 'desert climate' in the Mojave desert near Edwards Junction, California. Included in this report are details of the placement, field testing, and laboratory testing and a comparison of the Edwards Junction and Copperopolis test section test results. Testing included skid resistance tests, tests on the original products, and tests on four inch diameter cores removed from the treated areas. KW - Additives KW - Binders KW - California KW - Desert tests KW - Deserts KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hardeners KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Location KW - Mojave Desert KW - Placement KW - Roads KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Skid resistance KW - Skin resistance KW - Softening point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151142 AU - Kearns, R W AU - WARD, J F AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT TEST PROCEDURES FOR INTERCOMPARING FHWA NATIONAL AND REGIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS PY - 1976/12 SP - 34 p. AB - The measurement of the skid resistance of highways, under wet weather conditions, is part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) skid-accident reduction program. A national reference system and regional reference systems are operated to improve the method of measurement, to reduce differences in results between systems and to include measurement assurance in the program. State highway measuring systems are intercompared with reference systems at FHWA regional field test centers. The document describes the objectives, the scope and the general procedures of the tests used to intercompare the regional reference systems with the national reference system operated by the National Bureau of Standards. Listings of the general equipment required are included. KW - Friction KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Moisture content KW - Pavements KW - Referencing KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Standardization KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47642 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148214 JO - Highway Focus AU - Benson, G R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVOLUTION AND AMELIORATION OF A MAJOR FLOOD PLAIN DRAINAGE PROBLEM PY - 1976/12 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 52-64 AB - The development is described of a drainage system for which 1970 studies reported ground water between the elevations 387 and 389. In early 1973 the level had risen to 395, and in 1974 to 400. New flow nets were developed for this elevation and an implied inflow of roughly 4 million gallons of water per day. An alternate dewatering scheme consisting of a series of deep wells pulling water from an aquifer was planned; this would provide protection through a range of hydraulic heads should the ground water continue to rise. A deep test well and series piezometers were installed. Estimates indicated an evantual water table elevation of 410. An 8-well pumping system was ultimately selected, plus two additional standby wells. Comments are made on the drawdown, the pumping rate, the required production of the 8-well system, the design of the well screen, and the costs of the drainage system. KW - Costs KW - Dewatering KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Flood plains KW - Flow net KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater level KW - Water table KW - Wells UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66613 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148210 JO - Highway Focus AU - Goughnour, R D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL MANAGEMENT STUDIES IN THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT PY - 1976/12 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 1-10 AB - A questionnaire survey of state approaches to soil engineering was organized and distributed nationally in an effort to assist in obtaining the overall goals of cost reduction and improved productivity. Recognizing the advantages of applying modern geotechnical engineering principles, some departments indicated an interest in a formal review of the use of soils engineering in highway project development. The majority of transportation departments performed the geotechnical functions at least partially through the materials section. The geotechnical unit is now performing a highly specialized professional function. Recognition of the need for early involvement of geotechnical personnel in the highway development process is indicated by the fact that 30 departments are now involved in the route reconnaissance or corridor study phase as compared to only 15 in 1971. Thirty seven departments indicate that routine evaluation of structure foundation support systems involves comparison between shallow and pile foundations. Twenty nine departments provide geotechnical input in the environmental impact statements. Geotechnical expertise is unique in solving many of todays problems in highway and mass transit systems, and the role of the geotechnical engineer is changing as the transportation system changes. KW - Corridors KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Road construction KW - Route surveying KW - Soil conservation KW - Soil management KW - Soil remediation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66609 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148213 JO - Highway Focus AU - Gemme, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIDE HILL EMBANKMENT SHEAR FAILURE AT SOUTHERN TIER EXPRESSWAY PY - 1976/12 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 44-51 AB - The eastbound embankment for a distance of 300 feet along centerline subsided 3 feet when it reached a height of 47 feet. The resulting mudwave was observed a distance of 250 feet beyond the toe of fill. An investigation program was carried out to determine the cause of the slide since this was not the usual form of a circular arc failure. The cause of the failure was the existence of a 5 feet thick silt and sand layer sandwiched in between a stiff clay layer above and a soft to medium clay layer below. As the soft clay consolidated, the pore water migrated to the silt and sand layer causing a build up of pore pressure with some lateral transfer through this layer. This reduced the shearing strength at the silt and sand - soft clay interface resulting ultimately in a wedge type failure. /Author/ KW - Clay KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Pore water KW - Sand KW - Shear failures KW - Shear strength KW - Silts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66612 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148211 JO - Highway Focus AU - Novak, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIENCES WITH SEDIMENT BASIN CONSTRUCTION FOR TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROLS PY - 1976/12 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 11-16 AB - Sediment basins outlets constructed with stone fill and plastic filter cloth have been subject to substantial amounts of runoff and have performed satisfactorily. The cost of this design is about one half of the more elaborate graded filter design recommended in FHWA guide-lines. The dimenstions of the basin should be designed with a capacity to accommodate a 5-year frequency storm runoff without damage or failure to the basin. All basins require periodic maintenance to remove accumulated sediments. The contract plans should indicate the location and details of the sediment basin construction. The designer should provide for access of construction equipment to conduct the maintenance operation and provide right-of-way for the basin construction. Sediment basins should not be constructed in active waterways. The overall 4 years experience with temporary erosion controls in New York have indicated that the most effective control measure is early seeding and mulching of exposed slopes. KW - Basins KW - Erosion control KW - Fills KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Mulching KW - Planting KW - Plastics KW - Sedimentation KW - Stone KW - Temporary UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66610 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148212 JO - Highway Focus AU - BROWN, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLURRY TRENCH WALL DESIGN CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1976/12 VL - 8 IS - 4 SP - p. 17-43 AB - The planning and execution is described of a project utilizing the slurry trench construction technique which consists of excavation and construction in fluid-filled trenches. The trench stability is maintained by keeping the trench full of viscous slurry during excavation. After excavation, the slurry is displaced by concrete or backfill, depending upon the purpose of the wall. In this project, the soldier pile-tremie concrete wall (SPTC) was designed using cast-in-place concrete with steel reinforcing cages. The structural design utilized the fixed earth method as modified by Anderson. The design called for a 24- inch thick wall with 19.5-foot wide panels, and specified concrete having a 28-day compressive strength of 4,000 psi, a 6 to 8-inch slump, and a maximum stone size of 3/4-inch. The tie backs were soil-supported and installed at 30 degrees with the horizontal. The details are described of the site preparation, panel excavation, and panel construction. The load test procedure and quality control are described, as well as the retention system monitoring program. Discussion of the wall and tie-back performance covers movement during wall performance, horizontal wall movement, vertical movement, exterior settlement, and tie-back loads. KW - Construction KW - Load tests KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Quality control KW - Slurry trench construction KW - Slurry trenches KW - Tiebacks KW - Tremie concrete KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00207988 AU - Aguilar, R J AU - Movassaghi, K AU - Brewer, J A AU - Louisiana State University and Agriculture & Mechanical College, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR MINIMUM COST DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES, AN INTERIM REPORT PY - 1976/12 AB - A MATHEMATICAL THEORY IS PRESENTED FOR THE SYSTEMATIC MINIMIZATION OF THE TOTAL COST OF AN N SPAN, SIMPLY SUPPORTED, HIGHWAY BRIDGE STRUCTURE. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING IS THE METHOD EMPLOYED IN DEVELOPING THE MODEL AND IT IS APPLIED TO THE STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONS AND GEOMETRY, SIMULTANEOUSLY. A COMPUTER PROGRAM IS BEING DEVELOPED TO IMPLEMENT THE OPTIMIZATION METHOD. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Dynamic programming KW - Geometry KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Structural design KW - Structures KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/102732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00153880 AU - Romano, P S AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE PATCHING MATERIALS--SECOND AND THIRD SITES--OPERATION SN - 000-681-60 PY - 1976/11/03 SP - 8 p. AB - This report relates the procedure followed in the Second and Third field installations of a polymer concrete repair to a bridge deck in Massachusetts. An evaluation of the results of these field site installations will be used as a guide in future experimental installations. KW - Bridge decks KW - Evaluation KW - Patching KW - Polymer concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154789 AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF DELAY AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1976/11 SP - 405p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/51714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00147368 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1975. SECTION 2. STATE HIGHWAY FINANCE PY - 1976/11 SP - 75 p. AB - The publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use - the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance - the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant - the extent and changing characteristics of public highways, roads, and streets in the Nation. KW - Construction KW - Finance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Licenses KW - Revenues KW - Statistics KW - Taxes KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/63675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00321090 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE NATIONAL 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT (NOV. 1976) PY - 1976/11 AB - Report assessing the effects of the 55 mph speed limit on highway and pedestrian injury and fatality rates, based on analysis of 1968-75 data for 17 states. Compares actual 1974 rates to rates projected on the basis of pre-speed limit trends. KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154019 AU - Fletcher, P B AU - Hewitt, C H AU - Pellonpaa, C V AU - Woodford, J P AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMALL BUS PROGRAM: VEHICLE OPERATION EFFICIENCY REPORT. PART I. EXPERIMENTAL BUS PROGRAM (15-20 PASSENGER BUSES). PART II. VAN CONVERSIONS FOR DIAL-A-RIDE SERVICE (12 PASSENGER BUSES) PY - 1976/11 SP - 170 p. AB - The Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation, Bureau of Urban and Public Transportation, has prepared the report describing operational experience with some 15 vehicles produced by a variety of manufacturers. The report consists of a series of individual driver's and mechanic's reports on the actual performance of the vehicles in different Michigan communities. Each vehicle is evaluated on the basis of its economy, capacity, dependability, durability, and the general impression made on the public, drivers, and mechanics. The information was gathered as part of the Michigan transportation agency's experimental bus program (15-20 passenger vehicles) and its Dial-A-Ride Transportation (DART) program which uses converted vans (12 passenger) and is operating in some 28 Michigan communities. KW - Buses KW - Conservation KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Evaluation KW - Maintainability KW - Michigan KW - Minibuses KW - Paratransit services KW - Performance KW - Urban transportation KW - Vanpools KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/48856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165759 AU - Moreland, P B AU - Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments TI - IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM, URBAN CORRIDOR DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND MARYLAND PY - 1976/11 SP - 200 p. AB - The Washington Urban Corridor Demonstration Program sought to improve peak period travel conditions through improving transportation system efficiency by the implementation of coordinated, complementary low capital projects. This report is the last in a series of three; the first report in the series was the Planning Study; the second report was on an Immediate Action Program. Projects in this implementation Program Final Report include a bus lane, express bus service, a transfer terminal, fringe parking, carpooling, and Dial-A-Ride. Monitoring and public information activities are also included. The Program demonstrated that coordinated transportation projects improve peak period transportation. /FHWA/ KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Express buses KW - Implementation KW - Low costs KW - Paratransit services KW - Park and ride KW - Peak periods KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00166498 AU - McBride, J C AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING THE 28-DAY STRENGTH OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE BY NUCLEAR DENSITIES PY - 1976/11 SP - 31 p. AB - The report covers a preliminary investigation into the possible use of concrete nuclear densities as a substitute for 28-day concrete specifications. During the investigation five variables (slump, entrained air, cylinder strength, core strength and nuclear density) from three previously constructed concrete pavement projects were evaluated. The evaluation indicated that there existed a high correlation between cylinder strength, core strength and nuclear density. The confidence limits were too great to allow nuclear density readings to replace the 28-day cylinder strength requirements. The study recommended further research to incorporate a density requirement as a construction control of consolidation and not of concrete strength. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Air entrainment KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Consolidations KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Forecasting KW - Nuclear tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Slump test KW - Slumping KW - Slumps KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179506 AU - Dorsey, W F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STATUS REPORT ON VEHICLE DETECTORS PY - 1976/11 SP - 84 p. AB - This report is a status summary of vehicle detector technology that is utilized for traffic control and road counting applications. The report provides background information on vehicle detectors, a cataloguing of commerically available detector types, and a field response summary on current vehicle detector usage. The field response summary focuses on the inductive loop detector (ILD). ILD installation techniques, electronics types, problems, and current research are discussed. Novel installation methods for the ILD are also highlighted. The final section of the report describes current vehicle detection research activity. This includes: the radio frequency traffic sensor, the magnetic gradient vehicle detector, and the self powered vehicle detector. /FHWA/ KW - Electronics KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Radio control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165775 AU - Coyle, W V AU - Iyer, L S AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City TI - RESURFACING BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1976/11 SP - 193 p. AB - Deterioration of concrete is a problem that exists throughout the highway systems of the United States. In this investigation a system related to resurfacing and restoration of deteriorating concrete bridge decks in South Dakota, pertinent to protective covering and durability of the concrete deck, was developed. Under this study eight high quality mixes using crushed limestone and crushed quartzite on the continuous graded and gap graded basis were tested as overlay concrete with two curing methods for ultimate strength. Four types of bonding agents were used for bonding the overlay concrete to the base concrete. Tensile and shear-bond strength of bonding agents were investigated on the sandblasted saturated surface dry surface of base concrete. Compressive, tensile, flexural and shear strength of overlay concrete mixes were studied with relation to the method of curing. In this project, the shear strength of laboratory bonded specimens were compared with old bridge deck concrete core specimens. This study also included the monitoring of results of penetration of sodium choloride solution on the overlay concrete mixes and base concrete mixes. Latex modified concrete with modified "A" was also tested for strength and sodium chloride penetration for its performance as overlay concrete. A statistical method was used to evaluate the test results. On the basis of this analysis and the conclusions, a preliminary specification was developed to maintain and resurface the deteriorated bridge decks. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Bridge decks KW - Community values KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Limestone KW - Physical properties KW - Quartzite KW - Resurfacing KW - Social values KW - Statistical analysis KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172049 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - LONGITUDINAL CRACKING IN A CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAY IN CONNECTICUT SN - 4 PY - 1976/11 SP - n.p. AB - The cause of longitudinal cracking that developed in the middle lane of a three-lane continuously reinforced concrete pavement was investigated. Soil borings were removed for frost-susceptibility determination. Rebound deflections were taken to ascertain amount of relative resistance to deflection offered by different base courses underlying the CRCP. Pavement cores were also removed through the longitudinal joint sawed between the middle and outer lanes, which were placed simultaneously. The latter proved beyond a doubt that insufficient depth of longitudinal cut was the primary cause for the random longitudinal cracking. /Author/ KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Pouring KW - Rebound KW - Resistance KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00169774 AU - Lane, K R AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONTROL OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. REPORT V PY - 1976/11 SP - 44 p. AB - Statistical specifications were implemented on a trial basis on four projects calling for bituminous concrete pavements. Plant production, compaction, and smoothness of the final surface were monitored for correspondence to acceptable norms. The experience gained on these projects indicates that contractors could perform penalty-free work provided they exercise close control over their plant and field operations, and maintain sufficient equipment in good operating condition. Implementation of the specifications in their current form will be no problem, as far as plant production and surface smoothness are concerned. Problems will arise, however, with the compaction phase of the specification, due to limited personnel and equipment. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Implementation KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/57969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00165741 AU - Spellman, D L AU - Stratfull, R F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CORROSION CONTROL OF STEEL IN CONCRETE PY - 1976/11 SP - 41 p. AB - This report summarizes interim reports concerning grout and grouting procedures, and bridge deck cathodic protection. Variations in grout materials, composition, and mixing technique were evaluated by means of standard tests. In some cases, statistical analyses were performed and mathematical relationships were developed. The physical property of viscosity, as determined by the flow cone, was found to be the most practical indicator for evaluating grout quality. A cathodic protection system was developed, designed, and installed on a bridge that was scheduled for the repair of corrosion-caused deck distress. Data indicate that the application of nominal amounts of current and voltage arrested corrosion of the top mat of reinforcing steel in 3300 sq ft of bridge deck. Experimental rebonding of delaminated areas by epoxy injection was partially successful. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Epoxy resins KW - Grouting KW - Maintenance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/56215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158078 AU - HEckand, R F AU - Pachuta, J A AU - HAIGHT, F A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE NATIONAL 55 MPH SPEED LIMIT PY - 1976/11 SP - 164 p. AB - This report examines the effect of the national 55 mph speed limit on highway safety in the United States. Fatality rates and injury rates since the enactment of the speed limit are compared to projected fatality and injury rates based on pre-speed limit data. This comparison is made for nationwide data on various highway systems and for a representative sample of 17 states. Additionally, factors such as pedestrian fatalities, age of driver in fatal accidents, time of fatal accidents and type of vehicle involved are studied. The conclusion of the report is that fatalities per hundred million vehicle miles of travel have been reduced by the enactment of the speed limit, but injuries per hundred million vehicle miles of travel have not. The data do not, however, permit a precise numerical estimate of how much of the reduction in the fatality rate is due to the speed reduction. KW - Age KW - Crash severity KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Speed limits KW - Time KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00158150 AU - Kuo, W H AU - Michigan Department of State Highways & Transport TI - AGGREGATE GRADIATION QUALITY CONTROL PY - 1976/11 SP - 170 p. AB - The techniques of multivariate statistical analysis are used to study the segregation pattern of a stockpile, which leads to the design of a stratified random sampling method for stockpiled aggregate. This method is compared statistically with the current method in estimating aggregate composition for the final selection of stockpile sampling methods. Based on the suggested method, we designed several potential variables plans for stockpile aggregate inspection. The effect of handling and compaction on aggregate composition was investigated and models for estimating the degradation rate of each aggregate size due to handling and compaction from that before compaction or stockpile aggregate are presented. Several plans of acceptance sampling by attributes' to control the fraction of failing spots at the job site are recommended for in-place inspection. To find out whether aggregate inspection at the stockpile, or at the job-site before or after compaction, is the most beneficial, factors to be considered for choosing the inspection sites between stockpile and job-site are discussed. Because the current gradation test is time consuming, a more efficient test method is proposed. Samples are collected and tested by the current and proposed methods in a statistical experiment. The data are then analyzed by mans of multivariate statistical analysis to see whether the two methods give comparable resutls. An estimation procedure for converting the test results of the proposed test to those obtainable with the current test is also proposed. The estimation precision of the estimation procedure is statistically evaluated. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Compaction KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Sampling KW - Stockpiling KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00157501 AU - Ahmad, A AU - Lytton, R L AU - Olson, R M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING FOUNDATIONS PY - 1976/11 SP - 104 p. AB - Both highway and railroad organizations are concerned with the maintenance problems of highway-railroad grade crossings. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation spends approximately one-half million dollars yearly for the maintenance of grade crossings. It has been the usual experience of engineers and it is a conviction implicit in this study that a major portion of such maintenance costs may be reduced by an improved knowledge of actual behavior of a railroad track under both railway and highway traffic and the influence of environmental factors. Up to the present time, no rational approach to analysis and design of a grade crossing structure has been available. In this study a design system for a grade crossing is developed. A unique design criterion of permanent differential deformation between railroad track and adjacent highway pavements is established. This criterion is related to other existing criteria, available in pavement design literature, which are related to the rideability. Polynomial stress equations are developed separately for railroad and highway pavement under their typical design wheel loads to predict stresses at different depths. Characteristic properties of all materials involved, such as resilient modulus and permanent deformation under repeated loading are considered. The influence of environmental factors such as temperature and moisture balance on subgrade material characteristics is also included. A computer program is developed to calculate the differential deformation (the design criterion) for the purpose of the design of a grade crossing. The concept of differential deformation as a design criterion and the design system proposed in this report constitutes a new and rational approach to the design of highway and railroad grade crossings. Several example problems are presented to illustrate the whole design system. These examples also illustrate how these designs must change according to the variations in expected loading, temperature, climatic zone, and subgrade soil. KW - At grade intersections KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drainage KW - Environment KW - Highway pavement KW - Highways KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad tracks KW - Soil water KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Track response investigations KW - Track structures KW - Traffic KW - Train track dynamics KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/50252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154794 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Karakouzian, M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY FOR LABORATORY IMPLEMENTATION OF FATIGUE MIX DESIGN PROCEDURES PY - 1976/11 SP - 85 p. AB - This study has been concerned with the evaluation of material characteristics affecting the crack resistance of bituminous mixtures used in the State of Ohio. Four typical asphaltic mixtures conforming to Ohio's specifications were used. The evaluation of mixture characteristics was carried out using Marshall stability criteria, fracture toughness, dynamic modulus, modulus of resilience, indirect tensile strength and fatigue life estimation. It is shown that at low and intermediate service temperatures, the fatigue response is a controlling criterion, and the fatigue parameter A is found to be an adequate representation of mixture properties. It has been concluded that the fatigue-associated mixture design could be optimized using the principles of fracture mechanics. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Durability KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Dynamics KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Formulations KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Ohio KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154792 AU - Reilly, W R AU - GARDNER, C C AU - Kell, J H AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF DELAY AT INTERSECTIONS. VOLUME 3. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1976/11 SP - 34 p. AB - The manual contains complete instructions for the application of two methods which lead to estimates of vehicle delay and stops on approaches to signalized intersections. It is recommended that the two methods be applied simultaneously in the field, with a minimum of one observer used for each method. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stopped time delays KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154790 AU - Reilly, W R AU - GARDNER, C C AU - Kell, J H AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF DELAY AT INTERSECTIONS. VOLUME 1. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1976/11 SP - 171 p. AB - Findings are presented relating to the design of a simple yet accurate technique for measurement of vehicular delay on the approach to a signalized intersection. Precise definitions were established for four measures of performance; stopped delay, time in queue delay, approach delay, and percent of vehicles stopping. Approach delay was selected as being the most representative of intersection efficiency. Four manual methods were tested in the laboratory using film taken at 10 intersections. The values thus obtained were statistically compared with true values from time-lapse photography. The point sample, stopped delay procedure, and the percent of vehicles stopping method were selected as the most promising methods for practical use and were performed in the field at three sites. A User's Manual for application of these two methods was produced. Interrelationships between the four measures of performance were established such that approach delay could be estimated from a value for stopped delay. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Photographic film KW - Photographic materials KW - Queuing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stopped time delays KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00154791 AU - Reilly, W R AU - GARDNER, C C AU - Kell, J H AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF DELAY AT INTERSECTIONS. VOLUME 2. DATA SUMMARIES PY - 1976/11 SP - 200 p. AB - The document contains appendices H through X, results of tests, analysis, and data summaries. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Measurement KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/49028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151240 AU - Benson, P E AU - Sundquist, C R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECISION OF SELECTED CONCRETE TEST METHODS PY - 1976/11 SP - 50 p. AB - Precision statements for the following portland cement concrete test methods are presented: compressive strength, flexural strength, unit weight, air content, and ball penetration. Testing programs and analytical methods are described in detail. Wherever possible, operator, equipment, and residual components of error are isolated, and specific recommendations for improving test precision are given. Analytical techniques used include analysis of variance, randomized block, latin square, and least squares regression. Also presented are analyses and discussions on the following related subjects: Prediction of flexural strength from compressive strength; use of the air meter base for determining unit weight; use of the K-Meter for measuring concrete consistency; and, precision of the cement factor determination. KW - Accuracy KW - Air content KW - Air entrainment KW - Analysis of variance KW - Cement factor KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete tests KW - Consistency KW - Flexural strength KW - Latin squares KW - Least squares method KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mechanical tests KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Regression analysis KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures KW - Unit weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00151134 AU - Wolf, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 1, ANALYTICAL AERIAL TRIANGULATION--KENTUCKY PROJECT PY - 1976/11 SP - 31 p. AB - This report presents a study of various methods of performing aerial triangulation while using two different film emulsions. Analytical aerial triangulation of three flight lines was performed using both a stereocomparator and monocomparator. Panchromatic and color film were used. Independent model aerial triangulation was also performed using the color coverage of one flight line. The accuracy resulting from the various methods and emulsions is reported. KW - Aerial photography KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Analytical photogrammetry KW - Color film KW - Demonstration projects KW - Emulsions KW - Kentucky KW - Panchromatic film KW - Photogrammetry KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/47636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148424 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Klima, S J AU - Fisher, D M AU - Buzzard AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - MONITORING CRACK EXTENSION IN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTS BY ULTRASONICS PY - 1976/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 397-404 AB - An ultrasonic method was used to observe the onset of crack extension and to monitor continued crack growth in fracture toughness specimens during three-point bend tests. A 20-MHz tranducer was used with commercially available equipment to detect average crack extension less than 0.09 mm. The material tested was a 300-grade maraging steel in the annealed condition. A crack extension resistance curve was developed to demonstrate the usefulness of the ultrasonic method for minimizing the number of tests required to generate such curves. KW - Bend tests KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Monitoring KW - Toughness KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66679 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148426 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - BACHMANN, V AU - Munz, D AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DISCUSSION OF "UNUSUAL POTENTIAL DROP DURING THE APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL METHOD IN A FRACTURE MECHANICS TEST - DISCUSSION PY - 1976/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 425 AB - Fatigue cracks were produced by tension-tension cycling at R=0.1, where R is the ratio of minimum to maximum loads. Portions of these cracks would likely be closed at zero load. This would account for the initial rise in electrical potential as the crack first opens on subsequent test loading. For the two materials with coarse fatigue crack surfaces, the initial rise in potential was followed by a precipitous drop, which may be the result of recontact of the coarse fatigue crack surface facets. No drop in potential was experienced by the material with relatively smooth fatigue crack surfaces, supporting the "recontact' thesis. For the beryllium tested, the potential did not initially rise, but instead immediately decreased to a minimum value and then rose smoothly until discontinuous jumps were produced by cracking. In order for the unique behavior of beryllium to be explained, more research is needed to be done. KW - Beryllium KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Electric potential KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66681 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148423 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Adams, M AU - Sines, G AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE STRENGTH OF BRITTLE MATERIALS IN COMPRESSIVE STRESS STATES PY - 1976/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 383-396 AB - Testing techniques capable of stressing brittle materials in any biaxial compressive stress state have been developed. The design of the specimen, the test devices, and the testing procedures are described in detail. Test results obtained with these techniques, which define the compressive biaxial failure envelope for WESGO AL-995 alumina, are presented. The general problems inherent in the compression testing of very strong brittle materials are discussed. KW - Biaxial stress KW - Brittleness KW - Ceramic materials KW - Compression tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00148425 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Christ, B W AU - Swanson, S R AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS IN THE TENSILE TEST PY - 1976/11 VL - 4 IS - 6 SP - p. 405-417 AB - Uniaxial tensile testing is a method used throughout the world to measure the strength and ductility of materials. An important aspect of uniaxial tensile testing which often goes unrecognized is test system alignment. Poor alignment can significantly influence test results at small strains, especially the fracture strengths of materials in a brittle state. The prupose of this review paper is to enable a reader to identify sources of misalignment, recognize the effects of misalignment on tests results, evaluate the extreme surface bending strains and stresses, and become acquainted with some techniques for reducing misalignments to within tolerable limits. Numerous references are made to the literature which describes how misalignment may be influenced by couplings in the loading train and by specimen design. A quantitative assessment of the devices and techniques discussed in this literature is made in those cases where sufficient data have been provided. The literature surveyed indicates that misalignment in carefully designed and precisely machined testing systems ranges between 3 and 15% bending. The need for reporting the misalignment at which a given test result is obtained is pointed out. KW - Alignment KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Ductility KW - Mechanical tests KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests KW - Uniaxial testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/66680 ER -