TY - RPRT AN - 01134045 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-127, Burlington-Colchester : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134043 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Camp Creek Parkway extension, Fulton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134042 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1036 section A00, relocated traffic Route 15, US-220 to SR-14, Lycoming County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134041 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-93 and US-1 interchange S-curve straightening and tunnel construction, central artery, Boston : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134040 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-43, Sunflower to Leroy, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft(in FHWA-AL- 741330), Supplement to the draft, Final supplement to the final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134039 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95-MA-128 interchange and MA-128 improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134038 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-73-75, Omaha-Nebraska City expressway construction, Oto/Cass/Sarpy/Douglass counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final(1998), Final supplement to the final(2000) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134037 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Front St bypass, Pine St-Trade St, Salem : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134036 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-412, I-80 to US-51, Illinois River crossing : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134035 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IL-143, FAP-789 relocation and reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134034 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tidelands Ave and E St extension, Chula Vista : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134033 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-85 and I-285 separation, Red Oak-Clayton County line, Fulton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134032 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Revere Beach connector construction, Revere : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134031 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 6TH St SW and 4th Ave SW, Great Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final; Preliminary study report B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134030 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 relocation, Fayetteville-McKissick Creek : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134029 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 study improvements, Vienna : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134028 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 1-301, Robert E. Lee Bridge and approaches replacement, Richmond : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134027 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAS-130, Keaau-Pahoa Road, Pahoa bypass, Hawaii : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134026 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Snuggs St-Salisbury Ave-Carolina Ave connector, US-52 to NC-24-27, Albemarle : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134024 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-72, Scottsboro to Tennessee state line, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134023 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 construction, I-85 to I-40, Durham/Orange counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134022 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-65, Cambridge bypass construction, Isanti County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134021 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-43 construction, Madison/Gibson/Weakley counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134020 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northfield-Williamston Hwy, VT-12 to I-89, Orange County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134019 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-42, Algood bypass to Livingston bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134018 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-13, Elkader, Clayton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134017 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Greenville railroad demonstration, US-69 crossing : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134016 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-380 extension, US-218 to US-20, Waterloo-Cedar Falls : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134015 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95-Fayette Municipal Airport connector, Cumberland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134014 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-408, Barry to Quincy : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134013 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 construction, Milford to Spirit Lake : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134012 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-33, southern bypass, Maryville : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-494, 24th Ave to Mississippi River bridge, Bloomington-St.Paul : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134010 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-65, Kentucky Turnpike, Elizabethtown-Louisville : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134009 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-20 Muskegon River bridge replacement, Big Rapids : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134008 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-84, Jefferson Freeway from US-31W to KY-155, Louisville : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134007 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Arundel Expressway, MD-648 to MD-100, Anne Arundel County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134006 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-24 relocation, US-1 to I-95, Harford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134005 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-153, Ford Road reconstruction, Wayne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134004 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-119, Pikeville-Williamson Road construction, Pike County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134003 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 3rd St S.E. construction, ND-1806 to Memorial Hwy, Mandan : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134002 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Pacific Hwy, North and South Tigard interchanges, Clackamas/Multnomah/Washington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894760 ER - TY - SER AN - 01125616 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Halstead, Woodrow J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Recycled Portland cement concrete pavements : Part II, state-of-the art summary PY - 1979 SP - 23 p. in various pagings ; AB - This report constitutes a review of the literature concerning recycling of portland cement concrete pavements by crushing the old pavement and reusing the crushed material as aggregate in a number of applications. A summary of the major projects conducted by state transportation departments is included. Crushed portland cement concrete is shown to have been successfully used in the following applications. 1. Graded-aggregate bases 2. Cement-treated bases 3. Asphalt base courses and pavements 4. Portland cement concrete bases (econocrete) and pavements 5. Source of supply for independent commercial operations selling aggregate for a variety of applications. In any given circumstances the cost and availability of new aggregate and the cost of disposing of the old concrete play important roles in establishing whether or not recycling is a desirable alternative. Consequently, each project or the general situation for a given area must be examined separately and the decision made on the basis of local conditions. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/80-r12.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36407/80-R12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/886566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101083 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 76, Powhite Parkway extension, Chesterfield County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101079 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Railroad relocation, Oshkosh : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101078 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-69 improvement, Atoka to McAlester : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101077 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bobby Jones Expressway, US-25 to Savannah River crossing, Aiken County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101075 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Clackamas Hwy improvement, East Portland Freeway to Boring Road, Clackamas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101074 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 improvements, Cleveland Ave and Central Ave, Fulton County / Clayton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101073 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NY-31 improvement, Route 690 to Route 480, Baldwinsville : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101072 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-675 construction, I-75 to I-285, Henry County / Clayton County / DeKalb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final(4v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101071 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-575 construction, Canton to Nelson : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101070 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Riverside Expressway, North Little Rock : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101069 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WA-509-WA-705, Pacific Ave to Port of Tacoma Road, Tacoma : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101068 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90, Coeur d'Alene east, Kootenai County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101067 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Berkley Ave improvement, Norfolk : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101066 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hobson Road improvement, US-30 bypass to SR-37, Ft.Wayne : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101064 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-14, East High St to East Linn St, Marshalltown : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101061 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Spokane St corridor, West Seattle bridge : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101060 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-51, Hanamaulu-Ahukini cutoff road, Kauai : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101054 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-31 reconstruction, STH-20 to CTH MM section, Racine County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101049 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-120, Woodbury to Oakdale : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101047 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-321 relocation, Dallas to Hickory : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101046 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OH-7 and Belmont County Road 46 relocation : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101045 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-7 construction, Manchester and Dorset : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101044 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Knife River Crossing bridge construction, realignment, Mercer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101043 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-53 improvement, Appalachian corridor J, Clay County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101042 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-78 location approval, Marshall/Benton/Union counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101041 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2, Manistique River bridge reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101040 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PR-10, Arecibo to Ponce : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101037 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tramway Blvd (Parkway), Albuquerque : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101036 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Beaver St, FL-10 to US-90, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101035 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cole St improvements, 12th St to Jefferson Ave, St. Louis : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101032 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-29 reconstruction, Algonac : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073562 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-83, Parker Road from SR-88 and SR-86 at Franktown, Arapahoe County/Douglas County: environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073555 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Las Vegas Boulevard/Interstate 515 interchange: environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061175 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-78, Still Valley-Delaware River in Phillipsburg, Warren County : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061132 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FA-412 supplemental freeway, I-55 to I-80 : environmental impact statement PY - 1979///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00988808 AU - Delaplaine, G O AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROCEDURAL GUIDE FOR URBAN TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING IN WYOMING PY - 1979 SP - 22 p. AB - The companion document, "Development of a Methodology for Synthesizing Travel patterns for Use in Any Wyoming Urban Area," describes the efforts of establishing generalized trip generation and distribution models. These models are based upon available origin-destination data collected in Wyoming and would be used to synthesize trip making in Wyoming urban areas. Indications are that the models will serve Wyoming's transportation planning needs. This procedural guide encompasses these models as the means of obtaining travel forecasts. The efficiency of these models and methodology depend greatly upon a close working relationship between the transportation planner and the study director. This report will touch upon defining the study and its component parts, identifying the necessary input, and using and adjusting the models necessary to simulate travel patterns. This text supplements other methodologies and documentation dealing with transportation planning and, hence, will not necessarily delve into any one-aspect too deeply. KW - Forecasting KW - Origin and destination KW - Traffic models KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Urban travel KW - Wyoming UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/pgu.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/754870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318186 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL HIGHWAY PLANNING SYSTEM. COMPUTER PROGRAM USER'S MANUAL PY - 1979 SP - 676 p. AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772591 JO - Ohio Transportation Engineering Conference. Proceedings 33rd (1979) PB - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Fenton, Robert E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED HIGHWAYS : A POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO SOME HIGHWAY PROBLEMS PY - 1979 SP - p. 122-131 AB - Describes research activities focused on the achievement of safe and efficient control of automated vehicles under high-speed, small time- headway conditions at Ohio State University. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389094 AU - Guenthner, R P AU - STAFFORD, G K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 110. INTERIM REPORT, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1979 (INDIANA HIGHWAYS) PY - 1979 SP - 101 p. AB - In a continuing study of vehicle speeds on Indiana highways, spot-speed observations were made of automobiles and trucks on rural and urban Interstate and rural two- and four-lane highways during July-September 1979. In compliance with the interim speed monitoring procedures required by the Surface Transportation Act of 1978, additional data based on every nth (n=2) vehicle were collected at specified locations to enable computation of required factors. Results indicate a statewide average of 53.5% of the vehicles traveling above the fifty-five mile per hour speed limit, representing a significant drop from 62.3% recorded during the April-June 1979 quarter. Overall free-flow results indicate an average speed of 56.7 mph, representing a 0.5 mph decrease from the previous quarter. Even more significant is the fact that this average speed is the lowest recorded since the implementation of the 55 mph speed limit in 1974. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - Average spot speed KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377341 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAM HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF CULVERTS PY - 1979 SP - v.p. AB - This computer program is for the hydraulic analysis of concrete box and circular (concrete, CMP) culverts for any given hydrological data and site condition. This program supersedes the conventional culvert designs provided by the existing Computer Programs HY-1, "Hydraulic Analysis of Circular Culverts," and HY-3, "Hydraulic Analysis of Box Culverts." In addition to designs for conventional culverts, this program includes analysis and designs for improved inlets based on concepts presented in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 13, "Hydraulic Design of Improved Inlets for Culverts," dated August 1972. The improved inlet designs include bevel-edged, side-tapered and slope-tapered inlets. The original HY-1 and HY-3 computer programs are based on the concepts presented in Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 5, "Hydraulic Charts for the Selection of Highway Culverts." Terminology used in this publication assumes that the reader is familiar with HEC No. 13 and understands the principles and design approach expressed therein. KW - Analysis KW - Box culverts KW - Circular culverts KW - Computer programs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361821 AU - JHK & Associates AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLICY GUIDANCE FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION DECISION MAKERS: A TRAINING COURSE PY - 1979 SP - n.p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Decision making KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Policy KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Transit boards KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361493 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1979 ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PASSENGERS PY - 1979 SP - 26 p. AB - This publication contains a compilation of accident reports furnished directly to the Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) by motor carriers of passengers operating in interstate or foreign commerce. Any accident that results in death, personal injury, or property damage of $2,000 or more must be reported by the motor carrier. The accident reports have proven to be a vital source of information upon which BMCS relies in administering its regulatory program. The data from the reports are analyzed to determine accident causal factors, identify trends, and measure safety performance. The information gained from the analysis is valuable in the determination of means to reduce accidents, formulation of program requirements, and modification of safety regulations to better protect drivers and passengers of buses as well as other highway users. This publication contains statistical data relating to fatalities, injuries, property damage, and type of accident. These data have been compiled from 719 accident reports filed by motor carriers of passengers during the calendar year 1979. KW - Bus transportation KW - Crash causes KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Interstate transportation KW - Laws and legislation KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318189 AU - Litz, L E AU - Rutledge, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL HIGHWAY PLANNING SYSTEM. COMPUTER PROGRAM USERS' MANUAL. VOLUME 3 PY - 1979 SP - 215 p. AB - An effective highway transportation planning process is the basis for, and is a necessary continuous part of efficient highway transportation management. A series of manuals and accompanying computer programs were developed to provide guidelines for establishing a system and the basic data collection programs and analysis that are a necessary beginning for accomplishing such a planning process. The object of the manual is to assist with the development of efficient procedures to update the road traffic data (volume, classification and weight) beginning with the receipt of the completed field forms. KW - Classification KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Editing KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway transportation KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicles KW - Regional planning KW - Route surveys KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Surveying KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305835 AU - Pravda, M F AU - Bienert, W B AU - Wolf, D A AU - Nydahl, J E AU - Pell, K M AU - Dynatherm Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUGMENTATION OF EARTH HEATING FOR PURPOSES OF ROADWAY DEICING PY - 1978/12/30 SP - 208 p. AB - This report describes the results of a team effort to set forth the technology of thermal augmentation of earth heating systems and to identify the most cost effective renewable energy source to be used for this purpose. The unaugmented West Virginia earth heat pipe system, which has been in operation for 4 years, was selected as the reference design. A representative section of this design was analytically modeled. The exchange of thermal energy between the pavement surface and the environment was described by a series of experimentally verified expressions. The environment was characterized by actual hourly weather data for the average and most severe years in three climate zones. A computer was employed to follow the hour by hour performance of the West Virginia design with and without augmentation throughout the year. The results of this computer analysis permitted the formulation of an engineering approach to the design of augmented and unaugmented earth heating systems. To study shows that, for purposes of augmenting earth heating systems, the most cost effective renewable source of energy is the heat content of summertime air. The system design is such that various demand energy sources may be incorporated at a minimum cost. KW - Deicing KW - Design KW - Heat flow KW - Heat radiators KW - Heat recovery KW - Heat storage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Piping systems KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456885 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Spencer County, Indiana PY - 1978/12/12/Final Report AB - The engineering soils map of Spencer County, Indiana which accompanies this report was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs used in this study, having an approximate scale of 1:20,000 were taken in July 1940 for the United States Department of Agriculture. A recent set of photography with a scale of 1:24,000 taken in October 1977 and furnished by the Indiana State Highway Commission were used to map the recent man-made features. Aerial photographic interpretation of the land forms, parent materials and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation of inference. A field trip was made to the area for the purpose of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soil texture. No soil samples were collected and tested by the staff of the Joint Highway Research Project but general soil profiles were developed and are shown on the soil map. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series KW - Spencer County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314573 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308778 AU - Tia, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF COLD-MIX RECYCLED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS PY - 1978/12/12 SP - 176 p. AB - In this laboratory study, the effects of different factors on the properties of a cold-recycled asphalt mixture were investigated. The factors investigated were the amount and type of added binder, the amount of added moisture, the added virgin aggregate, the compactive effort and the curing time. A laboratory procedure for preparing and testing cold recycled mixtures was developed and used in the study. Specimens were compacted with the Gyratory machine and tested in the Hveem Stabilometer and Cohesiometer. The Water Sensitivity Test was used to evaluate the resistance of the recycled mixtures to water. The study indicated that the Gyratory machine could be a potentially valuable tool in the evaluation of long time performance of recycled mixtures. The shearing action and the high compactive effort of the gyratory compaction are believed to cause the old and the new binders to act together and thus the long term effect of the rejuvenating action could be detected during compaction. The total effective binder content was found to be the most important factor to the performance of a cold recycled mixture. It was hypothesized that different added virgin binders had different rejuvenating effects on the old binders. The resistance to water depended on the binder content and the type of added binder. A testing procedure for cold-recycled bituminous mixtures was recommended from the findings of this study. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Binder content KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Recycling KW - Time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576281 AU - Less, Roger A AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of the Consolidation Monitoring Device PY - 1978/12/04/Final Report SP - 41p AB - The Iowa Department of Transportation research project HR-1013 is the evaluation of a prototype continuous monitoring nuclear density unit. The Unit, the Consolidation Monitoring Device (CMD), mounts on the rear of a slip-form paver and measures the density of the concrete while still in the plastic state. The evaluation performed determined the usefulness, accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the unit. The CMD was calibrated and tested in the laboratory for one week before field evaluation. The field evaluation consisted of monitoring at least 5 miles of paving and then correlating the CMD data with two conventional density methods. The two supplemental methods were density measurement with a Troxler nuclear gauge and densities obtained from core samples. KW - Concrete KW - Consolidation KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nuclear density gages UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17296 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366839 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01293160 TI - LA CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT DES VOITURES PARTICULIERES AB - DETERMINATION D'UN COEFFICIENT DE CORRECTION DE LA CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT DES VOITURES PARTICULIERES EN FONTION DES CONDITIONS ATMOSPHERIQUES. KW - Air KW - Air KW - Automobiles KW - Consommation de carburant KW - Fuel consumption KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1054334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362912 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Safety Review: Review of the Safety Review Task Force to the Federal Highway Administrator PY - 1978/12 SP - 134p AB - The purpose of the review was to determine, as objectively as possible, if recently completed Federal-aid highway projects were following current safety principles and concepts. Safety upgrading projects on older Federal-aid highways were also reviewed to determine their timeliness and impact on safety. Reviews were conducted in adverse weather by a series of teams with members representing different disciplines and interests. Reviews were performed in all 50 States, and included all types of highways such as Interstate freeways, urban arterials, and forest highways. In addition to good and bad practices related to safety, the report attempts to reflect national trends, identify safety problem areas, and recommend measures to strengthen safety efforts. KW - Design practices KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highway safety KW - Performance measurement KW - Reviews KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1131215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342807 AU - Adams, P P AU - Blaser, R E AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - Improving Vegetation and Mowing Management in Highway Corridors PY - 1978/12//Interim Report SP - 94p AB - KY-31 Tall Fescue was found to be the best adapted cool season perennial grass for use in Virginia. Persistence of fine-leaved, short grasses was poor. Late winter-early spring seeding of perennial legumes was found to be the best season for seeding for renovating medians with degenerating grass sods. Crownvetch growing together with tall fescue was found to persist with different mowing regimes during two successive growing seasons. No enhancement of establishment of legumes was observed from micronutrients at several Coastal Plain sites nor by coating of bacterial inoculant onto legume seeds. Buckwheat was found to be an adequate substitute for millets as a summer annual companion species. Lehmann lovegrass is not adapted to Virginia. Successful seedings of velvet bentgrass as a companion perennial species were confined to the early favorable seeding season. American beachgrass shows some promise for stabilizing coarse textured, sloughing slopes if soil acidity is not limiting. KW - Grasses KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mowing KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37743/79-R36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1104416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189359 AU - Leslie, W G AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - SPECIFICATIONS COMPLIANCE FOR DEPTH OF CONCRETE COVER OVER BRIDGE DECK REINFORCEMENT PY - 1978/12 SP - 24 p. AB - This report concerns concrete cover depth over bridge deck reinforcement for a sample of 13 spans constructed under a requirement for 3 1/4 plus or minus 1/4 in. of cover. It is the first interim report on an experimental features project (No. 013675010, "Performance of Monolithic Bridge Decks") to determine the value of "deep" cover as an alternative deck protective system. The report deals primarily with the depth of cover measured on the study spans, although summaries of corrosion potentials, chloride content, and surface condition after 1 and 2 years of service are also included for the record. Also presented are comments on the apparent ineffectiveness of measures taken (concurrent with a requirement for 3 1/4 plus or minus 1/4 in. of cover) to improve cover depth compliance and to reduce variability. /FHWA/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorine content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Performance based specifications KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199108 AU - Lachapelle, E R AU - Ferguson, S A AU - Marriott, R T AU - Moore, M B AU - Reanier, F W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENTRAL AVALANCHE HAZARD FORECASTING - SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS PY - 1978/12 SP - 215 p. AB - The Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting project has had two principal aims: (1) The design and establishment of an avalanche data network and central avalanche and mountain weather forecasting facility to serve the highway passes and other hazard areas of the Cascade Mountains in Washington; (2) Improvements in the practices of conventional avalanche forecasting and the introduction of new techniques in statistical analysis and pattern recognition. Achievement of the first aim has been described in previous reports. This present report gives the results of fundamental research into avalanche forecasting theory and discusses the application of these results to central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountains of Western Washington. KW - Avalanches KW - Cascade Mountains KW - Forecasting KW - Snow cover KW - Statistical analysis KW - Terrain KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/023.4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308339 AU - Treadway, A AU - Bryan, J AU - Carwile, B AU - Ledyard, L AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD OF DETERMINING CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS USING FAMILIES OF CURVES BASED ON CALINE 2 PY - 1978/12 SP - 23 p. AB - Results of this study will be useful to personnel of Federal, State and local transportation and air quality control agencies whose responsibilities require the assessment of air quality impacts. This study is intended to provide a method by which "desk-top" estimates of Carbon Monoxide (CO) concentrations can be determined using a minimum of calculations. In conjunction with the recently published "Tabulations of Selected Low-Altitude Vehicle Emission Factors Based on EPA's Mobile Source Emisison Factors Dated March 1978", dated September 1978, a "first pass" CO analysis can be done in a matter of minutes. /FHWA/ KW - Air quality management KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Estimating KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346064 AU - Francis, J E AU - Love, T J AU - Calvert, F O AU - Yao, L P AU - Zargar, A M AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR HEATING BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1978/12 SP - 127 p. AB - The addition of monomers or the inclusion of wax within highway bridge decks are two methods being used to prevent salt penetration during winter deicing. Both of these methods require the addition of heat until the upper two inches of bridge deck reaches from 160-190 F. This study investigated the potential for using solar energy as a means of providing the required heat. The bridge was modeled analytically and the time varying temperature distribution was determined for both a flat plate type cover collector and focusing tracking solar collection schemes. The models indicated the flat plate approach for typical summer conditions in Oklahoma was at best marginal but that the focusing collector scheme did show promise for providing the required heat. Both models suffered from lack of accurate thermal properties data for the concrete. Experimental studies were conducted on a simulated bridge deck using flat plate covers and Northrup focusing Fresnel Lens collectors. Neither scheme was able to provide the desired temperatures. A major difficulty encountered was the design of an appropriate heat exchanger to transfer the collected energy from the heat transfer fluid to the bridge deck. Several different designs were tested, but none of the methods used would provide the desired bridge deck temperatures for the collector area used. The collectors did not perform up to their expectations. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Failure KW - Heat sealing KW - Heating equipment KW - Highway bridges KW - Monomers KW - Performance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Solar collectors KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Temperature KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335942 AU - Barry, T M AU - Reagan, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION MODEL PY - 1978/12 SP - 272 p. AB - This report presents the FHWA method for predicting noise generated by constant speed highway traffic. The report is intended to be a users' manual as well as a reference document detailing the development, use, and limitations of the prediction method. In the main body of the report, the prediction procedure is presented in a step-by-step fashion and includes numerous example problems designed to highlight important concepts and features. For those interested in the theoretical development of the model, an extremely detailed derivation is presented in the appendices. The basis of the model is the equivalent sound level, L sub eq, although an adjustment for conversion to L sub 10 is provided. The method incorporates three classes of vehicles--automobiles, medium trucks, and heavy trucks. Adjustments for absorptive ground covers and finite length barriers are also included. Certain special topics such as nonuniform highway sites and determination of equivalent day-night levels, L sub dn, are also included. (FHWA) KW - Automobiles KW - Forecasting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198296 AU - Miller, N C AU - Deuser, R B AU - Beiswenger, Hoch and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES PY - 1978/12 SP - 241 p. AB - Enforcement of high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) traffic restrictions forms an integral and sometimes critical element of HOV preferential treatment projects. This research (1) reviewed enforcement on HOV facilities, (2) identified effective HOV enforcement techniques, (3) developed model legislation for effective HOV enfoorcement and (4) prepared HOV enforcement guidelines. This report presents the findings of this research. Sixteen projects in the United States encompassing each type of freeway and arterial treatment, were visited to gain in-depth operational and enforcement data on each project. These projects exhibited varying enforcement programs, deficiencies and performance levels. Enforcement guidelines have been prepared for each type of freeway and arterial priority treatment of high-occupancy vehicles. In order to improve enforcement of HOV facilities, innovative techniques-involving photographic instrumentation, mailing of citations, tandem (team) patrol and para-professional officers-have been identified within the context of this research. For these innovative enforcement techniques to be effective, a compatible legal environment is necessary. This research conducted a legal review of six prominent legal issues posed by these techniques. Model legislation is drafted to provide the proper legal environment for effective HOV enforcement. KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Legislation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reserved lanes KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197366 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INCENTIVES FOR CARPOOLING AND BUS USE, BANFIELD FREEWAY PY - 1978/12 SP - 48 p. AB - The report summarizes what has occurred on the Banfield Freeway Preferential Lanes for High Occupancy Vehicles Demonstration Project from November 1, 1977 through July 1978. Phase II of the project commenced November 1, 1977 and has a different emphasis than did Phase I. Phase I deals with evaluating the effects of adding preferential lanes for high occupancy vehicles on an existing facility, the Banfield Freeway, serving eastern Portland. Phase II, on the other hand, is concerned with the effects of adding new incentives for carpooling and riding the bus to the performance of an ongoing HOV lane on the Banfield Freeway. KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incentives KW - Level of service KW - Oregon KW - Public transit KW - Reserved lanes KW - Services KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban transportation KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325375 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - Spannagel, D W AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PROOF TESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PAVEMENTS: SECTION IV (VOLUME 2): EMBANKMENT SOILS ANALYSIS BY HARDIN MODEL PY - 1978/12 SP - n.p. AB - Soil samples taken from ten different locations in a highway embankment at the site of the DB Culvert (Route 07-LA-210) were subjected to unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests at four levels of confining pressure, and results were analyzed using the Hardin soil model. The method provides soil parameters which may be used in the Culvert Analysis and Design Program (CANDE). Comparisons between physical properties determined in this manner and those estimated on the basis of degree of saturation, void ratio, etc., were very poor. Results of the analyses described in this report will be used in studies of soil-structure interaction (e.g., by the finite element method), and this usage will be discussed in future interim reports pertinent to this project. (FHWA) KW - Culverts KW - Design methods KW - Embankments KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Soils KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Unconsolidated soils KW - Undrained shear tests KW - Undrained tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198997 AU - LaCourisere, S A AU - Darter, M I AU - Smiley, S A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN ILLINOIS PY - 1978/12 SP - 149 p. AB - A study of the performance of Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) constructed on the Interstate highway system in Illinois has been conducted. The major purpose is to determine the types, severities, amounts, and causes of distress. Approximately 1230 miles of Interstate highway was surveyed, consisting of 7 to 10 in. (17-25 cm) slabs over granular and stabilized subbases. Distress found includes edge punchouts, steel ruptures, 'D' cracking, blowups, construction joint failures, lug rotation, longitudinal cracking, distress related to construction problems, pumping, and shoulder deterioration. Heavy truck loads, excess free moisture, deicing salts, construction practice and poor aggregate quality in the CRCP slab are the major factors causing distress. CRCP slab thickness and foundation support have a very significant effect on structural distress development. KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Defects KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Deterioration KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308120 AU - Schoppert, D W AU - Kittelson, W AU - Shapiro, S AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY OF FLOW IN URBAN ATERIALS--PHASE I. VOLUME II. APPENDIXES B AND C PY - 1978/12 SP - 69 p. AB - Two appendixes are contained in this volume. Appendix B presents a state-of-the-art review of quality of flow in Urban Arterials. This review is presented in four major parts: introduction; vehcile operating characteristics; roadway characteristics; impacts of environmental characteristics. An annotated bibliography of the 140 individual references concludes Appendix B. Appendix C describes 15 data sources which include field data related to quality of flow in urban areterials. The type, coverage and format of data is described for each source. Volume I is separately bound and includes the final report and Appendix A. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Bibliographies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pavements KW - State of the art studies KW - Streets KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308121 AU - Schoppert, D W AU - Kittelson, W AU - Shapiro, S AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY OF FLOW IN URBAN ARTERIALS--PHASE I PY - 1978/12 VL - 1 SP - 185 p. AB - The report identifies measures of effectiveness (MOE's) for quality of flow in urban arterial streets and describes a series of studies which will lead to the development of models which will predict values of the MOE's from roadway, traffic, and environmental characteristics. The specific measures of effectiveness are: travel time, intersection stops, intersection delays, travel time variance, and service volume. Studies include a so-called "basic" study which will use a carefully controlled sample of urban arterial segments drawn from 22 urban areas of varying sizes. An additional sample of intersections will be drawn from eight small urban areas. Supplementary special studies address the influence of heavy vehicles and grades, parking, left turns through oncoming vehicles and pedestrians and weaving maneuvers near interchanges. Appendix A describes the data collection methods to be used in the basic study. Volume II contains a state-of-the-art review and a detailed description of exising data sources from previous and ongoing studies. /FHWA/ KW - Arterial highways KW - Data collection KW - Intersections KW - Radius KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308354 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - ASSESSMENT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF TEST FOR CONCRETE STRENGTH PY - 1978/12 SP - 46 p. AB - Various methods of concrete testing, including flexural strength from beam breaks, compressive strength and splitting-tensile strength from cylinders; and penetration resistance from steel probes, were evaluated both under controlled laboratory and partically controlled field conditions. Laboratory results provided good correlation for all methods considered, while the results derived from partially controlled field tests deviated somewhat from confidence bands established on the basis of laboratory data. Penetration-resistance and splitting-tensile tests are recommended as a alternate to beam breaks for concretes with specific constituents for use in determining when forms can be removed from, or loads applied to concrete structures subject to bending stresses. /FHWA/ KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete tests KW - Cylinders KW - Field tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Penetration resistance KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures KW - Theorems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308335 AU - GODDEN, W G AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING BRIDGE DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN PROVIDNG ADEQUATE STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE TO SEISMIC DISTURBANCES. PHASE VII SUMMARY PY - 1978/12 SP - 52 p. AB - This summary report is the last in a series compiled from the investigation, "An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Existing Bridge Design Methodology in Providing Adequate Structural Resistance to Seismic Disturbances," sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. This report presents brief summaries of the six reports listed below. It also presents general design and research recommendations for highly bridges based on the knowledge and experiences gained during this seven-year investigation. The six reports summarized are: a thorough review of the world's literature on seismic effects on highway bridge structures including damages to bridges during the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971; an analytical investigation of the dynamic response of long, multiple-span, highway overcrossings; an analytical investigation of the dynamic response of short, single and multiple-span highway overcrossings; detailed model experiments on a shaking table to provide dynamic response data similar to prototype behavior which can be used to verify the validity of theoretical response predictions; correlation of dynamic response data obtained from shaking table experiments with theoretical response and modification of analytical procedures as found necessary; and analytical investigation of the seismic response of bridges conducted on case studies to evaluate and make recommendations pertinent to current seismic design provisions and methodology. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design standards KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Overpasses KW - Reviews KW - Simulation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308340 AU - Harley, B M AU - Resource Analysis, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON SMALL STREAM FLOW QUALITY PY - 1978/12 SP - 56 p. AB - This study is a preliminary investigation into the feasibility of using simple techniques to evaluate the effects of urbanization on flood flows in small streams. A number of regression techniques and computer simulation techniques were evaluated, and a recommendation was made that a model similar to those developed by Carter and Anderson be adopted for further investigation. The technique was evaluated against results available for a number of basins located throughout the United States, and reasonable agreement noted. /FHWA/ KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Simulation KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Urbanization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33700/33772/FHWA-RD-78-088.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305732 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Migletz, D J AU - Glennon, J C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ARROW BOARDS IN WORK ZONES PY - 1978/12 SP - 165 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to develop criteria for the use and placement of arrow boards in work zones. The research was conducted in three phases. In the first phase available literature on work zone traffic control was reviewed. Human factors investigations were conducted in the second phase to determine driver information requirements, expectancy and understanding of arrow boards. The third phase of the research was an intensive field study of driver responses to arrow boards in actual work zones. Twenty-six construction sites and 23 hours of maintenance activities were studied. The research determined that arrow boards were effective in lane closure work zones because they promoted earlier merging into the open lane and fewer vehicles remained in the closed lane at the start of the lane closure taper. The arrow board was more effective when it was placed on the shoulder of the roadway near the start of the lane closure taper. Arrow boards were not found to be generally effective in traffic diversions or splits or for moving shoulder closures. However, they did prove effective in reducing some specific operational problems in these types of work zones. KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Construction KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Maintenance KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning signs KW - Work area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00307645 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Panuccio, C M AU - Wayne, R C AU - Selig, E T AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - INVESTIGATION OF A PLATE INDEX TEST FOR RAILROAD BALLAST PY - 1978/12 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - p. 213-222 AB - Laboratory tests were first conducted to determine the effects of the following variables: ballast type, ballast density, ballast layer thickness, plate seating method, plate size, plate shape, and repeated load cycles. The procedures developed were also successfully field-tested. The study showed that using a 127-mm (5-in.) diameter plate with plaster of Paris as a seating material gave the most consistent results. The derived index parameters were found to be significantly affected by all of the variables considered. KW - Ballast KW - Ballast (Railroads) KW - Ballast depth KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Phototubes KW - Plate bearing test KW - Railroad tracks KW - Soil compaction KW - Test procedures KW - Tests KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/147595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303289 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY LIGHTING HANDBOOK PY - 1978/12 SP - 248 p. AB - This handbook has been written to satisfy the need for an all-inclusive and up-to-date manual covering most aspects of public roadway lighting. Information is intended to be widely applicable and, whenever adaptable, international source material has been incorporated. The handbook is intended for use as a guide in planning, design, operation, and maintenance of roadway lighting systems. The material is presented in a way that the handbook may be used as a reference document by engineers and other public officials. Also, it is intended that this handbook serve the academic needs as a textbook for formal education and training in roadway lighting. It is envisioned that this document will bridge the gap between practical and theoretical concepts in the field of roadway lighting. While this document provides the basic tools to the practicing engineer in the design of a functional and cost-effective lighting system, it does not set Federal Highway Administration policies. Its purpose is one of a "when," "where," and "how" to do handbook. It contains the experiences gained by many lighting experts and provides a basis to solve lighting problems of public roadways in a practical manner. Policies and directives issued by FHWA, as applicable to all Federal Aid Highway and Federal Aid Road Projects, must be adhered to. Wherever applicable, this handbook should be used in conjunction with the latest edition of "An Informational Guide for Roadway Lighting," published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the latest edition of the "American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting," published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. (Author) KW - Design KW - Handbooks KW - Maintenance KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Standards KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304622 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RATING AND ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM (BRASS). VOLUME III. SUPPLEMENTAL USER'S MANUAL FOR THE REVISED VERSION MADE IN 1977 PY - 1978/12 SP - 93 p. AB - This system has been developed so that a designer or user may design, review or load rate structures. For example, in the design phase of a concrete structure, the user would make a preliminary layout of his structure and ask the computer to give him the amount of steel in the concrete sections that is required and the actual stresses in all parts of the section that is critical. In the review and rating phase, the user would code the data from "as constructed" plans and inspection reports. This system was originally designed for use with "working stress" design procedures. However, because of the trend toward "ultimate strength" design, the capability of obtaining load factored moments, shears, and reactions has been added to the system. The capability of design and load rating is only valid for working stress methods. This system will also design, review and load rate transversely reinforced concrete deck slabs and timber decks. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Computer programming KW - Concrete KW - Dynamic loads KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Reviews KW - Static loads KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143649 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00301670 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Forster, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED AGGREGATE MICROTEXTURE MEASUREMENT: DESCRIPTION AND PROCEDURES PY - 1978/12 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - p. 99-104 AB - A study to evaluate the microtexture of aggregates in relation to pavement frictional characteristics is outlined. Equipment developed to quantify better the microtexture and to correlate it with friction measurements is described. The equipment described is to measure the microtexture of aggregate samples and relate these measurements to frictional measurements made on the same samples. KW - Aggregates KW - Correlation analysis KW - Equipment KW - Friction KW - Highway transportation KW - Materials tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microstructure KW - Pavements KW - Road materials KW - Roads KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/146061 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00301682 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cohen, S L AU - Reilly, W R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELAY MEASUREMENT AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS PY - 1978/12 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - p. 81-84 AB - Based on the results of the study described the point sample method applied to stopped delay is recommended as a good manual measurement technique to analyze the performance of signalized intersections. The true value of stopped delay may then be obtained by multiplying the result of the direct measure by 0.92, and an estimate of approach delay may be obtained by multiplying the true value of stopped delay by 1.3. KW - Highway transportation KW - Intersections KW - Measurement KW - Roads KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/146071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00301703 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Fegan, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAJOR ENGINEERING APPROACHES TOWARD PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1978/12 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - p. 85-90 AB - The research described was directed at urban, rural, and suburban areas. Special attention was directed to problems of pedestrians on freeways. Based on the research findings and operational practice, a six-step cyclic process has been developed which serves as a guide or model for communities to follow in addressing their own particular pedestrian problems. Details of the process are presented in a user's manual which includes information on procedures to be followed, analyses to be conducted, and documentation to be developed. KW - Freeways KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway transportation KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/146090 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00301661 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ross, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING URBAN TRAFFIC THROUGH TRUCK-ORIENTED MEASURES PY - 1978/12 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - p. 91-98 AB - The article discusses the state of the art of what is known about the effects of trucks on urban traffic. It appears that congestion due to trucks loading and unloading at curbside in central business districts has the most severe impact. Several areas of research to be investigated under the Metropolitan Multimodal Traffic Management project are outlined. KW - Central business districts KW - City planning KW - Loading KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loads KW - State of the art studies KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveys KW - Transportation KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Unloading KW - Urban traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/146052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00302036 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ring, G W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - 1978/12 VL - 42 IS - 3 SP - p. 105-110 AB - This article reviews the problems associated with the effect of water on the performance of pavements and at design features intended either to minimize the water or resist its effects. General design criteria essential to the construction of economical, effective, and long lasting drainage systems for pavement structures are presented. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Highway transportation KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Pavements KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/146338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195610 AU - Champion, F C AU - Lister, B AU - HANNON, J B AU - Forsyth, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVED NUCLEAR GAGE DEVELOPMENT--FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/12 SP - 60 p. AB - This report describes the final phase of the design, construction and evaluation of a prototype automated vehicular carried nuclear moisture-density backscatter gage. Gage development was based upon resarch and analysis of several factors that affect gage performance. Those studies indicated that the prototype backscatter gage measurements were approximately equivalent to measurements obtained by commercial transmission gages. The implication of this research finding is the possibility of a backscatter test method as a valid, reliable, and expedient procedure for determining in-situ soil conditions. Field comparisons between the prototype gage and a commerical nuclear backscatter gage showed a 20% improvement in performance by the prototype. During Phases I and II the prototype gage was installed on a motor vehicle together with a hydraulically operated mechanism that automatically positions the gage for testing. The vehicle gage unit, or Autoprobe, can determine in-situ moisture and density values in about three minutes. Phase III activities largely involved refining of the Autoprobe and the gage positioning mechanism based upon data developed by Phases I and II. The auto probe is now ready for use by the department for investigational and quality control purposes. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Backscattering KW - Development KW - Nuclear gages KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195583 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - ASSESSMENT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF TEST FOR CONCRETE STRENGTH PY - 1978/12 SP - 46 p. AB - Various methods of concrete testing, including flexural strength from beam breaks, compressive strength and splitting-tensile strength from cylinders; and penetration resistance from steel probes, were evaluated both under controlled laboratory and partially controlled field conditions. Laboratory results provided good correlation for all methods considered, while the results derived from partially controlled field tests deviated somewhat from confidence bands established on the basis of laboratory data. Penetration-resistance and splitting-tensile tests are recommended as a alternate to beam breaks for concretes with specific constituents for use in determining when forms can be removed from, or loads applied to concrete structures subject to bending stresses. /FHWA/ KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete tests KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Penetration resistance KW - Performance tests KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195891 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University TI - CRITERIA FOR EMULSIFIED ASPHALT STABILIZATION OF SANDY SOILS PY - 1978/12 SP - 102 p. AB - In the first phase of the investigation various factors affecting stabilization of sands with emulsion are studied. Well-graded sands with sufficient silt-clay material respond well to emulsions. Portland cement in trace quantities is required, however, to improve the water susceptibility of the mixture. Because of its superior bonding to siliceous aggregate, cationic emulsion is preferred in sand stabilization. Using the test results in five naturally occuring soils and one synthetic aggregate mix design criteria for sands and sandy soils are proposed in the first part of the report. Mixtures which strip or stiffen excessively on mixing may be unsatifactory. In addition, a mixture will be considered suitable if they have a minimum of 50% coating. Minimum Marshall strength of 4225 N (950 lbs) will insure that CETM would not undergo shear failure under heavy truck tire pressure. Another criterion to detect and avoid moisture susceptible mixtures is that Marshall cylinders during vacuum soaking should not absorb more than 8.5% moisture. A third criterion to safeguard against stiff brittle base layer is that seven-day "dry" bearing strength shall not exceed 2760 kPa (400 psi). The first phase of this report concludes with a step-by-step procedure for mix design of CETM. The second part of the report describes the construction of a test pavement employing these criteria. Through the first 21 months, it has performed satistifactorily. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Experimental roads KW - Moisture content KW - Molasses KW - Sandy soils KW - Shear strength KW - Soil stabilization KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84597 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195890 AU - Strohm, William E AU - Bragg, G H AU - Ziegler, T W AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPACTED SHALE EMBANKMENTS; VOLUME 5, TECHNICAL GUIDELINES PY - 1978/12 SP - 216 p. AB - This fifth report provides guidance on geological investigations, durability classification of shales, design features, and construction procedures unique to compacted shale embankments for highways. Guidance is also given on techniques for evaluating existing shale embankments and remedial treatment methods for distressed shale embankments. Index tests and classification criteria for determining shale durability, techniques for evaluating excavation characteristics, and alternative procedures for excavation, placement and compaction of shales to achieve adequate stability and minimum settlement are described. The use of drainage measures, selective excavation and placement of nondurable shales in thin lifts with procedural compaction provisions based on field test pads is emphasized. /FHWA/ KW - Compaction KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Guidelines KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shale KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193740 AU - Alexander, M L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH EQUIVALENCY FACTORS FOR THE DESIGN OF LIME-STABILIZED ROADWAYS PY - 1978/12 SP - 64 p. AB - Unconfined compressive strength tests were used to measure the cementing reaction of various lime-soil combinations when cured under various conditions. Soils from twelve locations throughout California were treated with four lime products. It was determined that curing laboratory test specimens for seven days at 110 deg F (43 deg C) will provide a satisfactory method for establishing a design lime content for lime treated soils. A method for applying the design strength of lime treated soils to the California highway structural design procedure was also developed. /FHWA/ KW - Calcium oxide KW - Concrete curing KW - Highway design KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194194 AU - Cooper, T W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATE HIGHWAY FINANCE OUTLOOK PY - 1978/12 SP - 109 p. AB - This report explains recent fiscal developments, reviews part financial policies and their performance, makes appropriate economic tests, and suggests remedial action. The specific actions of several states in meeting financial problems are also described. It is noted that State Highway programs are in need of additional revenues, and the best and most equitable altermative is to raise road-user tax rates, or sensitize taxes to inflation. The highway user tax has performed well over the years but will not likely meet future highway needs, especially at today's tax rates. The impact of the energy crisis and inflation may causes highway taxation to more nearly resemble a pricing system. As costs and benefits increase, so should the tax. KW - Economics KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Finance KW - Highway user taxation KW - Inflation KW - Public policy KW - Remedies KW - Revenues KW - Road pricing KW - State government KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193541 AU - Jacobs, S AU - Maine Department of Transportation TI - OLD TOWN-ORONO-UNIVERSITY OF MAINE, ORONO, BIKEWAY PY - 1978/12 SP - 35 p. AB - In 1972 a Bicycle Safety Committee was formed in Orono, Maine, for the purpose of developing bike lanes along the heavily travelled streets in the college community. Approximately one year later the neighboring community of Old Town began considering the feasibility of providing bicycling facilities within their jurisdiction. In an effort to coordinate activities between the two communities and the University of Maine-Orono, a joint Regional Bicycle Committee was established in the Spring of 1976. This report contains the various phases involved in planning, financing, construction and operation of a multiple community bikeway. Also included are public comments and user information received from questionnaires and on-site interviews since the bikeway has been in operation. The bikeway was completed with funds provided by the three communities (Orono, Old Town, University of Maine-Orono), the Maine Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Transportation Bikeway Demonstration Program. /Author/ KW - Bikeways KW - Construction KW - Financing KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189486 AU - Clark, P C AU - Wineland, J D AU - Gilliland, W J AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - WATER DRAINAGE FROM HIGHWAY FILLS PY - 1978/12 SP - 27 p. AB - One or more layers of poorly graded limestone blocks was found in each fill that was studied in detail. These layers of rocks contained much open space between blocks which acts as a reservoir for water moving into the fill. Water is induced through surface cracks, animal burrows, and bowl or funnel shaped depressions and ends up in the rock layers over a period of time the water gradually soaks the shale and soil used in the fill embankment resulting in unstable fill conditions especially those with steep slopes. This in turn sometimes results in a fillslide. Montmorillonite clay was probably a major factor in one slide but the clay minerals present were likely only one of several additive factors that produced the other slides. The concentration of water in the limestone block layers was an important factor in all of the slides. Vertical and horizontal drains have been used to drain millions of gallons of water from these fills thus improving the stability for as long as four years until the slides could be repaired. Special plantings of trees and shrubs are being tried on reconstructed slopes to aid in removing excess water and help bind the fill material with their root systems. A volunteer growth of trees along with vertical drains have stabilized one slide for several years and no other repair is needed. Inclinometer studies on one repaired slide shows a slow and gradual downward movement of the surface material that is typical of soil creep. Changes have been suggested for the specifications on the use of rock in embankments in Kansas. It was suggested that limestone blocks not be used in the top three feet of fills but should be placed in the base of the fill or on the face of the fill slope. Whenever limestone is placed is a fill the blocks should extend to the outside of the fill to allow positive external drainage. /FHWA/ KW - Clay KW - Creep KW - Drainage KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Limestone KW - Montmorillonite KW - Planting KW - Rockslides KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189358 AU - Missouri State Highway Department TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF SKID RESISTANT ASPHALTIC MIX DESIGNS PY - 1978/12 SP - 132 p. AB - This report discusses the durability of skid resistance of some flexible pavement surface mixes constructed using special aggregates which have been found to produce surface with improved skid resistance. The ability of these mixes to maintain an improved level of skid resistance is unknown. Evaluation of this ability involved determining the influence of traffic volumes and accumulated traffic on the improved frictional characteristics. Special aggregates utilized were flint chat (Joplin Flint chat), lightweight aggregate (expanded shale), porphyry (trap rock), blast furnace slag, steel slag, and wet bottom boiler slag. Also used alone or in combination with special aggregates were crushed Black River gravel and the following limestones: Bethany Falls, Burlington, Callaway, Chouteau, Higginsville, Plating, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Warsaw, and Winterset. Some limestone mixes were tested which incorporated variations from normal guideline percentages of material retained on the #10 sieve and/or the 1/2" sieve. Data on a majority of test sections did not provide reliable wear factors from which to judge the potential future value of the mixes. As a result, these test sections were judged on average skid numbers for the sections and variability of skid numbers over the testing period. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Durability KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flint KW - Gravel KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Limestone KW - Mix design KW - Shale KW - Skid resistance UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP74-4_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188962 AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE: WAX BEADS PY - 1978/12 SP - n.p. AB - This report covers the placement, heating, and testing of two test sites: a salt shed floor, and a bridge deck span. Wax beads were mixed with fresh concrete and used as a 1.5 in. (38 mm) overlay on the salt house floor slab. In the construction of the bridge span, wax beads were used throughout the full 9.5 in. (240 mm) depth of the deck, to avoid two stage pouring. Three methods of melting the wax are discussed. They include: infrared heating, forced air heating, and electric blanket heating. While melting the wax the maximum allowable surface temperature is 350 F (144 C). A minimum temperature of 185 F (85 C) is required at the reinforcing steel level to melt the wax. Various tests were run on the slabs. Discussed in this report are: absorption, penetration, chloride analysis, skid resistance, crack survey, compressive strengths, and half-cell. A special provision for internally wax sealed concrete bridge floors, as developed by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT), is included. /FHWA/ KW - Absorption KW - Beading KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Pendulum tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199006 AU - Scott, J AU - Gordon, R AU - Soicher, B AU - Dudek, J AU - Kroeger, R AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMMUNICATIONS TRADE-OFF STUDY FOR COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOLUME 2. APPENDIXES PY - 1978/11/22 SP - 195 p. AB - The goal of this study is to provide information that will be useful in reducing costs of future computerized urban traffic control systems. The final report provides such information in the form of tutorial and reference material, cost computation procedures, and an example of a communication subsystem specification. The report consists of two volumes, the main text in Volume 1 and appendixes in Volume 2. The appendixes in Volume 2 provide detailed information on various topics relevant to material contained in Volume 1. Topics discussed include the following: Vehicle detector data communications; Multiplexing and modulation; Error detection and correction; Reliability and availability; Characteristics of existing computerized traffic control systems; User owned wire pair communication; Leased line communications; Coax cable communications; Air path optical communications; Fiber optics communications; Radio communication; Power line communication techniques. KW - Automation KW - Coaxial cables KW - Communication systems KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Errors KW - Highway traffic control KW - Multiplexing KW - Radio KW - Reliability KW - Systems engineering KW - Telecommunications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00199005 AU - Scott, J AU - Gordon, R AU - Soicher, B AU - Dudek, J AU - Kroeger, R AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMMUNICATIONS TRADE-OFF STUDY FOR COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL. VOLUME 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/11/22 SP - 249 p. AB - The goal of this study is to provide information that will be useful in reducing costs of future computerized urban traffic control systems. The final report provides such information in the form of tutorial and reference material, cost computation procedures, and an example of a communication subsystem specification. The report consists of two volumes, the main text in Volume 1 and appendixes in Volume 2. Volume 1 of the report covers the following subjects: It discusses the principal functions of a computerized traffic control system, describes the types of data that must be transmitted, provides a brief tutorial overview of the communication methods available for providing such transmission, and shows how to estimate the transmission rate requirements for typical systems. It also describes communication methods applicable to computerized traffic control, examines various types of data transmission techniques, discusses factors affecting communication costs, and describes procedures for computing costs and utility measures, with examples. Volume 1 also contains an example of a specification for a communication system that uses a combination of wire pairs and air path optics as the transmission media. The appendixes in Volume 2 provide detailed information on various topics relevant to material contained in Volume 1. KW - Analysis KW - Automation KW - Communication systems KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Data communications KW - Highway traffic control KW - Radio KW - Radio control KW - Specifications KW - Systems engineering KW - Telecommunications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198218 AU - Snyder, R E AU - Moses, F AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD FACTOR DESIGN FOR SUBSTRUCTURES AND RETAINING WALLS PY - 1978/11/15 SP - 153 p. AB - An evolution of design specifications from working stress to load factor design has occurred over the last 20 years. This project continues that activity with application to substructures and retaining walls. Load factors and capacity modification factors are derived for checking limit states for retaining walls, footings and piles. These factors have been calibrated to current design results to avoid significant changes in section sizes. A survey of design practice is discussed with questionnaire responses from over 30 states. Soil strength factors are proposed for friction and cohesion and a range of strength factors considered for piles evaluated by static methods, dynamic formula, wave equation and load tests. Recommendations for code revisions are presented. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Load factor KW - Questionnaires KW - Retaining walls KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Substructures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581027 AU - Horner, Richard R AU - Welch, Eugene B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Velocity and Nutrient Alterations on Stream Primary Producers and Associated Organisms PY - 1978/11//Interim Report SP - 73p AB - Velocity and nutrient studies at 12 sites in Western Washington streams indicated that 50 cm/sec is the critical average current velocity where the productive base of the food web is impacted. Swiftly flowing streams rich in nutrients should not be slowed to this value, and slowly flowing streams should not be altered to have velocities greater than this value. KW - Aquatic life KW - Ecosystems KW - Nutrients KW - River currents KW - Streams KW - Velocity KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00940954 AU - Esch, D AU - Livingston, H AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF ROADWAY WITH A PEAT UNDERLAY OVER PERMAFROST PY - 1978/11 SP - 72 p. AB - An experimental roadway section was constructed in 1973 near Fairbanks, Alaska, to evaluate the thermal benefits of four and five foot thicknesses of peat placed beneath a roadway cut section in permafrost. Results of temperature and settlement observations over a four year period following construction have been utilized to analyze the performance of these sections. Adjacent undisturbed forest and normal roadway sections were also analyzed for comparison purposes. Observations through 1977 have shown much earlier total refreezing of the peat sections as compared to the normal roadway, and greater seasonal cooling of the underlying permafrost beneath the peat section. Surface temperature observations have demonstrated that the roadway surface has an average temperature very similar to that of the undisturbed forest and that permafrost will be maintained at some equilibrium depth beneath the roadway. Results of this four year study indicate that for climatic areas similar to Fairbanks, Alaska, a thickness of 2 feet of consolidated peat placed beneath a four foot thick roadway fill will be adequate to prevent thawing into the permafrost underlying a paved highway. However, progressively deeper thawing beneath slope and ditch areas may still occur in spite of a peat underlay. KW - Cooling KW - Experimental roads KW - Fairbanks (Alaska) KW - Freezing KW - Pavement performance KW - Peat KW - Permafrost KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_78_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/731615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304799 AU - RTKL Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PEDESTRIAN PLANNING PROCEDURES MANUAL PY - 1978/11 SP - 836p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197439 AU - Wagner, F A AU - Gilbert, K AU - Shapiro, S AU - Watt, J E AU - Herald, W S AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - TSM (TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT): AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS PY - 1978/11 SP - 188 p. AB - Transportation Systems Management (TSM) actions include a wide range of transportation improvements, from basic traffic engineering to a variety of transit improvements, parking strategies, and pricing policies. Under Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations, urban areas with populations greater than 50,000, are required to develop TSM plans that document their strategy for improving air quality, conserving energy, and increasing the efficiency of the overall transportation system. This report summarizes interim results of research designed to quantify the impacts that TSM actions have on the system. Through the research methodology, all TSM actions are divided into four classes according to their impact on transportation supply and travel demand. The classes are: Class A - Demand Reduced; Class B - Supply Increased; Class C - Demand Reduced and Supply Reduced; and Class D - Demand Reduced and Supply Increased. For each of these classes, computations are performed to determine how a major multi-year program applying these actions would affect the area's vehicle miles traveled and vehicle hours traveled. The results will serve to help local areas in developing appropriate transportation measures for use in local TSM plans as required by DOT regulations and the State Implementation Plans (SIPs), as mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) pursuant to the Clean Air Act. This document contains working papers which describe experience with and the impacts of some of the major TSM actions. These include impacts of ridesharing, routes and scheduling, Park-and-Ride and express bus, work rescheduling, and auto restricted zones. The Appendix: A Supply-Demand Approach to TSM, KW - City planning KW - Clean Air Act KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demand KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Express buses KW - Park and ride KW - Parking KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Routes KW - Scheduling KW - Strategy KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic restraint KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188508 AU - Stratton, F W AU - Alexander, R AU - Nolting, W AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - CRACKED STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REPAIR THROUGH EPOXY INJECTION AND REBAR INSERTION PY - 1978/11 SP - 56 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop a technique for repairing cracked structural bridge concrete. The method developed consists of sealing the crack, drilling holes at 45 deg to the deck surface and crossing the crack plane at approximately 90 deg, filling the hole and crack plane with epoxy pumped under low pressure, and placing a rebar into the drilled hole in a position to span the crack. The epoxy bonds the bar to the walls of the hole, fills the crack plane bonding the cracked concrete surfaces back together in one monolithic form, and thus reinforces the section. The epoxy injection equipment utilized was developed for hollow plane injection. Injection nozzles were built, and a large vacuum swivel was designed, developed, and built. The hollow stem carbide tipped vacuum drill bits were enlarged to 3/4 inch (14.1 mm) diameter, in lengths to 8 inch (2.44m) long. Motion detectors were designed and built which amplified motion at ratios of 16:1 for Type I, or 25:1 and 50:1 for Type II. Horizontal and vertical motions of 3/64 inch and .050 inch (19.1 & 1.27mm) were detected. A 45 degree drill stand was built for the second repair which nearly eliminated the manual labor experienced. Drilling to 7 feet (2.1m) depth was accomplished in 22 minutes on the first repair, and no significant gain was noted on the second. A total of 220 feet (67m) of #4 rebar was epoxy bonded in 55 holes to repair 18 cracks in 8 girders of two bridges. The first bridge has been repaired for nearly two years, the second 9 months without failure. This test repair cost averaged $2000 per girder compared to a girder removal and replacment cost of $38,763 in 1975. Further development of implementation has reduced the cost to $1,000 per girder. /FHWA/ KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Drilling KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Injection KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Repairing KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Securing and joining equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303409 AU - Kagan, L S AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Avin, U P AU - RTKL Associates, Incorporated AU - Kilkeary, Scott and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PEDESTRIAN PLANNING PROCEDURES MANUAL VOLUME II. PROCEDURES PY - 1978/11 SP - 337 p. AB - The Manual identifies the significant data, procedures and criteria that should be considered in the planning and evaluation of both comprehensive pedestrian systems and individual facilities. This volume is operational and sequential in nature. The procedures are grouped into two major phases: A demand modelling phase, in which the existing (and projected) movement of pedestrians is examined using a gravity model approach to produce a network plan showing the assignment of pedestrian volumes; and a network evaluation phase, in which first phase output is utilized to develop a plan addressing the specific planning of the pedestrian system elements and modal interface requirements. In addition, methods have been incorporated for examining and evaluating both system's effectiveness and potential impacts. Other volumes in this series are: Vol. I: Overview and Vol. III: Technical Supplement. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311097 AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Harwood, D W AU - St John, A D AU - Sharp, M C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SKID REDUCTION MEASURES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/11 SP - 19 p. AB - This multiyear study provided answers to two important questions--what is the relationship between wet-pavement accidents and tire-pavement skid resistance; and what countermeasures can be employed with economic justification. Accident rate, skid number, and related data were collected for two, 1-year periods on 428 highway sections in 16 states. Extensive statistical analyses showed that a linear relationship between wet-pavement accident rate and skid number provided a reasonable fit to the data. Moreover, the slope of the ralationship (decrease in accident rate with increased skid number) was independent of highway and area types and ADT, although the magnitude of the accident rate did depend on such factors. These findings and others were incorporated into an extensive, computerized benefit-cost model for wet-pavement accident countermeasures involving surface treatments as well as geometric, traffic control, and other remedial measures. The study also thoroughly examined surface macrotexture, which is an important determinant of skid resistance, and summarized means of measuring it and modifying or controlling it. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Effectiveness KW - Macrotexture KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311095 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Heenan, P J AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SKID REDUCTION MEASURES. VOLUME IV: CRITERIA FOR IMPROVEMENT OF PAVEMENT SURFACE MACROTEXTURE PY - 1978/11 SP - 144 p. AB - This volume presents a guide to the role of pavement macrotexture in pavement skid resistance and accidents. An overview of the fundamentals of tire-pavement skid resistance is presented. The methods of measuring macrotexture in the field and in the laboratory are described based on a review of relevant literature. The measurement methods currently employed by state highway departments are identified; the sand patch method is the most widely used and accepted method in the United States for measuring pavement macrotxture. Methods of providing macrotexture in new pavements and restoring macrotexture in existing pavements are described. The methods of providing macrotexture in new pavement include open-graded asphalt surface courses and texturing of portland cement concrete surfaces; the methods of restoring macrotexture to existing surfaces include open-graded asphalt overlays, pavement grooving, cold milling, and seal coats. A cost-effectiveness analysis procedure for alternative methods for improving pavement macrotexture is presented. Such analyses can be used as the basis for cost-effective warrants for pavement macrotexture improvements. The development of cost-effective warrants is illustrated by a numerical example. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Grooves KW - Macrotexture KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Prevention KW - Reviews KW - Rolling contact KW - Safety KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311098 AU - St John, A D AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Harwood, D W AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SKID REDUCTION MEASURES. VOLUME II: BENEFIT-COST MODEL PY - 1978/11 SP - 236 p. AB - A computerized benefit-cost model was designed for use by state highway departments in the selection of accident-reduction countermeasures to be applied to investigated sites. Two types of wet-pavement accident reduction countermeasures are in current use: those that increase frictional supply and those that decrease frictional demand. Although this project emphasized countermeasures that influence skid number and wet-pavement accidents, the computerized model treats accidents under both wet- and dry-pavement conditions and, in addition, evaluates costs and benefits for geometric and traffic control countermeasures. Thus, the computerized model is a general purpose tool for the selection of accident countermeasures. The tables supplied with and employed by the model include the published accident reduction percentages for most countermeasures currertly employed. The model also includes the relations between wet-pavement accident rates and skid number found in Phase I of this project. In addition, the model includes a novel treatment of highway user costs associated with construction zone activities. It provides as output, cost and benefit data that can be compared and used in budgeting. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311096 AU - St John, A D AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Harwood, D W AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SKID REDUCTION MEASURES. VOLUME III: USERS MANUAL PY - 1978/11 SP - 101 p. AB - A computerized benefit-cost model is presented for use by state highway departments in the selection of accident-reduction countermeasures to be applied to investigated sites. The model has capability to evaluate both surface modification countermeasures, which increase frictional supply, and geometric and traffic control countermeasures, which reduce frictional demand. The model considers the effectiveness of each countermeasure under both wet- and dry-pavement conditions. The model logic is described briefly to familiarize the program user with the type of analysis performed. The information needed by state highway department to use the model as a decision-making tool is presented in detail. Such information includes input requirements, input formats, output formats and interpretation of analysis results. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway pavement KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311099 AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Harwood, D W AU - St John, A D AU - Sharp, M C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SKID REDUCTION MEASURES. VOLUME 1: EVALUATION OF ACCIDENT RATE-SKID NUMBER RELATIONSHIPS PY - 1978/11 SP - 250 p. AB - Relationships were developed between wet-pavement accident rate and skid number for various combinations of highway type, area type (urban/rural) and traffic volume. Accident rate, skid number and related data were collected for two one-year periods on 428 highway sections located in 16 states. An extensive statistical analysis of the data was conducted using matched-pair comparison, regression analysis and analysis of covariance. The analysis found a small, but statistically significant, influence of skid number on wet-pavement accident rate. A linear relationship with skid number explained the variation in wet-pavement accident rate as well, or better, than any simple logarithmic or polynamial function. The differences in the slope of this linear relationship for various highway type-area type-traffic volume combinations were not statistically significant, so a single common slope was used. It was found that the slope of the wet-pavement accident rate-skid number relationship is sensitive to the dry-pavement accident rate. This sensitivity was quantified to further explain the relationship between wet-pavement accident rate and skid number. The relationships developed in this volume have been incorporated in a computerized benefit-cost model for wet-pavement accident countermeasures, described in Volumes II and III of this report. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Covariance KW - Crash rates KW - Logarithms KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00309519 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFORMED ELASTOMERIC JOINT SEALERS FOR BRIDGES-PHASE II: COMPRESSION SEALERS FOR BRIDGE JOINTS PY - 1978/11 SP - 165 p. AB - This report with two supplements and technical notes describes an effort of develop a realistic material specification closely related to the actual field performance of sealers. It succeeded in developing a method for testing the life expectancy of subject sealers by measuring the loss of sealer resiliency due to continuous simulated bridge end movements induced by actual environmental changes. Data gathered through such testing has established that the quality of preformed sealers is significantly nonuniform. This deficiency is believed to be a consequence of a general lack of sufficient uniformity in the production of synthetic rubber products. As a result of these and numerous other laboratory tests, it was determined that the Department's current sealer specification, although having served to insure product quality on many occasions, evidently has failed in a significant number of instances to identify a sealer's total inadequacy for its intended purpose. However, the research indicated that, except for the addition of the compression set test and an upgrading of the minimum pressure requirement, most physical requirements in the subject specification cannot be improved. Unfortunately, the ultimate solution to the critical problem of identifying adequate sealers for bridge decks remains essentially unestablished. The task of quality assurance therefore still rests for the most part with the sealer manufacturers and their rubber specialist. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Compression seals KW - Elastomers KW - Joint sealers KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Quality assurance KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/148710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303408 AU - Kagan, L S AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Avin, U P AU - RTKL Associates, Incorporated AU - Kilkeary, Scott and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PEDESTRIAN PLANNING PROCEDURES MANUAL VOLUME I. OVERVIEW PY - 1978/11 SP - 117 p. AB - The Manual identifies the significant data, procedures and criteria that should be considered in the planning and evaluation of both comprehensive pedestrian systems and individual facilities. This volume provides a general background and introduction to pedestrian planning and to the technical procedures of Volume II. The major topic areas covered in this volume include: The Pedestrian Planning Context; The need for a Pedestrian Planning Process; Overview of the Pedestrian Planning Process; and Application of the Pedestrian Planning Process. Other volumes in this series are: Vol. II: Procedures and Vol. III: Technical Supplement. KW - Evaluation KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303410 AU - Kagan, L S AU - SCOTT, W G AU - Avin, U P AU - RTKL Associates, Incorporated AU - Kilkeary, Scott and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PEDESTRIAN PLANNING PROCEDURES MANUAL VOLUME III. TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT PY - 1978/11 SP - 374 p. AB - The Manual identifies the significant data, procedures and criteria that should be considered in the planning and evaluation of both comprehensive pedestrian systems andindividual facilities. This volume explains the derivation of the data provided in Volume II and presents considerably more detailed data and methodologies for various tasks as well as worked examples. This material is supplemental to Volume II and is to be used in conjunction with it. This volume also provides the user with a fundamental understanding of the research underlying the development of the Process, allows him to examine its assumptions, and modify data to suit his specifc conditions. Other volumes in the series are: Vol. I: Overview and Vol. II: Procedures. KW - Evaluation KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195892 AU - Hayes, C J AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - SLOPE STABILITY OF CERTAIN SELECTED COLLUVIAL SOILS--IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE PY - 1978/11 SP - 44 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to inform State Design, Construction, and Maintenance Engineers of accepted procedures for the investigation and design of potential landslide prone areas. State Materials and Geotechnical Engineers should be consulted for design recommendations. This report contains a sequential procedure for determining areas of landslide potential. The sequence begins with observations which can be made in the office progressing through field reconnaissance and testing to roadway design. Some sample specifications relating to internal drainage methods are offered in the appendicies. /FHWA/ KW - Colluvium KW - Depth KW - Depth indicators KW - Drainage KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Landslides KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84598 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00196411 AU - Ross, H E AU - Walker, K C AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - IMPACT BEHAVIOR OF THIN-WALL STEEL TUBE SIGNPOSTS AND DELINEATOR POST PY - 1978/11 SP - n.p. AB - Seven full-scale crash tests were conducted to evaluate the impact behavior of thin-wall steel tube signposts and delineator posts. Tests were conducted in accordance with current guidelines, and the results were evaluated in terms of AASHTO safety performance specifications for sign supports. All tests involved single-post installations. In terms of AASHTO specifications, the following was found: a 3.50 in. (8.89 cm) O.D. by 0.083 in. (0.17 CM) and a 2.875 in. (7.30 cm) O.D. by 0.120 in. (0.30 cm) signpost in a concrete footing do not satisfy specifications; a 2.875 in. (7.30 cm) O.D. by 0.120 in. (0.30 cm) signpost with sleeve and base in concrete is marginally acceptable; a 2.875 in. (7.30 cm) O.D. by 0.965 in. (0.17 cm) and a 2.375 in. (6.03 cm) O.D. by 0.109 in. (0.28 cm) signpost in a concrete footing satisfy specifications; a 1.66 in. (4.22 cm) O.D. by 0.074 in. (0.12 cm) delineator post and a 1.90 in. (4.83 cm) O.D. by 0.965 in. (0.17 cm) mile marker post satisfy specifications. KW - Concrete KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00196409 AU - Ahmed, N V AU - Lu, D Y AU - Lytton, R L AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Phillips, D T AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - THE TEXAS REHABILITATION AND MAINTENANCE DISTRICT OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM PY - 1978/11 SP - n.p. AB - This report described in detail the rehabilitation and maintenance optimization system (RAMS) that has been developed for use by District offices in the state of Texas. The procedure involves the use of a computer program which is completely documented, including a User's Guide, in this report. The input data that are required include the current condition rating of all segments of the District's roadway network which are considered to be candidates for rehabilitation or maintenance work each year. The program uses an integer programming technique devised by Toyoda and Senju and adapted to this use at Texas Transportation Institute. Examples problems are worked to compare the results using this method with those of another procedures, including the continuous linear variable technique used in linear programming, and the intuitive procedure currently being used by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. The results show that there is a distinct advantage to using the proposed method. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Highway maintenance KW - Linear programming KW - Networks KW - Road networks KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194754 AU - Hines, C R AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - CORRELATION OF SUBGRADE MODULUS AND STABILOMETER "R" VALUE PY - 1978/11 SP - n.p. AB - The objective of this study is to obtain a correlation of field modulus with stabilometer R-value to check our scaling of R-value on the soil support scale of the design nomograph and to change the R-value test method if neccessary. Twelve embankment test sections of diverse soil classifications were selected. Field modulus was calculated from Dynaflect measurements taken on the completed subgrade of these sections. The R-value of specimens compacted at field moisture and density were determined in the laboratory. The correlation of field modulus with R-value indicates that the scaling of R-value on the soil support scale is correct. The exudation pressure portion of the R-value test should be replaced by a method producing moistures and densities more consistent with that found in subgrade soil under existing highways. Backup information was obtained by measuring the CBR and plate bearing capacity on the test sections and the resilient modulus in the laboratory. /FHWA/ KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Dynaflect KW - Highways KW - Hveem stabilometer KW - Measurement KW - Nomographs KW - Plate bearing test KW - Soils KW - Stabilometers KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197339 AU - Hargroves, B T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE ACCIDENTS AT MAINTENANCE AND UTILITY WORK ZONES PY - 1978/11 SP - 46 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and characteristics of safety problems, in terms of reported accidents, that are associated with moving vehicular traffic around and through highway maintenance and utility work zones. This was accomplished by examining 280 maintenance and utility work zone accidents that occurred on the Virginia state highway network over a period of 14 months. These represented approximately 0.4% of the total number of accidents reported during that period. A review of accident reporting procedures, however, indicated that the sample of accidents examined did not include a variety of work zone accidents. The report discusses several characteristics of the maintenance and utility work zone accidents including general and specific locations of the accident, time of the accident, roadway and environmental factors, characteristics of the work zone, cause of the accident, and accident severity. Where data were available comparisons were made between the maintenance and utility work zone accidents and all reported accidents. KW - Construction KW - Construction sites KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Road construction KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36342/79-R22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192217 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Deen, R C AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN SYSTEM FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - 1978/11 SP - 33 p. AB - A method of designing asphaltic concrete overlays has been developed from (1) Kentucky's theoretical design curves, (2) an estimate of future traffic and the associated fatigue (five procedures are presented according to types of information available), (3) strength of subgrade on subject project (laboratory CBR tests or results of dynamic in-place tests such as the Road Rater), and (4) present condition of the existing pavement (from dynamic in-place tests, roughness measurements, or present serviceability index). Deterioration has been expressed as reduced or effective thicknesses of new-quality materials producing the same measured dynamic deflections. The total thickness required for the future traffic minus the effective or reduced thickness of the existing pavement is the overlay thickness required. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Fatigue strength KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintainability KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194193 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW PROFILE MARKERS FOR WET/NIGHT VISIBILITY PY - 1978/11 SP - 18 p. AB - The feasibility of using a high efficiency retroreflector as a low profile highway marker to resolve the problem of wet night lane and edge delineation problems on highways was determined. Although the placing of delineation devices flush to the road surface solves the problem of snow plow damage, the tremendous loss of light and the inability to collect and reflect adequate light with retroreflective principles, other methods of achieving the objective must be considered. The costs involved in procuring and placing the devices is also a limiting factor. Details of the implementation, including placing and subsequent testing in 10 states, are described. The evaluation of aluminized-backed markers and Lucite-backed markers are detailed. KW - Aluminum KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Edge lines KW - Highway delineators KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Night visibility KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road markings KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic marking KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188973 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT PY - 1978/11 SP - 80 p. AB - This report is a summary, based primarily on a literature review, of the energy-savings potential of the elments in the transportation planning process and systems management. Within the scope of long-range planning, the energy aspects of land use and mode of transportation were investigated, whereas for the short range the energy potential of the various transportation systems management strategies were considered. The role of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation in energy-saving activities was also considered. The report should be of value to transportation planners and traffic engineers as an overview of the energy-use characteristics of activities within transportation planning and systems management and as a resource document for detailed energy analyses. /FHWA/ KW - Conservation KW - Energy KW - Informal KW - Reviews KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36331/79-R24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01381982 AU - Mekemson, J R AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 106 PY - 1978/10/03/Interim Report IS - JHRP-78-20 SP - 81p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds o vehicles on Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the July-September 1978 quarter. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 57.2 mph. The overall average speed for passenger cars and all trucks was 57.6 mph and 56.8 mph respectively. These overall average speeds were 0.8 mph less for passenger cars and 0.8 mph less for trucks than speeds found in the April-June 1978 study (Speed Report No. 105). This report is also the 1978 annual speed study of JHRP and is compared with similar studies made during the summer months for the last ten years. A very small increase in speeds was noted for two-lane highways while a very small decrease was evident on all other types of highways. Speeds of passenger cars, however, are significantly less on all classes of highway than speeds during the pre-55 mph limit years. On the other hand, speeds of heavy trucks in 1978 are almost the same as speeds of heavy trucks during the pre-55 mph limit years of 1968-1973. KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313981 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1149901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323178 AU - Mohan, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF PAVEMENTS IN INDIANA PY - 1978/10/03 SP - 174 p. AB - The Indiana State Highway Commission uses subjective sufficiency ratings to determine highway needs. This research was initiated for the purpose of improving upon this and it had two specific objectives. (1) To set up a method of describing pavement performance in terms of measurements using the roadmeter, Dynaflect and skid tester and (2) To set up guidelines for a methodology for an on-going evaluation of pavement performance. In-service pavements including flexible, overlay, jointed reinforced concrete and continuously reinforced concrete pavements were evaluated. Ninety-four test sections, each 1 Kilometer long, were evaluated for the pavement serviceability studies. Forty-six test sections were selected for deflection and skid studies. Present serviceability index (PSI) models were developed which relate PSR with roadmeter ratings alone, and with roadmeter measurements in combination with cracking, patching and other factors related to the pavement. Deflection studies have indicated that edge deflections should be used for overlay design. Various models were developed which permit estimation of spring deflections using fall deflections. Recommendations have been made for developing a pavement evaluation system. The system will work at two levels, (1) total network and (2) individual project level. (FHWA) KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Road meters KW - Roads KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Sufficiency rating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547285 AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Status of Highway Planning and Implementation in Urban Areas of Arkansas, Volume 2 PY - 1978/10//Final Report SP - 152p AB - This Volume consists of the six reports on six urban areas in Arkansas which were studied in respect to current planning and implementation activities by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, the Metropolitan Planning Agencies, and local governments. The reports give special attention to the status of current plans. The six urban areas studied were: Fayetteville - Springdale; Fort Smith; Hot Springs; Pine Bluff; Pulaski; and Texarkana, Arkansas. KW - Arkansas KW - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department KW - Fayetteville (Arkansas) KW - Fort Smith (Arkansas) KW - Highway planning KW - Hot Springs (Arkansas) KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Pine Bluff (Arkansas) KW - Plan implementation KW - Pulaski (Arkansas) KW - Springdale (Arkansas) KW - Texarkana (Arkansas) KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2049.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193738 AU - Dillon, E W AU - Kissane, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - ANNUAL END MOVEMENTS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1978/10 SP - 19 p. AB - A 2-year field study obtained end-movement data on 99 prestressed concrete bridges throughout New York State. End movements recorded by scratch gages were correlated with ambient temperature information obtained from National Climatic Center records. Although the temperature information indicated that annual temperature ranges were greater than design values, the experimental average annual end-movement per unit length was not significantly different from the present design values. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete bridges KW - Correlation analysis KW - End movements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304750 AU - Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERCITY BUS ROOF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY STUDY PY - 1978/10 SP - 348p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197620 AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF REMAINING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT LIFE PY - 1978/10 SP - 1107p-in 4 AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/90799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393488 AU - Naval Surface Weapons Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SELF-POWERED VEHICLE DETECTOR PY - 1978/10 SP - 229 p. AB - The Self-Powered Vehicle Detector was designed to detect reliably vehicles passing through a desired surveillance zone under all environmental conditions from its fixed location beneath the roadway. The magnetic signature of the detected vehicle can then be telemetered via a radio frequency link to a roadside traffic instrumentation enclosure for vehicle counting or traffic control. This final report covers all SPVD research and development in seven major areas of investigation: Magnetometer development, sensor system electronics, telemetry link encoder/decoder, telemetry link oscillator/transmitter, antenna, telemetry receiver and battery evaluations, and mechanical component design and development. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Radio transmission KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic counting KW - Transmission KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304694 AU - Ritch, G P AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - ANALYZING THE FREQ3CP FREEWAY OPERATIONS SIMULATION MODEL PY - 1978/10 SP - 121 p. AB - The report is intended to more thoroughly describe the FREQ3CP freeway simulaton and priority ramp control computer program and its application on Interstate Highway 10 West in Houston, Texas. A procedure for obtaining the freeway and ramp traffic operations data (speeds and volumes) is described along with the presentation of the traffic data in its computer program compatible form. The calibrated computer program model of the peak period freeway traffic operations for both the AM inbound and PM outbound directions is obtained when the simulation program results aproximate the field measured traffic data. The background information for the implementation of an economic analysis computer program was collected, updated and structured. Travel time, vehicle operating and accident cost were selected to be implemented along with fuel consumption and pollution emission data for Texas facilities. KW - Accident costs KW - Air pollution KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic factors KW - Exhaust gases KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Linear programming KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pollutants KW - Simulation KW - Texas KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311103 AU - Takacs, D AU - Mulinazzi, T AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND DEMONSTRATION BIKEWAY PROJECT PY - 1978/10 SP - 27 p. AB - A detailed study was performed on the five demonstration bikeways built by the Maryland State Highway Administration. Bicyclists were counted and interviewed; community surveys were distributed to residents near four of the five bikeways; the design elements and traffic control devices were inventoried, accident data were tabulated; bikeway maintenance procedures were investigated: and cost values were determined. Based on this information, conclusions and recommendations were developed for each bikeway and the general statewide bikeway demonstration program. (FHWA) KW - Bikeways KW - Costs KW - Cyclists KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Surveys KW - Traffic control devices KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303419 AU - Dahir, S H AU - Rice, J M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF AGGREGATE AND PAVEMENT PROPERTIES RELATED TO FRICTION AND WEAR RESISTANCE-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/10 SP - 24 p. AB - This report summarizes the major findings of a detailed, comprehensive report which has received only a limited distribution. The full report, FHWA-RD-78-209, is available upon request. An interdisciplinary team of researchers has conducted an in-depth review of the literature, supplemented with expert opinions, research experience, and limited tests, to develop a state-of-the-art on the topics of (a) properties of aggregates, (b) pavement texture and skid resistance, (c) tire-pavement noise, (d) tire wear, (e) light reflection and glare, (f) splash and spray, (g) rolling resistance and fuel consumption, and (h) optimal aggregates and pavement surfacing systems. A cost-benefit analysis is also summarized. The information on aggregates and their contribution to pavement texture, coarse and fine, is being used in on-going FHWA staff and contract research studies to investigate currently and potentially available ceramic and impregnation materials and processes for the manufacture or treatment of aggregates to provide extremely durable and skid-resistant pavement surfaces. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Ceramic materials KW - Durability KW - Friction KW - Fuel consumption KW - Glare KW - Interdisciplinary KW - Interdisciplinary studies KW - Noise KW - Pavements KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Reviews KW - Rolling KW - Rolling contact KW - Skin resistance KW - Splash KW - Splashing KW - State of the art studies KW - Substitutes KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302424 AU - Gramling, W L AU - Hopkins, J G AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Bhajandas, A AU - Nicotera, R M AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CONDITION MEASUREMENT NEEDS AND METHODS, FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/10 SP - 123 p. AB - This study was to investigate current practice, select the best techniques, and recommend equipment and methodology suitable for pavement condition evaluation. It consisted of visits to chosen States to determine pavement properties that can be measured and provide data for management decisions. The information collected was supplemented with a literature search and a limited firsthand review of equipment in use. Potential developments from current FHWA research programs such as truck ride quality, loss of vehicle control, and friction and texture investigations for predicting skid resistance at various speeds are beyond the scope of this study. The recommended roadway property measurements needed for pavement condition evaluation as inputs to pavement management systems are skid resistance, roughness, structural capacity, and pavement distress used to assist in pavement repair strategy. Suggestions on data processing, storage, and retrieval are also given in the report. The executive summary report number is FHWA-RD-79-67. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Retrieval KW - Reviews KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Strategy KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302423 AU - Gramling, W L AU - Hopkins, J G AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Bhajandas, A AU - Nicotera, R M AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CONDITION MEASUREMENT NEEDS AND METHODS, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/10 SP - 14 p. AB - This study was to investigate current practice, select the best techniques, and recommend equipment and methodology suitable for pavement condition evaluation. It consisted of visits to chosen states to determine pavement properties that can be measured and provide data for management decisions. The information collected was supplemented with a literature search and a limited firsthand review of equipment in use. Potential developments from current FHWA research programs such as truck ride quality, loss of vehicle control, and friction and texture investigations for predicting skid resistance at various speeds are beyond the scope of this study. The recommended roadway property measurements needed for pavement condition evaluation as inputs to pavement management systems are: skid resistance, roughness, structural capacity, and pavement distress used to assist in pavement repair strategy. Suggestions on data processing, storage, and retrieval are also given in the report. The full length final report number is FHWA-RD-79-68. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Retrieval KW - Reviews KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Strategy KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302203 AU - O'Conner, J S AU - Caywood, W C AU - Rivello, R M AU - Bohn, P F AU - Kime, J R AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERCITY BUS ROOF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY STUDY. VOLUME II, FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/10 SP - 124 p. AB - Methods for predicting the large plastic deformations of the roof structures of intercity buses during rollover accidents have been investigated. The procedure that was developed by the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has been used to investigate the integrity of a GMC 4905 bus. The procedure and the results of the investigation, which are described in this report, are applicable to other buses. The investigation included surveys of bus accident reports, bus structural investigations conducted by others, and analytical procedures suitable for the analysis of large plastic deformantions under dynamic loading conditions. On the basis of the survey, the general-purpose finite-element computer code, ANSYS, was selected for the analysis of the GMC bus, and the structure was modeled as a collection of hinges, beams, and membranes. The analysis was supplemented by static tests on bus components to provide computer input information as well as experimental verification of the modeling techniques and computer code operation. To aid future structural investigations of other buses, recommendations are given for procedures to be followed. The report is contained in three volumes. Volume I is the Executive Summary and lists the highlights of the project. Volume II contains the detailed report of the work performed. Volume III is the Supplement Volume consisting primarily of internal APL/JHU engineering memoranda with detailed information considered too voluminous to include in the previous volumes. A sample output from the computer program is also included in Volume III. /FHWA/ KW - Automotive engineering KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finite element method KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Plastic deformation KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roofs KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302202 AU - O'Conner, J S AU - Caywood, W C AU - Rivello, R M AU - Bohn, P F AU - Kime, J R AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERCITY BUS ROOF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY STUDY. VOLUME I, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/10 SP - 32 p. AB - Methods for predicting the large plastic deformations of the roof structures of intercity buses during rollover accidents have been investigated. A procedure has been developed and used to investigate the integrity of GMC 4905 bus. The results of the investigation and the procedures developed, which are described in this report, are applicable to other buses. The investigation included surveys of bus accident reports, bus structural investigations conducted by others, and analytical procedures suitable for the analysis of large plastic deformations under dynamic loading conditions. On the basis of the survey, the general-purpose finite-element computer code, ANSYS, was selected for the analysis of the GMC bus, and the structure was modeled as a collection of hinges, beams, and membranes. The analysis was supplemented by static tests on bus components to provide computer input information as well as experimental verification of the modeling techniques and computer code operation. As an aid to future structural investigations of other buses, recommendations are given for procedures to be followed. The report is contained in three volumes. Volume I is the Executive Summary and lists the highlights of the project. Volume II contains the detailed report of the work performed. Volume III is the Supplement Volume consisting primarily of internal APL/JHU engineering memoranda with detailed information considered too voluminous to include in the previous volumes. A sample output from the computer program is also included in Volume III. /FHWA/ KW - Automotive engineering KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finite element method KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Plastic deformation KW - Rollover crashes KW - Roofs KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302204 AU - O'Conner, J S AU - Caywood, W C AU - Rivello, R M AU - Bohn, P F AU - Kime, J R AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERCITY BUS ROOF STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY STUDY. VOLUME III, SUPPLEMENTS PY - 1978/10 SP - 184 p. AB - This volume contains the technical details of the work performed during the Intercity Bus Structural Integrity part of the ballast is carried in segregated compartments, most of the documentation generated throughout the course of the project, arranged by subject matter. These documents were generated as interim reports and are written in the internal engineering memo format used at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. /FHWA/ than 0.3% oil, principally as insoluble oil floating on the physicochemical methods, biological treatment, or adsorption KW - Automotive engineering KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Roofs KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00300368 AU - Cosby, P J AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - LAND USE IMPACT OF WIDENING EAST 29TH STREET IN A DEVELOPED RESIDENTIAL AREA IN BRYAN, TEXAS PY - 1978/10 SP - 53 p. AB - Previous studies on the effects of highway construction upon land use have focused mainly upon the effects of the construction of new highways. In view of a new emphasis upon upgrading and expanding existing facilities rather than building new ones, the need arises for information concerning the effects of such improvement upon land use. This report relates the findings of research done in an area of Bryan, Texas, where East 29th Street was upgraded from a two-lane to a four-lane street. The improvement took place in a developed urban area where the predominant land use was residential. Land use changes were analysed for both abutting and nonabutting properties that might have been affected by the street improvement. Data were collected for a 20-year period including eight years before construction began. Total acres in each type of land use were determined for two "before construction" years, 1958 and 1965, and for two "after construction" years, 1970 and 1977. Comparisons were made of the types and rates of development before and after the upgrading occurred. The data are reported in narrative, graphic, and tabular form. Causes of development in the area other than the street improvement were also researched and are reported. Highway planners should be able to use this report and subsequent reports of this study to make more accurate predictions of land use changes due to specific highway improvements. /FHWA/ KW - Highway planning KW - Land use KW - Residential areas KW - Road construction KW - Streets KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/137845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195590 AU - Klieger, P AU - Stark, D AU - Teske, W AU - Portland Cement Association TI - THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT AND MATERIALS ON D-CRACKING PY - 1978/10 SP - 108 p. AB - A three-phase program was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of reduced aggregate particle sizes in minimizing D-cracking in field exposures, to determine the importance of source of fine aggregate and quantity of maximum permissible aggregate particle size on freeze-thaw durability, and to evaluate the relative importance of certain field environmental conditions on D-cracking. These objectives were approached through laboratory freeze-thaw testing of concretes, resurveys of existing pavements in Ohio, and the construction and monitoring of a test road near Vermilion. Field surveys thus far indicate that reducing maximum aggregate particle sizes is beneficial, while the laboratory tests indicate that the proportion of coarser particle sizes has a significant effect on durability. The laboratory tests also showed that source of fine aggregate has essentially no bearing on durability, even when derived from coarse aggregate material of known low durability. Outdoor test plot studies, and moisture determinations on existing pavement concrete, reveal the overriding importance of aggregate pore structure on concrete durability. The test road was built in 1974 and 1975 and, therefore, is too young for the development of D-cracking. However, interim data indicate that aggregate particle size has a pronounced effect on the frequency of occurrence of popouts, while continuously reinforced pavement on asphalt-stabilized bases show greater vulnerability to non-uniform cracking than companion pavements on cement treated bases. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - D cracking KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pores KW - Pores (Geology) KW - Structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195592 AU - Pickett, D E AU - Saylak, D AU - Lytton, R L AU - Conger, W E AU - Newcomb, D AU - Schapery, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EXTENSION AND REPLACEMENT OF ASPHALT CEMENT WITH SULFUR--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/10 SP - 7 p. AB - The potential shortage of asphalt cement and oversupply of sulfur make it advantageous to reduce to dependence of the paving industry upon asphalt cement while utilizing readily available sulfur. This report presents the results of an investigation of the use of elemental sulfur as a partial replacement and/or extender of asphalt cement in highway paving mixtures. Physical properties of numerous combinations of sulfur-asphalt emulsions were determined. Various aggregates, asphalt cements, and sulfur were tested in a series of laboratory screening tests utilizing nine independent design variables. Characterization tests were performed on selected combinations of aggregate, asphalt and sulfur utilizing three different mixing methods. The resulting relationships between response characteristics, mixture compositions, and design variables were programmed into the Texas FPS-BISTRO and VESYS IIM design programs. Texas FPS-BISTRO screened a number of design combinations to find the optimum combinations. VESYS IIM was used to evaluate performance of selected optimum pavements. The studies indicate that the addition of sulfur to asphaltic concrete can produce pavements which are more economical with performance characteristics equal or superior to conventional asphaltic concrete pavements. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Costs KW - Emulsions KW - Equipment replacement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Replacement KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195608 AU - Brown, R P AU - KESSLER, R J AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - AN ACCELERATED LABORATORY METHOD FOR CORROSION TESTING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE USING IMPRESSED CURRENT SN - 206 PY - 1978/10 SP - 26 p. AB - This report presents a laboratory method to determine the corrosion resistant properties of reinforced concrete. The method is an accelerated impresse current test which measures time to failure of reinforced concrete specimens. Research testing indicates that this test may be used to determine materials which will significantly improve the corrosion resistant properties of reinforced concrete. /FHWA/ KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197621 AU - Witczak, M W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF REMAINING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT LIFE. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/10 SP - 146 p. AB - The study deals with the development of a methodology for predicting the amount of useful life remaining in flexible pavements exposed to the effects of traffic, age and environment. Such a methodology is considered necessary if accurate predictive models are to be developed for use in future rehabilitation studies of the state highway network. Volume II considers the remaining life characteristics interpreted from theory and lab fatigue testing. Volume III presents the remaining life studies interpreted from various multilayer design theories and the AASHTO design procedure. Volume IV is a study comparing predicted deflections obtained from theory to deflections measured with the Road Rater device. The study was based upon a comprehensive analytical, laboratory and field investigation of three Maryland highway pavements (US1; Md 97; Md 695). The overall conclusion indicates that the best probable method for determining remaining life is by analytical techniques (multilayer designs and the AASHTO). While the use of field cores and direct fatigue testing to estimate remaining life has potential, more fundamental research must be accomplished. Theoretically predicted pavement deflections are greater than measured Road Rater deflections by a factor of 2 to 4. It was felt that the granular base moduli measured in the laboratory is not the true indicator of the in-situ material moduli. Field adjustment factors were developed to account for this difference. KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Dynamic tests KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Maryland KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Service life KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197623 AU - Witczak, M W AU - Bell, K R AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF REMAINING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT LIFE. VOLUME III. PREDICTED FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT REMAINING LIFE INTERPRETED FROM VARIOUS ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES PY - 1978/10 SP - 426 p. AB - The objective of the report was to determine the remaining life of three Maryland highway pavements from various analytical design methods. Remaining pavement life was determined from both a functional (performance) viewpoint and structural (cracking) viewpoint. Extensive laboratory tests were done to determine conventional material properties as well as dynamic elastic responses of each component layer. Crack surveys were made on each pavement to quantify the physical state of distress. Measured laboratory properties were used in a theoretical multilayered analysis to predict fatigue cracking repetitions from cumulative damage theory by the Pell and Brown, Monismith, Kentucky Highway, The Asphalt Institute and Shell Oil fatigue relationships. Remaining damage predictions for each pavement were also made using the AASHTO design method in both a "conventional" and "limiting layer" analysis as recommended by NCHRP 128. It was concluded that the best agreement between measured cracking distress and predicted fatigue life occurred with the Monismith criteria. For all pavement sections considered, the critical or controlling design repetitions by the AASHTO procedure was associated with the "limiting layer analyses". The relationship developed between structural and functional failure was found to be in excellent agreement with other published values. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Design methods KW - Deterioration KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Maryland KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Service life KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197622 AU - Witczak, M W AU - Dalton, E H AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF REMAINING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT LIFE. VOLUME II. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT REMAINING LIFE CHARACTERISTICS INTERPRETED FROM THEORY AND LABORATORY FATIGUE TEST PY - 1978/10 SP - 270 p. AB - Three Maryland state highways were analyzed. Eighteen inch diameter cores were obtained from which fatigue beams were tested. In conjunction with the lab study, a theoretical highway remaining damage model was developed to assist in correlations between predicted and observed remaining life. The model considers the lateral wander effect of the vehicle as well as the variable tensile strain pattern in a radial direction due to a 9 kip dual wheel load. The objective of the study was to assess the general feasibility of using field specimens of asphaltic concrete, tested in the lab for fatigue resistance, to measure the remaining life of a pavement. The study hypothesis was that differences in fatigue life would occur for beams sampled and tested from various traffic lanes (2, 4 or 6 feet) on a pavement. It was found that the use of fatigue tests from in-situ field specimens to determine remaining damage analysis has potential but questionable merit. Results are felt to be applicable only to the base course layer (bituminous layer) and not applicable for surface analysis. Results indicate that remaining damage is affected by lateral location and orientation of the fatigue beam. Beams in the wheel path tend to have a lower remaining life. Remaining damage of transverse beams was higher than longitudinal beams at the same lateral location. This difference becomes negligible towards the center of the traffic lane. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loads KW - Maintenance KW - Maryland KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Service life KW - Stiffness tests KW - Tests KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197624 AU - Witczak, M W AU - D'Amato, P A AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF REMAINING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT LIFE. VOLUME IV. ANALYSIS OF IN-SITU GRANULAR LAYER MODULUS FROM DYNAMIC ROAD RATER DEFLECTIONS PY - 1978/10 SP - 265 p. AB - The objective of the study was to investigate the ability of elastic layered theory coupled with non-linear dynamic modulus tests to predict comparable pavement deflections to that measured from dynamic Road Rater deflections. It was found, for over 180 test dates, pavement sections, sensor combinations, that the theoretically predicted deflection over-estimated the measured Road Rater deflections by a factor of about 2 to 4 (2.8 average). In order to obtain equal predicted and measured deflection values, the granular layer non-linear modulus was adjusted by a factor K1. A linear log-log relationship was found when the K1 factor was regressed to the measured surface deflections. It was concluded that the current laboratory method of modulus characterization to incorporate non-linear behavior underestimates the modulus of that granular material. An investigation was undertaken to determine whether the effect of shear strain was responsible for the decrease in granular layer modulus. It was found that the modulus does decrease with increasing shear strain and shear strain is proportional to surface deflection. These results indicated that relationships between surface deflection, shear strain, and granular layer modulus can be applied to predict in-situ modulus from deflection measurements. KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Dynamic tests KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Granular bases KW - Maintenance KW - Maryland KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance tests KW - Service life KW - Shear strain KW - Shear stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194750 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Panak, J J AU - Buth, C E AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - TUBULAR W-BEAM BRIDGE RAIL PY - 1978/10 SP - 56 p. AB - Bridge engineers of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) have long desired a low service level bridge rail for use on culverts and low bridges. It was desired that such a rail would be economical and compatible in strength and stiffness with the standard Texas Guard Fence (12 ga. W-beam, mounted on 7 in. diameter timber or W6 x 8.5 steel post at 6 ft-3 in. spacing). Present bridge rails designed according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (12th edition) are expensive, very stiff and rigid, and require special transitions to join them with the standard flexible guardrail on each end. The Tubular W-Beam bridge rail presented here does not meet the elastic analysis and allowable stress design requirements of AASHTO, but it does meet the full-scale vehicle crash test and performance requirements of such bridge rails and, consequently, is exempt from the allowable stress design requirements. The Tubular W-Beam bridge rail consists of standard guardrail posts W6 x 8.5 spaced 1.9 m (6 ft-3 in.) with a breakaway welded connection. The breakaway feature is achieved by completely welding up the tension flange and only slightly welding the inside of the compression flange and providing no weld on the web. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Culverts KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Performance tests KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Tubular structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193739 AU - Sime, J M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - USE OF WASTE MATERIAL IN TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS PY - 1978/10 SP - 63 p. AB - A six-phase feasibility study in the use of Connecticut's solid waste in transportation construction projects has been conducted. This study examines the possible use of various municipal solid wastes in "Sanitary Landfilled Earth Waste Structures" (SLEWS). The study objectives address the extent of waste in Connecticut that could be used in SLEWS construction, delineate the environmental benefits and disadvantages of the SLEWS concept, and define the engineering, construction and specification changes needed to implement SLEWS construction in Connecticut's limited access interstates and primary rights of way. /FHWA/ KW - Construction KW - Environmental impacts KW - Landfills KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83369 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00190119 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Purswell, J L AU - Dorris, A L AU - Human Factors Society TI - A STUDY OF POST-CRASH BUS EVACUATION PROBLEMS PY - 1978/10 SP - p. 522-527 AB - This study was conducted to provide information related to the post-crash evacuation of inter-city buses. A review of bus accident data and relevant literature was completed to provide an understanding of the variables related to bus evacuation. A survey was completed to document the passenger characteristics of a typical bus load. A special data base was analyzed for injuries resulting from falls or jumps of eight feet or less. A study was then designed and conducted to investigate bus evacuation under several "worst-case" conditions. The study was then conducted and 16 mm movie films were made of each evacuation. An analysis of the study provided information on time to evacuate for various conditions, hazards in evacuation, subjects reaction to the evacuation tests and recommendations for bus design and operation to minimize evacuation problems. /Author/ KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Evacuation KW - Injuries KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87795 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00190120 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Mitchell, D AU - Lynn, C AU - Human Factors Society TI - THE USE OF THE FATAL ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEM (FARS) IN EVALUATING CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRGINIA TRAFFIC FATALITIES PY - 1978/10 SP - p. 640-643 AB - Highway safety studies often involve a review of accident reports in order to determine those factors involved in traffic accidents. While this is a popular approach, it often entails problems resulting from incomplete information, contradictions in the available data, and difficulties in compiling information from various sources. For these reasons, the Fatal Accident Reporting System, a computerized data base, was chosen for use in evaluating the characteristics of Virginia traffic fatalities. In particular, the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) was applied to investigate the reason for the increase in traffic fatalities in Virginia in 1977 and determining their characteristics. Using data from the FARS, fatal traffic accidents in Virginia during 1976 and 1977 were compared by examining demographic characteritics of the accidents such as day of week, type of road, kind of location, and the age and sex of the drivers involved. The data were examined according to three categories; (1) accident, (2) vehicle/driver, and (3) person. It was found, however, that for all levels of factors, some data were unusable because of problems in format, insufficient information, and apparent inconsistencies in coding. The system was not found to be easily accessible and was also comparativly expensive. For these reasons, it was concluded that use of the Fatal Accident Reporting System does not appear to be the best method of evaluating characteristics of Virginia traffic fatalities. /Author/ KW - Accuracy KW - Crash reports KW - Databases KW - Fatalities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189964 AU - Chisholm, D B AU - Meczkowski, L C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC TESTING OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS WITH AN IMPROVED PENDULUM IMPACT FACILITY PY - 1978/10 SP - 111 p. AB - The report presents the results of a staff study leading to the development of a validated pendulum substitute for the full scale tests of luminaire supports as required by current AASHTO specifications. The resulting pendulum test procedure adequately simulated a 20 mph full-scale head on test with pre 1973 Vega in terms of change of momentum, structural deformation, impact duration, peak loads, and failure modes. As a byproduct of this effort, added insight has been obtained on pendulum and target structure parameters that may be critical in affecting the momentum transfer of the impacting vehicle. /FHWA/ KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic tests KW - Failure KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Peak loads KW - Peak periods KW - Pendulum tests KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00190114 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - HELANDER, M AU - MERRITT, J O AU - Abrams, C AU - Human Factors Society TI - EFFECT OF HEADLIGHT ILLUMINATION ON DRIVER PY - 1978/10 SP - p. 51-55 AB - The effect of different headlight patterns on driving performance was investigated during test drives along a 8-km rural highway. Eighteen subjects drove the test course once for each of the three headlight conditions: low beam, high beam, and low-plus-high beam. Continuous recordings were obtained of vehicle speed, brake pressure, acceleration, steering wheel angle, and lane position. Response profiles for average and 1 SD of response were plotted as a function of distance along the test course. ANOVA showed small but statistically significant illumination effects for average speed, average lane position, and standard deviation of steering wheel position and fore-aft accelerations. It was concluded that the test course may have been to difficult and thus may have limited effects of illumination conditions on the driving performance measures obtained in this first phase of testing. /Author/ KW - Average KW - Behavior KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Headlamps KW - Luminous intensity KW - Reaction time KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87793 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00190117 JO - Publication of: Human Factors Society PB - Human Factors Society AU - Pulling, N H AU - Wolf, E AU - Sturgis, S P AU - Vaillancourt, D R AU - Human Factors Society TI - HEADLIGHT GLARE RESISTANCE AND DRIVER AGE PY - 1978/10 SP - p. 51-55 AB - The physiological glare thresholds (defined as the logarithm of the ratio at threshold between illuminances of glare source and target background) of 148 subjexts from 5 to 91 years of age were measured in a Wolf glare tester. The data can be represented by a power function: (physiological glare threshold) = 0.00003 (age) to the 2.4 power + 2.4. When tested in a realistic driving simulator, the headlight glare resistances (defined as the logarithm of the ratio of mean "acceptable" glare illuminance to fixed ambient illuminance) of 30 in terms of a hypothesis: (headlight glare resistance) = (physilogical glare threshold) + (subjective glare tolerance). All these functions have large interpersonal variation. Field measurements are provided on relevant glare ratios in typical night driving situations. /Author/ KW - Age KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Equations KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Resistance KW - Simulation KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188975 AU - Sanford, J A AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - BOX-GIRDER BRIDGE ANALYSIS: A MODEL STUDY SN - Res Project 85-1 PY - 1978/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Experimentally determined responses of plexiglass models of steel two- and three-girder box-girder bridges with various support skew angles under static live-load conditions are compared with a theoretical analysis representing the structure as a planar grid. The model structures evaluated were small, having span lengths less than 10 ft. Test measurements consisted of strains and deflections. The results show that the planar-grid analysis with properly specified member properties is a reliable analytical tool for checking box-girder bridge designs. Theoretical values are shown to be conservative and adequately to predict transverse distributions of the loads. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deflection tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Load tests KW - Model tests KW - Plexiglass KW - Skewed distributions KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189365 AU - Dendrou, B AU - Purdue University TI - INTEGRATED APPROACH TO CAVITY SYSTEM SEISMIC EVALUATION PY - 1978/10 SP - 320 p. AB - A methodology is developed to compare different design alternatives of a cavity system. The performance of each alternative is evaluated according to six independent criteria representing the behavioral mode of the cavity system under a seisme. The computational part of the study is based on a two-dimensional Finite Elements uncertainty analysis and provides the quantification of the above-mentioned criteria. An inference model links together the statistical data of the important physical parameters obtained from a site investigation and the main analytical model which possesses four computational steps; namely the evaluation of the effects of: (1) an underground waterflow on the rock lmedia; (2) the excavation on the rock media; (3) a seismic perturbation on the rock media; (4) the displacement of the rock media on the liner. The rock media is assumed to be isotropic both in the physical and statistical sense. Computations are performed for each design alternative, in a two-dimensional geometric framework using triangular and beam type Finite Elements. /FHWA/ KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Excavations KW - Finite element method KW - Flow KW - Rocks KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Streamflow KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnel lining KW - Tunnels KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189357 AU - Strohm, William E AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COMPACTED SHALE EMBANKMENTS; VOL. 4, FIELD AND LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS, PHASE III PY - 1978/10 SP - 154 p. AB - This fourth report covers Phase III field sampling and pressurementer tests at six shale embankments and laboratory tests on undistrubed embankment samples and on unweathered samples of parent shales used in the embankments. The six embankments, in Tennessee, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio (two), and Indiana were selected to cover a range in age and performance for shales placed as rockfill at three sites and as soilfill at three sites. Special K sub 0 CU triaxial compression and density tests on 5-in.-diameter embankment samples provided data on in situ density, modulus, and shear strength. Pressuremeter tests gave supplemental modulus and strength data. Embankment samples showed shale deterioration to be minor, except at the Indiana embankment, compared wiht softening of random mixtures of soil, shale, and rock placed during construction at the other sites. Predicted settlement from modulus data was smaller than actual settlements. Undrained strength of saturated laboratory compacted shales correlated with in situ strength. Unweathered parent shales were used for jar soaking and slake-durability index tests, point load tests, compaction tests, and soaked compression tests. Point load index appears promising for field identification of rocklike shales if correlations are made during design studies. Compaction tests on modeled gradations can be used for coarse graded shales. Soaked compression of minus 3/4-in. compacted shale correlated with slake-durability index and can be used to estimate long-term settlement. /FHWA/ KW - Compaction KW - Compression tests KW - Construction KW - Density KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pressure gages KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188982 AU - Fong, G K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIX DESIGN METHODS FOR BASE AND SURFACE COURSES USING EMULSIFIED ASPHALT, A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT PY - 1978/10 SP - 50 p. AB - A comprehensive literature search was conducted to determine the state-of-the-art in mixture designs for pavements using emulsified asphalts. The widely used Marshall or Hveem mix design method using hot asphalt cement generally serve as their basis. Preparation and fabrication of specimens are similar in each method with differences existing primarily in the curing and testing schemes. Although several methods exist, no single method has been adopted by the highway community. A common method, used on a nationwide basis, needs to be established so that performance data can be readily exchanged among user agencies. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete curing KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189480 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Nutt, R V AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENSS OF EXISTING BRIDGE DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN PROVIDING ADEQUATE STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE TO SEISMIC DISTURBANCES, PHASE VI: SEISMIC RESPONSE OF BRIDGES--CASE STUDIES PY - 1978/10 SP - 186 p. AB - Presented are the results of six case studies conducted on each of three bridges (the Route 80 Onramp Undercrossing, the Northwest Connector Overcrossing, and the Southwest Connector Overcrossing designed by the California Department of Transportation) when subjected to strong seismic excitation. The dynamic responses of each bridge for separate excitations in the longitudinal and transverse directions were determined using the response spectral, linear time-history, and nonlinear time-history approaches. Maximum response values are interpreted in terms of current design procedures and code provision. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189479 AU - Nolan, M E AU - Spring, R J AU - Howell, R B AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CONTROL OF SLOPE EROSION USING FIBERGLASS ROVING WITH VEGETATION PY - 1978/10 SP - 101 p. AB - This study demonstrated the use of fiberglass roving with vegetation for erosion control of severly eroding slopes. A total of three sites were treated. Route 50, Camino and Route 41, Creston were treated in November 1977, and Route 101, Asti was treated in January 1978. The sites were selected on the basis of varying soil types and different climatological conditions. Four additional sites that were previously treated under other projects were also evaluated. The test sites were monitored with photographs, sediment troughs to determine erosion rates, field observation for vegetation emergence, and precipitation measurements during a period from the fall of 1977 to the summer of 1978. Aesthetic evaluations were performed at the Camino site on Route 50 by a review team composed of representatives from Caltrans, Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology and FHWA. The fiberglass roving with vegetation was effective in reducing erosion at all the sites. Grasses, seeded prior to treatment, emerged through the fiberglass mat with little difficulty. The installed cost of the treatment is high (approximately $4,500 per acre) and should only be sued in problem areas and special cases. /FHWA/ KW - Costs KW - Erosion control KW - Fiberglass KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189364 AU - Raggett, J D AU - Rojahn, C AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - USE AND INTERPRETATION OF STRONG-MOTION RECORDS FROM HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1978/10 SP - 170 p. AB - This report describes how strong-motion records obtained from the earthquake induced motions of highway bridges may be analyzed for use in the evaluation of bridge designs and bridge design procedures. This report is divided into five principal sections. The first section describes strong-motion instrumentation and strong-motion records. In the second section, a mathematical model for the dynamic response of bridges to strong ground shaking is formulated. The third section describes how analog records scaled by hand can be analyzed. Force levels throughout bridges and mathematical model parameters are found from hypothetical strong motions for two example bridges. The fourth section describes how digitized records can be analyzed. A linear least-squares fitting procedure in the time domain for identifying mathematical model parameters from recorded strong motions is described. Hypothetical motions for three example bridges are analyzed using this procedure to yield best-fit mathematical models. The last section consists of appendices. Included are a more extensive introduction to dynamics of structures and listings of the programs used to identify the best-fit mathematical models. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Least squares method KW - Linear equations KW - Mathematical models KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81762 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01291505 TI - ROLE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS IN THE PROTECTION OF CAR OCCUPANTS IN LATERAL IMPACT T2 - ROLE DES MOYENS DE RETENTION DANS LA PROTECTION DE L'OCCUPANT EN CHOC LATERAL AB - IMPROVEMENTS IN THE PROTECTION OF CAR OCCUPANTS DURING LATERAL IMPACT CAN BE MADE TO THE VEHICLE STRUCTURES AND TO PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS (LAYOUT OF VEHICLE INTERIOR SEATS AND RESTRAINT SYSTEMS). THE OBJECT OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO EXAMINE THE ROLE OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS AFTER MODIFICATIONS TO THE STRUCTURE OF THE VEHICLE. IN THE FIRST PART OF THE STUDY, THE BEHAVIOUR OF TWO MASS-PRODUCED VEHICLES (CITROEN GS AND VISA) WAS ANALYZED IN SIMULATED LATERAL IMPACT ON TWO ANTHROPOMETRIC DUMMIES (HYBRID 2 DUMMY AND SPECIAL DUMMY). IN 1979 THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE TWO VEHICLES WILL BE COMPARED WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOPING NECESSARY STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS. THE INFLUENCE OF THESE MODIFICATIONS WILL BE CHECKED IN TESTS ON THE DUMMIES PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED. KW - Efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Passive safety system KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Side crashes KW - Sideways collision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1052678 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280795 TI - ROLE DES MOYENS DE RETENTION DANS LA PROTECTION DE L'OCCUPANT EN CHOC LATERAL AB - L'AMELIORATION DE LA PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS DE VEHICULE LORS D'UN CHOC LATERAL PEUT ETRE TRAITEE AU NIVEAU DE LA STRUCTURE MEME DU VEHICULE AINSI QUE DES SYSTEMES DE PROTECTION (AMENAGEMENT INTERIEUR, SIEGE ET SYSTEME DE RETENTION). NOTRE ETUDE A EU POUR OBJET D'EXAMINER PLUS PARTICULIEREMENT LE ROLE DES SYSTEMES DE PROTECTION APRES AVOIR FAIT DES MODIFICATIONS DE STRUCTURE JUGEES NECESSAIRES. CETTE FICHE ANNULE ET REMPLACE LA FICHE DIRR 501148. KW - Collision laterale KW - Efficacite KW - Efficiency KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Securite passive (systeme) KW - Side crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580327 AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting: Operating Manual: Methods and Equipment Developed During the Project PY - 1978/09 SP - 231p AB - The Central Avalanche Hazard Forecasting project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since July 1975 in order to test the feasibility and effectiveness of central avalanche forecasting for the Cascade Mountain Passes and adjacent territory. Historically, avalanche forecasting in the Cascade Mountains has been done locally on an area-by-area basis by Highway Department personnel and by Forest Rangers and professional ski patrolmen at individual ski areas. This project explored the possibilities of improving both mountain weather and related avalanche forecasts for use by Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDT) during winter operations in the mountain passes and, secondarily, explored the usefulness of an areawide forecasting service to other, cooperating agencies. The aim of this work has been to establish the technical and administrative framework for an operational, on-going mountain weather and avalanche forecasting service for Western Washington under the joint support of interested public agencies. This aim has been achieved in autumn 1978 by the operation of an avalanche forecasting office administered by the U.S. Forest Service, housed by the National Weather Service, and supported by WSDT, with additional peripheral support from both the public and private sectors. This Operating Manual is intended to be an informal document with limited distribution and its format reflects that informality. KW - Avalanches KW - Cascade Mountains KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Washington (State) KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/023.1A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1372780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414659 AU - Perchonok, K AU - Ranney, T A AU - Baum, A S AU - Morris, D F AU - Eppich, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hazardous effects of highway features and roadside objects. Volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1978/09 IS - FHWA/RD-78-201+2 SP - 123 + 332p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident severity KW - Alignment KW - Alignment KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Guardrails KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Road design KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Run off the road accident KW - Safety fence KW - Single vehicle accident KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414392 AU - Weir, D H AU - Strange, J F AU - Heffley, R K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reduction of adverse aerodynamic effects of large trucks, Volume 1: Technical report PY - 1978/09 IS - FHWA/RD-79-84 SP - 380p AB - The overall objective of this study has been to develop methods of minimizing three aerodynamic related phenomena: truck induced aerodynamic disturbances, splash, and spray. An analytical methodology has been developed and used to characterize aerodynamic flow, truck splash and spray generation and propagation, adjacent driver visibility factors, the performance of the disturbed adjacent driver/ vehicle system, and benefit cost comparisons. These same factors have been studied in a series of driving simulator, wind tunnel, and full scale tests and experiments. Attention in the experiments and analyses has focused on understanding the phenomena, as well as on identifying and developing devices, techniques, and procedures for minimizing these aerodynamic effects. Several truck mounted devices and prototype concepts are identified which have the potential to alleviate the adverse effects of splash and spray in a cost effective way. These include collector flaps, simple fenders, and aerodynamic panels and devices near the tractor, under the truck, and around the wheels. Non vehicle means of alleviation are considered, as well (A). KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182190 ER - TY - SER AN - 01159753 JO - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Demo Proj 39 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Ellendale, North Dakota PY - 1978/09//Final Report SP - 33p AB - The objectives of this project were three fold: (1) to eliminate the rutted condition of the surface; (2) to improve the skid resistance; and (3) to ease the transition from driving lane to shoulder. The process of milling off the top surface of the pavement and spreading and laying this material on the 12-foot shoulder was expected to accomplish all three objectives. Because the 1974 pavement mix had a lower than normal unit weight, the actual thickness placed was about 3.6 inches rather than the planned 2 inches. The structural capacity of the milled pavement was therefore considered to remain adequate. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Milling KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Recycled materials KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017015/017015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399296 AU - CRAWFORD, W L AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS AIDED DESIGN SYSTEM--SUMMARY OF GENERAL SYSTEM DESIGN PY - 1978/09 AB - This is the second of three interim reports to be prepared on a four-year study to develop an Interactive Graphics Aided Design System. It is a summary of the General Design Report for the Interactive Graphics Aided Design System being developed. The report gives, in addition to a summary of the general design. A discussion some of the philosophies used in designing the system. The overall objective for the study is the development of a roadway design system utilizing graphics cathode ray tubes as an interface between the designer and the computer with emphasis on graphics input and output. The development is to use as a base existing engineering design systems and specifically the Roadway Design System (RDS) developed by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. In Addition to the engineering design systems, the Interactive Graphics Aided Design System will utilize the digital geographic data base produced by the Texas Automated Mapping System for the base survey information. (Author) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Databases KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Highway design KW - Interactive graphics KW - Mapping KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/216000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198212 AU - Brice, J C AU - Blodgett, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS AT BRIDGES. VOLUME I. ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT PY - 1978/09 SP - 187 p. AB - Guidelines have been developed to assist design, maintenance, and construction engineers in selecting measures that can be used to reduce bridge losses attributable to scour and bank erosion. These guidelines are based on case histories of 224 bridge sites in the U.S. and Canada, on interviews with bridge engineers in 34 states, and on a survey of published work on countermeasures. Each case history (in Vol. 2) includes data on bridge, geomorphic, and flow factors; a chronological account of relevant events at the site; and an evaluation of hydraulic problems and countermeasures. Problems at piers occurred at 100 sites and problems at abutments, at 80 sites. Problems are attributed to local scour at 50 sites, to general scour at 55 sites, and to lateral stream erosion at 105 sites. Performance ratings are given for rigid and flexible revetment, for flow-control measures (spurs, dikes, spur dikes, check dams, jack fields), and for measures incorporated into the bridge. Streams are classified for engineering purposes into five major types, each having characteristics of lateral stability and behavior that need to be taken into account in the design of bridges and countermeasures. Hydraulic analysis was carried out for flood conditions at 60 bridges, for which values of flow, bridge, and geomorphic factors are tabulated. KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Channel flow KW - Channel stabilization KW - Dikes KW - Flow KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Groins (Hydraulics) KW - Groins structures KW - Highway bridges KW - Jetties KW - Open channel flow KW - Riprap KW - Scour KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Surveying KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197598 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Majidzadeh (Kamran) AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OBSERVATIONS OF FIELD PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN OHIO PY - 1978/09 SP - 139 p. AB - This report documents the fact that the Chang-Majidzadeh design criteria can be used to predict crack spacing in CRC pavement structures. The Chang-Majidzadeh model is also found to be in agreement with the NCHRP proposed design criteria. The major points of agreement are given. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field tests KW - Ohio KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803509 AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MILLING BITUMUNOUS SURFACE PY - 1978/09 SP - 35 p. AB - The objectives of this project were three fold: (1) to eliminate the rutted condition of the surface; (2) to improve the skid resistance, and (3) to ease the transition from driving lane to shoulder. The process of milling off the top surface of the pavement and spreading and laying the material on the 12-foot shoulder was expected to accomplish all three objectives. Because the 1974 pavement mix had a lower than normal unit weight, the actual thickness placed was about 3.6 inches rather than the planned 2 inches. The structural capacity of the milled pavement was therefore considered to remain adequate. KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Milling KW - Mixtures KW - North Dakota KW - Recycled materials KW - Road shoulders KW - Rutting KW - Skid resistance KW - Transition elements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00309513 AU - Gnaedinger, J P AU - Soil Testing Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIME TREATMENT OF INCINERATOR RESIDUE FOR ROAD BASE CONSTRUCTION PY - 1978/09 SP - 87 p. AB - Extensive laboratory testing was performed on mixtures of incinerator residue and four types of admixtures. Following the laboratory testing program, a mixture of incinerator residue and waste lime was utilized as base course for an entranceway and parking area on the south side of a building. On the north side of the building, a conventional entranceway and parking area was constructed using dolomitic limestone as the base material. The performance of the two pavements was visually observed for a period of 2-1/2 years. During this observation time, both pavements showed satisfactory service and approximately the same amount of distress. The results of the laboratory testing show that properly burnt incinerator residue when mixed with a lime admixture and compacted gains compressive strength with time. California Bearing Ratios equal to or greater than the maximum values expected for crushed stone and gravel result from the residue-lime mixtures. Variations in the composition of the residue do not appear to significantly affect the strength developed in the residue-lime mixtures and this material appears to be less sensitive to variations in the dry density in place. Incinerator residue-lime base material appears to be economically competitive with other base materials, results in a solid waste recycling and conserves the energy required to dispose of the residue and produce alternative bases. (FHWA) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium oxide KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compressive strength KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixtures KW - Pavements KW - Roadbed material KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/148704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303411 AU - Weir, D H AU - Strange, J F AU - Heffley, R K AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCTION OF ADVERSE AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF LARGE TRUCKS VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/09 SP - 378 p. AB - The overall objective of this study has been to develop methods of minimizing three aerodynamic-related phenomena: truck-induced aerodynamic disturbances, splash, and spray. An analytical methodology has been developed and used to characterize aerodynamic flow, truck splash and spray generation and propagation, adjacent driver visibility factors, the performance of the disturbed adjacent driver/vehicle system, and benefit/cost comparisons. These same factors have been studied in a series of driving simulator, wind tunnel, and fullscale tests and experiments. Attention in the experiments and analyses has focused on understanding the phenomena, as well as on identifying and developing devices, techniques, and procedures for minimizing these aerodynamic effects. Several truck mounted devices and prototype concepts are identified which have the potential to alleviate the adverse effects of splash and spray in a cost-effective way. These include collector flaps, simple fenders, and aerodynamic panels and devices near the tractor, under the truck, and around the wheels. Non-vehicle means of alleviation are considered, as well. /FHWA/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance KW - Visibility KW - Wind pressure UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30800/30878/FHWA-RD-79-84.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195950 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Stockton, W R AU - Koppa, R J AU - Richards, S H AU - Mast, T M AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 1--DESIGN GUIDE PY - 1978/09 SP - 384 p. AB - This document provides practical guidelines for the development, design, and operation of driver displays, both visual and auditory, for freeway traffic management. The emphasis is on the recommended content of messages to be displayed in various traffic situations; the manner in which messages are to be displayed--format, coding, style, length, load, redundancy, and number of repetitions; and where messages should be placed with respect to the situations they are explaining. The guidelines for visual and audio messages to be displayed in incident management/route diversion situations are based upon research and operational experience. The subject matter in the Design Guide is basically restricted to human factors design considerations with respect to motorist information displays for traffic management in freeway corridors. Once a decision has been made by the engineer to implement a motorist information system, the publication should provide guidance in message selection and the manner of message presentation for specific situations. Although the Design Guide is primarily intended for traffic engineers working in city, county, state, or private organizations, it should also be useful to traffic engineering students or trainees and to FHWA engineers at the district and regional levels who are responsible for project review and approval. /FHWA/ KW - Freeway operations KW - Guidelines KW - Information dissemination KW - Traffic engineers KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188970 AU - Bryan, N AU - Klotz, R AU - Kinsley, H AU - Casner, D AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - A LIMITED EVALUATION OF REFLECTIVE AND NON-REFLECTIVE BACKGROUND FOR OVERHEAD SIGNS PY - 1978/09 SP - 40 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using reflective sign sheeting, either engineering grade (Class I) or high-intensity grade (Class II) as background material for selected overhead signs, or using presently accepted non-reflective, opaque, porcelain enamel backgrounds but without external illumination. Two sets of overhead signs were placed at two sites, where motorist interviews and photometric readings were taken. The results indicate that the motorists generally preferred the unlighted high intensity signs as compared to unlighted non-reflective or engineering grade signs. Photometric readings indicated greatest contrast ratio with reflective button copy on the non-reflective background when not illuminated. It is concluded that signs with the reflective backgrouds and legends used in this study could fully provide an acceptable level of service when not self illuminated on freeway type highways with tangent section a minimum of 1200 feet in length. Illuminated, non-reflective signs with button copy yield high contrast ratios and provide a level of service equal to the alternate sign types tested. The individual states should have the prerogative of deciding which background type, legend, and illumination condition provide the best service in their areas of jurisdiction. /FHWA/ KW - Backgrounds KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Perception KW - Reflective signs KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373071 AU - Welch, R C AU - Thornton, S I AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARKANSAS BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PY - 1978/09 SP - n.p. AB - The fifth and final report in a series of reports that detail field exploration, laboratory testing and design and analysis of bridge foundations in Arkansas. Recommended procedures for design and analysis of bridge foundations are the substance of this report. The procedures cover both shallow and deep foundations. (FHWA) KW - Bearing tests KW - Bridge foundations KW - Foundation bearing tests KW - Foundations KW - Shallow foundations KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2039.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365074 AU - Reynolds, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OUTFLOW METER: A PAVEMENT SURFACE DRAINAGE INSTRUMENT PY - 1978/09 SP - 45 p. AB - The Outflow Meter is a portable electronic device developed in-house by the Federal Highway Administration for rapid, low cost measurement of the drainage characteristics of a pavement surface. This document focuses on the hardware design and function of the Outflow Meter. Complete fabrication and assembly drawings, parts lists, and calibration proceedures are included. KW - Calibration KW - Fabrication KW - Highway drainage KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Portable equipment KW - Surface drainage KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345772 AU - Law, D A AU - Anania, G L AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING OF NEOPRENE JOINT SEALERS PY - 1978/09 SP - 31 p. AB - This report describes an investigation of acceptance sampling procedures for 1-1/4-in. neoprene joint sealer. Background information is presented on the manufacturing process and quality control techniques. Historical data dealing with rejection rates and property variability is discussed. The present acceptance plan is analyzed using OC curves. To determine the correct sampling location and the variability within a lot, an experiment was conducted. Various types of sampling plans are discussed before choosing the appropriate plan based on information collected and presented in this report. (FHWA) KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Joint sealers KW - Manufacturing KW - Neoprene KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335952 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Colpitts, K AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOW-COST FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IN TAMPA, FLORIDA PY - 1978/09 SP - 122 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeways alone. The overall research study developed methodology for identifying low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreements, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This report summarizes the field demonstration of several low-cost alternatives. Other reports from contract DOT-FH-11-8813 pertaining to "Alternative Surveillance Concepts and Methods for Freeway Incident Management" are: Vol. 1 RD-77-58 Executive Summary; Vol. 2 PB 279 497/AS RD-77-59 Planning and Trade-Off Analyses for Low-Cost Alternatives; Vol. 3 PB282 353/AS RD-77-60 Computational Example for Selecting Low-Cost Alternatives; Vol. 4 PB 279 498/AS RD-77-61 guidelines for Specific Low-Cost Alternatives; Vol. 5 PB 279 499/AS RD-77-62 Training Guide for On-Site Incident Management; Vol. 6 PB 384 781/AS RD-77-63 Delay, Time, and Queue Tables for Trade-Off Analyses. In addition to these reports, an interim report, FHWA-FD-76-111, was prepared entitled "Review of Current and Proposed Low-Cost Freeway Incident Management Systems." This report presented the state-of-the-art in freeway incident management as of May 1976. This report is available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Accession Number PB 259 077/AS). (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Low costs KW - Queuing KW - Response KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308344 AU - Russell, O R AU - Zall, L S AU - Erskine, M C AU - Fraser, D C AU - Everett AU - Earth Satellite Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIRBORNE RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUES FOR LOCATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, GRANITE FALLS AND BIG FALLS, MINNESOTA, TEST SITES SN - Project 1111 PY - 1978/09 SP - 104 p. AB - Airborne resistivity and magnetic geophysical data was acquired in the Granite Falls, Minnesota area between July 30 and August 1 over a rectangular area 9.7 km x 14.5 km (6 mi. x 9 mi.). Similar data was acquired in the Big Falls, Minnesota area between 3 August and 5 August, 1977. This test area was about 6.4 km (4 mi.) by 32 km (20 mi.) centered over Federal Highway 71. The data from Granite Falls showed low resistivity values indicating that the glacial drift overlying much of the area is conductive. Although considerable cultural interference in the form of power lines and buried pipelines exists locally, three sites were identified with a calculated reserve aggregate material of about 9.9 x 10 to the sixth power cu M (12.9 x 10 to the sixth power cu yd). The data from Big Falls exhibited nominal resistivity values varying from 100 to 400 ohm-m in the wetter areas and well over 1,000 ohm-m in the drier, sandier areas. Three target areas were identified, two of which have combined estimated reserves of construction materials of 2.8 x 10 to the seventh power cu M. Field tests will be required to verify these reserves. (FHWA) KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Gravel KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic surveys KW - Resistivity KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197357 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Rathbone, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITIES PY - 1978/09 SP - 49 p. AB - The report presents guidelines for designing bus park-and-ride facilities. Specifically, guidelines are developed for: (1) locating park-and-ride lots; (2) determining the desired size of a park-and-ride lot; (3) evaluating the capacity of selected design components of the lot (access/egress, kiss-and-ride, bus loading spaces, shelter area); and (4) establishing the physical layout of the parking area. The guidelines develped should be of greatest use to those individuals already familiar with typical parking lot design who are involved in the initial design of new park-and-ride facilities. KW - Buses KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Layout KW - Location KW - Park and ride KW - Parking facilities KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit railways KW - Size KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Terminal facilities KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315055 AU - Marquis, E L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW CONCEPTS FOR TRAFFIC BARRIER SYSTEMS PY - 1978/09 SP - 108 p. AB - This report examines the development of two roadside barrier-median barrier systems by computer simulation. The systems are designated as the Concrete Barrier with Blockedout W Rail and the Thrie T Barrier (TTB). Both systems are designed for impacts by vehicles ranging from 2250 lb (1020 kgm) to 40,000 lb (18.140 kgm). In addition, the concrete barrier with a blockedout W rail was investigated for impacts by vehicles in the 1650 lb (750 kgm) category. Both barriers are sufficiently developed for full-scale testing. The concrete barrier with a blocked out W rail was designed as a rail attached to a vertical wall blocked out with a reusable unit which acts as a one-way spring. The rail was also designed to be attached to a safety shape. The simulation results indicate that the rollover probability of a lightweight narrow wheelbase vehicle impacting a safety shape with a blockedout W rail is significantly reduced when compared to impacts of the some vehicle with a plain safety shape. The TTB was developed by strengthening the European Neher-SWOV barrier. The TTB is a multiple stage barrier utilizing two thrie beam ribbons rigidly separated by a spacer and attached to a post to form a T. Both barriers appear to be capable of redirecting lightweight vehicle impacts at an intensity reduced from existing systems, and both systems appear to be capable of retaining intercity buses. (FHWA) KW - Barrier design KW - Computer aided design KW - Concrete structures KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Simulation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313186 AU - Humphreys, J B AU - Box, P C AU - Sullivan, T D AU - Wheeler, D J AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF CURB PARKING. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/09 SP - 19 p. AB - Parking and accident data were collected on over 170 miles of streets in 10 cities in the U.S. Over 4,800 accidents were tabulated and analyzed. Intersection and midblock accident comparisons were made for selected cities, and midblock accident rates were computed for various stratifications including street functional classification, land use, parking utilization and parking type. No relationship was found between accident rate and street width or parking angle. Accident rate was found to vary however with land use and parking utilization. Installation of parking prohibitions was estimated to reduce midblock accident rates from 19% to 75%, which is equivalent to total on-street accident rate reductions of 8% to 30%. Field operational studies were made relative to the effects of different types of parking on speeds, vehicle placement, delays and conflicts. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Curbs KW - Data collection KW - Land use KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parking KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Streets KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313191 AU - Humphreys, J B AU - Box, P C AU - Sullivan, T D AU - Wheeler, D J AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF CURB PARKING PY - 1978/09 SP - 206 p. AB - Parking and accident data were collected on over 170 miles of streets in 10 cities in the U.S. Over 4,800 accidents were tabulated and analyzed. Intersection and midblock accident comparisons were made for selected cities, and midblock accident rates were computed for various stratifications including street functional classification, land use, parking utilization and parking type. No relationship was found between accident rate and street width or parking angle. Accident rate was found to vary however with land use and parking utilization. Installation of parking prohibitions was estimated to reduce midblock accident rates from 19% to 75%, which is equivalent to total on-street accident rate reductions of 8% to 30%. Field operational studies were made relative to the effects of different types of parking on speeds, vehicle placement, delays and conflicts. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Land use KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Parking KW - Parking facilities KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Streets KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308345 AU - Russell, O R AU - Zall, L S AU - Erskine, M C AU - Fraser, D C AU - Everett, J R AU - Earth Satellite Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIRBORNE RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUES FOR LOCATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; SPRINGFIELD, OHIO, TEST SITE PY - 1978/09 SP - 77 p. AB - Airborne resistivity and magnetic geophysical data was acquired between 13 July and 28 July 1977 over a rectangular area of about 122 sq km (47 sq. mi.) immediately north and northest of Springfield, Ohio. The area contains abundant sand and gravel with about one-fourth of the site being covered with a varied cover of glacial till. Thus, the analysis of the data was structured to identify the better deposits. Four such target areas were mapped with a total estimated aggregate quantity of 16.9 x to to the seventh power cu m. Field tests are needed to confirm these estimates. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Gravel KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic surveys KW - Resistivity KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308346 AU - Russell, O R AU - Zall, L S AU - Erskine, M C AU - Fraser, D C AU - Everett, J R AU - Earth Satellite Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIRBORNE RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUES FOR LOCATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; ISLAND FALLS, MAINE, TEST SITE PY - 1978/09 SP - 79 p. AB - Airborne resistivity and magnetic geophysical data was acquired between 2 June and 28 June 1977 over an irregularly bounded area of about 174 sq km(67 sq mi) in the vicinity of Island Falls and Sherman Mills, Maine. Analysis of these data indicated unusually high resistivity values for a glacial till covered terrain. Although cultural interference existed locally, the geophysical data indicated four areas of aggregate materials, each with volumes approaching or exceeding 1,000,000 cu m. Field tests are needed to confirm these estimates. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aggregates KW - Building materials KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Gravel KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic surveys KW - Resistivity KW - Sand KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308343 AU - Russell, O R AU - Zall, L S AU - Erskine, M C AU - Fraser, D C AU - Everett, J R AU - Earth Satellite Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIRBORNE RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUES FOR LOCATING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS; GENESCO, NEW YORK, TEST SITE PY - 1978/09 SP - 77 p. AB - Airborne resistivity and magnetic geophysical surveys were conducted between July 1 and July 11, 1977 in the Dansville-Geneseo area of western New York. The test site consisted of an area about 91 sq km (35 sq mi) and was restricted to the glacial filled valley and flood plain of Canaseraga Creek and Genesee River. Analysis of the data indicated four areas that are believed to have sand and gravel potential. Sands will probably predominate, with gravel being a minor constituent of the deposits. Of the four sites, all but one have calculated volumes exceeding to the sixth power cubic meters. Field tests are needed to confirm these estimates. /FHWA/ KW - Aerial surveying KW - Building materials KW - Flood plains KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Glacial deposits KW - Gravel KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic surveys KW - Resistivity method KW - Sand KW - Till KW - Valleys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00305730 AU - Weaver, G D AU - Woods, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSING AND NO-PASSING ZONES: SIGNS, MARKINGS, AND WARRANTS PY - 1978/09 SP - 241 p. AB - The report presents suggested criteria, warrants, and traffic control devices to design safe passing operations and designate no-passing zones on rural two-lane highways. The criteria are based on vehicle performance during the passing maneuver, the premise that sight distance should be provided at the critical postion when the passing and passed vehicle are abreast, and evaluation of traffic control devices in providing the required visual information at this critical position. An advance pavement marking system consisting of a short dotted yellow line adjacent to the roadway centerline throughout the pass completion distance is proposed, in conjunction with the no-passing zone pennant sign, to advise the passing driver that passing should not be initiated beyond the start of this marking system because there is not sufficient distance to complete the maneuver before reaching the no-passing zone. Warrants for no-passing zones are presented with lengths of advance treatment and minimum distances between successive no-passing zones for a range of expected operating speeds. An economic analysis of the expected benefits to be derived if the system were to be implemented nationwide indicates a high probability of being cost-effective. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Distance KW - Divided highways KW - Economic analysis KW - Highway traffic control KW - Marking KW - Passing KW - Pavements KW - Road markings KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic warrants KW - Two lane highways KW - Visibility KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304677 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FREEWAY SHOULDERS TO INCREASE CAPACITY PY - 1978/09 SP - 63 p. AB - Every sector of urban transportation faces the problems of rising costs, limited funds, and depleting resources with which to provide for increasing travel demands. Getting the greatest production out of the existing transportation facilities is the goal of every transportation agency. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation recently approved for testing the concept of increasing roadway capacity on urban freeways by restripping the mainline pavement with narrower lane widths and encroaching on the shoulder to create one additional lane for travel. Two modified sections of U.S. 59 Southwest Freeway in Houston were selected for study. Before and after data were collected over a four-year period to determine the effectiveness of reconfiguring the surface geometrices of freeways. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Increase KW - Lane lines KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Road shoulders KW - Texas KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Urban transportation KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302199 AU - Frantz, G C AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF CRACKING ON THE SIDE FACES OF LARGE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS PY - 1978/09 SP - 262 p. AB - Several large reinforced concrete highway bent cap girders, designed according to ACI and AASHTO provisions, were found to have very wide cracks near middepth on the side faces. Although the crack width at the level of main reinforcement was acceptable, the side face cracks near middepth were up to three times as wide. This indicated potential durability problems. A 3/8 scale laboratory model using deformed bars and reduced maximum size aggregate accurately reproduced the crack pattern and crack widths of the full size bent caps. A simplified test specimen was developed to accurately simulate the behavior of a portion of a beam under constant moment loading. A series of 44 specimens investigated the variables affecting side face cracking: amount and distribution of side face reinforcement, cover web width, and beam depth. A relatively simple two-dimensional finite element analysis generally confirmed the laboratory results. A new design procedure was developed to control side face crack widths and was simplified for code use. To verify the new design procedure, the original model bent cap with the serious side face cracking problem was redesigned and tested. The procedure worked very well. Although the new procedure requires substantially more side face reinforcement for large beams than present provisions do, it appears that the side face cracking problem can be controlled at little or no additional cost by considering the flexural strength contribution of the side face reinforcement. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Beams KW - Costs KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00196246 AU - Brice, J C AU - Blodgett, J C AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR HYDRAULIC PROBLEMS AT BRIDGES. VOLUME 2-CASE HISTORIES FOR SITES 1-283 PY - 1978/09 SP - 554 p. AB - Guidelines have been developed to assist design, maintenance, and construction engineers in selecting measures that can be used to reduce bridge losses attributable to scour and bank erosion. These guidelines are based on case histories of 224 bridge sites in the U.S. and Canada, on interviews with bridge engineers in 34 states, and on a survey of published work on countermeasures. Each case history (in Vol. 2) includes data on bridge, geomorphic, and flow factors; a chronological account of relevant events at the site; and an evaluation of hydraulic problems and countermeasures. Problems at piers occurred at 100 sites and problems at abutments, at 80 sites. Problems are attributed to local scour at 50 sites, to general scour at 55 sites, and to lateral stream erosion at 105 sites. Performance ratings are given for rigid and flexible revetment, for flow-control measures (spurs, dikes, spur dikes, check dams, jack fields), and for measures incorporated into the bridge. Streams are classified for engineering purposes into five major types, each having characteristics of lateral stability and behavior that need to be taken into account in the design of bridges and countermeasures. Hydraulic analysis was carried out for flood conditions at 60 bridges, for which values fo flow, bridge, and geomorphic factors are tabulated. /FHWA/ KW - Bridges KW - Countermeasures KW - Dams KW - Dikes KW - Engineers KW - Erosion KW - Floods KW - Geomorphology KW - Guidelines KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Hydraulic systems KW - Performance KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46529/FHWA-RD-78-163.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195895 AU - Anderson, D AU - Peterson, D E AU - Wiley, M L AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - PREVENTION OF EARLY PAVEMENT DETERIORATION PY - 1978/09 SP - 73 p. AB - This study was done to identify the major forms and causes of early pavement distress, and to recommend changes in specifications or policies to prevent the distress. Three major forms of distress in Utah were identified as follows: 1--Unstable mixes, 2--Transverse cracking, and 3--Stripping. The VESYS IIM rutting model was found adequate in predicting dangerous levels of rutting and shoving of flexible pavements. Higher values of temperature susceptibility, and saturates content in the asphalt binder were found to be related to greater levels of transvers cracking. Usage of the COLD program is promising in reducing temperature-associated cracking. Asphalt-aggregate interactions were found to be related to both unstable mixes and stripping. The analysis of more anti-stripping agents with hydrated lime was recommended for possible use in reducing stripping. It was determined that changes in the marshall mix design method are needed to better represent conditions in the Dryer Drum mixer. A major factor resulting in early pavement deterioration is poor quality control on some highways leading to the pavement not meeting present specifications. /FHWA/ KW - Defects KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Molasses KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Quality control KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Specifications KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84601 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00194920 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE....ARE THESE REAL? PY - 1978/09 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - p. 55-62 AB - The author states that skid test data from various sources have confirmed that the variability in skid testing has a mean standard deviation of 2 skid numbers (SN) or better. Using this estimate and assuming that pavement skid resistance, as measured by mean skid numbers is normally distributed, the conclusions have been drawn and are discussed. /EI/ KW - Data analysis KW - Distance KW - Elastic waves KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skidding KW - Skidmarks KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87052 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00194911 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Koening, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL OCCUPANCY OF FREEWAYS BY UTILITIES PY - 1978/09 VL - 109 IS - 9 SP - p. 98-99 AB - Reports on face of study of Interstate highways and toll facilities to determine the extent of joint usage with utilities are presented. Evaluation of various types of utilities as compatable neighbors is included. /EI/ KW - Compatibility KW - Freeways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Joint use KW - Public utilities KW - Toll areas KW - Toll facilities KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00194908 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Love, G D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GETTING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE PY - 1978/09 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - p. 41-47 AB - This article has covered two major activities in Federal Highway Administration development and technology transfer. A sample list of some of the items resulting from research that have made major contributions to transportation are shown. Short descriptions of recent innovations are presented. /EI/ KW - Development KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87040 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00194910 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Watts, F J AU - Podolny, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ICE LOADS ON BRIDGE PIERS PY - 1978/09 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - p. 63-70 AB - The development and verification of methodologies for assessing the potential for forming ice jams and estimating ice jam heights are discussed. Physical properties of ice, variables that affect ice forces, measurements of ice pressures on bridge piers, and a proposed ice load specification for bridge piers are described. /EI/ KW - Bridge piers KW - Ice KW - Ice loads KW - Loads KW - Performance based specifications KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197412 AU - Roach, W T AU - Lester, M AU - Seattle and King County, Washington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING AUTO OCCUPANCY AND SEATTLE AREA RESEARCH RESULTS PY - 1978/09 SP - 42 p. AB - Federal, State and local transportation policy has recently been redirected to emphasize increasing the efficiency of the transportation system rather than continue to increase capacity to handle travel growth. Unfortunately, base data is lacking to define the present person carrying capacity of the system. Also lacking are the field techniques and procedures to indicate when a data base is sufficient to indicate perceptible changes brought about by incentives. The research was directed to observing variations in peak hour auto occupancy on different days of the week, monthly, seasonally and along major corridors. The research also collected data on time of day variations, CBD cordons and special traffic generators and tested for error in field collection through redundant counts at various stations. The researchers explored and applied various statistical tests and included a discussion of the applicability and usefulness of different procedures for exploring different kinds of variations. There turned out to be no predictable pattern of variation of type of facility, varying traffic volumes, levels of transit service and distance from CBD center. There also was no significant predictable variation by day of week, month or season which was counter to the study hypothesis. Although no predictable variation was discovered within the limits of the study, the researchers were able to suggest the minimum auto occupancy measurement necessary to accurately evaluate a change in auto occupancy due to the provision of an exclusive lane, ramp, etc. KW - Automobiles KW - Central business districts KW - Data collection KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Federal government KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Local government KW - Monitoring KW - Occupancy KW - Periodic variations KW - Reserved lanes KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation policy KW - Transportation systems KW - United States KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197317 AU - Howell, R B AU - Baumeister, K L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MATERIALS IN HIGHWAY OPERATIONS PY - 1978/09 SP - 88 p. AB - A survey of highway maintenance, construction operations and solid waste disposal methods was performed in 1973-77 to determine procedures that appear to have minimum environmental impacts on water quality. A field investigation was also performed at a field site where vegetative materials including trees, stumps and brush, were buried in a highway embankment. The study showed no adverse effects to groundwater. KW - Brush KW - Brush control KW - California KW - Classification KW - Collecting methods KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Construction KW - Embankments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimating KW - Groundwater KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Leaching KW - Maintenance KW - Mulches KW - Refuse KW - Regression analysis KW - Road construction KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Trees KW - Vegetation KW - Volume KW - Wastes KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194537 AU - Halstead, W J AU - McGhee, K H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION IN DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS PY - 1978/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This report reviews the policy of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation toward energy conservation in the operation of its buildings and recommends further measures for conserving energy. Recommendations include specific measures which can be taken by the department of little or no cost or where payback within a relatively short time (5 years or less) can be expected. A longer range program to upgrade the energy-efficiency of all existing buildings, which would be based on a study of energy usage for various types of buildings and heating plants, is also recommended. Also, the savings from the installation of energy-conserving measures in typical buildings would be evaluated and considered in assigning priorities for capital improvements in other buildings of similar types. Related reports published as a part of HPR Project 1460 are "The Outlook for Transportation Energy" -- An Overview and Summary of Conservation plans in Virginia, Report No. VHTRC 78-R17. "Energy Use and Conservation in Highway Construction and Maintenance", VHTRC 78-R42 -- the final report of Task 1 of the project. Final reports for Task 2 --"Highway Operations" and Task 3 -- "Highway Lighting" are in preparation. /FHWA/ KW - Building KW - Capital KW - Conservation KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Energy KW - Highway maintenance KW - Improvements KW - Road construction KW - Street lighting UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36324/79-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189325 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - 1978 CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT WORKSHOP-A SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/09 SP - 36 p. AB - In 1977 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a four-state study concerning value engineering analysis of repair of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). The federal task order which initiated the study was then modified so as to provide a workshop to disseminate findings from the value engineering study and from related HPR research studies. This report summarizes discussions from the workshop. The continuously reinforced concrete pavement is a sophisticated one and warrants the most up-to-date methods of design, construction, evaluation, and repair. Localized patching is a valid preventive maintenance measure. A value engineering team has developed a set of guidelines for placing a high-quality patch in CRCP in an efficient manner. However, at some point in the life of such a pavement it may become more practical to discontinue patching and to resort to the more extensive process of rehabilitation. There are a number of decision criteria (e.g., total present cost for the analysis period) regarding the selection of a rehabilitation method and when it should be applied. The Road Maintenance Engineer can choose one or a combination of several rehabilitation methods for CRCP. Sub-drains, concrete shoulders, undersealing, epoxy for cracks and punch-outs, overlays and combinations of these features represent alternatives to continual patching and should seriously be considered in lieu thereof. /Author/ KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Patching KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Subdrains KW - Undersealing KW - Value engineering UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20127.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189473 AU - Holloway, G L AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Sarver, W G AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - FIELD TEST AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHOD FOR LATERALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFTS IN CLAY PY - 1978/09 SP - 109 p. AB - The behaviour of a laterally loaded drilled shaft in clay has been investigated by conducting a second lateral load test on an instrumented shaft. For each increment of the applied lateral load, the shaft rotation, the soil resistance, and the lateral deflection were measured. Pneumatic pressure cells were used to measure the soil resistance along the shaft. Dial gages located at the top of the shaft were used to measure the lateral deflection, and an inclinometer was used to measure the rotation of the shaft. The lateral load was measured with a strain gaged load cell. The ultimate lateral load for this test was defined as the load where the amount of lateral movement which occurred was enough to develop the limiting soil resistance. Using this definition for ultimate lateral load, it was possible to compare the ultimate soil reaction predicted by several analytical procedures with the soil reaction calculated from the soil resistance measured at the ultimate lateral load. Also, the ultimate lateral load for the test shaft was predicted using various analytical methods, and a comparison was made between the predicted ultimate loads and the measured ultimate load. Finally, a comparison was made between the measured ultimate loads obtained from six other load tests reported in the technical literature and the ultimate loads predicted by the different analytical methods. Based upon the comparison of measured versus predicted ultimate loads a preliminary design procedure for the design of rigid laterally loaded drilled shafts is presented. However, additional load tests are needed before this preliminary design procedure can be finalized. /FHWA/ KW - Breaking loads KW - Clay KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field tests KW - Lateral loads KW - Soil resistivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188965 AU - Burgi, P H AU - Bureau of Reclamation TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS STUDY VOLUME 3: HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE SELECTED GRATE INLETS IN A SUMP CONDITION PY - 1978/09 SP - 76 p. AB - Three selected sump grates were tested to evaluate their hydrulic and debris handling performance in a sump condition. The grates were selected based on the results of a previous study - Bicycle-safe Grate Inlets Study - Volume 1 - Hydraulic and Safety Characteristics of Selected Grate Inlets on Continuous Grades. The major objective of the initial study was to identify, develop, and analyze selected grate inlets which maximize hydraulic efficiency and bicycle safety. Six sizes of each sump grate design were tested on a 1:2 scale model representing a sump condition at the bottom of a vertical sag. The grates were tested using a longitudinal slope of 0.2 percent and roadway cross slopes of 1/48, 1/24, and 1/16 with gutter flows represented up to 30 cu ft 3/s (0,85 cu m 3/s). Numerous design curves are provided to aid the hydraulic design engineer with sump grate selection. /FHWA/ KW - Bicycles KW - Culvert inlets KW - Drains KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Runoff KW - Safety KW - Sumps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188964 AU - Eldon, J A AU - Technology Service Corporation TI - DETECTION OF PREFERENTIAL ICING ON BRIDGES, USING TRAFFIC AND METEOROLOGICAL DATA PY - 1978/09 SP - 111 p. AB - "Preferential Icing" is the phenomenon in which a highway bridge, but not grade-level approach roadway, is covered by ice. Since attempts to detect preferential icing directly have been only partly successful, this research was under taken to assess the feasibility of inferring the presence of preferential icing from traffic speed patterns and local meteorological data. In order to test the feasibility of detecting ice from traffic data, a field experiment was run on a rural bridge on Wyoming State Highway 34. The electronic field hardware recorded the speed and deceleration patterns of vehicles approaching and crossing the bridge, and several meteorological data, including solar radiation, air, road, and bridge temperatures, humidity, and wind speed and direction. Ice was detected by a time-lapse movie camera focused on part of the bridge deck and approach road. The study demonstrated that, on short bridges traveled primarily by local residents, the difference between vehicle speed patterns on dry and on icy pavement is too small and variable to permit the inferential detection of bridge icing. However, it appears feasible to detect snow from traffic speeds, since average speeds are about 10 mph (16 km/h) lower when the pavement is covered by snow. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Icing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Nitrogen compounds KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189351 AU - LINDLEY, J A AU - Tignor, S C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOS ANGELES FREEWAY DATA TAPES PY - 1978/09 SP - 96 p. AB - This report describes freeway incident and non-incident data collected from the Santa Monica, Harbor, and San Diego Freeways in Los Angeles, California and stored on magnetic computer tapes. This data has been collected from vehicle presence sensors imbedded in the freeways which are polled by a computer 15 times per second. So that this data may be used in a wide variety of different applications, the time actuations of the individual wheels crossing the sensors are recorded on the tapes. This report contains specific information on how the data is stored on 9 magnetic tapes and identifies 33 specific data sets plus a Fortran data analysis program. /FHWA/ KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Data storage KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Freeways KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Traffic counts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189474 AU - Berinsky, S AU - Hong, H K AU - Lee, T H AU - Schrader, W T AU - Lockheed Missiles and Space Company Incorporated TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROWAVE RADIOMETER FOR USE AS A HIGHWAY ICE DTECTOR PY - 1978/09 SP - 151 p. AB - The program objective was to develop a system capable of detecting snow, ice, frost, or slush over a highway bridge deck area greater than 4 x 2 feet (1.2 x 0.6 m) and generate a valid alarm signal to warn motorists of a hazard. The detection system selected was a microwave radiometer operating at 10 GHz which continuously samples a reference noise source and internal amplifier noise to provide measurement corrections of radiated power received from the road surface being observed. Principal radiometer components are: rectangular horn antenna; sensitive receiver; and signal processor/alarm unit. The successive program phases were: design optimization and system tradeoffs; breadboard model laboratory and field tests; and prototype model design, fabrication and test. Test results on asphalt and concrete roadway simulators, as well as actual asphalt roads, correlated with previously published radiometric temperatures for similar surfaces. The following road conditions were detectable: dry/warm; dry/cold; wet; slush; ice layer (0.1 cm minimum); and snow layer (1 cm minimum). All road hazard detection objectives were met except for frost detection. Descriptions of recommended additional effort are presented, including detailed evaluation of the prototype model; advanced alarm logic; self-test techniques; and a scanning antenna to cover increased road areas. /FHWA/ KW - Detectors KW - Development KW - Highways KW - Ice KW - Microwave radiometry KW - Microwaves KW - Physical properties KW - Radiometry KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Snow KW - Snow & ice properties KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190918 AU - Peterson, R T AU - Leftwich, D AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT OF PLASTIC CONCRETE USING A MICROWAVE OVEN PY - 1978/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Until now there has not been a simple test that could be performed in the field to accurately determine the water content of a plastic concrete mix. Oven or hot plate drying is unsatisfactory because the heat involved hastens cement hydration which makes a portion of the water non-evaporable. In our laboratory tests, drying by microwave oven on the defrost mode has been found to essentially overcome this problem. The time interval between introduction of the mixing water and start of the test did not affect the results up to the maximum time interval tested of one hour. The accuracy of the test is such that 95% of the time the true water content can be determined to within .06 gallons/sack of cement. It takes about one hour to perform the test. Field trials on four construction projects were successfully accomplished which proved its practicality and value. (Color illustrations reproduced in black and white) KW - Admixtures KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Defrosting KW - Deicing KW - Evaporation KW - Hydration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Microwave devices KW - Microwave equipment KW - Microwaves KW - Moisture content KW - Polymer concrete KW - Weight KW - Weight mass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188517 AU - Goodwin, H F AU - McNamara, R L AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - LABORATORY PAVEMENT POLISHING DEVICE (WEAR MACHINE) VS FIELD FRICTION TEST UNITS--PHASE I--CORRELATION STUDY PY - 1978/09 SP - 29 p. AB - During the past ten years, the Office of Materials and Research, Florida Department of Transportation, has been engaged in a rather extensive program of field and laboratory data collection pertaining to the safety of Florida's flexible highway pavements against vehicle skidding accidents. This comprehensive program has led into studies of aggregate qualities, bituminous mix design, traffic wear and polishing characteristics; as well as corrective maintenance determinations and overlay scheduling wherever surfaces become dangerously slippery. Phase I of this program involved a laboratory and field evaluation to determine if a laboratory polishing device could be used to predict in situ friction values. This report covers the description, fabrication, and initial operation of the Florida Department of Transportation's Laboratory Pavement Polishing Device. This device was developed to expand Florida's skid resistance program by providing a laboratory method capable of determining aggregate wear with regard to asphalt concrete mixes. Results of this evaluation show a good correlation of wear numbers obtained with the Laboratory Pavement Polishing Device and field friction numbers obtained with the Friction Test Unit. Based on the favorable results in this report, Phase II will be initiated as a new HPR Study in an effort to determine the degree of polish that will occur when the pavement surfaces are subjected to varying traffic densities. /FHWA/ KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Simulation KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Testing equipment KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188213 AU - Koziol, J S AU - Mengert, P H AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC SIGN SYSTEMS FOR NARROW BRIDGES PY - 1978/09 SP - 78 p. AB - This report describes the results of a before-and-after study to evaluate the effectiveness of dynamic sign systems in alerting motorists to the presence of narrow bridges on two lane rural highways. Vehicle speed and lateral placement (perpendicular distance to roadway centerline) data were gathered for each of the dynamic sign systems tested as well as for the base (before) passive system as drivers approached and crossed the narrow bridge. These data were used as the primary measures of effectiveness for determining the ability of each of the sign systems to increase safety and improve driver awareness of potential hazards. A roadside survey was independently conducted by the State of Maine to determine the public reaction to the dynamic sign systems. The results of the survey were made available to the authors and are discussed in this report. Four sign systems were examined under both day and night conditions. These included flashing beacons, strobe lights, and two neon message signs. Two additional sign systems involving bridge lights were examined at night only. The sign systems were dynamic in the sense that they were activated by traffic approaching the bridge. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Highway Administration Maine Facility located on U.S. Route 2. Results showed no substantial and consistent differences between the existing the dynamic sign systems in terms of the speed and lateral placement measures. It may have been that these measures were not sensitive to or good indicators of the possible change in driver behaviour to the new signs. The roadside survey provided additional driver awareness measures for determining the safety benefits of the new sign systems but also did not reveal any important improvements. /Author/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Field performance KW - Flashing sign KW - Narrow bridges KW - Performance KW - Public opinion KW - Rural highways KW - Surveys KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185286 AU - McDermott, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - LONGITUDINAL FORCES ON BRIDGE BEARINGS PY - 1978/09 SP - 28 p. AB - Model tests were performed to determine the distribution of longitudinal force to fixed and expansion bridge bearings. Because of errors in the calibration system and variability of friction coefficients, an experimentally verified design procedure for distribution of longitudinal force could not be developed. The report discusses the experimental variables considered, test program, errors in the calibration system, and presents a theory for longitudinal force distribution. /FHWA/ KW - Bearings KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Design KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Errors KW - Expansion joints KW - Force KW - Friction KW - Longitudinal KW - Physical distribution KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185248 AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF COLD PLANNERS FOR GRINDING PCC PAVEMENTS PY - 1978/09 SP - 29 p. AB - This report describes attempts by two contractors to use cold planing equipment (CMI Rotomills) to restore riding quality to faulted PCC pavements. It was found that while the equipment could remove substantially all faulting and greatly improved riding quality, there was severe damage to the concrete adjacent to random cracks and transverse joints in spite of considerable effort to prevent it. Because of this damage, the equipment as tested was not considered satisfactory for grinding PCC pavements. /FHWA/ KW - Cold plant KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Grinding KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Pavement cracking KW - Paving KW - Planing KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Riding qualities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179461 AU - Winfrey, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMICS OF THE MAXIMUM LIMITS OF MOTOR VEHICLE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS, VOLUME 2 PY - 1978/09 SP - 397 p. AB - Determining the desirable maximum limits of dimensions and weights of motor vehicles is approached on the basis of highway cost and the operating cost so far as the factors of economy are concerned. Axle weight, gross vehicle weight, and vehicle length are analyzed on the basis of six highway systems consisting of the rural and urban systems within the interstate, primary and secondary highway systems. The analysis is based on data on track weight studies conducted in 46 States; operating costs data obtained from truck fleet operators; and experimental data on pavements and bridges obtained from the comprehensive AASHO road test. Numerous other studies also contributed to the findings of the report. The desirable limits of dimensions and weights for immediate use were found to be the following: Vehicle height of 13.5 feet; Vehicle width of 102 inches; Maximum lengths on all highways of 40 feet for single-unit trucks and trailers, 55 feet for tractors and semitrailers, and 65 feet for any other combination of vehicles; Axle weight limits of 22,000 and 38,000 pounds for single and tandem axles respectively, and; gross weight limit of at least 120,000 pounds, or better yet, no gross weight limit at all with control of axle weight and spacing. /FHWA/ KW - Axles KW - Costs KW - Height KW - Highways KW - Length KW - Limits KW - Operating costs KW - Size KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Ultimate load design KW - Vehicles KW - Weight KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197720 AU - Kaneuji, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION BETWEEN PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FREEZE THAW DURABILITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PY - 1978/08/02 SP - 157 p. AB - Studies have shown that the pore characteristics of coarse aggregates have an important role in the freeze-thaw durability of concrete. This study was designed to seek a correlation between pore-size distribution of an aggregate measured by mercury intrusion and the freeze-thaw durability of concrete made with the aggregate. Fourteen aggregates with a variety of pore-size distributions were studied. The rapid freeze-thaw (ASTM C 666A) and a modified critical dilation test were conducted. The absorption and the PCA absorption-adsorption tests were also conducted. A good correlation between the pore-size distribution of an aggregate and its normalized durability factor obtained from the rapid freeze-thaw test was found. The equation relates the expected durability factor to the total pore volume and the median pore size. Larger pore volumes and smaller pore sizes make for poor durability. Aggregates from pavement concrete with varying degrees of D-Cracking were run and, on the basis of the results, tentative expected durability factors were set up to distinguish between potentially good and potentially poor aggregates. Absorption values and the absorption-adsorption test were not as good indicators of performance. KW - Absorption KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Freezing KW - Melting KW - Porosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326253 AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRAMEWORK FOR THE TRANSFERABILITY OF TRIP GENERATION PARAMETERS FOR SMALL URBAN AREAS IN INDIANA PY - 1978/08/02 SP - 165 p. AB - Initiating a continuing, comprehensive and coordinated transportation planning process is a considerable task that faces small metropolitan areas as their population reaches 50,000. These areas usually lack the technical know-how as well as the financial capabilities needed to use the battery of computer-oriented planning models more commonly used in larger metropolitan areas. In most cases, such sophistication is not needed because the problems faced by smaller areas are different in nature and in complexity from those in larger areas. This study examined the small and medium sized urban areas (population range: 50,000 to 250,000) of Indiana where full scale transportation studies have already been conducted, in an effort to make more efficient use of the information made available by these studies. This study focused on trip generation (frequency) models and parameters and examined the stability and transferability of these parameters between small and medium sized urban areas at three levels of aggregation: areawide, zonal and household levels. A framework was thus provided for the transferability of trip frequency parameters. Special emphasis was placed on trip generation by category analysis. Synthetic trip generation procedures aimed at eliminating the need for costly home interview O-D surveys were recommended. A methodology based on Bayesian statistics was suggested for updating cross-classified household trip generation rates. KW - City planning KW - Computer programs KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Indiana KW - Mathematical models KW - Medium sized cities KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Origin and destination KW - Small cities KW - Statistical inference KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trip generation KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195609 AU - Kaneuji, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - CORRELATION BETWEEN PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND FREEZE THAW DURABILITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE PY - 1978/08/02 SP - 142 p. AB - Studies have shown that the pore characteristics of coarse aggregates have an important role in the freeze-thaw durability of concrete. This study was designed to seek a correlation between pore-size distribution of an aggregate measured by mercury intrusion and the freeze-thaw durability of concrete made with the aggregate. Fourteen aggregates with a variety of pore-size distributions were studied. The rapid freeze-thaw (ASTM C 666A) and a modified critical dilation test were conducted. The absorption and the PCA absorption-adsorption tests were also conducted. A good correlation between the pore-size distribution of an aggregate and its normalized durability factor obtained from the rapid freeze-thaw test was found. The equation relates the expected durability factor to the pore volume and the median pore size. Larger pore volumes and smaller pore sizes make for poor durability. Aggregates from pavement concrete with varying degrees of D-Cracking were run and, on the basis of the results, tentative expected durability factors were set up to distinguish between potentially good and potentially poor aggregates. Absorption values and the absorption-adsorption test were not as good indicators of performance. /FHWA/ KW - Absorption KW - Adsorption KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Correlation analysis KW - D cracking KW - Equations KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Pore size distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195894 AU - Forrestal, R R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - APPLICATION AND FIELD EVALUATION OF VERY THIN SKID RESISTANT PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1978/08/02 SP - 69 p. AB - The objective of this study was to improve skid resistance on worn, structurally sound, portland cement concrete pavements. This was accomplished through the evaluation of predetermined mixes and application techniques in the field through the application of very thin, concrete overlays. The overlays 3/8 inch or less in depth, were applied by two distinct application techniques, brooming and screeding. The four predetermined mixes were applied in twelve overlays. The goals of the field work were: (1) evaluation of the application techniques; (2) evaluation of the predetermined mixes; (3) evaluation of adhesion. The evaluation of the mixes with respect to performed over time and adhesion will be monitored for a period of one year. At that time the most promising overlays will then be considered for further testing on a larger scale. This Report covers the field work installation of the overlays. In the Fall of 1977, some application of overlays was conducted for experience and adhesion testing purposes. In the Spring of 1978, twelve strips each 3 feet wide by 1250 feet long, were placed. The first four were screeding and rest were brooming. Two admixtures, latex and acrylic, were used to improve adhesion between the overlay and pavement. Both proved to be intially effective. The overlay skid resistance was evaluated by the use of a skid trailer. Initially, broomed overlays using the lightweight aggregate gave the highest skid resistance with the screeded overlays providing the least skid resistance. /FHWA/ KW - Adhesion KW - Field tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84600 ER - TY - SER AN - 01159756 JO - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Demo Proj 39 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Elkin, Barry L AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Elkhart County, Indiana PY - 1978/08//Final Report SP - 61p AB - This study was initiated to evaluate the performance of recycled bituminous material as the base course of reconstructed county roads. The cold recycling process has been used in recent years by Elkhart County, Indiana to upgrade sections of distressed roads. The evaluation is based on a comparison of the material from laboratory extraction and gradation tests and the pavement structure from Dynaflect tests before and after treatment. Dynaflect tests and PCA Roadometer tests were also run six, eight, eleven, and seventeen months after construction to evaluate the performance of the recycled pavement under traffic. Gradation results indicate that the before and after treatment material is very similar. A simple comparative cost analysis clearly shows the cold recycling process is significantly less expensive than the hot mixed, hot placed material. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Costs KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycled materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017011/017011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104933 AU - Shah, S C AU - Voches, Veto AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Procedural Research for Reporting of Material Test Data Using Computer Systems: The MATT System. Volume 1 User Manual PY - 1978/08 SP - 196p AB - The design and development of the MATT System was accomplished through task groups' approach. These task groups (one each for soil and base course, concrete, and hot mix) consisted of personnel from the Construction, Materials, Research and Development, and Data Processing Sections. Their primary function was to define user requirements with respect to input forms, map formats and output reports for various materials. The task group approach combines user needs and knowledge with data processing expertise to provide an efficient, user-oriented system. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Interactive computer systems KW - Subsystems KW - Test data UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20128.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930874 AU - Barnes, W D AU - Trammell, J T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE RECYCLING ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1978/08 SP - 66 p. AB - This project demonstrated that highway pavement recycling with a heater-scarifier-repaver, adding additional asphaltic material and new asphaltic concrete pavement to the mixture, can satisfactorily restore these surfaces. The proper design of new asphaltic concrete pavement material to be added was considered. The laboratory investigative work and necessary construction controls are discussed. Careful records of fuel consumption by the heater-scarifier-repaver machine were kept as were all costs attributed to the project for comparison with conventional resurfacing methods. This method of surface restoration compares very favorably economically with conventional methods. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Highway transportation KW - Mix design KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving materials KW - Recycled materials KW - Resurfacing KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/723930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191073 AU - McMichael, J M AU - Cleveland, W G AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF HELICOID ANEMOMETERS PY - 1978/08 SP - 17 p. AB - An experimental study of the overspeeding error for helicoid anemometers in periodic air flows is described. The ranges of amplitude and frequency for which a simple nonlinear model for the dynamic response of such instruments remains valid are presented. It is shown that the model is valid for typical atmospheric applications of such instruments. A simple method is presented whereby the effects of inertial lag and nonlinearity may be taken into account in obtaining measurements of alongwind power spectra in the atmosphere. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Anemometers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Errors KW - Flow KW - Mathematical models KW - Power spectra KW - Reaction time KW - Unsteady flow KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803512 AU - Smith, C W AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-PLACE RECYCLING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1978/08 SP - 29 p. AB - Republic County is located in North-Central Kansas and contains 19 square miles bounded on the north by the State of Nebraska. Republic County is predominately an agricultural community. The Kansas State Board of Agriculture shows over 90 percent of the land area is used in some type of farming pursuit, with 60 percent of the land area being used to harvest crops. The existing surface of this demonstration project was originally constructed in 1963 as a 5 sand-gravel subgrade modification project. The subgrade modification was surfaced in 1964 with an Asphalt Prime and Double Seal. This report discusses the recycling of asphalt pavement in Republic County. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Dust KW - Failure analysis KW - Graders KW - In place density KW - Kansas KW - Patching KW - Recycled materials KW - Rolling KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface preparation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803511 AU - LeClerc, R V AU - Schermerhorn, R L AU - Walter, J P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S FIRST ASPHALT CONCRETE RECYCLING PROJECT - RENSLOW TO RYEGRASS PY - 1978/08 SP - 49 p. AB - This asphalt concrete recycling project, the first attempt by the Washington State Department of Transportation, seems so far to be very successful. The project looks good from a standpoint of economy, energy use, conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and from an evaluation of the test data obtained to date. Certain pitfalls seem to exist when using this type of a recycling process, such as selection of the proper rejuvenator, degrading of the aggregates, pollution, proper amounts of new aggregate, and other minor problems. Properly conducted preliminary testing and design can avoid a multitude of these pitfalls. Future asphalt concrete recycling will most likely be a definite consideration in the rehabilitation of asphalt concrete highways in Washington. In fact, one project has already been scheduled for recycling in 1978 construction, with a number of additional pavements being considered for 1979 construction. KW - Aggregates KW - Air pollution KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conservation KW - Construction KW - Energy KW - Natural resources KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017042/017042.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42900/42961/FHWA-DP-39-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328988 AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Koppa, R J AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 13. HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF AUDIO AND MIXED MODAL VARIABLES PY - 1978/08 SP - 325 p. AB - The document summarizes fifteen research studies dealing with techniques for improving low-powered radio communications and the interface between radio and visual signing modes of communication. Studies were conducted both in laboratory and in-situ research vehicles. Topics investigated were language style of radio messages; the effects of order of message elements and message load on recall of specific elements; the types of route-following errors committed with internally and successively redundant audio messages; the effects of the complexity of a diversion route on success in route following from radio instructions; a comparison of success in route following with visually-coded trail blazers and with radio route guidance; the message design of an advance road sign to direct drivers to tune their radios for traffic information; and a survey of descriptors employed by local residents in describing to visitors a diversion route around an incident. KW - Communication KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328990 AU - CARVELL, J D AU - Turner, J M AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 15. FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT FIELD STUDIES PY - 1978/08 SP - 105 p. AB - The report documents incident management studies conducted in Dallas, Texas to validate primary candidate real-time messages resulting from human factors laboratory studies. Messages displayed on freeway and entrance ramp changeable message signs were evaluated during incident conditions and freeway maintenance. KW - Communication KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals KW - Variable message signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328989 AU - Weaver, G D AU - Richards, S H AU - Hatcher, D R AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 14. POINT DIVERSION FOR SPECIAL EVENTS: FIELD STUDIES PY - 1978/08 SP - 100 p. AB - The report documents route diversion field studies conducted in Dallas, Texas to validate primary candidate real-time messages and static route guidance trailblazer signs resulting from the Task B human factors laboratory studies. Included in the report are discussion of the conceptual design, the research approach, the individual methodology employed, and analysis of results. KW - Communication KW - Design KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Special events KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic planning for special events KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Transportation planning KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318492 AU - Law, A G AU - Civil Aeromedical Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation TI - DRAINAGE MANUAL FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. VOLUME I. THEORY MANUAL PY - 1978/08 SP - 250 p. AB - This two-volume drainage manual reflects current hydrological design conditions in South Carolina. Volume I (Theory manual) includes discussion of concepts and computer programs that are available to engineers who design drainage structures. Attention is given to phenomena that influence the hydraulics of culverts and bridges and a section has been devoted to design problems associated with longitudinal drainage. Sediment-erosion problems and methods of debris control are discussed. KW - Bridges KW - Channel flow KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Manuals KW - Open channel flow KW - Sediments KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - South Carolina KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318493 AU - Law, A G AU - Civil Aeromedical Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation TI - DRAINAGE MANUAL FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. VOLUME II. DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1978/08 SP - 337 p. AB - This two-volume drainage manual reflects current hydrological design conditions in South Carolina. Volume II (design manual) is written to guide design engineers who are already familiar with the concepts of hydrology and hydraulics. Early chapters deal with the policy, procedures and field survey techniques that form the foundation of most designs. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 cover the design of culverts, bridges and longitudinal drainage. Design examples are interspersed in the text. Analytical and numerical solutions are given. The final chapter provides information for basic erosion control in designs. The design procedures are easy to follow and require a minimum of supplementary material. KW - Bridges KW - Channel flow KW - Culverts KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Drainage KW - Erosion control KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Manuals KW - Open channel flow KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - South Carolina KW - Structural design KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303425 AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SOLAR HEATED ASPHALT STORAGE TANK PY - 1978/08 SP - 65 p. AB - The report discusses the design, layout, installation and testing of a 10,000 gallon solar heated asphalt storage tank. Schematic diagrams, plans, piping, solar panels, controls, specifications, and one year's performance data for the system are also given. The concepts and data presented will be of an aid to others who plan to design their own system. Oklahoma Department of Transportation reports that the total ($4,829.00) cost of an insulated solar heated asphalt storage tank system is expected to be recovered in less than two years through reduced operating expenses. The cost advantages and uninterrupted heating capability are documented by a cost and operation analysis between the insulated solar tank and an adjacent uninsulated propane heated tank. The solar heating system is straight-forward, simple, inexpensive, and dependable. It can be used throughout the year in a wide geographical area and the use of solar power can reduce our nation's fossil energy consumption and highway maintenance costs. /FHWA/ KW - Analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt storage KW - Building KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Energy conservation KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Operating costs KW - Performance KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Specifications KW - Storage facilities KW - Storage tanks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00304676 AU - Rinde, E A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OFF-RAMP SURVEILLANCE PY - 1978/08 SP - 128 p. AB - The report describes the surveillance of each off-ramp in California using a counter and camera developed by California Department of Transportation engineers. These counters used a pneumatic road tube to detect the vehicle, electronic circuitry to identify the wrong-way move, and a small single frame camera to verify the wrong-way move. Wrong-way entries into off-ramps were found to be extremely high at some locations. Some as high 50 to 60 entries per month. Successful reductions in wrong-way entries were accomplished by placing the DO NOT ENTER wrong-way signs at the decision point of each likely wrong-way approach and lowering them to 2 feet (0.6 m) above the pavement. A variety of unusual problem ramps and techniques were described in this report. Various automatic wrong-way signs and lighted freeway entrance signs were tried. Most were helpful where the standard DO NOT ENTER and FREEWAY ENTRANCE signs weren't enough. The most promising development is the wrong-way pavement lights. These are a row of red lights embedded in the pavement across the off-ramp. They are placed 200-300 (61.0-91.5 m) feet from the intersection at the secondary wrong-way sign locations. Evaluation of 10 existing installations is in progress. A 16 mm movie film was made which shows five different techniques: internally illuminated freeway entrance signs, pathfinder signs, pavement marker derailer, overhead internally illuminated wrong-way sign and pavement lights. KW - California KW - Cameras KW - Circuits KW - Detectors KW - Electric circuits KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Off ramps KW - Pneumatic instruments KW - Ramps KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Warning systems KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186108 AU - Koziol, J S AU - Mengert, P H AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING PASSIVE SIGNING STUDY PY - 1978/08 SP - 68 p. AB - The study examines the effectiveness of new passive signing configurations in warning drivers of the potential hazards at railroad grade crossings. Experiments were conducted in two phases over a two-year period. The first phase was begun in March 1975 and evaluated seven sign configurations at five test sites in Ohio and one site in Maine. The purpose of Phase I was to determine at a few crossings whether any of the new signs showed promise of being more effective than the existing sign configuration and to evaluate a variety of experimental variables. The results of Phase I were previously reported and indicated improved effectiveness for the new signs tested. The purpose of Phase II was to test and verify at a national level (18 sites in 14 states) the most effective signs as determined from Phase I and to concentrate on and refine, if necessary, the most important variables. In each phase, before-and-after data were collected at each site so that relative improvements provided by the new signs could be determined. The results of Phase II confirmed the findings of Phase I in that drivers showed more awareness (that is, an increased percentage of headmovements or looking for trains) with the new signs at the crossings tested. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Intersections KW - Maine KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ohio KW - Project management KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197719 AU - Allen, D L AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF RUTTING IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS: FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND LABORATORY CHARACTERIZATIONS PY - 1978/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report describes a number of gages developed to measure the location and magnitude of ruts. These were installed in a newly constructed asphaltic concrete pavement. They measure lateral deflections and transient and permanent vertical deflections. Some preliminary vertical deflections are reported. An investigation of materials is also reported. The asphalt concrete base, dense-graded aggregate base, and subgrade material were characterized by (1) shear strength (triaxial tests), (2) rheologic behavior (creep tests), (3) permanent deformation characteristics (repeated-load and creep tests), (4) Young's modulus (resonant column tests), and (5) resilient properties (repeated-load tests). Empirical functions were formulated to describe the permanent deformation characteristics of all three materials. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Creep tests KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Load tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Rheological studies KW - Rheology KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Shear strength KW - Studies KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197660 AU - Glauz, W D AU - St John, A D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECREATIONAL TRAVEL IMPACTS PY - 1978/08 SP - 180 p. AB - Recreational travel and the ownership and use of recreational vehicles have grown substantially in recent years and are predicted to continue to increase as major forces affecting total highway travel. General statewide planning procedures, including data collection, analysis, and programs of improvement, usually do not recognize such travel or vehicles as needing special consideration. Normally, their impact has been assessed only in research studies or with respect to localized problem areas. Procedures are suggested for a better accounting of these impacts. Suggestions are included for vehicle counting and classification programs, accident recording and analysis, expanded vehicle equivalency concepts, prediction of localized hourly peaking, and the use of vehicle speeds on grades as an adjunct to the usual classification counting programs. Also discussed are alternative design-hour volume concepts, the inadvisability of special passing zone markings on recreational routes, and other highway planning and design considerations on such routes. Finally, data needs for recreational travel planning are described. KW - Classification KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recreation KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Regulations KW - Roads KW - Routes KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - State government KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191713 AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION USING ROAD RATER DEFLECTIONS PY - 1978/08 SP - 249 p. AB - Dynamic test deflections have been duplicated by elastic theory using the Chevron N-layered computer program. Dynamic surface deflections obtained using the Road Rater have been used in conjunction with elastic theory to analyze pavement behavior. A procedure has been developed to use field measured Road Rater deflections to estimate the elastic moduli of the foundation material and to determine the equivalent thicknesses of new material which approximate the behavior of the structure. The estimated moduli and (or) equivalent thicknesses may be used as inputs to design overlay thicknesses. An analysis of the deflections of the first three sensors of the Road Rater also makes it possible to distinguish weaknesses in asphaltic concrete layers from weaknesses in the supporting foundation. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Foundations KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Kentucky KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189352 AU - Carlson, G C AU - Lari, A Z AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - RAMP CONTROL ON I-35E-REVIEW OF OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE 1970-1977 PY - 1978/08 SP - 41 p. AB - A ramp control system extends along southbound I-35E in St. Paul, Minnesota from Little Canada Road to Maryland Avenue. This present system is the culmination of a series of developments. In 1969 the Minnesota Highway Department conducted a successful two week experiment with pre-timed ramp control on three ramps. This lead to the activation of permanent pre-timed metering signals at two of the ramps. An extensive evaluation study of these signals showed substanial improvement in freeway traffic flow, with no significant negative impact on the paralled arterial streets. Because of increasing freeway volumes and the lack of flexibility of pre-timed signal the pre-timed signals were revised to include traffic responsive features. At the same time, traffic responsive ramp control signals were installed at three more ramps. A report published in 1974 described the system installation and operation, and present evaluation results which were very favorable. The experimental, pre-timed, and traffic adjusted ramp control systems have all been operated with control equipment developed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The purpose of this report is to present updated information on the operational experience with the I-35E ramp control system, so that accomplishments and limitations may be better understood. /FHWA/ KW - Control KW - Freeways KW - Ramps KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188989 AU - Predoehl, N H AU - Kemp, G R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ASPHALT DURABILITY TESTS-INITIAL PHASE PY - 1978/08 SP - 43 p. AB - This is the initial report for a study of asphalt durability by the use of laboratory-manufactured briquettes controlling as many variables as possible, viz. asphalt source and grade, aggregate source and grading, mixing temperature, mixing duration, compaction, and void content. The report details the design, mixing, compaction, and field installation of the briquettes which were prepared at three void content ranges using three asphalts and two different aggregates and then weathered at four different climatic sites. Approximately 900 briquettes were placed in special weathering trays at sites located in coastal, desert, valley and mountain environments. Also included are test results obtained using various laboratory procedures on the three asphalts used in the study. Testing of the briquettes is being done after one, two, and four years of field weathering. Comparisons between the laboratory weathering test results and field test results are being made as test results become available. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Brittleness KW - Climate KW - Control KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185271 AU - Law, A G AU - Clemson University TI - DRAINAGE MANUAL FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PY - 1978/08 SP - 465 p. AB - This two-volume drainage manual reflects current hydrological design conditions in South Carolina. Volume I (theory manual) includes discussion of concepts and computer programs that are availabe to engineers who design drainage structures. Attention is given to phenomena that influence the hydraulics of culverts and bridges and a section has been devoted to design problems associated with longitudinal drainage. Sediment-erosion problems and methods of debris control are discussed. Volume II (design manual) is written to guide design engineers who are already familiar with the concepts of hydrology and hydraulics. Early chapters deal with the policy, procedures and field survey techniques that form the foundation of most designs. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 cover the design of culverts, bridges and longitudinal drainage. Design examples are interspersed in the test. Analytical and numerical solutions are given. The final chapter provides information for basic erosion control in designs. The design procedures are easy to follow and require a minimum of supplementary material. /FHWA/ KW - Bridges KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Designers KW - Drainage structures KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185437 AU - Hurter, D A AU - Gardella, N G AU - Gott, P G AU - Little (Arthur D), Incorporated TI - DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOBILE AND LIGHT TRUCK MAINTENANCE. VOLUMES I-III SN - HS827/R8408 PY - 1978/08 SP - 776 p. AB - The development of the life cycle maintenance costs for 212 sales-leading 1970 through 1975 passenger cars and light trucks is described. These costs provide a data base for the Department of Transportation, which describes the costs for parts and labor for performing both the scheduled (manufacturers recommended) and typical unscheduled (replacement of worn out parts) maintenance for each of these 212 vehicles. The actual data base is contained in Appendices E and F which constitute Volumes II and III. This report also describes where the service work is performed during the vehicle life cycle. In addition, the automotive service industry has been characterized. This characterization includes the facility (building) costs, land requirements, tools and equipment requirements, inventories investment costs and operating capital required to operate a service establishment. The major types of service facilities which perform most of the commercially done repair work were characterized. These establishments are representative of the 29,600 new car dealers, 86,200 gasoline service stations, 30,650 independent repair garages, and 12,280 specialty shops in existence in 1975. The policies used by the service industry in pricing replacement parts are also presented. The report details the price discounting policies of the industry parts suppliers, including the automobile manufacturers and aftermarket parts manufacturers, as well as those of the parts distribution system (jobbers, new car dealers, oil companies, and specialty shops). KW - Automobile industry KW - Automobile repair shops KW - Automobiles KW - Databases KW - Delivery vehicles KW - Facilities KW - Life span KW - Light trucks KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Parts KW - Prices KW - Repair shops KW - Service stations KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185282 AU - Melancon, J L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - DETERMINATION OF SHELL CONTENT BY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS PY - 1978/08 SP - 44 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine if neutron activation analysis technique can be used to determine the shell content of a sand-shell mixture. To accomplish this aim samples of sand and shell, obtained from different sources, were artificially blended in the laboratory in various proportions and subjected to neutron bombardment by use of a californium-252 source. The gamma of specific energy of emission was then counted and analyzed electronically. The nuclear count was then plotted against the known shell content for development of calibration curves for each combination of sand and shell tested. Statistical analysis of the data indicates a strong linear relationship exists between nuclear count (gamma) and percent shell. Tests resutls for 30 sets of sand-shell mixtures indicated a maximum standard error for any single set to be plus or minus 7.0% of the calibration curve at the 95% confidence level. The mean standard error for the 30 sets tested was plus or minus 4.2%. Sands from different sources may result in widely different nuclear counts after activation. This effect can be negated by generating a separate calibration curve for each source of sand used. /FHWA/ KW - Calibration KW - Gamma neutron logging KW - Neutron activation analysis KW - Sand KW - Shell KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01381981 AU - Mekemson, J R AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 105 PY - 1978/07/26/Interim Report SP - 51p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the April-June 1978 quarter. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 58.1 mph. The overall average speeds for passenger cars and all trucks were 58.4 mph and 57.9 mph respectively. These overall speeds when compared to the results of the January-March 1978 quarter (Speed Report No. 104) indicated little change. Average speeds obtained were similar for the two periods - 0.6 mph less for all passenger cars and 0.1 mph more for heavy trucks for the most recent quarter. KW - Rural area KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313975 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1149900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00192241 AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERMONT TRAVEL INFORMATION STUDY: AN EVALUATION OF THE STATEWIDE TRAVEL INFORMATION PROGRAM PY - 1978/07/17 SP - 81 p. AB - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the system of informational signs and map plazas which has replaced conventional billboard advertising in the State of Vermont. To evaluate the effectiveness of the program, self-administered questionnaires were sent to selected businesses throughout the state. In addition, self-administered questionnaires were sent to all chambers of commerce or similar community organizations. Self-administered questionnaires for travelers were distributed at participating businesses and information plazas. Selected roadside interviews of travelers were also conducted. The results of the survey are presented in tabular form by type or station with a list of comments received following each section. The data obtained in the survey indicated that the reaction to the uniform color coded informational signs was generally positive, but the reaction to the information plazas was less positive. KW - Color KW - Coloring KW - Data collection KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Information processing KW - Maps KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Perception KW - Roads KW - Signs KW - Surveys KW - Symbols KW - Traffic surveys KW - Travel KW - Vermont KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83150 ER - TY - SER AN - 01159320 JO - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Demo Proj 39 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - LeClerc, R V AU - Schermerhorn, R L AU - Walter, J P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Ellensburg, Washington PY - 1978/07//Final Report SP - 53p AB - This asphalt concrete recycling project, the first attempted by the Washington State Department of Transportation, seems so far to be very successful. The project looks good from a standpoint of economy, energy use, conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and from an evaluation of the test data obtained to date. Certain pitfalls seem to exist when using this type of a recycling process, such as selection of the proper rejuvenator, degrading of the aggregates, pollution, proper amounts of new aggregate, and other minor problems. Properly conducted preliminary testing and design can avoid a multitude of these pitfalls. Future asphalt concrete recycling will most likely be a definite consideration in the rehabilitation of asphalt concrete highways in Washington. In fact, one project has already been scheduled for recycling in 1978 construction, with a number of additional pavements being considered for 1979 construction. KW - Air pollution KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Energy consumption KW - Paving KW - Recycled materials KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017042/017042.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/919813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182644 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Amsler, D E AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - MEASURING SURFACE TEXTURE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS BY THE SAND-PATCH METHOD PY - 1978/07 SP - 24 p. AB - The components of variance were analyzed for 720 measures of concrete pavement texture depth obtained by the sand-patch method. The measurements were made in connection with a complete factorial field experiment involving four texturing methods on two sections each of five different paving jobs. Each pavement section was tested at three different sites by three different operations performing two tests each. The analysis permitted estimates of the repeatability and reproducibility of the sand-patch test, as well as errors that can be expected in measuring the mean texture depths of a section of textured pavement. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Concrete pavements KW - Depth KW - Measurement KW - Reproducibility KW - Test procedures KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197338 AU - Howell, R B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF PARTICLES WHICH COLLECT ON HIGHWAY SURFACES PY - 1978/07 SP - 152 p. AB - Caltrans studied the nature of constituents in pavement runoff waters at three sites during the winter of 1975 through winter of 1977. Sample sites were located at I-405 Los Angeles, I-680 Walnut Creek, and Route 50 Placerville. Discrete samples were obtained at various times during storm runoff and tested at the Transportation Laboratory in Sacramento. Some 34 different physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured. This report presents the findings of this study. This information can be used in assessing environmental effects of transportation systems on water quality. KW - Building sites KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Field tests KW - Flow measurement KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Hydrology KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Particles KW - Pavements KW - Precipitation rainfall KW - Rain KW - Runoff KW - Sampling KW - Surface drainage KW - Surface waters KW - Tables (Data) KW - Water areas KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185270 AU - Malasheskie, GUJ AU - O'Block, F W AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THE GAMMA SCIENCTIFIC MODEL 910 B RETROREFLECTOMETER PY - 1978/07 SP - 36 p. AB - This report covers the field testing of the Gamma Scientific Model 910B Retroreflectometer. It is an evaluation of the accuracy, reliability, and over-all performance of the instrument under varying environmental conditions. This study concludes that the Model 910B Retroreflectometer is a suitable measurement device for determining the specific luminance ("brightness") of Class I reflective sheeting material, in the field. It is recommended that this field test device be used to enforce manufacturers' warranties for reflective sign sheeting, test regulatory signs for required replacement, inspect sign materials used on construction and maintenance projects, and provide a quality control tool for PennDOT Sign Shop personnel. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Brightness KW - Field tests KW - Measurement KW - Performance KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Reliability KW - Retroreflectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308358 AU - Kaplan, M AU - Barnett, J D AU - Gibbons, L AU - FAULKNER, B AU - Sanders, C AU - Douglas, B AU - Linkes, C AU - Zegeer, C AU - Niessner, C AU - Shelton, R AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES, SIXTH REPORT: SIGN MAINTENANCE PY - 1978/07 SP - 41 p. AB - This report is the sixth in a series on Optimizing Maintenance Activities. These studies using Value Engineering Techniques are being sponsored by the Implementation Division and conducted by teams of maintenance and operations engineers from several highway agencies. This study was conducted by Arkansas, Florida and Kentucky. The report includes specific recommendations in the areas of proliferation of signs, traffic sign supports, centralized vs. descentralized sign shops, new equipment and procedures. Implementation of results will have different effects in each State depending upon the current practices. For some States the practices recommended have already been implemented, for others modifying existing procedures will result in a substantial cost saving. /FHWA/ KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Recommendations KW - Savings KW - Traffic signs KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313456 AU - Heger, F J AU - Chambers, R AU - Dietz, AGH AU - Simpson Gumpertz and Heger, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Department of Housing and Urban Development AU - Dow Chemical Company TI - STRUCTURAL PLASTICS DESIGN MANUAL. PHASE I. CHAPTERS 1-4 PY - 1978/07 SP - 505 p. AB - This design manual is intended to assist the practicing engineer in the evaluation and use of plastics as structural materials. Consequently, it emphasizes those technological aspects of the broad class of materials which affect structural behavior and outlines the various categories of plain and modified plastics, noting their basic behavior under the conditions of stress, strain, time, and temperature that control design. It reviews fabrication processes and their effects on materials usage and characteristics, and considers influences of the environment that result in degradation of structural properties. Above all, it examines the design principles and practices applicable to plastics and composites when employed structurally. Divided into four chapters, the manual covers these topics: (1) introduction to structural plastics material and composites, (2) behavior of structural plastics, (3) materials criteria for structural design, and (4) overall considerations in structural design with plastics. It is noted that development of successful plastics structures involves careful analysis of functional requirements and cost targets followed by consideration of all of the factors which affect the use of structural plastics: advantages of both structural and nonstructural qualities and characteristics, formability and structural configuration, combination with other parts of a system and efficiency of support arrangements, economics of processing design for efficient molding, accurate materials strength and stiffness characterization, determinations of stress and strain by an analysis which is appropriate for both structure and application, and final evaluation of structural adequacy by prototype test followed by monitoring and analysis of service performance. References and illustrations are provided. KW - Composite materials KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Fabrication KW - Manuals KW - Mechanical properties KW - Plastics KW - Polymers KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural materials KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303968 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRESS-LAM TIMBER BRIDGE, INTERIM REPORT #2, BRIDGE PERFORMANCE AND LOAD TEST AFTER ONE YEAR PY - 1978/07 SP - 16 p. AB - The report describes the installation of the wearing surface, the results of the second load test, and the status of the collection of data on the dimensional changes and moisture content of the press-lam members and the number and types of vehicles using the bridge. The results of the load test suggest that the AASHTO load distribution is conservative and that the steel dowels adequately provide for load transfer between panels. With the exception of the rails and wheel guards, which are exhibiting a high moisture content and showing signs of delamination, the bridge is structurally sound and in excellent condition after one year of service. /FHWA/ KW - Building KW - Delamination KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308779 AU - Frank, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - FATIGUE OF ANCHOR BOLTS PY - 1978/07 SP - 44 p. AB - This is the second and final report of an experimental investigation sponsored by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation to determine the behaviour of steel anchor bolts. One hundred and eight specimens were tested under fatigue and static loading. The parameters examined in the fatigue tests were Strength of steel (F sub y = 27 to 171 ksi); Thread size or pitch (4-1/2, 6, 8 threads/in.); Bolt diameter (1-3/8in, 1-3/4in and 2in); Method of forming threads (rolled and cut); Galvanizing; and Double nuts. A summary of the tests results is presented and the effect of these parameters is analyzed. The stress corrosion behavior of anchor bolts was also investigated in laboratory and field environments. (FHWA) KW - Anchor bolts KW - Diameter KW - Fatigue tests KW - Galvanizing KW - Static loads KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302192 AU - Schmertmann, J H AU - Schmertmann (JH) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR CONE PENETRATION TEST. (PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN) PY - 1978/07 SP - 148 p. AB - This manual presents procedures and guidelines applicable to the use of the cone penetration test. It represents the author's interpretation of the state-of-the-art in Dutch static cone testing as of February 1977. Its contents should provide assistance and uniformity to engineers concerned with the interpretation of the data obtained from such testing. Only geotechnical engineers familiar with the fundamentals of soil mechanics and foundation engineering should use this manual. The manual includes: Introduction and review of the general principals concerning cone penetrometer testing. Individual design chapters which address topics such as: pile design, shear strength estimation, settlement calculation and compaction control; and Appendices which present previously published, pertinent information on cone penetrometer testing. KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Penetrometers KW - Performance tests KW - Reviews KW - Shear strength KW - Soil mechanics KW - State of the art studies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35400/35414/FHWA-TS-78-209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142383 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00196243 AU - Hawkes, R B AU - Department of Agriculture TI - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF RUSSIAN THISTLE ALONG CALIFORNIA HIGHWAYS PY - 1978/07 SP - 26 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to develop a program to control Russian thistle with insects. Recent records indicate control and clean-up operations against Russian thistle cost Caltrans approximately 1.5 million dollars annually. To date, two species of moths have been released and are established on the plant. Coleophora parthenica, whose larvae feed inside the stems was first released in 1973 and is now widely established. High larval populations are causing stunting and reduced seed production by the plants in some areas. This program has reached the operational stage, and a large scale redistribution program was conducted with this moth during 1977-78. The second moth, Colephora klimeschiella, whose larvae attack the foliage was released in 1977. It is well established in the field, but populations are still too small to allow for large scale redistribution. This moth should work better in cooler areas, where C. parthenica appears to be of limited value. /FHWA/ KW - Biological control KW - Costs KW - Highways KW - Insects KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/87985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195598 AU - La Chapello, E R AU - Bell, D B AU - Johnson, J B AU - Lindsay, R W AU - Sackett, E M AU - Taylor, P L AU - Langdon, J A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ALTERNATE METHODS OF AVALANCHE CONTROL PY - 1978/07 SP - 54 p. AB - The Alternate Methods of Avalanche Control project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since August 1974 in order to develop simple, reliable and repeatable methods of triggering avalanche release which are free from the storage, handling and availability problems of explosives and artillery shells and which can readily be applied to avalanche paths typical of the many smaller ones causing frequent hazards for highways. The research involved tests in both Washington and Colorado to permit evaluation of the control methods in diverse climates and snow conditions, leading to more generally applicable results than could be obtained at a single site. The technical and scientific aspects of the work in Colorado were coordinated by the San Juan Avalanche Project of the University of Colorado. Field work in Washington state and the general supervision of the program and the engineering design were carried out by the University of Washington Geophysics Program. The U.S. Forest Service at Alta, Utah, also joined in a cooperative test of our methods and equipment. This Final Report describes the 1977/78 tests and summarizes the results of the entire project. /FHWA/ KW - Avalanches KW - Climate KW - Control KW - Explosives KW - Snow KW - Substitutes UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/019.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193737 AU - CHAFFIN, C W AU - O'Connor, D L AU - Hughes, C H AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EVALUATION OF THE USE OF CERTAIN ELASTOMERS IN ASPHALT PY - 1978/07 SP - 88 p. AB - This report covers a laboratory evaluation of the properties of asphalts from eleven of the sources normally used in Texas and the effects of blending with three different elastomers on these properties. Butadienestyrene and neoprene latexes and amorphous polypropylene were used in this study. The different asphalts had substantially different properties when blended with the elastomers and some asphalts demonstrated incompatibility with the latexes. In general the laboratory data indicate increases in low temperature ductility, decreases in temperature susceptibility, improved impact resistance or less brittleness at low temperatures and less change in properties after exposure in the thin film oven test. Some problem with storage stability is reflected by these data with beneficial effects of the latex being reduced with storage at elevated temperatures. One of the latexes tested was substantially less effective than the amorphous polypropylene or the other latex. Field test sections constructed in the summer of 1976 in three different locations in Texas are still performing well and appear to be more effective in controlling reflective cracking than the control section without latex. A tentative specification is presented. /FHWA/ KW - Amorphous KW - Asphalt KW - Butadiene KW - Cracked asphalt KW - Cracking KW - Ductility KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Low temperature KW - Neoprene KW - Polypropylene KW - Specifications KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197414 AU - Lachapelle, E R AU - Bell, D B AU - Johnson, J B AU - Lindsay, R W AU - Sackett, E M AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE METHODS OF AVALANCHE CONTROL. PHASE IV PY - 1978/07 SP - 62 p. AB - The Alternate Methods of Avalanche Control project has been funded by the Washington State Highway Commission since August 1974 in order to develop simple, reliable and repeatable methods of triggering avalanche release which are free from the storage, handling and availability problems of explosives and artillery shells and which can readily be applied to avalanche paths typical of the many smaller ones causing frequent hazards for highways. The research involved tests in both Washington and Colorado to permit evaluation of the control methods in diverse climates and snow conditions, leading to more generally applicable results than could be obtained at a single site. The technical and scientific aspects of the work in Colorado were coordinated by the San Juan Avalanche Project of the University of Colorado. Field work in Washington state and the general supervision of the program and the engineering design were carried out by the University of Washington Geophysics Program. The U.S. Forest Service at Alta, Utah, also joined in a cooperative test of our methods and equipment. This final report describes the 1977/78 tests and summarizes the results of the entire project. KW - Avalanches KW - Bags KW - Cold weather KW - Explosions KW - Explosives KW - Field tests KW - Flammable gases KW - Flammable materials KW - Gases KW - Geophysics KW - Hazards KW - Highways KW - Inflatable structures KW - Operations KW - Snow removal KW - Snowfields KW - Substitutes KW - Vibrators machinery KW - Vibratory equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197415 AU - McGee, H W AU - Knapp, B G AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES PY - 1978/07 SP - 43 p. AB - A concern among highway safety officials is that traffic control devices used at work zones are not as visible as they should be due to insufficient reflectance properties or because they have become so dirty as to render them ineffective. To overcome this deficiency, it has been suggested that a performance standard be established for reflective devices used in work zones. Accordingly, the contractual objective of this study was to develop a performance requirement or standard for the detection and recognition of retro-reflective traffic devices used in work zones. The performance standards developed in this study are established from the principles of driver information needs and, specifically, the requirement for decision sight distance. Furthermore, they are presented in terms of visibility requirements, that is, the distance at which motorists should be able to detect and recognize the devices at night. The scope of the study was limited to an analytical exercise, drawing on existing information and data, where possible. The discussion focuses primarily on those channelization devices frequently used in work zones, i.e., drums, barricades, and panels. Also included is a recommended program of research which would validate the findings of this study and address several issues related to reflectivity and driver visibility needs. KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night visibility KW - Performance KW - Quality of work KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Standards KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Visibility KW - Visual perception KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194538 AU - Burchett, J L AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation TI - SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE SKID RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENTS IN KENTUCKY PY - 1978/07 SP - 73 p. AB - Frequent measurements of skid resistance were made on 20 pavements in common use in Kentucky. Tests were conducted from November 1979 through 1973. Principal analysis involved relating changes in skid resistance to day of the year and relating skid resistance to temperature at the time of test, to average antecedent temperatures, and to average rainfall. Seasonal variations exhibited an annual, sinusoidal cycle. The changes in sand-asphalt and bituminous concerete under higher volumes of traffic were about 12 skid numbers. The changes in portland cement concrete and bituminous concrete under lower volumes of traffic were about 5 skid numbers. The lowest skid numbrs (SN's) occurred in early to mid-August for portland cement concrete and sand-asphalt pavements and in later August to early September for bitumionous concrete. Correlations between changes in SN and temperature were best for ambient air temperature averaged over 4- and 8-week periods prior to date of test. However, correlations between changes in SN and temperature were not as good as correlations between SN and day of the year. On the other hand, combining traffic volumes in the form of deviations from yearly average daily traffic with temperature yielded correlations with SN's which were as good as correlations between SN's and the day of the year. It was concluded that skid resistance measurements should be conducted between the first of July and the middle of November to be assured of detecting significant differences in SN. However, frequent testing of reference sections is recommended to define more specifically each year the beginning and ending date of the testing season. The data from reference sections may also serve to estimate adjustments whenever it is necessary to test at other times. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193623 AU - Adams, L W AU - Fish and Wildlife Service TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS ON WILDLIFE POPULATIONS AND HABITATS: SELECTION AND EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES PY - 1978/07 SP - 179 p. AB - This work summarizes Phase I of a two-part investigation into the effects of highways on wildlife populations and habitats. Phase I was undertaken to select, test, and evaluate techniques and procedures for rapid and efficient assessment of wildlife populations and habitats in relation to roads and highways in the Pacific Northwest, the Midwest Tillplain, and the Southern Piedmont of the United States. Specific recommenations are made concerning cluster configuration for sampling units, and habitat, bird, mammal, amphibian, reptile, and wildlife road mortality surveys for Phase II of the study. In addition, detailed field procedures selected for the second phase of the study are presented. /FHWA/ KW - Ecology KW - Evaluation KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189485 AU - Bosch, H R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AERODYNAMIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LULING, LOUISIANA CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE PY - 1978/07 SP - 137 p. AB - This report presents results of a comprehensive laboratory test program recently completed by the Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research. Wind tunnel tests on section models of the proposed cable-stayed bridge across the Mississippi River at Luling, Louisiana were conducted to determine the aerodynamic stability of the suspended span and main towers. Seven different deck configurations were tested, and their critical flutter wind velocities and the vertical motion caused by vortex shedding determined. Based on overall performance, one of the seven models was chosen as the preferred configuration. Three erection stages of the preferred section and one tower erection stage were then tested and their drag coefficients, including that of the preferred section, determined. Flow fields surrounding the deck and tower were investigated for the purpose of developing field wind instrumentation. The following conclusions are presented: the prototype bridge should not experience aerodynamic instability due to flutter; assuming 1 % structural damping, vortex induced oscillations should not be a threat to bridge safety or cause for discomfort to users; drag forces measured are reasonable relative to AASHTO design values; none of the erection stages of the bridge deck and tower tested exhibited instability tendencies; and mounting wind monitors on top of lighting poles 35 to 40 feet above the center barrier appears necessary to avoid the boundary layer effect. /FHWA/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185285 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - ALTERNATIVES TO TYPE II CEMENT SN - HPR 1456 PY - 1978/07 SP - 40 p. AB - Concrete mixtures incorporating fly ash were investigated as possible alternatives to mixtures utilizing Type II cements. The mixture characteristics considered were strength, resistance to freezing and thawing and sulfates, heat of hydration, and volume stability. Two testing programs were undertaken. In the first program control mixtures were prepared using Types I, II, and III cements and the experimental mixtures were made of Type IP cement and Type I cement with fly ash. An interim report presented in February 1977 gave the results of the inital tests for compressive and flexural strengths, resistance to rapid freezing and thawing, early volume change, time of set, and heat of hydration. Some of the specimens containing fly ash in the initial testing program exhibited marginal resistance to freezing and thawing in salt solution as maifested by weight loss, which indicates scaling. To investigate this finding further, a second testing program using Types II, IP, and Type I cement with fly ash was initiated. Also additional mixtures were prepared using Types I, II, IP, and I with fly ash to test the level of heat of hydration. This final report presents the data on the initial testing program not included in the interim report and describes the second testing program. In general, the results indicate that concretes containing IP or TypeI cement with fly ash can be an acceptable alternate to Type II; however, it should be recognized that more scaling in the presence of deicers may be expected. /FHWA/ KW - Cement KW - Concrete plants KW - Fly ash KW - Freezing KW - Heat of hydration KW - Mixtures KW - Resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Thaw UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36321/79-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188507 AU - Jurach, P J AU - Aarset, I R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK RESTORATION METHODS AND PROCEDURES, PART III-EXPOSED MEMBRANE SEALS ON BRIDGE DECKS (INTERIM REPORT IV) PY - 1978/07 SP - 87 p. AB - This report evaluates some 25 installations of bridge deck exposed membrane seals. Each installation is discussed in detail and test performance record for each is included. Each installation is rated as acceptable or not acceptable. All installations of one membrane type are collectively evaluated as to the suitability of the membrane for contract useage or for further testing. All California Standard Specification epoxy installations are evaluated as failures. A proprietary epoxy asphalt chip seal is rated as a failure in 8 test installations due to porosity, although aggregate retention was good. A proprietary urethane is rated as a failure in 4 test installations due to porosity and poor aggregate retention with one installation debonding extensively from the deck. Another proprietary urethane (PRC 445/440) is rated as a fully successful exposed membrane and is recommended for contract use. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction management KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Porosity KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188511 AU - Ma, Y Y AU - Rudder, F F AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF FHWA TRAFFIC NOISE DATA PY - 1978/07 SP - 60 p. AB - This report presents the results of the statistical analysis of FHWA traffic noise data collected in Colorado, Florida, North Carolina and Washington. Prediction equations of the peak dBA levels of trucks as functions of speed are derived for each of the axle groups: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 3-5, and each of the four states. These equations are used to establish vehicle reference emission levels for medium and heavy trucks. Similar results are derived for noise levels in octave bands at frequencies 31.6, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1K, 2K, 4K and 8K Hz. Attenuation rates are estimated for each of the four states. These results can be used in highway noise prediction models. /FHWA/ KW - Data analysis KW - Equations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Noise control KW - Sound level KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183996 AU - Tyson, S S AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE FOR BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION--INTERIM REPORT NO. 1 PY - 1978/07 SP - 48 p. AB - The study reported here was performed to extend the body of knowledge concerning the use of internally sealed concrete to protect bridge deck reinforcing steel. A laboratory determination of the properties of the wax and concrete use and a field evaluation of a method of heat treatment were made. The experimental structure was a three-span bridge on which internally sealed concrete was applied as an overlay. The concrete mixture had good placement characteristics and resulted in good properties for internally sealed concrete. It had a water to cement ratio of 0.47, a cement content of 752 lb/cu yd (446 kg/cu m), a wax bead content of 114 lb/cu yd (68 kg/cu m), and included 4% to 6% entrained air. A similar mixture should be used on any internally sealed decks to be constructed. The heat treatment should be modified to prevent thermal cracking by heating entire span lengths and by heating only when ambient temperatures of 60 deg F (16 deg C) and higher have been sustained for one day. If these recommendations can be implemented, internally sealed concrete should be considered an acceptable system for protecting bridge decks. A decision concerning the use of internally sealed concrete should not be made until further evaluations can be made of pattern cracking that has appeared to varying degrees on both the experimental and control spans. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heat treatment KW - Metal heating KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sealing compounds KW - Water cement ratio KW - Waxes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36323/79-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191661 AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING AND DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BIKEWAYS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1978/06/30 SP - 58 p. AB - The document is intended to satisfy the requirements of California state law that calls for the development of bikeways in the state. It is also part of an overall commitment by the state government to encourage bicycle use and the development of improved facilities for bicycle travel. The document presents general bikeway planning criteria, design criteria for class I, II, and III bikeways and uniform signs, markings, and traffic control devices. KW - Bicycles KW - Bikeways KW - California KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Facilities KW - Highway traffic control KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Planning KW - Road markings KW - State government KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191224 AU - Rubin, L A AU - Fowler, J C AU - Marino, G G AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - National Science Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MULTIPLE BOREHOLE RADAR. VOLUME I - SUBSURFACE SITE INVESTIGATION BY RADAR, PHASE II PY - 1978/06/30 SP - 108 p. AB - This report covers Phase II of a projected 5-phase program to develop new techniques for subsurface site investigation by remote sensors in boreholes and tunnels. The objective of the overall program is to evaluauate the benefits of advanced computer-based geophysical methods, as supplements to other pre-excavation site investigation methods. This grant covered the development and initial field evaluation of a short pulse electromagnetic borehole radar system. The borehole antenna(s) can acquire data from either a single or a cross-hole mode. Single-hole measurements are obtained by a transmit-receive antenna, whereas cross-hole data is acquired with a transmitter and receiver in separate holes. The principal energy of the radar antenna is in the range of from 50 MHz to 150 MHz. The borehole radar system was field evaluated at two sites in rock. One test site featured an array of four subvertical boreholes on a line about 15' to 50' apart and about 250' deep. The measured geologic profile was of weathered to unweathered Quartz Mica schist to gneiss. Both single and cross-hole measurements were correlated to the core data. At the other test site three close spaced (8' to 20') subhorizontal holes were drilled to a depth of 100'. Here a detailed geologic map of the rock volume included was developed. The rock mass was an unweathered diabase. Field measurement results are strongly correlated to specific known rock structures. KW - Boreholes KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Geophysics KW - Radar KW - Radar detection KW - Radar detectors KW - Remote sensing KW - Rock mechanics KW - Site investigation KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457212 AU - Scholer, Charles F AU - Schumm, Wayne P AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of a Nuclear Density Gauge for Evaluating Concrete Consolidation, Phase 2 PY - 1978/06/01/Final Report SP - 37p AB - A field evaluation of a nuclear density meter, using the direct transmission method, to evaluate the consolidation of fresh concrete on highway paving, was the primary effort of this investigation. Prior to field testing the equipment was evaluated in the laboratory with dry sand and various arrangements of reinforcing steel and/or dowel bars. This was extended into the field where pavement reinforcing was not found to affect results. A technique was developed for evaluating concrete in areas of heavy doweled joints. Field evaluation was done on actual paving projects, and as a result, little variation was possible on quality of mixes and amount of consolidation. The results of the field tests were within a close range. This probably was a reflection on the quality of the concrete paving operations. A major problem to the use of this technique is fresh concrete adhering to the nuclear probe. It is not safe, due to the radiation danger, to clean the probe frequently. If this is not done the mechanical operation of the probe will soon fail to operate properly. If the technique is to be used in the field, it is recommended that a plastic tube and tray be used to protect both the probe and meter from the fresh concrete. This technique introduced more error. Nevertheless, it is recommended as a useful method of evaluating the density of concrete while it is still in a plastic condition. KW - Consolidation KW - Density KW - Doweled joints (Pavements) KW - Field tests KW - Fresh concrete KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Paving UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313970 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457209 AU - Goldberg, Gary Dana AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Development of the Computerized Geotechnical Data Bank for the State of Indiana : interim Report PY - 1978/06/01/Interim Report SP - 163p AB - A computerized, user-oriented, information storage and retrieval system for geological , pedological and geotechnical engineering information has been developed. The computerized data system is flexible so that changes can be made easily as the requirements of users become more clearly defined. A complete instruction User's Manual has been prepared compatible with the present requirements and needs of the Indiana State Highway Commission and the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University. The computerized data bank should facilitate efficient and economical handling of geotechnical information from the State of Indiana. The application of statistical methods to the geotechnical data stored to January, 1978 is promising. The grouping of soils by physiographic regions and parent material areas is justified for the prediction of some difficult-to-determine soil parameters from soil properties which are easier to determine. The groups of soils and soil parameters which provide acceptable correlations must be examined on a case by case basis. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Data banks KW - Data storage KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Indiana KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Parent materials KW - Soils KW - Soils by place UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313967 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01382170 AU - Mekemson, J R AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic speed report No. 104 PY - 1978/06/01/Interim Report IS - JHRP-78-5 SP - 51p AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the January-March 1978 quarter. Analysis of the speeds showed the overall average speed for all vehicles was 58.4 mph. The overall average speeds for passenger cars and all trucks were 59.0 mph and 57. a mph respectively. These overall speeds when compared to the results of the October-December 1977 quarter (Speed Report No. 103) indicated little change. Average speeds obtained were very similar for the two periods - 0.3 mph less for all passenger cars and 0.4 mph less for heavy trucks for the most recent quarter. KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313966 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1150090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195893 AU - GOMEZ-DOMINGUEZ, J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - MORTAR MIXTURES FOR THIN, SKID RESISTANT CONCRETE SURFACES PY - 1978/06/01 SP - 71 p. AB - This paper describes work on the skid resistance properties of some fine aggregates available in Indiana, as an attempt to improve the driving safety characteristics of portland cement concrete pavements. For this purpose, mortar samples were tested under the British Polishing Machine to simulate the wearing action of the traffic, and by means of the Portable Skid-Resistance Tester, the best aggregate and mix proportions were selected to be applied as a very thin non-skid surface overlay for concrete pavements. The laboratory analysis considers the non-skid properties of the fine aggregates: natural sand, lightweight aggregate (expanded shale) and slag, after the surface texture of the overlay has been lost, which is the most critical situation. The cement modifier Latex 464 and Rhoplex MC-76 were used to improve strength and bond capacity of the mortars. In this investigation, the adhesion developed by the thin overlay on a pavement surface was evaluated at the laboratory by means of the Pull Out Test; in this test the force required to pull out a section of the overlay is recorded as a result. /FHWA/ KW - Cement KW - Cement modifications KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mix design KW - Mortar KW - Pull out test KW - Simulation KW - Skid resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188976 AU - Price, J T AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - SOIL COMPACTION SPECIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR DESIRED FIELD STRENGTH RESPONSE PY - 1978/06/01 SP - 151 p. AB - A glacial silty clay, previously studied in the laboratory, was compacted in a field test pad to determine what variables control density and strength and their variabilities. Correlation was attempted to provide a prediction process for the field result. Additionally, a procedure was identified by which quality assurance and design engineers can interpret and write compaction specifications that insure a desired field strength. Strength is controlled by water content, desity, and compactive effort. Dry density is controlled by water content, compactive effort, and the interaction between them. The quantitative influence of each constituent variable varied with type of equipment. Variabilities of both density and strength are significant. Predictions are possible if the magnitude and a range in magnitude of each constituent variable are known. Control of the compaction process and good soil homogeneity reduce the variabilities. A procedure is presented for this soil which developes a computer tabulation of the variables to allow an estimate of field compacted strength knowing inspection test results. Also developed is a procedure to allow the design engineer to directly determine his compaction specificaiton to insure a desired strenght and its variability. /FHWA/ KW - Clay soils KW - Density KW - Field strength KW - Forecasting KW - Glacial soils KW - Moisture content KW - Performance based specifications KW - Silts KW - Soil compaction KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581044 AU - Foss, Rene N AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ground Plane Wind Shear Interaction on Acoustic Transmission PY - 1978/06//Final Report SP - 76p AB - Experimental data indicate that the combined effects of wind shear and ground plane attenuation can have a strong influence on sound propagation near the ground even at distances as short as 100 ft. The effect manifests itself experimentally as a noticeable difference between sound propagation upwind vis-a-vis downwind that becomes more pronounced with either increased distance or increased wind speed. Differences of up to 25 dBA were found between into-the-wind and with-the-wind propagation for a listening height of 4 ft and a transmission distance of about 300 ft. Even a very moderate wind (4 mph) produced a difference of 12 dB at 150 ft for the same listening height. A large body of spectral data was also taken under a variety of wind conditions for path lengths of 150 ft and 225 ft. The resulting spectra agreed reasonably well with theoretical predictions for frequencies below 500 Hz, where ground and surface waves predominate; an important observation is that these waves were not affected substantially by wind conditions. Above approximately 500 Hz, the attenuation was frequently more than that predicted theoretically, and it was wind sensitive. The effect of wind was, in many cases, large, and could well mean that much experimentally obtained highway noise data are considerably less useful than previously thought, unless wind shear was taken into account during the measurements. In general, to "hear" the full effect of existing traffic, measurements should be made when the test position is downwind from the traffic. KW - Data collection KW - Height KW - Sound attenuation KW - Sound transmission KW - Traffic noise KW - Wind shear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/033.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581024 AU - Foss, Rene N AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Evaluation of Single Barriers PY - 1978/06//Final Report SP - 121p AB - A series of measurements was undertaken in the summer and fall of 1977 to determine the noise radiated by a wide variety of cars and trucks, and the effect of an acoustic wall, or barrier, on suppressing the transmission of that noise. The assumption of the "correct" effective radiating height was found to be the most critical parameter in making the calculations agree with the measured results. The "best height" value varied greatly from vehicle to vehicle, and with speed, load, and throttle setting for a given vehicle. The variability of this parameter made it impossible (solely from these tests) to assess such considerations as whether Fresnel's or Maekawa's curves should be used to calculate the attenuation produced by the wall. The most noteworthy observation from this study is that newer trucks not only are quieter (to meet noise radiation standards) but have an effective radiating height as low as 2 ft compared to as much as 11 ft for older trucks. Thus, as the newer types of trucks become predominant in the highway traffic mix, the effectiveness of walls and barriers in shielding the community from noise will increase considerably. This is good news, because wall effectiveness has been marginal at best for pre-1970 trucks because of their radiation heights. KW - Automobiles KW - Height KW - Noise barriers KW - Sound attenuation KW - Traffic noise KW - Trucks UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/024.5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321149 AU - Williams, James H AU - H H Aerospace Design Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development and Evaluation of Mechanized Equipment for Installation of the Recessed Reflective Marker (RRM) Delineation System. Task A, Design & Feasibility Analysis PY - 1978/06//Inerim Report SP - 68p AB - A plow-resistant recessed reflective marker (RRM) delineation system having a linear tapered profile and which uses a reflector base/reflector unit is proposed. A single-operator mechanized vehicle to install the RRf" delineation system is described. This vehicle satisfies the design criteria which are given in the report. The apparatus automatically cuts the longitudinal main groove and the transverse drainage groove, cuts the reflective marker recess, removes the cutting debris from the groove, dispenses the adhesive for securing the marker to the pavement, installs the reflective marker unit, and propels the vehicle between adjacent markers. Details of the mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic I and electrical subsystems are designed and presented. It is recommended that I this vehicle be built in order (1) to demonstrate the feasibility of the mechanized installation of the RRM delineation system and (2) to obtain generally lacking data on pavement cutting parameters. KW - Cutting KW - Drainage coefficient (Pavements) KW - Highway delineators KW - Pavement grooving KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Road markings KW - Snowplows UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34071/FHWA-RD-78-161.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1082078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104931 AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimating Procedure for Major Highway Construction Bid Item Cost PY - 1978/06//Final Report SP - 7p AB - The present procedure for estimating construction bid item cost makes use of the quarterly weighted average unit price report coupled with engineering judgment. The limitation to this method is that this report format provides only the lowest bid data distributed over the entire three-month period. Furthermore, it fails to recognize the dependency of individual item bid item to the quantity as been determined on some major items. The major purpose of this effort is geared towards development of an automated computerized method of forecasting bid item cost for construction contract letting. Such development is confined to bid items that comprise 75% of the total cost of the projects. KW - Automation KW - Bids KW - Competitive bidding KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Contract administration KW - Contract rates KW - Contracts KW - Road construction UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20120.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180863 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1976 PY - 1978/06 SP - 171 p. AB - The 31st of an annual series, the publication presents the 1976 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1975 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Licenses KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Revenues KW - Roads KW - Statistics KW - Taxes KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191757 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Bodvarsson, G W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation TI - DETERMINATION OF AIR VOID CONTENT AND MIXING WATER VOID CONTENT OF HARDENED CONCRETE USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES. PART III. DETERMINATION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO AND DEGREE OF HYDRATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUE PY - 1978/06 SP - 92 p. AB - For the analysis described in Part III, concrete samples of water-cement ratios ranging from .40-1.20 were prepared. The hydration time allowed, representing degree of hydration, varied from 1 day to 90 days (almost 100% hydration). SEM microphotos were taken at high magnification at each level of hydration for each of the water-cement ratios. The microphotos were then examined with emphasis upon trends that would aid in distinguishing between water-cement ratios and degree of hydration. A set of photographs was selected to illustrate an array scheme that is proposed to be developed for estimation of water-cement ratio and degree of hydration of an unknown based upon capillary morphology changes. Presented along with the proposed scheme is a selection of characteristic features that were identified as being indicative of water-cement ratio and/or degree of hydration. It is suggested that these features be utilized in these cases where determination strictly by the proposed standard is not sufficiently accurate. KW - Air entrainment KW - Concrete KW - Electron microscopes KW - Failure KW - Hydration KW - Inspection KW - Statistical analysis KW - Vision KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182637 AU - Ward, P M AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION: PART II OKLAHOMA'S EXPERIENCE WITH BRIDGE DECK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1978/06 SP - 151 p. AB - The objectives of this project were to study the factors involved in bridge deck deterioration and to formulate and evaluate techniques to prevent or halt such deterioration. Part II of this project was concerned with the evaluation of two types of bridge deck protective systems; waterproof memberanes and latex modified Portland Cement concrete overlays. This report contains construction and electrical resistance data on nine different memberane systems applied to 35 structures. Also included is construction data on latex modified overlays applied to 5 structures. One of these structures is six years old and the results of the yearly bridge surveys are included. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Deterioration KW - Latex KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Protective coatings KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189481 AU - Kennedy, A R AU - Wedner, R J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PART I: SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE STUDY DATA PY - 1978/06 SP - 110 p. AB - This report includes the performance data accumulated since 1966 for a number of in service flexible pavements. It was concluded that the performance study results appear to confirm the concept that a pavement structure eventually deteriorates as it is subjected to the effects of cumulative traffic loads, and an evaluation of this deterioration can be obtained through PSI measurements. It was presupposed that the PSI can be utilized for development of a flexible pavement design for Nebraska. /FHWA/ KW - Durability KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394514 AU - Skinner, L E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE COSTS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1978/06 SP - 115 p. AB - This report provides an overview of typical time and monetary resources required to provide transportation service by various contemporary modes in large urbanized areas. As such, it is intended as a general guide for planners and decision makers dealing with transportation investment decisions. Its use would be appropriate in a long-range sketch planning environment where a wide range of investment strategies are being considered. Once the list of options has been narrowed through sketch planning, more precise costing procedures would be appropriate. This report is confined to a study of money spent for resources (capital, operation and maintenance) and time spent traveling. These aspects include, but are not limited to, environmental, social, and ecological considerations. KW - Capital KW - Competition KW - Environmental impacts KW - Long term KW - Needs assessment KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Social factors KW - Time duration KW - Transportation modes KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel time KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182975 AU - Fisher, G P AU - Engineering Foundation Conferences TI - GOODS TRANSPORTATION IN URBAN AREAS--GTUA III PY - 1978/06 SP - 823 p. AB - A five-day conference to explore contemporary issue in urban goods movement (UGM) was organized by representatives of the Transportation Research Board, American Society of Civil Engineers, Institute of Transportation Engineers, and the Federal Highway Administration. Five specific topics were probed and reported upon by work-teams, namely (1) traffic engineering and design to facilitate UGM, (2) impact of local government regulations, (3) interface between Federal regulation and UGM, (4) UGM in regional system planning, and (5) locating and servicing major urban freight generators. In addition to Probe Group reports and recommendations, there are presented 40 keynote, summary and resource papers covering such topics as data requirements, time value of cargo, service trucks, terminal design and location, transportation system management, planning methodology and case studies, intermodal transfer, freight regulation and economics. /FHWA/ KW - City planning KW - Economics KW - Freight terminals KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal transfer KW - Local government KW - Regulations KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308253 AU - Moses, F AU - Kriss, M AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1978/06 SP - 82 p. AB - The acquisition of truck axle and gross weight information is necessary for determining structural and maintenance requirements of bridges and pavements and is important also for planning, economic and safety surveys. A system is described using traffic sensors and strain gages on instrumented highway bridge girders to survey axle and gross weights of passign vehicles. Trucks are weighed in motion while moving at normal highway speeds and are undetected by the drivers. A derived weight prediction algorithm filters out the dynamic components of bridge response and obtains the equivalent static axle weights by a least square error minimization. Accurate predictions require the truck dimensions and velocity obtained from traffic sensors. A preliminary system was designed and tested by recording data on analog recorders for subsequent processing. The results indicated the feasibility of this method. A final system was designed, tested and delivered to the Federal Highway Administration. It utilizes signal conditioners and a mini-computer. Data is recorded in the field on magnetic tape for subsequent truck weight processing on a digital computer. A final test of the system showed repeatability of predictions of both gross truck weight and tandem axles. Tests were conducted with known calibration trucks and random traffic. Documentation manuals have also been prepared to explain the detailed use of the system and its fabrication and assembly. The report also describes further modifications of the system to permit routine use by organizations interested in obtained weight in motion truck data. The system would contain stand-alone computer processing for making weight calculations in the field and easily mounted strain transducers. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Minicomputers KW - Strain gages KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weighing devices KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322717 AU - Rudder, F F AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF IMPACT FROM VIBRATIONS RELATED TO HIGHWAY USE PY - 1978/06 SP - 367 p. AB - This report describes the results of a study to determine the environmental impact from traffic-induced ground vibration. The study encompassed psychological, legal, and engineering efforts to define the nature and extent of the problem. At the beginning of the study, there was no published literature directly related to describing either the engineering aspects or applicable criteria to evaluate the impact of traffic-induced vibration. Litigation, however, had occurred in the United States. The results of this study have clarified the nature and extent of traffic-induced vibration. Traffic-induced vibration is, generally, an urban problem. Generally, the owner-resident of a building is the annoyed party. It appears that traffic-induced vibration is not of sufficient magnitude to generally cause structural damage to buildings. However, old buildings of an historic character may be a special concern. The main text of this report summarizes the detailed results of the study. Appendicies are included presenting the detailed results. KW - Annoyance KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Legal factors KW - Noise control KW - Psychological aspects KW - Traffic vibrations KW - Urban areas KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308355 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION ZONE DELINEATION (RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS) PY - 1978/06 SP - 20 p. AB - The Implementation Division of the Office of Development initiated a series of projects to evaluate the effectiveness of raised pavement markers as a means of guiding traffic through construction zones. This Tech Share document summarizes the results of those projects. One of the major findings of this evaluation was that the raised reflective pavement markers provide positive daylight and nightime guidance through both wet and dry periods. The additional safety, improved operations, reduced vandalism and unanimous favor by the public, Government and construction personnel justify their expanded use. The use of raised reflective pavement markers on construction detours also indicates a trend toward reducing the number of accidents. From an economic standpoint the cost of markers and paint is equal to or less than the cost of paint striping and removal. /FHWA/ KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303428 AU - Data Transformation Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIALS AND TEST DATA INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1978/06 SP - 156 p. AB - Many State highway agencies now use computer programs to store and retrieve test data and other information in order to continually update and monitor their construction quality assurance programs. These modern methods of handling material and test data are far superior to the manual methods using reports and file cabinets. This report presents basic information on how eight States manage their information relating to highway construction. This report can be used as an information source on existing systems. It also provides additional leads to detailed information which will allow potential users to ascertain the system best suited for them. Three types of systems are fully discussed giving the advantages and disadvantages of each. The report should be used by agencies contemplating using a computer system for storing and retrieving information. /FHWA/ KW - Building materials KW - Computer memory KW - Information systems KW - Materials tests KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/143092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186104 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Nutt, R V AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC RESPONSE OF BRIDGES - CASE STUDIES PY - 1978/06 SP - 204 p. AB - Presented are the results of 6 case studies conducted on each of three bridges (the Route 80 Onramp Undercrossing, the Northwest Connector Overcrossing, and the Southwest Connector Overcrossing designed by the California Department of Transportation) when subjected to strong seismic excitation. The dynamic responses of each bridge for separate excitations in the longitudinal and transverse directions were determined using the response spectral, linear time-history, and nonlinear time-history approaches. Maximum response values are interpreted in terms of current design procedures and code provisions. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Expansion joints KW - Information processing KW - Overpasses KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00301459 AU - Hoover, J M AU - Handy, R L AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL COMPACTION AIDS FOR FINE-GRAINED SOILS, VOLUME I PY - 1978/06 SP - 158 p. AB - Soil is man's cheapest and most abundant construction material, and compaction is the most widely used method of strengthening soils and making them suitable for construction uses. The technology of compaction, while improving, remains largely in a trial and error state, emphasizing the basic moisture-density relationships discovered by R.R. Proctor. In recent years, the trial-and-error approach has led to the introduction of proprietary trace chemical additives that are said to increase soil densification and ease of compaction, and that improve strength and stability qualities, particularly of fine-grained soils. The report contained herein (Volume I of a two-volume report) includes the principal objectives of Phase I of the total project, i.e., an extensive review of appropriate subject literature and a pilot laboratory moisture-density-strength study of twenty chemicals with eight soils of varying origin and mineralogy. Also included in this report are a theoretical discussion of possible mechanisms of chemical compaction aids, properties of the twenty-six soils used in the total investigation (Phase I and Phase II), and data from supplemental tests designed to improve our understanding of the influences of the chemicals on fine-grained soils. KW - Building materials KW - Chemicals KW - Compaction KW - Fine grained soils KW - Mineralogy KW - Soil densification KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil water KW - Swelling index UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/141939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198221 AU - DeHart, G AU - Regional Planning Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - BICYCLE-MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS; STATISTICS AND STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION PY - 1978/06 SP - 54 p. AB - The report examines recent bicycle-motor vehicle accident statistics for the Baltimore region, places them in the context of available national statistics, and suggests strategies for reducing the region's bicycle-motor vehicle accident rate. KW - Bicycles KW - Crash rates KW - Highway traffic KW - Maryland KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Strategy KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195606 AU - Jensen, I B AU - Hodder, R L AU - Sindelar, B AU - Montana State University, Bozeman TI - PERMANT STABILIZATION OF SEMIARID ROADSIDES WITH GRASS, LEGUME AND SHRUB SEED MIXTURES AND NATIVE GRASS DRYLAND SODDING PY - 1978/06 SP - n.p. AB - Two studies were implemented to improve methods of rapidly stabilizing semiarid roadsides vegetatively. One study evaluated six seeding mixtures consisting of grass, legume and shrub seed which were planted during the spring and fall on two harsh roadside cuts in eastern Montana. Results show that most wheatgrass species dominated the developing stands the first two to three years. As the stands developed, other species included in the mixtures became more dominant. Improved seed mixtures can be developed by studying results of individual species. Success of fall and spring seeding varied with species. The other study developed and evaluated a dryland sodding technique. Three native sods were cut 1.5 and 3.0 inches (3.8 and 7.6 cm) thick and placed during the spring and fall season in an erosive borrow ditch. Kentucky bluegrass sod cut to either thickness proved highly successful. Western wheatgrass required the greater sod thickness and proved to be successful. Inland saltgrass sod was not successful as it establish few shoots and was replaced by a dense stand of crested wheatgrass. /FHWA/ KW - Arid land KW - Erosion control KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Grasses KW - Landscaping KW - Legumes KW - Mixtures KW - Planting KW - Roadside KW - Shrubs KW - Sodding KW - Soil stabilization KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195605 AU - Jensen, I B AU - Hodder, R L AU - Montana State University, Bozeman TI - TUBELING, CONDENSATION TRAPS, MATURE TREE TRANSPLANTING AND ROOT PAD TRANSPLANTING TECHNIQUES FOR TREE AND SHRUB ESTABLISHMENT IN SEMIARID AREAS PY - 1978/06 SP - n.p. AB - Studies were implemented to develop more reliable and efficient methods of establishing trees and shrubs on critical use roadside areas. Four studies were concentrated on developing and evaluating a planting systems referred to as the "dryland tubeling planting method". An efficient tubeling design was developed and intensively field tested. The planting system was determined to be highly beneficial especially if implemented in a harsh climate. Three studies were implemented to develop and evaluate methods of capturing and conserving soil moisture for juvenile trees and shrubs. Different sized polyethylene sheets were evaluated for soil moisture conservation and weed control. a tree spade. The use of smaller trees in relation to root and evaluated. A second type of condensation trap which can be prefabricated with lumber was also developed. Well designed traps were found to provide significantly more soil moisture and to reduce vegetation competition for developing trees and shrubs. A study was conducted to evaluate the practicality and success of transplanting mature trees with tree spade. The use of smaller trees in relation to root mass size, root pruning and intensified tree selection procedures would have improved establishment rates and vigor. Salvaging and transplanting nature shrub root systems "nature shrub root pad transplanting" was studied. The study showed the treatment is effective for rapidly establishing rhizomatous root system native shrubs. /FHWA/ KW - Arid land KW - Condensation KW - Conservation KW - Roadside KW - Semiarid land KW - Shrubs KW - Soil water KW - Transplanting KW - Traps KW - Traps (Drain pipe) KW - Trees KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195586 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SOLAR HEATING AN ASPHALT STORAGE TANK PY - 1978/06 SP - 112 p. AB - This report describes a solar heating system for a 12,000 gallon asphalt storage tank. The solar system uses a water heater as a backup system. The asphalt to be heated is a rapid-cure cut back (RC-2). The design, plans, specifications and costs are included. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt storage KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Specifications KW - Storage facilities KW - Storage tanks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195594 AU - McKenzie, L J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN PCC PAVEMENT WITH SKEWED JOINTS RANDOMLY SPACED PY - 1978/06 SP - 28 p. AB - The behavior of a plain, 14-in. portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement with short, randomly-spaced (13-, 19-, 18- and 12-ft), skewed contraction joints and without a subbase is being compared to an 8-in. continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement overlying a 4-in. bituminous aggregate mixture (BAM) subbase. Internal curing temperature, joint width, faulting, cracking, and smoothness observations have been summarized. Initially, the CRC pavement was smoother than the plain PCC pavement, mainly because construction equipment and procedures differed. So far, the serviceability of both pavements remains high, and no trends have developed because neither pavement has developed any observable distress. At contraction joints, corner deflections were higher where load transfer depends on aggregate interlock rather than dowel bars. Since mean joint openings have exceeded 0.035 in. to 0.040 in., aggregate interlock, according to other research, cannot serve as an effective means of load transfer. Yet, development of joint faulting has been delayed because of other factors such as low traffic volume, joint skewness, pavement thickness, and subgrade support. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Contraction joints KW - Deflection KW - Loads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Random sampling KW - Random series KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Skewed structures KW - Spacing KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193735 AU - Inuka, G J AU - Yen, B T AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University TI - STRESS HISTORY OF A CURVED BOX BRIDGE PY - 1978/06 SP - 67 p. AB - Stress history data obtained through field testing of a curved composite box girder bridge were analyzed to evaluate the fatigue strength of the structure's details. Details examined were the termination of transverse stiffener, the discontinuous backup bar, and the longitudinal stiffener cutoff. Strains measured at these details indicate very small equivalent constant amplitude stress ranges. These stress ranges combined with estimates on the future loadings predict the fatigue strength of the structure to a greater than that required for a service life of 30 to 40 years. Relatively large bending stresses in the vertical direction were detected at the transverse stiffener-to-flange gap. Analysis shows that these stresses are produced when out-of-web plane forces are applied to the stiffener. Graphs are presented relating the maximum gap stresses to detail geometry and load. Connection of the stiffener to the flange at diaphragms is recommended. The fatigue strength of the discontinuous backup bar detail is estimated to be represented by the AASHTO Category E detail. A recommendation is made to fabricate all backup bars as continuous members. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Fatigue strength KW - Stiffeners KW - Stiffeners (Plates) KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193734 AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Kaar, P H AU - Russell, H G AU - Bruce, R N AU - Portland Cement Association TI - FATIGUE TESTS OF FULL-SIZE-PRESTRESSED GIRDER PY - 1978/06 SP - n.p. AB - An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the effect of repetitive loading on the behavior and strength of girders with draped and blanketed strands. Six full-size Type II AASHTO-PCI girders were tested. Two griders contained draped strands. The other girders had straight strands with four tendons blanketed at each end. Controlled variables in the test program were load level, development length, and use of ties to confine the concrete in the stress transfer region of the blanketed strands. The test program called for 5-million cycles of loading between dead load and dead load plus live load. Static tests to full dead load plus live load were performed before cyclic loading and after 1, 2-1/2 and 5-million cycles. At the completion of 5-million cycles, the girders were tested to destruction under static load. The report presents results of the investigation and shows that blanketed strands can be used successfully if adequate strand development length is provided. Fatigue fracture of strands was observed in precracked beams where load level produced tensile stress in the precompressed concrete. /FHWA/ KW - Accelerated tests KW - Beams KW - Blanketing KW - Fatigue tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Prestressed beams KW - Prestressing KW - Repeated loads KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Strands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193736 AU - Berger, R H AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis TI - EXTENDING THE SERVICE LIFE OF EXISTING BRIDGES BY INCREASING THEIR LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY PY - 1978/06 SP - 152 p. AB - A catalog of bridge deficiencies is developed based on the inspection of over 140 deficient bridges located in Illinois, Florida, Pennsylvania, California, and Tennessee. A classification of structure types is developed for concrete, steel and timber bridges. Deficiencies are related to the structure classification system and a hierarchy of the most common deficiencies established. Techniques presently utilized by state highway departments to correct deficiences are described and evaluated. Several innovative techniques for increasing the load carrying capacity are also described. Utilizing these techniques, increased capacity values are developed. Cost factors are also analyzed and graphic presentations which show the relative merit of each system are presented. Techniques for increasing load capacity include: (1) Lightweight deck systems, e.g., timber, plate, steel grid, metal; (2) changes in structural system, e.g. develop continuity in simple spans, composite action, post tensioning; (3) member strengthening techniques, e.g., epoxy attached plates, replacement members, supplemental support systems. Techniques developed for improving geometrics include widening concepts for through girder bridges and improved clearance for through truss bridges. The report includes examples of techniques developed as they apply to actual bridge rehabilitation projects. Details are shown illustrating these techniques. /FHWA/ KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193624 AU - Pollack, R I AU - Tesche, T W AU - Reynolds, S D AU - Hillyer, M J AU - Jerskey, T N AU - Meldgin, M J AU - Systems Applications, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAY AIR QUALITY IMPACT APPRAISALS. VOLUME I--INTRODUCTION TO AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS PY - 1978/06 SP - 414 p. AB - This report is the first of a two volume series titled, "Highway Air Quality Impact Appraisals-Volume I, Introduction to Air Quality Analyses, and Volume II, Guidance for Highway Planners and Engineers." These two reports are intended to provide transportation planners and engineers with guidance on how to perform air quality analyses. Volume I presents basic information useful for analyzing local or regional air quality impacts. Subjects discussed include basic characteristics, sources, removal processes, and air quality standards for five pollutants--hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, particulates, and photochemical oxidants; emissons, control devices, and legislation on vehicular emissons; nonvehicular anthropogenic and natural soruces of those five pollutants; construction of emissions inventories; relative contributions of vehicular emissions to air quality at regional, urban, and roadway spatial scales; physical and chemical processes that affect pollutant concentrations; an assessment of types of air quality models, including algebraic (Gaussian), trajectory, and grid numerical models; and the design and use of air quality monitoring programs. The treatment of these issues is designed specifically for the highway planner or engineer who is required to perform air quality evaluations of transportation or land use plans. A glossary is included. Volume I may be useful as a general reference work, particularly on the subjects of emissions, atmospheric processes, and air quality models. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Mathematical models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193625 AU - Pollack, R I AU - Austin, T AU - Systems Applications, Incorporated AU - JHK & Associates TI - HIGHWAY AIR QUALITY IMPACT APPRAISALS. VOLUME II--GUIDANCE FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS AND ENGINEERS PY - 1978/06 SP - 160 p. AB - This report is the second of a two volume series titled, "Highway Air Quality Impact Appraisals--Volume I, Introduction to Air Quality Analyses, and Volume II, Guidance for Highway Planners and Engineers." These two reports are intended to provide transportation planners and engineers with guidance in how to perform air quality analyses. This volume presents guidance for transportation planners and engineers on evaluating the air quality impact of a land use or transportation plan. The various laws that require such an evaluation are reviewed. The technical procedures utilized in transportation planning are presented briefly, and their value in providing input for an air quality analysis is described. Techniques for compiling emissions inventories and for predicting resultant air quality are also discussed. Thevarious issues that arise in evaluating land use plans, transportation policies, and facility and operation plans at both regional and subregional levels are described, including the selection of the appropriate spatial and temporal scales for the analysis, the accuracy necessary in the analysis methods, the application of screening procedures to determine the level of analysis requried, the comparison of air quality predictions to legal requirements on air quality, and the reporting of modeling results. The treatment is designed to familiarize the highway planner or engineer with the issues that must be considered and allow him to determine the appropriate analysis method. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Land use planning KW - Legal factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189966 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Bodvarsson, G W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh TI - DETERIMINATION OF AIR VOID CONTENT AND MIXING WATER VOID CONTENT OF HARDENED CONCRETE USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES--PARTS I AND II PY - 1978/06 SP - 114 p. AB - The use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify possible causes of failure of hardened concrete was examined. The three causes of failure researched were excess air content (Part I), and improper water-cement ratio and detgree of hydration (Part III). Part II is a collection of unbound photographic arrays of air contents investigated in Part I to be used as visual comparison standards for determination of air content of hardened concrete. In Part I the SEM was used at a low magnification (80X) to photograph hardened concrete of various air content (1-20%). A comparison standard was then prepared using 12 photographs to represent each air content. It is proposed that this standard be utilized for determination of air content of hardened concrete. Statistical analysis of the proposed standard indicates an accuracy of about plus or minus 1.5%. For the analysis described in Part III, concrete samples of water-cement rations ranging from .40-1.20 were prepared. The hydration time allowed, representing degree of hydration, varied from 1 day to 90 days (almost 100% hydration). SEM microphotos were taken at high magnification at each level of hydration for each of the water-cement ratios. The microphotos were then examined with emphasis upon trends that would aid in distinguishing between water-cement ratios and degree of hydration. A set of photographs was selected to illustrate an array scheme that is proposed to be developed for estimation of water-cement ratio and degree of hydration of an unknown based upon capillary morphology changes. Presented along with the proposed scheme is a selection of characteristics features that were identified as being indicative of water-cement ratio and/or degree of hydration. It is suggested that these features be utilized in these cases where determination strictly by the proposed standard is not sufficiently accurate. /FHWA/ KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Concrete hardening KW - Electron microscopes KW - Failure KW - Hardened concrete KW - Hydration KW - Moisture content KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Statistical analysis KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188983 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REGULATORY SIGNS FOR LANE OCCUPANCY AND PARKING PY - 1978/06 SP - 75 p. AB - These studies were concerned with the improvement of lane occupancy and parking signs. New designs were developed and tested. Experimentl subjects viewed slides of the signs and judged whether the sign permitted certain lane occupancy or parking maneuvers. The effectiveness of each sign type was determined by the speed and accuracy of the subject's responses. Fixed schedule lane occupancy signs were found to be ineffective, and perhaps dangerous. They gave an unacceptably high error rate, and subjects required over twice as long to interpret these signs as equivalent changeable message signs. The most successful lane occupancy signs showed occupancy status below the notation "right", "center" or "left" lane. The concept was tested that drivers would be better able to understand complex parking signs if information was arranged by time. On the average, time-referenced signs showed three-fourths the errors of the equivalent conventional signs now on the road. Rules were suggested for the improvement of parking-standing signs. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Design KW - Drivers KW - Lane occupancy KW - Legibility KW - Parking regulations KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189482 AU - Kennedy, A R AU - Wedner, R J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT, PART III: ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE STUDY DATA PY - 1978/06 SP - 53 p. AB - Analysis of the performance data accumulated for in service pavement sections in Nebraska has been accomplished. Elements such as traffic, pavement thickness and strength, pavement loss in servicebility, triaxial strength test results for subgrade soils and spring loss in bearing capacity of pavements have been resolved to terms analogous to those used for the AASHO Road Test. The AASHO terms used are Structural Number, PSI, Soil Support Value, Regional Factor, and Equivalent 18 Kip Axle Loads. These elements were evaluated and design equations developed for Nebraska conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Data analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189483 AU - Shah, G N AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE STUDY OF CONTINOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT ON I-95 PY - 1978/06 SP - 145 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CRCP on I-95. Pavement observations and measurements were made on all construction contracts and included intensive crack surveys, measurements of the widths of selected cracks, measurements of changes of width of terminal joints and expansion joints, road roughness. Present Serviceability Index (PSI) determinations, and skid resistance. This final report presents the resutls and observations and measurements made during the entire study. The evaluation of observations and test resutls has indicated that in general the I-95 pavement structure is sound and it has exhibited satisfactory performance. Also, it has been observed that the width of a crack is greatest and most noticeable at the surface. /FHWA/ KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188510 AU - Capelle, D G AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated TI - AN OVERVIEW OF ROADWAY DELINEATION RESEARCH PY - 1978/06 SP - 72 p. AB - The objective of this report is to provide an overview of recent FHWA research on the subject of improving the effectiveness and utilization of roadway delinearion. The report summarizes the results of 6 recent major studies and related efforts, interprets and synthesizes their findings, identifies gaps, and provides information and advice which can be used in developing plans for future implementation through the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices." Questions requiring additional research are also discussed. /FHWA/ KW - Development KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185276 AU - Missouri State Highway Department TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA FOR CUT SLOPES IN LOESS PY - 1978/06 SP - 78 p. AB - Highway cut slopes in loess were studied throughout Missouri to evaluate the relationship of performance to slope angle, orientation, stratigraphy and various physical properties. Deep cuts for which preconstruction data was available were studied in detail. Samples were obtained by various techniques to determine affects on density and moisture content. It was concluded that stratigraphic identification, while useful, was less valuable than determination of physical properties for prediction of slope behavior. Moisture content and grain size distribution were found to correlate well to observed performance and types of failure. Freeze damage, of a form analogous to subgrade frost heave, was found to be a significant source of degradation of vertical slopes. It was concluded that severe limitations should be placed on use of vertical slopes in loess. Procedures and criteria are proposed for slope selectrion, methods of stability analysis and types of sampling and testing to be performed during the soil survey. Particular emphasis is given to moisture and clay content, slope orientation, accurate logging of water tables and zones of saturation and to sampling from dry (augered) holes. /FHWA/ KW - Density KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Freezing KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Loess KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Stratigraphy KW - Water table UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP74-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185254 AU - Chatto, D R AU - Shelly, T L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOP AND EVALUATE A SUBSTITUTE FOR CHROME YELLOW IN YELLOW TRAFFIC LINE STRIPES PY - 1978/06 SP - 34 p. AB - Chrome yellow has been used as the standard yellow pigment in yellow traffic paint for many years. Recently, in view of ever increasing environmental awareness and continuing investigations into the toxicity of lead and chromate compounds, a study was required to find if a suitable non lead-chromate pigment were available. /FHWA/ KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Paint KW - Replacing KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77402 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00183840 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Labrum, W D AU - Farr, R M AU - Kennedy, W J AU - Gibson, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYZING INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE WITH NETSIM PY - 1978/06 VL - 42 IS - 1 SP - p. 24-29 AB - This article describes an application of the Network Simulation (NETSIM) Model to an analysis of a signalized intersection by the Division of Safety of the Utah Department of Transportation, including an analysis of a phasing arrangement which could not be field tested as it was prohibited by State law. The computer simulation results of the Salt Lake City application were accurate enough to warrant further experimentation with the program. The improved traffic signal controller settings determined with the NETSIM simulation were applied to the freeway interchange with a significant improvement in traffic operations. KW - Highway signs (Signals and markings) KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Networks KW - Roads KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/80103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00184001 AU - Myers, L D AU - Stallard, A H AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - STUDY OF D-CRACKING IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, VOLUME 3--AIR PHOTO PHASE PY - 1978/06 SP - 56 p. AB - This study was undertaken to determine if staining associated with "D" cracking in concrete pavement could be detected and evaluated by aerial photography. Staining was detected and measured and the areal extent found to indicate a degree of deterioration within individual projects. A significant decrease in strain area was also noted when metropolitan traffic was present. This reversal was attributed to abrasion by studded tires. Pavements constructed with sawed and undowelled transverse joints 30 feet (9.1 m) apart exhibited less stain and D-cracking but more roughness due to joint faulting than sawed and dowelled joints spaced 61.5 feet (18.7 m) apart. /FHWA/ KW - Abrasions KW - Aerial photography KW - Deterioration KW - Pavement cracking KW - Photointerpretation KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Staining KW - Studded tires KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182545 AU - Warness, R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF ZINC RICH PRIMER PY - 1978/06 SP - 14 p. AB - The performance of an organic zinc-rich primer formulated with various zinc dusts, suspending agents and moisture control materials was evaluated. Some zinc dusts and additives adversely affected the performance when tested according to ASTM B117, Salt Spray. /FHWA/ KW - Corrosion KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Salt fog tests KW - Specifications KW - Waterproofing KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182544 AU - Ballinger, C A AU - Podolny, W AU - Abrahams, M J AU - International Road Federation TI - A REPORT ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SEGMENTAL PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES IN WESTERN EUROPE--1977 PY - 1978/06 SP - 160 p. AB - A study was made of segmental prestressed concrete box girder bridges in Western Europe. The study team met with representatives of prominent design and construction firms, as well as some Government agencies, to discuss current design and construction practice. The team visited the sites of numerous such bridges which were under construction as well as many which had been completed. This report covers the findings and impressions of the study team; including discussions of current construction techniques, design considerations, and production and erection considerations. The Appendix contains descriptive information on most of the bridges which were visitd or discussed. It was observed that the technology for constructing segmental bridges has rapidly advanced over the past 10 years. Initially such bridges were constructed using only the "balanced cantilever" method. Now span-by-span, incremental launching ("Taktschiebeverfahren"), and progressive placing construction techniques are also used. With many of these methods either precast or cast-in-place concrete segments may be used; and occasionally both types of elements are used. Thus, there are now a variety of design concepts and construction methods which may be used to economically produce segmental bridges for almost all site conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Cast in place structures KW - Construction management KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183995 AU - Marshall, B F AU - Walker, H N AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - EVALUATION AND ADAPTATION OF THE DOBROLUBOV AND ROMER METHOD OF MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF HARDENED CONCRETE. METHODS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN PREPARING AND EXAMINING FLUORESCENT ULTRATHIN SECTIONS SN - 1454 PY - 1978/06 SP - 23 p. AB - This report explains the methods and equipment used of produce fluorescent impregnated, polished, ultrathin sections of portland cement concrete. These sections are used in the study of the microstructure of concrete and are examined by means of a microscope which combines the features of a petrographic microscope with those of a microscope having incident fluorescing capabilities. The unusual features of this microscope are detailed. Brief instructions for the use of teh microscope are given. A few of the features made visible by this preparation method and this microscope are shown in photomicrographs. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete hardening KW - Equipment KW - Fluorescence KW - Hardened concrete KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Microscopy KW - Petrography KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36322/78-R54.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182639 AU - Walker, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - AN INTERIM REPORT ON STUDIES OF STRESS HISTORIES IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES: VOLUME I AND VOLUME II (APPENDIX) PY - 1978/06 SP - 347 p. AB - Increased volumes of truck traffic, pressure for increased axle and gross weight limits, and the use of new materials and structural details make the study of live-load stresses induced in bridges subjected to heavy truck traffic of increasing importance. The present study is directed to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on stresses at critical locations in bridges. It is focussed on the development of a probabilistic technique for forecasting the stress-range environment, and ultimately the mean fatigue life of the bridge. The scope, physical arrangements--including a description of the test bridges, instrumentation and field test procedures, selected results, and an outline of methods for interpretation are described. This interim report emphasizes the presentation of data for stress range histograms and outlines and problems associated with the fitting probability density functions to histograms for use in the prediction of mean fatigue life. The data presentation includes results from four field tests. Selected truck data have also been included. The study makes use of a comprehensive, computer based, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation system. /FHWA/ KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Stresses KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179859 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Salane, H J AU - Duffield, R C AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - FATIGUE TEST OF A THREE-SPAN COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGE PY - 1978/06 SP - 303 p. AB - A three-span continuous composite bridge of modern design was field tested under fatigue loading which produced stresses equal to or greater than design stresses. Both the primary fatigue loading and loading for dynamic-property tests were imposed by a moving mass closed-loop electrohydraulic-actuator system. During the fatigue loading the bridge was inspected periodically by eight different inspection mthods. Inspection methods included visual, ultrasonic, radiographic, acoustic emission and dynamic-signature techniques. A total of 18 fatigue cracks developed at the ends of welded cover plates and two fatigue cracks developed in base metal which was not adjacent to welds. The fatigue life in regions where the stress range was 22.5 ksi was considerably longer than would be predicted, however, the fatigue life in other regions where the stress range was only 8.7 ksi was considerably shorter than would be predicted on the basis of current code requirements. /FHWA/ KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Cover plates KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Welded steel beams KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179855 AU - Graves, H B AU - Bellis, E D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DEER FLAGGING MODELS AS DETERRENTS TO DEER ENTERING HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY PY - 1978/06 SP - 21 p. AB - To determine whether rear-view silhouette models of deer with raised tails would be effective in keeping deer off planted interstate highway rights-of-way, such models were tested in four experiments along Interstate 80 in Centre County, PA. Results of counts of deer in experimental and control areas obtained from a moving vehicle or examination of tracks through gaps under the fence revealed that the models were ineffective as deterrents to deer gaining access to the right-of-way. It is not recommended that they be used to reduce vehicle-deer collisions. /FHWA/ KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Deterrents KW - Effectiveness KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Models KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178806 AU - Besselievre, W AU - DiMaggio, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS FOR ENGINEERING FABRICS SN - 03718356 PY - 1978/06 SP - 85 p. AB - Engineering fabrics for highway construction and maintenance, are increasingly being used in a variety of ways: as filters for subsurface drainage; as separation barriers to prevent the contaminatin of base courses; as subgrade restraining layers for weak subgrades; as earth reinforcement for retaining walls; as erosion control barriers; and for other uses. To facilitate greater use of these fabrics, this publication has been published. The publication contains specifications for a variety of fabric uses from six organizations, which have had significant construction experience with fabrics: the Department of the Army--Corps of Engineers; the USDA Forest Service; The State of Alabama Highway Department; the California Department of Transportation; the Illinois Department of Transportation; and the New York State Department of Transportation. /FHWA/ KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Erosion control KW - Fabrics KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Highway drainage KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Specifications KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179354 AU - Podolny, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES PY - 1978/06 SP - 319 p. AB - The objective of the symposium was to acquaint the engineering and construction professionals with the current state-of-the-art of this rapidly growing bridge concept in order to assess future thought, study, development, and practice. Although initial contemporary design and construction have predominately occurred in Europe, currently there are cable-stayed bridges completed, under construction, and in design in the United States. The Pasco-Kennewick Bridge was in the final phase of superstructre assembly, allowing the symposium participants to view first hand the erection of this unusual structure. The bridge, which has a main span of 981 feet, is the first large cable-stayed bridge project undertaken in the United States. The cable-stayed portion of the bridge (1,794 feet long) is a segmentally pre-stressed concrete girder 80 feet wide and only seven feet deep. It is freely suspended on cable utilizing a new cable system unused before in the United States. The symposium program, besides covering an in-depth review of the Paco project, included reviews of all contemporary American Cable-stayed bridges in planning and design stages: the Meridian Swing Bridge in California; the Dame Point Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida; the Mississippi River Bridge at Luling, Louisiana; the East Huntington Bridge, West Virginia; the Weirton-Steubenville Bridge, West Virginia; and the Ruck-A-Chucky Bridge, California. Presentations were also made on the latest significant cable-stayed bridges in Europe, the Oberkassel Bridge over the Rhein in West Germany; the Pont de Bretonne over the Seine in France; and the lightweight concrete long-span bridge proposal over the Rhein at Flehe-Dusseldorf, West Germany. Other topics on the program included: cable fatigue testing, cable manufacture, construction stress control procedures, contractor's critique of design, system dynamic response, and aerodynamic response. Professor Leonhardt gave a closing lecture on the future for the cable-stayed bridge systems. /Author/ KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Cables KW - Construction KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Fatigue tests KW - Manufacturing KW - Stress control KW - Structural design KW - Ticket vending machines UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00198306 AU - Fenton, R E AU - Mayhan, R J AU - TAKASAKI, G M AU - GLIMM, J AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES IN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE CONTROL PY - 1978/05/31 SP - 200 p. AB - During the past year, which was the first year of a planned three-year program, the research efforts were focused principally on the development of a physical test facility which would be employed to study control and communication problems at, and below, the sector level. These studies would be focused on the automatic control of high-speed traffic operations at small time headways. The primary activities undertaken were: (a) The implantation of both lateral and longitudinal information sources at the 6.4-km, skid-pad facility; (b) The specification of a sector-level controller which would be comprised of a commercially available microprocessor and a considerable amount of special-purpose hardware; (c) A study of automatic longitudinal control, both in the normative and emergency modes of operation; (d) The evaluation of a "flattened" helical-line information source for providing continuous position information to each controlled vehicle in a sector; and (e) A study of automatic steering with an emphasis on high-speed, lane-changing operations. The status of items (a), (c) and (d) are discussed in detail. The secondary activities included a reevaluation of a headway safety policy for automated highway operations, and the development of a methodology to determine the accident costs associated with a particular policy choice. KW - Accident costs KW - Automatic control KW - Central processing units KW - Central processing units (Computers) KW - Communication KW - Communications management KW - Control devices KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Guideways KW - Headways KW - Lane changing KW - Microcomputers KW - Specifications KW - Steering KW - Test facilities KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/89087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443299 AU - King, G F AU - Abramson, P AU - Cohen, J W AU - Wilkinson, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - KLD Associates TI - Seven experiment designs addressing problems of safety and capacity on two-lane rural highways: volume 1 - introduction, description of experiments and common elements PY - 1978/05 IS - DOT-TSC-FHWA-78-2,I SP - 27p + appendices KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Highway capacity KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Traffic capacity KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic monitoring KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419323 AU - Zove, P AU - Berger, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Integrated motorist information system (IMIS), phase 2: generalized methodology for imis feasibility studies. volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1978/05 IS - FHWA/RD-78-23,24 SP - 264P + 158P KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Driver information KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Route KW - Routes KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic management KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Transport corridor KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181983 AU - Southern California Association of Governments AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COME TOGETHER RIDESHARING PROGRAM OPTION SUMMARIES PY - 1978/05 SP - 57 p. AB - The document provides technical summaries of the transportation options under consideration. These include (1) transportation facility improvements (e.g., exclusive lanes for high-occupancy vehicles; park and ride service; park-pool service), (2) non-facility transit service improvements (e.g., revised operation strategies, commuter bus service), (3) paratransit, (4) public sector information, legislative and administrative support, and (5) employer-incentive programs. These option summaries provide background material for identifying and evaluating strategies that encourage ridesharing. KW - Automobiles KW - Bus lanes KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Commuting KW - Coordination KW - Fuel consumption KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Improvements KW - Incentives KW - Level of service KW - Nationalization KW - Ownership KW - Paratransit services KW - Park and ride KW - Parking facilities KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Public transit KW - Reserved lanes KW - Ridesharing KW - Services KW - Traffic lanes KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335962 AU - Wagner, D R AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED ADVISORY INFORMATION FOR REDUCED VISIBILITY CONDITIONS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/05 SP - 7 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to develop preliminary design specifications for a speed advisory system for use during periods of reduced visibility (fog). Phase I of the program consisted of developing the necessary facilities, equipment and procedures to conduct controlled experimentation under various levels of fog density. Phase II consisted of a series of interrelated experiments to identify optimum advisory information (sign messages and speed values), and the number, locations, and interconnections between signs which would result in the smoothest traffic flow. Phase III utilizes the information from Phase II, as well as the pertinent literature, to develop preliminary specifications for a full-scale advisory system for use on the public highway. This Executive Summary provides an overview of the pertinent findings of this project as well as the preliminary designs for several levels of advisory systems which could be utilized for different severities of reduced visibility problems. The final technical report has been published separately as Report No. FHWA-RD-78-32. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Equipment KW - Experiments KW - Fog KW - Reduced visibility KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308356 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Utah Department of Public Safety AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES, FIFTH REPORT: BITUMINOUS PATCHING PY - 1978/05 SP - 21 p. AB - This subject report is the fifth in a series on Optimizing Maintenance Activities. These studies using Value Engineering techniques are being sponsored by the Implementation Division and conducted by teams of maintenance and operations engineers from several highway agencies. This study was conducted by Arkansas, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Utah. The Major findings and recommendations are in the following areas: (1) material, (2) training, (3) procedures, and (4) equipment. One of the major conclusions was that the procedures currently in use, when properly followed, provide a durable patch. However, training and follow-up are necessary to ensure that the proper procedures are being followed in the field. Several of the study recommendations are applicable to only those States involved in the project. However, others can be applied on a nationwide basis. Implementation of the recommendations in the four study States would result in a total estimated improved service value in excess of $500,000 annually. /FHWA/ KW - Bituminous materials KW - Instructions KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Patching KW - Recommendations KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00303285 AU - Fouad, F H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLIP BEHAVIOR OF BOLTED FRICTION-TYPE JOINT WITH COATED CONTACT SURFACES PY - 1978/05 SP - 121 p. AB - About 600 friction-type bolted joints were tested to evaluate the slip characteristics of five different coating systems on the contact surfaces and to study the influence of several variables on their slip behavior. The coating systems were: organic zinc-rich primer, organic zinc-rich primer with an epoxy top coat, inorganic zinc-rich primer with a vinyl top coat, powder epoxy, and a vinyl system. The variables considered were: the hole size (15/16, 1, and 1-1/8 in. diameter holes for a 7/8 in. diameter bolt), steel type (A36, A572, and A514), clamping force (39 and 49 kips), and paint thickness (thin, normal, and thick). As a part of the testing program, curing time tests were conducted to determine the time required by each coating system to guarantee reasonable curing. Also, blast-cleaned uncoated surfaces were tested and the effect of the various variables on their slip behavior was studied. The studies indicated that hole size, clamping force level, and paint thickness were insignificant variables and had very slight effect on the slip behavior of the joints. Joints of A36 steel showed a slight increase in the slip resistance compared to the A572 and A514 steel joints which provided about the same slip resistances. Based on the test results, allowable bolt shear stresses for friction-type joints with coated contact surfaces are provided. Comparisons are made with current bolt specifications. (Author) KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Coatings KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Friction KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Paint KW - Shear stress KW - Slippage KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182104 AU - Koziol, J S AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINE FACILITY RESEARCH SUMMARY: DYNAMIC SIGN SYSTEMS FOR NARROW BRIDGES PY - 1978/05 SP - 18 p. AB - An overview of the Maine Facility - a two lane rural highway test site - is presented and an experiment conducted at the facility between August and December 1976 is summarized. The experiment was designed to test and evaluate the application of dynamic (activated) sign systems in alerting motorists to the presence of narrow bridges on two-lane rural highways. KW - Design KW - Divided highways KW - Evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway traffic control KW - Narrow bridges KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Symbols KW - Tests KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195596 AU - Zettlemoyer, N AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - THE PREDICTION OF FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED DETAILS PY - 1978/05 SP - 98 p. AB - This report provides a means of estimating the stress concentration effects when predicting the fatigue life of several welded details. The results of an analytical study of the fatigue behavior of welded stiffeners and cover plates were compared with the test data reported in NCHRP Reports 102 and 147. The comparison indicated that the variation in test data could be accounted for by considering the probable variation in initial crack sizes and crack growth rates. The stress gradient correction factors developed for stiffeners and cover plates welded to beam flanges provide the necessary analytical tools for estimating the applicable stress intensity factors. In this study a lower bound crack shape relationship was utilized which was derived from cracks that formed at the weld toes of full size coverplated beams. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cover plates KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Finite element method KW - Metal bridges KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Shape KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Welded plates KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195588 AU - Zova, P AU - Berger, C AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - INTEGRATED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS) FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN STUDY. PHASE II: GENERALIZED METHODOLOGY FOR IMIS FEASIBILITY STUDIES. VOLUME 2--VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF FEASIBILITY STUDY HANDBOOK PY - 1978/05 SP - 167 p. AB - Phase I of the IMIS project examined the feasibility of implementing an Integrated Motorist Information System in a corridor located in New York (northern Long Island). The results are documented in report numbers FHWA-RD-77-47, 48, and 49 Under Phase II of IMIS (the present phase) the methodology for performing an IMIS feasibility study was generalized and put into "Handbook" form for use by practicing traffic engineers. (The Handbook is printed as a separate document). This report reviews the Phase II activities and presents the results of applying the Handbook to a "test corridor" in California and the validation of the benefit assessment methodology. The application provides a complete example of an IMIS feasibility study and should therefore be of particular interest to Handbook users. /FHWA/ KW - Case studies KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Handbooks KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195587 AU - ZOVE, P AU - Berger, C AU - Sperry Rand Corporation TI - INTERGRATED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM (IMIS) FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN STUDY. PHASE II: GENERALIZED METHODOLOGY FOR IMIS FEASIBILITY STUDIES. VOLUME 1--IMIS FEASIBILITY STUDY HANDBOOK PY - 1978/05 SP - 264 p. AB - Phase I of the IMIS project examined the feasibility of implementing an Integrated Motorist Information System in a corridor located in New York (northern Long Island). The results are documented in report numbers FHWA-RD-77-47, 48 and 49. Under Phase II of IMIS (the present phase), the methodology for performing an IMIS feasibility study was generalized and put into "handbook" form to provide practicing traffic engineers with a step-by-step procedure for accomplishing such a study. Major topics included in the handbook are: criteria for IMIS Applicability, assembly of the necessary data base, selection and evaluation of candidate routes, equipment trade-offs, development of alternative preliminary designs, and system evaluation on a benefit/cost basis. Although the handbook is not intended as a detailed design guide, it addresses subjects requiring design related decisions, such as selection of communications media, alternate routes, diversion points, and ramp metering locations. As such, it should be of general interest to those concerned with freeway surveillance and control system design. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Control systems KW - Criteria KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Route choice KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197706 AU - Schnitter, O AU - Hudson, W R AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - A RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR TEXAS SDHPT PY - 1978/05 SP - 393 p. AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) rigid pavement overlay design procedure was developed by evaluating, improving, modifying, and simplifying a recently developed Federal Highway Administration overlay design method. This overlay design procedure involves fatigue cracking and reflection cracking subsystems. Linear elastic layered theory is the basic model for computing stresses and strains in the pavement system for fatigue computations. The condition and remaining life of the existing pavement are considered in the fatigue cracking analysis, and thickness designs for practically all types of asphaltic concrete and portland cement concrete overlays on rigid pavements can be obtained using this computerized method. The reflection cracking analysis, intended for use with asphaltic concrete overlays, involves the computation of strains in the overlay due to horizontal, thermal, and vertical load-associated movements in the overlay. The final overlay thickness is selected to meet both the fatigue cracking and reflection cracking criteria. The design procedure uses four computer programs for pavement evaluation, overlay thickness design and reflection cracking analysis. A detailed User's Manual intended for use by Texas SDHPT is included in the report. It is recommended that this design procedure be implemented for trial use as soon as possible. This design method is a useful research tool as well as a practical design procedure. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Cracking KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Manuals KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rigid pavements KW - Texas KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194536 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - ENERGY USE AND CONSERVATION IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PY - 1978/05 SP - 51 p. AB - This report reviews options for conservation of energy in highway construction and maintenance. Objectives to conserve energy were found to relate closely to objectives of conserving high quality materials and to reduce costs. For overall energy efficiency the best possible construction and maintenance procedures, consistent with budgetary limitations and avaliability of materials, are considered desirable. The Major conclusions are: No major changers from present-day construction practices are needed; Energy considerations should be a factor in planning and conducting research in all technological areas; Best potential for conserving energy in construction are increased use of mineral wastes and local materials, increased recycling for both asphalt and concrete pavements, substitution of emulsions for cutback asphalts; and Because of possibility of reduced asphalt supply in the future, long range studies for minimizing use of asphalt in highways are recommended. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete KW - Concrete technology KW - Conservation KW - Costs KW - Emulsions KW - Energy KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway maintenance KW - Minerals KW - Road construction KW - Wastes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36317/78-R42.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189369 AU - Berg, R L AU - McGaw, R W AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory TI - IMPROVED DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION CRITERIA FOR NEW JERSEY PAVEMENT DESIGN - PHASE 2: FROST ACTION PY - 1978/05 SP - 87 p. AB - With the assistance of the Federal Highway Administration, the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) is studying the feasibility of including open-graded drainage layers in their highway pavements. Before constructing actual pavements with open-graded drainage layers they chose to analytically examine the influence of the drainage layer on frost penetration beneath hypothetical pavements, CRREL conducted the analytical study under a contract with the NJDOT. Thermal conductivity values of several New Jersey soils, stabilized drainage layer materials, and pavement samples were measured. /FHWA/ KW - Differential thermal analysis KW - Drainage KW - Frost KW - Frost action KW - Frost penetration KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Thermal conductivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189476 AU - Tait, D B AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Gould, D F AU - Institute for Research TI - REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR PROBLEM CLOVERLEAD INTERCHANGES PY - 1978/05 SP - 145 p. AB - The purpose of the research was to identify operational problems occurring on cloverleaf interchanges and to recommend low cost remedial treatments (short of major redesign and reconstruction) with potential for alleviating such problems. Since the problems and remedial treatments were identified via observation and field data collection, an additional goal of the research was to develop a troubleshooting guide to be used by traffic engineering personnel in identifying the nature and extent of operational problems. These goals were not fully met due to the lack of an adequate range of operational problems on sites identified via survey as "problem" sites. This report documents problems which were identified along with the recommended remedial treatments. Although production of a fully developed troubleshooting guide was not possible, the documentation of the problem identification procedures does provide a methodology useful to traffic engineers in identifying and solving cloverleaf problems. /FHWA/ KW - Cloverleaf interchanges KW - High risk locations KW - Remedies KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185274 AU - Burgi, P H AU - Bureau of Reclamation TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS STUDY VOLUME TWO--HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE SELECTED GRATE INLETS ON CONTINUOUS GRADES PY - 1978/05 SP - 154 p. AB - Additional hydraulic tests were conducted on three grate inlet designs identified as bicycle safe, hydraulically efficient and having good debris handling characteristics. The grates were selected based on the results of a previous study--Bicycle-safe Grate Inlets Study--Volume I, Hydraulic and Safety Characteristics of Selected Grate Inlets on Continuous Grades. The major objective of the initial study was to identify, develop, and analyze selected grate inlets which maximize hydraulic efficiency and bicycle safety. Numerous design curves are provided to aid the hydraulic design engineers with grate inlet selection. /FHWA/ KW - Bicycles KW - Design KW - Designers KW - Grades KW - Grates KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188514 AU - Lee, P L AU - Eggert, G J AU - Rexnord Incorporated TI - INSTRUMENT MANUAL FOR PROTOTYPE CONCRETE CONSOLIDATION MONITORING DEVICE PY - 1978/05 SP - 103 p. AB - Detailed instructions are presented for the operation, calibration, and maintenance of a prototype nuclear (gamma ray backscatter) gage for continuously monitoring the density of portland cement concrete pavement during construction. The prototype gage was developed during the research study reported on in Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA-RD-78-27, "Development of a Device for Continuous Automatic Monitoring of Consolidation of Fresh Concrete." The manual includes: procedures for installing, calibrating, and operating the device and for performing basic maintenance and trouble-shooting; circuit diagrams and descriptions; a radiation safety discussion; specifications; and a description of the principles of operation. /FHWA/ KW - Backscattering KW - Calibration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Density KW - Gamma rays KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nuclear gages KW - Operations KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179868 AU - Bakos, J D AU - Youngstown State University TI - SCALE MODEL STUDY OF LOW-DENSITY CONCRETE IMPACT ATTENUATORS PY - 1978/05 SP - 180 p. AB - The series of events taking place during an automobile-impact attenuator collision are extremely complex. The response of the attenuator upon impact is dependent on a large number of variables including vehicle impact velocity, weight and angle of incidence. Current research depends heavily on full-scale experiments to determine the crashworthiness of an attenuator design. This approach can become both costly and time consuming, making scale modeling an attractive alternative. The primary objective of this study was to establish the feasibility of modeling various types of low-density concrete and to show by example that the complex structural response of an automobile-impact attenuator collision can be studied and predicted with scale models. The secondary objective dealt with the protection of the low-density concrete attenuators from environmental effects, namely, freeze-thaw effects, and with economical installation techniques. Based upon the scale model testing and expanded freeze-thaw evaluation of numerous protective coatings, a prototype design of a low-density concrete attenuator was presented. /FHWA/ KW - Automobiles KW - Concrete structures KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Low density KW - Scale models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456898 AU - Shurig, D G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Hendricks County, Indiana PY - 1978/04/04/Final Report SP - 47p AB - The most important source of data used in creating this engineering soils map were the detailed pedological soils maps published in the 1974 Soil Survey of Hendricks county by the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with the Purdue University, Agricultural Experiment Station. These agricultural soils map sheets, at a scale of 1:15,840, were assembled to form a mosaic map of Hendricks County. Careful study of the soil series descriptions enabled the grouping of the series into appropriate land forms and parent material categories. Preliminary land form and parent material boundaries were then delineated on the map. Routine airphoto interpretation technique supplemented the pedological data. Date of photography was 1937. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Hendricks County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314572 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01406731 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - Fee, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Offices of Research Development TI - Cost effectiveness and safety of alternative roadway delineation treatments for rural two-lane highways, vol II: final report PY - 1978/04 IS - FHWA/RD-78-51 SP - 128p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident rate KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bollards KW - Center lines KW - Centre line KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Curve KW - Delineation KW - Edge lines KW - Edge marking KW - Highway curves KW - Marker post KW - Pavement marking KW - Raised road markings KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Road markings KW - Road stud KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1174527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398206 AU - Guyton, J W AU - Yarbrough, J W AU - Arey, J M AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Control strategies for signalized diamond interchanges PY - 1978/04 IS - FHWA-TS-78-206 SP - 149p KW - Diamond interchange KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Highway traffic control KW - Priority traffic KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Turn KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173105 AU - Koziol, Joseph S AU - U.S. Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Application of Traffic Signal Preemption Systems for Controlling Bus Highways PY - 1978/04//Project Memorandum SP - 59p AB - This report investigate the application of selective traffic signal preemption for controlling the headways of local service buses (buses with average time headways of less than 10 minutes), The preemption is selective in that it is granted to only "Iate" buses along a route, leading to a reduction. in headway variance. The potential benefits of more evenly spaced bus headways include reduced passenger waiting times, reduced incidence of bus overloadings and more efficient fleet operations. past applications of traffic signal preemption systems have concentrated on reducing travel times for buses in Central Business District (CBD) grids and arterials. However, these systems have not been widely accepted and implemented, indicating that the amount of reduction in travel time has not resulted in a sufficient increase in ridership to offset the systems costs and impacts on other traffic. The analysis and simulation results in this report indicated that selective traffic signal preemption is a feasible method for controlling the headways of buses on short headway routes. Furthermore, selective preemption yielded equal or better transit system performance compared to unconditional preemption with less than half as many preemptions and preempted cycle time. Future plans are discussed for expanding the simulation model developed in this report and continuing the analysis. The output of this work is expected to be a quantification of benefits as a function of bus priority variables, traffic variables and route characteristics. KW - Bus lanes KW - Bus priority KW - Bus transit operations KW - Bus transportation KW - Central business districts KW - Headways KW - Public transit KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Travel time KW - Urban highways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33320/33320.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178771 AU - Kissane, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - ESTIMATING LATERAL FLANGE BENDING IN CURVED PLATE GIRDERS PY - 1978/04 SP - 37 p. AB - Experimental and analytical data from two small-scale models are used to develop an approximate procedure for estimating lateral flange bending moments in uniformly loaded simple-span, horizontally curved plate girders. The results show that the maximum lateral flange bending moment can be conservatively estimated as 1/12 of the lateral component of the flange force due to normal bending, multiplied by the diaphragm spacing squared. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved plate KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349479 AU - Miller, R W AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED STRENGTH TESTING OF CONCRETE PY - 1978/04 SP - 57 p. AB - This study was a four-part evaluation of accelerated strength tests and their feasibility in controlling concrete strength. Major emphasis was placed on the autogenous curing procedure, although three others were also evaluated--1) hot water (95 F), 2) modified boiling, and 3) fixed-set accelerated curing in boiling water. All procedures were initially evaluated in an ASTM cooperative testing program for factors of cement type, cement content, and presence or absence of a retarder. All were found to have about the same variability as the 28-day or 1-year procedure, and could be related to both 28-day and 1-year strengths. The autogenous curing procedure was also examined for extended curing cycles of 72 and 96 hours (normal was 48 hours), and its relationship to low 28-day strengths was explored. Results showed that extended curing cycles did not change its variability, and did not decrease its predicting ability. The relationship between autogenous and 28-strength was observed to be curvilinear. Field evaluation of the autogenous curing procedure showed it to be adaptable to the field environment, and that it could be used to control concrete strength. Initial concrete temperature was shown to influence development of autogenous strength, and correction factors for this were developed. A pilot implementation of the autogenous curing procedure is also described and shows successful use in everyday operations. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Cement KW - Cement content KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185287 AU - Neal, B F AU - Peck, D E AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - Spellman, D L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SURFACE TEXTURES FOR PCC PAVEMENTS PY - 1978/04 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop methods of obtaining more durable and skid resistant PCC pavement surfaces. This report discusses several texture measurement devices, which were field tested and compared, and their merits. It also describes different testing procedures, which were tried on several ongoing projects. The methods were: aggregate broadcast on pavement surface; transverse texture using a steel ribbed grooving plate, a nylon bristle broom, and several steel tine devices with various spacings and tine lengths; and longitudinal texture with steel tines. As a result of the tests, longitudinal texturing with steel tines has been adopted as a standard procedure. /FHWA/ KW - Durability KW - Equipment KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183685 AU - Guyton, J W AU - Yarbrough, J W AU - Arey, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Harland Bartholomew and Assoc. TI - CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR SIGNALIZED DIAMOND INTERCHANGES--TECHNOLOGY SHARING REPORT AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/04 SP - 185 p. AB - A comparative study of 5 signal timing control methods indicated that the most efficient method of signal control is the micrioprocessor which would allow an intersection to operate under actuated control during certain periods of the day and under predetermined timing patterns during other periods. The 5 signal timing methods considered were: Traffic Engineering Method, FHWA Design Manual Method, Fully Actuated Operation Method, Microprocessor with lagging Left-Turn Method, and Microprocessor with Leading Left-Turn Method. The "before" and "after" evaluation of these methods was made by pairing them in a series of six comparisons using time-lapse photography to supply vehicle data. The site selected for application of these comparisons was the Diamond Interchange of Interstate 95 Golfair Boulevard in Jacksonville, Florida. The study procedure is appropriate for signal timing studies made at: a diamond interchange, other interchange configurations with a ramp terminal and nearby signalized intersections, and a 2-way major street intersected by one or more one-way street pairs. KW - Before and after studies KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Left turns KW - Microcomputers KW - Signalization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Time lapse photography KW - Timing KW - Traffic actuated controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335961 AU - Brizell, E G AU - Veale, N L AU - Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO IN THE PHILADELPHIA AREA PY - 1978/04 SP - 54 p. AB - This report documents the development and subsequent demonstration of the five site Highway Advisory Radio system implemented in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. The system originated as a one-site demonstration on the Walt Whitman Bridge in December 1975, and expanded to a five-site network by July 1976. This report describes the HAR demonstration on the Walt Whitman Bridge focusing on the equipment, signing, installation, traffic surveillance, operation and cost of the HAR. In addition, it examines various planning and operational elements of the expanded Bicentennial Highway Advisory Radio (BHAR). (FHWA) KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver information systems KW - Equipment KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Operating costs KW - Operations KW - Radio KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323174 AU - Beeson, D H AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATION OF MAINTENANCE NEEDS INTO PRECONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES PY - 1978/04 SP - 153 p. AB - Many decisions made during the preconstruction process, such as planning, right of way acquisition and design details, may adversely affect future maintenance costs and effectiveness. This report was developed for use as a set of guidelines to promote adequate consideration of maintenance requirements during all phases of highway preconstruction activities. Roadway and bridge design features that affect the normal maintainability of a highway facility are identified. Each design feature is treated as a separate category, and recommendations for minimizing maintenance problems are offered. Suggested methods for improving recognition of maintenance problems during preconstruction procedures are also discussed. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintainability KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Road construction KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181912 AU - Spring, R J AU - Howell, R B AU - Shirley, E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DUSTFALL ANALYSIS FOR THE PAVEMENT STORM RUNOFF STUDY (I-405 LOS ANGELES) PY - 1978/04 SP - 41 p. AB - Highway surface runoff contains materials that are removed from the surface by the flushing and solvent action of rainfall. The source of these materials can be traced to vehicles, the highway surface, roadside vegetation, litter, chemical spills, and atmospheric 'fallout'. This report discusses a study conducted by the California Department of Transportation Laboratory to determine the concentration of constituents which are impacting the roadway surface as a result of atmospheric 'fallout' conditions. A section of freeway in the Los Angeles area was sampled for air particulates during July-August 1976 and again during February-March 1977. KW - Air pollution KW - Building sites KW - Chemicals KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Dust KW - Highway pavement KW - Highways KW - Land use KW - Location KW - Particles KW - Pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Sampling KW - Sources KW - Storms KW - Surface drainage KW - Surfaces KW - Vehicles KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195599 AU - Cosaboom, B AU - Mottola, V E AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - PERMEABILITIES AND LOAD SUPPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS USED AS BASE OR SUBBASE COURSES IN NEW JERSEY HIGHWAYS PY - 1978/04 SP - 97 p. AB - This report describes an investigation of the drainage and load carrying characteristics of natural, bank-run soils, and quarry processed materials, which are used as base and subbase layers in the current design sections of New Jersey highways. These characteristics are evaluated in light of the design assumptions held by the Department regarding th subject materials. They are further evaluated in the context of the constraints and/or requirements placed upon them by the highway "environment" and loadings. Insight regarding the effects of "blending" (the addition of coarse, crushed aggregate to bank-run soil) is provided, along with commentary on future availability of materials. Finally, some analysis and discussion of theoretical permeeability prediction methods is presented. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Bearing capacity KW - Drainage KW - Permeability KW - Roadbed material KW - Subgrade materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195601 AU - Boyd, M W AU - Littleton, A C AU - Beohau, R E AU - Bilkington, G B AU - Urban Behavioral Research Associate, Incorporated TI - DETERMINATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE EYE HEIGHT FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN PY - 1978/04 SP - 42 p. AB - This report documents a study which sought to determine the current eye height distribution among passenger cars and the eye height and field of vision among trucks. This was accomplished by a comprehensive literature review of eye height studies; a field study of eye height distribution among the most popular makes of passenger cars of 1975-76; a field study on the field of vision among trucks; and interviews with representatives from the major American automobile manufacturers. The study found that there had been a slight decrease in eye height among passenger cars within the last 15 years. The study further revealed that there were no significant differences between th eye height distribution of passenger vehicles as stated in the literature and those used in the pilot study. The field studies determined the automobile mean eye height of the sample cars to be 3.69 feet (1.12 m) and the 15th percentile to be 3.49 feet (1.06 m) while the sampled truck mean eye height was determined to be 8.41 feet (2.56 m) and 7.80 feet (2.39 m) for the cab-over-engine and the cab-behind-engine configurations, respectively. Based upon the driver eye height dimensions and trend into the late 1970's as determined from published literature and validated in this study, and the desire to safely design for the great majority of drivers, the report recommends an eye height dimension of 3.45 feet (1.05 m) be used for highway design. /FHWA/ KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye KW - Height KW - Highway design KW - Reviews KW - Vehicle design KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197607 AU - Daniel, J I AU - Hudson, W R AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF CRCP PERFORMANCE: NEW CONSTRUCTION VS. OVERLAY PY - 1978/04 SP - 106 p. AB - This report documents the performance of several continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) in Texas. Specifically, it involves a comparison of the performances of CRCP overlays and new CRCP construction for three projects: I35-2(45)175, located in Guadalupe County, I35-4(13)317, located in Falls and McLennan Counties (a two county project), and I35W-5(44)401, located in Johnson County. These projects were constructed by the Texas State Department of Highways and Transportation and each includes overlay and new construction built side by side. This report documents condition surveys performed on these pavements in 1975-76. The study compares observed performances of CRCP overlays and new CRCP and reports findings and trends. While the findings are far from conclusive, they can be useful for improving future designs. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chi square test KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Maintenance KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Texas KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00193730 AU - Sanders, J H AU - McGee, H W AU - Yoo, C S AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY FEATURES OF STOP SIGNS AT RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS PY - 1978/04 SP - 19 p. AB - The study objectives of this research project were to determine the advantages and disadvantages of selective use of highway stop signs as safety improvements at rail-highway grade crossings and to develop guidelines for their appropriate use or non-use. The study elements included a literature review, inventory and accident analysis, and field studies. Literature and inventory investigations were performed to determine current uses of stop signs. Accident analyses were performed to compare accidents for crossings with crossbucks only to accidents for crossings with crossbucks and standard highway stop signs. Field studies were performed to compare driver behaviors for crossbuck-only crossings to driver behaviors for similar crossings having a standard highway stop sign in addition to the crossbuck. Driver behaviors included speed profiles, looking behavior, and observance of stop signs. The study results indicate that stop signs are used more frequently in urban areas and crossings having stop signs tend to have higher train volumes. Accident analysis results indicate that rates for stop sign crossings are lower than rates for crossbuck-only crossings for higher vehicle-train exposure values. Field studies show that stop signs, when properly used, result in improved driver behaviors adequate for the detection and avoidance of trains. The study conclusions suggest that stop signs should be applied selectively only at hazardous passive grade crossings and should not be used indiscriminately at all passive grade crossings. Requirements for effective use of stop signs at grade crossings are listed in the report. /FHWA/ KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Human factors KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Stop signs KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00197523 AU - Dahir, S H AU - Henry, J J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF AGGREGATE AND PAVEMENT PROPERTIES RELATED TO FRICTION AND WEAR RESISTANCE PY - 1978/04 SP - 307 p. AB - Utilizing literature review, expert opinions, research experience and limited tests, the following findings were obtained. Aggregates having a relatively high content of hard minerals accompanied by relatively high levels of differential hardness or porosity and good bonding of grains will resist both polishing and wear. The shape, size and distribution of the aggregate particles and of the grains within the particles also play a significant role in aggregate and surface performance. The levels of friction required by existing traffic and environmental conditions depend upon the presence of adequate surface microtexture at low speeds and the presence of both microtexture and macrotexture at high speeds. Equations to predict skid numbers from texture indicators were developed. Tire noise and tire wear were found to be mainly a function of tire characteristics. However, noise increased as the surface texture became very dense or very coarse and tire wear increased with increasing microtexture or when tire slippage occurred. The effect of aggregate and texture on rolling resistance is small except at extreme macrotexture levels. Open graded surfaces which provide good skid resistance also reduce glare, splash and spray. Known processes and innovations for aggregate beneficiation and for producing synthetic aggregates have been reviewed and discussed. Recommendations are made on properties, processes, testing procedures, and materials that appear promising and warrant further studies. An economic evaluation of various surfacing systems revealed that the costs of tire wear, accidents and noise are significant in that order, and that a 'Systems Cost' is the most important consideraton in choosing the system. KW - Aggregates KW - Bonding KW - Durability KW - Economic analysis KW - Friction KW - Grain KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Maintenance KW - Microstructure KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Noise KW - Noise sound KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Porosity KW - Reviews KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/88692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190061 AU - Brune, A W AU - Spear, A D AU - Loush, K C AU - Lehigh University TI - OPTIMAL DIMENSIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA HIGHWAY DRAINAGE INLET GRATINGS PY - 1978/04 SP - p. 102 AB - The results of testing an experimental model are presented about the optimal dimensions of gratings on drainage inlets that are installed in triangular channels, both grassed and paved, along highways. Each channel was on a grade of either 0.5%, 2%, or 4%. Each grating was a half-scale model of the prototype. The capacity of each grating was obtained by actual measurement. The width of each grating, 36 in. for the prototype in a paved channel and 48 in. in a grassed channel, was held constant throughout the tests whereas the length of grating ranged from 18 in. to 48 in. The tests showed that, with an increase in length of the inlet, the capacity increased; the increase depends also upon the grade of the channel, the swale slope, and the back slope. In a grassed channel equal side slopes carry more water than unequal side slopes; both at slopes of 6:1 are superior to both at 12:1; and a flat grade enables more water to enter a grating than a steep grade. A good modulus of the capacity of an inlet is that flow rate of which 98% enters into the inlet and 2% bypasses the inlet. /FHWA/ KW - Capacity KW - Culvert inlets KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Grates KW - Highway drainage KW - Inlets KW - Length KW - Optimization KW - Slopes KW - Surface drainage KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188986 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - FEE, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS FOR RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. VOLUME IV. APPENDIX B, DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE PY - 1978/04 SP - 117 p. AB - Under this research study, the effect of various delineation treatments on accident rates was assessed by analyzing accident data from more than 500 roadway sites in 10 States for tangent, winding and isolated horizontal curve sections on two-lane rural highways. Cost-benefit and cost models for evaluating specific delineation treatments were developed and guidelines formulated by executing the cost-benefit models for selected delineation treatments. This volume describes in detail the development of the computerized data base used in the study including the development of compatible data codes and resolution of coding descrepancies. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Databases KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188987 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - FEE, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS FOR RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. VOLUME V. APPENDIX C, STATISTICAL MODEL DEVELOPMENT PY - 1978/04 SP - 273 p. AB - Under this research study, the effect of various delineation treatments on accident rates was assessed by analyzing accident data from more than 500 roadway sites in 10 States for tangent, winding and isolated horizontal curve sections on two-lane rural highways. Cost-benefit and cost models for evaluating specific delineation treatments were developed and guidelines formulated by executing the cost-benefit models for selected delineaton treatments. This volume describes in detail the statistical model development, descriptive statistics, evaluation of alternative dependent variables, and the results of the statistical analysis. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Rural highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188977 AU - Garcia-Bengochea, I AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - THE RELATION BETWEEN PERMEABILITY AND PORE SIXE DISTRIBUTION OF COMPACTED LAYEY SILTS PY - 1978/04 SP - 179 p. AB - This study examines the relation between permeability and pore size distribution, and, the influence of varying water content and compaction effort on the soil fabric of compacted fine-grained soils. Three blends of silt and kaolin were compacted at different energy levels and water contents. Falling head tests under back pressure were used to measure permeability. The mercury intrustion technique was used to measure pore size distribution. Freeze Drying was used to minimize soil disturbance prior to mercury intrusion. A method of approximating the differential pore size distribution is described which simplifies the interpretation of pore size distributions. The soils tested were found to have a bimodal pore size distribution on a log diameter scale. Varying the compaction variables was at the expense of the large pore mode with little or no effect on the small pore mode. The permeability generally increased with increasing large pore mode. Empirical predictive equations for permeability based on pore size distribution parameters were determined for each of the soils tested. The pore size parameters used were based on theoretical models which relate permeability to pore size distribution. /FHWA/ KW - Clay soils KW - Compacted clays KW - Fine grained soils KW - Moisture content KW - Permeability KW - Pore size distribution KW - Silts KW - Snow mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188988 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - FEE, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS FOR RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. VOLUME VI. APPENDIXES D & E, COST OF ROADWAY ACCIDENTS AND COST AND SERVICE LIFE OF ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS PY - 1978/04 SP - 97 p. AB - Under this research study, the effect of various delineation treatments on accident rates was assessed by analyzing accident data from more than 500 roadway sites in 10 States for tangent, winding and isolated horizontal curve sections on two-lane rural highways. Cost-benefit and cost models for evaluating specific delineation treatments were developed and guidelines formulated by executing the cost-benefit models for selected delineation treatments. This volume contains two appendixes. Appendix D discusses various alternative accident cost information and presents the rationale for using specific accident cost data. Appendix E discusses the cost and service life information of delineation treatments used in the study. Over 20 references are cited and the information presented provides the background for the inputs to the cost-benefit model. /FHWA/ KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Rural highways KW - Service life KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188985 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - FEE, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS FOR RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. VOLUME III. APPENDIX A, SITE SELECTION AND DATA COLLECTION PY - 1978/04 SP - 60 p. AB - Under this research study, the effect of various delineation treatments on accident rates was assessed by analyzing accident data from more than 500 roadway sites in 10 States for tangent, winding and isolated horizontal curve sections on two-lane rural highways. Cost-benefit and cost models for evaluating specific delineation treatments were developed and guidelines formulated by executing the cost-benefit models for selected delineation treatments. This Volume presents details on the site selection and data collection processes. Included are criteria for inclusion of sites in the study and identification of data elements and collection techniques. Recommendations for process improvements are also provided. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Building sites KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Criteria KW - Data collection KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Location KW - Rural highways KW - Selecting KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188525 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Peterson, D E AU - Wiley, M L AU - Betenson, W B AU - Utah Department of Public Safety TI - EVALUATION OF SELECTED SOFTENING AGENTS USED IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RECYCLING PY - 1978/04 SP - 61 p. AB - Twenty-three softening agents were tested for physical and chemical properties. The agents were very low in viscosity, which seemed to correspond to a low asphaltenes two pavements being considered for recycling. Approximately 1 percent of the Dutrex and Dust Oil additives were needed to reduce the extracted asphalts to the AC5 level. About 1 1/2 percent Reclamite was required to reach the AC5 level, and an excess of 2 percent Flux Oil was needed. The AC5 consistency was not achieved for pavement No. 1 using the Flux Oil, due to the fact that so much agent was needed that the precentage of air voids was reduced to an intolerable level. Similar relationships for the viscosity at 275 deg F (135 deg C), penetration and ductility were observed. The mix properties stability, air voids, creep compliance and resilient modulus were measured for binder consistencies of AC20, AC10 and AC5 using the four agents. Both the asphalt consistency and the total binder content affected these values. Samples containing the four agents were oven aged to evaluate changes in the mix and binder properties. /FHWA/ KW - Acceptance tests KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt KW - Binder content KW - Consistency KW - Creep KW - Ductility KW - Mix design KW - Modulus KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pendulum tests KW - Recycling KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Softening point KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188522 AU - Baumeister, K L AU - Doty, R N AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A REVIEW OF CALIFORNIA STRUCTURAL SECTION DESIGN PROCEDURES PY - 1978/04 SP - 70 p. AB - The structural section design procedures in use by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) are generally empirical in nature. These procedures are based upon previously encountered general design conditions such as traffic, materials, and environment but are not responsive to changes in these conditions. In an attempt to correct some of these deficiences, several "rational" structural section design methods were reviewed. A summary of this review is presented and some modifications of the current Caltrans' procedures are suggested in an attempt to make these procedures more responsive to the variety of design considerations encountered in California. The effect of these suggested changes has been estimated using the actual performance of several pavements wherein the as-built design was compared with designs developed per the present Caltrans' procedure and per some of these "rational" procedures. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Environment KW - Materials KW - Pavement design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188505 AU - Missouri State Highway Department TI - A STUDY OF DETERIORATION IN CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1978/04 SP - 90 p. AB - Seven phases of study related to the problem of bridge deck deterioration are reported. The variables include timing variations for completion of hauling and finishing deck concrete, concrete test variations, and weather variations; an increase in depth of cover over the top reinforcing steel from 1 1/2 to 2 inches; insulating the underside of a bridge deck; sealing different areas of a bridge deck with one and five applications of linseed oil and with one application of a penetrating epoxy sealer; using Dow Corning 777 admixture in bridge deck concrete; evaluation of various field applied waterproofing memberanes for effectiveness in protecting bridge decks (some of these membranes are no longer available); and determining chloride content of concrete from bridge decks with asphaltic concrete overlays with and without protective membrane systems. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorine content KW - Concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Epoxy resins KW - Insulating materials KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/RI59-2A_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182553 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - FEE, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS FOR RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS: VOLUME I--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/04 SP - 18 p. AB - Under this research study, the effect of various delineation treatments on accident rates was assessed by analyzing accident data from more than 500 roadway sites in 10 States for tangent, winding and isolated horizontal curve sections on two-lane rural highways. Cost-benefit and cost models for evaluating specific delineation treatments were developed and guidelines formulated by executing the cost-benefit models for selected delineation treatments. This Volume briefly presents an overview of the conduct of the study and results of the final report. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182552 AU - Bali, S AU - Potts, R AU - FEE, J A AU - Taylor, J I AU - Glennon, J AU - Science Applications, Incorporated TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY DELINEATION TREATMENTS FOR RURAL TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS: VOLUME II PY - 1978/04 SP - 128 p. AB - Under this research study, the effect of various delineation treatments on accident rates was assessed by analyzing accident data from more than 500 roadway sites in 10 States for tangent, winding and isolated horizontal curve sections on two-lane rural highways. Cost-benefit and cost models for evaluating specific delineation treatments were developed and guidelines formulated by executing the cost-benefit models for selected delineation treatments. This Volume is the research report and describes all aspects of the study. It includes a discussion of the study design, site selection, data collection, and analysis, results of model developement and delineation guidelines. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182634 AU - Carey, D E AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - CONTROL OF HOT MIX PRODUCTION BY COLD FEED ONLY PY - 1978/04 SP - 23 p. AB - This report is concerned with an analysis of the gradation control possible with recently improved aggregate cold feed systems. The gradation control for three mix types produced in a screenless batch plant was monitored and statistically compared with this state's historically documented control performance for batch plants with screens. The results indicate that with proper cold feed control a screenless plant operation can produce a more uniform mix than a batch plant with screens. Recommendations are given for improved screenless plant operations. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Control KW - Gradation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mixing plants UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20118.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180081 AU - Bruggeman, J M AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - ALTERNATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT--VOLUME 6: DELAY, TIME, AND QUEUE TABLES FOR TRADE-OFF ANALYSIS PY - 1978/04 SP - 260 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeways alone. This research study identify low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreemetns, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This volume of the report has been developed as an aid for police, highway, and traffic engineering personnel making various trade-off analyses and calculations associated with devloping freeway incident management performance measures. KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Queuing KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179516 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Chollar, B H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STYRENE-BUTADIENE LATEX MODIFIERS FOR BRIDGE DECK OVERLAY CONCRETE PY - 1978/04 SP - 124 p. AB - Styrene-butadiene (S/B) latex modified concrete overlays are being used to protect new bridge decks from rapid deicer-borne chloride intrusion and also in bridge deck rehabilitation efforts. The purposes of this research were to evaluate several commercially-available S/B latex modifiers for bridge deck overlay concrete; and to develop chemical specifications for the material, a prequalification program to permit evaluation of other S/B latex modifiers which become available, and a certification program to insure the user receives a prequalified product. The chemical and physical properties of the latex emulsions were studied (percent solids, percent butadiene, particle size, surface tension, viscosity, etc.) and the material from each manufacturer was finger printed using infrared spectroscopy. The physical properties of concrete made with each material were also determined (workability, strength-compressive, flexural and bond, freeze-thaw and scaling resistance, and chloride permeability). In general, the studies showed that the following materials similar properties and thus would be expected to perform similarly as bridge deck overlays: Modifier A--Dow Chemical Company; Deco-Rez 4776--General Polymers Corporation; Thermoflex 8002--Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.; and Arco Dylex 1186--Arco Polymers, Inc. The prequalification procedures given in the report are suggested for use in evaluating other S/B latex emulsions offered by industry. The certification procedures are suggested for use to insure that each production batch of emulsion is similar to an emulsion which was prequalified. /FHWA/ KW - Bridge decks KW - Chemical properties KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Copolymers KW - Corrosion protection KW - Latex KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Physical properties KW - Specifications KW - Styrene butadiene copolymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176317 AU - MERRITT, J O AU - Newton, R E AU - Sanderson, G A AU - Seltzer, M L AU - Human Factors Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER VISIBILITY QUALITY: AN ELECTRO-OPTICAL METER FOR IN-VEHICLE MEASUREMENT OF MODULATION TRANSFER (MTF) PY - 1978/04 SP - 164 p. AB - In order to provide a practical means for developing and monitoring standards of driver visibility quality, an electro-optical MTF meter was designed and delivered to NHTSA. Tests were conducted with Landolt ring targets to relate human vision to meter readings, under various types of optical degradation (windshield fogging, icing, dirt film, etc.); there was excellent agreement between meter readings and visual test measures, confirming that the visibility quality meter (VQM) can stand in as an 'average observer' to determine if visibility quality meets minimum requirements. The VQM is a rugged and simple solid-state device with an oscilloscope display of image luminance cross-section; image contrast values are read directly from the display for determination of MTF (i.e., contrast transmittance). The large body of visual contrast-sensitivity data available in the literature can be directly related to VQM readings, thus providing visibility standards for targets of a given size, shape, distance, luminance, and viewing condition. KW - Compliance KW - Contrast KW - Development KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Electrooptic materials KW - Electrooptics KW - Human beings KW - Human factors engineering KW - Imagery KW - Images KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modulation KW - Modulation (Communications) KW - Monitoring KW - Monitors KW - Optical instruments KW - Optical measurement KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Tests KW - Transfers KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190543 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Polasek, J C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAPS 52 USER'S GUIDE--ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY PY - 1978/03/21 SP - 30 p. AB - TRAPS 52 is a simplified version of the TRAPS II air pollution dispersion model. This version has been designed to run on the Texas Instruments' SR52 hand held programmable calculator. The program calculates the carbon monoxide concentration at any distance downwind from a roadway, given site geometry, meteorology, and traffic parameters. The program is quite flexible, accepting inputs in either metric units, English units, or a mixture of both. Many error conditions are caught as soon as the parameter is entered and the parameter is rejected. If an error occurs later, a code indicating the most probable cause is returned. Meteorology and traffic parameters can be updated without changing the site geometry for running multiple cases at a single site. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Highways KW - Iterative methods KW - Mathematical models KW - Polynomials KW - Programming (Mathematics) KW - Programming manuals KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185264 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Polasek, J C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station TI - TRAPS II USER'S GUIDE--ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY PY - 1978/03/21 SP - 32 p. AB - Data from essentially all previous experimental programs were used to develop and verify an improved roadway dispersion model. The development of the TRAPS series of models is given here, along with a computer program employing the latest, or TRAPS II, version. The program is written as a subroutine in order to allow maximum compatibility with a large variety of computers. A listing of the subroutine and of a sample main program designed to use it are included. All input/output functions are handled by the main program. All required input values are listed along with an explanation of each term. The output terms are likewise listed and explained. In addition, the error and warning codes returned by the program as a result of invalid input parameters are explained. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Computer programs KW - Dispersion KW - Roadside KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188524 AU - Chandler, R W AU - Brownlow, R K AU - Johnson, D AU - Tetradyne Corporation TI - APPRAISAL OF TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE EMBEDMENT FRICTION WHILE POST-STRESSING CONCRETE PY - 1978/03/10 SP - 88 p. AB - In this report, two concepts for reducing friction losses along post-tensioned tendons in pavement slabs are studied. One concept involved the use of vibration techniques to increase stressing efficiency, and the other concept included the reduction of friction coefficient through the use of a material which would also act as a grout after stressing the tendon. For the vibration techniques, three vibration systems were constructed and tested. One was based on the use of hydraulic pressure pulsations to cause a sharp jerking action on a tendon. The desired effect was not accomplished with the system constructed. The other two systems used impact generated vibrations, which affected normal forces along the tendons. The impact vibrations did produce changes in the friction losses but not that which would be desirable for post-tensioned tendons in long pavement slabs. Grout materials tested were two, 2-part and two heat cure epoxy resins. Tendon heating through the use of an AC arc welder was also investigated in order to determine the feasibility of this method for setting the heat cure epoxies. The results of these tests were inconclusive but do show promise for future investigations. /FHWA/ KW - Anchoring KW - Concrete KW - Embedments (Concrete) KW - Epoxy resins KW - Grout KW - Heat treatment KW - Impacts KW - Metal heating KW - Posttensioning KW - Skin resistance KW - Tendons KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01616159 AU - Walton, C Michael AU - Horne, Thomas W AU - Fung, William K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design Criteria for Median Turn Lanes PY - 1978/03//Final Report SP - 241p AB - This study was initiated with an extensive literature review and survey of left-turn median lane practices in Texas cities. The initial phase identified characteristics of urban arterial accidents, basic design elements, current use of left-turn lanes, and existing guidelines for left-turn installations. Various study methods for the investigations of operational and accident characteristics were reviewed. One-way analysis of variance and multiple regression techniques were adopted for segments of the analysis. Data were collected, primarily for continuous two-way left-turn median lanes (CTWLTMLs) and raised channelized one-way left-turn median lanes, and analyzed through tabulation of accident contributing factors, lateral placement of vehicles in left-turn lane, entering and maneuvering distance in left-turn lane, and other pertinent factors. An equation and an accident prediction table for CTWLTMLs were developed and evaluation guidelines prepared. Based on the study, the utility of left-turn median lanes is substantiated and they are recommended for implementation where appropriate investigation indicates effectiveness. The guidelines contained in this study report are proposed to complement currently acceptable practices, thereby adding to the user confidence of these practices. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Arterial highways KW - Crash characteristics KW - Left turn lanes KW - Median lanes KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Texas KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/212-1F-CHR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1429009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01587401 AU - Foster, Gordon AU - Penca, Michelle AU - Niagara Frontier Transportation Committee AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Before, During, After: Impact Study for the Buffalo LRRT PY - 1978/03 SP - 110p AB - A revised study design for the subject study is submitted here for review. An earlier design was prepared on the basis of the original 11 mile "heavy" rail concept and submitted to the PCC October 16, 1974. Comments were received, the study revised, and copies forwarded to the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) April 2, 1975. After UMTA approval of the rail transit project for engineering, extensive comments were received on the impact study from both UMTA and the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) in October, 1976. This new study design has been prepared to reflect those comments, the shortened version of the rail project and the Light Rail Rapid Transit (LRRT) concept which has now been adopted. The development of a rapid transit project in an urban environment has profound impacts on urban form and structure. The decision to build a light rail rapid line through one of Buffalo's main traffic corridors presents an unparalleled opportunity to study the impacts of a major investment on the different sectors of urban life. Consisting of 6.4 miles of track, including a downtown at-grade pedestrian mall section, cut and cover and deep rock tunnel portions, the system is expected to integrate with a network of feeder buses to increase accessibility to economic and social opportunities downtown. It is important to realize that the rapid transit project is one part of an overall development plan for the region which includes major redevelopment of downtown, including a downtown Mall, construction of a convention center and increased hotel space. KW - Buffalo (New York) KW - Central business districts KW - Impact studies KW - Light rail transit KW - Redevelopment KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56300/56338/beforeduringafte00unse_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1395394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418449 AU - Mange, G E AU - Skale, S R AU - Sutherland, L C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Background report on outdoor indoor noise reduction calculation procedures employing the exterior wall noise rating (ewnr) method PY - 1978/03 IS - FHWA/TS-77-220 SP - 55P KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Noise control KW - Noise control KW - Sound level KW - Sound level KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180791 AU - Miller, R W AU - Brown, R A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSES PY - 1978/03 SP - 25 p. AB - This report documents installation and evaluation of an experimental pavement using an open-graded asphalt friction course, placed as part of the FHWA's Demonstration project 10. Two different open-graded mixes -- one having a maximum aggregate size of 1/2-in and the other 1/4-in -- and a standard NYS 1A top mix were evaluated. Performance of the experimental pavement was determined by measuring air-void content, asphalt cement penetration and viscosity, skid resistance, rutting, and noise, and by visual observations of water drainage and splash and spray by passing traffic in wet weather. Results showed that the open-graded pavements performed better than the standard NYS 1A top. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mixtures KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus KW - Skid resistance KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180870 AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLOR AND SHAPE CODING FOR FREEWAY ROUTE GUIDANCE PY - 1978/03 SP - 313p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180871 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLOR AND SHAPE CODING FOR FREEWAY ROUTE GUIDANCE. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/03 SP - 53 p. AB - The purpose of the research effort was to develop and field test a unique color and shape coding system which offered promise as a supplement to conventional guide signing on problem interchanges. Following a review of the technical literature, a series of laboratory studies was conducted to empirically identify the most appropriate color and shape combinations for symbol signs. The symbol signs were used in various ways in the design of five color/shape coded route guidance systems which were installed and subjected to field evaluation on problem interchanges. With the exception of the initial system evaluated, all other systems resulted in operations and safety benefits as evidenced by a statistically significant reduction in erratic maneuvers and a significant improvement in other operational measures. It was concluded that the color/shape coding concept as applied to freeway route guidance results in sufficient benefit to merit further development and testing of such systems. This volume presents an executive summary of the project activities and results. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Color KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interchanges KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Shape KW - Symbols KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176039 AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LABORATORY DATA SYSTEM. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/03 SP - 16 p. AB - A computer system has been designed to simplify and streamline the flow of data both within and outside of a Materials-Testing Laboratory handling up to 75,000 tests annually. Statistical programs have facilitated assignment of inspection personnel and have provided justification for reduced, and in some cases, increased frequency of testing on many items. KW - Computer operating systems KW - Connecticut KW - Information processing KW - Laboratory equipment KW - Materials tests KW - Operating systems computers KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185268 AU - Erickson, P A AU - Camougis, G AU - Robbins, E J AU - New England Research, Incorporated TI - HIGHWAYS AND ECOLOGY: IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION PY - 1978/03 SP - 199 p. AB - The enactment of NEPA expanded the requirements for the highway professional to consider all aspects of a highway development project. Part of this assessment is the effects of highway projects, highway operations, and highway maintenance on natural resources. These effects occur at both the biological and ecological level. This book uses an ecosystem approach to impact assessments. The components and dynamics of terrestrial, aquatic and wetland ecosystem are described. Potential biological and ecological impacts of a highway project are also described. This analysis is broken down into pre-design, design, construction and operation and maintenance phases. Extensive discussions on methods of mitigating adverse impacts and enhancing the existing biological resources are included. Much material on current practices has been gathered during the presentation of a course sponsored by the National Highway Institute, Ecological Impacts of Proposed Highway Improvements. Case studies and references are used extensively to provide the reader with a chance for more in-depth review of a particular practice. /FHWA/ KW - Aquatic life KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Ecology KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Natural resources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185932 AU - LeBlanc, D R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - New Hampshire Department of Public Works and Highways AU - New Hampshire Water Resources Board TI - PROGRESS REPORT ON HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SMALL DRAINAGE AREAS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE - PRELIMINARY RELATIONS FOR ESTIMATING PEAK DISCHARGES ON RURAL, UNREGULATED STREAMS PY - 1978/03 SP - 16 p. AB - The magnitude and frequency of floods on rural, unregulated streams in New Hampshire with drainage areas between 0.27 and 622 square miles may be estimated from drainage area, main-channel slope, and a precipitation intensity index. Based on multiple-regression analyses of data from 59 gaged sites in New Hampshire and adjacent areas of bordering states, peak discharges for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years can be estimated. KW - Areas KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Crash investigation KW - Drainage KW - Drainage basins KW - Estimating KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Hydrology KW - Magnitude KW - Mathematical models KW - New Hampshire KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Regression analysis KW - Regulations KW - Rural areas KW - Slopes KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Studies KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335963 AU - Yoo, C S AU - REISS, M L AU - McGee, H W AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF CALIFORNIA ACCIDENT RATES FOR SINGLE AND DOUBLE TRACTOR-TRAILER COMBINATION TRUCKS PY - 1978/03 SP - 70 p. AB - This report provides a comparison of the relative safety of two types of truck combination vehicles, singles and doubles. The single referred to in this report is a tractor unit attached to a semi-trailer, and the double analysed consists of a tractor, semi-trailer, and full trailer, in that order. 1974 accident data for California, the state having the closest to a 50-50 split between the two truck classifications, was combined with estimates of truck exposure to arrive at accident and injury rates based on vehicle miles of travel. Also, estimates of average cargo weights were determined to evaluate the safety of the two vehicles on the basis of cargo ton-miles of travel. The results of the analysis show that doubles resulted in more fatalities per million vehicle miles of travel, but that singles had higher accident rates on the basis of cargo ton-miles of travel. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Commodities KW - Crash rates KW - Double trailers KW - Fatalities KW - Freight transportation KW - Injuries KW - Safety KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck tractors KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190541 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Rogers, R W AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/03 SP - 23 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeways alone. This research study identifies low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreements, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This volume of the report has been developed to give police, highway, and traffic engineering administrators a conceptual understanding of the issues surrounding freeway incident management in less than an hour of reading time. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Management KW - Management methods KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Surveillance KW - Time lag KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335955 AU - Sanders, J H AU - McGee, H W AU - Yoo, C S AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY FEATURES OF STOP SIGNS AT RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1978/03 SP - 167 p. AB - The study objectives of this research project were to determine the advantages and disadvantages of selective use of highway stop signs as safety improvements at rail-highway grade crossings and to develop guidelines for their appropriate use or non-use. The study elements included a literature review, inventory and accident analysis, and field studies. Literature and inventory investigations were performed to determine current uses of stop signs. Accident analyses were performed to compare accidents for crossings with crossbucks only to accidents for crossings with crossbucks and standard highway stop signs. Field studies were performed to compare driver behaviors for crossbuck-only crossings to driver behaviors for similar crossings have a standard highway stop sign in addition to the crossbuck. Driver behaviors included speed profiles, looking behavior, and observance of stop signs. The study results indicate that stop signs are used more frequently in urban areas and crossings having stop signs tend to have higher train volumes. Accident analysis results indicate that rates for stop sign crossings are lower than rates for crossbuck-only crossings for higher vehicle-train exposure values. Field studies show that stop signs, when properly used, result in improved driver behaviors adequate for the detection and avoidance of trains. The study conclusions suggest that stop signs should be applied selectively only at hazardous passive grade crossings and should not be used indiscriminately at all passive grade crossings. Requirements for effective use of stop signs at grade crossings are listed in the report. (FHWA) KW - Behavior KW - Crash analysis KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrail warrants KW - Hazards KW - Improvements KW - Inventory KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reviews KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Speed KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335954 AU - Wagner, D R AU - Hofstetter, D K AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED ADVISORY INFORMATION FOR REDUCED VISIBILITY CONDITIONS PY - 1978/03 SP - 184 p. AB - This project was conducted to develop preliminary design specifications for a speed advisory system for use during periods of reduced visibility (fog). Phase I of the program consisted of developing the necessary facilities, equipment and procedures to conduct controlled experimentation under various levels of fog density. Phase II consisted of a series of interrelated experiments to identify optimum advisory information (sign messages and speed values), and the number, locations, and interconnections between signs which would result in the smoothest traffic flow. Phase III utilizes the information from Phase II, as well as the pertinent literature, to develop preliminary specifications for a full-scale advisory system for use on the public highway. Phase II contained six separate studies. Study I was concerned with determining the speeds drivers normally drive at various levels of reduced visibilities without special signing. Study II was to determine which of the three major percentile speeds (15th, 50th, 85th) from Study I would produce smoothest traffic flow when used as a posted speed. The main purpose of the third study was to determine driver response when other vehicles are present on the highway under conditions of reduced visibility. The 4th study investigated the effects of different types, amounts and display characteristics of advisory signing. Study V investigated the utility of centerline and edgeline delineation. The final study dealt with the effects of unreliable information presentation by advisory signing systems. (FHWA) KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Fog KW - Radio KW - Reaction time KW - Reduced visibility KW - Road markings KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322732 AU - Williams, E C AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMERGENCY ESCAPE RAMPS FOR RUNAWAY HEAVY VEHICLES PY - 1978/03 SP - 68 p. AB - This report presents a state-of-the practice synopsis of EERRHV technology, findings of a current questionnaire survey, and an overview of existing ramp facilities in regard to design, construction, and practical operational techniques. Several existing emergency escape lanes are described, listing many of the benefits and shortcomings of each. (FHWA) KW - Emergencies KW - Escape lanes KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Ramps KW - Road construction KW - Runaway vehicles KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326466 AU - Spencer, L J AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION ZONE DELINEATION (RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS) PY - 1978/03 SP - 27 p. AB - The problem of safely carrying traffic through construction and maintenance zones is becoming increasingly more complex. The contractor must coordinate his activities to maintain normal traffic flow and provide positive guidance so that accident potential situations are kept to a minimum. Raised reflective pavement markers provide excellent wet weather and nightime reflection and appear to be an effective means of maintaining safe traffic flow. This study evaluates the use of raised reflective pavement markers as a means of providing improved delineation through construction zones. KW - Evaluation KW - Highway traffic control KW - Installation KW - Markers KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pavements KW - Reflectivity KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315053 AU - Smith, P G AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INJURY PREDICTION METHODS FOR HIGHWAY BARRIER IMPACT USING OCCUPANT DYNAMICS MODELS PY - 1978/03 SP - 193 p. AB - A computer program is developed to predict injuries to occupants when a vehicle strikes a highway barrier. The program is intended to eventually improve upon existing methods, which include crash testing using dummies and measurement of the vehicle's acceleration. The overall program includes portions to successively compute the vehicle's motion while striking a barrier, the occupant's motion given the vehicle's motion, and the occupant's injuries given his motion within the passenger compartment. BARRIER VII combined with the Rollover Vaulting Algorithm (RVA) and HVOSM constitute the vehicle-barrier dynamics options, UCIN and CVS are the occupant dynamics options used, and an injury prediction program is developed from the Kornhauser Sensitivity Curve. The program's output is checked against crash test results and barrier impact accident findings, and it shows reasonable agreement. A parametric study gives reasonable results for variations in occupant conditions, barrier impact conditions and car size. UCIN's integration routine was replaced and a new human body joint model ws developed in order to alleviate computational problems. Recommendations include further UCIN improvements, improved joint modeling, further validation, and additional investigation of injury mechanisms and tolerance values. The report includes discussions of occupant dynamics and occupant injury modeling. (FHWA) KW - Algorithms KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Dummies KW - Dynamics KW - Forecasting KW - Impact tests KW - Impacts KW - Injuries KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308773 AU - Hutton, P H AU - Skorpik, J R AU - Batelle Memorial Institute/Pacific Northwest Labs AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION METHODS FOR FLAW DETECTION IN STEEL IN HIGHWAY BRIDGES, PHASE II PY - 1978/03 SP - 58 p. AB - An engineering prototype digital memory acoustic emission (AE) monitor with source isolation has been fabricated and satisfactorily tested to limit accepted data to AE originating from a predetermined area. The system includes a monitor unit (amplifiers, source isolation circuits, digital memories, and memory programming controls) in a compact 3 1/4 x 7 x 9-inch (82.6 mm x 177.8 mm x 228.6 mm) housing weighing 5 pounds (2.27 Kgs). A separate power supply provides power from either a 100-volt, 60-hertz connection or from internal rechargeable batteries. Three low power tuned preamplifiers and three AE sensors complete the measurement system. Accessory to this is a visual memory readout instrument. Two separate AE parameters are permanently stored in solid state EPROM digital memories which are later reused by erasing with exposure to ultraviolet light. The digital memory AE monitor system has been field tested on two inservice steel highway bridges and on box girder fabrication welds at a steel plant. Testing has indicated that the unit performs as intended, is relatively fast to set up, and can function in high background noise and still detect flaw growth. (Author) KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Flaw detection KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Metal bridges KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sensors KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/145117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302189 AU - Oberc, E AU - Chi, D AU - Byus, C AU - Dorsey, P AU - Kochen, R AU - CHOW, C AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES FOR THE QUALITY OF BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS PY - 1978/03 SP - 94 p. AB - This study was undertaken to establish qualitative standards for base and subbase materials in the State of Maryland and to improve stabilizing techniques for inferior materials. An examination of a number of strength parameters and tests was conducted on specification crushed stone. As a result of this investigation, it was decided that further testing for the quality of base materials would be conducted using the triaxial test. Tentative standards for qualitative classification of base and subbase materials were established based on the triaxial. Phase II testing investigated the effects of several types and percentages of additives on the quality of specification and non-specification base materials. The additives studied included portland cement, lime and asphalt emulsion. Crushed stone, gravel and sand aggregate were the base materials tested. During Phase II, it was discovered that non-specification material was not readily available in Maryland. This was contrary to one of the basic premises on which the study was initiated. Based on the lack of non-specification material and several other considerations, a decision was made to terminate the study. This eliminated a section of Phase II testing and all of Phase III, field performance and evaluation. The results of the testing indicates that the triaxial test may be a good tool for evaluating the quality of crushed stone when untreated or when treated with lime or cement. However, some of the results for other materials and additives are inconsistent with our current practice and experience. It believed that these discrepancies, between the field and laboratory situations, are due to differences in loading and other test conditions. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed rock KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Evaluation KW - Gravel KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Performance tests KW - Portland cement KW - Standards KW - Strength of materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182052 AU - Sachs, S R AU - Cagley, T R AU - Morris, R L AU - THOMAS, G D AU - Human Resources Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE COMPATIBILITY OF HIGHWAYS AND CULTURAL-RECREATIONAL CENTERS PY - 1978/03 SP - 89 p. AB - The purposes of the study were to learn how highways influence the location and operation of cultural and recreational centers and how compatibility between centers and highways could be improved. Planning and design factors to be considered when selecting sites were also identified. Another objective was to examine the compatibility of centers and nearby residents and businesses. Finally, the current and potential use of public transportation to and from the centers was examined. Thirteen centers having a number of relationships to the surrounding highway networks were studied. It was found that congestion at some large centers was the result of the inability of the highways to accommodate the volumes of center-generated traffic and the interference caused by the intersecting paths of pedestrians and vehicles. Public transportation could be a good way to ease congestion, but it is not widely used by center patrons and prospects for the future indicate little change. The study findings include several conclusions and guidelines concerning highways and cultural-recreational sites that should be of prime importance to cities that are considering new centers. KW - Access roads KW - Businesses KW - City planning KW - Compatibility KW - Cultural resources KW - Economic conditions KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Public transit KW - Recreational facilities KW - Residents KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181961 AU - Kohutek, T L AU - Ross, HEJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Office of Traffic Safety Administration TI - SAFETY TREATMENT OF ROADSIDE CULVERTS ON LOW VOLUME ROADS PY - 1978/03 SP - 127 p. AB - Current American Association of State Transportation and Highway Officials (AASHTO) criteria for safety-treating fixed roadside hazards suggest that all culverts within a certain clear distance of the edge of the traveled way be shielded by a roadside barrier. This is not necessarily a cost-effective solution for low volume highways. Using a cost-effectiveness model currently recommended by AASHTO, guidelines for safety-treating culverts have been developed for 36 in. diameter pipe, 4 ft x 6 ft (4 ft height x 6 ft width) single box, and 4 ft x 6 ft multi-box (double box) culverts located on low volume, rural highways (average daily traffic less than 20,000). Each culvert design was evaluated on fill section embankments with 2 1/2:1 and 6:1 slopes and for end offsets of 12, 18, and 24 ft. The treatments considered for each culvert design and embankment slope were: (1) do nothing (i.e., leave the culvert unprotected); (2) extend the culvert end 30 ft from the edge of the traveled way; (3) provide guardrail protection; and (4) provide grate protection. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Embankments KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Low volume roads KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety equipment KW - Traffic crashes KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181903 AU - Los, P R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTERIZED ROADWAY DESIGN SYSTEM PY - 1978/03 SP - 32 p. AB - This project, as part of the Federal Highway Administration, (FHWA) Demonstration Projects Program, was intended to demonstrate the capabilities and advantages of the Texas Roadway Design System in production engineering environments for increasing the productivity and proficiency of the highway design engineer. This report summarizes the various activities conducted under Demonstration Project No. 30, Computerized Roadway Design System (RDS). These activities included distribution of the system, conducting promotional presentations, training, providing technical assistance, enhancement of the system, and formation of an RDS User Group. This Demonstration Project has shown that use of RDS can improve engineer efficiency and reduce design costs. KW - Computer aided design KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway engineers KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Roads KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00181905 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Temple, W H AU - Lacinak, H W AU - Gueho, B J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE PIPE BY FIELD EXPERIMENTATION AND SUPPLEMENTAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION PY - 1978/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This study investigates the durability of metal drainage pipe in Louisiana, where durability of such pipe is as important as strength because of harsh environs which promote corrosion. Since 1973, eleven types of galvanized steel and aluminum test culverts have been installed at test sites. The test sites were based on geographical location and on the pH and electrical resistivity values of the soil and effluent. This interim report relates field and laboratory observations concerning the condition of the test pipes after four years of in-service exposure. It was found that the asbestos-bonded, asphalt-coated, galvanized steel pipe was performing better than the other ten types of culverts in resisting corrosion. All of the coatings on the various test culverts are showing signs of distress at the highly corrosive test sites. KW - Aluminum KW - Asbestos KW - Asphalt KW - Corrosion KW - Culverts KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Durability KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Field tests KW - Galvanized materials KW - Galvanized metals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Louisiana KW - Metal pipe KW - pH value KW - Properties of materials KW - Protective coatings KW - Rain KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Steel KW - Strength of materials KW - Zinc coatings UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20115.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00194752 AU - Anani, B A AU - WANG, M C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW ON EQUIVALENT AXLE LOADING FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1978/03 SP - 26 p. AB - In an effort to estimate the damage associated with the heavier vehicles using today's highways, considerable work has been directed toward evaluation of load equivalency factors for different axle loads and axle configurations. Various methods of evaluating equivalency factors were reviewed. The AASHTO load equivalency factors were based on empirical performance data obtained at the AASHO Road Test. For the most part, other methods have been based either on pavement response (maximum surface deflection, maximum tensile strain, etc.) or pavement distress (rutting, fatigue cracking, etc.). The AASHTO equivalency factors were calculated for single and tandem axle configurations only. Accordingly, extrapolation has been required to evaluate newer axle configurations. The results of a survey (telephone, written correspondence, and research report review) indicate that the 18 kip (80 kN) single axle equivalency factors developed at the AASHO Road Test are still in wide use both in the United States and abroad. /FHWA/ KW - Axle loads KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Drainage KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - State of the art studies KW - Tension KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/83914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190057 AU - Howerter, E D AU - Rudd, T J AU - Ensco, Incorporated TI - COMPUTER EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT TEXTURE VOLUME I--SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/03 SP - p. 43 AB - This report describes a research study involving computerized evaluation of pavement texture. The central objective of the evaluation was to identify relationships between the surface texture and the frictional characteristics of pavements and to identify instrumentation systems that have the capability of measuring texture parameters at highway speeds. The two instrumentation systems that were extensively evaluated for capability to predict pavement friction from texture measurements were the light depolarization detection system and the Schonfeld stereophotographic interpretation system. Neither system yielded measurements of pavement texture which correlated highly enough with the frictional properties of pavements to make them practical prediction tools. A third system based on a noncontact laser profiling instrument was also evaluated, but it was found to have inherent limitations concerning resolution capability and complexity required for field implementation. Strong correlations relating the percent normalized gradient (PNG) to sand patch texture depth and other profile texture descriptors were identified. These results are extremely powerful for quantifying the variations of skid number with speed based on a single texture descriptor and the skid number of the pavement at a given speed. A computer program was developed for implementing this result. /FHWA/ KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible foundations KW - Flexible structures KW - Foundations KW - Highway grades KW - Information processing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84670 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00194522 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - KUBEL, L AU - Bloodgood, G AU - WORKMON, F AU - Gibson, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHAT NETWORK SIMULATION (NETSIM) CAN DO FOR THE TRAFFIC ENGINEER PY - 1978/03 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - p. 162-168 AB - This article is the first of two describing a practical traffic engineering analysis tool developed by the FHWA Offices of R&D. The first article describes the model, what is required to use it, what it tells the user in return, where to use it, its limitations, and costs. The second article will describe an application of the model to an analysis of a signalized intersection by the Traffic Engineering Division of the Utah Department of Highways. An important application of the model described in the second article is the simulation of a phasing arrangement which could not be studied in the field because it was not permitted by a State law. /Authors/ KW - Costs KW - Networks KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/86842 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00194523 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Culp, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTROSLAG WELDMENTS: PERFORMANCE AND NEEDED RESEARCH PY - 1978/03 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - p. 181-192 AB - This article is the first part of a paper presented at the 1977 Federally Coordinated Program of Research and Development Conference at Atlanta, Ga., during the review of Project 5L, "Safe Life Design for Bridges". The objectives of this new project are to refine and improve the existing fabrication and inspection techniques through the development of new instrumentation, develop guidelines for effective quality control, and improve the safety and performance of structures. This article includes a process description, Michigan's fabrication experience, problem areas, and some research results. The second part of the article which will appear in the June 1978 issue of Public Roads will include additional research results and research needs. /Authors/ KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Electroslag welding KW - Fabrication KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/86843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00191675 AU - Schilling, M G AU - Marques, M AU - Thomas, R AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AERIAL DRAINAGE SURVEYS-COMPUTER DESIGN PROGRAM. FINAL IMPLEMENTATION PACKAGE REPORT PY - 1978/03 SP - 82 p. AB - In recent years, aerial photography has played an important role in collecting hydraulic data for the design of bridge and drainage structures. Automated systems, which include aerial photogrammetric techniques, computer analysis, and automated plotting, are increasing the accuracy of aerial surveys. The FHWA contracted with the Wyoming Highway Department to develop a design system using aerial survey methods that is a potentially more economical means of obtaining and displaying basic data for highway drainage site analysis. Studies by the Wyoming Highway Department show it is considerably less expensive to obtain stream profile and cross-section data from a stereo model when done in conjunction with earthwork designs than by conventional field survey techniques. The conventional techniques will generally be more expensive due to greater manpower and time requirements as a result of steep terrain, site inaccessibility, inclement weather, travel, and manual transcription of survey notes. It should be kept in mind, however, that many variables are involved which affect the cost of both field and aerial drainage surveys. The computer program contained in the manual processes basic aerial survey data and transforms it into drainage information which can be used for design. Tape output for computer plotting application permits profile and cross-section plotting on a special drainage survey form. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Economic benefits KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Photogrammetric surveys KW - Photogrammetry KW - Runoff KW - Structural design KW - Surveying KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188488 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AERIAL DRAINAGE SURVEYS PY - 1978/03 SP - 79 p. AB - A program is described which attempts to provide, through aerial survey methods, a better and potentially more economical means of obtaining and displaying basic data for highway drainage site analysis. Plots are provided by this program which are as accurate as the aerial photos and stereo plotter will allow. The program will process channel profile and typical section data (x, y, z coordinates) obtained through aerial photography and provide two types of output: output on tape for the computer plotter which makes profile and typical section plots on a special drainage survey form (a plan view, site conditions, and design documentation may later be added to this form for permanent file documentation); printer output of each typical section data is provided in the form of a standard C-16 input coding form which may be used with other hydraulic computer programs. Details are given of the technical procedures, input, and output. A sample problem is described and other program aspects such as definition of symbols, source listing and program revisions are detailed. KW - Aerial photography KW - Aerial surveying KW - Aerial surveys KW - Computer programs KW - Highway drainage KW - Input KW - Output KW - Site investigation KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189355 AU - Pickett, D E AU - Saylak, D AU - Lytton, R L AU - Conger, W E AU - Newcomb, D AU - Schapery, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - EXTENSION AND REPLACEMENT OF ASPHALT CEMENT WITH SULFUR PY - 1978/03 SP - 310 p. AB - The potential shortage of asphalt cement and over supply of sulfur make it advantageous to reduce the dependence of the paving industry upon asphalt cement while utilizing readily available sulfur. This report presents the results of an investigation of the use of elemental sulfur as a partial replacement and/or extender of asphalt cement in highway paving mixtures. Physical properties of numerous combinations of sulfur-asphalt emulsions were determined. Various aggregates, asphalt cements, and sulfur were tested in a series of laboratory screening tests utilizing nine independent design variables. Characterization tests were performed on selected combinations of aggregate, asphalt and sulfur utilizing three different mixing methods. The resulting relationships between response characteristics, mixture compositions, and design variables were programmed into the Texas FPS-BISTRO and VESYS IIM design programs. Texas FPS-BISTRO screened a number of design combinations to find the optimum combinations. VESYS IIM was used to evaluate performance of selected optimum pavements. The studies indicate that the addition of sulfur to asphaltic concrete can produce pavements which are more economical with performance characteristics equal or superior to conventional asphaltic concrete pavement. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Emulsions KW - Highway pavement KW - Mix design KW - Pavements KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189323 AU - Cosby, P J AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - LAND USE IMPACT OF WIDENING STATE HIGHWAY 30 IN AN UNDEVELOPED AREA IN COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS PY - 1978/03 SP - 43 p. AB - Previous studies on the effects of highway construction upon land use have focused mainly upon the effects of the construction of new highways. In view of a new emphasis upon upgrading and expanding existing facilities rather than building new ones, the need arises for information concerning the effects of such improvements upon land use. This report relates the findings of research done upon an area of College Station, Texas, where State Highway 30 was upgraded from a two-lane to a four-lane facility. The improvement took place in an urban area that was in the undeveloped stage of development where the predominant land use was unimproved. Land use changes were analyzed for both abutting and nonabutting properties that might have been affected by the road improvement. Data were collected for a period encompassing approximately four and one-half years before construction began up to the end of 1977, the last year data collection was possible. Total acres in each type of land use were determined for each year. Comparisons were made of the types and rates of development before and after the upgrading occurred. The data are reported in narrative, graphic, and tabular form. Causes of development in the area other than the improved highway were also researched and are reported. Highway planners should be able to use this report, and subsequent reports of this study to make more accurate predictions of land use changes due to specific highway improvements in different areas. /Author/ KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Land use KW - Pavement widening KW - Road construction KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188523 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF A NONCONTACT PROFILING SYSTEM USING THE ACOUSTIC PROBE PY - 1978/03 SP - 58 p. AB - This report gives a brief review of the GM Rapid Travel Profilometer and how the four States owning one use theirs. From their experience, filter and gain requirements are established for a profiling system. A description of the operating principle of the noncontact profiling system is given including the following components: acoustic probe, acoustic probe signal conditioning, vehicle body motion accelerometer, and the signal processing. A system evaluation procedure is presented along with a discussion of operating experience and difficulties encountered. It was concluded that the present system is usable, however, because of the many bench type components in the system, further development to adapt to over the road environment is recommended. /FHWA/ KW - Accelerometers KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Profilometers KW - Signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185280 AU - McComas, M R AU - Kent State University TI - EROSION AND SLOUGHING ON OHIO HIGHWAY SIDESLOPES PY - 1978/03 SP - n.p. AB - Erosion, soil-slips and sloughing on highway sideslopes require continual maintenance to prevent traffic disruptions. In the rolling, glaciated terrain of northeast Ohio, these problems are expecially common because of the interaction of surface water and groundwater with stratified glacial deposits. The severity of slope failures ranges from loss of protective vegetation to undercutting and washout of embankments. Control techniques, including flexible and rigid drains for surface water and subsurface drains for groundwater, in some cases have totally solved an erosion problem only to induce slumping. The converse can also be true. Use of standard erosion and sloughing control measures for standard slopes rarely works in glaciated areas. Satisfactory slope maintenance techniques must be designed on basis of sideslope stratigraphy and hydrogeology. /FHWA/ KW - Drains KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Failure KW - Groundwater KW - Maintenance KW - Side slopes KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Stratigraphy KW - Surface waters KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188516 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - MEASUREMENTS OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE USING STATISTICAL SAMPLING TECHNIQUES PY - 1978/03 SP - n.p. AB - Two methods are examined which provide objective pavement performance information about the Texas highway system. These methods are sampling surveys and a complete inventory of all pavements. A sampling survey has been conducted in all twenty-five SDHPT districts and results from the survey are discussed. These results include measures of roughness, visual condition, and deflection for four years of collected data. The optimum number of required highways for conducting such a survey are determined. A performance inventory for all pavements in District 21 is discussed. Procedures are developed with can assist in the planning of future statewide performance inventories currently being planned by the SDHPT. /FHWA/ KW - Deflection KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Statistical sampling KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185259 AU - Darter, M I AU - WILKEY, P L AU - Ahlfield, S AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT-AGGREGATE MIXTURES PY - 1978/03 SP - 99 p. AB - An extensive laboratory study is conducted to determine the effects of several factors on the structural response of emulsified asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The major purpose of the study is to develop recommendations for mixture design procedures. Many factors are believed to influence the performance of dense graded emulsified asphalt mixtures in pavement bases, but the following were selected for evaluation in the test series reported in this report: residual asphalt content, compactive effort, moisture content at compaction, curing time after compaction, and aggregate type. other factors were also evaluated including moisture content at testing, voids (air plus moisture), total liquid content, and moisture absorbed during a special soak test. Four tests were evaluated including: modified Marshall stability, indirect tensile test, resilient modulus, and a moisture absorption test. Many significant results were obtained relating to the effects of these factors on the strutural response of the mixtures. Nearly all of the previously listed factors were found to influence the response of the mixture and recommendations for mixture design based upon these results are summarized. /FHWA/ KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt content KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-021.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182554 AU - Welch, R C AU - Thornton, S I AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville TI - ARKANSAS BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS: FIELD PROCEDURES PY - 1978/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report presents detailed procedures for obtaining undisturbed samples of subsurface soils and for conducting in-situ field tests to determine soil properties useful in bridge foundation design. The sampling tools covered are thin-wall tube, Osterberg fixed-piston sampler, Dension sampler, and Pitcher sampler. The field tests covered are standard penetration test, quasi-static cone penetration test, and field vane shear test. Also included in the report are sections covering the evaluation of a quasi-static cone penetrometer, the evaluation of seismic and resistivity equipment and a compilation of available bridge boring data from highway department files. KW - Boring KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Properties of materials KW - Resistivity KW - Seismology KW - Soil penetration test KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182645 AU - Indahl, G W AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF HOT BITUMINOUS TYPE WINTER PATCHING MATERIALS PY - 1978/03 SP - 98 p. AB - This report details the results of a study to improve the quality of hot bituminous type winter patching material. The principal material investigated was hot plant mix surface course material (meeting NJDOT Mix #5 grading) produced in McConnoughay portable pugmill mixers. The report discusses mix design, equipment modifications and changes in operating procedures which had to be made in order to achieve a durable patch material. To achieve maximum results, mineral filler had to be added to the mix aggregates and a heated trailer used to transport the material in order to minimize heat loss. The report includes the results of a survey of asphalt plants designed to investigate the feasibility of obtaining plant mixed materials in winter. An economic evaluation of comparative costs of patching material obtained for commercial asphalt plants, McConnoughay portable pugmills, and small user operated drum mixer plants is included. /FHWA/ KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt plants KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Costs KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Patching UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182976 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - BANFIELD HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES PY - 1978/03 SP - 124 p. AB - This report evaluates the operation of the High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes on the Banfield Freeway in the City of Portland, Multinomah County, Oregon. This report covers the HOV lanes impact on traffic flow, safety, modal shift, air quality, fuel savings and public attitude. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Fuel consumption KW - Public opinion KW - Reserved routes KW - Routes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182641 AU - McHenry, S R AU - Maryland State Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT SLURRY FOR BIKEWAYS PY - 1978/03 SP - 42 p. AB - For many years the Maryland State Highway Administration has used a double surface treatment on highway shoulders to provide for shoulder stability and an audible and surface texture warning to motorists who leave the traveled way. With the growth of multi-speed bicycle sales and use, these shoulders were found to be unsuitable for sustained bicycle travel. Asphalt slurry seal was applied to a shoulder section over existing double surface treatment and observed for an 18 month period, to evaluate its adequacy as a low cost bikeway surface. Results of this evaluation indicate that this material is suitable as a shoulder overlay with certain limitations. It provided a smooth surface, adequate for sustained bicycle travel. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt KW - Bikeways KW - Road shoulders KW - Slurry seals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179863 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Tennant, V O AU - THOMAS, J B AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation TI - LIVESTOCK UNDERPASS USAGE STUDY PY - 1978/03 SP - n.p. AB - The study presents results of on site inspection and interviews with operators of 96 representative stockpass structures on two and four lane highways on both range land and farm-dairy areas in South Dakota. Purpose of the study was to obtain factual information on various aspects of stock pass usage to assist in right of way negotiations and stock pass design. Included are data on structure type and size, condition, age, drainage, and terrain from investigator's field observations, and number and type of livestock served, frequency of use, need for driving, use to reach water, and a determination of adequacy and problems from operators' statements. Condition and age apparently have little or no influence on usability of stock passes. The most significant relationships found were between the need for driving stock through passes and factors such as cross section/length ratio and drainage. In terms of need for driving stock through passes, structures which combined stock pass and drainage functions were less useful as stock passes than those not carrying drainage. Also, as length of structures increased in relation to size (clear opening end area), need for driving stock through passes increased. Data indicates that, to minimize need for driving, length in feet should ideally be not more than two and one-half to three times the clear opening end area in square feet where ever possible. /FHWA/ KW - Design KW - Livestock KW - Right of way KW - Underpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00180084 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATUS OF SHALE EMBANKMENT RESEARCH PY - 1978/03 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - p. 153-161 AB - The research study described was designed to gather information about the factors responsible for the deterioration of shale placed in a fill and to develop a technical manual containing design and construction control methodology for shale embankments. In addition, the study developed techniques for evaluating existing embankments and provides guidance on remedial treatment methods for existing, distressed shale embankments. KW - Aggregates KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Deterioration KW - Embankments KW - Maintenance KW - Road materials KW - Roads KW - Shale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/79069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179495 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Bruggeman, J M AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - ALTERNATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT-VOLUME 3: COMPUTATIONAL EXAMPLE FOR SELECTING LOW-COST ALTERNATIVES PY - 1978/03 SP - 176 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeways alone. This research study identifies low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreements, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This volume of the report has been developed to give police, highway, and traffic engineering personnel an easy to follow example of the methodology used to conduct freeway incident management analysis. Vols. 1, (RD-77-58) Executive Summary; 2, (RD-77-59) Planning and Trade-Off Analyses for Low-Cost Alternatives; 3, (RD-77-60) Computational Example for Selecting Low-Cost Alternatives; 4, (D-77-61) Guidelines for Specific Low-Cost Alternatives; 5, (RD-77-62) Training Guide for On-Site Incident Management, and 6, (RD-77-63) Delay, Time, and Queue Tables for Trade-Off Analyses. In addition to the final report, an interim report, FHWA-RD-76-111, was prepared entitled "Review of Current and Proposed Low-Cost Freeway Incident Management Ssystems." This report presented the state-of-the-art in freeway incident management as of May 1976. /FHWA/ KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176022 AU - Owen, J R AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE SURVEILLANCE CONCEPTS AND METHODS FOR FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT. VOLUME 2. PLANNING AND TRADEOFF ANALYSES FOR LOW-COST ALTERNATIVES PY - 1978/03 SP - 141 p. AB - Experience has shown that at traffic incident scenes, safety and operations can be improved if good on-site traffic management is used. Motorists lose about 750 million vehicle-hours per year while waiting for incidents to be removed, and over 2 million accidents per year occur on urban freeways alone. The research study identifies low-cost incident management systems for responding to freeway disturbances. Emphasis is placed on the development of pre-planned response techniques, candidate jurisdictional agreements, traffic operational procedures for incident sites, and overall improvement of freeway incident management. This volume of the report has been developed to present a planning methodology that can be used to evaluate existing incident management procedures and to estimate the potential effectiveness of low-cost techniques. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Surveillance KW - Time lag KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457216 AU - Michael, Harold L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary of Research Financed by Indiana State Highway Commission through the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University, FY 1975-78 : Special Report PY - 1978/02/28 AB - This report provides a complete inventory of recent and active research projects to December 1977. Information on findings, applications, benefits to Indiana and publications on the research are summarized. KW - Applications KW - Benefits KW - Indiana KW - Joint Highway Research Project (Purdue University) KW - Research projects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313980 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456906 AU - Black, Michael S AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reinforced Concrete Girder Bridge Study PY - 1978/02/28/Final Report SP - 135p AB - Personnel of the Indiana State Highway Commission, Bridge Division, contacted the structural staff of the Joint Highway Research Project concerning possible structural distress of approximately 60 multiple span reinforced concrete bridges. At the intermediate piers of these bridges, vertical deflection of the girders relative to the pier cap under vehicular load, spalling of the pier caps under the girder, and jamming of opposing girders were occurring. These structures were instrumented in various ways to determine the failure mode. Girder strains were measured both electrically and mechanically. Concrete surface temperatures were measured on both the top deck and girders and deflections of the girders were measured, relative to the pier cap, both near the pier cap and also at midspan. Data obtained from these measurements led to the conclusion that the vertical movement of the girders relative to the pier cap resulted from rotation of the girder ends induced by a temperature difference, between top deck and the bottom of the girder, of approximately 30°F. Pier cap spalling was the result of moisture seepage down through the expansion joints of these structures. Recommendations included the extension of the diaphragms, at the intermediate piers, down to the top of the pier cap and the application of a waterproof membrane strip over each expansion joint with an overlay applied over the entire bridge deck. KW - Bridge piers KW - Expansion joints KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Surface temperature UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313964 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01456855 AU - Virkler, Stanley Jay AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Maintenance Methods for Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements : Interim Report PY - 1978/02/28 SP - 150p AB - In late 1974, test maintenance sections were constructed on a section of Interstate-65 south of Indianapolis, Indiana. The road was stratified into "similar" sections of pavement using deflection, cracking, and breakup as selection criteria. Various types of measures including concrete shoulders, undersealing, asphalt overlay, and installation of drains with various combinations of these methods were applied as a means for strengthening the pavements. In each case the pavement was patched prior to the installation of the maintenance technique. Since its construction, performance surveys have been made each spring and fall using deflection measurements, crack counts and a general condition survey of the test pavements. Soil samples that were obtained during the construction were tested and the soil and subbase characteristics were evaluated. A cost analysis was performed with a time frame of two years and an estimated cost for a third year of maintenance of the pavements. The overlay methods exhibited good behavior over the two years of service. The subdrains and concrete shoulder methods produced less than expected performance. The project is scheduled for completion in June 1979. A final report will be submitted during FY 78-79. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Indianapolis (Indiana) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement maintenance UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313963 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182973 AU - Virkler, S J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP TI - MAINTENANCE METHODS FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1978/02/28 SP - 150 p. AB - In late 1974, test maintenance sections were constructed on a section of I-65 south of Indianapolis, Indiana. The road was stratified into "similar" sections of pavement using deflection, cracking, and breakup as selection criteria. Various types of measures including concrete shoulders, undersealing, asphalt overlay, and installation of drains with various combinations of these methods were applied as a means for strengthening the pavements. In each case the pavement was patched prior to the installation of the maintenance technique. Since its construction, performance surveys have been made each spring and fall using deflection measurements, crack counts and a general condition survey of the test pavements. Soil samples that were obtained during the construction were tested and the soil and subbase characteristics were evaluated. A cost analysis was performed with a time frame of two years and an estimated cost for a third year of maintenance of the pavements. The overlay methods exhibited good behavior over the two years of service. The subdrains and concrete shoulder methods produced less than expected performance. /FHWA/ KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Drains KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Road shoulders KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01443322 AU - Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Predicting potential strength of Portland cement concrete PY - 1978/02 IS - FHWA-TS-78-212 SP - 32p KW - Cement KW - Cement KW - Coarse aggregate KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement materials KW - Pavement properties KW - Physical properties KW - Strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1211130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803510 AU - Henry, J W AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM REPORT OF PAVEMENT SURFACE RECYCLING ON PARKS HIGHWAY BETWEEN LITTLE SUSITNA RIVER AND WILLOW CREEK PY - 1978/02 SP - 31 p. AB - Rehabilitation had been proposed for 14.5 miles of the Parks Highway (State Route 3) between the Little Susitna River (MP 56.9) and Willow Creek (MP 71.4) due to severe cracking and aggregate loss. It had been originally paved 24 feet wide with 2 inches of asphalt concrete on a 6 inch base in 1965 when traffic amounted to only 200 vehicles per day. By 1976, when the pavement evaluation was conducted, traffic had increased to 3,000 vehicles per day with 7% trucks. Over 8,000 vehicles per day are predicted by 1995. The pavement evaluation consisted of a visual condition survey, a deflection survey and core sampling and testing. It was obvious that severe reflective cracking would occur within a very short time after placement of the overlay unless the brittle, cracked pavement was pretreated or replaced. The only certain way to prevent reflection cracking is to remove and replace the cracked pavement with either recycled or virgin material. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Alaska KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Brittleness KW - Highways KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Parks KW - Pavement cracking KW - Penetration resistance KW - Recycled materials KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00179830 JO - Highway Focus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY FOCUS PY - 1978/02 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 132 p. AB - This issue contains the following articles: "Cold Recycling of Asphalt Concrete Pavement", T.G. Wany and M. Raplowski; "Cold-Mix Recycling of Asphalt Pavement in Kansas", by R. Cortez; "Recycling of Portland Cement Concrete Roads in Iowa", by R. Britison and G. Calvert; "Pavement Removal Using CMI-750 Roto-Mill", by G.F. Scherr; "CMI Roto-Mill Pavement Profiler", by E.H. Chang; "Milling Bituminous Surfacing in North Dakota", by J. Mandy and V. Wolfgram; "Cutler Repaving Used in Nevada", by B.V. Johnson; "Asphalt Rejuvenation by Heater-Scarfifier", by J. Lawton; "Bituminous Pavement Recycling in Utah", by D. W. Killmore and W.B. Betenson; "Recycling of Bituminous Pavements", by B.T. Bellmer; "Salvaging and Recycling Bituminous Materials (Hot)", by J.E. Nichols; "Surface Recycling in Louisiana" by D.K. Green; "Surface Recycling in Alaska", by J.W. Henry; "Recycling Asphalt Pavements in Oregon", by P. Reidl; "Recycling of Asphalt Concrete in Washington", by C. Walton and D. Levien; and "Solvin Pollution Problem Using "Drum-in-a-Drum: Concept", by C. Walton and D. Levien; and "Solving Pollution Problem Using "Drum-in-a-Drum" Concept', by L. Dong. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Rejuvenation KW - Resurfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/78927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185273 AU - McGee, H W AU - Moore, W AU - Knapp, B G AU - Sanders, J H AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - DECISION SIGHT DISTANCE FOR HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC CONTROL REQUIREMENTS PY - 1978/02 SP - 70 p. AB - Decision sight distance (DSD) has been defined as the distance at which drivers can detect a hazard or signal in a cluttered roadway environment, recognize it or it's threat potential, select the appropriate speed and path, and perform the required action safely and efficiently. A research effort was devised and performed to relate this concept to specific road types, design speeds, traffic operating conditions, geometric features, and driver attributes. It was performed in two phases, with the following objectives: Phase I: Critically evaluate and synthesize relevant literature pertaining to DSD and derive values for highway design. Phase I led to the identification of a hazard avoidance process model as a basis for quantifying decision sight distance. The process includes three elements of information processing-detection recognition and decison-making followed by initial response and vehicle maneuver. The outcome of Phase I was the development of preliminary DSD values based on the estimated times for the various elements of the model as reported in the literature. Phase II: Validate, via highway field study, derived DSD values. In Phase II, 19 subjects drove an instrumented vehicle through eight typical highway situations in order to validate the peliminary values. In general, the results of the field study supported the derived DSD values, with some modifications, and confirmed that decision sight distance is operationally valid. Recommendations are presented on the decision sight distance criteria, and its application for design and traffic operations. (FHWA) KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Highway design KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335953 AU - Rudder, F F AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING GUIDELINES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC-INDUCED VIBRATION PY - 1978/02 AB - These guidelines present a methodology for assessing the potential for adverse environmental impact resulting from seismic vibrations induced by traffic operating on highways. Vehicle/pavement interaction, propagation of vibration, response of building structures and evaluation criteria are presented in quantitative engineering terms. Abatement strategies, measurement, and analysis of traffic-induced vibration are discussed. Pavement surface roughness, vehicle speed, and vehicle gross weight are the important parameters describing traffic-induced vibration. Example problems and analyses are presented. Highway engineers and planners familiar with techniques used to evaluate traffic noise impact should easily understand and use these guidelines. (FHWA) KW - Building KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Propagation KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic vibrations KW - Vehicles KW - Vibration KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328983 AU - CARVELL, J D AU - Whitson, R H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 8. ANALYSIS OF DRIVER REQUIREMENTS FOR INTRACITY TRIPS PY - 1978/02 SP - 34 p. AB - The primary objective of this report is to document a systems analysis conducted to determine driver information requirements for intracity trips in freeway corridors when incidents occur on the freeway. The analysis begins with the pre-trip planning a driver goes through; the decisions which he makes during his trip; and the decisions he makes at his destination. KW - Communication KW - Decision making KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Information systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Route choice KW - Traffic control KW - Urban areas KW - User needs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329095 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 2. STATE-OF-THE-ART: MESSAGES AND DISPLAYS IN FREEWAY CORRIDORS PY - 1978/02 SP - 162 p. AB - The report is a state-of-the-art of real-time motorist information displays for freeway corridors covering a period through February 1975. Emphasis is on messages and displays. Since the emphasis in previous years has been in the visual display mode of communication by the use of changeable message signs, the bulk of the report addresses this area. The last section of the report deals with audio modes. KW - Communication KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Variable message signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329097 AU - McNees, R W AU - Richards, S H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SELECTED ANNOTATIONS: VISUAL SYSTEMS PY - 1978/02 SP - 62 p. AB - The report provides a review of past studies concerned with motorist information presentation using visual displays. The first part of the report presents a bibliography (through 1976) sub-divided into the following topic areas: (A) State-of-the-Art; (B) Laboratory and Questionnaire Studies; (C) Changeable Message Sign Systems; (D) Warning Devices; (E) Route Choice and Diversion; (F) Instrumented Vehicle Studies; (G) Freeway Corridor Operations; and (H) Signing - General. The latter part of the report contains selected annotations of directly relevant studies involving visual information presentation. KW - Bibliographies KW - Communication KW - Corridors KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Laboratory studies KW - Questionnaires KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Reviews KW - Route choice KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Variable message signs KW - Vision KW - Visual aids KW - Visual communication KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328985 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Koppa, R J AU - Edwards, M L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 10. HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC STATE DESCRIPTOR VARIABLES PY - 1978/02 SP - 352 p. AB - The document summarizes the laboratory research findings in eight topic areas dealing with message design criteria associated with traffic state descriptors. Several of the studies were replicated in different regions of the United States. The research objectives dealt with issues of content, format and associated understanding of messages. Among the issues explored were minimum traffic state information requirements; traffic state descriptors; traffic state coding; location and length of congestion; lane blockage descriptors; incident types; and temporal information. KW - Communication KW - Design KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328987 AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Koppa, R J AU - Edwards, M L AU - Dudek, C L AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 12. SUPPLEMENT TO TRAFFIC STATE DESCRIPTORS AND ROUTE DIVERSION AND GUIDANCE STUDIES PY - 1978/02 SP - 212 p. AB - The report contains the experimental designs for the human factors laboratory studies concerned with visual modes of information presentation. Results of these studies are documented in Volumes 10 and 11. KW - Communication KW - Design KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Laboratory studies KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329099 AU - McNees, R W AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 6. QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY OF MOTORIST ROUTE SELECTION CRITERIA PY - 1978/02 SP - 95 p. AB - Two questionnaire surveys were conducted to determine the criteria used by motorists in selecting among alternative routes in typical and route diversion situations. One survey was administered to 215 motorists at rest stops on an interstate leading into a large metropolitan area. The other survey was administered to 202 motorists working in seven CBD firms in another large city. These motorists were commuters and highly familiar with the area. The samples of drivers were asked a series of questions regarding their typical driving habits and their expected or recalled driving behavior in incident-type situations. After each statement of driving behavior, probing questions sought to determine the reasons for such actions in terms of characteristics of the primary or alternate routes. The focus of both questionnaires was to determine the types of information which would be critical to making a route-choice or route-diversion decision. KW - Behavior KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Commuters KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Questionnaires KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Route choice KW - Surveys KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329096 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 3. SUMMARY OF SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1978/02 SP - 88 p. AB - The report contains a summary of real-time motorist information systems in the United States up through 1975. KW - Communication KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Information systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328984 AU - Messer, C J AU - Stockton, W R AU - Mounce, J M AU - Andersen, D A AU - Turner, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 9. A STUDY OF PHYSICAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MOTORIST INFORMATION MATRIX SIGNS PY - 1978/02 SP - 193 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify the physical design requirements of changeable message lamp matrix signs. Design characteristics addressed include sequential and run-on displays, message length, words per line, number of lines, display rates, legibility, bulb loss, and symbolic substitution. Effects of driver workload were also addressed. The studies were conducted first in a laboratory equipped with a rear projection screen and subject response controls. Slides and motion picture film were used with controlled exposures to obtain subject responses. Percent correct response was the evaluation criterion for all variables except symbolic substitution which related to association. Selected laboratory results were subjected to limited field validation in a controlled driving environment. The field studies considered subject performance under both "unloaded" and "loaded" conditions. KW - Communication KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - User needs KW - Variable message signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328986 AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Dudek, C L AU - Edwards, M L AU - Koppa, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 11. HUMAN FACTORS EVALUATION OF ROUTE DIVERSION AND GUIDANCE VARIABLES PY - 1978/02 SP - 300 p. AB - The document summarizes the laboratory research findings in nine topic areas dealing with message design criteria associated with route diversion and guidance. Several of the studies were replicated in different regions of the United States. The research objectives dealt with issues of content, format, and associated understanding of messages to be displayed both on static signs and changeable message signs (CMS). Among the issues explored were advanced signing upstream of an advisory CMS for diversion; understanding of major point diversion sign coding; the content and format of the advisory CMS message for diversion and secondary verbal messages for route assurance; the meaning conveyed by names given to the diversion route; techniques for guidance to multiple destinations and major generators and for guidance when the driver has passed the correct turn; and, finally, regional differences in names for frontage roads and freeways going around or to one side of a city. KW - Communication KW - Design KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Reviews KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329100 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Ratcliff, R H AU - Mayer, G J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 7. ANALYSIS OF DRIVER REQUIREMENTS FOR INTERCITY TRIPS PY - 1978/02 SP - 89 p. AB - The primary objective of this report is to document a systems analysis conducted to determine driver information requirements for intercity trips in freeway corridors when incidents occur on the freeway. The analysis was conducted using a driver task analysis approach that was supplemented with an analysis of information needs during a 1,500-mile trip through six states including travel through eight large cities. Several driver information design issues for real-time visual, audio, and mixed modal displays were identified based on the results of the analysis, a thorough state-of-the-art review, and a questionnaire survey conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute. KW - Communication KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Information systems KW - Intercity travel KW - Needs assessment KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - User needs KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329098 AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS REQUIREMENTS FOR REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. VOLUME 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SELECTED ANNOTATIONS: AUDIO SYSTEMS PY - 1978/02 SP - 45 p. AB - The report provides a review of past studies concerned with motorist information presentation using audio and mixed mode (visual and audio) signing techniques. The first part of the report presents a bibliography (through 1976) sub-divided into the following topic areas: (A) Real-Time Motorist Information By Audio Systems; (B) Highway Radio Systems; (C) Speech, Hearing, and Communication Techniques; (D) Audio Information: Presentation Rates, Length, Context, Format, Style; and (E) Masking, Loudness, and Audio Intelligibility. The latter part of the report contains selected annotations of directly relevant studies involving audio and mixed mode information presentation. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Bibliographies KW - Communication KW - Communication systems KW - Display devices KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Reviews KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322716 AU - Rudder, F F AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT FROM TRAFFIC INDUCED VIBRATIONS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/02 SP - 12 p. AB - The executive summary describes the characterization, description and parameters governing traffic-induced vibration. Normal traffic operating conditions may induce perceptable vibrations in buildings. Building occupants, as a result, may complain of both annoyance and building damage. For this to occur, the highway must be close to the receiver. Hence, traffic-induced vibration is generally an urban concern. Concepts and engineering disciplines required to evaluate traffic-induced vibration are identical to traffic noise analysis. Measurement and data reduction of traffic-induced vibration may require additional instrumentation beyond that normally used in traffic noise studies. References to the engineering reports describing details of the analysis procedures are included in this summary. (FHWA) KW - Annoyance KW - Measurement KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic vibrations KW - Urban areas KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195582 AU - Hellriegel, E J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation TI - AN EVALUATION OF EXPANDED METAL GLARE SCREEN ON THE NEW JERSEY CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1978/02 SP - 23 p. AB - This report is an evaluation of the experimental use of expanded metal mesh as a glare screen. The installation consisted of several types of mesh of slightly varying heights mounted on the concrete median barrier, Route 22, Scotch Plains, New Jersey. A description of the designs, methods of installation, observation and accident statistics are presented. Nighttime observations supported by motion pictures demonstrate the reduction in headlight glare while favorable letters sent to the department by motorists attest to the increased driving comfort level. The decrease in the nighttime accident rate although of weak statistical significance indicates that the glare screen is effective in reducing accidents. The glare screen did not act as a snow fence or collect litter nor was it damaged by loose tarps, ropes, etc. Although two systems are available for immediate implementation another installation of greater magnitude for comparative analysis is recommended before incorporation into the standard construction details. It further recommends development of warrants for the placement of glare screening for medial or other locations. /FHWA/ KW - Comfort KW - Crash rates KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Median barriers KW - Night KW - Screens KW - Vision KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00195585 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Peterson, D E AU - McBride, J C AU - Shepherd, L W AU - Utah Department of Transportation TI - FIELD VERIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE VESYS IIM STRUCTURAL SUBSYSTEM IN UTAH PY - 1978/02 SP - 102 p. AB - The study was initiated to verify the VESYS IIM flexible pavement design model on pavements in service, make changes in the program where appropriate, and determine the most effective methdos of implementing the procedure in Utah. Original materials for each pavement analyzed were obtained for sample preparation simulating conditions at the time of the initial design. Pavement performance predictions were thus generated using the VESYS IIM program for comparison with actual performance measurements. The rutting and PSI predictions were found to be adequate, with the measured values falling within the 95% confidence intervals in most cases. The program was somewhat effective in predicting the general magnitude of fatigue cracking. Due to the type and length of the testing involved in the procedure, it would be difficult to design each new pavement individually using the VESYS program at this time. It is more feasible to use the procedure to improve pavement designs in an indirect manner, investigating general design parameters. One such application has been done on the gradation used in Utah's pavements, and is described in this report. Hopefully, the program can be used to design individual pavements at some future date. The use of the VESYS IIM design procedure should enhance the view of the pavement design engineer, allowing him to select the most economical design. This should reduce costs in the areas of construction, materials, maintenance and user expenditures. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Computer aided design KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189356 AU - Lysagth, M J AU - Rich, T R AU - Amicon Corporation TI - EPOXY STRIPING FOR IMPROVED DURABILITY PY - 1978/02 SP - 140 p. AB - A new series of fast-curing, solvent-free epoxy and urethane compounds for traffic lane markings of improved durability were developed in the laboratory and limited field tested. Of this series, three epoxy formulations (E-3, E-10, and E-26) gave, compared to alkyd-based and thermoplastic striping materials, excellent visibility and durability on either aged or fresh portland cement concrete and bituminous surfaces in film thicknesses from 7 to 60 mils. These three epoxies were two-component, solvent-free systems with no track times of less than three minutes on ambient roadway surfaces starting with safe and relatively low mixture temperatures of 70 to 85 Deg C. Durability was determined by outdoor exposure panels, by a new type of laboratory-simulated wear tester developed during the program, and by examination of stripes applied to highways in Massachusetts and Maine. Simulated laboratory tests wre correlated with actual highway tests to demonstrate the effects of weather, temperature, tire, tire stud, and snowplow on stripe durability and bead loss. /FHWA/ KW - Beading KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marking KW - Snowplows KW - Striping KW - Studded tires KW - Tires KW - Urethane KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00190592 AU - Darter, M I AU - WILKEY, P L AU - Ahlfield, S R AU - Wasill, R G AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF EMULSIFIED ASPHALT-AGGREGATE COLD MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1978/02 SP - 155 p. AB - The development of an emulsified asphalt-aggregate cold mixture (EAM) design procedure is described. The procedure is based on extensive laboratory and field testing, and uses the Marshall stability equipment and a capillary soak test. The procedure consists of conducting aggregate and emulsion quality tests, determining the compatibility of emulsion and aggregate (coating), optimum moisture content at mixing and at compaction, optimum residual asphalt content, and adequacy of structural and durability properties of the mixture. The mix design procedure is intended to be practical and easily implementable by governmental agencies and others. Several mix designs for actual projects were conducted to aid in verification. Results show the procedure to be practical and reasonable. The study has shown that emulsified asphalt-aggregate cold mixtures are complex, and good engineering design is essential to achieve consistently satisfactory results. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Durability KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-022.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/82490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185288 AU - Chang, J C AU - California Department of Transportation TI - LONG TERM FIELD BEHAVIOR OF A REINFORCED EARTH WALL PY - 1978/02 SP - 75 p. AB - This interim report presents the additional field data observed from November 1974, through June, 1977 at the reinforced earth wall on Route 39 in Los Angeles County. The field instrumentation was installed between August and October, 1972 for a previous research project. The additional data collected since November, 1974 indicated that the south wing of the reinforced earth wall has moved continuously outward. The strains in some of the steel strips have also increased continuously and now exceed the proportional limit. It is believed that this excessive straining is related to the following factors: additional load from the continous deposit of slide debris on top of and behind the wall, additional seepage pressure behind the wall because the subsurface drainage system may have been disrupted due to large vertical and horizontal movements of the foundation slide debris and percolation of surface runoff from behind the wall directly through the fill rather than the cross drain, and portions of the toe berm for the south wing of the reinforced earth wall and the embankment slope below the wall have been eroded by several winter storms. /FHWA/ KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Embankments KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Seepage KW - Slopes KW - Steel KW - Storms KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strip KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage systems KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185265 AU - Vailand, J K AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF PREDICTIVE COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN THE DESIGN OF NOISE BARRIERS--A BEFORE AND AFTER APPROACH PY - 1978/02 SP - 92 p. AB - A digital data acquisition systems has been designed to meet the need for a long duration noise analysis capability. By sampling the DC outputs from sound level meters, it has been possible to make twenty-four hour or longer recordings, in contrast to the one-hour recordings on seven-inch analog tap reels. The system is made up of a digital tape recorder, an analog-to-digital converter, an outdoor microphone unit, a weatherproofed microphone, two B&K sound level meters, and other miscellaneous equipment. It has the capability of recording and analyzing data from up to eight channels in linear or decibel format. The operation of the system in terms of its setup, calibration, and the recording of digitized signals, as well as the computer programs used to analyze the signals, are described in this report. Listings of computer programs and of a sample problem are supplied in the appendixes. /FHWA/ KW - Before and after studies KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Measurement KW - Noise barriers KW - Sound level UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36325/78-R32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178778 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - DISTRIBUTION OF VOIDS IN FIELD CONCRETE PY - 1978/02 SP - 31 p. AB - This study was intended to evaluate the void characteristics of concrete in an attempt to identify quantitatively or semiquantitatively different types of voids and to predict their influence on strength and durability. Parameters of the void system were related to the combined effect of the water-cement ratio and air content of the concrete. However, within the framework of this study a satisfactory relationship was not established. Measures of freezing and thawing durability; weight loss, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and the surface rating were correlated to certain parameters of the void system and satisfactory correlation coefficients were obtained. Also a satisfactory relationship between the air contents of fresh and hardened concretes that were properly measured were established. KW - Air content KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Hardened concrete KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Polymer concrete KW - Strength of materials KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36303/78-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/70995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180826 AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF PCC PAVEMENTS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1978/02 SP - 36 p. AB - A rating system based on present serviceability index (PSI) was used to rate and periodically rerate some 130 individual concrete saving projects of various ages. Indications are that many of the pavements will last 30 years or longer, but a few will fail in less than 20 years. Average ratings of new pavements, based on 20 projects, was about 4.3 PSI, which was disappointingly low. Discussed in the report are various features affecting pavement performance, such as joints, cracks, and surface texture. An end result type specification for weakened plane joints, which has been successfully implemented on several projects, is included. KW - California KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Service life KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178785 AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - DESIGN OF OVERLAYS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS BASED ON AASHTO ROAD TEST DATA PY - 1978/02 SP - 21 p. AB - The need for a suitable method of designing the thickness of overlays and predicting the performance of the overlaid pavement has recently been recognized. The AASHTO Road Tests included studies on 99 overlays, but they failed to produce conclusive results and hence provided no guidance for overlay designs. In the present investigation the raw data on the 99 overlays tested at the AASHTO Road Tests were evaluated. In the process, the raw data on the pavements that were overlaid also had to be evaluated. A relationship between pavement serviceability, 18-kip equivalents, and the thickness index of the pavements before the overlay was determined and was found to apply to the overlaid pavements. Based on this relationship, the strength Coefficient of the overlay was determined and a method of designing the thickness of an overlay was developed. This design method does not require the use of pavement deflection data by which the thickness of overlays are usually designed. KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Serviceability KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36316/78-R37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00186151 AU - Dynatrend, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM ON STATE AND LOCAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION. PHASE I REPORT PY - 1978/01/17 SP - 111 p. AB - An evaluation of the impact of the Federal-aid highway program was made on the State highway programs of Illinois, Kentucky, Nevada, and New York. The framework for the study is a case study approach to state highway finance, highway project designs, and project development procedures through surveys of state highway organizations. Impacts associated with varying Federal funding levels and program structures in each of the states are identified. This is a report on Phase I of the study, to be followed by a Phase II final report. KW - Construction KW - Cost engineering KW - Design standards KW - Economic assistance KW - Economic impacts KW - Engineering costs KW - Federal aid KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Illinois KW - Kentucky KW - Local government KW - Nevada KW - New York (State) KW - Road construction KW - Roads KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00179865 AU - McMichael, K L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - QUANTITATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS PY - 1978/01/03 SP - 93 p. AB - The study attempted to correlate measured X-ray intensities with concentrations of each member of paint pigment systems, thereby establishing calibration curves for the quantitative analysis of such systems. The results showed the instrument is useful as intended, provided paint standards are obtained and the analyses are proven accurate for each specification prior to use. /FHWA/ KW - Calibration KW - Diffraction KW - Paint KW - Pigments KW - Quantitative analysis KW - X ray fluorescence KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20114.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/74676 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280614 TI - EQUILIBRE DYNAMIQUE LATERAL DES DEUX ROUES AU VOISINAGE DE LA LIGNE DROITE AB - LE BUT POURSUIVI EST DE COMPRENDRE L'ENSEMBLE DE LA DYNAMIQUE DES DEUX ROUES ET D'EVALUER L'INFLUENCE DES PARAMETRES DE CONCEPTION AFIN D'AMELIORER LE COMPORTEMENT DES DEUX ROUES DANS DES SITUATIONS CRITIQUES. APRES UNE ETUDE DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE EXISTANTE SUR L'ACCIDENTOLOGIE ET LA DYNAMIQUE DES DEUX ROUES, ON A ABORDE, DANS UN PREMIER TEMPS, L'ETUDE DE L'EQUILIBRE DYNAMIQUE LATERAL DES DEUX ROUES. POUR CELA, UN MODELE LINEAIRE SIMPLIFIE A ETE REALISE ET LES VALEURS NUMERIQUES DES PARAMETRES A PRENDRE EN COMPTE ONT ETE RECUEILLIES POUR UN VEHICULE. SUR LE MODELE AINSI REALISE, SERA ETUDIEE L'INFLUENCE DE PARAMETRES DE CONCEPTION DU VEHICULE SUR L'EQUILIBRE LATERAL POUR DIVERSES CONFIGURATIONS DE FONCTIONNEMENT (DIRECTION BLOQUEE, LIBRE, CONDUCTEUR PASSIF OU ACTIF). KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Deux roues a moteur KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycles KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Stabilite du vehicule UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041731 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280613 TI - STABILITE LATERALE D'UN ENSEMBLE VOITURE-CARAVANE AB - LE BUT POURSUIVI A ETE L'ANALYSE DE L'INFLUENCE DE PARAMETRES DE CONCEPTION SUR LA STABILITE LATERALE EN VUE D'UNE AMELIORATION DU COMPORTEMENT DE CES ENSEMBLES. UNE ANALYSE DE LA BIBLIOGRAPHIE CONCERNANT CES VEHICULES A ETE ENTREPRISE SUR LE PLAN :- DE L'ACCIDENTOLOGIE - DE LA MODELISATION ET DE L'INFLUENCE DES FACTEURS DE CONCEPTION SUR LA DYNAMIQUE. UNE ADAPTATION DU MODELE POIDS LOURD A ETE EFFECTUEE ET LES PROGRAMMES MODIFIES POUR ETUDIER L'ENSEMBLE VEHICULE LEGER + CARAVANE. LE MODELE REALISE SERA EXPLOITE POUR ETUDIER L'INFLUENCE DE PARAMETRES DE CONCEPTION SUR LA STABILITE LATERALE ET PROPOSER UNE OPTIMISATION DU COMPORTEMENT. KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Projet de recherche KW - Remorque KW - Research projects KW - Stabilite du vehicule KW - Trailers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041730 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270713 TI - CONSTITUTION D'UN INDICATEUR DE CIRCULATION URBAINE AB - L'OBJET DE L'ETUDE EST DE METTRE AU POINT UNE PROCEDURE OPERATIONNELLE POUR DEFINIR ET CALCULER UN INDICATEUR NATIONAL DE CIRCULATION ET DE DISPOSER DES ELEMENTS PERMETTANT DE MODULER LE COUT ET LA PRECISION DU SONDAGE. KW - Circulation KW - Debit (trafic) KW - Methode KW - Methodology KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031816 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288153 TI - FUEL CONSUMPTION OF PRIVATE CARS T2 - LA CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT DES VOITURES PARTICULIERES AB - TO DETERMINE A CORRECTION COEFFICIENT FOR THE FUEL CONSUMPTION OF PRIVATE CARS AS A FUNCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. KW - Air KW - Air KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel consumption KW - Research project KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049326 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288143 TI - LATERAL DYNAMIC STABILITY OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES TRAVELLING IN A STRAIGHT LINE T2 - EQUILIBRE DYNAMIQUE LATERAL DES DEUX ROUES AU VOISINAGE DE LA LIGNE DROITE AB - THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH IS TO UNDERSTAND ALL DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES AND TO EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING THE BEHAVIOUR OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES IN CRITICAL SITUATIONS. AFTER A STUDY OF THE EXISTING BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ACCIDENTS AND TWO-WHEELED VEHICLE DYNAMICS, A FIRST INVESTIGATION WILL BE MADE OF THE LATERAL DYNAMIC STABILITY OF THE MACHINES. A SIMPLIFIED LINEAR MODEL WILL BE DERIVED, AND THE PARAMETERS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WILL BE MEASURED ON A VEHICLE WITH THE ABOVE MODEL, THE INFLUENCE OF LOCKED STEERING, FREE STEERING, PASSIVE OR ACTIVE DRIVER ON THE STABILITY OF THE VEHICLE WILL BE STUDIED AS A FUNCTION OF THE DESIGN. KW - Driving KW - Handling characteristics KW - Motorcycle KW - Motorcycles KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049316 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288142 TI - LATERAL STABILITY OF A CAR-CARAVAN UNIT T2 - STABILITE LATERALE D'UN ENSEMBLE VOITURE-CARAVANE AB - THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH IS TO ANALYZE THE INFLUENCE OF THE DESIGN PARAMETERS ON THE LATERAL STABILITY WITH A VIEW TO IMPROVING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THESE SYSTEMS. A BIBLIOGRAPHIC STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED OF: ACCIDENTS; USE OF MODELS AND INFLUENCE OF DESIGN FACTORS ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE SYSTEM. A HEAVY VEHICLE MODEL WILL BE ADAPTED, AND PROGRAMS WILL BE MODIFIED FOR THE STUDY OF THE LIGHTWEIGHT VEHICLE + CARAVAN SYSTEM. THE MODEL DERIVED WILL BE USED TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS ON THE LATERAL STABILITY AND TO PROPOSE OPTIMIZATION OF BEHAVIOUR. KW - Driving KW - France KW - France KW - Handling characteristics KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Trailer KW - Trailers KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049315 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288129 TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF AN URBAN TRAFFIC INDEX T2 - CONSTITUTION D'UN INDICATEUR DE CIRCULATION URBAINE AB - TO DEVELOP AN OPERATIONAL PROCEDURE TO DEFINE AND COMPUTE A NATIONAL TRAFFIC INDEX, AND TO MAKE AVAILABLE FACTORS FOR ESTIMATING THE COST AND PRECISION OF SURVEYS. KW - Coefficients KW - Index (coefficient) KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049302 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288124 TI - APPLICATION OF MICROPROCESSORS TO TRAFFIC T2 - APPLICATION DES MICROPROCESSEURS DANS LE DOMAINE DU TRAFIC AB - MICROPROCESSORS ARE NOW USED EXTENSIVELY IN A LARGE NUMBER OF FIELDS. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO STUDY THEIR POSSIBLE APPLICATION TO ROAD TRAFFIC, ESPECIALLY IN COLLECTING AND PROCESSING TRAFFIC DATA. KW - Digital computer KW - Digital computers KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Micro KW - Micro KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Traffic KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049297 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01288112 TI - DYNAMIC ORGANIZATION OF URBAN JOURNEYS T2 - GESTION DYNAMIQUE D'ITINERAIRES URBAINS AB - IN TOWNS, AT PEAK HOUR, THERE ARE UNUSED POSSIBILITIES WHICH COULD BE USED TO DESIGN RELIEF OPERATIONS SUCH AS DIVERSION ITINERARIES USED IN RURAL AREAS. THE OBJECT OF THE RESEARCH IS: (1) TO EXAMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF SUCH RELIEF OPERATIONS; (2) TO STUDY METHODS OF IMPLEMENTING THEM; (3) TO STUDY MEANS OF COMMUNICATING WITH DRIVERS. KW - Capacity (road, footway) KW - Diversion (road) KW - Highway capacity KW - Peak hour KW - Peak periods KW - Research project KW - Research projects KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban area KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1049285 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280602 TI - APPLICATION DES MICROPROCESSEURS DANS LE DOMAINE DU TRAFIC AB - LES APPLICATIONS DES MICROPROCESSEURS SE DEVELOPPENT ACTUELLEMENT DANS TOUS LES DOMAINES. L'OBJET DE CETTE RECHERCHE A ETE D'ETUDIER LES APPLICATIONS POSSIBLES DE CES MATERIELS DANS LE TRAFIC ROUTIER, NOTAMMENT POUR LE RECUEIL ET LE TRAITEMENT DES MESURES DE TRAFIC. KW - Calculateur numerique KW - Circulation KW - Digital computers KW - Measurement KW - Mesure KW - Micro KW - Micro KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041719 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270717 TI - LA CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT DES VOITURES PARTICULIERES AB - DETERMINATION D'UN COEFFICIENT DE CORRECTION DE LA CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT DES VOITURES PARTICULIERES EN FONCTION DES CONDITIONS ATMOSPHERIQUES. KW - Air KW - Air KW - Automobiles KW - Consommation de carburant KW - Fuel consumption KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031820 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257646 TI - GESTION DYNAMIQUE D'ITINERAIRES URBAINS AB - DANS LES VILLES, MEME EN PERIODE DE SATURATION, IL PEUT EXISTER DES CAPACITE INEMPLOYEES ET IL SERAIT INTERESSANT DE POUVOIR EN TIRER PARTI EN UTILISANT DES METHODES INSPIREES DES OPERATIONS DE DELESTAGE PRATIQUEES EN RASE CAMPAGNE. L'OBJET DE CETTE RECHERCHE EST : - D'EXAMINER LA FAISABILITE DE TELS DELESTAGES - D'ETUDIER DES METHODES PERMETTANT DE LES METTRE EN OEUVRE - D'ETUDIER LES MOYENS DE COMMUNICATION AVEC LES CONDUCTEURS NECESSAIRES POUR CES DELESTAGES. KW - Bypasses KW - Capacite (route) KW - Heure de pointe KW - Highway capacity KW - Peak periods KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Signalisation KW - Signalization KW - Urban areas KW - Voie de contournement KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104930 AU - Paul, Harold R AU - Temple, William H AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of an Asphalt-Treated Drainage Blanket in a Rigid Pavement Section PY - 1978/01//Final Report SP - 42p AB - This study was undertaken to develop a permeable yet stable, asphalt-treated, layer shoulder drainage system for a typical pavement section. Stability and permeability characteristics of several mixes were evaluated in the laboratory. Two installations were constructed in North Louisiana on Interstate 20 using the design criteria established by the laboratory findings. Field evaluations consisted of Dynaflect testing for stability, permeability tests, and a visual evaluation of excavated sections of the drainage blanket. Faulting measurements were taken on the pavement joints adjacent to drainage blanket No. 2 and on the corresponding joints on the opposite-bound pavement to determine pavement-related performance of the drainage blanket. A permeable and stable asphalt-treated shoulder drainage system was constructed as determined by performance criterion. Faulting measurements showed that improved pavement performance could be directly related to the installation of the drainage system. The favorable results of this study provided the stimulus for further investigations in the field of surface water drainage. A full-roadway-width drainage blanket and a perforated pipe underdrain system were both examined in an experimental basis. The relevancy of these systems to the subject of this report dictate their inclusion in the form of appendices. KW - Drainage KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Perforated pipe KW - Permeability KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20117.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180793 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING METHODS FOR ASPHALT-RUBBER PY - 1978/01 SP - 95 p. AB - 'Asphalt-rubber' is a mixture of asphalt and fine grindings from rubber tires. The blend is called asphalt-rubber since the amount of rubber used and the characteristics of the blend are quite different than those reported in the asphalt paving literature. Tests performed on a blend of asphalt-rubber were (a) ductility with variable elongation rate and temperature, and (b) absolute viscosity with variable temperature. The major portion of the study was devoted to developing equipment and test procedures for evaluating the use of asphalt-rubber as a strain attenuating layer to minimize reflection cracking in asphaltic concrete. Two test procedures were used to obtain the response of the asphalt-rubber layer when subjected to an increasing axial shearing force and also to a repeated transverse shearing force. The results of the testing program are used to discuss the possible reasons for the successful use of asphalt-rubber as a strain attenuating layer in asphalt overlay or new construction. KW - Asphalt KW - Building materials KW - Ductibity KW - Elastomers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Shear tests KW - Tires KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00176005 AU - Mirza, J F AU - Tawfik, M E AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTATION OF TENSILE STRESS IN PRESTRESSED MEMBERS DUE TO CABLE RESTRAINT DURING DETENSIONING PY - 1978/01 SP - 44 p. AB - The report supplements a previous study (Project ERSD-110-75-6, Highway Research Program, N.C. State University) concerned with end cracking of prestressed concrete girders during cable release. A computer program is developed that will assist in the computation of tension stress due to cable restraint during detensioning, the primary cause of the end cracks. In addition when high tensile stress is unavoidable rational procedures for sheathing some of the cables to reduce tension are described. A parametric study indicates that this tensile stress is of permissible magnitude when the ratio of the length of the cable at each end to the casting bed length is 5% or higher. KW - Computer programs KW - Fabrication KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/69918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766197 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program AU - National Research Council TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1978/01 SP - 32 p. AB - Low-volume rural (LVR) roads, those carrying 400 vehicles per day or less, are the backbone of the U.S. rural economy. Because they are the largest single class of highway, objective guidelines for their design and operation are imperative to achieve a reasonable balance between cost and safety effectiveness. The objectives of this research were to evaluate existing geometric design and traffic control guidelines, requirements, and criteria with regard to their applicability and relevancy to the safety of roads carrying low traffic volumes at normal and reduced speeds; identify design and traffic control elements for which modifications of guidelines should be considered; recommend interim safety guidelines for LVR roads; and develop a systematic approach for collecting additional information related to safety requirements for LVR roads. KW - Center lines KW - Crashes KW - Design speed KW - Design standards KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Landscape design KW - Low volume roads KW - No passing zones KW - Public policy KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Speed signs KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning signs KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335946 AU - Campbell, P G AU - Post, M A AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONTOXIC YELLOW TRAFFIC STRIPING PY - 1978/01 SP - 70 p. AB - A study was carried out to examine the performance characteristics of alternative pigments which might be used in yellow traffic paints if the use of lead chromate were curtailed. Thirty-six yellow traffic paints were prepared using lead chromate and alternative pigments as the yellow color source. Screening tests were used to evaluate the initial color stability and durability characteristics of the paint formulations. The thermal stabilities of selected yellow pigments for use in thermoplastic markings applications were evaluated. Also, outdoor exposures and a small scale field test were used to evaluate the performance of formulations containing lead chromate and alternative pigments. The performance of the alternative organic yellow pigments, as measured by color change under the various exposure conditions, was found to be at least as good as that of lead chromate. (FHWA) KW - Durability KW - Lead compounds KW - Organic coatings KW - Pigments KW - Road marking materials KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319779 AU - Newlon, H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR PRESERVATION AND ADAPTIVE USE OF HISTORIC HIGHWAY STRUCTURES: A TRIAL RATING SYSTEM FOR TRUSS BRIDGES PY - 1978/01 SP - 32 p. AB - Metal truss bridges are uniquely indigenous products of American engineering and construction technology, and in recent years their historic significance has been increasingly recognized along with that of other early engineering structures. Some trusses that warrant inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places require renovation or replacement to meet modern traffic demands. Conflicting requirements of federal preservation and highway safety legislation demand that standards be developed to permit, early in the replacement planning process, objective identification of those trusses that warrant retention because of historic significance. Based upon a statewide survey of metal truss bridges in Virginia, an objective numerical rating system for historic significance has been developed that considers characteristics in three categories: documentation (age and builder), technology, and environmental factors. This system was applied to 58 bridges selected from approximately 500 surveyed statewide. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway safety KW - Historic preservation KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Standards KW - Technology KW - Traffic loads KW - Truss bridges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36300/36334/78-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308337 AU - Mullowney, W AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENTER BARRIER VISIBILITY STUDY PY - 1978/01 SP - 70 p. AB - A prototype delineation system was developed for installation on concrete median barriers. The visibility of the reflective devices was evaluated with respect to the following factors: the effect of weathering on the reflectivity of the reflectors, the effect of weathering and other destructive forces on the durability of the reflectors, and the effects of vertical placement, opposing headlight glare and wet night conditions on the visibility of an installation. Mounting materials and techniques were evaluated to determine the most durable with respect to weathering and other destructive forces. Eight millimeter color motion pictures were taken of an experimental installation under dry night and wet night conditions. An estimated cost for installing median barrier delineators was calculated separately for curves and tangents. /FHWA/ KW - Concrete structures KW - Durability KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Location KW - Median barriers KW - Moisture content KW - Placement KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Visibility KW - Weathering KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302200 AU - Crossley, R W AU - Beckwith, G H AU - Sergent, Hauskins & Beckwith, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBGRADE ELASTIC MODULUS FOR ARIZONA PAVEMENTS--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/01 SP - 31 p. AB - Elastic modulus of subgrade is an important input parameter in the newly developed rational methods for the design of pavements. In order to provide guidance for the selection of realistic values of E sub s for pavement design in Arizona, testing was performed at five field sites typical of Arizona subgrades. Testing involved plate bearing tests, refraction seismic, CBR, Dynaflect, and Road Rater. Correlations are made and guidelines are presented for incorporation of the findings into a pavement management system. /FHWA/ KW - California bearing ratio KW - Dynaflect KW - Guidelines KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Plate bearing test KW - Refraction KW - Seismic refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00302201 AU - Crossley, R W AU - Beckwith, G H AU - Sergent, Hauskins & Beckwith, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBGRADE ELASTIC MODULUS FOR ARIZONA PAVEMENTS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/01 SP - 372 p. AB - Elastic modulus of subgrade is an important input parameter in the newly developed rational methods for the design of pavements. In order to provide guidance for the selection of realistic values of E sub s for pavement design in Arizona, testing was performed at five field sites typical of Arizona subgrades. Testing involved plate bearing tests, refraction seismic, CBR, Dynaflect, and Road Rater. Correlations are made and guidelines are presented for incorporation of the findings into a pavement management system. /FHWA/ KW - California bearing ratio KW - Dynaflect KW - Guidelines KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Plate bearing test KW - Refraction KW - Seismic refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/142390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00189353 AU - Courage, K G AU - University of Florida, Gainesville TI - IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF A MOVING MERGE CONTROL SYSTEM IN TAMPA PY - 1978/01 SP - 99 p. AB - This report describes the configuration and evaluation of an automated moving merge control system in Tampa, Florida. The project was undertaken as a cooperative effort between the Federal Highway Administration, the Florida Department of Transportation and the City of Tampa. An evaluation of the system was performed by the University of Florida Transportation Research Center. The report covers the system configuration, as it was installed in Tampa, and the studies which were carried out to determine the effectiveness of the operation. Specific studies, included operational performance measures, driver stress, merge area accident experience, public acceptance surveys and cost/benefit comparisons. /FHWA/ KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Merging control KW - Merging control system KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Reaction time KW - Stress (Psychology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/81752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00188969 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEW, REINFORCED CONCRETE, BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL-VOLUME 1-DESIGN PY - 1978/01 SP - n.p. AB - A two-span, continuous, reinforced concrete, box girder bridge, with supports skewed 45 degrees, is to be modeled at a scale of 1:2,82, instrumented and tested at the University of California, Berkeley, to assess anomalies in structural behavior by comparison with previously observed behavior of a straight and curved models of the same scale, on orthogonal and radial supports, respectively. In particular, it is desirable to explore variations in support reactions from those observed for structures on normal supports and large diminutions in longitudineal girder resisting moments evidenced by analysis with a finite element program, called CELL, by means of which the model was designed. Methods used in the model design are described in detail in this preliminary report. As an example of the diminution of resisting moments noted above, this model design indicates a quantity of main longitudinal reinforcing bars (#4 bars simulating #11 bars in the prototype) about 81% of that used in the straight model on orthogonal supports. /FHWA/ KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Resisting moments KW - Skew bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/84722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185262 AU - Hufferd, W L AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Utah, Salt Lake City TI - ANALYSIS OF N-LAYERED VISCOELASTIC PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1978/01 SP - 220 p. AB - The primary response model programmed in the VESY II-M pavement design and analysis structural subsystem provides for the solution of a three-layered viscoelastic pavement system only. This report modifies this primary response model by extending the solution for stresses, strains, and deflections, to an N-Layered viscoelastic system for any value of Poisson's ratio. An approximate probabilistic solution for the N-Layered viscoelastic system is also presented in closed form. A rut-depth prediction model which uses simplified laboratory characterization tests is developed. The resulting pavement design and analysis models are structured into a set of modular subsystems which provide for easy replacement and incorporation of improved components in any one of the subsystems. An initial concept to optimize the procedure for the design of flexible pavement systems is also presented. The primary response model for the N-Layered pavement system developed in this report has been incorporated into the VESY II-M computer code. This modified code, known as VESYS G, is presented in FHWA-RD-77-117, "VESYS G--A Computer Program for Analysis of N-Layered Flexible Pavements," Georgia Institute of Technology, James S. Lai, April 30, 1977. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Concepts KW - Depth KW - Flexible pavements KW - Innovation KW - Pavement design KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Simulation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Viscoelastic materials KW - Viscoelastic media UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00185261 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated TI - EFFECTS ON FLEXIBLE HIGHWAYS OF INCREASED LEGAL VEHICLE WEIGHTS USING VESYS IIM PY - 1978/01 SP - 215 p. AB - This report provides results of a detailed study to estimate lifetime costs for flexible pavements as a function of legal axle limits using an improved version of FHWA Computer Program VESYS IIM. VESYS IIM was modified to include capabilities for: (1) seasonal characterizations of pavement materials, (2) a discretized representation of axle load distribution, and (3) low-temperature cracking predictions. A combined survey of the literature and laboratory testing program was conducted to define the variations in material permanent deformation parametes as important material characteristics vary seasonally with the environment. The resulting data and other information and experience were applied to arrive at input data that would yield realistic performance predictions. A factorial of 64 solutions was obtained using the improved version of VESYS IIM and the input data developed to study the effects of truck traffic consistent with four levels of legal axle limits (18, 20, 22 and 24 kips), two levels of traffic, two levels of pavement section thickness and four environmental zones (Wet-Freeze, Dry-Freeze, Wet-No Freeze and Dry-No Freeze). Where failures were predicted, and ovelay was applied and a new solution obtained until a pavement life of at least 20 years was attained. The initial and overlay costs were estimated and these costs for 20 years of pavement service were related to the legal axle limits. /FHWA/ KW - Axle loads KW - Deformation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Increase KW - Laws KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/77408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183992 AU - Henry, R D AU - Ferlis, R A AU - White, R M AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - APPLICATION OF UTCS FIRST GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE IN NEW ORLEANS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1978/01 SP - 95 p. AB - This report describes an evaluation study of the recently installed computer-based traffic signal control system in New Orleans, Louisiana. The evaluation effort focused on two primary areas: on-street measures of performance, (e.g., is traffic moving more efficiently with the new system than with the old) and, system operations measures of performance, (e.g., do the real-time surveillance, equipment monitoring, and control capabilities result in tangible improvements when compared to that which could be achieved with a conventional system). Emphasis in the study is also placed on the application of UTCS first generation software to control traffic on arterial roadways. The results showed that the two computer based alternatives that were evaluated provided significant improvements in performance with respect to the base case. The time-of-day alternative resulted in an average of 8.8 percent reduction in total vehicle-minutes of network travel during a 14-hour period of each day tested. The traffic responsive alternative provided an 8.5 percent reduction. In addition to this technical report, an executive summary was prepared. /FHWA/ KW - Information processing KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182550 AU - Kenis, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTIVE DESIGN PROCEDURES, VESYS USERS MANUAL--AN INTERIM DESIGN METHOD FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS USING THE VESYS STRUCTURAL SUBSYSTEM PY - 1978/01 SP - 133 p. AB - This manual has been written to provide the pavement manager and design engineer with a ready reference of procedures to predict the structural responses and hence the integrity of flexible pavements. A pavement section of known geometry is chosen, and its behavior over time is predicted by sets of mechanistic models which have been computer programmed. The computer program package known as the VESYS System computes pavement response, distress, and serviceability. Results of the analysis must be compared with sets of decision criteria imposed by the user agency. The analysis process is repeated until the computed levels of pavement behavior over a specified lifetime, meet the established design criteria. The manual is developed so that it can be used with a minimal amount of reference to other materials, however, supporting references are provided throughout and these should be consulted for a better understanding of the methods and concepts presented. As new information and test procedures become available, and refinements are made to the analyses procedures, updated references will also be distributed to replace or be added to the current information. /FHWA/ KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Response KW - Serviceability UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34083/FHWA-RD-77-154.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00183991 AU - Henry, R D AU - Ferlis, R A AU - White, R M AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company TI - APPLICATION OF UTCS FIRST GENERATION CONTROL SOFTWARE IN NEW ORLEANS--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1978/01 SP - 34 p. AB - This report summarizes an evaluation study of the recently installed computer based traffic signal control system in New Orleans, Louisiana. The evaluation effort focused on two primary areas: on-street measures of performance, (e.g., is traffic moving more efficiently with the new system than with the old) and, system operations measures of performance, (e.g., do the real-time surveillance, equipment monitoring, and control capabilities result in tangible improvements when compared to that which could be achieved with a conventional system). Emphasis in the study is also placed on the application of UTCS first generation software to control traffic on arterial roadways. The results showed that both computer based alternatives provided significant improvements in performance with respect to the base case. The time-of-day alternative resulted in an average of 8.8 percent reduction in total vehicle-minutes of network travel during the 14-hour testing period. The traffic responsive alternative provided an 8.5 percent reduction. In addition to this summary report, a final technical report was prepared. /FHWA/ KW - Information processing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00182977 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation TI - BANFIELD FREEWAY HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES APPENDICES PY - 1978/01 SP - 188 p. AB - The first appendix provides the procedures used for monitoring the effects from installing high occupancy vehicle lanes on the Banfield Freeway in Portland, Oregon. The procedure includes study data collection forms, equipment required, personnel required, and task instruction. The studies include volume counts, occupancy counts, truck counts, travel time runs, bus ridership, park and ride lot usage, accidents analyses, and air quality monitoring. The appendices also include the summary of information gathered and the figures that were used to arrive at the conclusions in the main body of the report. /FHWA/ KW - Air pollution KW - Bus transportation KW - Carpools KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Park and ride KW - Personnel KW - Reserved routes KW - Ridership KW - Routes KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/76130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00180807 AU - Bowery, F J AU - Higgins, F T AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF ALTERNATE CAPPING PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE 28 DAY QUALITY ASSURANCE SPECIMENS PY - 1978/01 SP - 60 p. AB - This study is based on a designed experiment to determine the feasibility of using pressure pads in the testing of 28 day concrete test cylinders. The scope of the investigation includes four types of pressure pads (Celotex, Upson Board, Rubber Belt and Steel End Caps with Rubber inserts) as well as the Sulphur Mortar Caps which are intended as the reference standard. The design required 15 batches of concrete to fabricate ten 6 inch x 12 inch concrete cylinder specimens. All batches were made with one aggregate of one gradation, one brand of cement, and cement constants of 5.0, 6.0 and 7.25 bags/cubic yard. Test results indicate that the average concrete compressive strengths are less when tested using either Celotex, Upson Board or Rubber Belt pressure pads than when the specimens are tested with Sulphur Mortar caps. However, the Sulphur Mortar and the Steel End Caps with inserts have about the same strengths. The within-test variations are good to excellent for the Steel End Caps but the other non-standard caps generally show a poor within-test variation. The unit material cost per test for the Steel End Caps with rubber inserts is about the same as the standard and considerably less when equipment purchase price, installation costs, personnel safety and time, and energy costs are considered. The Steel End Caps with rubber inserts are an acceptable alternate for the standard method of capping 28 day concrete test specimens. KW - Capping KW - Caps supports KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Water cement ratio KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/75241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178823 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Murphy, D D AU - University of Missouri, Columbia TI - LOSS OF BOLT TENSION IN STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1978/01 SP - 52 p. AB - Tension in each of sixty 7/8" diameter A-325 structural steel bolts was monitored for a period of 45 days. Primary variables were paint treatments on the clamped plates before insertion of the bolts and tightening method. Two types of red lead and an inorganic zinc paint were applied in varying thicknesses. Both the calibrated-impact-wrench and turn-of-the-nut methods of tightening were used. In bolts tightened by the turn-of-the-nut method, initial tensions were higher and more uniform than in those tightened by the calibrated-impact-wrench method, and could therefore tolerate greater losses without falling below the minimum specified tension. /FHWA/ KW - Bolts KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Metal bridges KW - Paint KW - Steel bridges KW - Tension KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00178802 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson TI - TESTING METHODS FOR ASPHALT-RUBBER, FINAL REPORT-PHASE I PY - 1978/01 SP - 91 p. AB - The study is concerned with laboratory testing of an asphalt and rubber (A-R) mixture with special emphasis towards its use to minimize reflection cracking. Tests on the A-R blend showed that it had higher viscosity at high temperature and lower viscosity at low temperature than did the base 120 pen asphalt. Ductility values at 25, 12.7 and 0.5 deg C ranged from 16 to 29, thus showing good low temperature ductility. Two special tests were developed to compare A-R and RC-250 as tack coats and acting as strain attenuating layers (SAL). A-R was shown to be effective as a SAL in the "horizontal shear test," a static load test. The other new test, a repeated beam deflection test (vertical shear test) was capable of separating the test-response of the A-R and RC tack coats but not for the various application rates of A-R. /FHWA/ KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Deflection tests KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Static loads KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00176761 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dahir, S H AU - Meyer, W E AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - POLISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON ROCK TYPES USED AS AGGREGATE IN BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SURFACES PY - 1978/01 VL - 6 IS - 1 SP - p. 52-59 AB - Bituminous pavement surfaces constructed with aggregates of different rock types, or of the same rock type but from different sources, often exhibit different friction characteristics under comparable traffic conditions. Rock type, abrasive size, number of wheel passes, and contact pressure between surface and tire have been generally recognized as primary factors that control the polishing process. To investigate the relation of these factors to rock properties, but without bias caused by shape and size of the aggregate or by mix design, flat surfaces of six rock types varying in texture and mineral composition were polished in a laboratory procedure. The results indicate that the susceptibility to polishing increases with the softness and homogeneity of the rocks, the fineness of the abrasive, the number of polishing cycles, and increased contact pressure. KW - Abrasives KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Contact pressure KW - Friction KW - Mix design KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Polishing characteristics KW - Pressure KW - Road materials KW - Rocks KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility KW - Testing KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/73290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547293 AU - Thornton, Sam I AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Soil Cement Low Volume Roads in Arkansas PY - 1978///Final Report SP - 92p AB - This report covers an investigation of low volume soil cement roads in Arkansas which, according to District Engineers, have experienced high maintenance costs due to distress. Distress of soil cement roads was minor in many cases. Observed conditions at many of the test sites indicated only longitudinal and transverse cracks which are characteristic of most soil cement stabilized material. In a comparison of a distressed section and a section without distress, unconfined compressive strength of the cement treated base was found to be the best indicator of highway performance. Density of the cement treated base was not a good indicator because high densities were found in the sections with both good and poor performance. KW - Arkansas KW - Cement treated bases KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement distress KW - Soil cement pavements KW - Transverse cracking KW - Unconfined compressive strength UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2048.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513215 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Hospital Loop Road, Lake City : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511374 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1201 at Salter Path : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510736 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-10, 91st Ave to Junction I-10, Phoenix : environmental impact statement PY - 1978///Volumes held: Draft(2v),Dsum, Final(4v); Modeling carbon monoxide and ozone air quality impacts B1 KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295060 ER -