TY - ABST AN - 01280827 TI - LA SECURITE DES ENFANTS A L'INTERIEUR DES VEHICULES : LES PRATIQUES ET LES ATTITUDES AB - POUR MIEUX SUIVRE L'EVOLUTION TECHNIQUE DES DISPOSITIFS DE RETENUE DESTINES AUX ENFANTS ET/OU POUR CONCEVOIR DES DISPOSITIFS NOUVEAUX, IL EST IMPERATIF DE CONNAITRE LA PLACE DE L'ENFANT DANS LES TRANSPORTS AUTOMOBILES SOUS LES DEUX POINTS DE VUE : 1) PHYSIQUE : MODALITE CONCRETE DE L'OCCUPATION DE L'ESPACE INTERIEUR DU VEHICULE PAR LES ENFANTS. 2) PSYCHOLOGIQUE : LES REPRESENTATIONS QUE LES PARENTS SE FONT DE L'ENFANT EN VOITURE ET DE SA SECURITE. PROGRAMME 1980 : IL COMPREND DEUX VOLETS : 1) OBSERVATION DES DISPOSITIONS EN USAGE POUR LE TRANSPORT DES ENFANTS : - AU COURS DES GRANDS TRAJETS - AU COURS DES COURTS TRAJETS (ECOLE, COURSES). 2) ANALYSE DES ATTITUDES DES PARENTS A L'EGARD DE LA SECURITE DES ENFANTS EN VOITURE ET EVALUATION DES MOTIVATIONS ET DES RESISTANCES DES AUTOMOBILISTES A L'EGARD DES DISPOSITIFS DE RETENUES POUR ENFANTS (PAR INTERVIEWS AUPRES D'UN PETIT NOMBRE D'AUTOMOBILISTES). PROGRAMME 1981 : ENQUETE AUPRES D'UN PETIT ECHANTILLON D'AUTOMOBILISTES POUR CARACTERISER LES PROBLEMES PRATIQUES ET PSYCHOLOGIQUES QUE POSE LE TRANSPORT DES ENFANTS EN VOITURE ET L'USAGE DES DISPOSITIFS SPECIAUX DE RETENUES. KW - Automobiles KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Children KW - Enfant KW - Localisation KW - Location KW - Manual safety belts KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334674 AU - DANIEL, W H AU - Freeborg, R P AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPERIOR BLUEGRASSES FOR ROADSIDE TURF PY - 1980/12/31 SP - 38 p. AB - This final report brings to a close research on roadsides begun in 1965, which was built on research on bluegrasses since 1952. The original objective was to develop a cultivar with definite low growth character in order to reduce the need for mowing. During the study it was determined that aggressive spread and competitive ability were necessary to provide more competition to infestations of annual and perennial weeds, even at low nutrition. The "Wabash" cultivar of Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis was identified as plot 1W19N as the sixth generation from a collection of plant 16B made in 1952. It is the result of annual screening of successive generations totaling over 20,000 observed individual seedlings. Wabash is medium green in color, vigorous in spread, drought tolerant, and medium in disease tolerance. It is medium in seed yield. The seed is comparatively small (average) in size-4800 seed/gram. Germination is fast (as any bluegrass) and in laboratory tests ranges from 92-96%. A plant patent, #4453, was granted for Wabash, dated 21 August 79. In three years of roadside tests Wabash has proven desirable for use on roadsides and its incorporation into seed mixtures is anticipated as commercial seed production expands. (Author) KW - Bluegrass KW - Grasses KW - Mowing KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Roadside KW - Seeding KW - Turf KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334977 AU - DANIEL, W H AU - Freeborg, R P AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPERIOR BLUEGRASSES FOR ROADSIDE TURF PY - 1980/12/31 SP - 38 p. AB - This final report brings to a close research on roadsides begun in 1965, which was built on research on bluegrasses since 1975. The original objective was to develop a cultivar with definite low growth character in order to reduce the need for mowing. During the study it was determined that aggressive spread and competitive ability were necessary to provide more competitive to infestations of annual and perennial weeds, even at low nutrition. The "Wabash" cultivar of Kentucky bluegrass Poa paratensis was identified as plot 1W19N as the sixth generation from a collection of plant 16B made in 1952. It is the result of annual screening of successive generations totaling over 20,000 observed individual seedlings. Wabash is medium green in color, vigorous in spread, drouth tolerant, and medium in disease tolerance. It is medium in seed yield. The seed is comparitively small (average) in size--4800 seed/gram. Germination is fast (as any bluegrass) and in laboratory tests ranges from 92-96%. A plant patent, No. 4453, was granted for Wabash, dated 21 August 1979. In three years of roadside tests Wabash has proven desirable for use on roadsides and its incorpoation into seed mixtures is anticipated as commercial seed production expands. (FHWA) KW - Bluegrass KW - Grasses KW - Highway maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Turf KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377229 AU - Smith, D T AU - Appleyard, D AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE RESIDENTIAL STREET ENVIRONMENT--FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/12/01 SP - 149 p. AB - This final report summarizes state of the art research on a broad range of techniques for Residential Street Traffic Control or Traffic Management and specific case study research on applications of the TRRL-developed "road hump" on U.S. residential streets. It also summarizes findings of original research on resident preferences regarding traffic speed and volume on residential streets, on factors which affect drivers' speed choice on residential streets and reviews legal considerations in neighborhood traffic management. (FHWA) KW - Bumps KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Residential areas KW - Speed control KW - State of the art studies KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581028 AU - Zawlocki, Karen Rose AU - Ferguson, John F AU - Mar, Brian W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Survey of Trace Organics in Highway Runoff in Seattle, Washington PY - 1980/12//Interim Report SP - 45p AB - Trace organics were surveyed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for highway runoff samples from two Seattle sites. The characterization of the organics exhibited concentrations of aliphatic, aromatic and complex oxygenated compounds. Vehicles, including exhaust emissions, were concluded to be the source of many of the organics. KW - Exhaust gases KW - Motor vehicles KW - Organic compounds KW - Runoff KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581026 AU - Asplund, Randy L AU - Ferguson, John F AU - Mar, Brian W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Characterization of Highway Runoff in Washington State PY - 1980/12//Interim Report SP - 53p AB - A total of 241 storm events were sampled at ten sites during the first full year of statewide monitoring of highway runoff. Analyses of these data indicate that more than half of the observed solids in this runoff is traced to sanding operations. The total solids loading at each site was correlated with traffic during the storm. The ratio of other pollutants to solids was linear when there was sufficient traffic-generated pollutants to saturate the available solids. KW - Monitoring KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Total suspended solids KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00969832 AU - HOOKS, J M AU - Goughnour, R D AU - Horn, W G AU - Peters, A S AU - Smith, E S AU - Tamaro, G J AU - Thunman, C E AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REPORT ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS IN WESTERN EUROPE, 1979 PY - 1980/12 SP - 197 p. AB - In recent years, considerable interest has developed in the design and construction of slurry trench walls, also known as diaphragm walls. This type of wall construction is applied in several types of subsurface construction, including highway and tunnel projects, as ground support for deep excavations. The diaphragm wall may also serve as an impermeable cut-off wall and also as an integral part of the permanent underground structure. Diaphragm walls have been utilized in the United States for many years, but the technique has been applied much more extensively and for a wider range of purposes in Europe. In order to explore the reasons for this disparity, the International Road Federation organized a study team to conduct an in-depth review of current practice dealing with the design, contracting, and construction of slurry trench walls in Western Europe. The review involved: (1) discussions with designers, constructors, government agencies and university professors; and (2) inspection of the sites of diaphragm walls which have been, or are being built in several Western European countries. In all, 26 projects in five countries were reviewed. This report is a summary of the findings of the study team with regards to the use of diaphragm walls in Western Europe. Each of the 26 projects is described and appropriate illustrations are included. KW - Construction KW - Contracting KW - Design KW - Diaphragm walls KW - Inspection KW - Interviewing KW - State of the practice KW - Study tours KW - Western Europe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/680818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365518 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Peterson, D E AU - Shepherd, L W AU - Sy, C C AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION DESIGN STRATEGIES PY - 1980/12 SP - 154 p. AB - Our highways are deteriorating faster than we are rehabilitating them, and reduced budgets for pavement repair has amplified the problem. This has increased the need for improved decision criteria concerning pavements, and confirms the growing worth of pavement management. This report outlines the groundwork for a comprehensive pavement rehabilitation decision model in Utah. An interface between pavement distress and corrective treatments was established in the study to better identify which rehabilitative techniques are appropriate for a given set of pavement conditions. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Materials management KW - Materials replacement KW - Pavements KW - Seal coats KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337211 AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK AND TRACTOR-TRAILER DYNAMIC RESPONSE SIMULATION PY - 1980/12 SP - 428p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343682 AU - Hayes, C J AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEARING CAPACITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPRESSIBLE CLAYEY AND SILTY FOUNDATION SOILS IN OKLAHOMA PY - 1980/12 SP - 81 p. AB - This study develops a characterization of alluvial soils in two river systems from the surface down to bedrock. Study sites were located in alluvial deposits where fill settlement is a problem. Continuous undisturbed soil samples were taken. Unconfined compression and consolidation tests were run on the soil layers. The field testing included the standard penetration test. Inclinometers were installed in an attempt to determine if creep existed in the weak soil layers of the alluvium. KW - Alluvium KW - Flood plains KW - Geological surveying KW - Oklahoma KW - Properties of materials KW - River basins KW - Soil classification KW - Soil properties KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337271 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL SIGNAL TIMING FOR ARTERIAL SIGNAL SYSTEMS PY - 1980/12 SP - 604p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341194 AU - Hayes, C J AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Water Pollution Control Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEARING CAPACITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPRESSIBLE CLAYEY AND SILTY FOUNDATION SOILS IN OKLAHOMA PY - 1980/12 SP - 73 p. AB - This study develops a characterization of alluvial soils in two river systems from the surface down to bedrock. Study sites were located in alluvial deposits where fill settlement is a problem. Continuous undisturbed soil samples were taken. Unconfined compression and consolidation tests were run on the soil layers. The field testing included the standard penetration test. Inclinometers were installed in an attempt to determine if creep existed in the weak soil layers of the alluvium. (FHWA) KW - Alluvium KW - Bearing capacity KW - Clay soils KW - Compression tests KW - Creep KW - Foundation soils KW - Ground settlement KW - Inclinometers KW - Silts KW - Soil compression tests KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil penetration test KW - Soils KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Unconsolidated soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361543 AU - Sisson, G J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CODING FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR STAMINA 1.0 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION MODEL PROGRAM PY - 1980/12 SP - 48 p. AB - The report describes coding forms for STAMINA 1.0 Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model program (Report No. FHWA-RD-78-138) and instructions for their use. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345768 AU - Sarikelle, S AU - Simon, A L AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERT AND STORM DRAIN OUTLETS. VOLUME I--MODULAR ENERGY DISSIPATORS, INTERNAL ENERGY DISSIPATORS AND ROCK CHANNEL PROTECTION PY - 1980/12 SP - n.p. AB - Results of a three part study related to the development and evaluation of precase modular and internal ring energy dissipators as well as riprap protection at culvert outlets are presented. Part 1 deals with the development of a modular energy dissipator for culvert outlets. Results from laboratory and field studies are detailed to show the performance of this type of dissipator at cantilevered and at grade outlets. Part 2 summarizes results obtained from studies related to the evaluation of internal energy dissipators. The study consisted of field instrumentation of a culvert fitted with peripheral roughness elements and measurement of flows. Part 3 describes studies that were undertaken to evaluate the performance of rock channel protection at culvert outlets. Field data was obtained from 400 culvert sites and coupled with statistical studies in evaluating rock protection schemes used for culvert outlet protection. (FHWA) KW - Culvert outlets KW - Dissipation KW - Ditches KW - Field performance KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory studies KW - Outlets KW - Performance KW - Riprap KW - Rocks KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394477 AU - RYAN, J M AU - Stahr, M T AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - BALTIMORE TRAVEL DEMAND DATASET USER'S GUIDE PY - 1980/12 SP - 132 p. AB - The Baltimore Travel Demand Data Set is a comprehensive set of information describing the travel behavior of 967 households in Baltimore, Maryland. These data were collected in a home interview survey of a representative sample of households in May and June, 1977. Additional data have been appended where appropriate. Table 1 summarizes the information included in the data set. The Guide presents a comprehensive description of the data set. Descriptions of the survey instrument, interview process, and sample selections are included in the overview. The remainder of the Guide is devoted to a detailed description of the variables and their locations in the various files. The appendices include a copy of the survey instrument, a detailed description of the sampling process and a description of level of service data preparation. KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Data collection KW - Households KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379380 AU - Chang, FFM AU - Water and Power Resources Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1980/12 SP - 47 p. AB - This manual presents the resulting equations for determining the hydraulic efficiencies for three grates on a continuous grade and the discharge-depth relationship in a sump condition. The detailed analyses of the hydraulic characteristics, the derivation of the equations, and a comparison of the results with experimental data are included in the Appendix. (FHWA) KW - Bicycles KW - Culvert inlets KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Discharge KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equations KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Manuals KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365646 AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DIAMOND INTERCHANGE PROGRAM: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/12 SP - 86 p. AB - This report describes a traffic control program for diamond interchanges designed for the New York/California Type 170 signal controller. Intended for traffic signal planning and operations, this document presents operational features and general information on the control program. This report is intended for traffic signal operations engineers and similar technical personnel. KW - Computer programs KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interchanges KW - Manuals KW - Operations KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377222 AU - Giguere, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS: A SAMPLING OF CURRENT PRACTICES AND RESEARCH NEEDS PY - 1980/12 SP - 36 p. AB - This report describes a review of current social-economic (SE) impact processes used by six States and six Metropolitan Planning Organizations. The review conducted by representatives of an FHWA Task Force on Social-Economic Impacts identified current practices which are worthy of wider use and areas where SE research is needed. Findings show that considerable variation exists between highway organizations as to in-house capability for conducting SE analyses and to the tools which are applied for identifying and assessing impacts of highway construction and improvement projects. The most universal technique used to identify, assess and mitigate SE impacts is citizen involvement (CI), although the effectiveness of variations of the CI process is not known. Problem areas in socio-economic impact identification, assessment, and mitigation are also discussed. Researchable items which will enhance SE impact analysis by providing techniques, tools, etc., for collecting current and comprehensive SE data and for predicting SE impacts are identified. (FHWA) KW - Data analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Forecasting KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Public participation KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367084 AU - Anderson, D I AU - Peterson, D E AU - Shepherd, L W AU - Sy, C C AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION DESIGN STRATEGIES SN - 500-934(7703) PY - 1980/12 SP - 148 p. AB - Our highways are deteriorating faster than we are rehabilitating them, and reduced budgets for pavement repair has amplified the problem. This has increased the need for improved decision criteria concerning pavements, and confirms the growing worth of pavement management. This report outlines the groundwork for a comprehensive pavement rehabilitation decision model in Utah. An interface between pavement distress and corrective treatments was established in the study to better identify which rehabilitative techniques are appropriate for a given set of pavement conditions. The model developed in this study consists of four phases: 1. pavement condition analysis, 2. potential strategy selection, 3. individual pavement benefit/cost analysis (micro analysis), and 4. collective pavement benefit/cost analysis (macro analysis). A group of pavements are selected for analysis based on their overall condition, and a set of reasonable strategies which could solve the existing problems are identified from the distress-treatment interface. The most cost effective solutions are determined for each pavement using the incremental benefit-cost ratio. These strategies are used to analyze the pavements collectively, and the most cost effective treatments are listed for the overall highway system in order of the highest incremental benefit-cost ratios. (FHWA) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335587 AU - Smith, D T AU - Appleyard, D AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - DKS Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART: RESIDENTIAL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1980/12 SP - 181 p. AB - The research program "Improving The Residential Street Environment" deals with control and restraint or management of traffic on local residential streets. This State of The Art report covers current practices in this field through 1978. The report assesses the performance of various control devices to affect traffic on existing residential streets (as opposed to initial design features of new Subdivisions). Included are diagonal diverters, half-diverters, cul-de-sacs, median barriers, speed bumps and undulations, stop signs, rumble strips and many other measures. The report also details techniques for developing neighborhood traffic control plans including community involvement and technical evaluation elements. (FHWA) UR - http://www.ite.org/traffic/tcstate.asp#sartm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343666 AU - Roskin, M E AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1977 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. PURPOSES OF VEHICLE TRIPS AND TRAVEL PY - 1980/12 SP - 116 p. AB - The report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report describes the purposes of private vehicle trips and travel. Trip purposes are related to the characteristics of households, drivers and vehicles; geographic location; time of day and day of week. Study is made of trends over time in vehicle trip purpose using comparative data from the 1969 NPTS Survey. KW - Automobiles KW - Drivers KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Households KW - Location KW - Passenger transportation KW - Statistics KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33338/33338.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343727 AU - Melancon, J L AU - Bokun, S G AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REEF SHELL EMBANKMENT PY - 1980/12 SP - 75 p. AB - This report discusses a method of constructing an embankment over marshland soils by end-dumping reef shell directly onto the marshland with no other major subgrade preparation. The dumped reef shell is then spread out to form a "floating" embankment over the soft marshland. This report compares the subsidence characteristics of a reef shell embankment with those of a clam shell embankment and determines if such a reef shell embankment would provide adequate structural support for traffic. The report indicates it is physically and economically feasible to construct a reef shell embankment on soft organic marshland soils. A properly constructed reef shell embankment develops into a homogeneous floating slab of substantial stability and strength capable of supporting allowable traffic loads. KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Coral KW - Embankments KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Floating foundations KW - Louisiana KW - Marine deposits KW - Marshes KW - Organic soils KW - Roads KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Shell KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Swamps KW - Traffic loads KW - Trafficability UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20129.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170545 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00334790 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - MAMMANO, F J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CB MOTORIST AID -- STATE OF THE ART PY - 1980/12 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 123-129 AB - Researches conducted by the Federal Highway Administration to investigate the use of the Citizen Band (CB) as a motorist aid and communication system are outlined. The paper discusses CB radios in more detail. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Communication systems KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343664 AU - Sosslau, A B AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1977 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. HOME-TO-WORK TRIPS AND TRAVEL PY - 1980/12 SP - 100 p. AB - The report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report describes home-to-work trips and travel in 1977. The home-to-work trip purpose is explored relative to location, household composition factors such as drivers, income and occupation, and characteristics of travel such as mode of travel, time of day, and vehicle occupancy. Comparisons are made with data from the 1969 NPTS to evaluate trends in home-to-work trips and travel over time. KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Highway transportation KW - Households KW - Income KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Occupations KW - Passenger transportation KW - Statistics KW - Time KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33336/33336.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335992 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Kimball, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPORARY BARRIERS USED IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES PY - 1980/12 SP - 70 p. AB - In and around highway construction zones, delineation devices as well as barriers are used to control and restrict the flow of traffic. The need for positive, containing barriers was recognized by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The FHWA further recognized that many temporary barrier devices were being used without documented performance. Accordingly, four temporary barriers were selected for crash test evaluation: (1) 25x25 cm(10"x10") timber barrier; (2) W-beam/barrel barrier; (3) Type X curb; (4) Stacked timber barrier. These barriers were subjected to controlled impacts with full size 2040-kg (4500-lb) cars impacting at angles from 7 to 15 degrees at speeds from 56 km/h (35 mph) to 90 km/h (56 mph). Results indicate the first and third barrier designs had minimal redirection/containment capacity, and performance was judged to be poor. The W-beam/barrel concept performed well during a 72 km/h (45 mph), 15-deg angle impact, but performance was unsatisfactory for 55 mph (88 km/h), 15-deg angle. The stacked timber barrier provided smooth redirection for both 35 mph (56 km/h) and 50 mph (80 km/h) impacts. (FHWA) KW - Barrier types KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Redirection KW - Road construction KW - Road markings KW - Speed KW - Temporary KW - Testing KW - Timber KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic speed KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168825 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00334787 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Roberts, K M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA HIGHWAY DRIVING SIMULATOR PY - 1980/12 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 97-102 AB - This article gives an overview of the evolution of driving simulators developed to study driver-roadway interactions and summarizes the highway driving simulator procurement and design. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Simulation KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361542 AU - Bowlby, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SNAP 1.1--A REVISED PROGRAM AND USER'S MANUAL FOR THE FHWA LEVEL 1 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION COMPUTER PROGRAM PY - 1980/12 SP - 137 p. AB - The report documents revisions to the SNAP 1.0 (Simplified Noise Analysis Program) computer program for using the FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model. It is also a user's manual for the SNAP 1.1 program, complete with coding sheets and sample problems. SNAP 1.1 contains no acoustical changes from SNAP 1.0, but is easier to use. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349480 AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Epps, J A AU - Little, D M AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING AGENTS FOR RECYCLED BITUMINOUS BINDERS PY - 1980/12 SP - 386 p. AB - Salvaged asphalt treated pavement materials were obtained, analyzed and combined with recycling agents. Laboratory tests were performed on the field aged mixtures, field aged asphalts, recycling agents, aged asphalt-recycling agent blends and recycled mixtures. Results from these tests suggest that recycling agents can restore aged asphalts to desired consistency levels and can be used to produce recycled mixtures with acceptable properties. However, the type of recycling agent and the nature of the aged asphalts will determine the temperature susceptibility of the blended binder. Potential aged asphalt-recycling agent compatibility problems exist. Tests and/or criterion need to be developed to more accurately recognize this potential problem. In the interim a laboratory oven aging test conducted on the blend of the aged asphalt and recycling agent is suggested for use. Recycled mixture properties can be adjusted by controlling the amount of recycling agent added. The properties of recycled mixtures are dependent upon the method and temperature of sample preparation as the blending of the recycling agent with the aged asphalt is both time and temperature dependent. Pavement performance has been predicted from existing pavement design methods using recycled mixture characterization data. A recommended specification for recycling agents and a method for the design of recycled mixtures is contained in the report. (FHWA) KW - Aging KW - Binders KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Blending KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Specifications KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365017 AU - Jones, I S AU - Baum, A S AU - Calspan Field Services, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN UTILITY POLE ACCIDENT PROBLEM PY - 1980/12 SP - 162 p. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the extent of the utility pole accident problem in urban/suburban areas and to identify factors which affect the probability of their occurrence and their severity so that potential countermeasures to the problem could be evaluated. Police reports for 1975 were obtained for over 8,000 single vehicle accidents occurring in twenty urban/suburban areas throughout the United States; to supplement the police reported data, each accident site was visited and inventoried to record such data as utility pole spacing and offset, and relevant highway characteristics, etc. By comparing utility pole accidents to a sample of other single vehicle accidents not involving pole contact, parameters which affect the probability of pole contact were identified; these included - in order of their relative importance - the number of poles in the immediate roadside environment, their offset, road grade, road path, and speed limit. Possible countermeasures to the utility pole accident problem were evaluated on a cost-effective basis. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Evaluation KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Offsets (Traffic signal timing) KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Recommendations KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Spacing KW - Speed limits KW - Suburbs KW - Surveying KW - Surveying KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345769 AU - Sarikelle, S AU - Simon, A L AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS FOR CULVERT AND STORM OUTLETS. VOLUME II--FIELD PERFORMANCE OF CORRUGATED METAL CULVERTS PY - 1980/12 SP - n.p. AB - A study related to durability of corrugated metal pipes for culverts throughout the State of Ohio is presented. Over 700 culverts were evaluated in the field and visually rated. About 200 of these sites were selected for close observations and tests which included thickness measurements, pH of water, pipe slope, sediment load and type of protective coating. Study showed that the bituminous materials used to protect metal culverts exhibited little loss of the protective material. Mathematical models were developed for predicting metal loss measurements and visual culvert rating procedures. The results were compared to those obtained by the earlier Ohio Department of Transportation study. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Culvert outlets KW - Dissipation KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Outlets KW - Performance KW - pH value KW - Protective coatings KW - Sediments KW - Storm sewers KW - Surveying KW - Thickness KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344493 AU - HAMPTON, D AU - BROWNE, S AU - Greenfield, E AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TUNNEL INSTRUMENTATION-BENEFITS AND IMPLEMENTATION: PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE HELD MARCH 24-25, 1980 AT NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA PY - 1980/12 SP - 245 p. AB - As part of a continuing effort to reduce the cost of tunneling, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) sponsored a seminar on the general subject of the benefits which can accrue from the use of instrumentation in the planning, design, construction, and performance of tunnels. The seminar was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, March 24-25, 1980, and was directed towards those decision makers in transportation agencies having prime responsibility for the engineering and construction of tunnels. It was felt that by providing them with a better undestanding of the benefits which can accrue from the use of tunnel instrumentation, its use would be effectively promoted to the benefit of all members of the tunneling community. The official proceedings of the seminar are presented herein. In addition, these proceedings include a bibliography on tunnel instrumentation cross referenced with keywords, and a memorabilia section consisting of photographs taken during the seminar. KW - Bibliographies KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Engineering KW - Instrumentation KW - Structural design KW - Transportation planning KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345099 AU - Mills, D R AU - Donofrio, A D AU - Keller, T J AU - Delaware Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TRIAL WITH SULPHUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT (SEA) BINDERS, U.S. RT. 13, GREENWOOD, DELAWARE, A DETAILED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1980/12 SP - 101 p. AB - This report contains a description of materials, equipment, quality control procedures used during the construction of pavement sections with sulphur-extended-asphalt (SEA) binders. It also highlights design procedures and emissions control monitoring used for the project. The objective is to compare the performance of pavement overlays with SEA binders against those with conventional asphalt binders. The performance of pavement overlays whose SEA binders are formulated with an "in-line blender" before introduction into the pugmill are compared to those whose SEA binders are formulated by mixing sulphur and asphalt in the pugmill. To accomplish the "in-line" blending hot oil heating lines were rerouted from one of the plants asphalt storage tanks to two (2) sulphur storage tanks mounted on an SAE-15 Illusion Blending Unit supplied by Texasgulf Corporation. A line was also connected directly from the blending unit surge tank to the pugmill weight hopper. Actual mixing, transportation and laydown require no different skills than asphalt. But because mixing and laydown temperatures are different, close attention must be paid to temperature control. This project strongly indicates pugmill mixing of sulphur with asphalt is all that is necessary. (FHWA) KW - Binders KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Mixing plants KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paving KW - Quality control KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345371 AU - Denson, K H AU - Water Resources Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE FORCES ON CAUSEWAY-TYPE COASTAL BRIDGES: EFFECTS OF ANGLE OF WAVE INCIDENCE AND CROSS-SECTION SHAPE PY - 1980/12 SP - 242 p. AB - Wave forces and moments were obtained for two different coastal bridge types as functions of wave height, water depth and angle of water incidence. 1:24 scale models of both bridges were used to determine forces and moments. One bridge model was a slab and beam type carrying four lanes of traffic along two structurally separated pairs of bridges adjacent to one another and with a common pile bent foundation. This model was of the Bay St. Louis, Mississippi bridge on U.S. Highway 90 which was heavily damaged by Hurricane Camille in 1969. The other bridge model was a trapezoidal box girder with 1:10 superelevation to seaward. Results are presented in the form of dimensionless design graphs which are suitable for use on any other geometrically similar bridges. (Author) KW - Angle of incidence KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Coastal KW - Coasts KW - Force KW - Height KW - Hurricanes KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335997 AU - Allen, R W AU - PARSEGHIAN, Z AU - VAN VALKENBURGH, P G AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGE EFFECTS ON SYMBOL SIGN RECOGNITION PY - 1980/12 SP - 121 p. AB - The use of symbolic road signs is proliferating on the highways, and the Federal Highway Administration is concerned with their effective use, particularly by the elderly driving population. This report describes an experimental study of problems encountered by a broad age range of drivers in learning and retaining symbolic information. A driving simulator was used to present 72 symbol signs to subjects during 25 minute "drives." Performance measures included the correctness of sign recognition, and the distance from the signs at which recognition took place. The experimental design looked at the effects of age, training, and sign format on the learning and retention of symbol knowledge. Subjects received three simulator trials, the first to determine initial symbol knowledge, a second immediately after symbol training to determine the amount of learning, and a final trial week or so later to measure symbol knowledge retention. Sixty subjects were divided into four age groups (age range 20-79 years). The age groups were further subdivided into three training subgroups, each receiving a different symbol training treatment. The overall results showed strong age effects, but no influence due to the type of symbol training employed. All age groups learned and retained roughly the same number of symbols, but the older age groups started off with less symbol knowledge initially. Data interpretation also indicates the older subjects required longer recognition and response times. Recognition performance differences between signs were also analyzed. The 72 symbol signs were equally subdivided into six MUTCD sign categories of 12 signs each, with each category representing a different color code. Recognition response differences were apparent between sign categories and were attributable in part to differences in requiring processing time. Symbology appeared to lead to appreciable differences in both response distance and correctness, with simple, bold, unique symbols giving the best performance. (FHWA) KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Color codes KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Driving simulators KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168830 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00334788 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Halvorsen, G T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF MOVEMENTS ON STEEL AND CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1980/12 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 103-115 AB - An analysis of the effects of support settlement on steel highway bridges and member stresses is presented. Design equations are given to determine tolerable limits for such movements. The structural performance of several concrete systems is also evaluated for differential settlements. A simple but approximate method of analysis (relaxation method) was used in the analysis. The flexural rigidity, span length, creep and shrinkage coefficients of concrete, and rate of the foundation settlement were found to be the most important parameters in accurately determining the settlement stresses. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Creep KW - Ground settlement KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Metal bridges KW - Performance KW - Shrinkage KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335986 AU - Hargroves, B T AU - Martin, M R AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES PY - 1980/12 SP - 49 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude and characteristics of safety problems, in terms of reported accidents, that are associated with moving vehicular traffic around and through highway work zones. This was accomplished by examining the 2,127 reported work zone accidents that occurred in 1977 in Virginia. These represented roughly 1.5% of all reported accidents. It was estimated, however, that due to the sampling procedure, only about 82% of the total number of (reported) work zone accidents were identified. Examined were work zone accidents, general and specific locations of the accidents, time of the accidents, roadway and environmental factors, characteristics of the work zone, causes of the accidents, and accident severity. Where data were available, comparisons of accidents were made of the characteristics of the work zone accidents to those found in the literature and to those for all Virginia accidents. (FHWA) KW - Construction sites KW - Crash causes KW - Crash severity KW - Environment KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36508/80-R37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335987 AU - Chollar, B H AU - Appleman, B R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKINGS MATERIAL: SPECIFICATION AND TESTING PY - 1980/12 SP - 106 p. AB - This report presents the results of an extensive laboratory program to establish a specification for an epoxy thermoplastic (ETP) striping material which was developed in a contract research study for the Federal Highway Administration by Southwest Research Institute. The present study developed laboratory test procedures to evaluate the significant properties of the ETP material and its components. Properties studied included viscosity, reflectance, thermal stability, softening point, epoxy equivalent weight, and infrared spectrum. Also studied were the effects upon selected ETP properties of variations in the composition ratios of the ETP components and variations in the epoxy resin properties. From a statistical analysis of the results, upper and lower limits for the ETP physical properties were determined. An interim composition performance specification was then established for the procurement of this material based on epoxy resins manufactured by CIBA-GEIGY and various commercial pigments. Analytical procedures for determining titanium dioxide, lead chromate, glass bead, and organic contents were also incorporated into the specification. (FHWA) KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chemical compounds KW - Epoxy resins KW - Glass beads KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lead compounds KW - Materials selection KW - Organic compounds KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Softening point KW - Specifications KW - Thermal stability KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Titanium KW - Titanium compounds KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335980 AU - Butte, W A AU - Kohn, E M AU - Scheibel, E G AU - Suntech, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY BINDER MATERIALS FROM CELLULOSIC AND RELATED WASTES PY - 1980/12 SP - 165 p. AB - The abundance of cellulosic-based wastes was reviewed by section of the country and type which includes: wood wastes, municipal wastes and manures. Of the most promising waste conversion processes now under consideration, pyrolysis, liquefaction, and hydrolysis were selected for preliminary laboratory screening. Model wastes for this study included several pyrolysis oils, paper, sawdust and dried cow manure. Distillate oils produced during wood waste pyrolysis (WPO) served best as precursors of products that approximated bitumens and highly viscous fluids. In the statistically designed study of process parameters which followed, the best conditions were identified for distilling and hydrogenating the crude WPO for conversion to a usable product (hydrogenate). This hydrogenate, because of its high oxgyen content, could be added to conventional asphalt only in amounts up to ca. 15 weight percent concentration with little or no observed property change. In combination with sulfur, the ternary system-AC/hydrogenate/S:29/29/42 had a penetration value comparable to that of AC/S:65/35. A 909 metric ton/day waste processing facility could be cost effective in producing 72.7 metric tons per day of pyrolysis product equivalent to 318 metric tons or more of blended binder. This assumes that waste is available at no cost and that coproduct oil and char are credited at equivalent heating values. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Cellulose KW - Distillates KW - Distillation KW - Fertilizers KW - Fertilizers KW - Hydrogenation KW - Hydrolysis KW - Laboratory studies KW - Liquefaction KW - Oils KW - Paper KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pyrolysis KW - Sawdust KW - Solid wastes KW - Sulfur KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168814 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00334789 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF USING ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES PY - 1980/12 VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - p. 118-122 AB - This article discusses an investigation of the economic feasibility of lighting an entire construction zone to reduce night traffic accidents. Traffic accident data before and during construction were examined and the number of night accidents that presumably could be reduced by artificial lighting was calculated. A benefit/cost analysis was used to determine the economic feasibility of artificially lighting construction zones to improve motorist and pedestrian safety. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrians KW - Prevention KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335998 AU - Robertson, R E AU - Ensley, E K AU - Petersen, J C AU - Department of Energy AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF "TENDER-MIX" AND "NONTENDER-MIX" ASPHALTS PY - 1980/12 SP - 14 p. AB - Eight Federal Highway Administration-supplied asphalts, which have established field-performance histories relative to "tender-mix" pavements, were examined by three physicochemical methods. The purpose of the study was to elucidate some fundamental differences between the "nontender" and "tender-mix" asphalts. Heat-of-immersion measurements and resilient deformation measurements showed reasonable correlations with "tender-mix" pavements, while percent n-hexane asphaltenes and their infrared spectra did not. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphaltene KW - Deformation KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Heat of immersion KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Physicochemical properties KW - Resistivity KW - Tender mixes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331203 AU - Gillespie, T AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Hu, G T AU - Bernard, J AU - Winkler, C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK AND TRACTOR-TRAILER DYNAMIC RESPONSE SIMULATION. VOLUME 2, TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/12 SP - 130 p. AB - A computer program for simulating the braking and directional response of heavy vehicles has been developed for the Federal Highway Administration as a tool for investigation of the effects of increased truck size and weight. Designated as the "Truck and Tractor-Trailer Dynamic Response Simulation - T3DRS:V1," the program is capable of simulating trucks, tractor-semitrailers, doubles and triples combinations. Modeling for the vehicle components has been adapted from earlier simulations produced under sponsorship of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The T3DRS:V1 version consolidated all vehicle combinations into one program with improved input/output format, a new closed-loop path-following steering option, optional side-to-side differences on all paired components, a simplified tandem axle suspension model, and more versatility in the choice of output information. The program has been validated against analytical models, predecessor simulation programs and vehicle test data acquired separately by the Texas Transportation Institute and the Highway Safety Research Institute. The simulation program has achieved operational status on FHWA computer facilities and a training seminar was held to introduce users to the program. KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Feedback control KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Steering KW - Suspensions KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331204 AU - Gillespie, T AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Hu, G T AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK AND TRACTOR-TRAILER DYNAMIC RESPONSE SIMULATION--T3DRS:V1, USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/12 SP - 276 p. AB - This document is a User's Manual for the computer-based mathematical simulation program entitled "Truck and Tractor-Trailer Dynamic Response Simulation-T3DRS:V1" developed in 1979 by the Highway Safety Research Institute/University of Michigan. This manual provides an introduction to the simulation program with a description of its external characteristics sufficient for a user to submit a run and interpret the output obtained. KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331736 AU - Law, S M AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND TEST PROPERTIES OF SUPER WATER REDUCERS IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1980/12 SP - 108 p. AB - Recently, new concrete admixtures (super water reducers) have been developed and marketed by private industry. These admixtures permit the mixing and placement of very low water-cement ratio concretes at conventional consistencies with conventional equipment and slightly modified procedures. It was the purpose of this study to determine the properties of this type of concrete evaluated under Louisiana conditions and to look into the use of these admixtures in air-entrained concrete for structural applications. These aims were part of a laboratory evaluation of a number of mix designs. Guidelines for the use of these admixtures were written. Findings included: This type of admixture is useful in obtaining highly fluid concrete while retaining high strength. However, it was very difficult to get any consistent control of the slump, with the air contents also being hard to control. There is presently no method of reliably predicting the plastic behavior of the concrete. Initial slump at the jobsite, concrete mix temperatures, absolute volume of water in the mix, compatibility of materials, type of cement, the chemical composition of cement, dosage rate, type and brand of admixture and the time of adding the admixture, were verified as the most important variables found. More research should be conducted in the use of these admixtures. Some small experimental projects should be tried to gain experience in the use of this type of material. Some tangible positive field results are needed. (FHWA) KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Fluidics KW - Fluidizing KW - Guidelines KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Strength of materials KW - Super water reducers KW - Water reducing agents UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20135.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331200 AU - Cohn, S L AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL SIGNAL TIMING FOR ARTERIAL SIGNAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME 2. MAXBAND USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/12 SP - 240 p. AB - An off-line computer program for setting arterial traffic signals to achieve maximal bandwidth is developed using the mixed-integer linear programming formulation of Little. The computer program, called MAXBAND, is written in FORTRAN IV and portable. Volume 2, MAXBAND User's Manual, describes in detail the features of the system and their use, including data entry and outputs. Several sample problems, with examples of input and output, are included. KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programs KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331201 AU - Kelson, M D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL SIGNAL TIMING FOR ARTERIAL SIGNAL SYSTEMS. VOLUME 3. MAXBAND PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/12 SP - 270 p. AB - An off-line computer program for setting arterial traffic signals to achieve maximal bandwidth is developed using the mixed-integer linear programming formulation of Little. The computer program, called MAXBAND, is written in FORTRAN IV and portable. Volume 3, MAXBAND Programmer's Manual, gives detailed descriptions of the subroutines composing the MAXBAND program. Each description includes the purpose and function of the subroutine, how it is related to other subroutines, and the variables which it uses. Other than features which have been altered, no attempt is made to document the MPCODE Mathematical Programming System, portions of which are included in the MAXBAND program. KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programs KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337584 AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT (1980) PY - 1980/12 SP - 839 p. AB - This is the fifteenth annual report of the International Road Federation's continuing World survey of current Research and Development on Roads and Road Transport. It covers a total of 54 countries, including the United States. Since 1965 the series has reported on the activities in 77 countries, having included a cumulative total of 72,414 entries, corresponding to some 33,000 individual projects. Thirty-five in-depth studies on selected technical subjects have also been completed under the program. It represents the only world-wide inventory of highway research in progress, being a cooperative effort of the Federal Highway Administration and the International Road Federation. The purpose of the R & D report is to provide for all who may be interested in highway matters a simple, timely record and summary of current highway research and development throughout the World. The purpose is not only to compile and record the existing projects, but to encourage an interchange of information among researchers. The ultimate goal is to assist the countries in developing more productive highway research programs which will mean better and safer roads, lower maintenance costs and better living. KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Development KW - Foreign KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research projects KW - Roads KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation research KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331199 AU - Little, JDC AU - Kelson, M D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL SIGNAL TIMING FOR ARTERIAL SIGNAL SYSTEMS VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/12 SP - 82 p. AB - The mixed-integer linear program introduced by Little for setting traffic signals to achieve maximal bandwidth is extended in several ways and developed into a portable, off-line, FORTRAN IV computer program called MAXBAND. Inputs to the program are distances between signals, upper and lower limits on cycle time, design speeds and tolerances, speed change limits, green times, left turn green times as applicable, queue clearance times, a target ratio of inbound to outbound bandwidth, and weights for the bandwidths. If flows and capacities are given instead of green spilts, splits are calculated using Webster's theory. The program produces cycle time, offsets, speeds, and order of left turn phases to maximize a weighted combination of bandwidths. The program uses Land and Powell's MPCODE branch and bound algorithm for optimization. Besides arteries the program can handle a three artery trianglular loop with arbitrary weighting of each arterial bandwidth in the overall objective function. Up to 17 signals can be handled in the loop; 20 in a pure arterial problem. KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programs KW - Green interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Optimization KW - Queuing KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331202 AU - Gillespie, T AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Hu, G T AU - Bernard, J AU - Winkler, C AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK AND TRACTOR-TRALILER DYNAMIC RESPONSE SIMULATION. VOLUME 1, SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/12 SP - 22 p. AB - A computer program for simulating the braking and directional response of heavy vehicles has been developed for the Federal Highway Administration as a tool for investigation of the effects of increased truck size and weight. Designated as the "Truck and Tractor-Trailer Dynamic Response Simulation-T3DRS;V1," the program is capable of simulating trucks, tractor-semitrailers, doubles and triples combinations. Modeling for the vehicle components has been adapted from earlier simulations produced under sponsorship of the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. The T3DRS:V1 version consolidated all vehicle combinations into one program with improved input/output format, a new closed-loop path-following steering option, optional side-to-side differences on all paired components, a simplified tandem axle suspension model, and more versatility in the choice of output information. The program has been validated against analytical models, predecessor simulation programs and vehicle test data acquired separately by the Texas Transportation Institute and the Highway Safety Research Institute. The simulation program has achieved operational status on FHWA computer facilities and a training seminar was held to introduce users to the program. KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Feedback control KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Steering KW - Suspensions KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325959 AU - Oklahoma Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIME TREATED SUBGRADE SOILS: AN EVALUATION PY - 1980/12 SP - 83 p. AB - The results of an evaluation of lime treated subgrade soils in Oklahoma are presented. The treated roadway extents ranged widely with respect to geographic area, climatic conditions, soil type, age, and contractor. Many laboratory test procedures were conducted on samples taken from untreated and treated subgrade soils. The effectiveness of lime treatment after the roadways had been in service for at least 5 years varied widely. Typically plasticity, shrinkage, and swelling of subgrade soils were reduced, while apparent particle size, and pH were increased. The Oklahoma Subgrade Index, on which pavement thickness designs are based, was reduced sufficiently to justify the allowance of one-half inch of equivalent base thickness for one inch of lime treated subgrade. (FHWA) KW - Calcium oxide KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Highways KW - Liming of soils KW - pH value KW - Plasticity KW - Properties of materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soil properties KW - Soil shrinkage KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil swell KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Tests KW - Thickness KW - Thickness equivalence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365159 AU - Skok, ELJ AU - Saint Paul Technical Vocational Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Minnesota Local Road Research Board TI - HOW PAVEMENTS ARE AFFECTED BY AXLE LOADS PY - 1980/11 SP - 24 p. AB - The report discusses the effect of heavy versus lighter axle loads on pavements. It shows how the effect of heaviest loads in terms of fatigue or long term breaking up will cause roads to need maintenance faster. The results of the AASHTO Road Test are used to show that the ratio of damage effect of 10-ton loads is a 30% decrease in road life. The beneficial effect of using tandem and tridem axles is illustrated. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Minnesota KW - Service life KW - Trafficability KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343671 AU - Benson, P E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALINE 3 LINE SOURCE DISPERSION MODEL PY - 1980/11 SP - 195 p. AB - A brief description of the theoretical considerations and limitations behind the Gaussian line source dispersion model, CALINE3, is given. A history of the development of the Gaussian method is discussed along with a review of current literature on the subject with particular reference to near-roadway applications. Descriptions of the experimental studies which provided the basis for development of CALINE3 are also given. Analyses of the results from these studies are presented in two sections, one dealing with meteorological effects, and the other with characterization of Gaussian dispersion parameters near roadways. The findings indicate that the vertical distribution of vehicular emissions at the roadway edge can be adequately described by a Gaussian distribution, and that the height of this initial vertical spread is positively correlated with emissions residence time over the roadway. The effects of vehicle induced turbulence are studied in terms of upwind and downwind measures of several micrometeorological parameters. The conclusion that vehicle induced turbulence is a significant effect for cases of neutral to stable atmospheric conditions is reached. KW - Air pollution KW - Dispersion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Monitoring KW - Roads KW - Temperature KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343580 AU - Hainly, R A AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - THE EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION OF SEDIMENT DISCHARGE INTO BLOCKHOUSE CREEK AND STEAM VALLEY RUN, PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1980/11 SP - 7 p. AB - From October 1972 through September 1977, the effects of highway construction in the 38 square mile Blockhouse Creek basin were studied. Water discharge suspended-sediment discharge, and stream-temperature data were collected at four stations in the basin. The 5-year period included 1 year before construction, 2 years during construction, and 2 years after construction. The effects of stream relocation and sediment-control methods used in the highway construction were also investigated. KW - Blockhouse creek KW - Construction KW - Flow KW - Highways KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rainfall KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Sediment transport KW - Sedimentation KW - Sediments KW - Steam valley run KW - Stream pollution KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Suspended sediments KW - Water KW - Water pollution KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469119 AU - Von Quintus, H L AU - Finn, F N AU - Hudson, W R AU - Roberts, F L AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR PREMIUM PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 2. DESIGN MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/11 SP - 173 p. AB - The design manual presents the results of a detailed study to identify and design flexible and composite pavement configurations which will perform as premium or "zero-maintenance" pavements. The manual includes identification and classification of the pavement materials, design procedures for the selection of pavement configurations using wheel loads and environmental factors, and material and construction specifications necessary to achieve a "zero-maintenance" pavement. Six primary types of paving materials have been selected for use in the manual: (1) dense grade asphalt concrete, (2) portland cement concrete, (3) cement and asphalt stabilized materials, (4) granular and crushed aggregates, (5) lime, and (6) pozzolanic materials. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt stabilized materials KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement stabilized materials KW - Composite pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Manuals KW - Materials KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Materials specifications KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pozzolan KW - Specifications KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469118 AU - Von Quintus, H L AU - Finn, F N AU - Hudson, W R AU - Roberts, F L AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE AND COMPOSITE STRUCTURES FOR PREMIUM PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 1. DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/11 SP - 311 p. AB - The document provides results of a detailed study to identify flexible and composite structures which will perform as zero-maintenance pavements. To accomplish this, the report identifies the major distress types which have seriously limited the maintenance-free life of flexible and composite pavements, selects analytical models for use in a structural analysis for pavement structures, and develops design criteria for each distress type. A materials review was also completed to establish materials capable of satisfying the zero-maintenance criteria. As a result of the project, a detailed design procedure has been presented which uses fatigue and transverse cracking, rutting, roughness, and environmental factors of temperature and moisture to establish thickness and material requirements for the design and construction of zero-maintenance pavements. KW - Composite pavements KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Thickness KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335974 AU - Koble, H M AU - Adams, T A AU - Samant, V S AU - Orincon Corporation AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO FREEWAY INCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: EVALUATION OF STRATEGY PERFORMANCE UNDER SIMULATED INCIDENT CONDITIONS PY - 1980/11 SP - 212 p. AB - New control strategies have been developed for responding to freeway incidents. Two types of incident situations were considered. In Situation 1, control is only needed at on-ramps in the immediate vicinity of the incident site. In Situation 2, control is also needed on freeway segments and connectors located upstream of the freeway segment containing the incident. The strategies were extensively tested under a wide variety of simulated incident conditions. Guidelines on strategy selection and usage in an operational environment have been prepared. Functional requirements have also been developed for an on-line incident control strategy evaluator which could pre-test the merits of several candidate strategies. This second volume focuses on the strategy evaluation study for both Situation 1 and 2. It includes discussion of the strategies, the simulation models, the evaluation procedures, and the results. The other volumes of this report are: Vol. 1 RD-80/004 Executive Summary; Vol. 3 RD-80/006 Software Documentation; Vol. 4 RD-80/007 Operational Guidelines and Requirements for an On-Line Incident Control Strategy Evaluator. (FHWA) KW - Computers KW - Freeways KW - Incidents KW - On line computers KW - Ramp metering KW - Response KW - Strategy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335976 AU - Koble, H M AU - Samant, V S AU - Orincon Corporation AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO FREEWAY INCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 4: OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES AND REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ON-LINE INCIDENT CONTROL STRATEGY EVALUATOR PY - 1980/11 SP - 101 p. AB - New control strategies have been developed for responding to freeway incidents. Two types of incident situations were considered. In Situation 1, control is only needed at on-ramps in the immediate vicinity of the incident site. In Situation 2, control is also needed on freeway segments and connectors located upstream of the freeway segment containing the incident. The strategies were extensively tested under a wide variety of simulated incident conditions. Guidelines on strategy selection and usage in an operational environment have been prepared. Functional requirements have also been developed for an on-line incident control strategy evaluator which could pre-test the merits of several candidate strategies. This fourth volume contains the guidelines on strategy usage and the on-line incident control strategy evaluator functional requirements. The other volumes of this report are: Vol. 1 RD-80/004 Executive Summary; Vol. 2 RD-80/005 Evaluation of Strategy Performance Under Simulated Incident Conditions; Vol. 3 RD-80/006 Software Documentation. (FHWA) KW - Computers KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Incidents KW - On line computers KW - Ramp metering KW - Response KW - Software KW - Strategy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335973 AU - Koble, H M AU - Samant, V S AU - Orincon Corporation AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO FREEWAY INCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/11 SP - 38 p. AB - New control strategies have been developed for responding to freeway incidents. Two types of incident situations were considered. In Situation 1, control is only needed at on-ramps in the immediate vicinity of the incident site. In Situation 2, control is also needed on freeway segments and connectors located upstream of the freeway segment containing the incident. The strategies were extensively tested under a wide variety of simulated incident conditions. Guidelines on strategy selection and usage in an operational environment have been prepared. Functional requirements have also been developed for an on-line incident control strategy evaluator which could pre-test the merits of several candidate strategies. This first volume presents an overview of the study highlighting the research methodology, major accomplishments, and conclusions, and recommendations for future research. The other volumes of this report are: Vol. 2 RD-80/005 Evaluation of Strategy Performance Under Simulated Incident Conditions; Vol. 3 RD-80/006 Software Documentation; Vol. 4 RD-80/007 Operational Guidelines and Requirements for an On-Line Incident Control Strategy Evaluator. (FHWA) KW - Computers KW - Freeways KW - Incidents KW - On line computers KW - Ramp metering KW - Research KW - Response KW - Strategy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343564 AU - Orincon Corporation AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO FREEWAY INCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/11 SP - 688p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335975 AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - Koble, H M AU - Adams, T A AU - Orincon Corporation AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL STRATEGIES IN RESPONSE TO FREEWAY INCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 3: SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION PY - 1980/11 SP - 326 p. AB - New control strategies have been developed for responding to freeway incidents. Two types of incident situations were considered. In Situation 1, control is only needed at on-ramps in the immediate vicinity of the incident site. In Situation 2, control is also needed on freeway segments and connectors located upstream of the freeway segment containing the incident. The strategies were extensively tested under a wide variety of simulated incident conditions. Guidelines on strategy selection and usage in an operational environment have been prepared. Functional requirements have also been developed for an on-line incident control strategy evaluator which could pre-test the merits of several candidate strategies. This third volume documents the control strategy software as well as software designed to interface the strategies with the INTRAS freeway traffic simulation model. The other volumes of the report are: Vol. 1 RD-80/004 Executive Summary; Vol. 2 RD-80/005 Evaluation of Strategy Performance Under Simulated Incident Conditions; Vol. 4 RD-80/007 Operational Guidelines and Requirements for an On-Line Incident Control Strategy Evaluator. (FHWA) KW - Computers KW - Freeways KW - Incidents KW - On line computers KW - Ramp metering KW - Response KW - Software KW - Strategy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376392 AU - Leftwich, S D AU - Barton, F W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS OF GENERAL PRISMATIC BEAMS PY - 1980/11 SP - 55 p. AB - This study developed a numerical methodology for the elastic stress analysis of general prismatic beams. The objective was to accurately determine stresses and displacements on a cross section of a beam where the stress resultants are prescribed. Applied loads may include axial force, bending moment, uniform (constant) torsion, constant (transverse) shear, and the rates of change of twisting moment, axial force, and wear. By assuming that the stresses and strains in a beam vary as a quadratic function of the longitudinal coordinate, the formulation expressed in terms of displacement functions was reduced from a three-dimensional analysis to a two-dimensional one. Numerical solutions were obtained using the finite element method of analysis. Numerical results were compared with exact and approximate solutions for selected cross sections. Several representative beams having cross sections commonly used in bridges were used to demonstrate the applicability of the method. (FHWA) KW - Axial loads KW - Bending moments KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elastic phenomena KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Prismatic beams KW - Shear strength KW - Stresses KW - Torsion UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36442/81-R26.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335584 AU - Hainly, R A AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON SEDIMENT DISCHARGE INTO BLOCKHOUSE CREEK AND STEAM VALLEY RUN, PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1980/11 SP - 3 p. AB - From October 1972 through September 1977, the effects of highway construction in the 38 square mile Blockhouse Creek basin were studied. Water discharge suspended-sediment discharge, and stream-temperature data were collected at four stations in the basin. The 5-year period included 1 year before construction, 2 years during construction, and 2 years after construction. The effects of stream relocation and sediment-control methods used in the highway construction were also investigated. During the period of data collection, about 35,500 tons of suspended sediment were transported by Blockhouse Creek and Steam Valley Run. The data collected indicate that 9,100 tons were introduced to the stream from construction areas. The normal sediment yield for the two basins was determined to be 80 tons per square mile per year. Most of the sediment was transported by the streams during high flows and probably passed through Blockhouse Creek, as little deposition was observed below the construction area. Stream temperature appeared to be relatively unaffected by the stream relocations and diversions. (FHWA) KW - Before and after studies KW - Creeks KW - Discharge KW - Erosion control KW - Impact studies KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Road construction KW - Sedimentation KW - Sediments KW - Streams KW - Suspended sediments KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334458 AU - Page, G C AU - Harper, L W AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLORIDA ECONOCRETE TEST ROAD POST CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS REPORT PY - 1980/11 SP - 130 p. AB - Design, construction, construction control, materials testing, and project administration of a research project evaluating the feasibility of constructing a two-course pavement system utilizing three strength levels of econocrete as a base layer in conjunction with thin pavement surfaces is presented. Monolithic and overlay composite construction and elastic jointed pavement techniques are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Composite construction KW - Cutting KW - Econocrete KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Kerfing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paving KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341598 AU - Benson, P E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALINE3 LINE SOURCE DISPERSION MODEL PY - 1980/11 SP - 193 p. AB - A brief description of the theoretical considerations and limitations behind the Gaussian line source dispersion model, CALINE3, is given. A history of the development of the Gaussian method is discussed along with a review of current literature on the subject with particular reference to near-roadway applications. Descriptions of the experimental studies which provided the basis for development of CALINE3 are also given. Analyses of the results from these studies are presented in two sections, one dealing with meteorological effects, and the other with characterization of Gaussian dispersion parameters near roadways. The findings indicate that the vertical distribution of vehicular emissions at the roadway edge can be adequately described by a Gaussian distribution, and that the height of this initial vertical spread is positively correlated with emissions residence time over the roadway. The effects of vehicle induced turbulence are studied in terms of upwind and downwind measures of several micrometeorological parameters. The conclusion that vehicle induced turbulence is a significant effect for cases of neutral to stable atmospheric conditions is reached. (FHWA) KW - Dispersion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Gaussian method KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Models KW - Reviews KW - Roads KW - Turbulence KW - Vehicles KW - Wind KW - Wind direction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337134 AU - Wallace, R W AU - Smith, R S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CB-AIDS CENTRAL CONTROL UNIT. TECHNICAL MANUAL NO. 3 PY - 1980/11 SP - 31 p. AB - The Central Control Unit was one of three systems developed under the CB-AIDS program and provides the final communications link between the motorist and the local responding agency when an emergency or assistance request is required. The Central Control Unit is connected to the Remote Station via the local telephone network; the Remote Station in turn is connected to the motorist via the radio channel. This document provides technical characteristics of the Central Control Unit. KW - Centralized control KW - Centralized traffic control KW - Citizen band radio KW - Control devices KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Reaction time KW - Remote control KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337132 AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CB-AIDS DIGITAL ADAPTER. TECHNICAL MANUAL NO. 1 PY - 1980/11 SP - 29 p. AB - The Digital Adapter was one of three systems developed under the CB-AIDS program and was used in conjunction with a vehicle-mounted CB radio. The Digital Adapter was capable of generating a unique digital word, which when transmitted via a radio channel permitted the motorist to establish a radio/telephone voice link with the local police department. This document provides technical characteristics of the Digital Adapter. KW - Adapters KW - Citizen band radio KW - Digital computers KW - Digital techniques KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Interfaces KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Reaction time KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337131 AU - Wallace, R W AU - Sentz, D R AU - WILSON, C S AU - Smith, R S AU - WILSON, B J AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST AID CITIZENS RADIO SERVICE AS A WIDE AREA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM PY - 1980/11 SP - 126 p. AB - The motorist aid citizens radio service communications system (CB-AIDS) allows a CB radio user to have channel 9 emergency and assistance calls automatically connected to a responding agency, such as a local police department, via the switched telephone network. Then through use of this radio/telephone interconnect, the CB radio user has a direct voice communication channel with the responding agency, thus eliminating an intermediate communicator, decreasing response time, and minimizing message errors. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Reaction time KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337133 AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CB-AIDS REMOTE STATION. TECHNICAL MANUAL NO. 2 PY - 1980/11 SP - 36 p. AB - The Remote Station was one-of-three systems developed under the CB-AIDS program and provides the automatic radio/telephone interconnect between the motorist and the local responding agency. The Remote Station accepts, demodulates and decodes the FSK binary word from the motorists' Digital Adapter and automatically establishes a wire line connection to the responding agency through the local telephone network. This document provides technical characteristics of the Remote Station. KW - Citizen band radio KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Emergency response time KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Interconnection KW - Interfaces KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Radio KW - Radio stations KW - Railroad stations KW - Reaction time KW - Speech KW - Voice communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345080 AU - McKinney, J L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - United States Congress AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF RECYCLING BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS--VOLUME I PY - 1980/10/01 SP - 216 p. AB - This report presents a detailed study of the processes used in recycling bituminous pavements. A set of guidelines was developed to assist the pavement engineer in determining if an asphalt pavement is a suitable candidate for recycling. A set of construction guidelines was developed to assist the construction engineer implementing the recycling method identified by the recycling guidelines. A section of an Indiana highway was selected to demonstrate the use of the guidelines. Due to the length of this report, it has been separated into two volumes. Volume I contains the description of the research topic, plus the recycling guidelines and construction guidelines developed in the study. A sample application of the guidelines plus the research summary is also included. Volume II contains background information on recycling gathered during the study, plus several appendices on recycled mix design and flexible pavement design. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341192 AU - IIDA, A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ADDED SOFTENING AGENTS UPON THE BEHAVIOR OF COLD RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1980/10/01 SP - 450 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study that dealt with the long-term behavior of recycled mixtures especially when the recycling is done cold. The long-term properties of laboratory specimens prepared with different softening agents were evaluated by means of a creep test. A design procedure for cold recycled mixtures is proposed which recommends that blending curves be developed and that a creep test be used to determine mixture properties over a period of time. (FHWA) KW - Additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Blending KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Creep tests KW - Recycled materials KW - Softening point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334461 AU - Lindgren, M N AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PREDICTION OF THE FREEZE/THAW DURABILITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE BY MERCURY INTRUSION POROSIMETRY PY - 1980/10/01 SP - 126 p. AB - D-cracking is a serious problem of concrete pavements in freezing climates. The main cause of this distress is the coarse aggregate. Kaneuji (1) determined a correlation between the pore size distribution (from mercury intrusion) of an aggregate and the freeze-thaw durability of concrete using the same aggregate. He developed an Expected Durability Factor EDF, used to determine whether an aggregate can be expected to be durable or nondurable. The present study was designed to refine the validity of Kaneuji's correlation and better define the pore structure criteria by which to predict the performance of an aggregate. Aggregates from fifty-two Indiana highway cores were tested, as were five rock samples supplied by the Portland Cement Association. The EDF values were determined from the pore size distributions, and an "average" value was assigned to each pavement associated with the cores. These values were then compared with the field performance of the pavement to ascertain the borderline between EDF values for durable for nondurable aggregates. A good correlation between the field performance and the "average" EDF values was found. A pavement will be durable if its coarse aggregate has an EDF value greater than 50 for 90% or more of the aggregate. This criterion applies to stone and gravel aggregates with a maximum size of 1-1/2" to 2-1/2". The pavement will be durble for at least thirty years. (FHWA) KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Forecasting KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Pavement performance KW - Pore size distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343721 AU - IIDA, A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indianapolis, IN. Indiana Div. TI - THE EFFECTS OF ADDED SOFTENING AGENTS UPON THE BEHAVIOR OF COLD RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1980/10/01 SP - 471 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study that dealt with the long-term behavior of recycled mixtures especially when the recycling is done cold. The long-term properties of laboratory specimens prepared with different softening agents were evaluated by means of a creep test. A design procedure for cold recycled mixtures is proposed which recommends that blending curves be developed and that a creep test be used to determine mixture properties over a period of time. KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Creep properties KW - Creep tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mixtures KW - Softening point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468642 AU - Arman, A AU - SeGall, R AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF AN INSTRUMENTED EMBANKMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/10 SP - 132 p. AB - This report analyzes the use of loose clam shell as an embankment material over a soft organic soil, and presents a survey of literature on the behavior of organic soils and methods of treatment for such soft foundations. The instrumented embankment, composed of clam shell in a loose bulk form, developed into a homogeneous, monolithic, floating slab of considerable dimensional stability and strength. Although settlement is not eliminated by the use of lightweight material, it is greatly reduced as compared to that of a sand fill embankment. The SSOILS computer program ably demonstrated that it is capable of predicting the subsidence of the shell embankment over a soft organic soil, apparently limited only by the quality of the data input. KW - Clamshells KW - Computer programs KW - Embankments KW - Forecasting KW - Foundation soils KW - Instrumentation KW - Mollusca KW - Numerical analysis KW - Organic soils KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soft soils KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Subsidence (Geology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377334 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1979 HIGHWAY CONDITION AND QUALITY OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SURVEY REPORT FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/10 SP - 97 p. AB - The 1979 survey was divided into condition, construction quality, and construction staffing phases. The project selection for the condition phase of the review was limited to only those projects that had been reviewed as a part of the construction quality and staffing phase of the 1976 survey. The construction quality phase of the survey consisted of a review and evaluation of selected Interstate and Federal-aid primary projects that were actively engaged in flexible paving operations. The construction staffing phase of the survey was conducted concurrently with the construction quality phase and was designed to provide staffing data for the period of construction represented by the construction quality phase. The 1979 survey was limited in scope to a review of flexible pavement projects only. Subsequent surveys will be conducted on rigid pavements and bridge decks. (Author) KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Federal aid highways KW - Flexible pavements KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190999 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377343 JO - Asphalt Emulsions for Highway Constr, Demo Proj 55 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Knight, N E AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates TI - ASPHALT EMULSIONS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION (FHWA DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 55) PY - 1980/10 SP - 37 p. AB - This report covers the design, construction, and post construction evaluation of an asphalt emulsion seal coat (single surface treatment) on a high volume, high speed interstate highway. A bituminous seal coat consisting of E-3 (AASHTO CRS-2) asphalt emulsion binder and bituminous precoated 1B sandstone aggregate "chips" was placed on Interstate 81. Results are presented which indicate the successful performance of this seal coat application to date. KW - Aggregates KW - Binders KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Demonstration projects KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Road construction KW - Sandstones KW - Seal coats KW - Speed KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329062 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE WARNING DEVICES FOR PARKED/DISABLED VEHICLES PY - 1980/10 SP - 46 p. AB - The report reviews an experiment undertaken to examine the effectiveness of three different warning device configurations for alerting motorists to the presence of an unattended parked/disabled vehicle (PDV) at the roadside and the need for caution in passing it by. This data collected and analyzed were essentially the speed profiles of passing (random) motorists as they approached and passed by the PDV location in a rural two-lane situation. The three configurations included four-way flashers used on the PDV, and the four-way flashers used in conjunction with warning triangles deployed in two different fashions (i.e., all behind PDV; one ahead, two behind) around the PDV. For comparison purposes, data were also collected when the PDV was not present (a base condition). Data were collected during the day and night, or near and far lane vehicles, with the PDV at different offsets from the pavement edge, and on opposed and unopposed vehicles. A limited number of data were also collected during adverse weather/visibility conditions (night, rain, wet pavement). KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Flashers KW - Lamps KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Traffic incidents KW - Warning systems KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325384 AU - WICKS, D A AU - Lieberman, E B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTRAS, A MICROSCOPIC FREEWAY SIMULATION MODEL, VOLUME 1: PROGRAM DESIGN, PARAMETER CALIBRATION AND FREEWAY DYNAMICS COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT PY - 1980/10 SP - 245 p. AB - This series of volumes documents the work performed to adapt a freeway simulation model for studying freeway incidents. The resulting program, INTRAS (INtegrated TRAffic Simulation), is a vehicle-specific time-stepping simulation designed to realistically represent traffic and traffic control in a freeway and surrounding surface street environment. This volume describes the detailed capabilities of INTRAS and its structural and procedural attributes. The calibration of traffic descriptive parameters are presented herein. The development of the simulation components which model the car-following lane changing and vehicle generation aspects of freeway traffic are also included. (FHWA) KW - Calibration KW - Car following KW - Freeway operations KW - Lane changing KW - Microsimulation KW - Simulation KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325046 AU - Swan, S AU - Sgourakis, A AU - De Leuw, C AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS OF OVER AND UNDERCROSSINGS FOR USE BY BICYCLISTS, PEDESTRIANS, AND THE HANDICAPPED. LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1980/10 SP - 91 p. AB - One of the purposes of this literature review is to provide basic resource data for the FHWA study "Effective Treatments of Over and Undercrossings for Use by Bicyclists, Pedestrians and the Handicapped." A parallel objective is to provide resource information for readers interested in various aspects of the study topic. The literature review represents an analysis of (a) relevant literature in readily available published form and (b) recent experience in the planning, design, and construction of crossing facilities and treatments to serve the non-motorized travelers. In general it was found there was very little literature dealing directly with the subject matter and that for the most part crossings have been treated as special situations in planning for non-motorized travel. Thus, most references consist of sections of reports or papers written for other purposes which incidentally included material relevant to this study. However, the discerning planner and designer can benefit greatly from what findings and experiences have been reported to date. In addition, the Annotated Bibliography presented in the Appendix constitutes a logical starting point for those seeking information in such areas as: non-motorized traveller behavior and needs, typical crossing situations, crossing hazards and impediments, needs assessment practice, design standards, structural treatments, non-structural solutions and selected case histories. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Cyclists KW - Design standards KW - Needs assessment KW - Overpasses KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Reviews KW - Underpasses KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325386 AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTRAS, A MICROSCOPIC FREEWAY SIMULATION MODEL, VOLUME 3: VALIDATION AND APPLICATION PY - 1980/10 SP - 91 p. AB - This series of volumes documents the work performed to adapt a freeway simulation model for studying freeway incidents. The resulting program, INTRAS (INtegrated TRAffic Simulation), is a vehicle-specific time-stepping simulation designed to realistically represent traffic and traffic control in a freeway and surrounding surface street environment. This volume describes the detailed procedures needed to apply the INTRAS Program to the study of traffic operations in a freeway environment. (FHWA) KW - Freeway operations KW - Microsimulation KW - Simulation KW - Traffic simulation KW - Utilization KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325385 AU - WICKS, D A AU - ANDREWS, B J AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF INTRAS, A MICROSCOPIC FREEWAY SIMULATION MODEL, VOLUME 2: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/10 SP - 373 p. AB - This series of volumes documents the work performed to adapt a freeway simulation model for studying freeway incidents. The resulting program, INTRAS (INtegrated TRAffic Simulation), is a vehicle-specific time-stepping simulation designed to realistically represent traffic and traffic control in a freeway and surrounding surface street environment. This volume describes the detailed procedures needed to apply the INTRAS Program to the study of traffic operations in a freeway environment. (FHWA) KW - Freeway operations KW - Manuals KW - Microsimulation KW - Simulation KW - Traffic simulation KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328377 AU - Asin, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF 1977 LICENSED DRIVERS AND THEIR TRAVEL: REPORT 1, 1977 NPTS (NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY) PY - 1980/10 SP - 71 p. AB - The report is part of a series that provides findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). The report provides information on characteristics of licensed drivers. The distribution of licensed drivers by place of residence, age and sex, is presented. Travel patterns of drivers are examined in terms of average annual miles driven by age and sex, place of residence, number of household drivers, number of household vehicles, and household incomes. Comparison of licensed drivers and average annual miles driven are made to data from the 1969 NPTS and trends over time are analyzed. KW - Age KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Gender KW - Highway transportation KW - Households KW - Human characteristics KW - Income KW - Licenses KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349475 AU - Mahar, L J AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Raymond International Builders, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF PILE GROUP ACTION (APPENDIX C) PY - 1980/10 SP - 222 p. AB - This report is the final report for a study involving the static vertical load testing of a full scale, instrumented pile group. The test group consisted of nine pipe piles instrumented for settlement, load transfer, pore pressures, total pressures and inclination. Two similarly instrumented reference (control) piles were also installed. Two smaller subgroups within the main group were also tested, and uplift tests were conducted on several of the individual piles. The soils at the test site consisted of clays that were overconsolidated by desiccation. It was determined that the efficiency of the main group and of the subgroups was essentially unity. Settlement ratios in the working load range were found to vary from about 1.2 to about 1.7, depending on the number of piles that were loaded. Failure was observed to be by plunging of the individual piles. Unit side load transfer varied essentially linearly with depth. Some dependence of load transfer patterns on residual stresses that remained after driving the piles was observed. The measured behavior of the group and subgroups was modeled by the "hybrid" algorithm, by means of Program PILGP1, which was developed for this study and documented in Appendices A and B. Good agreement between computed and measured results were achieved when the unit load transfer curves from the reference piles were used and when the soil modulus of deformation was appropriately adjusted to account for pile reinforcement of the soil and the presence of very small strains in the mass of soil around the group. (FHWA) KW - Clay KW - Deformation KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pipe KW - Pipe piles KW - Pore pressure KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Residual stress KW - Settlement rate KW - Uplift pressure KW - Uplift resistance /piles/ KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349780 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Donnelly, D E AU - LaForce, R F AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING TREATMENTS--ALAMEDA AVENUE PY - 1980/10 SP - 26 p. AB - This report describes the construction, testing, and performance of a crumb rubber-asphalt mixture used as a stress absorbing membrane interlayer and also Petromat to control reflection cracking on an urban highway. Test sections included the SAMI, Petromat, and standard overlay. The center portion of this road consisted of previously overlaid concrete pavement while the outside lanes were originally constructed of asphalt pavement with aggregate base. Findings indicate only fair performance in controlling linear cracking on the overlaid concrete and acceptable perforamnce was not obtained from either treatment on the overlaid asphalt areas due to base problems. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349778 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Vaswani, N K AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SUBGRADE MODULI FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN VIRGINIA PY - 1980/10 SP - 43 p. AB - The report summarizes studies undertaken to develop statistical relationships between the physical properties of subgrade soils as determined during a routine soil survey and the elastic moduli of those soils. While the study identified significant relationships between the elastic modulus and gradation and dry density of subgrade soils, it is clear that unidentified factors play a strong role in determining exact modulus values. For this reason, the reader is advised to use the prediction equations developed in the study with extreme caution. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Gradation KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36433/81-R19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349781 AU - Steere, L B AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK REPAIR AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1980/10 SP - 32 p. AB - Measures to reduce or eliminate bridge deck deterioration by the use of various protective systems have been the subject of a series of reports begun in 1976. This report presents current observations of membrane and polymer modified concrete protective systems and includes information on Colorado experiences with a recently adopted low slump concrete deck topping, fiber reinforced concrete, and a polymer concrete patching attempt. Air pollution problems caused by deck repair procedures, expansion devices, and Colorado Standard Specifications are also addressed. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Patching KW - Polymer concrete KW - Protective coatings KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329047 AU - Lyle, R W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE WARNING DEVICES FOR PARKED/DISABLED VEHICLES; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/10 SP - 11 p. AB - The summary reviews the results of an experiment, sponsored by the FHWA and carried out at the Maine Facility, which examined the effectiveness of several alternative warning devices to be used on/with parked/disabled vehicles (PDVs) at the roadside to warn motorists of the PDV's presence. Devices tested included standard four-way warning flashers and warning triangles. KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Flashers KW - Lamps KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parked vehicles KW - Parking KW - Prevention KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Surveys KW - Traffic incidents KW - Triangles KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335978 AU - Hilbert, E E AU - Carlson, R E AU - Kneidl, W A AU - Rennie, P A AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSOR FOR CONTROL OF ARTERIAL AND NETWORKS (SCAN) BREADBOARD HARDWARE PY - 1980/10 SP - 53 p. AB - The objective of the Sensor for Control of Arterials and Networks (SCAN) Project previously known as Wide Area Detection System (WADS), is to determine the technical feasibility of using state of the art imaging (such as television) and processor (such as microprocessor) technology to build an integrated sensor for traffic surveillance on mainline section of urban freeways. This sensor would be capable of automatically making "area" measurements, i.e. across several lanes as well as along the traffic stream in each line. These measurements such as lane density, speed, and volume, would be transmitted back to the central control facility by conventional means and a set of SCAN sensors would thus be deployed to cover the entire length of the freeway. The freeway image would also be used for surveillance and incident diagnosis. The WADS project consists of two phases: first, a conceptual design study and second, building a "breadboard" operating sensor. This volume documents the results of the breadboard design, fabrication and checkout phase. Details of the study phase were previously documented in the interim report No. FHWA-RD-77-85, "Wide Area Detection System Conceptual Design Study," February 1978. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Hardware KW - Incidents KW - Microprocessors KW - Networks KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Sensors KW - Technology KW - Television KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334348 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Temple, W H AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/10 SP - n.p. AB - This study represents the development of a mechanistic approach to asphaltic concrete overlay thickness selection for overlays of flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. The procedure utilizes a deflection analysis to determine pavement rehabilitation needs. Design guides for selecting the overlay thicknesses are presented. Tolerable deflection-traffic load relationships and the deflection attenuation properties of asphaltic concrete have been developed, representing the subgrade support conditions and properties of materials used in Louisiana. All deflection measurements on asphaltic concrete have been corrected for the effect of temperature. Deflection measurements taken before and after overlay were also adjusted to minimize the effects of seasonal subgrade moisture variation. Several advantages of this approach over existing methods include the elimination of reliance on human judgement in an estimation of pavement strength, elimination of the expenses and inaccuracies associated with destructive sampling and testing of pavement components, and the ability to significantly increase sample sizes or points of evaluation within a pavement system. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Destructive testing KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mechanical tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Strength of materials KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337921 AU - Runner, G S AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - West Virginia Department of Highways TI - RUNOFF STUDIES ON SMALL DRAINAGE AREAS. TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATING MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN WEST VIRGINIA. OPEN FILE REPORT PY - 1980/10 SP - 52 p. AB - A technique is presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on unregulated, virtually natural streams in West Virginia. Multiple-regression techniques were used to develop relations between dependent variables, flood peaks, and independent variable, drainage areas. Data collected at 170 stream-gaging sites were used in the analyses. Peak discharges can be estimated for drainage areas from about 0.3 square mile up to 2000 square miles. Graphs are provided to estimate the flood peak. KW - Drainage KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Graphs KW - Graphs charts KW - Mathematical models KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Peak discharge KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Stream gages KW - Streams KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331205 AU - Hu, G T AU - BERNARD, J E AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Gillespie, T AU - Highway Safety Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK AND TRACTOR-TRAILER DYNAMIC RESPONSE SIMULATION--T3DRS:V1, PROGRAMMERS' MANUAL PY - 1980/10 SP - 291 p. AB - This document is a Programmers' Manual for the computer-based mathematical simulation program entitled "Truck and Tractor-Trailer Dynamic Response Simulation-T3DRS:V1" developed in 1979 by the Highway Safety Research Institute/University of Michigan. This manual provides an introduction to the simulation program, with a description of its internal characteristics sufficient for a user to understand the program operational flow and to load, execute and debug simulation runs. KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334964 AU - Liptak, R E AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS AT HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS PY - 1980/10 SP - n.p. AB - Snowplowable raised pavement markers were installed at hazardous locations in Connecticut to determine if improved pavement delineation would be provided resulting in added highway safety, when compared to conventional paint stripes. This report presents findings derived from the installation and subsequent observations on the markers. Illustrations of damage to reflectors and castings are provided along with observations made on the visual effectiveness of the markers installated. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Hazards KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334979 AU - Pugh, C A AU - Department of the Interior AU - Water and Power Resources Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS STUDY VOLUME 5--HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF GENERAL SLOTTED DRAIN INLETS PY - 1980/10 SP - 145 p. AB - Additional tests were conducted on slotted drain inlets to extend design equations to a wider range of field installations. Total flow capture tests and partial flow interception tests were conducted for a range of slot widths, curb to slot distances, back slope, longitudinal slopes, and cross slopes. Design procedures are presented for slots with solid vertical transverse bars at 6-in. (152.4 mm) spacing in the form of graphs and equations. (FHWA) KW - Bicycles KW - Design KW - Grates KW - Highway drainage KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Runoff KW - Safety KW - Slopes KW - Slotted plates KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328930 AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, SAFETY AND POSITIVE GUIDANCE PROJECTS. VOLUME II IN A SERIES ON POSITIVE GUIDANCE PY - 1980/10 SP - 227 p. AB - The report is for use by highway and traffic engineers and technicians in implementing an evaluation of Traffic Operations, Safety and Positive Guidance projects. Evaluation should begin in the planning stage where evaluation designs are selected and measures of effectiveness (MOE's) identified. It should continue during the solution development phase where the measures are used as diagonostics and culminate in an evaluation where differences are in the measures taken before and after the improvement are used to asses the effectiveness of the solution. The Evaluation report provides a cookbook approach to implementing the procedure. This enables those engineers and technicians who are not versed in accident or accident surrogate MOE's, experimental design or statistical analysis to determine whether their solution is effective. Each step in the evaluation is structured in terms of inputs, outputs, and the logic involved in its execution. Tables and worksheets lead to the development of a detailed evaluation plan, data collection procedure and data analysis routine. Among the factors detailed are the selection of appropriate MOE's, overcoming threats to the validity of the evaluation, ways to assure Before and After comparability, how to select the proper statistical test, establishing an appropriate confidence level and recognizing the importance of practical significance. KW - Before and after studies KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway operations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325377 AU - HAMPTON, D AU - McCusker, T G AU - Essex, R J AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates, Chartered AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRESENTATIVE GROUND PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS; VOLUME 2 IN SITU TESTING TECHNIQUES PY - 1980/10 SP - 319 p. AB - This report is the second in a series reporting the results of the above titled study. This document, Volume II, is principally concerned with in situ site investigation techniques but also considers the preliminary phases of a site investigation program, classification and correlation systems applicable to underground design and construction, and large scale field testing procedures. Volume I is concerned with the thought processes and considerations related to the planning and supplementation of site investigation programs for tunnel design and construction. It is intended that these documents will provide guidance to those engineers responsible for the planning and implementation of site investigation programs related to tunnel design and construction. This report will also be of value to owners, contractors and others in the underground construction community. Volume III summarizes currently used analytical design procedures, ascertains the geotechnical parameters required as input into these design procedures, and assesses the significance of these geotechnical parameters. Volume IV consists of a review of the literature on case studies pertaining to tunnel design and construction. Knowledge gained which may be of significant benefit to future tunnel designers and contractors is cited. (FHWA) KW - Field tests KW - Geological conditions KW - Geological events KW - Geological surveying KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Insitu methods KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Site investigation KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Surveying KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325955 AU - Terrel, R L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WOOD LIGNIN AS A SUBSTITUTE OR EXTENDER OF ASPHALT PY - 1980/10 SP - 251 p. AB - The project was aimed at evaluating the use of lignins in three possible ways: (1) alone as a substitute for asphalt, (2) as an extender for asphalt cement in hot mixtures, and (3) as an extender of emulsified asphalt in conjunction with rubber in cold mixtures. Extensive screening of many binder candidates and formulations was made on the basis of binder properties and mixing with sand to make test cylinders. The most promising materials were further evaluated using both binder and full scale lignin asphalt pavement mixtures and were compared to conventional mixtures. Additional evaluation regarding environmental exposure, expected structural performance and economic feasibility was also included as a key part of the research. The general conclusions developed during this study are that both the technical and economic feasibilities of using wood lignin as a partial replacement for asphalt are positive. However, using lignin alone as a substitute for asphalt was not found to be possible in this study. Laboratory studies have shown that mixtures with lignin asphalt binders have similar and possibly improved engineering properties as compared to conventional paving mixtures. Although not currently economically feasible, lignin asphalt pavements will soon be a viable alternative as the cost of asphalt increases. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Extending KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Lignin KW - Properties of materials KW - Rubber KW - Substitutes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00172028 AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Temple, W H AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS OF RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/10 SP - n.p. AB - This study represents the development of a mechanistic approach to asphaltic concrete overlay thickness selection for overlays of flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. The procedure utilizes a deflection analysis to determine pavement rehabilitation needs. Design quides for selecting the overlay thicknesses are presented. Tolerable deflection-traffic load relationships and the deflection attenuation properties of asphaltic concrete have been developed, representing the subgrade support conditions and properties of materials used in Louisiana. The tolerable deflection relationships may require minor adjustments as additional test sections reach the end of life condition. All deflection measurements on asphaltic concrete have been corrected for the effect of temperature. Deflection measurements taken before and after overlay were also adjusted to minimize the effects of seasonal subgrade moisture variation. Several advantages of this approach over existing methods include (1) the elimination of reliance on human judgement in an estimation of pavement strength, (2) elimination of the expenses and inaccuracies associated with destructive sampling and testing of pavement components, and (3) the ability to significantly increase sample sizes or points of evaluation within a pavement system. Overlay thickness requirements computed using the guides developed in this study appear to be in close agreement with overlay requirements determined from the Louisiana-AASHO Flexible Pavement Design Guide. /Author/ KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Composite pavements KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic benefits KW - Flexible pavements KW - Human factors KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/71626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398127 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Hanscom, F R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research TI - Signing and delineation of special usage lanes: volume III: field experiments and implementation suggestions PY - 1980/09 IS - FHWA-RD-81/064 SP - 175p + appendices KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - HOV lane KW - Pavement marking KW - Priority traffic KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Road markings KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398126 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Signing and delineation of special usage lanes: volume II: development of signing and delineation alternatives PY - 1980/09 IS - FHWA-RD-81/063 SP - 169p + appendices KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - HOV lane KW - Pavement marking KW - Priority traffic KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Road markings KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165909 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01398125 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research TI - Signing and delineation of special usage lanes: volume I: executive summary PY - 1980/09 IS - FHWA-RD-81/062 SP - 23p + appendices KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - HOV lane KW - Pavement marking KW - Priority traffic KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Road markings KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01396781 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tobey, H N AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research. Traffic Systems Division TI - Safety aspects of using vehicle hazard warning lights: volume 3: appendices PY - 1980/09 IS - FHWA-RD-80/103 SP - 77p KW - Emergencies KW - Emergency KW - Flashing light KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Vehicle turn indicator KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343563 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tobey, H N AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF USING VEHICLE HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS, VOLUME 2 PY - 1980/09 SP - 165 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to obtain sound, objective data on the nature of drivers' responses to flashers. The basic problem was to determine what effect flashers have on the traffic stream approaching a slow-moving or a disabled vehicle. KW - Flares KW - Flash lamps KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343562 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tobey, H N AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF USING VEHICLE HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS, VOLUME 1 PY - 1980/09 SP - 24 p. AB - The report describes a series of experiments that were conducted to examine the effectiveness of four-way flashers. Both the disabled vehicle situation and the slow-moving vehicle situation were examined at two- and four-lane locations under both daylight and nighttime conditions. The disabled vehicle tests involved parking a test vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) at the side of the road and monitoring the behavior of drivers. The slow-moving vehicle tests involved introducing a staged slow-moving vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) into the traffic stream and observing the overtaking vehicles. At the disabled vehicle, red and amber four-way flashers as well as flares, reflectorized triangles, headlights, and other situational factors were evaluated. For the slow-moving vehicle tests, the effects of red and amber flashers as well as a 30 and 40 mph (48.3 and 64.4 kph) slow-moving vehicle were examined. KW - Flares KW - Flash lamps KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicles KW - Safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329135 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Barber, E J AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA TO DESIGNATE ROUTES FOR TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PY - 1980/09 SP - 237 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to document the results of an investigation of hazardous materials transport by truck and to develop criteria to designate routes for hazardous materials movements. Section 1 introduces, reviews, and summarizes the hazardous materials (HM) routing problem. Section 2 documents the steps taken--from the development of route selection factors to the selection of models used--to predict the probability of an HM accident. The documentation consists of: an examination of federal, state, and a limited number of local laws and regulations; an indication of which factors should be considered for route selection; and the development of a procedure to determine the probability of an HM accident on routes considered for the transport of HM. Section 3 develops a methodology which can be used to assess the consequences of an HM accident; primary factors considered are population and property exposure. Section 4 combines the results of Sections 2 and 3 into a risk assessment methodology which quantitatively indicates routes having more or less risk associated with the transport of HM; criteria are also presented for designating HM routes. Section 5 presents the results of applying the HM risk methodology in two jurisdictions and assesses the utility of the methodology. KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards KW - Highway transportation KW - Interstate transportation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Probability theory KW - Risk assessment KW - Route surveys KW - Statistics KW - Surveying KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325050 AU - Gurney, G F AU - Gupta, P K AU - Roth, W G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RAISED SNOWPLOWABLE PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1980/09 SP - 51 p. AB - In October 1977, over 200 Stimsonite Model 96 raised pavement markers were installed in New York State -- half in a moderate winter environment near Albany, and half in a severe winter environment near Syracuse. The markers did not survive one winter at Syracuse, but were performing acceptably after two winters near Albany. Tungsten carbide plow blades and leading-edge nose-shoes continue to be the main factors contributing to marker damage. Casting failures can be expected after 125 passes with a tungsten- carbide plow blade traveling at 20 to 35 mph. Reflector life is naturally limited by casting durability, but can be further shortened by use of the nose-shoes. Reflector visibility on these unlighted test areas was directly related to size of the reflective surface area. The corner-cube reflector used in the Model 96 can be expected to provide adequate visibility until it loses half of its original reflective surface area. Reflector replacement at this damage level should significantly increase visibility. However, a site can be most efficiently maintained by first evaluating the overall delineation provided, then focusing on the performance or damage levels of individual units. The markers will chip tungsten- carbide plow blades, but not significantly in small installations. Highway striping crews should have no difficulty avoiding properly placed markers. (FHWA) KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Casting KW - Durability KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Loss and damage KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Snowplows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377342 JO - Recycled Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Demonstration Project 47 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lane, K R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates TI - CONSTRUCTION OF A RECYCLED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1980/09 SP - 47 p. AB - This report describes Connecticuts first experience with Portland Cement Concrete Recycling. The test location was on I-84 in Waterbury, Connecticut, a major expressway which required extensive realignment and widening. The primary concern was to obtain the technical expertise to design and place a recycled pavement. Secondary factors also investigated were the analysis of environmental, economic and energy factors relative to the option of recycling or new construction of a portland cement concrete pavement. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Demonstration projects KW - Economic factors KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331734 AU - Baker, M AU - Baker (Michael), Jr, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND SAFETY OF RAMPS AND SPEED CHANGE LANES--A REVIEW OF STATE DESIGN PRACTICES PY - 1980/09 SP - 43 p. AB - This interim report presents the results of a review of ten selected state highway design manuals, discussions with state design and traffic operation engineers and a literature review with specific attention given to ramp and speed change lane criteria. For comparison, additional documents from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Canada were reviewed. A summary of the review and analysis of the manuals is provided along with a detailed discussion of selected design parameters of ramps and speed change lanes. The review determined that the manner in which individual design elements are fitted together can be improved provided that a complete section of roadway (e.g. a ramp) be designed to insure that a proper smooth speed transition (SST) exists. This can be done by studying a proposed design from beginning to end and recording the speed transitions expected. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Manuals KW - Ramps KW - Reviews KW - Speed change lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329734 AU - Templer, J A AU - Wineman, J D AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FEASIBILITY OF ACCOMMODATING PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED INDIVIDUALS ON PEDESTRIAN OVER- AND UNDER-CROSSING STRUCTURES PY - 1980/09 SP - 102 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of accommodating the physically handicapped on over- and under-crossing structures. Based upon the evaluation of 124 crossing structures, 86 percent of these structures had at least one major access barrier. Alternative solutions for identified major access barriers were developed and examined for cost effectiveness. These identified solutions must be field tested before wide scale implementation. It was concluded that both major and minor access barriers can be eliminated. However, research is needed on specific design problems (RAMP gradients, lengths, etc.) before recommendations for the design or retrofitting of crossing structures can be developed. When recommended design guidelines have been determined, it is feasible that alternative solutions can be developed for making existing and new structures accessible to the physically handicapped. (FHWA) KW - Accessibility KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Footbridges KW - Pedestrian tunnels KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334053 AU - Urbanek, G L AU - Barker, E J AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA TO DESIGNATE ROUTES FOR TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/09 SP - 237 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to document the results of an investigation of hazardous materials transport by truck and to develop criteria to designate routes for hazardous materials (HM) routing problem. Section 2 documents the steps taken--from the development of route selection factors to the selection of models used--to predict the probability of an HM accident. The documentation consists of: an examination of federal, state, and a limited number of local laws and regulations; an indication of which factors should be considered for route selection; and the development of a procedure to determine the probability of an HM accident on routes considered for the transport of HM. Section 3 develops a methodology which can be used to assess the consequences of an HM accident; primary factors considered are population and property exposure. Section 4 combines the results of Sections 2 and 3 into a risk assessment methodology which quantitatively indicates routes having more or less risk associated with the transport of HM; criteria are also presented for designating HM routes. Section 5 presents the results of applying the HM risk methodology in two jurisdictions and assesses the utility of the methodology. The findings and techniques presented in this report are also presented in a shorter, user-oriented implementation guide entitled, "Guidelines for Applying Criteria to Designate Routes for Transporting Hazardous Materials" (USDOT FHWA Implementation Package FHWA IP 80-20). (Author) KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Criteria KW - Freight transportation KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazards KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Route choice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365135 AU - Tyndall, L H AU - LAANANEN, D H AU - GAUTHIER, D AU - Dynamic Science AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE METHODS OF REDUCING LEAKAGE OCCURRING IN OVERTURNS OF LIQUID-CARRYING CARGO TANKS: OVERTURN INTEGRITY OF MC 306-TYPE CARGO TANKS PY - 1980/09 SP - 558 p. AB - Product retention items on MC 306-type cargo tanks which represent potential leakage points in overturn accidents were identified in pressure tests of 61 cargo tanks at carrier sites and laboratory tests of 119 pressure/vacuum vents. The manhole assembly, loading/unloading venting, and pressure-actuated venting device were identified as primary leakage sources in overturn accidents. Maintenance practices of 10 carriers were surveyed. Most large carriers perform systematic maintenance on their tanks, but small carriers do not. In general, maintenance done on cargo tanks is devoted primarily to vehicular components, and most carriers do not perform adequate maintenance on product retention items. A cargo tank compartment overturn simulator was designed and constructed, then used in 90 degree and 180 degree tests of new and used manhole assemblies and venting devices. These tests identified pressure-actuated venting in filler covers and loading/unloading venting as the primary sources of overturn leakage. Regulation changes were formulated and presented to an industry representation. On the basis of program test results and industry evaluation, changes are recommended to Parts 173, 177, and 178 (49 CFR) to: (1) require leakage checks before tanks are operated, (2) increase frequency and scope of inspections and maintenance, and (3) instill overturn integrity as a construction and maintenance requirement throughout the operating life of MC 306-type tanks. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hazardous materials KW - Inspection KW - Leakage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Overturning KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Regulations KW - Tank trucks KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Venting KW - Vents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349776 AU - John, SBP AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU TESTING PROCEDURES PY - 1980/09 SP - 102 p. AB - An earlier report (FHWA/CA/TL 80-13) evaluated five in situ devices namely Iowa Borehole Shear Device, Vane, Standard Penetrometer, Dutch Cone and Cambridge Self Boring Pressuremeter. This report presents calibration and testing procedures for these five in situ probes. Information is presented on how each probe was adapted and modified for use with Caltrans' drill rigs. The geology of the three Northern California sites where these devices were tested is presented along with boring profiles. This report also includes cost considerations useful for a prospective buyer of any of these probes. A Bibliography is also included. KW - Boring KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Penetrometers KW - Pressure gages KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear apparatus KW - Shear tests KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Tunneling machines KW - Vane borer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345770 AU - Saylak, D AU - Deuel, L E AU - Izatt, J O AU - Jacobs, C AU - Zahray, R AU - Ham, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF SULFUR IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III--ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1980/09 SP - 113 p. AB - The use of sulfur in highway paving mixtures has introduced questions regarding the pollutants generated, their environmental impact and the safety aspects associated with mix preparation and placement. This report presents the results of an investigation in which these factors are assessed. The study considered the safety and environmental aspects of storage and handling, formulation, construction, operation and maintenance of highway pavements containing sulfur. These considerations included possible evolution of toxic and obnoxious fumes, dust and runoffs. Results of tests simulating inservice conditions such as traffic wear, skidding, freeze thaw, spills and fires are discussed. The effects of these pollutants on humans, soils, highway structural materials, ground waters and vegetation is presented. Along with the laboratory study a detailed work plan which discusses methods and equipment for monitoring potential emissions and pollutants and recommended safety practices was generated. An annotated bibliography dealing with the safety and environmental effects of sulfur-modified paving materials was also prepared. The final report was prepared in three volumes: Volume I-Evaluation of Environmental and Safety Hazards; Volume II-Field Evaluation Plan and Volume III-Annotated Bibliography. (FHWA) KW - Bibliographies KW - Dust KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fires KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Handling and storage KW - Location KW - Materials management KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Pendulum tests KW - Placement KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution KW - Runoff KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Spillage KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Storage facilities KW - Sulfur KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345377 AU - Saylak, D AU - Deuel, L E AU - Izatt, J O AU - Jacobs, C AU - Zahray, R AU - Ham, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF SULFUR IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS--VOLUME I--EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY HAZARDS PY - 1980/09 SP - 170 p. AB - The use of sulfur in highway paving mixtures has introduced questions regarding the pollutants generated, their environmental impact and the safety aspects associated with mix preparation and placement. This report presents the results of an investigation in which these factors are assessed. The study considered the safety and environmental aspects of storage and handling, formulation, construction, operation and maintenance of highway pavements containing sulfur. These considerations included possible evolution of toxic and obnoxious fumes, dust and runoffs. Results of tests simulating inservice conditions such as traffic wear, skidding, freeze thaw, spills and fires are also discussed. The effects of these pollutants on humans, soils, highway structural materials, ground waters and vegetation is presented. Along with the laboratory study a detailed work plan which discusses methods and equipment for monitoring potential emissions and pollutants and recommended safety practices was generated. An annotated bibliography dealing with the safety and environmental effects of sulfur-modified paving materials was also prepared. The final report was prepared in three volumes: Volume I-Evaluation of Environmental and Safety Hazards; Volume II-Field Evaluation Plan and Volume III-Annotated Bibliography. (FHWA) KW - Bibliographies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater effects KW - Hazards KW - Highway pavement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution KW - Safety KW - Sulfur KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342381 AU - Ludeman, W AU - Sedbrook, T AU - Sims, J A AU - Painter, L AU - Wyoming State Forestry Division AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WOOD FIBER RESIDUES FOR MULCHING NEWLY CONSTRUCTED ROADSIDES IN WYOMING PY - 1980/09 SP - 10 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop information on the suitability of softwood sawmill residues for mulching recently constructed roadsides in Wyoming. Sawmill residues consist of material usually disposed of by burning or stockpiling such as bark, sawdust and slivers of wood from the debarking operation. A comparison of wood-residue mulched plots to straw mulched plots revealed treatments of eleven and fifteen green tons per acre of wood residue produced more grasses and less weeds than two tons per acre straw treatments. Also, asphalt tacking of wood residue plots produced more grass than untacked plots especially during the second growing season. Based on the results of this study, the Wyoming Highway Department added wood residues to its list of acceptable mulches for highway seeding projects. This study addressed the effectiveness of wood residues mulching on two growing seasons of grass production. Follow-up studies are needed to assess long-range results. Also, preliminary indications are that wood residue mulching is less expensive than mulching with conventional straw or hay mulches. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to assess the economic benefits of wood residue mulching. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bark KW - Grasses KW - Mulching KW - Roadside KW - Sawdust KW - Seeding KW - Straw KW - Waste products KW - Wood pulp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342382 AU - Brown, C B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVERGREEN POINT BRIDGE MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS PY - 1980/09 SP - 39 p. AB - The 1974-79 study of the maintenance problems of the drawspan mechanism of the Evergreen Point Bridge across Lake Washington is reported. The approach was to predict the life of elements by Miner's hyposthesis. For this the strains at critical points and the wind vector were measured over two sessions. These results were correlated with long term wind data to provide the number of cycles in a year at various stress levels. The fatigue capacity of anchor rods was determined by the Prot test on six specimens. The resulting S-N curve was compared to the field measurements to determine the expected life of the rods from the Miner criterion. The methods developed provide useable maintenance procedures for the prevention of fatigue failure of critical structural elements. (Author) KW - Anchor bolts KW - Failure KW - Maintenance KW - Movable bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Wind UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/044.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341189 AU - Lane, K R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF A RECYCLED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1980/09 SP - 47 p. AB - This report describes Connecticut's first experience with Portland Cement Concrete Recycling. The test location was on I-84 in Waterbury, Connecticut, a major expressway which required extensive realignment and widening. The primary concern was to obtain the technical expertise to design and place a recycled pavement. Secondary factors also investigated were the analysis of environmental, economic and energy factors relative to the option of recycling or new construction of a portland cement concrete pavement. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Economic factors KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycled materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335994 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tobey, H N AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF USING VEHICLE HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/09 SP - 21 p. AB - This report describes a series of experiments that were conducted to examine the effectiveness of four-way flashers. Both the disabled vehicle situation and the slow-moving vehicle situation were examined at two- and four-lane locations under both daylight and nighttime conditions. The disabled vehicle tests involved parking a test vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) at the side of the road and monitoring the behavior of drivers. The slow-moving vehicle tests involved introducing a staged slow-moving vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) into the traffic stream and observing the overtaking vehicles. At the disabled vehicle, red and amber four-way flashers as well as flares, reflectorized triangles, headlights, and other situational factors were evaluated. For the slow-moving vehicle tests, the effects of red and amber flashers as well as a 30 and 40 mph (48.3 and 64.4 kph) slow-moving vehicle were examined. For both the disabled and the slow-moving vehicle situations, it was found that four-way flashers are effective at reducing the inherent danger. In the disabled situation, it was found that approaching motorists slow down sooner and slow down more when flashers are displayed. In the slow-moving situation, it was found that drivers of overtaking vehicles approach more cautiously and pass more carefully. In both situations flashers increase the awareness of the drivers of overtaking vehicles. (FHWA) KW - Amber KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Flares KW - Flashers KW - Reaction time KW - Red KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Traffic incidents KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335996 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tobey, H N AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF USING VEHICLE HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS VOLUME 3. APPENDIXES PY - 1980/09 SP - 77 p. AB - This report describes a series of experiments that were conducted to examine the effectiveness of four-way flashers. Both the disabled vehicle situation and the slow-moving vehicle situation were examined at two- and four-lane locations under both daylight and nighttime conditions. The disabled vehicle tests involved parking a test vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) at the side of the road and monitoring the behavior of drivers. The slow-moving vehicle tests involved introducing a staged slow-moving vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) into the traffic stream and observing the overtaking vehicles. At the disabled vehicle, red and amber four-way flashers as well as flares, reflectorized triangles, headlights, and other situational factors were evaluated. For the slow-moving vehicle tests, the effects of red and amber flashers as well as a 30 and 40 mph (48.3 and 64.4 kph) slow-moving vehicle were examined. For both the disabled and the slow-moving vehicle situations, it was found that four-way flashers are effective at reducing the inherent danger. In the disabled situation, it was found that approaching motorists slow down sooner and slow down more when flashers are displayed. In the slow-moving situation, it was found that drivers of overtaking vehicles approach more cautiously and pass more carefully. In both situations flashers increase the awareness of the drivers of overtaking vehicles. (FHWA) KW - Amber KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Flares KW - Flashers KW - Reaction time KW - Red KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Traffic incidents KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335988 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL, PHASE I: VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/09 SP - 43 p. AB - This document presents a summary description of the work effort performed and of the end-product produced under the subject contract. It is written for a general audience and is oriented toward both administrative and technical personnel. This report contains three sections: 1) An introduction which reviews the utility of traffic simulation and its role as a key element in the transportation management process. The need for an integrated traffic simulation model is discussed and, finally, the objectives of the TRAF system are stated. 2) The conceptual design of TRAF is presented. Two components of the TRAF software system are identified and discussed: a) The TRAF Integrated Model and b) The TRAF Operating System. 3) A brief summary of the other volumes is presented. This volume is the first in a series of five. The others are: Vol. 2 80/087 Design of the TRAF Operating System (TOS); Vol. 3 80/088 TRAF Operating System Users Guide; Vol. 4 80/089 Revisions to UTCS-1 Traffic Simulation Model to Enhance Operational Efficiency; and Vol. 5 80/090 TRAF Operating Systems Program Documentation. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway operations KW - Integrators KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335990 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - ANDREWS, B J AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - Liu, L AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAF OPERATING SYSTEM USER'S GUIDE PY - 1980/09 SP - 104 p. AB - This volume (Vol. 3) presents a guide for the user of the TRAF Operating System. It is organized into several sections: General overview of the TRAF Operating System (TOS); Input requirements for the TOS; Output reports generated by the TOS; Error Messages generated by the TOS; Computer system requirements of the TOS; This volume is the fifth in a series of five. The others are: Vol. 1 80/086 Executive Summary; Vol. 2 80/087 Design of the TRAF Operating System (TOS); Vol. 4 80/089 Revisions to UTCS-1 Traffic Simulation Model to Enhance Operational Efficiency; Vol. 5 80/090 TRAF Operating System Program Documentation. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway operations KW - Integrators KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335993 AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGICAL BASELINE INVESTIGATIONS ALONG THE YUKON RIVER-PRUDHOE BAY HAUL ROAD PY - 1980/09 SP - 203 p. AB - During the period 1975-1978 the Federal Highway Administration sponsored a series of environmental engineering investigations along the Yukon River to Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. In 1976 the Department of Energy joined these investigations with a series of ecological projects which continue to the present. Both agencies' research efforts were conducted on a cooperative basis with CRREL's in-house research program. The objectives of the research focused on 1) an evaluation of the performance of the road, 2) an assessment of changes in the environment associated with the road, 3) documentation of flora and vegetation along the 577-km-long transect, 4) methodologies for revegetation and restoration, and 5) an assessment of biological parameters as indicators of environmental integrity. In support of these objectives, specific studies were undertaken that investigated the climate along the road, thaw and subsidence beneath and adjacent to the road, drainage and side slope performance, distribution and properties of road dust, vegetation distribution, vegetation disturbance and recovery, occurrence of weeds and weedy species, erosion and its control, revegetation and restoration, and construction of the fuel gas line. This report presents background information on the region, detailed results of the road thaw subsidence and dust investigations, and summaries of revegetation, fuel gas line, vegetation distribution, soil, and weed studies. (FHWA) KW - Dust KW - Ecology KW - Environmental engineering KW - Erosion control KW - Frigid regions KW - Highway drainage KW - Permafrost KW - Side slopes KW - Slopes KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Surface drainage KW - Thaw KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335995 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tobey, H N AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASPECTS OF USING VEHICLE HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS VOLUME 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/09 SP - 153 p. AB - This report describes a series of experiments that were conducted to examine the effectiveness of four-way flashers. Both the disabled vehicle situation and the slow-moving vehicle situation were examined at two- and four-lane locations under both daylight and nighttime conditions. The disabled vehicle tests involved parking a test vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) at the side of the road and monitoring the behavior of drivers. The slow-moving vehicle tests involved introducing a staged slow-moving vehicle (either a car or a tractor-trailer) into the traffic stream and observing the overtaking vehicles. At the disabled vehicle, red and amber four-way flashers as well as flares, reflectorized triangles, headlights, and other situational factors were evaluated. For the slow-moving vehicle tests, the effects of red and amber flashers as well as a 30 and 40 mph (48.3 and 64.4 kph) slow-moving vehicle were examined. For both the disabled and the slow-moving vehicle situations, it was found that four-way flashers are effective at reducing the inherent danger. In the disabled situation, it was found that approaching motorists slow down sooner and slow down more when flashers are displayed. In the slow-moving situation, it was found that drivers of overtaking vehicles approach more cautiously and pass more carefully. In both situations flashers increase the awareness of the drivers of overtaking vehicles. (FHWA) KW - Amber KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Flares KW - Flashers KW - Reaction time KW - Red KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Traffic incidents KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335989 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - ANDREWS, B J AU - Goldblatt, R B AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL--PHASE I: VOLUME 2: DESIGN OF THE TRAF OPERATING SYSTEM (TOS) PY - 1980/09 SP - 100 p. AB - This document describes one of the two components of the TRAF Software System, viz, the TRAF Operating System (TOS). It is written for the software specialist and transportation researcher. This report contains two major sections: 1) After a brief introduction, a description of the TRAF Operating System is presented, detailing The contents of the TRAF Master File; The design of the TRAF report generator; The design of the TRAF Maintenance Program; The design of the TRAF Program Generator. Essentially, the TRAF Operating System is designed to maintain the TRAF Master File, provide information describing the contents of this Master File and to generate FORTRAN coded traffic simulation programs as requested by the user. 2) The storage structure of the TRAF Operating System. This volume is the second in a series of five. The others are: Vol. 1. 086 Executive Summary; Vol. 3. 088 TRAF Operating System Users Guide; Vol. 4. 089 Revisions to UTCS-1 Traffic Simulation Model to Enhance Operational Efficiency; Vol. 5. 090 TRAF Operating System Program Documentation. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway operations KW - Integrators KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335991 AU - Lieberman, E B AU - WU, A AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL--PHASE I: VOLUME 4: REVISIONS TO THE UTCS-1 TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL TO ENHANCE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY PY - 1980/09 SP - 68 p. AB - This report describes revisions to the UTCS-1 Traffic Simulation Program to reduce computing (CPU) time, reduce data transfer (I/O) operations, and to reduce storage requirements. The work effort included: 1. Refine the existing code; 2. Incorporate the capability for a variable simulation time-step; 3. Abridge the existing fuel consumption and vehicle emission rate tables; 4. Pack the above tables to conserve storage; 5. Revise two major routines and develop a new car-following model. The estimated result is to reduce CPU time by at least 30 percent, reduce I/O operations by at least 90 percent and reduce required storage by approximately 10 percent. This volume is the fourth in a series of five. The others are: Vol. 1 80/086 Executive Summary; Vol. 2 80/087 Design of the TRAF Operating System (TOS); Vol. 4 80/088 Revisions to the UTCS-1 Traffic Simulation Model to Enhance Operational Efficiency; Vol. 5 80/089 TRAF Operating System Program Documentation. (FHWA) KW - Car following KW - Design KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway operations KW - Integrators KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168824 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00331350 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Forster, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCESS CONTROL FOR AGGREGATE PRODUCTION AND USE PY - 1980/09 VL - 44 SP - p. 53-61 AB - Alternatives to time-consuming standard sieve analysis procedures were evaluated in the laboratory. The alternative procedures included methods to either reduce or eliminate drying times or reduce the number of sieves required. The research described was performed to develop less expensive and faster methods of aggregate gradation control testing. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate production KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Construction KW - Materials tests KW - Measurement KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Road materials KW - Roads KW - Screenings KW - Screens KW - Screens and sieves KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage tests KW - Sieves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/166977 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00331352 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Carpenter, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATIONS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1980/09 VL - 44 SP - p. 76-83 AB - This article describes the results of the first task of a three-task Federal Highway Administration research project to identify optimum structural applications of high strength concrete in highway bridges. Mixing specifications, physical properties, and advantages and disadvantages of high strength concrete were studied. KW - Concrete bridges KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway transportation KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/166979 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00331351 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Moulton, L K AU - Kula, J R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE MOVEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS PY - 1980/09 VL - 44 SP - p. 62-75 AB - This article discusses the collection and analysis of field data on bridge movements and the ability of bridges to tolerate these movements. It was concluded that many bridges, depending upon kind of span, length of span, and kind of construction material, can tolerate significant levels of differential settlement without sustaining intolerable structural damage. However, the horizontal movement of substructure elements was found to be more critical than vertical movement. KW - Alignment KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Differential settlement KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Foundations KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway transportation KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Motion KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/166978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329125 AU - Kay, J L AU - Neudorff, L G AU - Wagner, F A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR REMOVING TRAFFIC SIGNALS, TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/09 SP - 156 p. AB - The report presents the results of a study to develop criteria that may be adopted as warrants for the removal of existing traffic control signals. The development of the signal removal criteria was based largely, as in a legal argument, on precedent. Those cases where positive impacts were realized by removing signals served to identify the criteria and conditions under which other signals should be removed. Likewise, cases involving negative impacts or unsuccessful removal attempts were reviewed to identify those conditions where signal removal should not be pursued. The methodology employed in this research was to compile the traffic signal removal experiences at over 200 intersections in 31 political entities, and to summarize and analyze this information to provide an objective base for the development of signal removal criteria. The decision process is designed to allow the traffic engineer to predict the expected impacts that will result from the removal of a traffic signal at a particular intersection. Knowing these probable impacts on intersection safety, traffic flow, energy consumption and costs, the traffic engineer can then make a sound decision concerning the removal of a signal. This volume documents the details of the signal removal criteria. A User's Guide is presented in another volume. KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Fuel consumption KW - Impacts KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Public opinion KW - Removal KW - Safety KW - Signal lights KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330070 AU - Vallette, G R AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BMCS ACCIDENT FILES PY - 1980/09 SP - 31 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the quality of the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety's file of property damage and injury motor carrier accidents. The comparison data base was comprised of 2112 truck accident records collected by BioTechnology, Inc., during a 1-1/2 yr. accident investigation effort in six states. For the evaluation, 198 reports from each file were able to be paired. A one-on-one comparison of 38 variables common to each file was made. In general, there was quite good agreement between the two data bases. The degree of the discrepancies varied according to the nature of the variable and the type of data being collected. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Classification KW - Crash reports KW - Databases KW - Filing systems KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325048 AU - Olsen, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUANTIFYING THE NIGHT DRIVER'S VISUAL ENVIRONMENT PY - 1980/09 SP - 66 p. AB - The complexity of a driver's tasks in safely and efficiently utilizing the highway system is largely dependent upon the inputs presented to the visual senses. Visual complexity is determined by road geometry; maneuvering of other traffic; adjacent land uses; pedestrian activity; weather; traffic control devices, lighting, and maintenance of the road features; and many other factors. Darkness changes the visual environment by reducing many cues and by adding a few others. Some of these are added for the driver's benefit, some for other purposes, and some are uncontrolled or uncontrollable at least by highway agencies. In this review of selected literature and research approaches, the objective is to suggest promising next steps toward making decisions on design, selection, and provision of aids to drivers for night driving. (FHWA) KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Night visibility KW - Night vision KW - Pedestrians KW - Reviews KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic control devices KW - Vision KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328852 AU - Heisler, J AU - Morrissey, J AU - Input Output Computer Services, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING WARNING DEVICE LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS PY - 1980/09 SP - 84 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976, and the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 provide funds to individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. This report was undertaken in support of a U.S. DOT effort to improve the efficient allocation and use of these Federal funds. The report describes the results of a study designed to collect, analyze, and document life cycle costs of active rail-highway crossing warning devices. Life cycle costs were determined from information on installation costs contained in the final billings of rail-highway crossing improvement projects and from data on maintenance costs provided by various states, railroads, and railway associations. Life cycle costs were analyzed by cost components for each of the five Federal Railroad Administration regions. Cost components included pre-engineering, labor, material, and equipment rental costs as well as maintenance costs. Cost variability due to several factors such as number of tracks, crossing location, type of train detection system, and combinations of these variables was analyzed. KW - Allocations KW - Analysis KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Federal aid KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Fund allocations KW - Government funding KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Justification KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Multiple track KW - Presence detectors KW - Proximity detectors KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Regions KW - States KW - Track circuits KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162767 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330077 AU - SAXENA, S K AU - Militsopoulos, S G AU - Dames and Moore AU - Illinois Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 2: ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED PAVEMENTS USING ANSYS PY - 1980/09 VL - 2 SP - 144 p. AB - This report is a manual which provides a set of procedures to evaluate the response of an anchored pavement subjected to vehicle static loads, moisture variation in the subgrade, and/or temperature variation through the surface of the pavement. These procedures include two computer programs known as FEMESH and ANSYS. The FEMESH program generates rectangular meshes in either a two or three dimensional coordinate system for any prespecified number and spacing of nodes. The ANSYS program evaluates the stresses, strains, and the deflections at all elements in each material included in the analytical model. The program can be used for any number of different materials in any direction. In the analysis of heat transfer, the program provides the distribution of temperature as a function of time at predesignated points. The program is versatile and capable of solving complex geometrical structures supported on a geologically complex earth mass. The behavior of an anchored pavement section is evaluated with sets of computer programmed mechanistic models. The manual was written to minimize reference to other publications. (FHWA) KW - Anchoring KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Heat transfer KW - Manuals KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Static loads KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325043 AU - BECKER, L D AU - U.S. Geological Survey TI - TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING FLOOD PEAKS, VOLUMES, AND HYDROGRAPHS ON SMALL STREAMS IN SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1980/09 SP - 86 p. AB - Procedures are defined for estimating magnitude and frequency of future flood peaks and flood volumes and for estimating hydrograph shape of rainfall-induced runoff of small streams in South Dakota where flood flows are not significantly affected by artificial storage or other manmade activities. For 115 gaged sites, the estimates are from frequency curves defined from the gaging records. Estimates are made for ungaged sites using regression relations based on drainage basin size, main channel slope, and soil-infiltration index. Estimating relations are applicable for flood peaks on watersheds draining 0.05 to 100 square miles and for flood volumes on watersheds draining from 0.05 to 15 square miles. Limitations on use of the regression relations and the reliability of estimates are discussed. A method is indicated for using the estimating procedures and embankment ponding to design smaller highway culverts. The procedures were developed from analysis of flood records of 123 gaged sites. For 66 sites, short-term records were extended using long-term climatic records and a rainfall-runoff model. Flood magnitudes as dependent variables were related by regression analyses to indexes describing the drainage basins as independent variables. A dimensionless hydrograph shape was found appropriate for rainfall-runoff hydrographs. (FHWA) KW - Drainage basins KW - Estimating KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Hydrochloric acid KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Slopes KW - Streams KW - Volume KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325947 AU - Thornton, S I AU - Parker, D G AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department TI - CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES USING SELF-HARDENING FLY ASH PY - 1980/09 SP - n.p. AB - Fly ash produced in Arkansas from burning Wyoming low sulfur coal is self-hardening and can be effective as a soil stabilizing agent for clays and sands. The strength of soil-self hardening fly ash develops rapidly when compacted immediately after mixing. Seven day unconfined compressive stengths up to 1800 psi were obtained from 20% fly ash and 80% san mixtures. A time delay between mixing the fly ash with the soil and compaction of the mixture reduced the strength. With two hours delay, over a third of the strength was lost and with four hours delay, the loss was over half. Gypsum and some commercial concrete retarders were effective in reducing the detrimental effect of delayed compaction. Adequate mixing of the soil and fly ash and rapid compaction of the mixtures were found to be important parameters in field construction off stabilized bases. (FHWA) KW - Clay soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Fly ash KW - Gypsum KW - Sand KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Traffic delays KW - Unconfined compression UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2052.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343723 AU - White, D M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - THE FABRIC OF A MEDIUM PLASTIC CLAY COMPACTED IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD PY - 1980/08/26 SP - 118 p. AB - The fabric of a medium plastic clay (A-6 soil), as described by its pore-size distribution, was examined for significant differences as produced by different compaction procedures. It is hoped this would improve prediction of field behavior because fabric is said to be the determinant of soil behavior. The soil had been compacted in a field test embankment for another project by two procedures. It was also compacted in the laboratory by two procedures. Specimens were tested over the broad range of compaction variables. Various descriptors of the pore-size distribution data were examined to see which correlated with their respective variables. The significant descriptors for the different compaction procedures were then compared statistically. KW - Clay KW - Field tests KW - Moisture content KW - Porosity KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil structure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341191 AU - White, D M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FABRIC OF A MEDIUM PLASTIC CLAY COMPACTED IN THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD PY - 1980/08/26 SP - 101 p. AB - The fabric of a medium plastic clay (A-6 soil), as described by its pore-size distribution, was examined for significant differences as produced by different compaction procedures. It is hoped this would improve prediction of field behavior because fabric is said to be the determinant of soil behavior. The soil had been compacted in a field test embankment for another project by two procedures. It was also compacted in the laboratory by two procedures. Specimens were tested over the broad range of compaction variables. Various descriptors of the pore-size distribution data were examined to see which correlated with their respective variables. The significant descriptors for the different compaction procedures were then compared statistically. Descriptors involving the logarithm of the 50th and 75th percentile diameters and the percentage of the pore volume that was intruded was found to be the most significant. The magnitudes of the descriptors were significantly affected by how far the compaction water content deviated from the optimum water content; compaction energy-water content interaction terms also were important. The fabric of the laboratory compacted soil was significantly different from that of the field compacted soil, especially on the dry side of optimum. Laboratory compaction by impact and kneading methods produced the same fabric. The Caterpillar and Rascal equipment used in the field produced different fabrics on the dry side only. (FHWA) KW - Clay soils KW - Compaction KW - Fabrics KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Moisture content KW - Plastic soils KW - Pore size distribution KW - Soil compaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331732 AU - Waddell, R K AU - Parizek, R R AU - Buss, D R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH PROJECT 73-9 FINAL REPORT-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE APPLICATION OF LIMESTONE AND LIME DUST IN THE ABATEMENT OF ACIDIC DRAINAGE IN CENTRE COUNTY, PENNSYLVAIA PY - 1980/08/11 SP - 79 p. AB - Acid pollution of springs, a lake, and stream resulted from I-80 highway construction near Snow Shoe, Centre County, Pennsylvania, where extensive cuts and fills were required in pyritic rocks. Oxidation of pyrite contained in extensive fill embankments and in spoil deposits caused fish kills and overall water quality degradation down valley. Surficial application of a mixture of limestone fragments and lime flue dust (600 metric tons/ha) with aged sawdust (225 cu m/ha) and vegetation reduced acid production within a treatment area. Water quality and flow data were monitored from June 1973 to December 1977 for both a control and treatment area. Iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, sulfate, acidity, pH, and temperature were measured. Prior to treatment, pH was directly related to discharge. Annual peak sulfate concentrations at the treated versus an untreated site down gradient were 374 versus 500 parts per million (1973-74, pretreatment), 100 versus 250 parts per million (1974-75), and 20 versus 260 parts per million (1975-76). The pH values at the treatment site increased from 4.0 to 5.8 and from 3.9 to 4.4 for the control plot. Fluxes of sulfate concentration indicate that the treatment not only neutralizes acid but also slows its production, indicating that when the pH is higher than 4.5 to 5.0, bacterial catalysis is unimportant in pyrite oxidization, and the water's buffer capacity can neutralize the acid. The method should have application on most disturbed lands, but when lime flue dust is used in combination with quarry wastes, it should be aged or well blended with soil to prevent pavement development. (FHWA) KW - Highway drainage KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Limestone dust KW - Neutralizing KW - Road construction KW - Sawdust KW - Sulfuric acid KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341536 AU - Johnson (Lawrence) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE PY - 1980/08/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This report is a summary of the proceedings of the two-day Value Engineering (VE) conference. It defines the concepts of VE and provides important details on how to plan and implement a VE program. Included in these details are suggestions for setting up a program, securing management support, selecting the team, and selecting the projects. Sample cost figures on the funds necessary to start a program and the returns on the investments are included. Problems which may be encountered as well as suggested solutions for those problems are discussed. The report also includes descriptions of actual VE projects that resulted from VE efforts and the savings realized from them. Finally, the report offers specific recommendations for the continuation of FHWA's VE program and the direction of VE for the future. KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Fund allocations KW - Implementation KW - Investments KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Programs KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337245 AU - Colony, D C AU - McNichols, R J AU - Wolfe, R K AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF UT TIME-TEMPERATURE MODEL ON DURATION OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SEASON PY - 1980/08/01 SP - 124 p. AB - Weather conditions in Ohio were studied at four sites for which hourly records were available for a significant number of years. Air temperatures and wind velocities were analyzed during the months of March, April, May, October and November, together with other weather data. Application of a previously developed thermodynamic model resulted in a set of "limiting curves" of wind velocity vs air temperature which define permissible combinations of those variables for construction of bituminous mats of given thickness, for given base surface temperature. The criterion of acceptability was an average mat temperature of at least 175F, ten minutes after placement. Solar flux was found to have little influence during the first ten minutes and this parameter was assigned a constant value representative of Ohio during the months in question. An equation is developed for estimating base surface temperature as a function of air temperature and other variables. Results of this equation are compared with data from the literature. KW - Air KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold weather construction KW - Construction KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Observations KW - Ohio KW - Paving KW - Probability theory KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Surface temperature KW - Temperature KW - Thermodynamics KW - Velocity KW - Weather stations KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169098 ER - TY - SER AN - 01159755 JO - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Demo Proj 39 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cassellius, Ronald H AU - Olson, Roger C AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Fergus Falls, Minnesota PY - 1980/08//Interim Report SP - 34p AB - The primary objective of this project was to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing a bituminous pavement by the hot recycling process. Secondary to that was the evaluation of the construction procedure and the finished pavement. The purpose of this improvement was to restore the outside bituminous surfaced shoulders to a like-new condition. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road construction UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017019/017019.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00964102 AU - Moulton, L K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SUBDRAINAGE DESIGN PY - 1980/08 SP - 170 p. AB - This report contains five chapters relating to highway subdrainage design. Chapter 1 is devoted to a general discussion of the adverse effects of subsurface water, the types and sources of subsurface water and its movements, and the types of subsurface drainage installations that can be used either singly or in combination, to control this water. Chapter 2 lists the data requirements for analysis and design and presents recommended procedures for assembling these data. Chapter 3 presents methods and recommended criteria for the control of groundwater and infiltration in pavement structural sections. Chapter 4 deals with the more general control of groundwater away from the pavement. Chapter 5 presents a discussion of the construction and maintenance aspects of subdrainage systems. KW - Construction KW - Control KW - Groundwater KW - Highway design KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Subdrains KW - Subsurface drainage UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30111/FHWA-TS-80-224.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337888 AU - Salvucci, F AU - Humphrey, T F AU - Myer, M AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONTINGENCY STRATEGIES. PART THREE. THE CASE OF THE "YOURTOWN" URBANIZED AREA PY - 1980/08 SP - 84 p. AB - This report, Part 3, describes a model case study of the contingency planning process. The various institutional relationships, types of analysis performed, agreements reached, and other activities are presented in a manner which should be helpful to areas conducting actual contingency planning. KW - Case studies KW - Contingency KW - Contingency planning KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Simulation KW - Supply KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344430 AU - McBee, W C AU - Sullivan, T A AU - Izatt, J O AU - Bureau of Mines AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE ART GUIDELINE MANUAL FOR DESIGN, QUALITY CONTROL, AND CONSTRUCTION OF SULFUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 61 p. AB - Sulfur-Extended-Asphalt (SEA) binders save asphalt, a potential energy source, by replacing some asphalt in conventional flexible pavement mixes with sulfur. These new binders appear to possess properties comparable to asphalt. The guideline manual provides the highway community in both public and private organizations with the most definitive state-of-the-art guidelines extant for using these binders. Information on design, construction, quality control, equipment, mixing plants, specifications, and safety is included. Administrators and professionals in pavement construction, design, maintenance, and materials testing will be the personnel who are most interested in the manual. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt plants KW - Construction KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mixing KW - Mixtures KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Structural design KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344419 AU - GROSS, A E AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIRST FIELD TRIALS WITH SULFUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT (SEA) BINDERS IN MAINE PY - 1980/08 SP - 75 p. AB - A total of 4,070 tons of sulfur-extended-asphalt (SEA) pavement was placed on Maine roads during the 1979 construction season. The SEA mix total includes 3,300 tons placed on an Interstate highway and 770 tons placed on a primary highway. The mix was produced in an 8,000 pound batch plant. A 30/70 (17/83 by vol) weight blend of sulfur and asphalt was used as the binding agent. The sulfur modified asphalt was mixed by the 'Direct Method' by adding the two materials, asphalt first, one after the other into the mix plant asphalt weight bucket. The SEA Mix was designed using Hveem procedures by State technicians in the Bituminous Concrete Laboratory in Bangor. Quality assurance of the finished product was determined by State of Maine inspectors at the plant and on the street. After construction, tests were conducted on the SEA Mix to determine the physical properties of the recovered asphalt for a before and after comparison of the modified binding agent. Frictional resistance, deflection and rideability measurements were obtained on both the SEA and the control sections. These parameters produced similar results for both sections. The SEA binder concept used on the experimental project reduced the required asphalt cement by nearly 20 percent. Laboratory tests indicated that sulfur negated the oxidation of the asphalt cement during the plant mix cycle. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Construction KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maine KW - Specifications KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377227 AU - Haxo, H E AU - Newey, H A AU - Busso, C J AU - Carr, B J AU - Shelly, T L AU - Matrecon, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID-SET EPOXY ADHESIVE FOR TRAFFIC MARKERS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/08 SP - 103 p. AB - A new generically defined, rapid-set epoxy adhesive for bonding traffic markers to roadway surfaces has been developed, field tested, and produced in semicommercial quantities. This rapid-set epoxy adhesive, designated Adhesive 118-AF, features significantly faster setting times and lower viscosity than current rapid-set materials. It is a two-component system designed for machine mixing and dispensing, on a one-to-one volume basis; it has a pot life of about four minutes, gives an open-to-traffic time of about 15 minutes at 25 deg C, can be used at lower temperatures, can tolerate some dampness in the concrete, and is free of asbestos as a thixotropic agent. Adhesive 118-AF is based on the use of a polymercaptan as the hardener. It differs from existing rapid-setting systems in that all of the cure results from the fast reaction of a mercaptan group with an epoxy group. The asbestos version, Adhesive 118, was compared in a field test with the California Rapid-set Adhesive and a second experimental adhesive. Raised ceramic and plastic retroreflective markers were placed on a portland cement concrete highway of high traffic density. Adhesive 118 had the best balance of handling, cure rate, and retention of markers during the first year of service. After reformulation, in which the asbestos thixotrope was replaced with fibrillated high-density polyethylene, production was scaled-up and 350 gallons of satisfactory adhesive was produced and shipped to various state highway departments and the FHWA for evaluation. A materials and performance specification and a user's guide have been prepared. (FHWA) KW - Adhesives KW - Asbestos KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Manuals KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Rapid set KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road marking materials KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Specifications KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335979 AU - Rhodes, J R AU - Stout, J A AU - Sieberg, R D AU - Schindler, J S AU - Columbia Scientific Industries AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU DETERMINATION OF THE CHLORIDE CONTENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1980/08 SP - 58 p. AB - The objective of this two-phase program is to develop an instrument and test procedure for rapid, local, in situ determination of chloride content in PCC bridge decks or other reinforced concrete members at the level of the outermost mat of reinforcing steel. In Phase I (report FHWA-RD-77-26) a dual measurement method, employing thermal neutron prompt gammas and thermal neutron activation, was shown to be feasible for non-destructive monitoring of chloride content below the surface. In Phase II the prototype instrument, a self-contained vehicle, has been developed and has undergone laboratory evaluation and field trials. Laboratory chloride determinations, made on over 100 concrete test specimens show insensitivity to water/cement ratio; moisture content; reinforcing bar location and pattern; aggregate type, and presence of overlays or membranes (unless they contain PVC). "Depth" chloride content can be measured irrespective of moderate variations in "surface" chloride content, with detection limits of 10 to 200 ppm C1 and depth "resolutions" of 1 to 20 cm, depending on the calibration model. Field trials were conducted on 5 bridges in Texas. They confirmed that up to six non-destructive chloride measurements per hour can be made with enough sensitivity to permit on-the-spot decisions regarding bridge deck repair or maintenance. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge members KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rapid methods KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Testing equipment KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335965 AU - Myers, T T AU - Ashkenas, I L AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF A GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM PY - 1980/08 SP - 194 p. AB - The objective of this study has been to determine the feasibility and format of a grade severity rating system (GSRS) so that existing countermeasures can be more rationally applied and the need for new countermeasures can be established. The study as conducted consisted of a literature review, the development of a truck downgrade braking model, a series of field tests to validate the model and the final development of a prototype grade severity rating system. With the grade severity rating system a downgrade may be given a numerical rating based on the severity of the grade. A speed selection model was also developed that can be used to determine a safe speed of descent based on the grade severity rating and the weight of the truck. (FHWA) KW - Brakes KW - Braking KW - Countermeasures KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Grades KW - Injury severity KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Ratings KW - Reviews KW - Severity KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Truck brakes KW - Trucks KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323182 AU - Carlson, L E AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF DENVER TYPE I AND STANDARD TYPE II BARRICADES VIA FULL SCALE TESTS. VOLUME 1, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/08 SP - 17 p. AB - Denver Type I Barricades and Standard Type II Barricades were subject to impacts with subcompact vehicles at 97 km/h (60 mph) to acquire comparative vehicle damage and safety data. The damage from all impacts was minor. No serious safety hazard resulting from the impacts is apparent. The Denver Type I Barricade represents no significantly different threat to vehicles than does the Standard Type II Barricades. KW - Barricades KW - Compact automobiles KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Small car KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379572 AU - Donavan, P R AU - Flynn, D R AU - Yaniv, S L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: OUTDOOR/INDOOR NOISE ISOLATION PY - 1980/08 SP - 180 p. AB - This report documents a series of measurements of the outdoor-to-indoor noise isolation provided by nine houses in the Washington, DC, area. These measurements were carried out as part of a large research program developed to identify and quantify the important physical parameters which affect human response to time-varying traffic noise and to investigate various procedures for rating such noise so as to enable reliable predictions of subjective response to the noise. While a small truck was driven past each test house, simultaneous recordings were made of the sound level at three outdoor microphones and at four indoor microphones (three of which were positioned at representative listener positions). These recordings were analyzed to yield one-third octave band sound levels as functions of time and from these levels outdoor-to-indoor level differences were computed. Analyses are given of the influence of different experimental variables. It is found that microphone placement, both indoors and outdoors, is the major source of measurement uncertainty. The data from this study are in good agreement with sound isolation data reported in the literature for houses in colder climates. KW - Forecasting KW - Ratings KW - Subjective analysis KW - Test procedures KW - Time KW - Traffic noise KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335971 AU - Segal, D J AU - Banney, T A AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HORIZONTAL CURVE DESIGN PY - 1980/08 SP - 106 p. AB - This report documents an initial evaluation of horizontal curve design criteria which involved two phases: an observational study and an analytical evaluation. Three classes of vehicles (automobiles, school buses and tractor semi-trailers) and three selected curves (8, 31 and 38) were utilized in the study in order to determine vehicle path and speed. The analytical evaluation using the HVOSM was conducted to relate the vehicle dynamics during curve traversal to horizontal curve design criteria. Horizontal curve parameters were curve radius, vehicle class, speed, curve transition type and superelevation rate. The report suggests that the use of spiral transition curves in horizontal alignment would improve traffic operations and recommends further research to confirm the change in steady-state steer characteristics on superelevated curves. (FHWA) KW - Alignment KW - Automobiles KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Highway operations KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Motor vehicles KW - School buses KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Superelevation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic speed KW - Trailers KW - Transition curves KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334350 AU - Parker, M R AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PARKING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR URBAN AREAS PY - 1980/08 SP - 147 p. AB - The state of the art of parking management in urban areas in the United States was established using an extensive review of the literature and a nationwide questionnaire survey that was distributed to 458 city officials, 173 of whom responded. Based on the information thus obtained, key elements of parking management were identified including groups affected and impacts of parking, descriptions of various strategies, the need for management, and problems encountered with implementing parking controls. A detailed evaluation of 17 strategies and 9 support measures was performed, and a practical set of guidelines that can be used by planners and traffic engineers for selecting and evaluating parking management measures was developed. A list of reference materials was provided to aid transportation engineers locate additional information sources. It was concluded that parking management strategies are not being used on an areawide basis; however, several measures, including residential parking permit programs, in-lieu parking regulations, and park and ride lots, provide potential benefits for most urban areas. Field evaluations of parking strategies are needed to determine the effectiveness of these measures and to promote their use in transportation plans. (FHWA) KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Park and ride KW - Parking KW - Questionnaires KW - Residential areas KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Strategy KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36425/81-R9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365096 AU - Saylak, D AU - Jacobs, C AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Sulphur Institute TI - POST CONSTRUCTION EVALUATION OF U.S. 69 SULFUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENT TEST SECTIONS IN LUFKIN, TEXAS PY - 1980/08 SP - 87 p. AB - This report deals with the post construction evaluation of an experimental SEA pavement field trial on U.S. 69 north of Lufkin, Texas. The binders used in this field trial consist of pure asphalt cement for the control sections and 30/70 weight percent of sulfur/asphalt in the SEA test binder. All elements of the structural (thickness) design were produced in pairs for comparison of SEA against asphalt sections. Two thinner sections were constructed to possibly show distress in two or three years. Otherwise, the thickness designs used in the test sections were the same as those specified by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation in the conventional sections of this highway. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binders KW - Bulk density KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality control KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Texas KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341299 AU - McBee, W C AU - Sullivan, T A AU - Izatt, J O AU - Bureau of Mines AU - Sulphur Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART GUIDELINES MANUAL FOR DESIGN, QUALITY CONTROL, AND CONSTRUCTION OF SULFUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 57 p. AB - Sulfur-Extended-Asphalt (SEA) binders save asphalt, a potential energy source, by replacing some asphalt in conventional flexible pavement mixes with sulfur. These new binders appear to possess properties comparable to asphalt. The guideline manual provides the highway community in both public and private organizations with the most definitive state-of-the-art guidelines extant for using these binders. Information on design, construction, quality control, equipment, mixing plants, specifications, and safety is included. Administrators and professionals in pavement construction, design, maintenance, and materials testing will be the personnel who are most interested in the manual. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Mixing plants KW - Quality control KW - Specifications KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341195 AU - Weed, R M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SEVERAL BRIDGE DECK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS PY - 1980/08 SP - 86 p. AB - This report details the installation and evaluation of ten different bridge deck protective systems. These include asbestos-modified asphalt, hot-applied liquid rubberized asphalt, two preformed sheet systems, one roll-on fabric system, latex-modified concrete, high density concrete, epoxy-coated reinforcing steel, galvanized reinforcing steel, and internally-sealed concrete. Most installations involve at least two test decks. Methods of evaluation included an appraisal by Construction, Maintenance, and Research engineers of the ease of installation of these systems. Apparent effectiveness has been judged by periodic visual monitoring and (for membrane systems only) the gathering of data from moisture sensing electrodes placed on the surface of the bridge deck. As described in the body of this report, the moisture sensing electrodes did not perform as effectively as expected, providing only very general trends rather than precise information. Also, because the quantity of detected moisture was relatively small, there is some uncertainty whether it represents moisture trapped in the pores of the concrete or water that has permeated the membrane after it was installed. Consequently, the evaluations are based on the impressions of the several engineers who witnessed these installations plus the periodic visual inspections by Research personnel. At this writing, the time in service of the various installations ranged from three to seven years. All are considered tentatively acceptable based on their performance to date although the Department's Design and Maintenance forces have developed distinct preferences based on ease of installation, cost and apparent effectiveness. All systems will continue to be monitored for several years as part of another study. As a further aid to designers, Appendix VI contains charts useful in making realistic comparisons between less expensive but shorter lived systems and more expensive but longer lived systems. For example, if the cost and expected life of a membrane system (short lived) are known as well as the cost of some more elaborate system, these charts enable the user to determine the expected life required for the more expensive system to be economically equivalent to the membrane system. (FHWA) KW - Asbestos KW - Bridge decks KW - Electrodes KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Galvanized metals KW - Latex KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Moisture content KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Sensors KW - Waterproofing KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341300 AU - GROSS, A E AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIRST FIELD TRIALS WITH SULFUR-EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA) BINDERS IN MAINE, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1980/08 SP - 73 p. AB - A total of 4,070 tons of sulfur-extended-asphalt (SEA) pavement was placed on Maine roads during the 1979 construction season. The SEA mix total includes 3,300 tons placed on an Interstate highway and 770 tons placed on a primary highway. The mix was produced in an 8,000 pound batch plant. A 30/70 (17/83 by vol) weight blend of sulfur and asphalt was used as the binding agent. The sulfur modified asphalt was mixed by the "Direct Method" by adding the two materials, asphalt first, one after the other into the mix plant asphalt weight bucket. The SEA Mix was designed using Hveem procedures by State technicians in the Bituminous Concrete Laboratory in Bangor. Quality assurance of the finished product was determined by State of Maine inspectors at the plant and on the street. After construction, tests were conducted on the SEA Mix to determine the physical properties of the recovered asphalt for a before and after comparison of the modified binding agent. Frictional resistance, deflection and rideability measurements were obtained on both the SEA and the control sections. These parameters produced similar results for both sections. The SEA binder concept used on the experimental project reduced the required asphalt cement by nearly 20 percent. Laboratory tests indicated that sulfur negated the oxidation of the asphalt cement during the plant mix cycle. (FHWA) KW - Binders KW - Deflection KW - Mixing plants KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Riding qualities KW - Skin resistance KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341301 AU - McCullagh, F R AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING A DRYER-DRUM IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SULFUR EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENTS, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1980/08 SP - 27 p. AB - Sulfur-Extended-Asphalt (SEA) will become increasingly more important in the future as the supply of asphalt dwindles, the cost of asphalt increases and the sulfur supply exceeds demand. SEA binders had been used successfully in conventional stack plants and this study proves that these binders can also be used in dryer-drum plants. Emissions problems (SO2) did exist with the dryer-drum plant used, but with wet scrubber capability this problem can be solved. This study involved the placement of two test sections and the report presents a description of the work. As a result of this study, it is also advised that the dryer-drum plant's binder control system be calibrated before SEA concrete mix is produced, and also the water susceptibility of the mix be studied as part of the design. (FHWA) KW - Binders KW - Dryer drum process KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Pollutants KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Sulfur dioxide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341002 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Heenan, P J AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MACROTEXTURE REVIEW PY - 1980/08 SP - 44 p. AB - This pavement macrotexture review is for highway engineers and administrators concerned with the improvement of pavement surface texture as a countermeasure for skidding accidents. A summary is presented of the fundamentals of tire-pavement skid resistance and the importance of pavement surface texture in reducing skidding accidents. This includes a discussion of the skid number and skid number-speed gradient and of the role of pavement surface microtexture and macrotexture in skid resistance. The most commonly used methods of measuring pavement macrotexture are described, and ways of achieving high macrotexture in new pavements and of restoring high macrotexture in existing pavements are given. Higher macrotexture in new pavements can be obtained using open-graded asphalt surface courses and texturing of portland cement concrete surfaces; higher macrotexture in existing surfaces is achieved from open-graded asphalt overlays, pavement grooving, cold milling, and seal coats. The cost-effectiveness considerations in selecting high macrotexture pavement surfaces are also discussed. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Macrotexture KW - Microtexture KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rolling contact KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334351 AU - Parker, M R AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PARKING MANAGEMENT PY - 1980/08 SP - n.p. AB - Two hundred thirty-two references on parking management are listed in accordance with 16 subject areas to provide sources to supplement the study findings that are documented in a separate report. (FHWA) KW - Bibliographies KW - Highway traffic control KW - Parking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36426/81-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334280 AU - Chirstman, R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HOT-MIX RECYCLED PAVEMENT PY - 1980/08 SP - n.p. AB - A recycled bituminous concrete pavement was constructed on Route 4 in Burlington, Connecticut. This report describes the construction activities. The recycling of bituminous pavements can be satisfactorily accomplished using the heat-transfer method in stationary batch plants. Once the plant has been modified, it can be operated either in the conventional or recycle mode. Marshall structural properties, in-place densities of the recycled mixes and binder recovered from the recycled material paralleled results of tests on those of similar conventional mixes. Recycled mixtures were placed as surface, pre-mix base and structural overlay. In Connecticut, once a contractor is equipped to recycle at his plant, the cost to produce recycled mixtures would equal that of conventional mixes at todays asphalt cement prices. The energy consumed in producing and placing recycled mixtures is approximately thirteen percent less than conventional mixes. This recycling project of plus or minus 4,313 tons permitted a savings of the following materials: 1,294 tons of aggregate; 88.42 tons of asphalt cement and the equivalent of $3,570.00 of gasoline. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt plants KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Experimental roads KW - Heat transfer KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mixing plants KW - Recycled materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330078 AU - SAXENA, S K AU - Militsopoulos, S G AU - Dames and Moore AU - Illinois Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENTS VOLUME 3: ANCHORED PAVEMENT SYSTEM DESIGNED FOR EDENS EXPRESSWAY PY - 1980/08 VL - 3 SP - 120 p. AB - This report provides an analysis example of an actual pavement and the cost estimate using the anchored system. The actual pavement is the Edens Expressway in Chicago. The report provides the response of the Edens Expressway subjected to mechanical and environmental loads using the anchored pavement concept. The mechanical and thermal properties of materials that could be encountered in future reconstruction of Edens Expressway are presented in a consistent form for computer programming. These properties are viewed as typical design values during investigation of pavement response. The behavior of the anchored pavement under induced temperature loads and weakening of subgrade (by thawing action) is clearly demonstrated. This report will enable application of the anchored pavement concept by any road with heavy traffic. The example problem provides the input parameters of materials and loads for the analysis, the generation of finite element mesh, and the results of the analysis. The computer program ANSYS was used for this study (the manual for the use of this program is presented in Volume 2 of this series of reports). (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Anchoring KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Finite element method KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pavement design KW - Thermal properties KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325359 AU - HANNON, J B AU - California Department of Transportation TI - LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF THE FIRST REINFORCED EARTH WALL IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1980/08 SP - 67 p. AB - This final report presents the long term performance of the first reinforced earth wall constructed by Caltrans in 1972. Field instrumentation since 1974 has indicated a continuing outward movement of the wall face at the south flank which has been documented in previous reports. Various remedial measures have since been instituted to improve wall stability. These are presented herein along with performance data. Final instrumentation measurements for this study were made in May 1980. They suggest continuing increases in train of embedded reinforcing strips. Some significant reductions in strain rates have occurred since completion of additional buttressing and embankment reshaping. It is assumed that the embankment and foundation system is still readjusting to remedial measures. A condition survey in June 1980 revealed that the overall appearance of this facility is good. Future performance will be monitored as required. (FHWA) KW - Buttresses KW - Earthwork KW - Embankments KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Instrumentation KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Motion KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retaining walls KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325361 AU - Way, G B AU - Eisenberg, J AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - VERIFICATION OF PERFORMANCE PREDICTION MODELS AND DEVELOPMENT OF DATA BASE--PHASE II ARIZONA PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1980/08 SP - 181 p. AB - A pavement management system (PMS) has been defined as "the systematic development of information and procedures in optimizing the design and maintenance of pavements" (1). The purpose of this research was to verify and adjust models (equations) developed in Phase I, II and III of the PMS. This verification process involved testing models against real data and determining the correlation. Appropriate adjustments were made to enhance the final predictions. Results of this work indicate that the prediction models can reasonably predict the future ride and cracking condition for newly constructed, in-service and overlaid asphaltic concrete pavements, as well as, plain concrete pavements. The second purpose of this project was to develop a PMS data base. Such a data base was developed through a cooperative effort between Research Section, Materials Services and Information System Groups. The data base contains over 250,000 records which are stored in an information management system (IMS) file. Data is stored heirarchially which facilitates the retrieval of data via a remote terminal. Computer programs which allow various users (Designers, Maintenance Engineers, District staff, Researchers, Planners and others) to retrieve data in less than one minute have been implemented and have been in use for six months within the department. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322733 AU - Parcells, William H AU - Metheny, T M AU - Maag, R C AU - Kansas Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN PREDICTION OF PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE FROM LABORATORY TESTS PY - 1980/08 SP - 27 p. AB - The objective of this research has been to develop and refine methods for pre-evaluating aggregates and paving mixtures so that predictions can be made covering skid resistance properties of proposed and in service pavement types. The equipment used during the testing included a K.J. Law Locked Wheel Pavement Friction Tester, a British Portable Tester, a North Carolina type small wheel circular tack wear and polish machine built by KsDOT personnel. a device for plotting a linear traverse profile of a pavement sample, and stereophotography equipment. A usable correlation was established between the field testing using the data from the British Portable Tester and the Locked Wheel Pavement Friction Trailer at speeds of 40 and 55 mph. To extend this correlation, core samples were extracted from the Locked Wheel Tester Skid Path and were subjected to wear on the small wheel circular tack with periodic surface friction testing using the British Portable Tester. The final step was to remix and remold the cored pavement samples or make samples with new materials to obtain an "as new" surface and again subject these samples to wear on the small wheel circular track with periodic testing using the British Portable Tester to find the British Pendulum Number (BPN). Other segments of the project included efforts to correlate Stereo-Photography Number (SPN) vs. Locked Wheel Pavement Friction Tester SN, Stereo-Photography Number (SPN) vs. BPN on the wear and polish machine and Linear Traverse Number (LTN) vs. BPN on the wear and polish machine. Some research was conducted with various chat (chert)/limestone mixtures in an attempt to establish a blend offering good resistance to skid and wear and polish. Results from the study indicate that predictions can be made of the surface friction and possibly the durability properties of pavement design by laboratory testing. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Blends KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Limestone KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Skid resistance KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325957 AU - Barker, W R AU - Chou, Y T AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE DISTRIBUTION AND REDUCING THE MAGNITUDE OF PAVEMENT DAMAGE PY - 1980/08 SP - 68 p. AB - An analytical study was conducted for both flexible and rigid pavements to evaluate different schemes for improving the distribution and reducing the magnitude of pavement damage. In the analysis of flexible pavement, the layered elastic theory was used to compute the pavement response. The horizontal strain at the bottom of the asphalt and the vertical strain at the top of the subgrade were used to predict the number of allowable strain repetitions. For the rigid pavement, finite difference, layered elastic theory, and Westergaard procedures were all used to compute tensile stresses in concrete that formed the basis for predicting allowable stress repetitions. By using a form of cumulative damage, as defined by the equation D = Sigma n/N where D = cumulative damage factor, n = applied stress or strain reptitions, and N = allowable stress or strain repetitions, different factors affecting pavement damage were considered. It was concluded that for flexible pavement the only effective means to reduce pavement damage was to modify the wheel assembly to reduce stress or strain at the critical locations in the pavement systems. The most effective modification would be to increase the spacing between duals. For rigid pavements, the edge effect was critical, thus suggesting that modifications to shift the loading away from the pavement edge would be effective. (FHWA) KW - Defects KW - Edges KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Spacing KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Traffic loads KW - Wheel load distribution KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325956 AU - Connor, B B AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Alaska Department of Highways TI - RATIONAL SEASONAL LOAD RESTRICTIONS AND OVERLOAD PERMITS PY - 1980/08 SP - 54 p. AB - Seasonal load restrictions have been enforced in Alaska since the first paved road in 1950. The time frame and level of such restrictions have historically been based on the experience and judgement of the maintenance personnel. This results in a lack of continuity from region to region. A rational load restriction policy has been developed based on the load-damage relationships on a pavement structure. Deflection data is used to monitor the strength of the embankment, thereby providing the information on which to base the time frame and level of restrictions. Similarly, the overweight permit policy presentd is based on the ability of the roadway system to carry the load and the load-damage relationships. The policy uses the philosophy that the user pay for any damage in excess of that which would be incurred by legal loading. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Deflection KW - Licenses KW - Load limits KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_80_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322723 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF HANDLING ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVES PY - 1980/08 SP - 12 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of the procedures used in handling asphalt-additive blends on the effectiveness of antistripping additives in asphaltic concrete. The additives were blended with the asphalt cements before shipment by tank truck to the hot mix plants. Laboratory tests were performed on samples of the asphalt cement obtained prior to the blending process at the terminal and after blending and shipment by tank trunk to the hot mix plant. Quick bottle tests and infrared spectrophometer tests were used to determine the presence and approximate amount of additive, respectively. A stripping test was performed to determine the effectiveness of the additive. The results of this limited investigation indicate that the present procedure of blending asphalt and antistripping additive before shipment to the hot mix plant is satisfactory; however, long periods of storage at high temperatures might cause the additive to lose part of its effectiveness. (FHWA) KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt plants KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Blended asphalt KW - Blending KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Paving KW - Temperature UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36423/81-R8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345087 AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT ON THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF GRID DECKS FOR BRIDGE FLOORS PY - 1980/07/30 SP - n.p. AB - Redecking of bridges with open or filled grids is being considered as one of the common rehabilitation techniques due to many practical advantages. The present phase of this research has critically reviewed the present AASHTO design philosophies and other criteria for transverse load distribution and stiffness, and developed simple load distribution formulae. The proposed formulae are validated by comparing these results with the ones from the finite element method, the sandwich core analysis, and the experimental investigations. Special emphasis is given to stress improvement factors, rating improvements, and rehabilitation costs of bridges utilizing open or filled grid decks in place of concrete decks. This report summarizes the manufacturing and erection practices and highlights the maintenance problems of grid decks. This is accomplished by soliciting responses to the questionnaire, which was sent to the maintenance engineers of several highway agencies, contractors, consultants and manufacturers. Causes of failures of primary and secondary bars of maintenance problems of filled grid decks are established and the corrective measures are suggested. In addition, certain design procedures for establishing the size and spacing of welds between stringers and grid decks are suggested. Certain recommendations are made to maximize the grid span between stringers, and limit the permissible differential stringer elevations, with the idea of minimizing the current maintenance problems. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Derailments KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Finite element method KW - Grates KW - Gridworks (Structures) KW - Loads KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sandwich construction KW - Stiffness KW - Transverse distribution KW - Transverse loading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345380 AU - Johnson, D J AU - Johnson, T C AU - Twin City Testing and Engineering Laboratory, Inc AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF VOLCANIC ASH IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1980/07/03 SP - 41 p. AB - A laboratory test program was undertaken to determine the effects of volcanic ash as a substitute for Portland cement concrete. Concrete mixtures with zero, 10, 15, 20 and 25 percent replacement of volcanic ash were evaluated in the study by compressive strength determination, air-void system analysis and rapid freeze-thaw durability testing. The results of the study indicate that volcanic ash can be utilized as a partial replacement of Portland cement in concrete to produce strong, durable concrete. However, replacement of more than 10% volcanic ash for Portland cement resulted in a very non-durable concrete. (FHWA) KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Compressive strength KW - Durability KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Substitutes KW - Volcanic ash UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373063 AU - Simon, A L AU - Sarikelle, S AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCK-LINED CHANNELS PY - 1980/07/01 SP - 47 p. AB - This investigation was to improve the design of rock lined channels. By an extensive review of the literature it became apparent that there exist important functional relationships between Manning's n and the Froude number, Reynolds number, relative roughness, and slope. To establish these relationships, over one hundred independent field and laboratory data-sets were subjected to statistical analysis. Results revealed that for rough channels n is influenced by the Froude number and the slope. In smooth channels (y is greater than 6 D sub 50) n is primarily controlled by the Reynolds number. Based on these results the selection of the proper roughness factor n for drainage channels lined with larger rocks may be aided by the relationship n = 0.38 S to the 0.57th power/F where S is the channel slope and F is the Froude number of the flow. This formula is for the initial determination of the magnitude of n. As a consequence of these results, the maximum Manning's n for large channels specified in the ODOT Location and Design Manual was recommended to be changed from n = 0.06 to n = 0.04. (FHWA) KW - Channels KW - Design KW - Flow KW - Froude number KW - Manning requirements KW - Reynolds number KW - Rock tunneling KW - Rocks KW - Roughness KW - Slopes KW - Tunnel lining KW - Tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334673 AU - Simon, A L AU - Sarikelle, S AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCK-LINED CHANNELS PY - 1980/07/01 SP - 47 p. AB - This investigation was to improve the design of rock lined channels. By an extensive review of the literature it became apparent that there exist important functional relationships between Manning's n and the Froude number, Reynolds number, relative roughness, and slope. To establish these relationships, over one hundred independent field and laboratory data-sets were subjected to statistical analysis. Results revealed that for rough channels n is influenced by the Froude number and the slope. In smooth channels (y > 6 D sub 50) n is primarily controlled by the Reynolds number. Based on these results the selection of the proper roughness factor n for drainage channels lined with larger rocks may be aided by the relationship n = 0.38 (S to the 0.57th power)/F where S is the channel slope and F is the Froude number of the flow. This formula is for the initial determination of the magnitude of n. As a consequence of these results, the maximum Manning's n for large channels specified in the ODOT Location and Design Manual was recommended to be changed from n = 0.06 to n = 0.04. (Author) KW - Channel linings KW - Design KW - Froude number KW - Manning requirements KW - Reynolds number KW - Rocks KW - Roughness KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326344 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/07 SP - 11 p. AB - The objective of the project was to develop a model for estimating an Origin Destination (OD) trip table for highway traffic in small areas based primarily on observed link volumes and turning movements. The major use of the trip table would be as an input to traffic assignment and simulation models for estimation of network flows and performance. The model developed in the project, the LINKOD model, has achieved its stated objective. This represents a significant advance in traffic modelling. Major features include: (1) an existing trip distribution model which has been enhanced to account for the unique attributes of small area OD movements; (2) a technique for correcting an input trip table, so it best reflects observed link volumes, has been implemented. This technique is based on the theory of equilibrium traffic assignment; and (3) the model is driven by a software package which permits efficient applications. KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Networks KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343558 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF SHARPLY CURVED LIGHT-POST GUIDERAIL PY - 1980/07 SP - 36 p. AB - Cables, W-beam, and box-beam guiderail on S 3x5.7 posts were crash tested on 50- and 100-ft radius curves. Head-on impacts on these sharply curved barriers produced much different results than standard angled impacts on tangent barriers. For the cable and W-beam barriers, deflections were much greater than for standard impacts, but decelerations remained low. For box-beam, deflections increased only slightly, but decelerations were greater. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Box beams KW - Cables KW - Cables ropes KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Curved beams KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impact shock KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Shock (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00930784 AU - Harris, L M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY CONTINGENCY STRATEGIES: USE OF SCHOOL BUSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/07 SP - 45 p. AB - Although school buses are found in virtually all communities across the nation, there is limited experience in the use of them for nonpupil purposes, whether during an emergency or under normal conditions. Since the primary concern of this report is to determine the feasibility of school bus use during an emergency, some of the information provided may not necessarily lead to a solution to issues associated with school bus use for normal conditions. This report brings together general information pertaining to the use of school buses for nonschool purposes, primarily during an emergency. It also attempts to identify major issues confronting the use of school buses for nonschool use. KW - Contingency planning KW - Emergency transportation KW - Fuels KW - School buses KW - Shortages KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805889 AU - Kern, Jeffrey M AU - Tri-County Regional Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARTERIAL STREET ACCESS CONTROL STUDY PY - 1980/07 SP - 90 p. AB - In this document the traditional problem of traffic conflicts along arterial corridors are explored. Possible solutions are offered to alleviate such problems in terms of design criteria, planning, and zoning techniques. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Design KW - Planning KW - Streets KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Zoning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4400/4410/00222.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341599 AU - Sasor, S R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF TRUCK NOISE LEVELS FOR NEW JERSEY PY - 1980/07 SP - 218 p. AB - This report describes the analysis of noise data taken for 2 to 6 axle trucks and 2 and 3 axle buses as they travelled on flat, upgrade, and downgrade highways within New Jersey. An analysis of a limited amount of truck noise data for ramps is also given. Reference noise emission levels as a function of speed are presented for the two general classes (medium trucks and buses, and heavy trucks) which were found to represent all of the classes of vehicles which were investigated. Separate emission levels are given for each type of roadway. Overall and octave band emission levels for the two general classes are compared for each of the roadway types. In addition, New Jersey's noise emission levels for trucks are compared to the national average truck emission levels contained in the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) highway noise prediction method. A statistical examination of New Jersey's noise data is included as well. Conclusions and recommendations are given. This report also covers information presented in the first interim report: namely, measurement methodology, site criteria, site selection, and data reduction methodology. This information is reviewed in the body of the report with details in the appendices. (FHWA) KW - Buses KW - Data reduction KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ramps KW - Sound level KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169696 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00329742 JO - Publication of: Connecticut University, Storrs PB - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Carney, F J AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A STEEL PIPE VEHICLE IMPACT ATTENUATION SYSTEM REPORT ON MODEL TESTS CONDUCTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND PY - 1980/07 SP - 35 p. AB - This report documents the quasi-static and dynamic (impact) mdoel testing program conducted by the principal investigator from 5/19/80 to 6/27/80 at the University of Cambridge in England. The tests were carried out at Cambridge to take advantage of their impact loading laboratory facilities which were made available to the principal investigator at no charge to the project. Over forty individual tests were run during the six week period. The tests ranged from the quasi-static loading of single steel tubes to the impact loading of complete systems. All tests were conducted with mild steel seamless tubing (Specification B.S. 980 1950 CDS 2). The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of conducting full-scale crash tests on clusters of steel tubes as stationary impact attenuating devices. (FHWA) KW - Crash cushions KW - Dynamic loads KW - Impact tests KW - Static loads KW - Steel pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474936 AU - Botha, J L AU - Bryant, R S AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF CLIMBING LANES ON TWO-LANE TWO-WAY RURAL ROADS: RESEARCH SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/07 SP - 38 p. AB - The research was directed toward determining general guidelines for the construction of climbing lanes with respect to length and location. A microscopic simulation model was developed to evaluate the performance of a climbing lane. The model was calibrated and validated using data collected at two climbing lane sites in California. This model was used to determine an "optimum" length and location of a climbing lane on a specific upgrade and also to determine general guidelines for the most cost-effective location of climbing lanes when various candidate upgrades are considered. KW - Climbing lanes KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Length KW - Location KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285626 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377317 JO - Environmental Action Plan Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Daugherty, T E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT SHAPES A HIGHWAY: THE REDESIGN OF NASHVILLE'S I-440 PY - 1980/07 IS - 10 SP - 17 p. AB - Community involvement in I-440 project in Nashville, Tennessee is described as an example of how input from the public has helped to shape a controversial highway proposal. In recent years increased impetus has been given to community involvement by the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which sets forth requirements for getting the public involved early in the decisionmaking process. The manner in which Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) reached the greatest number of citizens and their development of the workshop approach are described. These workshops were considered very successful. Comments and suggestions made at the workshops were summarized in a document which were distributed to all registrants. These efforts led to a greater understanding between the community and TDOT. TDOT's public involvement continued with the distribution of news releases to update the progress on I-440 and officials continued to meet the community and civic organizations. KW - Decision making KW - Public participation KW - Road construction KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344404 AU - Botha, J L AU - Bryant, R S AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVALUATION OF CLIMBING LANES ON TWO-LANE TWO-WAY RURAL ROADS: RESEARCH SUMMARY PY - 1980/07 SP - 38 p. AB - The research was directed toward determining general guidelines for the construction of climbing lanes with respect to length and location. A microscopic simulation model was developed to evaluate the performance of a climbing lane. The model was calibrated and validated using data collected at two climbing lane sites in California. This model was used to determine in "optimum" length and location of a climbing lane on a specific upgrade and also to determine general guidelines for the most cost-effective location of climbing lanes when various candidate upgrades are considered. KW - California KW - Climbing lanes KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Length KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Rural areas KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337293 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - PRIORITY TREATMENT FOR HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLES ON THE NORTH PANAM FREEWAY, SAN ANTONIO--A FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1980/07 SP - 90 p. AB - The report presents an evaluation of the need for priority treatment for high-occupancy vehicles on the North Panam Freeway (I-35) in San Antonio, Texas. The study addresses an 8.5 mile section of roadway from the Fratt Interchange to the interchange of I-35 and I-37. Applicable priority treatments and the effectiveness of those treatments to the year 2000 were identified. KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban highways KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349170 AU - Brown, P AU - Geib, P AU - Leonard, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MONITORING FIELD INSTALLATION OF IMPACT ENERGY ATTENUATORS BY VIDEOTAPE PY - 1980/07 SP - n.p. AB - Volume I. This report covers 5 years experience in monitoring 3 types of impact energy attenuators with commercially available video systems. To better understand how and why a vehicle strikes a crash cushion and to see if there were secondary effects to passing vehicle. The spectrum of incidents covered high speed headon crashes to non-collision cross gore movements. Volume II. This report covers a thorough study into the uses of video as an effective tool in analyzing problem areas on highway systems and to evaluate various types of video equipment. (FHWA) KW - Amplifiers KW - Crash cushions KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Monitoring KW - Video amplifiers KW - Video display terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348631 AU - Henry, J J AU - Anderson, D A AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. VOLUME II PY - 1980/07 SP - 180 p. AB - The skid resistance of typical pavement marking materials is determined. A data base of full-scale locked-wheel skid resistance is presented for typical traffic paints of various formulations, hot spray and extruded thermoplastics, cold preformed plastics, temporary tapes, and some two-part systems. A variety of pavement surface types including dense and open graded asphalt and portland cement concrete are used in the study. In Volume I texture data are presented for field applications and for laboratory samples. Equations are developed for predicting skid resistance from texture measurements. The effects of glass beads, weathering, and polishing are examined in laboratory and field experiments. Based on a simulation, guidelines are developed for the maximum acceptable differential skid resistance between a pavement and the marking materials on it. Both two- and four-wheel vehicles are treated. Volume II of this report contains a complete listing of the data compiled in this project and is available in limited quantities to interested researchers. The data are summarized in Volume I. (FHWA) KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Glass beads KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Plastics KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Skin resistance KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344485 AU - Erickson, P A AU - Camougis, G AU - New England Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND WETLANDS. VOLUME I: INTERIM PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES PY - 1980/07 SP - 110 p. AB - The purpose of this three-part manual is to assist highway personnel to achieve the policy goals and objectives of all Federal and State statutes and Executive Orders pertaining to the Nation's wetlands. Volume I presents practical guidelines for making highway-related decisions consistent with National and State goals for the protection and enhancement of wetlands. KW - Environmental protection KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Road construction KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344486 AU - Erickson, P A AU - Camougis, G AU - Miner, N H AU - New England Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND WETLANDS. VOLUME II: IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION, AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES PY - 1980/07 SP - 189 p. AB - The purpose of this three-part manual is to assist highway personnel to achieve the policy goals and objectives of all Federal and State statutes and Executive Orders pertaining to the Nation's wetlands. Volume II provides the technical and scientific data, information, and analyses which are directly relevant to the guidelines. Volume II provides emphasis on the following issues: (1) the variety of wetland types and regional factors which can influence highway project impacts; (2) the evaluation of impacts; (3) areas of scientific disagreement; (4) technical and economic feasibility. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Manuals KW - Road construction KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344487 AU - Erickson, P A AU - Camougis, G AU - New England Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND WETLANDS. VOLUME III: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1980/07 SP - 90 p. AB - The purpose of this three-part manual is to assist highway personnel to achieve the policy goals and objectives of all Federal and State statutes and Executive Orders pertaining to the Nation's wetlands. Volume III identifies and abstracts key publications which are relevant to information included in Volumes I and II. KW - Abstracts KW - Bibliographies KW - Environmental protection KW - Manuals KW - Road construction KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342338 AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SETTLEMENT STUDY PY - 1980/07 SP - n.p. AB - This report covers methods of procedure used in the field and in the laboratory in computing the amounts and rates of settlement of several high embankments along I-20 and I-12 in Louisiana. It includes examples of a rather new calculation procedure developed by Ray, Covington and Arman, plus examples of standard calculation methods for comparison. These methods are to be compared to settlements in the field at a later date. (FHWA) KW - Computing KW - Embankments KW - Information processing KW - Methodology KW - Settlement rate UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20119.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341197 AU - Gruver, R A AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID WEAR TRACK PROGRAM PY - 1980/07 SP - 54 p. AB - This report contains explanations pertaining to the design and analyses of the Rapid Wear Track apparatus and has established procedures for preparing test samples, all of which conform with ASTM Specifications. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Pavements KW - Sampling KW - Test procedures KW - Test tracks KW - Testing equipment KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335592 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF SHARPLY CURVED LIGHT-POST GUIDERAIL SN - Res Rpt. 102-1 PY - 1980/07 SP - 36 p. AB - Cable, W-beam, and box-beam guiderail on S 3x5.7 posts were crash tested on 50- and 100-ft radius curves. Head-on impacts on these sharply curved barriers produced much different results than standard angled impacts on tangent barriers. For the cable and W-beam barriers, deflections were much greater than for standard impacts, but decelerations remained low. For box-beams, deflections increased only slightly, but decelerations were greater. (FHWA) KW - Beams KW - Box beams KW - Cables KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Posts KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335981 AU - Haxo, H E AU - Matrecon, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USAGE GUIDE FOR RAPID-SET EPOXY ADHESIVE (118-AF) FOR TRAFFIC MARKERS PY - 1980/07 SP - 27 p. AB - A new rapid-set, two component epoxy adhesive for bonding traffic markers to roadway surfaces is described and guidance for its purchase and use is presented. This adhesive is designed for machine mixing and dispensing and has the following principal features: (1) Polymercaptan cure, which imparts rapid-set at low temperatures, (2) Fibrillated polyethylene as the thixotrope, i.e. non-asbestos, (3) Low viscosity which allows good mixing even at moderately low temperatures. The rapid cure should allow sufficient set of the adhesive and the development of sufficient adhesion that traffic can be allowed to contact the markers in less than 15 minutes after being placed at temperatures of 72-82 deg F (22-28 deg C). This guide is designed to furnish users and purchasers detailed information in the following areas: (1) Background on the development of the adhesive, (2) Details regarding the composition of the adhesive, (3) Specific data on properties and experience in the field, including comparisons with the California Rapid-Set Epoxy Adhesive, (4) Guidance regarding its use in the field and precautions regarding handling, and (5) Information regarding raw materials costs. A proposed specification is presented. (FHWA) KW - Adhesives KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Ethylene resins KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Low temperature KW - Polyethylene KW - Rapid set KW - Road marking materials KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Specifications KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343741 AU - Gruver, RAJ AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID WEAR TRACK APPARATUS PY - 1980/07 SP - 56 p. AB - This report contains explanations pertaining to the design and analyses of the Rapid Wear Track apparatus and has established procedures for preparing test samples, all of which conform with ASTM Specifications. KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Equipment tests KW - Hydraulic equipment KW - Pavements KW - Structural design KW - Test equipment KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343048 AU - Canner, R M AU - Hale, Jamie AU - Cornell University Medical College AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE SHOULDER ENCROACHMENT AND LATERAL PLACEMENT STUDY PY - 1980/07 SP - 20 p. AB - This study compares the number and extent of freeway and expressway shoulder encroachments by large trucks on standard width and wider concrete pavements with bituminous shoulders. A total of 486 trucks were trailed a total of 3,241 miles under fair weather daylight conditions. Fewer pavement edge loads and bituminous shoulder loads occurred on the wider pavements. KW - Bitumen KW - Concrete pavements KW - Encroachments KW - Frequency distributions KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Loads KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road shoulders KW - Structural design KW - Trucks KW - Wheels KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331206 AU - Kimball, C E AU - Deel, G W AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PENDULUM AND STATIC TESTS OF LAMINATED WOOD SIGN SUPPORTS PY - 1980/07 SP - 35 p. AB - The report describes three pendulum tests and four static tests conducted on box and H-shaped sign supports built up from Micro-Lam. Micro-Lam, is a laminated wood product with the grain in all the wood veneers running in the same direction. Different cutout patterns in the webs of the box and H-sections near the ground were used to improve the breakaway chracteristics. The pendulum tests simulated an impact by a lightweight passenger car. The pendulum mass weighed 2250 lbs, was equipped with a crushable nose simulating a pre-1974 Chevrolet Vega, and had an impact speed of 20 mph. The static tests Chevrolet Vega, and had an impact speed of 20 mph. The static tests were used to simulate wind loading forces on the sign supports, and the load was increased until the supports failed. The box and H-shaped membes hold promise as effective breakaway supports. The change of momentum for the pendulum mass varied from 299 to 573 lb-sec, well below the preferred maximum value of 750 lb-sec. The failure moments at the based of the supports varied from 23,200 to 42,580 ft-lbs in the first three static tests. Design wind load moments were 38,200 ft-lbs; hence, the utlimate strength was low. In Test 4, two horizontal sawcuts were used in the box section webs instead of rectangular cutouts, and the failure moment was 52,900 ft-lbs. This moment should increase for supports embedded in the ground. (FHWA) KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Laminated wood KW - Motor vehicles KW - Signs KW - Speed KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164029 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323144 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Urban Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/07 SP - 8 p. AB - The Executive Summary gives an overview of the LINKOD model which was developed for the purpose of estimating an Origin-Destination (OD) matrix given link volumes and (optionally) turning movements. This model was designed to be used with a traffic simulation model which requires an OD matrix as input because it is designed to analyze TSM strategies which change the traffic distribution in a network. KW - Origin and destination KW - Strategy KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation system management KW - Trip distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328340 AU - Hazo, HEJ AU - Matrecon, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USAGE GUIDE FOR RAPID-SET EPOXY ADHESIVE (118-AF) FOR TRAFFIC MARKERS PY - 1980/07 SP - 30 p. AB - A new rapid-set, two component epoxy adhesive for bonding traffic markers to roadway surfaces is described and guidance for its purchase and use is presented. This adhesive is designed for machine mixing and dispensing and has the following principal features: (1) Polymercaptan cure, which imparts rapid-set at low temperatures, (2) Fibrillated polyethylene as the thixotrope, i.e. non-asbestos, (3) Low viscosity which allows good mixing even at moderately low temperatures. The rapid cure should allow sufficient set of the adhesive and the development of sufficient adhesion that traffic can be allowed to contact the markers in less than 15 minutes after being placed at temperatures of 72-82 F (22-28 C). This guide is designed to furnish users and purchasers detailed information in the following areas: (1) Background on the development of the adhesive, (2) Details regarding the composition of the adhesive, (3) Specific data on properties and experience in the field, including comparisons with the California Rapid-Set Epoxy Adhesive, (4) Guidance regarding its use in the field and precautions regarding handling, and (5) Information regarding raw materials costs. A proposed specification is presented. KW - Adhesives KW - Bonding KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Epoxy resins KW - Estimates KW - Ethylene resins KW - Field tests KW - Formulations KW - Guidelines KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Low temperature KW - Manuals KW - Markers KW - Materials KW - Pavements KW - Polyethylene KW - Road marking materials KW - Roads KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Thiols KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325047 AU - Jackura, K A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - INFILTRATION DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY SURFACE WATER PY - 1980/07 SP - 104 p. AB - Disposal of highway storm water runoff is a growing problem within densely populated areas of California. The flat terrain and limited natural water channels in some regions requires surface runoff to be stored rather than dumped into already overburdened storm water systems or drainage channels. This report discusses increased utilization of drainage basins and drainage wells for disposing of storm water runoff. Emphasis is placed on incorporating infiltration into the design criteria of drainage basins constructed in pervious soils. Such practices can result in economical benefits to land management and also provide a practical and attractive alternate to the more conventional and often costlier storm water conveyance systems. Basin and drainage well maintenance is discussed and a technique for expressing the infiltration characteristics of basins from falling head infiltration testing through the use of hand or bucket auger holes is presented. (FHWA) KW - Drainage KW - Drainage basins KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage wells KW - Economic benefits KW - Highway drainage KW - Infiltration KW - Pervious soils KW - Surface drainage KW - Wells UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329737 AU - McIlvaine, P J AU - Blaser, R E AU - Adams, P P AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - MULCH EVALUATION AND MANAGING VEGETATION IN MEDIANS PY - 1980/07 SP - 100 p. AB - Best erosion control and vegetiation were obtained with straw mulch and all wood or paperfiber mulches were suitable as tacking agents at rates of 750 lb/A. When used alone, standard woodfiber generally gave better vegetative cover than paperfiber; however, all fiber mulches were acceptable when applied at 1,500 or 2,500 lb/A. Sparse grass stands in medians were improved before and after one spring mowing by the application of N at 50 or 100 lb/A; in later winter, responses from area formaldehyde were nil. Grass canopies along mowed areas often became thin and weedy because of low soil fertility; they may be improved temporarily by N fertilization or permanently by seeding perennial legumes, crownvetch (Coronilla varia), flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) and/or sweetpea (Lathyrus latifolius). Legumes may be successfully established when broadcast seeded in late winter-early spring into existing sod with a loose, roughened soil surface or by no-till sod seeding when legumes are placed in the soil. In dense grass sods, herbicides banded over the rows usually improve stands and growth of legumes. With dense stands of temperate grasses, as tall fescue, it is practical to mow once during the season when delaying the first mowing until about 50 percent of the seedheads emerge. Sparse grass canopies with weedy annual and perennial species need to be mowed a second or third time to maintain a "groomed" appearance. Principles of mowing temperate grasses and grass-legume mixtures are given in the report. Sampling soil in areas in need of renovation is strongly recommended to ascertain the lime, phosphorus, and potassium needs. Sampling studies show large variations in the mineral nutrient status among and within cut and fill slopes and medians. Soil analyses reduce renovation costs by restricting fertilizers applied to only those needed. (FHWA) KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Legumes KW - Median plantings KW - Medians KW - Mulches KW - Planting KW - Vegetation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36428/81-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416499 AU - Wachtel, J AU - Netherton, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety and environmental design considerations in the use of commercial electronic variable message signage PY - 1980/06 IS - FHWA/RD-80-051 SP - 95p AB - This study reviews existing reported research and experience regarding use of commercial electronic variable message signs (CEVMS), and evaluates research findings and methods in terms of implications for highway safety and environmental design. Aspects of CEVMS design and use that are capable of adversely affecting highway safety and/or environmental quality are identified and discussed in terms of the adequacy of existing research and experience to permit formulation of quantified standards for safe and environmentally compatible use. This report notes, with illustrations, the principal forms of variable message signage developed for official traffic control and informational use, and the major forms of variable message signage utilizing electronic processes or remote control for display of commercial advertising and public service information in roadside sites. Studies of highway safety aspects of outdoor advertising which are based on analysis of accident data are evaluated and reasons for apparent conflicts of their findings are discussed. Studies of highway safety aspects of outdoor advertising generally and CEVMS specifically based on human factors research and dealing with distraction and attentional demands of driving tasks are discussed in relation to issues involved in the development of standards (A). KW - Driver information KW - Driver information systems KW - Electronics KW - Electronics KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Highway safety KW - Policy KW - Policy KW - Road safety KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message sign KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364881 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Wasti, S T AU - Anicic, D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEW TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL. VOLUME IV - DETAILED TABLES OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 400 p. AB - This is the fourth of a four volume sequence as follows: Vol. I - Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Vol. II - Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; Vol. III - Response during Ultimate Loading to Failure; and Vol. IV -Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume detailed tables of experimental and analytical results obtained in a study of a large scale, skew, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model are presented. Results in terms of reactions, deflections, strains and moments are given. The responses of the bridge to point loads, conditioning loads and truck loadings all at working stress levels are tabulated. In addition, tabulated results are given for conditioning loads at overstress levels and for point loads after conditioning overloads. KW - Bridge decks KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Skew bridges KW - Static loads KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364855 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 60 p. AB - This publication is a final report on an HP&R Part II multi-year research project designed to study frictional variation of roadways in the State of Maine. Specifically, the report addresses the magnitude of frictional fluctuation, both transversely and longitudinally, the effects of time on frictional characteristics, and the effects of varying amounts of water during testing. Climatic parameters were also monitored during the study in an attempt to establish a relationship in terms of influencing frictional behavior. KW - Friction factor KW - Friction tests KW - Maine KW - Pavements KW - Periodic variations KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343559 AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICULAR IMPACT TESTS OF A TRUCK MOUNTED ATTENUATOR CONTAINING VERMICULITE CONCRETE CELLS PY - 1980/06 SP - 156 p. AB - Six vehicular impact tests were conducted. Cars ranging in weight from 1890 lbs to 4480 lbs impacted the rear end of dump trucks at speeds of 45 mph. In five of the tests truck mounted attenuators (TMA's) were used on the trucks. The TMA tested was a 6 ft-0 in. long by 8 ft-0 in. wide by 2 ft-0 in. high plywood box enclosing 84 crushable vermiculite concrete cells arranged in a designed pattern. The tests were intended to study (1) the effectiveness of the TMA in reducing car and truck damage and decelerations, (2) the vehicle trajectories after impact and specifically the roll ahead distance of the trucks using different truck braking conditions, and (3) other characteristics of the TMA's such as ease of use, amount of debris after impacts, durability, etc. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash investigation KW - Crashes KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Research KW - Safety engineering KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364884 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Wasti, S T AU - Anicic, D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEW TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL. VOLUME II: REDUCTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 409 p. AB - This is the second of a four volume sequence on the structural behavior of a skew two span four cell box girder bridge model as follows: Volume I - Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Volume II - Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; Volume III - Response during Ultimate Loading to Failure and Volume IV - Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume, a detailed presentation of the reduction, analysis and interpretation of the experimental and theoretical results obtained in testing a large scale 45 degree skew, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model is given. The various computer programs used in obtaining theoretical results are described and compared. The methods and computer programs used for reduction of experimental data are also presented. Results, in terms of reactions, deflections, strains and moments, for the response of the bridge to dead load, working stress loads and at overload stress levels are given and comparisons between experimental and theoretical values are made. A review of the behavior under sustained dead load during the load history of the model is given with respect to strains, deflections and cracking. A comparison is made at all stages between the behavior of the skew bridge studied in this investigation, and of similar straight and curved bridges studied previously. KW - Bridge decks KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Skew bridges KW - Static loads KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326419 AU - Young, W T AU - PSC Professional Service Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY CULVERT COATING PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/06 SP - 161 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of coatings for highway culverts and to recommend methods of improving culvert service life through improved coating systems and other means. A literature search was conducted through a review of technical literature and interviews with cognizant state officials throughout the United States. The literature search revealed durability problems with the most commonly used materials and coatings. Corrosion and erosion of interior surfaces appear to be the most serious durability problems in most states. Field investigations conducted in nine states confirmed the findings of the literature search. Most coatings exhibit durability problems under conditions of abrasive bed load and extreme corrosivity. Coating types examined at various test sites and actual drainage installations include: asphalt, asbestos bonded asphalt, asphalt paving, coal tar laminate, polyethylene, PVC, vinyl plastisol, aluminized, aluminum - zinc and epoxy coated concrete. KW - Bituminous coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Culverts KW - Highways KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastic coatings KW - Protective coatings KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335982 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Worrall, W D AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATING NETWORK TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1980/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This report documents work conducted under the Federal Highway Administration research project "Application of UTCS First Generation Control Software to Arterials." The project included a comprehensive evaluation of UTCS first generation control software in New Orleans, Louisiana, and research on selected aspects of traffic signal control. This report summarizes a detailed review and comparison of alternative evaluation methods. This report examines the "observation matching" and "statistical relationships between volume and performance" evaluation methods in detail. Section II describes the general concept and application of these methods. Section III presents the results of applying these two methods in a comprehensive evaluation of alternative control strategies in New Orleans, Louisiana. Section IV summarizes the analysis and presents specific guidelines for future evaluation studies. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Evaluation KW - Networks KW - Software KW - Strategy KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388843 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Aly, M AU - Bayomy, F AU - El-Laithy, A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A PAVEMENT DESIGN SYSTEM. VOLUME I PY - 1980/06 SP - n.p. AB - This research project is the synthesis of analysis procedures, methodologies and computer programs developed in previous research projects at OSU, with their comparisons, refinement and integration into a mechanistic pavement design system for implementation purposes. The primary objectives were to develop and implement a rational and predictive model for design and to present guidelines for describing basic material properties and their characterization as used in the design and analysis of flexible pavements. This volume presents the theoretical aspects of the predictive models as well as the basic criteria for the computer program development. Rutting and fatigue phenomena are considered as major forms of pavement distress in developing these criteria and are intensively utilized in prediction of pavement performance and fatigue life in this computer package. The operation of the program is described in detail in Volume 2 of this report, as well as the material characterization testing parameters and guidelines. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Implementation KW - Materials characterization KW - Materials tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208741 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00329731 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Viner, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE DOWNSIZING AND ROADSIDE SAFETY HARDWARE PY - 1980/06 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-9 AB - The paper presents a review of the literature and discusses the evolution of vehicle size considerations in roadside safety hardware research. Results from ongoing research to identify safety problems in collisions of smaller vehicles and appropriate countermeasures are reviewed. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Hardware KW - Highway safety KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Small car KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380603 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Aly, M AU - Bayomy, F AU - El-Laithy, A AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A PAVEMENT DESIGN SYSTEM VOL. 2 IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL FOR DESIGN PROCEDURES PY - 1980/06 SP - n.p. AB - This volume presents the implementation phase of this research project. It presents a detailed description of the operation of the computer program, step-by-step procedures for data input systems and analysis of the output system. Decision criteria are established for incorporation in the design system. Testing procedures for material characteization are described for flexible pavement materials: subgrade soil, granular base or subbase, and asphalt concrete mixes. Separate computer routines are provided for experimental data analysis toward the preparation of the input system to the main computer package developed in this research. In addition, testing manpower and equipment requirements are presented. This manual concludes with a design example which helps the user utilize the developed rational criteria in the design of flexible pavements. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Decision criteria KW - Equipment KW - Flexible pavements KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement design KW - Personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377294 AU - Kirk, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILITY RELOCATION AND ACCOMMODATION: A HISTORY OF FEDERAL POLICY UNDER THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM. PART I: UTILITY RELOCATION PY - 1980/06 SP - 208 p. AB - This history of federal policy on utility relocations and adjustments covers the early years (1916 to 1955). the interstate highway program, the administration of the accelerated highway program, provisions of the PPM, operating problems under PPM 30-4, a proposed new PPM, the third and fourth editions of PPM, and current activities. The interstate highway program is discussed with reference to the 1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act, Section III of this act, and the impact of the 1956 Act. The section on the accelerated highway program covers the first edition of the PPM 30-4, other policy statements, highway-utility liaison, a legal analysis of the PPM 30-4, state versus federal payment standards, and other management concepts. PPM provisions discussed include the provision of utility enhancement, administrative provisions, comparison with GAM-300, state-utility relocation laws, and the 1958 Federal-Aid Highway Act. Several attachments are included in this publication. KW - Accommodation KW - Adjustment factors KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal government KW - History KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Legal factors KW - Payment KW - Policy KW - Public utilities KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - United States KW - Utilities UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12200/12228/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377291 AU - Kirk, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILITY RELOCATION AND ACCOMMODATION: A HISTORY OF FEDERAL POLICY UNDER THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM. PART II: UTILITY ACCOMMODATION PY - 1980/06 SP - 159 p. AB - This history of federal policy on the accommodation of utilities discusses first the early years (1916-1954), the impact of the interstate program, additional guides, the first edition of PPM 30-4.1, landmark decisions, more studies, and current activities. Legal principles enunciated of the courts are summarized and pertient constitutional and statutory provisions are discussed. the impact of the interstate highway program on the development of federal and state policies for the use and occupancy of highway rights-of-way by utilities are discussed in some detail. This discussion covers geometric design standards, development of AASHO policy, the objectives of AASHO policy, application, and other related transmittals. The freeway crossings of service connections, encasement of pipeline crossings, underground lines and spare ducts, and pipeline crossings on grade separations are considered. The development, responsibility and scope of the PPM are discussed. Four landmark decisions discussed here included joint development and multiple use concepts for freeways and utilities, the second edition of PPM, the AASHO guide, and AASHO policy. Further studies cited here include the AASHO geometric design guide for local roads and streets, study of utility tunnels in urban areas, the third edition of PPM, and the National Cooperative Highway Program report on accommodation of utilities. Current activities include a proposed updating of PPM, the surface transportation Assistance Act of 1978. A proposal to cut red tape, the consultants report, and update of AASHO policy and guide serveral attachments are included in this publication. KW - Accommodation KW - American Association of State Highway Officials KW - Encasement KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal government KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Guideways KW - History KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Legal factors KW - Multiple use KW - Policy KW - Public utilities KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Right of way KW - State government KW - United States KW - Utilities KW - Vehicle classification UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12200/12229/12229.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12200/12229/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373170 AU - Hoffman, P C AU - McClure, R M AU - West, H H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPERATURE STUDIES FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL SEGMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1980/06 SP - 112 p. AB - The temperature studies for an experimental segmental bridge consisted of field observations of temperature, vertical deflection, and longitudinal movements as influenced by the thermal environment. The study first investigated the possibility of longitudinal temperature variation and concluded that such a variation did not exist. Next, the study was concerned with the possible transverse temperature distributions and resulting vertical deflections. The purpose of the transverse temperature study was to observe extreme values. The results of the study were the compilation of numerous observed temperature readings. In conjunction with these readings, a list of the seasonal deflection variations was developed. From this information, the observed extremes became apparent. Finally, the important concerns were enumerated and some proposed design approaches were compared. (FHWA) KW - Alignment KW - Concrete bridges KW - Experimental design KW - Longitudinal movement KW - Segmental construction KW - Temperature KW - Variables KW - Variations KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373167 AU - McClure, R M AU - THOMAS, H R AU - Kehler, J E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SEGMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1980/06 SP - 331 p. AB - Concrete segmental bridge construction seems to offer many advantages over other types of bridge construction both in bridge replacement programs and in new bridge programs. This report discusses the construction process of the experimental segmental bridge erected at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility of The Pennsylvania State University. The basis objectives of the research were to document the construction of the bridge and to make recommendations for more efficient construction procedures. The erection of the precast segments was recorded on timelapse films, which were supplemented by field notes. Data were collected from the timelapse films for a detailed operations analysis of placing and post-tensioning operations, and an arrow diagram was developed. The temporary post-tensioning cycle was analyzed by means of statistical parameters, learning curves, and crew-balance charts. Data were also analyzed for the diagonal bars, longitudinal bars, and longitudinal strand. The bridge geometrics were checked at various stages of construction by data collected by researchers from The Pennsylvania State University. The data were reduced to check horizontal alignment with chord lengths, offsets, and relative horizontal angles. The vertical alignment was checked with actual camber, relative camber due to post-tensioning force, and relative slopes. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Experimental design KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Segmental construction KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373169 AU - Ross, E L AU - Conway, J C AU - McClure, R M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHOTOELASTIC MODEL STUDIES FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL SEGMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1980/06 SP - 67 p. AB - The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation designed an experimental segmental bridge which was constructed at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility at The Pennsylvania State University. To supplement the data obtained from field testing the bridge and from laboratory testing of segments, a photoelastic model study was conducted. The objectives of the photoelastic model studies were to determine the stress distribution in segments in the area between the diagonal tendon termination points and to show that the scattered light photoelastic technique can be used for complex three-dimensional problems. A 1/15 scale model of a segment was studied using the scattered light technique. The model was cast from a photoelastic epoxy and did not include steel reinforcing. Cantilever flanges were not included, but ducts for diagonal tendons were cast into the model. A steel loading frame was designed to apply stresses to the model. The model was investigated using a scattered light polariscope. Stresses were determined in regions away from the influence of the diagonal tendons and in the regions surrounding the diagonal tendons. The scattered light photoelastic technique was successfully used to determine the stresses present within these regions of the web. Stress concentrations developed by the anchored diagonal tendons were found to be localized and not of extreme magnitudes. A major limitation of the scattered light technique was seen in the rotation of the principal stress axes in the region near the diagonal tendon. Overall, the scattered light technique was shown to have advantages over the alternative frozen stress approach. (FHWA) KW - Concrete bridges KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Experimental design KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Photoelastic studies KW - Photoelasticity KW - Segmental construction KW - Stresses KW - Tendons KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325949 AU - Bloom, J A AU - Hinch, J A AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF EXISTING BREAKAWAY STRUCTURES. VOLUME II- TECHNICAL RESULTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 290 p. AB - A whole array of existing breakaway luminaire supports were tested using the FHWA soft-nosed pendulum test device. The pendulum nose was developed to simulate a subcompact car behavior. This nose was properly validated against full-scale test data. Due to unacceptable impact performance, modifications were made to cast aluminum transformer bases to reduce momentum change levels. Performance was greatly improved. The FHWA bogie test device was built and validated for use in testing dual- legged breakaway sign supports. Full-scale tests were run to provide full-scale validation data and to study off- center hit problems. This is the second of three volumes. This volume contains the detailed results of the project. Volume I is an Executive Summary which gives a synopsis of the project. Volume III contains the backup test data for the project. KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Pendulum tests KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Small car KW - Transformers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349175 AU - McClure, R M AU - West, H H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SEGMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1980/06 SP - 196 p. AB - The experimental segmental bridge considered in this report was designed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and constructed at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility which is located at The Pennsylvania State University. The objectives of this report were (1) to make field measurements on a full-scale bridge; (2) to observe torsional stresses and effects on the bridge before and after testing; (3) to make crack surveys of the assembled bridge before and after testing; and (4) to determine the stress flow in segments in the area between diagonal tendon termination points. Both long-term and short-term tests were performed. The long-term tests were related to the time-dependent effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete, creep in the epoxy joints, changes in the camber and alignment, slip in the joints, and displacements in the bearing pads. The short-term static tests focused on the experimental determination of deflections, rotations, and strains from which stresses were determined. A finite element analysis was performed using SAP IV to determine the corresponding deflections, rotations and stresses. Comparisons between the test results and the finite element analysis were made. Also, comparisons were made with approximate response quantitites that were computed using simplified design procedures. Observations of the effects of repeated loads, and extensive crack surveys were made at various stages of loading. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alignment KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Cracking KW - Creep KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field tests KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Repeated loads KW - Rotation KW - Segmental construction KW - Shrinkage KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361388 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1979 ROADSIDE VEHICLE INSPECTIONS PY - 1980/06 SP - 20 p. AB - This report is a compilation of the results of the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety's roadside vehicle inspection activities conducted at various locations throughout the country during calendar year 1979. The safety inspection of vehicles and drivers, conducted during periods when actual highway transportation operations are underway, is one of the activities of the Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety intended to increase the safety of interstate commercial motor vehicle transportation on the Nation's highways. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR) and the Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) are applicable to the transportation operations of motor carriers of passengers or property engaged in interstate or foreign commerce. The Regulations are designed to promote public safety by minimizing the risks associated with these transportation operations and thus contribute to efforts to reduce highway accidents. KW - Bus drivers KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348651 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Wasti, S T AU - Anicic, D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEW TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL, VOL. III-RESPONSE DURING ULTIMATE LOADING TO FAILURE PY - 1980/06 SP - 122 p. AB - This is the third of a four volume sequence on the structural behavior of a skew two span four cell box girder bridge model as follows: Volume I-Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Volume II-Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; Volume III-Response during Ultimate Loading to Failure and Volume IV-Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume, the structural behavior of the skew box girder bridge model during ultimate loading to failure is described and interpreted. Analyses of the flexural collapse mechanism and shear capacity are presented and compared with experimental results. A comparison of the behavior of the skew bridge during ultimate loading with earlier tested straight and curved models is made. The possible design implications of the ultimate load behavior and the effects of skewness on the response are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Flexural strength KW - Instrumentation KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Scale models KW - Shear strength KW - Skew bridges KW - Speed KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348650 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Wasti, S T AU - Anicic, D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEW TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL, VOL. I--DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, INSTRUMENTATION AND LOADING PY - 1980/06 SP - 164 p. AB - This is the first of a four volume sequence as follows: Vol. I-Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Vol. II-Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; Vol. III-Response During Ultimate Loading to Failure; and Vol. IV-Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume a detailed study of the instrumentation, construction and testing of a large scale, skew, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model is presented. The selection of the model scale, the choice and location of instrumentation and the system of data acquisition are discussed. The reinforcement and the dimensions of the model are given. A complete description of the experimental program is presented. A loading schedule incorporating the various types of loading, support conditions and stress levels is described. Results of control tests on steel and concrete are given. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete tests KW - Data collection KW - Instrumentation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Scale models KW - Skew bridges KW - Speed KW - Steel KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348032 AU - Scordelis, A C AU - BOUWKAMP, J G AU - Wasti, S T AU - Anicic, D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEW TWO SPAN REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER MODEL VOL. IV DETAILED TABLES OF EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 498 p. AB - This is the fourth of a four volume sequence as follows: Vol. I - Design, Construction, Instrumentation and Loading; Vol. II - Reduction, Analysis and Interpretation of Results; Vol. III - Response during Ultimate Loading to Failure; and Vol. IV - Detailed Tables of Experimental and Analytical Results. In the present volume detailed tables of experimental and analytical results obtained in a study of a large scale, skew, two span, four cell, reinforced concrete box girder bridge model are presented. Results in terms of reactions, deflections, strains and moments are given. The responses of the bridge to point loads, conditioning loads and truck loadings all at working stress levels are tabulated. In addition, tabulated results are given for conditioning loads at overstress levels and for point loads after conditioning overloads. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Concrete bridge structures KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Reaction KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Skew bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348036 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 57 p. AB - This publication is a final report on an HP&R Part II multi-year research project designed to study frictional variation of roadways in the State of Maine. Specifically, the report addresses the magnitude of frictional fluctuation, both transversely and longitudinally. The effects of time on frictional characteristics and the effects of varying amounts of water during testing. Climatic parameters were also monitored during the study in an attempt to establish a relationship in terms of influencing frictional behavior. The results indicate that frictional fluctuations are relatively uniform over the entire wearing surface. The overall statistical average, at 95 percent probability, of the error around the mean of the individual locations of transverse sections was plus or minus 4.4 FN compared to plus or minus 4.7 for the longitudinal test sections which dealt with only the wheelpaths. Climatic variables which included pavement and air temperatures and accumulative rainfall five days prior to testing did not provide any significant correlation with frictional resistance either singularly and/or collectively. Long-term frictional behavior profiles were obtained on 35 wearing surfaces. The results indicated slight reductions in the frictional levels over a 10 to 11 year period. However, the frictional levels are still considered excellent, indicating an overall excellent resistance to wear. Significant variations in test water film thickness (25 percent lower to 50 percent higher) from the recommended output ASTM E 274-77 produced negligible effects on frictional levels. (FHWA) KW - Climate KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Fluctuation KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Skin resistance KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Variance KW - Water KW - Water film KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342448 AU - Kirk, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILITY RELOCATION AND ACCOMMODATION: A HISTORY OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM. PART I: UTILITY RELOCATION. PART II: UTILITY ACCOMMODATION PY - 1980/06 SP - v.p. AB - Historically it has been in the public interest for public utility facilities to use and occupy the rights-of-way of public roads and streets. This is especially the case on local roads and streets that primarily provide a land service function to abutting residents, as well as on conventional highways that serve a combination of local, State, and regional traffic needs. This practice has generally been followed nationwide since the early formation of utility and highway transportation networks. Over many years it has proven to offer the most feasible, economic and reliable solution for transporting people, goods, and public service commodities (water, electricity, communications, gas, oil, etc.), all of which are vital to the general welfare, safety, health, and well being of our citizens. To have done otherwise would have required a tremendous increase in the acquisition of additional rights-of-way for utility purposes alone. This could have also resulted in significant added costs to be borne by the utility consumers through increased rates for utility services so provided. Under the practice of jointly using a common right-of-way there are two broad areas of concern to highway and utility officials alike. First is the cost of relocating, replacing or adjusting utility facilities that fall in the path of proposed highway improvement projects, commonly referred to as "Utility Relocations and Adjustments." Second is the installation of utility facilities along or across highway rights-of-way and the manner in which they occupy and jointly use such rights-of-way, commonly referred to as the "Accommodation of Utilities." Accordingly, Part I is a history of Federal policy on "Utility Relocations and Adjustments." Part II is a history of Federal policy on the "Accommodation of Utilities." (Author) KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Installation KW - Policy KW - Public utilities KW - Relocation assistance KW - Right of way KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345086 AU - Salmons, J R AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF UNTENSIONED-BONDED PRESTRESSING STRAND PY - 1980/06 SP - 73 p. AB - The fatigue resistance of the untensioned-bonded prestressing strand in a configuration consistent with the bent strand connection for a precast I-Beam bridge was examined. Two specimen types were tested. The first specimen type (single specimen) had two overlapping strands bent at 90 degrees over a reinforcing bar and cast in a single block of concrete. The opposing strands were gripped and loaded in a near axial condition. The second specimen type (double specimen) consisted of a single strand bent into a U shape with opposing sections of the strand cast in two separate concrete blocks. The load was transferred to the strand through the concrete portion of the specimen. The failure mode for all specimens was determined to be fracture of the strand, therefore test variables were limited to stress range in the strand. An S-N curve was developed for stress range variation from 68.8% to 12.5%. Design recommendations were developed for the bent strand reinforcement in the end connection for resistance to volume change forces in I-Beam bridges. (FHWA) KW - Bonded construction joints KW - Construction joints KW - Fatigue strength KW - Force KW - I beams KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Volume changes UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP77-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335593 AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICULAR IMPACT TESTS OF A TRUCK MOUNTED ATTENUATOR CONTAINING VERMICULITE CONCRETE CELLS PY - 1980/06 SP - 154 p. AB - Six vehicular impact tests were conducted. Cars ranging in weight from 1890 lbs to 4480 lbs impacted the rear end of dump trucks at speeds of 45 mph. In five of the tests truck mounted attenuators (TMA's) were used on the trucks. The TMA tested was a 6 ft-0 in. long by 8 ft-0 in. wide by 2 ft-0 in. high plywood box enclosing 84 crushable vermiculite concrete cells arranged in a designed pattern. The tests were intended to study 1) the effectiveness of the TMA in reducing car and truck damage and decelerations, 2) the vehicle trajectories after impact and specifically the roll ahead distance of the trucks using different truck braking conditions, and 3) other characteristics of the TMA's such as ease of use, amount of debris after impacts, durability, ets. It was concluded that the TMA was quite helpful in reducing vehicle damage and decelerations for light to moderate impact conditions. At impact speeds of 45 mph, almost full benefit of the TMA's was gained by 4500 plus or minus lb cars, but the crash environment was severe for lightweight cars at that speed with decelerations over 12 g's. Truck roll ahead distances were under 14 feet for all tests. It was recommended that the TMA's be installed on dump trucks susceptible to rear end impacts. The State has purchased 80 of the type of TMA that was tested. (FHWA) KW - Automobiles KW - Braking KW - Cells KW - Compact automobiles KW - Concrete KW - Crash cushions KW - Cultural resources KW - Debris KW - Debris removal KW - Deceleration KW - Dump trucks KW - Durability KW - Impact tests KW - Rear end crashes KW - Small car KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Vermiculite UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335594 AU - Dusel, J P AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - Andersen, D H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD-CARRYING CAPABILITIES OF 18-INCH-DIAMETER SLOTTED CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE DRAINS PY - 1980/06 SP - 141 p. AB - Various designs of slotted pipe drains which have been used by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) were tested to determine their ability to withstand heavy wheel loads. Fourteen laboratory quasi-ring compression tests were performed on short lengths of slotted drain to determine the relative strengths of various designs. Five 16-foot-long sections of drains having two different grate designs and various grate-to-pipe weld patterns, were installed using various backfill materials in a simulated roadbed section. While the vertical deflections were monitored, each drain was statically loaded to at least 30 kips over an area of 100 square inches. One drain was instrumented with 25 rosette strain gages in order to determine the magnitude and distribution of stresses in the loaded pipe. Pipe stresses were found to be substantially lower with soil cement as opposed to soil backfill used for bedding. Recommendations are made to permit a greater variety of aggregate gradings, meeting other current Caltrans specifications, to be used in the soil cement bedding mix. No change in the present slotted drain is suggested. A method of strengthening the grate of older existing slotted drains having single cross bar spacers is outlined. Cyclic loading of different slotted drains is suggested for future research to determine service life. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Compression tests KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Design KW - Drains KW - Grates KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Metal pipe KW - Monitoring KW - Pipe KW - Repeated loads KW - Slotted pipes KW - Soil cement KW - Steel pipe KW - Wheel load distribution KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335719 AU - Wyman, J H AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF A HIGHLY RELIABLE SOLID STATE TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER PY - 1980/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This report presents the results of the investigation of several techniques to improve the ability of solid state traffic controllers to survive in storm induced surge environments. Specifically, the results of the use of circuit isolation, careful grounding and relatively new and improved surge protection devices such as Transorbs and M.O.V. are described. (Author) KW - Ground KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Protection KW - Protective equipment KW - Safety equipment KW - Solid state KW - Solid state devices KW - Storms KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335983 AU - Henry, R D AU - Servey, T E AU - Kay, J L AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE OPERATION PY - 1980/06 SP - 28 p. AB - This research consisted of an investigation of the performance of the traffic responsive mode of control algorithm (TRSP). The purpose of the investigation was to determine how the various input parameters to the traffic responsive algorithm should be developed and to determine how sensitive certain of the parameters are with respect to proper selection of timing plans. The basic approach to the research was to use the 15-minute values of volume and occupancy that were generated during three, two-week periods of field observations. The data were collected during three, two-week periods of field observations. The data were collected during the summer of 1977. A series of computer programs were developed to determine which timing plan would have been selected if different values of KH and DELTA2 had been used. The report provides a brief description of the TRSP algorithm, a detailed analysis of the VPLUSKO values; an analysis of the KH factor; and an analysis of the potential of a DELTA2 factor, and an analysis of the sensitivity of the R(i,j) value. (FHWA) KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programs KW - Highway operations KW - Response KW - Sensitivity KW - Timing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331190 AU - Wachtel, J AU - Netherton, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION IN THE USE OF COMMERCIAL ELECTRONIC VARIABLE-MESSAGE SIGNAGE PY - 1980/06 SP - 101 p. AB - This study reviews existing reported research and experience regarding use of commercial electronic variable-message signs (CEVMS), and evaluates research findings and methods in terms of implications for highway safety and environmental design. Aspects of CEVMS design and use that are capable of adversely affecting highway safety and/or environmental quality are identified and discussed in terms of the adequacy of existing research and experience to permit formulation of quantified standards for safe and environmentally compatible use. This report notes, with illustrations, the principal forms of variable-message signage developed for official traffic control and informational use, and the major forms of variable-message signage utilizing electronic processes or remote control for display of commercial advertising and public service informaiton in roadside sites. Studies of highway safety aspects of outdoor advertising which are based on analysis of accident data are evaluated and reasons for apparent conflicts of their findings are discussed. Studies of highway safety aspects of outdoor advertising generally and CEVMS specifically based on human factors research and dealing with distraction and attentional demands of driving tasks are discussed in relation to issues involved in the development of standards. KW - Electronics KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Remote control KW - Roadside KW - Standards KW - Traffic control KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334971 AU - HEAD, W J AU - Phillippi, H M AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Legislature AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE OF PLASTIC CONCRETE: PHASE I--FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1980/06 SP - 88 p. AB - The objectives of the project were to assess the feasibility of determining the quality of plastic portland cement concrete and to develop recommendations concerning the evaluation of equipment, devices, and procedures which appeared potentially useful in quality assurance programs. It was concluded that cement and water contents of plastic concrete could be determined rapidly, accurately, and inexpensively with the aid of several devices/procedures (rapid analysis techniques) and that comprehensive plastic concrete quality assurance programs should include independent verification of mixture composition. An additional conclusion was that the CERL/K-V (Kelly-Vail) method is the most readily useable method of the existing rapid analysis techniques. Recommendations are presented concerning the evaluation of four selected rapid analysis methods. (FHWA) KW - Evaluation KW - Moisture content KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Quality assurance KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334966 AU - Snyder, R R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FUSED INCINERATOR RESIDUE AS A PAVING MATERIAL SN - 76-4 PY - 1980/06 SP - 39 p. AB - This report discusses the placement, field observations, and special testing involved with the use of fused incinerator residue in a hot-mix, bituminous concrete wearing course. The experimental paving mix was incorporated into a bituminous resurfacing project on Traffic Route 22, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania in 1976. This is a Class II highway, 50 feet wide with four undivided lanes. The experimental mix was placed on the 12-foot wide southbound passing lane for a total length of 180 feet. A control pavement section located in the adjacent southbound driving lane was selected for a comparative evaluation. Various physical tests were conducted on pavement cores and recovered asphalt in both the experimental and control pavement sections over a three-year period. This report summarizes the test data and includes other information pertinent to the study. Generally, no construction difficulties were encountered and the experimental section incorporating the fused incinerator residue is performing comparably to conventional, hot-mix bituminous concrete. There were initially more voids than normal in the pavement but these have compacted under traffic. It is too early to determine what effect this will have on the projected pavement durability. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Comparative analysis KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Fly ash KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Surface treating KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331195 AU - Pearson, F AU - JENKINS, D AU - McLean, H AU - Klein, S AU - Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation AU - California State Water Resources Control Board TI - RECREATION VEHICLE WASTE DISPOSAL IN ROADSIDE REST SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS PY - 1980/06 SP - 63 p. AB - Design criteria were developed for septic tank-leach field systems to treat high-strength waste that may contain toxic substances. High strength, toxic wastes are generated at recreation vehicle (RV) dump stations at roadside rest areas and recreational areas, where septic tank systems are frequently used for waste treatment. Experimental and pilot-plant data describe the effects of preservatives in raw waste on sludge degradation in septic tanks and on leach field degradation of organics in the liquid waste stream. Other data describe the fate of preservatives in septic tank systems. These data, together with previously reported operating experience for domestic septic tank systems, are used to develop a septic tank design equation. This equation expresses the detention of a septic tank as a function of the strength and toxicity of the waste, and of the frequency of pumping sludge from the septic tank. Nomographs for design of septic tank-leach field systems are provided. KW - Coatings, fillers and paints KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Pilot plants KW - Preservation KW - Preservatives KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Septic tanks KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Toxicity KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331194 AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL SLAB FAULTING STUDY PY - 1980/06 SP - 89 p. AB - A laboratory study is described in which model slabs and special loading equipment were installed specifically to study faulting of concrete pavements. The curling of slabs, pumping actions and development of faulting are discussed. Methods of preventing faulting are suggested. It was found that some fines under faulted slabs can be ejected into the shoulder while pumping when slabs are curled. This ejected material could plug a drainage system or filter fabric. Methods of immobilizing these fines are needed. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Faulting KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Highway drainage KW - Model tests KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Slabs KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331189 AU - Mann, G W AU - Matthews, J A AU - Webster, J T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT CALIFORNIA METHOD TO DETERMINE AC OVERLAY THICKNESS PY - 1980/06 SP - 36 p. AB - An evaluation was made of the present overlay design method (Test Method No. Calif. 356) by investigating projects that had been in place for ten years or failed prior to the planned ten year design life. The investigation consisted of a search of office files and field condition surveys. The findings of this study support the deflection analysis method of overlay design that was implemented by the Transportation Laboratory in 1969. (FHWA) KW - Deflection KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Pervious membranes KW - Service life KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330722 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT WORKSHOP PY - 1980/06 SP - 257 p. AB - This report contains papers presented during the four sessions of the Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Workshop. The following papers were presented during Session I: CRCP Then and Now; Abstract--Past, Present, and Future Design Techniques for CRCP; Construction of CRC; Identifying Distress and Failures in CRCP; and CRCP and the 3R Program. During Sessions II, the following papers were presented: A Value Engineering Analysis of Repair of CRCP, Rapid Patching of Concrete Using Polymer Concrete, Current Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement Patching Method, Pavement Subdrainage Needs and Methods, Rehabilitation by Undersealing, and Concrete Shoulders for CRC Pavements. The following papers were presented during Session III: CRCP Rehabilitation needs and Methods, Abstract--"Universal" Overlay Design Methodology, Bituminous Concrete Overlays on Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements in Texas, Bituminous Concrete Overlay of CRC Pavement: State-of-the-Art, Crack Relief Overlay Methods for CRCP, and Flexible Pavement Overlays on Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement. Session IV consisted of the following papers: Concrete Overlays of CRCP and for CRCP, Rigid Pavement Overlay on U.S. Highway 16 in Wisconsin, Reconstruction with Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement in Oregon, Concrete Overlay Study in Georgia, and Closing Comments of the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Polymer concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Road shoulders KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Subdrains KW - Undersealing KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00324543 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATUS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION, COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC WORKS, U.S. SENATE PY - 1980/06 SP - 34 p. AB - The FHWA equal employment program directly affects almost half a million people employed by FHWA, SHA's, and contractors. Indirectly, the highway construction industry affects millions of jobs in manufacturing, sales, service, and supplies. In every sector, equal employment opportunity is required to be considered in recruitment, selection, training, promotion, assignment, lay-off, and termination. The extent to which the ideal has been met varies, and FY 1979 has been a period of reassessment to analyze trends, identify problems, isolate causes, and develop alternative solutions. These efforts have resulted in several noteworthy accomplishments, highlighted by the completion of a retention study focusing on minority and female employment in FHWA; the establishment of a special recruitment effort by the Administrator; a Memorandum of Understanding among FHWA, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, and Federal Railroad Administration addressing the equal employment responsibilities of recipients; and the redirection of the FHWA/SHA Contract Compliance Program. (Author) KW - Compliance KW - Contractors KW - Discrimination KW - Equal opportunity KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Hiring policies KW - Minorities KW - Recruiting KW - State highway departments KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157554 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00329610 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Radelat, G G AU - Euler, G G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF FLOW ON URBAN ARTERIALS PY - 1980/06 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-43 AB - This article describes a proposed process for determining the capacity and quality of flow on urban arterials and discusses arterial capacity and the influence of capacity controlling features that are used to define a section of arterial capacity. This sectional concept is proposed as an extension of the cross sectional or point measure currently used in the Highway Capacity Manual. The designation of levels of service for an urban arterial as a function of newly selected measures of effectiveness is proposed. KW - Arterial highways KW - City planning KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Level of service KW - Planning KW - Streets KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328943 AU - THOMPSON, R P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THREE DEMONSTRATION PARKING FACILITIES IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1980/06 SP - 63 p. AB - This report evaluates the effectiveness of three demonstration parking facilities in stimulating carpooling and transit ridership. Results of the evaluation show that two of the test facilities were very successful and the third one was less so. Location is a very important factor contributing to the success of a parking facility. Good transit service and other ridesharing incentives, such as express lanes for buses and carpools, can also play important roles in the success of parking facilities. The report recommends several characteristics that parking facilities should have and also recommends certain design features in order to maximize its' chances for success. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - California KW - Carpools KW - City planning KW - Demonstration projects KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Incentives KW - Needs assessment KW - Park and ride KW - Parking facilities KW - Public transit KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation KW - User needs KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00329722 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wardlaw, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SECTIONAL MODEL VERSUS FULL MODEL WIND TUNNEL TESTING OF BRIDGE ROAD DECKS PY - 1980/06 VL - 44 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-17 AB - This article reviews fundamental engineering aspects of the wind tunnel modeling of bridge road decks. The advantages and disadvantages of current wind tunnel techniques for predicting the dynamic response of bridge road decks to wind are examined. The sectional model approach is shown to be reliable in predicting vortex shedding excitation and flutter. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Decks KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance tests KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325044 AU - Reiland, R F AU - Salvisberg, F AU - Crozier, W F AU - Pelkey, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - IRRIGATION SYSTEMS STUDY PY - 1980/06 SP - 410 p. AB - This study was undertaken to upgrade and improve existing and future highway landscaping irrigation methods and procedures. The selection, installation, and use of materials and equipment are covered in relation to design, construction, and maintenance. Emphasis was placed on three basic irrigation systems: Overhead and bubbler irrigation which have been used by Caltrans for many years, and drip irrigation which is a comparatively recent introduction. Evaluation of the various systems and related components was based upon statewide communications with Caltrans design, construction and maintenance personnel. Additionally, evaluations performed at the TransLab compared products under controlled conditions. Helpful information was also gained from equipment manufacturers and other individuals involved in the private sector. The results of this study will aid those who design, construct, maintain, and operate irrigation systems. (FHWA) KW - Building KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Equipment KW - Facilities KW - Highway maintenance KW - Installation KW - Irrigation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330079 AU - Bell, J R AU - Hicks, R G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TEST METHODS AND USE CRITERIA FOR GEOTECHNICAL FABRICS IN HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS PY - 1980/06 SP - 202 p. AB - This report presents results achieved during the first year's effort to develop test methods and use criteria for fabrics in drainage, erosion control and soil reinforcement applications. The report does not treat fabrics for use in asphalt pavement reinforcement. An extensive literature search and field survey was conducted resulting in the development of interim criteria and fabric properties needed for a wide range of fabric applications. Test methods to evaluate these properties are identified and new test methods suggested where existing ones are considered inadequate. Specific results obtained include a discussion of important fabric properties and how they are affected by type of polymer and manufacture, an identification of fabric uses together with what fabric properties are important for each use, and an appraisal of the current knowledge regarding soil-fabric interaction, fabric performance and cost effectiveness. Recommendations are made for new test methods, or modifications of existing ones which need to be developed, to evaluate important fabric properties. A wealth of basic data has been accumulated for the development of improved tests and criteria to be used in the next phase of the project. (FHWA) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Field studies KW - Geotextiles KW - Highway drainage KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reviews KW - Soil stabilization KW - Surface drainage KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325037 AU - Chatto, D R AU - Shelly, T L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NEW ADHESIVES FOR HIGHWAY USE PY - 1980/06 SP - 108 p. AB - New epoxy systems have been developed and older epoxy specifications revised to meet today's changing technology along with environmental and health standards. These changes have been implemented with new and updated state specifications. The subjects covered include Structural Adhesive Development related to Rapid Set Epoxy Mortar, Loop Detector Sealants, and Urethane Adhesives; Formula Component Replacements such as asbestos and Butyl Glycidyl Ether; Consistency of Physical Properties; Pavement Marker Adhesive Development; Accelerated Epoxy Aging Tests; and Commercially Available Adhesives. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Adhesives KW - Asbestos KW - Environmental protection KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Health KW - Loop detectors KW - Mortar KW - Road marking tapes KW - Sealing compounds KW - Specifications KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325374 AU - Andersen, D A AU - Jorgenson, J L AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE FROM HISTORICAL DATA PY - 1980/06 SP - 82 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a research project entitled "Pavement Performance from Historical Data" sponsored by the North Dakota State Highway Department in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Historical performance data in terms of useful pavement life and surface condition were related to loading conditions, paving materials, and subgrade strength. The computer program "Statistical Analysis System" (SAS) was used to explore the relationships which existed within the data. Pavement performance was evaluated in either one of two ways. For roadways which had been overlaid, the performance characteristic was taken as the useful life of the roadway between construction and overlay. For roadways which had not been overlaid since construction, the pavement surface condition parameters of roghness, cracking, and a combined rating were used to evaluate pavement peformance. Some of the results of this research effort were as follows. The deterioration of pavements in North Dakota is more directly related to the age of the pavement than to the daily axle loadings or soil subgrade strength. This may be related to another finding that actual pavement life usually exceeded design life. An interesting outcome of the research which was not totally explainable was that pavements in the eastern Highway Department districts had considerably less cracking than those in the western part of the state. (FHWA) KW - Age KW - Axle loads KW - Building materials KW - Data analysis KW - Information processing KW - Loading history KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325378 AU - Young, W T AU - PSC Professional Service Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY CULVERT COATING PERFORMANCE PY - 1980/06 SP - 157 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of coatings for highway culverts and to recommend methods of improving culvert service life through improved coating systems and other means. A literature search was conducted through a review of technical literature and interviews with cognizant state officials throughout the United States. The literature search revealed durability problems with the most commonly used materials and coatings. Corrosion and erosion of interior surfaces appear to be the most serious durability problems in most states. Field investigations conducted in nine states confirmed the findings of the literature search. Most coatings exhibit durability problems under conditions of abrasive bed load and extreme corrosivity. Coating types examined at various test sites and actual drainage installations include: asphalt, asbestos bonded asphalt, asphalt paving, coal tar laminate, polyethylene, PVC, vinyl plastisol, aluminized, aluminum - zinc and epoxy coated concrete. The best overall coating appears to be asphalt coated and paved asbestos bonded galvanized steel, although significant deterioration is probable with this coating under certain conditions. Organic coatings applied to local areas where needed might be more cost effective than present complete coating methods. Other coatings and methods of protection are suggested which might be superior to existing coatings. Many of these alternative methods are more costly than existing coatings and their benefits are not defined yet. Durability evaluations are needed to deterimine if their use is justified. A review of existing State culvert specifications and recommendations for improvement are included. An evaluation program is presented. (FHWA) KW - Aluminum KW - Asbestos KW - Asphalt KW - Coal tars KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosive soils KW - Culverts KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Erosion KW - Ethylene resins KW - Polyethylene KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325364 AU - Smith, D D AU - California Department of Transportation TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HORIZONTAL DRAINS PY - 1980/06 SP - 79 p. AB - The effectiveness of horizontal drains installed in California over a period of 40 years is evaluated. Seven installations including Nojoqui Grade 1940, Cloverdale 1941, Whitmore Maintenance Station 1963, San Andreas 1964, Pacific House 1969, York Mountain 1972, and La Selva Beach 1974 were selected for the study. Major factors which influence the long-term effectiveness of horizontal drains are discussed. These factors include lithology, location, orientation, spacing, pH, mineral content, age and maintenance programs. Drain cleaning equipment and techniques were studied. A new cleaning system utilizing high pressure water was developed and is described. Horizontal drain evaluation, inspection, cleaning and repair forms designed for field use were developed during the study and are included with the final report. A comparison of steel and PVC casing is made, including costs, handling, transport, installation and resistance to corrosive action of groundwater. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Casings KW - Casings (Materials) KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Groundwater KW - Horizontal drains KW - Lithologic composition KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Minerals KW - pH value KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Spacing KW - Steel pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325372 AU - Brauer, M G AU - Peterson, R T AU - Larson, C AU - Manz, O E AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - University of North Dakota, Grand Forks TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE SHELL CREEP TEST PROCEDURE TO PREDICT RUTTING IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS FINAL REPORT ON PHASE I PY - 1980/06 SP - 51 p. AB - An investigation into the feasibility of performing a creep test to predict rutting in asphalt pavements, as proposed by the Shell International Petroleum Company, was undertaken by the North Dakota State Highway Department and the University of North Dakota. A study was made of the rutting in North Dakota pavements constructed in the years 1972 through 1976. The equipment needed for the test was determined and obtained. Some was purchased while the creep testing apparatus itself was fabricated at the University of North Dakota. This report concerns areas of investigation such as sample preparation, loading procedure, interpretation of test results, effects of variations in material properties, and repeatability studies. Work correlating test results with actual rut measurements of pavements is planned for the next stage of this study and will be detailed in a later report. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Creep tests KW - Forecasting KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322737 AU - Ludwig, A C AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SULFUR PY - 1980/06 SP - 47 p. AB - Asphalt and Portland cement are the principal binders used in the preparation of pavements. The costs of these materials are directly related to energy and are expected to increase. The availability of asphalt in the future in the event of an oil embargo or other crisis is questionable. Native as well as by-product sources of sulfur in the United States are large and are expected to increase in the future. Sulfur in its elemental form is not ideally suited for use as a pavement binder because of its brittle and friable nature. This program was under-taken to determine if elemental sulfur could be inexpensively modified so it could be used as a pavement binder. As a result of this work, a new pavement binder system, based on elemental sulfur, has been developed that can serve as a replacement for asphalt and Portland cement. This material can be emulsified with water and used like asphalt emulsions. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binders KW - Costs KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00324317 AU - Mori, J AU - Paik, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED PLOTTING OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DATA PY - 1980/06 SP - v.p. AB - A computer aided system for automatically plotting planimetric and contour maps is described in detail including digitizing instructions and program listings. This is a batch system and no interactive graphics is involved. Basic hardware requirements are a digitizer, computer and an automated drafting machine. Preliminary results indicate a savings of at least 30% in the production of maps. Other benefits as a by-product from this system such as a digital terrain model is not quantified. (FHWA) KW - Automation KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Contour maps KW - Digital maps KW - Digital photo map KW - Digitized photography KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Hardware KW - Mapping KW - Maps KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Photogrammetry KW - Plotting KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319774 AU - Hahn, K C AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF CONSTRUCTION ZONE TRAFFIC BARRIERS PY - 1980/06 SP - 54 p. AB - Three temporary construction zone traffic barriers were crash-tested to determine their performance. A 12-in. timber curb, with steel splice plates connecting adjoining sections and steel pins driven into a gravel subbase, was unable to redirect vehicles in very minor impacts. The test vehicle straddled the barrier at 30 mph 3 deg and 20 mph 7.5 deg and went completely over it at 30 mph 7.5 deg. Only minor movement of the barrier was detected. A 16-in. high timber curb, with a corrugated-beam steel rail bolted to the face (W-beam timber curb), was successfully tested at 43 mph 17 deg and 38 mph 14 deg. Steel retaining washers welded to the tops of the anchor pins reduced barrier movement upon impact. This barrier is suitable for use in construction zones where moderate impacts may occur (40 mph 15 deg), and requires only a few inches of clear deflection distance behind the barrier. New York's standard protable precast-concrete median barrier using pin-connected joints contained an impacting vehicle at 55 mph 25 deg, and appears suitable for highspeed work zones with no connection to the pavement or other barrier restraint except for the two terminal sections. Pulling the joints tight upon installation and filling the bottom corners with mortar substantially reduced barrier deflection and damage. Barrier deflection up to 15 in. may result in 60 mph 25 deg impacts where anchorage to the pavement is not provided but would be less where conditions do not permit such severe impacts. (FHWA) KW - Barrier design KW - Barrier rails KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Gravel KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Research KW - Speed KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322714 AU - Michael, E D AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways TI - USE OF DIFFERENT ROADSIDE COVER PLANTINGS PY - 1980/06 SP - n.p. AB - Use of 3 highway ROW cover crops: Crownvetch, (Coronilla varia) sericea lespedeza, (Lespedeza cuneata) and K-31 fescue, (Festuca sp.) were evaluated to determine use by various groups of wildlife. Data were collected on 3 groups of wildlife; small mammals, songbirds, and game animals. Mowed and unmowed sericea and fescue were examined to determine how mowing of ROW vegetation affects songbird use. Data were collected from October 1977 through July 1979 along I-79 and U.S. 48, in north-central West Virginia. Significant differences were not found for small mammal captures, indicating they do not prefer one ROW cover crop over the others. Songbirds generally preferred sericea as indicated by greater numbers of species and individuals being recorded. There was a difference in number of specific species which utilized each plot. Deer preferred crownvetch while rabbits preferred sericea. Data on other game species were too few to evaluate relative use. Mowing ROW increased use of sericea but decreased use of fescue. Management implications of these findings are discussed and recommendations are given on establishing objectives for management of highway ROW. (FHWA) KW - Crownvetch KW - Data collection KW - Maintenance management KW - Mowing KW - Plant cover KW - Plants KW - Roadside KW - Roadside flora KW - Rural highways KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159075 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322718 AU - Thompson, S R AU - Olsen, MPJ AU - Dempsey, B J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - SYNTHESIS REPORT: D-CRACKING IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 98 p. AB - A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the mechanisms and testing procedures for D-cracking in portland cement concrete pavements. Beneficiation procedures were also investigated. The three general responses to freezing in the aggregate/paste system included elastic accommodation, high internal pressure, and high external pressure. It was found that the critical aggregate parameters influencing D-cracking were degree of saturation, maximum particle size, permeability, porosity, and pore size distribution. Evaluation of present laboratory testing procedures indicated that the ASTM C666, VPI slow-cool, Mercury Porosimetry, and Iowa Pore Index Tests correlated the best with field performance of concrete with respect to D-cracking. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Freezing KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Pore size distribution KW - Porosity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325948 AU - Bloom, J A AU - Hinch, J A AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF EXISTING BREAKAWAY STRUCTURES. VOLUME I-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/06 SP - 29 p. AB - A whole array of existing breakaway luminaire supports were tested using the FHWA soft-nosed pendulum test device. The pendulum was developed to simulate a subcompact car behavior. This nose was properly validated against full-scale test data. Due to unacceptable impact performance, modifications were made to cast aluminum transformer bases to reduce momentum change levels. Performance was greatly improved. The FHWA bogie test device was built and validated for use in testing dual-legged breakaway sign supports. Full-scale tests were run to provide full-scale validation data and to study off-center hit problems. The report is in these volumes. Volume I is an Executive summary which gives a synopsis of the project. Volume II contains the technical results of the study. Volume III contains the test data from all tests conducted under this study. (FHWA) KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Pendulum tests KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Small car KW - Traffic signs KW - Transformers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329736 AU - Zuk, W AU - Newlon, H H AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - METHODS OF MODIFYING HISTORIC BRIDGES FOR CONTEMPORARY USE PY - 1980/06 SP - 110 p. AB - Studied by a team of experts in the fields of history, bridge engineering, architecture, and computer analysis were twenty-one old truss bridges of historical importance located in Virginia. These old bridges are narrow and have low load-carrying capacities, making them targets for replacement and destruction. On a case-by-case basis, the bridges were investigated as to their potentials for strengthening and widening for normal vehicular use. Also explored were non-vehicular uses as for conversion into craft centers, museums, restaurants, housing, bicycle structurs, and the like, at either the present site or a new one. The wide array of possibilities for continuned use of the old bridges described in this report show that old bridges do indeed have much useful life left in them and that it is not always necessary that they be demolished. (FHWA) KW - Conversion KW - Historic preservation KW - Pavement widening KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Strength of materials KW - Truss bridges KW - Widening UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36419/80-R48.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319773 AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF SMALL-ANGLE SIGN SUPPORTS PY - 1980/06 SP - 36 p. AB - New York's small sign supports consisting of 3- by 2 1/2- by 1/4-in., 3 1/2- by 2 1/2 by 1/4-in., and 4- by 3- by 1/4-in. angles with 6-, 8-, and 10-in. by 48- by 1/4-in. soil resistance plates, were crash tested with 2240- or 2400-lb cars at 21 to 42 mph to determine compliance with AASHTO criteria for basebending sign supports. These criteria permit a maximum vehicle momentum change of 1100 lb-sec. The smallest support met the specifications using any of the plates. The middle support at first appeared not to meet the specifications because the sign panel did not release from the post properly on impact, resulting in higher momentum change. However, a subsequent test showed this support to meet the specifications using any of the plates, although it is at the upper limit. The largest angle was to stiff to meet the impact criteria. As a result of these tests, design standards are being changed to ensure compliance with the AASHTO criteria. (FHWA) KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Impact tests KW - Performance based specifications KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Research KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signal support (Structural) KW - Signals KW - Signs KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343037 AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT WORKSHOP HELD AT NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA ON FEBRUARY 15 AND 16, 1978 PY - 1980/06 SP - 259 p. AB - This report contains all of the papers presented at a workshop on Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP) which was held in New Orleans, Louisiana. The information presented at the workshop covered all aspects of CRCP including design, construction, and maintenance procedures. The primary emphasis was concentrated on maintenance procedures. The proceedings include papers on polymer patching, under sealing, and flexible and rigid overlays. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Covering KW - Cracking KW - Maintenance KW - Meetings KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319187 AU - Rand, D W AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EDINBURGH-HOWLAND-MATTAMISCONTIS-T2 R8 HOT RECYCLED PROJECT SN - Proj No. I-95-8(117) PY - 1980/06 SP - 70 p. AB - In the summer of 1979 a hot recycled pavement project was constructed in the towns of Edinburgh-Howland-Mattamiscontis and T2 R8. The top 2-1/2 inches of binder and wearing couse on a 17 mile section of the southbound land of I-95 was removed with a PF-750 CMI rotomill. The material was then recycled through a Boeing Drum Mixer, using 100 percent milled material and 1/2 percent of Cyclogen L for a softening agent. The recycled course was completed in approximately 1 month and then covered with a 1 inch overlay of new wearing course. The specifications for this project was based upon using a 50-50 mixture with a hot contact process rather than the drum mixer approach. As a result, the specifications had to be adjusted. One of the major adjustments was the requirement for a softening agent. The softening agent was paid for as an extra item and this increased the price of the hot mix approximately two dollars per ton. The principle reason for the high cost of the softening agent was shipping charges from California to Maine. Cost comparison of alternate methods of construction revealed that the recycling method saved $1.15 per square yard more than the conventional 3 inch overlay alternate. The actual saving was due to the fact that only 1 inch of mix was required to bring the shoulders to a matching grade for the recycled method, versus 3 inches needed for the overlay method. This represented a savings of $275,168. The recycling method was primarily selected because this method removed the old racked pavement, therefore reducing the chance for reflective cracking. A comparison study of the energy saved for recycled versus virgin mixture indicated 4.8 equivalent gallons of gasoline was used per ton of recycled mixture versus 3.6 equivalent gallons of gasoline used per ton for the 1 inch virgin mix. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Binders KW - Comparative analysis KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Recycling KW - Reflection cracking KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331733 AU - Surendra, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADDITIVES TO CONTROL SLAKING IN COMPACTED SHALES PY - 1980/05/14 SP - 304 p. AB - The conventional manner of stabilization of nondurable shales is through degradation and compaction. However, if the shale is hard, this is extremely difficult to accomplish. This research tested the ability of certain inexpensive salts to modify the durability of slected Indiana shales. If the salt decreased the durability, it would be added prior to shale compaction; if the effect were vice versa, the slat could be added at the time of compaction. Mostly, the salts tried did not significantly affect the short term durability, although calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride and sodium chloride were sometimes successful. Given the limited success of the salts, lime was tested for effect on the durability. 3% lime effectively increased the durability in the short term. Lime reactiveness increased with the exchangeable sodium percentage of the shale. No long term effects were studied, nor were the potential problems of mixing the additives with the shales in the field resolved. Further research will be required with respect to these questions. (FHWA) KW - Additives KW - Aluminum compounds KW - Calcium compounds KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compaction KW - Ferrous sulfide KW - Salts KW - Shale KW - Slaking KW - Sodium chloride KW - Stabilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325051 AU - Dolch, W L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - ANALYSIS OF HARDENED CONCRETE FOR ADMIXTURE CONTENT PY - 1980/05/14 SP - 31 p. AB - An earlier Interim Report in 1978 by L. C. Muszynski and with the same title as this Report established a technique for the identification of organic admixtures present in hardened concrete by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Extension of the admixture from concrete was accomplished by use of a ternary azcotrop composed of 75 percent (by volume) of methylethyl ketone, 14 percent ethanol, and 11 percent water. Using HPLC conditions were found which provided a distinction among the various admixtures. With a LiChrosorb RP-18, 10 micron column operated in a reversal phase and a carrier solvent of 80 percent acetonitrile and 20 percent water by volume, HPLC use permitted qualitative identification of the admixture substances used. The amount of admixture used, however, was not determined. The purpose of this last phase of the Study was to seek quantitative evaluation of the admixtures used. The purpose was not fulfilled. (FHWA) KW - Admixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Concrete hardening KW - Hardened concrete KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Organic compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323184 AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - MAINTENANCE METHODS FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/05/14 SP - 48 p. AB - Research on CRCP has been active at Purdue University for the ISHC since 1971. In late 1975, test sections were constructed on a section of I-65 south of Indianapolis, Indiana to evaluate various maintenance techniques that might be adopted for this type of pavement. The road was stratified into "similar" sections using deflection, cracking and breakup as selection criteria. Maintenance methods used included concrete shoulders, undersealing, asphalt concrete overlay, subdrains at the pavement edge and various combinations of these methods. In every case the pavement was patched prior to installation of the maintenance. Performance surveys were made every spring and fall through spring of 1979. The concrete shoulders and subdrains did not reduce the occurrence of distress to this pavement. Undersealing was an effective means of maintaining the pavements. No failures attributable to the underlying CRC occurred on the overlay section during the test period. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Failure KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Subdrains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00940878 AU - Esch, D C AU - Jurick, R AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION HISTORY OF PERMAFROST INSULATION WITH POLYSTYRENE BEADBOARD ROADWAY TEST SECTION, FAIRHILL FRONTAGE ROAD PY - 1980/05/01 SP - 56 p. AB - This paper constitutes a working log of the construction, installation, and instrumentation history involved with a 1978 insulated roadway research test site near Fairbanks, Alaska. Approximately 3,900 square feet of 4" thick, 2.45 pcf, cut polystyrene beadboard was placed three feet beneath a paved roadway which was constructed over a previously undisturbed area underlain with ice rich permafrost. It is the intent of this study to empirically determine the long-term thermal and mechanical stability of this type of insulation under applications of this nature. The insulation and soils beneath the roadway were instrumented to provide information as to its thermal behavior. Settlement plates and road surface reference points were established to monitor elevation changes. Results from one year of roadway observations are also included. KW - Beadboard KW - Fairbanks (Alaska) KW - History KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Insulation systems KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permafrost KW - Polystyrene KW - Research KW - Road construction KW - Soils KW - Test sections KW - Thermal analysis UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/198005xx.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/731542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419601 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Planning TI - Speed monitoring program procedural manual for the national speed limit PY - 1980/05 SP - 47P KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Day KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Location KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Modelling KW - Monitoring KW - Monitoring KW - Road design KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Statistical sample KW - Statistical sampling KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398170 AU - Templer, J A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development. Environmental Division TI - Provision for elderly and handicapped pedestrians, volume 3: the development and evaluation of countermeasures PY - 1980/05 IS - FHWA-RD-79-3 SP - 325p KW - Access road KW - Access roads KW - Accessibility KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Aged person KW - Crossing the road KW - Curbs KW - Disabled person KW - Kerb KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398164 AU - Benioff, B AU - Carson, C AU - Dock, F C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - A study of clearance intervals, flashing operations, and left-turn phasing at traffic signals, vol 3: flashing operation PY - 1980/05 IS - FHWA-RD-78-48 SP - 168p KW - Flashing light KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Headway KW - Headways KW - Signal timing KW - Signalized intersection KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Turn KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319117 AU - Leslie, W G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION: A REVIEW OF NEW YORK'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1980/05 SP - 25 p. AB - This report summarizes New York's experience with deterioration (surface spalling and delamination) of monolithic bridge decks constructed with unprotected steel reinforcement, and speculates on how available information might be sued in predicting future maintenance needs. Deterioration was found to be strongly influenced by depth of concrete cover over the steel, and although actual cover is variable, decks designed with deeper cover are performing better at all ages. Data that can be used to predict the percentage of spans likely to have various amounts of spalled surface area after 2 and 5 years--based on a knowledge of design cover and current condition--are summarized. It is also noted that knowledge of actual cover-depth distribution and age may be useful in determining specific spans likely to spall soon, and thus which spans might benefit from preventive maintenance. (FHWA) KW - Age KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Cover depth KW - Delamination KW - Deterioration KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319782 AU - Kissane, R J AU - Beal, D B AU - Sanford, J A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD RATING OF SHORT-SPAN HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1980/05 SP - 40 p. AB - Results of field tests on five short-span bridges -- four reinforced concrete and one concrete-encased steel -- illustrate the difficulties in using service-load response for estimating load capacity of highway bridges. Tension steel strain and deflection induced in the five structures were measured, when subjected to moderate truck loads (about 90 percent of HS-20). Findings include: 1) induced strain and deflection are much lower than expected from analytical methods, 2) concrete deterioration does not cause a noticeable change in measured structural response, and 3) test data cannot be extrapolated to inventory and operating load levels with confidence. In a secondary series of tests, concrete strength estimates from ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements were found to be unreliable. (FHWA) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge spans KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Length KW - Loads KW - Measurement KW - Ratings KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326400 AU - TJKM Transportation Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF CLEARANCE INTERVALS, FLASHING OPERATION, AND LEFT-TURN PHASING AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1980/05 SP - 497p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326346 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Hutsebaut, P AU - Kurth, D AU - Clark, M AU - Castilia, J AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS. VOLUME 2: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/05 SP - 187 p. AB - This manual gives the necessary information on use of the LINKOD software package and interpretation of its results. The structure of the manual has been dictated by the structure of the package, as LINKOD consists of a number of essentially independent but interrelated computer programs. Accordingly, parts of the document describe the system as a whole, while other parts describe the individual programs. KW - Computer programs KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Networks KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326345 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Turnquist, M AU - Schneider, M AU - Leblanc, L AU - Kurth, D AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS. VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 119 p. AB - The LINKOD modelling system estimates a trip table based on observed link volumes and turning movements. This trip table can be used as an input to traffic assignment and/or simulation models. LINKOD is designed for small area analysis where all link volumes are known. The system is driven by the models: SMALD, a trip distribution model for small areas, and ODLINK, an adaptable trip table assignment model. SMALD estimates a trip table (the Target table) based on trip rates at sources and sinks, and the network's service level. The ODLINK model corrects an input (Target) trip tables, so it best replicates the observed flows, when assigned using equilibrium assignment. The models are driven by the LINKOD software package. The package includes several computer programs which perform input data editing and extensive summaries of the results. KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Networks KW - Simulation KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627109 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALAS-BASE RECORD INTERFACE. FINAL STATUS REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 69 p. AB - The Highway Base Record and the Accident Location and Analysis System files of the Iowa Department of Transportation both contain extensive data. Interfacing the two files would provide safety related information that would be very useful in the identification and correction of accident problem locations, roadway features and design types. Three types of interface concepts were evaluated: (1) Link-node concept; (2) Grid-coordinate concept; and (3) Route-mile-reference concept. Of the three, the route-mile-reference concept provides the most potential for an effective and efficient interface system. It is estimated that interfacing only the more heavily traveled roads, such as the federal-aid system, would provide coverage of over 80% of the accidents and travel. This coverage could be accomplished by interfacing only 23% of the statewide mileage. A pilot study, in which interface compatibility was developed for a portion of federal-aid mileage in Story County, was conducted. It was concluded from the pilot study that the route-mile-reference concept is a feasible approach to interfacing the two files. KW - Crash locations KW - Data interfacing KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Design features KW - High risk locations KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Information organization KW - Iowa KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323150 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Hutsebaut, P AU - Kurth, D AU - Clark, M AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Urban Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS VOLUMES 3-PROGRAM MANUAL PY - 1980/05 SP - 111 p. AB - The LINKOD modeling system estimates a trip table based on observed link volumes and turning movements. This trip table can be used as an input to traffic assignment and/or simulation models. LINKOD is designed for small area analysis where all link volumes are known. The system is driven by the models: SMALD, a trip distibution model for small areas, and ODLINK, an adaptable trip table assignment model. SMALD estimates a trip table (the Target table) based on trip rates at sources and sinks, and the network's service level. The ODLINK model corrects an input (Target) trip table, so it best replicates the observed flows, when assigned using equilibrium assignment. The models are driven by the LINKOD software package. The package includes several computer programs which perform input data editing and extensive summaries of the results. KW - Computer programs KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334454 AU - Gamble, W L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD INVESTIGATION OF PRESTRESSED REINFORCED CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 16 p. AB - Work accomplished over the 14.5 year life of this project is summarized, and the reports published as part of the study are referenced. Implementation of the results of the study has already been accomplished in two areas. The current loss-of-prestress provisions in the AASHTO Bridge Specification are based on recommendations prepared as part of the work of this project. Illinois DOT has stopped using span diaphragms in prestressed concrete highway bridges as a result of recommendations based on another phase of the study. The work be divided into three relatively separate phases. The first phase was the installation of deformation measuring instrumentation in three in-service bridges, the gathering of data, and the development of analysis procedures that enabled the data to be interpreted. The second phase involved the construction of relatively small scale prestressed bridge components, and their use to provide data to help confirm some information developed in the field study. The models were later tested to failure, and additional information about overload behavior was gained. The third phase was a study of the effects of span diaphragms on moment distributions in bridges, and it was concluded that these members were cost-ineffective and that their use should be discontinued. (FHWA) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deformation KW - Failure KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Performance based specifications KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322731 AU - Ross, H E AU - Walker, K C AU - Effenberger, M J AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF SMALL HIGHWAY SIGN SUPPORTS PY - 1980/05 SP - 311 p. AB - This report describes 22 full-scale crash tests conducted to evaluate the impact performance of widely used support systems for small roadside signs. Promising new support systems were also evaluated. All systems were of the single post type, with one exception. One system had a vertical post and a back brace. Also summarized are the results of recent crash tests sponsored by industry on small sign support systems. Test results and test articles were evaluated in terms of current AASHTO performance specifications and FHWA guidelines. (FHWA) KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Performance based specifications KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342444 AU - Rowan, N J AU - Woods, D L AU - Stover, V G AU - Anderson, D A AU - Dozier, J H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL PRACTICES FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS TECHNOLOGY SHARING REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 305 p. AB - A manual is provided for students in a 4-1/2 day training course on the safe design and operation of streets and highways. Practical, state-of-the-art information is presented which emphasizes the effective integration of safety as a principal criterion in planning, designing, and operating roadways; the identification of hazardous conditions or situations; and the selection and application of countermeasures. Six topic areas include definition of the highway safety problem, safety improvement programs, geometric design, traffic operations and planning, traffic barriers, and legal responsibility of public officials for highway safety. Objectives, discussion, and references comprise each topic session. An instructor's guide is a companion document. KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Safety KW - Safety practices KW - Streets KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322730 AU - Ross, H E AU - Walker, K C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF SINGLE POST SIGN INSTALLATIONS USING SUBCOMPACT AUTOMOBILES SN - 31Z914 PY - 1980/05 SP - 55 p. AB - Three full-scale crash tests conducted to evaluate impact behavior of a subcompact vehicle following impact with widely used signpost designs. Each test vehicle weighed 1940 lb (863 kg) and impact speed was approximately 60 mph (96.5 km/h) in each test. Two tests involved impact with a 3 lb/ft (4.5 kg/m) steel U-post and the other test involved 3 lb/ft (4.5kg/m) steel U-posts bolted together to form a 6 lb/ft (8.9 kg/m) back-to-back section. Impact with the 3 lb/ft post in a dry soil resulted in a vehicle change in velocity above the limiting value. Impact with the same post in a wet soil resulted in an acceptable vehicle velocity change since the post was pulled out of the ground. Impact with the 6 lb/ft post resulted in a vehicle change in velocity that greatly exceeded the limiting value. After impact the vehicle rolled over and was a total loss. (FHWA) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Small car KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329021 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF SIGNS FOR SIGHT-RESTRICTED RURAL INTERSECTIONS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/05 SP - 10 p. AB - The report summarizes the results of an experiment sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and carried out at the Maine Facility, which examined the effectiveness of several alternative sign configurations (traditional warning, warning signs with lighted beacons, and regulatory signs) for warning motorists of a hazardous intersection ahead in rural two-lane situations. The principal findings were that enhanced warning signs (i.e., with flashing beacons) and the regulatory speed zone configuration were consistently more effective than basic non-enhanced warning signs relative to making motorists aware of the situation and slowing them down. The conclusions were based on both actual speed decreases at the intersection and motorists perceptions (from a survey) of the situation. KW - Beacons KW - Effectiveness KW - Flash lamps KW - Flashing beacons KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveys KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329020 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF WARNING AND REGULATORY SIGNS FOR CURVES ON RURAL ROADS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/05 SP - 11 p. AB - The report summarizes the results of an experiment, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and carried out at the Maine Facility, which examined the effectiveness of several alternative sign configurations (both warning and regulatory) for warning motorists of a hazardous horizontal curve ahead in rural two-lane situations. The principal findings were that: in spite of relatively large decreases in speed in the vicinity of the curve, no sign configuration was found to be consistently more effective than another, nor could the cause of the speed decreases that were measured necessarily be attributed to the signs, per se. KW - Hazards KW - Highway curves KW - Highway traffic control KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic surveys KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346141 AU - Chambers, J J AU - Bowlby, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOISE MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ACCESSORIES PY - 1980/05 SP - 30 p. AB - This report gives material lists and instructions to construct the following accessories for environmental noise measurement equipment: extendable tripod, microphone preamplifier holder for extendable tripod and normal tripod; cable reel with built-in socket; and flashing timer. These accessories were built from common materials at low cost for use with FHWA Demonstration Project No. 45, Highway Noise Analysis. KW - Accessories KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Amplifiers KW - Engineering drawings KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Measuring instruments KW - Noise KW - Sound level KW - Sound level meters KW - Specifications KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Technical drawings KW - Timers KW - Timing devices KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361541 AU - Chambers, J J AU - Bowlby, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOISE MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ACCESSORIES PY - 1980/05 SP - 26 p. AB - This report gives material lists and instructions to construct the following accessories for environmental noise measurement equipment: (1) Extendable tripod; (2) Microphone preamplifier holder for a extendable tripod and a normal tripod; (3) Cable reel with built-in socket; and (4) Flashing timer. These accessories were built from common materials at low cost for use with FHWA Demonstration Project No. 45, Highway Noise Analysis. (FHWA) KW - Low costs KW - Measuring instruments KW - Noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329740 AU - Templer, J A AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROVISIONS FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS, VOLUME 2: HAZARDS, BARRIERS, PROBLEMS, AND THE LAW PY - 1980/05 SP - 209 p. AB - Ten categories of handicapped pedestrians are identified. Four of these categories report 71 percent of vehicular and non-vehicular accidents involving the target group; and 82 percent of the accidents occurred on walks/corridors, at street crossings, at curbs and curb ramps, and on stairs. A survey was conducted in 5 cities to determine the problems experienced by elderly and handicapped pedestrians. A typology of barriers and problems has been generated. A review of Federal, State and Local legislation treating accessibility is set out. (FHWA) KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Curbs KW - Data collection KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329741 AU - Templer, J A AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROVISIONS FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS, VOLUME 3: THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1980/05 SP - 325 p. AB - Several Laboratory studies are described: firstly, an evaluation of various curb ramps; secondly, tactile surfaces for environmental cueing for the visually impaired; and thirdly, a compilation of the dimensions of wheelchairs currently available. Modifications aimed at eliminating certain environmental barriers were constructed in five cities and evaluated. These countermeasures include curb ramps, widened sidewalks, refuge islands, crosswalk markings, and a vehicle turn prohibition. (FHWA) KW - Aged KW - Countermeasures KW - Crosswalks KW - Curbs KW - Pavement widening KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Road markings KW - Sidewalks KW - Traffic marking KW - Wheelchairs KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326366 AU - Mohle, R H AU - Rorabaugh, T K AU - TJKM Transportation Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF CLEARANCE INTERVALS, FLASHING OPERATION, AND LEFT-TURN PHASING AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS. VOLUME 4. LEFT-TURN PHASING PY - 1980/05 SP - 99 p. AB - This volume describes a study to develop recommendations concerning the utilization of the protected/permissive left turn phasing technique. The study procedures included a literature review, a review of state laws, questionnaires to public officials and to drivers, and field studies. The protected/permissive left turn phasing technique was found to improve traffic movement efficiency and operations where left turn phasing is not needed at all times during the day. It was also determined that an increased level of public understanding of the meaning of left turn signal indications, the arrow versus the green ball, is needed before general recommendation for usage can be justified. Precautions in the use of the technique are also included. KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Laws KW - Left turns KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak traffic KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - State government KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326364 AU - Benioff, B AU - Dock, F C AU - Carson, C AU - TJKM Transportation Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF CLEARANCE INTERVALS, FLASHING OPERATION, AND LEFT-TURN PHASING AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS. VOLUME 2. CLEARANCE INTERVALS PY - 1980/05 SP - 156 p. AB - This volume describes a study to develop recommendations for two questions regarding clearance intervals: (1) should a uniform yellow interval be used throughout a metropolitan area, and (2) when should all-red clearance intervals be used and how long should they be. The study procedures include a literature review, a review of state laws, questionnaires to public officials and to drivers, analytical models of traffic flow, and field studies. The uniform yellow was found not to be particularly beneficial. KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Laws KW - Left turns KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Questionnaires KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Reviews KW - State government KW - Time intervals KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326363 AU - Benioff, B AU - Rorabaugh, T K AU - TJKM Transportation Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF CLEARANCE INTERVALS, FLASHING OPERATION, AND LEFT-TURN PHASING AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS. VOLUME 1. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 69 p. AB - This volume is a summary of three research studies on several aspects of traffic control to improve traffic operations and reduce accidents. The first study dealt with clearance intervals and more specifically with the effectiveness of a uniform yellow interval and all-red intervals. The second study addressed the question of whether traffic signals should be put on flashing operation during low volume periods. The third study considered signal phasing that allows vehicles to make left turns during both a protected (green arrow) interval and an unprotected (green) ball) interval. Each study used a literature review, a review of state laws, questionnaires to public officials and to drivers, analytical models of traffic flow, and field studies to arrive at the recommendations. KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak traffic KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326365 AU - Benioff, B AU - Carson, C AU - Dock, F C AU - TJKM Transportation Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF CLEARANCE INTERVALS, FLASHING OPERATION, AND LEFT-TURN PHASING AT TRAFFIC SIGNALS. VOLUME 3. FLASHING OPERATION PY - 1980/05 SP - 173 p. AB - This volume describes a study to develop recommendations for putting traffic signals on flashing operation during low volume periods. The study procedures includes a literature review, a review of state laws, questionnaires to public officials and to drivers, analytical models of traffic flow, and field studies of accidents, conflicts, violations, speed and delay. Flashing yellow/red operation was found to be desirable for only a limited number of traffic and signal conditions. Flashing red/red operation was not found to be a desirable form of low volume traffic control, but it might be used for emergency operation of traffic signals. KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Laws KW - Left turns KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak traffic KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Reviews KW - State government KW - Traffic KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Violations KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341499 AU - Ford, S G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY DEER KILL MITIGATION ON SIE/LAS-395 (1976-1979) PY - 1980/05 SP - 45 p. AB - The project was developed to determine the effectiveness of deer-crossing structures, deer-proof fence, and one-way deer gates in preventing deer-vehicle collisions on a section of highway which crosses a deer migration route. All information on this study was gathered by direct and indirect observation. It has been determined that the wide open type of deer crossing system is effective in providing deer a safe passage across the highway. It took three years before the major portion of the herd approached the crossings directly rather than moving to them along the fence. Until that time, every weak spot in the fence was challenged by the deer moving to the structures. Man was the major cause for openings in the crossing system during this study. The opening that accounted for the major portion of the deer killed during the study was a drive through gate, frequently left open by a local rancher. (FHWA) KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Fences KW - Gates KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341188 AU - Jimerson, G D AU - Wyatt, W V AU - Arkansas State University, State University AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION OF BINDERS AND FILLERS FROM CELLULOSIC AND MAN-MADE POLYMERIC WASTES GENERATED IN ARKANSAS PY - 1980/05 SP - 72 p. AB - Several cellulosic and man-made polymeric substances were treated by pyrolysis. The object was to examine them as potential sources of asphalt substitutes or extenders and as potential sources for filler materials. From the initial studies a technique, which we call, "Inverted" pyrolysis seemed to be the most promising. Two major designs for the "Inverted" pyrolysis systems were developed and scaled up to accommodate approximately 100 gallon batch charges. The first design produced a higher percentage of binder, based on initial sawdust input, but required an external heat source and the removal of the "char" residue. The second design, even though producing a lower percentage yield, supplied its own energy by combustion of the char and produced only small amounts of ash. The second design is believed to be the more practical of the two since sufficient "excess" energy appears to be produced that with proper engineering the entire system could be energy self-supporting with the exception of normal electrical controls and flow devices. Due to the use of the second, energy saving, system the production of filler materials was dropped from the project objectives. About 20 gallons of the final binder material were produced. The binder was used for chemical and physical testing as well as investigating the improvement of its quality through blending with other substances and by further chemical and physical processes. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Cellulose KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Polymers KW - Pyrolysis KW - Sawdust KW - Substitutes KW - Waste products UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326304 AU - Donavan, P R AU - Flynn, D R AU - Yaniv, S L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: OUTDOOR/INDOOR NOISE ISOLATION PY - 1980/05 SP - 183 p. AB - This report documents a series of measurements of the outdoor-to-indoor noise isolation provided by nine houses in the Washington, DC. area. These measurements were carried out as part of a large research program developed to identify and quantify the important physical parameters which affect human response to time-varying traffic noise and to investigate various procedures for rating such noise so as to enable reliable predictions of subjective response to the noise. While a small truck was driven past each test house, simultaneous recordings were made of the sound level at three outdoor microphones and at four indoor microphones (three of which were positioned at representative listener positions). These recordings were analyzed to yield one-third octave band sound levels as functions of time and from these levels outdoor-to-indoor level differences were computed. Analyses are given of the influence of different experimental variables. It is found that microphone placement, both indoors and outdoors, is the major source of measurement uncertainty. The data from this study are in good agreement with sound isolation data reported in the literature for houses in colder climates. KW - Bicycles KW - Criteria KW - Data KW - Dwellings KW - Energy conservation KW - Measurement KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342508 AU - Templer, J A AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROVISIONS FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS: VOLUME 2: HAZARDS, BARRIERS, PROBLEMS AND THE LAW PY - 1980/05 SP - 209 p. AB - Ten categories of handicapped pedestrians are identified. Four of these categories report 71% of vehicular and non-vehicular accidents involving the target group; and 82% of the accidents occurred on walks/corridors, at street crossings, at curbs and curb ramps, and on stairs. A survey was conducted in 5 cities to determine the problems experienced by elderly and handicapped pedestrians. A typology of barriers and problems has been generated. A review of Federal, State and Local legislation treating accessibility is set out. KW - Aged KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crosswalks KW - Hazards KW - Laws KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342509 AU - Templer, J A AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROVISIONS FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS: VOLUME 3: THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1980/05 SP - 325 p. AB - Several Laboratory studies are described: firstly, an evaluation of various curb ramps; secondly, tactile surfaces for environmental cueing for the visually impaired; and thirdly, a compilation of the dimensions of wheelchairs currently available. Modifications aimed at eliminating certain environmental barriers were constructed in five cities and evaluated. These countermeasures include curb ramps, widened sidewalks, refuge islands, crosswalk markings, and a vehicle turn prohibition. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crosswalks KW - Curbs KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Surfaces KW - Tactile perception KW - Texture KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343718 AU - Jimerson, G D AU - Wyatt, W V AU - Arkansas State University, State University AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION OF BINDERS FROM CELLULOSIC WASTES PY - 1980/05 SP - 76 p. AB - Several cellulosic and man-made polymeric substances were treated by pyrolysis. The object was to examine them as potential sources of asphalt substitutes or extenders and as potential sources for filler materials. From the initial studies a technique, which the authors call, 'Inverted' pyrolysis seemed to be the most promising. Two major designs for the 'Inverted' pyrolysis systems were developed and scaled up to accommodate approximately 100 gallon batch charges. The first design produced a higher percentage of binder, based on initial sawdust input, but required an external heat source and the removal of the 'char' residue. The second design, even though producing a lower percentage yield, supplied its own energy by combustion of the char and produced only small amounts of ash. The second design is believed to be the more practical of the two since sufficient 'excess' energy appears to be produced that with proper engineering the entire system could be energy self-supporting with the exception of normal electrical controls and flow devices. Due to the use of the second, energy saving, system the production of filler materials was dropped from the project objectives. About 20 gallons of the final binder material were produced. The binder was used for chemical and physical testing as well as investigating the improvement of its quality through blending with other substances and by further chemical and physical processes. KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Blends KW - Cellulose KW - Constitution materials KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Equipment KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pyrolysis KW - Sawdust KW - Substitutes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322738 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways TI - RECYCLING OF WATER-SUSCEPTIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/05 SP - 14 p. AB - Several bituminous concrete interstate pavements that experienced failures suspected to have been caused by stripping were investigated. On two projects, the degree of deterioration, potential serviceability, and possible remedial measures were studied. Cores were taken to determine the degree of stripping and tensile strength, and dynaflect tests were performed. An emulsion mix design was developed for stripped bituminous concrete removed from another project with the expectation that it could be used as a surface mix on a highway with a low traffic volume. While this expectation was not realized, it was concluded that the material is suitable for use in a base mix. A maintenance resurfacing on a fourth project that experienced stripping failure is being monitored and the performance is being evaluated. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Evaluation KW - Failure KW - Mix design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Serviceability KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Traffic volume UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36422/80-R45.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330072 AU - Law, S M AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR PY - 1980/05 SP - 45 p. AB - Solution to the problem of deterioration of bridge decks due to the corrosion of embedded steel has been sought by engineers for a long time. The purpose of the study was to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the properties of concrete using a commercially available corrosion inhibitor (Darex) as an additive to the concrete. There was a limited scope to the study and evaluations were by means of a half-cell potential measurement system and visual observations. Generally the following conclusions were made: (1) Darex corrosion inhibitor does protect some against corrosion of steel embedded in concrete, but the extent has not been defined yet, (2) strength is higher for corrosion inhibitor treated concrete than for reference concrete (not treated), (3) Darex corrosion inhibitor does improve the general mix properties of air entrained concrete, (4) concrete using a corrosion inhibitor as an additive will cost approximately 22% more than conventional concrete, but will not be as expensive as other types of treatments, and (5) it is not known at this time whether the protection advantages will offset the cost increases of the material. The laboratory testing performed in this study is not fully corroborative of corrosion inhibiting qualities of calcium nitrite. More research is needed in this area of corrosion protection and also in correlating the laboratory results to actual field conditions. (FHWA) KW - Additives KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium compounds KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Mix design KW - Nitrites KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00330076 AU - SAXENA, S K AU - Rosenkranz, W J AU - Militsopoulos, S G AU - Dames and Moore AU - Illinois Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 1 ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF AN ANCHORED PAVEMENT: A CANDIDATE ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENT PY - 1980/05 VL - 1 SP - 238 p. AB - This report documents an investigation of the design feasibility and construction cost-effectiveness of an anchored pavement concept for Zero-Maintenance highways. An analytical model is designed to verify computer program results and to investigate construction methods for a full-scale highway section. The purpose of the analytical study is (1) to present thermal, mechanical, and thermomechanical properties of typical materials in a form easily adaptable to computer programs, and (2) to describe environmental and mechanical properties of a conventional slab and an anchored pavement in both continuous and jointed configurations. The two pavements were subjected to heat transfer, thermal stress, and mechanical stress analyses. The anchored pavement offers two distinct advantages over a conventional pavement-deflections are lower and more uniform, and stresses in the soil are lower and distributed more widely by the rigid anchors. Subgrade-related failure is less likely to occur if loads are transmitted deeper within the subgrade. Three-dimensional finite element analysis is considered to be the most efficient technique for examining the significance of environmentally induced stress. The use of the finite element method is anticipated as more advanced analytic techniques are developed. (FHWA) KW - Anchoring KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Finite element method KW - Heat transfer KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thermal properties KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325038 AU - Merchant, D C AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - APPLIED RESEARCH IN ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY SN - 304 PY - 1980/05 SP - n.p. AB - This report pertains to research conducted in the applications of large scale analytical aerial photogrammetry to surveying for transportation systems. A demonstration of the improvement in accuracies of measurement of terrain elevation after special calibration is presented. New specialized hardware interfaced with a simple micro-computer for measurement of cross-sections is discussed and its performance is presented. An improved version of a field deployable comparator is also discussed. After implementing the aerial calibration procedure the analytical photogrammetric method using 1:3000 scale photography produces elevation values on targeted but withheld check points. The standard deviation of elevation discrepancies is 0.5 inches (14mm) corresponding to a proportional error of one part in 27,000. The cross-section device produces a standard deviation in plan of 0.003 inches (0.076mm) and provides a real time edit of observations in accordance with the criteria contained in the ROAD's program. The comparator development is only partially successful. Recommendations are made for improvement of the calibration procedure, the cross-section digitizer, the comparator and for implementation of results of this research. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Aerial photography KW - Altitude KW - Calibration KW - Elevation KW - Measurement KW - Microcomputers KW - Photoconductors KW - Terrain UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325053 AU - John, SBP AU - California Department of Transportation TI - IN SITU MEASUREMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES PY - 1980/05 SP - 181 p. AB - This report presents evaluation of five in situ testing devices. The five devices are Iowa Borehole Shear Device, Vane Shear Device, Standard Penetrometer, Dutch Cone Penetrometer and Cambridge Self Boring Pressuremeter. These devices have been field tested in three northern California sites, namely: Downtown Sacramento, Rio Vista, and Mare Island. The in situ tests were conducted in silty sand, silty clay, San Francisco bay mud (recent), peat, and peaty clay. Maximum depth tested was 50 feet (approximately 16 m). Laboratory tests were conducted on undisturbed samples. The various soil parameters derived from laboratory tests have been compared with those from the field tests. The effects of soil disturbance are discussed. A separate report appendix intended for limited distribution (upon request) contains information on modification of probes, adaptation of drill rigs, calibration, testing procedures, boring profiles, and a bibliography. (FHWA) KW - Boreholes KW - Clay KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Marine soils KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mud KW - Peat KW - Peat soils KW - Penetrometers KW - Pressure gages KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear vane KW - Silty sands KW - Soil properties KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Testing equipment KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325039 AU - Predoehl, N H AU - Kemp, G R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ASPHALT DURABILITY TESTS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 99 p. AB - This is the final report of an asphalt durability project which involved weathering laboratory fabricated briquettes at four different climatic weathering sites within California and subsequent comparison of the effect of this weathering with the results of several laboratory tests of the asphalts used for the briquettes. The analysis of the test results presents a startling picture of extreme weathering at a hot desert site and the realization that thermal oxidation is the most significant factor affecting asphalt durability. Included are analyses which show that the effects of voids and aggregate porosity are less severe than the thermal oxidation effect in hot desert climates. A comparison of the results of laboratory tests for predicting asphalt hardening with the results for the field weathered briquettes show that none of the procedures is capable of adequately predicting asphalt weathering in a hot weathering site such as Indio. A new procedure (California Tilt-oven Asphalt Durability Test) was developed to approximate the effect produced at Indio in two years. Some correlation to briquette results was obtained. A climatic specification to control asphalt hardening in the hot climatic areas is proposed. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt tests KW - Deserts KW - Durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oxidation KW - Porosity KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323149 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Hutsebaut, P AU - Kurth, D AU - Clark, M AU - Castilia, J AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Urban Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS. VOLUME 2--USERS MANUAL PY - 1980/05 SP - 183 p. AB - The LINKOD modeling system estimates a trip table based on observed link volumes and turning movements. This trip table can be used as an input to traffic assignment and/or simulation models. LINKOD is designed for small area analysis where all link volumes are known. The system is driven by the models: SMALD, a trip distribution model for small areas, and ODLINK, an adaptable trip table assignment model. SMALD estimates a trip table (the Target table) based on trip rates at sources and sinks, and the network's service level. The ODLINK model corrects an input (Target) trip table, so it best replicates the observed flows, when assigned using equilibrium assignment. The models are driven by the LINKOD software package. The package includes several computer programs which perform input data editing and extensive summaries of the results. KW - Computer programs KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Origin and destination KW - Software KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Trip distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323142 AU - Gur, Y J AU - Turnquist, M AU - Schneider, M AU - Leblanc, L AU - Kurth, Dd AU - Hamburg (John) and Associates Incorporated AU - Urban Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION TRIP TABLE BASED ON OBSERVED LINK VOLUMES AND TURNING MOVEMENTS. VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 114 p. AB - The LINKOD modelling system estimates a trip table based on observed link volumes and turning movements. This trip table can be used as an input to traffic assignment and/or simulation models. LINKOD is designed for small area analysis where all link volumes are known. The system is driven by the models: SMALD, a trip distribution model for small areas, and ODLINK, an adaptable trip table assignment model. SMALD estimates a trip table (the Target table) based on trip rates at sources and sinks, and the network's service level. The ODLINK model corrects an input (Target) trip table, so it best replicates the observed flows, when assigned using equilibrium assignment. The models are driven by the LINKOD software package. The package includes several computer programs which perform input data editing and extensive summaries of the results. KW - Computer programs KW - Origin and destination KW - Software KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic simulation KW - Trip distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157177 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325960 AU - Law, S M AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE FOR GIRDERS PY - 1980/05 SP - 59 p. AB - High strength concrete was required for the construction of of the Westbank Expressway. This project was initiated to determine if the required strength could be obtained in a production mode. Scope of this project included laboratory mixing, testing and field evaluation. The prime conclusion reached on this study was that high strength concrete (minimum compressive strength 6500 psi) can be obtained. The results of this study indicated that both limestone (ASTM #7 gradation) and regular Class A concrete produced the necessary strength, however, limestone is considered to be the best material to achieve high strength. A set of changes in the Class P(M) specifications in the form of special provisions to the construction project were written to be used by the consulting engineers for their presentation to the Department for their review and approval. (FHWA) KW - Girder bridges KW - High strength concrete KW - Limestone KW - Manufacturing KW - Mix design KW - Prestressed concrete UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20138.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322728 AU - Ross, H E AU - Walker, K C AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF RURAL MAILBOX INSTALLATIONS PY - 1980/05 SP - 108 p. AB - Five full-scale crash test were conducted to evaluate the impact behavior of rural mailbox installations. Three of the five tests involved commonly used wood post supports, two of which were single box installations and the third was a four-box installation. The other two tests involved two promising new support concepts which utilized standard steel pipe. Both tests involved single box installations. Results showed that installations with multiple boxes mounted on boards pose a serious hazard to motorists since the board can easily penetrate the windshield. The results also showed that a pipe support post performs in a more desirable manner than does a wood post. Careful attention must be given to the box-to-post attachment to prevent separation during impact and thus minimize the potential for windshield penetration by the mailbox. (FHWA) KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Steel pipe KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322729 AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVENESS OF SMALL HIGHWAY SIGN SUPPORTS--A SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1980/05 SP - 16 p. AB - Summarized are the results of a study entitled "Cost Effectiveness of Small Highway Sign Supports." The basic purpose of the study was to develop objective criteria and methodologies to assist the engineer in the selection of a cost-effective sign support system. To accomplish this objective, four tasks were required. These were (1) survey existing practices, (2) evaluate the crashworthiness of widely used support systems and promising new systems, (3) develop methodologies whereby candidate systems could be evaluated on a cost-effective basis, and (4) to the extent possible, identify the relative cost-effectiveness of current systems. Additional tasks dealt with the impact behavior of rural mailboxes, crash test evaluation of selected small sign supports using subcompact automobiles, and static load tests of a signpost in soil. Results of the study are presented in seven technical reports. A narrated documentary 16 mm movie presenting a summary of the study was also developed. (FHWA) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashworthiness KW - Evaluation KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Small car KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325945 AU - Carey, D E AU - Paul, H R AU - Louisiana Department of Highways TI - HOT PLANT RECYCLING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1980/05 SP - n.p. AB - This report covers the design, construction and evaluation of two hot mix recycling projects. One project recycled two inches of existing dense-graded asphaltic concrete through a modified batch plant. The second project recycled a total of five inches of existing asphalt surface treatment and sand-clay-gravel base through a modified dryer-drum plant. Each project was evaluated with respect to construction techniques, recycled mix quality, economics and energy conservation. Results are pesented which indicate an acceptable recycled asphaltic concrete mixture was produced in each project. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt plants KW - Dryer drum process KW - Economics KW - Mixing plants KW - Recycling UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20143.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323185 AU - Baker, R F AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BREAKAWAY CABLE TERMINAL EVALUATION PY - 1980/05 SP - 43 p. AB - On the recommendation of the Federal Highway Administration the New Jersey Department of Transportation selected the "Breakaway Cable Terminal" (BCT) for use as a guiderail end treatment in 1976. The selected design included 6" x 8" wood posts, an unstiffened buffer end, a bossed bearing plate and a one-piece anchor plate. The objective of this study was an evaluation of the in-service performance of BCTs. Thirteen impacts between vehicles and BCTs were evaluated for accident performance. The results of the in-sevice evaluation were compared with the full scale crash tests previously conducted by the Southwest Research Institute. The New Jersey in-service experience was similar to the initial tests by SwRI and the BCT is warranted for flared guiderail installations. Small car spearing occurred with end-on impacts (no flare) on straight guiderail sections. A recommendation was made to reinforce the unstiffened buffer end on straight guiderail sections. In several instances the spliced rail sections did not facilitate rail separation from the posts probably causing the stiffened rail to penetrate (spear) the vehicle. A recommendation was made to replace the two twelve and a half foot sections with one twenty-five foot section essentially eliminating the splice. Vehicle rebounding occurred and was apparently due to the operators' reactions at the time of impact. In some instances curbs and shoulder berms appeared to cause ramping of the vehicle on impact. Recommendations were made to closely follow the SwRI provisions for the BCT installation. (FHWA) KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cables KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Guided vehicles KW - Guideposts KW - Guideways KW - Impact tests KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318521 AU - Jump, R W AU - Hutchinson, S C AU - Johnson, E C AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1980/05 SP - 102 p. AB - The report contains a summary of procedures taken to implement an Equipment Management System using manual derived from a pooled fund study written in June 1978. The purpose is to ascertain if the manual provides sufficient information to serve as a basis for an Equipment Management System. The report explains what portions of the manual were used in the system and delineates areas of divergence. KW - Construction equipment KW - Cost control KW - Equipment KW - Idaho KW - Information systems KW - Inventory control KW - Leasing KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management information systems KW - Management systems KW - Manuals KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Production KW - Production control KW - Scheduling KW - Supply KW - Supply management KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337300 AU - Wolfe, R K AU - Heath, G L AU - Colony, D C AU - University of Toledo AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO TIME-TEMPERATURE MODEL LABORATORY FIELD VALIDATION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/04/30 SP - 6 p. AB - This report validates the use of The University of Toledo Time-Temperature model to predict the temperature of a cooling layer of freshly placed hot asphalt concrete. Both laboratory and field tests were conducted to demonstrate that the model predicts the average temperature from the time the asphalt concrete layer is placed until 20 minutes after placement. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Building materials KW - Cold weather construction KW - Construction KW - Flexible pavements KW - Heat transfer KW - Ohio KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Temperature gradients KW - Temperature measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373079 AU - Lo, Y-KT AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTECHNICAL DATA BANK FOR INDIANA PY - 1980/04/14 SP - 539 p. AB - Nearly all readily accessible geotechnical data have been stored, bringing the data base to nearly 10000 sets. Several types of statistical operations were undertaken on the data, including median model characterizations of frequency distributions and regression analysis to produce soil parameter prediction. The most difficult aspect of statistical operation on the data is selection of the appropriate data population or grouping. Data have been treated in the following groups: state-wide, physiographic section, parent material area, AASHTO classification, and certain combinations thereof. The proper grouping seems to vary with the frequency distribution being examined or the prediction being attempted. Selected usage of the data bank is recommended via specific examples. Further research is recommended and is planned by the cooperating agencies. (FHWA) KW - Data banks KW - Databases KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108766 AU - Janssen, Donald J AU - Dempsey, Barry J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Soil Water Properties of Subgrade Soils PY - 1980/04//Final Report SP - 226p AB - The soil-water characteristic data and hydraulic conductivity data were determined for 24 soil series in Illinois. Laboratory testing procedures for determining the saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil-water characteristic data were described in detail. Matric suction was determined by use of Tempe pressure cells at low pressure and a pressure plate apparatus at the higher pressures. The influence of soil type on matric suction and hydraulic conductivity was discussed. It was shown that subgrade soil strength can be predicted on knowledge of the equilibrium water content determined from the soil-water characteristic relationship and field boundary conditions. The application of hydraulic conductivity data to the prediction of drying time for subgrade compaction was demonstrated. It was shown that knowledge of soil-water properties of subgrade soils is important to proper strength evaluation, compaction control, and drainage evaluation. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Drainage KW - Hydraulic properties KW - Illinois KW - Moisture damage KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319130 AU - Miller, R W AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS BUILT WITH CARBONATE AGGREGATES PY - 1980/04 SP - 45 p. AB - This report documents the rationale for changes in carbonate-aggregate specifications enacted in 1969, and the effect that these changes have had on upgrading the skid resistance of bituminous pavements in New York. The new specification required a minimum of 10-percent sand-sized acid-insoluble residue or a minimum of 20-percent chert particles in crushed limestone coarse aggregate. Limestone aggregates not meeting one of these criteria were required to be blended with an aggregate composed of at least 20-percent non-carbonate constituents. Dolomitic aggregates were exempted. A total of 68 pavements placed in 1969 and 1970 under provisions of the new specification were skid tested in 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1979. The extent to which aggregate blending enhanced skid resistance of these pavements is evaluated. Also examined is the additional benefication that would result from extending the 10-percent insoluble-residue criterion to dolomitic aggregates, and from increasing the minimum blending ratio from 20:80 to 35:65. Also, a scheme is proposed that would relate long-term skid resistance needs of highways in different design classes to skid-resistance characteristics of various generic aggregate groups. This scheme, designed to maximize the potential use of all aggregates, is based on a comparison of the cumulative design-life traffic volume of each highway design class with the range of cumulative traffic volumes within which each aggregate group will assure an acceptable level of skid resistance 90 percent of the time. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Carbonate rocks KW - Crushed limestone KW - Dolomite KW - Improvements KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347743 AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation TI - POLYMER CONCRETE PATCHING PY - 1980/04 SP - 266p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490541 AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHALE EMBANKMENTS: SUMMARY PY - 1980/04 SP - 27 p. AB - Construction of the modern highway system has required large, high embankments using economically available fill from adjacent cuts or nearby borrow sources. Because of their widespread occurrence, shales and other weak, fine-grained sedimentary rock (siltstone, claystone, mudstone, etc.) were the main source of fill for many embankments from the Appalachian region to the Pacific Coast. The use of shale materials has caused excessive settlements of 1 to 3 ft (0.3 to 0.9 m) in many embankments. Frequent overlaying and raising of bridge abutments have been required to maintain grade. The main problem is determining which shales are durable enough to be placed as rock fill in thick lifts and which shales must be broken down and compacted as soil in thin lifts. The absence of proven criteria for classifying shale durability and predicting long-term performance has led some highway agencies to adopt a conservative approach where all shale materials are treated as soil. KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Ground settlement KW - Long term KW - Performance KW - Rockfills KW - Shale KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365242 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC PAVING MARKING MATERIAL PY - 1980/04 SP - 43 p. AB - This project was undertaken to prepare a general specification for a spray application system for epoxy thermoplastic pavement marking material. The system used is an airless, low pressure spray system. This report attempts to present the main features of the equipment from the standpoint of both the design and operation. The information presented herein is not a set of rigid specifications, but rather a guide to those who seek to use a system which has been found to be both simple and effective. KW - Design KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Epoxy resins KW - Equipment KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Marking KW - Pavements KW - Pressure relief valves KW - Pressure vessels KW - Road markings KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Thermoplastic resins KW - Traffic marking equipment KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349774 AU - Rosser, G K AU - Moore, R K AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIME TREATMENT OF ALABAMA BLACK-BELT SOILS PY - 1980/04 SP - 111 p. AB - Recent soil stabilization laboratory research has indicated that the montmorillonitic and calcareous soils of the Alabama Black-Belt may not develop strong pozzolanic compounds after lime-treatment. However, the State of Alabama Highway Department has successfully stabilized Black-Belt soils with lime-treatment with significant strength increases observed in the field. The purpose of this study was to provide an explanation for the absence of laboratory lime reactivity which was defined as the increase in unconfined compressive strength by compraison of untreated and lime-treated (6 percent by dry weight of soil solids) soil specimens compacted using Harvard miniature apparatus. A sealed laboratory curing for 48 hours at 49 deg C was utilized. Eleven soil series (Boswell, Demopolis, Eutaw, Houston, Kipling, Leeper, Oktibbeha, Sumter, Susquehanna, Vaiden and Wilcox) were sampled at three different locations to determine the effect of sampling location on laboratory lime reactivity. Six soil series (Boswell, Demopolis, Eutaw, Leeper, Oktibbeha, and Susquehanna) from one location were dried before compaction using air-drying at room temperature (approximately 25 deg C), oven-drying for 24 hours at 60 deg C, and oven-drying for 24 hours at 105 deg C to determine if drying procedure significantly affected laboratory lime reactivity results. It was concluded that drying procedure had a significant effect on Susquehanna at an alpha level of five percent. Sampling location significantly affected Eutaw, Kipling, Oktibbeha, Susquehanna, Vaiden, and Wilcox at an alpha level of five percent. Furthermore, this research compared favorably with results previously reported that indicated the general absence of laboratory lime reactivity for Eutaw, Leeper, Oktibbeha, Susquehanna, and Wilcox soil series. (FHWA) KW - Calcareous soils KW - Chemical reactivity KW - Drying KW - Liming of soils KW - Montmorillonite KW - Sampling KW - Soil sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345083 AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH PRESSURE SALT BRINE DEICING CONFERENCE REPORT OF A CONFERENCE HELD MARCH 11 AND 12, 1980 PY - 1980/04 SP - 123 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation has developed a system and equipment for the direct application of salt brine which show promise of significant reductions in the salt application rates needed for snow and ice control. Six units have been built for testing in Connecticut, Minnesota and Utah. California and Washington have constructed their own units based on the Connecticut design. These are being field tested to determine the effectiveness and costs of using salt brine for deicing. This report covers the conference held in Connecticut on March 11 and 12, 1980 on High Pressure Salt Deicing. The conference was designed to acquaint maintenance and research personnel from States, counties and cities with the salt brine system. It also provided the States of California, Minnesota, Utah and Washington an opportunity to discuss their field work. (FHWA) KW - Applications KW - Conferences KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Snow and ice control KW - Solutions KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341485 AU - BYRD, G AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1980/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This final report, prepared by Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald and Lewis, Consulting Engineers, describes the Maintenance Operations Management System as implemented by them within the Maintenance Division of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works. This System provides management with tools useful in budgeting programs, scheduling activities, measuring productivity, assessing maintenance, and controlling costs. This is a final report on an implementation effort. (FHWA) KW - Budgeting KW - Highway maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Measurement KW - Productivity KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335977 AU - Davis, G AU - Keifer and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM ON HIGHWAYS PY - 1980/04 SP - 72 p. AB - The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a major Federal floodplain management program. Its primary objectives are: 1) to provide flood insurance coverage at reasonable rates for the public in floodplains; and 2) to promote, for floodprone areas, land use policies that will regulate future development and avoid increasing potential for flood damage. Highways are not affected by the insurance aspects of the program; but are subject, in certain instances, to floodplain regulations. The floodplain regulations stipulate design criteria which are the same for every situation regardless of site physiography, floodplain land use, and the risks associated with hydraulic conditions. In contrast, each highway encroachment design must be carefully evaluated for specific site conditions. This evaluation includes an economic-risk analysis of regional hydrology, stream hydraulics, potential flood losses in terms of damage to the structure, upstream flooding due to backwater, stream erosion and costs due to loss of the transportation route. For many sites the NFIP criteria are reasonable, for others they pose a barrier to sound hydraulic engineering and economical highway design. By Executive Order and subsequent directive in the Federal-Aid Program Manual, highway agencies are compelled to design encroachments built with Federal-aid consistent with the standards of the NFIP where a regulatory floodway has been designated. FHWA continues to support economic-risk analysis for all actions. (FHWA) KW - Backwaters KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Economic analysis KW - Flood damage KW - Flood plain zoning KW - Flood plains KW - Floods KW - Hazards KW - Highway design KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Impact studies KW - Insurance KW - Land use KW - Loss and damage KW - Management KW - Regulations KW - Risk assessment KW - Scour KW - Transportation KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318163 AU - Basu, S AU - Wroble, J R AU - Tarnoff, P J AU - Petrykanyn, J P AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY OF DISTRIBUTED MULTI-LEVEL TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1980/04 SP - 113 p. AB - The goal of the study is to identify conditions under which distributed multi-level traffic control systems (DMLS) can be most effectively deployed using state-of-the-art hardware and software. The final report examines the feasibility of DMLS through utility-cost analysis and provides information that will be useful in determining the choice of control configuration for a specific traffic control system installation. This information includes tutorial and reference material, as well as examples of cost computations and utility-cost analysis. The report covers the following subjects: the development of a definition of DMLS and a state-of-the-art review of distributed traffic control; a development of different DMLS control configurations using UTCS software; and, an utility-cost analysis of the application of these control configurations to different street networks for each of two control requirements. The results of this analysis identify certain conditions under which distributed traffic control is likely to be cost-effective: the control requirements include other functions in addition to traffic control; the signal system consists of small clusters of signals scattered over an urban area, without a highly concentrated CBD; and, the signal system has few existing facilities, e.g. computers, interconnect. KW - Analysis KW - Central business districts KW - Centralized control KW - Centralized traffic control KW - Computers KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hardware KW - Highway traffic control KW - Networks KW - Software KW - State of the art studies KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314278 AU - Flynn, D R AU - Voorhees, C R AU - Yaniv, S L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY NOISE CRITERIA STUDY: TRAFFIC NOISE DATA BASE PY - 1980/04 SP - 385 p. AB - This report documents a traffic noise data base that was obtained as part of a large research program developed to identify and quantify the important physical parameters which affect human response to time-varying traffic noise and to investigate various procedures for rating such noise so as to enable reliable predictions of subjective response to the noise. Fifteen-minute recordings of actual traffic noise were made at four microphone positions (7.5, 15, 30, and 60 m from the centerline of the near lane) at several times of the day at each of seven sites, five representing nominally constant-speed traffic and two representing stop-and-go intersection traffic. The 107 recordings that resulted were subjected to extensive analysis. The analysis procedures are described and tables and graphs are included which document, for each recording, the 1/3-octave band spectra and numerous noise descriptors computed from the time-histories of the A-weighted sound level. As a separate part of this study, recordings also were made of the noise from single-vehicle passbys and from simulated traffic consisting of controlled drive-bys of up to ten vehicles. These recordings also were extensively analyzed and the results of these analyses are given. KW - Acoustic fields KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Highways KW - Measurement KW - Motor noise KW - Motors KW - Noise KW - Noise sound KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Sound level KW - Sound level meters KW - Statistics KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331735 AU - Wolfe, R K AU - Heath, G L AU - Colony, D C AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO TIME-TEMPERATURE MODEL LABORATORY AND FIELD VALIDATION PY - 1980/04 SP - 56 p. AB - This report validates the use of The University of Toledo Time-Temperature model to predict the temperature of a cooling layer of freshly placed hot asphalt concrete. Both laboratory and field tests were conducted to demonstrate that the model predicts the average temperature from the time the asphalt concrete layer is placed until 20 minutes after placement. To use the model, it is necessary to know the thermophysical properties of asphalt concrete. These properties for the materials used in the State of Ohio were measured and are reported. The appendices include HP-97 programs which can be used to implement the predicting model. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cooling KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Temperature KW - Thermal properties KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164351 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00324546 JO - Highway Focus AU - Schmertmann, J H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE THE SPT TO MEASURE DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES?--YES, BUT....! PY - 1980/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 34-53 AB - This article reviews the statics and dynamics of the standard penetration test, with emphasis on stress wave analyses. The author agrees a properly standardized SPT has a reasonable, already partly demonstrated potential for quantitative correlations with a factor of safety against liquefaction, with the J damping coefficients in pile- driving problems, and perhaps with high- and low-strain shear wave velocity. However, he recommends establishing and enforcing an alternative ASTM Method D1586 standard that requires a mechanized hammer drop, a calibrated energy content in the first compression wave in the rods, and the use of rotary drilling in a hole kept full with drilling mud. KW - Accuracy KW - Coefficients KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Pile driving KW - Properties of materials KW - S waves KW - Soil penetration test KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Standardization KW - Static conditions KW - Statics KW - Stress waves KW - Stresses KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/161084 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00324548 JO - Highway Focus AU - Jackson, N C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF THE USE OF SAWDUST FOR HIGHWAY FILLS PY - 1980/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 86-95 AB - Wood-waste products (sawdust, hog fuel, planer or bark chips or combinations thereof) have been found to be satisfactory and economical fill materials in the coastal area of southwest Washington which is subject to frequent landslides. The timber industry in the area insures an ample supply of these materials. This paper discusses several landslide reconstruction or slope stabilization projects employing wood-waste products, and some projects using these materials in lightweight embankments over soft foundation soils. The author cautions that, because of their flammability and the risk of water pollution, the use of these materials is rather limited. The southwest region of Washington is marked by high rainfall and moderate temperatures. In a warmer and drier region, the risk of spontaneous combustion in loose sawdust piles could be great. KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Flammability KW - Hazards KW - Landslides KW - Risk assessment KW - Sawdust KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soft soils KW - Soil stabilization KW - Waste products KW - Water pollution KW - Wood chips KW - Wood products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/161086 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00324549 JO - Highway Focus AU - Gietz, R H AU - Zimmerman, T V AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT ROCK SLOPE STABILIZATION WASHINGTON STATE PY - 1980/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 97-107 AB - This project employed pneumatically applied gunite reinforced with welded wire mesh anchored to the slope with spikes. Core drilling had disclosed an interbed area showing palsgonite lenses up to a few feet thick below a significant depth of moderately massive basalt with cuts up to 70 feet. This combination had a potential for substantial and possibly massive rockfall as a result of eventual weathering. Prior to the slope stabilization, a rockfall ditch was provided, and presplitting rock cuts on a slope of 1/2 to 1 was specified. Construction costs were much lower than originally estimated due to the use of spikes and nails instead of rock bolts, welded wire fabric instead of woven chain link type fence material, and a metal rod to form weep holes instead of pipes through the gunite. Observations of this project have been made periodically in the year since its completion. To date, the material seems to be serving satisfactorily. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Ditches KW - Nails KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rock excavation KW - Rockfalls KW - Rockslides KW - Rods KW - Shotcrete KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Spikes KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/161087 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00324545 JO - Highway Focus AU - George, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF VERTICAL PLASTIC DRAINAGE WICKS "ALIDRAINS" IN ILLINOIS PY - 1980/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 12-33 AB - The Alidrain consists of a folded plastic strip which has studs of two heights on both outersides. It is wrapped in a cellulosic filter. The studs provide space through which the water can freely flow and holes in the plastic strip provide water communication between the two sides. Although the Alidrain has been widely used in Europe and Canada, it has been used on only one occasion for highway purposes in United States (in Hawaii). Construction of Interstate Route 270 in the vicinity of East St. Louis, Illinois provided the opportunity to develop an experimental project to evaluate the field performance of Alidrains against conventional sand drains. This report presents a description of the physical conditions in the project area, a discussion of the soil characteristics in the location of the experimental area, the proposed and final solution for dealing with the anticipated settlement problem, a discussion of the experimental design, and a description of the installation of all experimental features. Installation of Alidrains utilizes fewer people and equipment, less time, and provides a cleaner operation than jetted sand drains. From an environmental standpoint, Alidrains provide a more acceptable procedure than jetted sand drains because this method does not have the effluent disposal problem created by waste water and material from the jetted operation. Although a good comparison of costs is not available from this project, it does not appear premature to conclude that given equal costs and performance between Alidrains and jetted sand drains, Alidrains would be the preferred method based on their lessened impact on the environment. However, a final recommendation cannot be made until the desired consolidation has been achieved for this project. Performance of the Alidrains compared to jetted sand drains to bring about the desired consolidation, therefore, becomes a critical factor. Following placement of embankment, the State of Illinois will record settlement rate vs. time for each panel. Since each panel was designed to achieve 90 percent consolidation within 10 months, the ability to attain the desired consolidation within a given time period, provides a suitable basis for judging the performance of Alidrains and jetted sand drains. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Consolidations KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Effluents KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Sand drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/161083 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00324544 JO - Highway Focus AU - Lane, R M AU - Vanikar, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION OF WIRE MESH BLANKET TO CONTROL ROCK FALLS PY - 1980/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 1-11 AB - In 1978, a federally funded project was undertaken which involved remedial work on an existing rock cut located in Manchester, New Hampshire. The through cut consists of Northbound ON and OFF Ramps of Route I-93 at the Wellington Road Interchange. The work included construction of protective measures along both sides of the Northbound OFF Ramp, to restrain, channel and prevent rock-fall from reaching the roadway. These protective measures had to satisfy certain requirements and were subject to several restrictions: nearly maintenance free, minimum of interference to snow plowing operations, year-round protection, easily repairable if damaged, no significant change in the appearance of the existing slope and aesthetically pleasing. A wire mesh blanket, to act as a protective measure, was recommended and installed along the right side of the Northbound OFF Ramp. The mesh, covering the entire rock slope from crest to toe, was recommended for a distance of 925 plus or minus feet. In this section, the rock slope averages 55 plus or minus feet in height with a maximum cut face of 70 plus or minus feet. This portion of the cut has been the site of numerous rockfalls in which a significant number of rocks have reached the roadway. Although the wire mesh has not been in place at this location for a sufficient length of time to evaluate its performance, it has performed very well over extended periods of time, under severe conditions, in other parts of the country and Canada. The wire mesh is quite strong and amazingly flexible. It blends into the slope and has a minimal impact on the environment. The mesh can be used very effectively as a remedial rock fall measure where space is limited for flattening the slopes and other measures can not be used. None of the work performed required any special equipment or expertise by the contractor. All phases of the installation do require a great deal of hand labor. Wire mesh as a protective measure has its place in remedial rock-slope engineering. It is expected that in the future this type of installation may become more widely utilized in North America. (Author) KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Flexibility KW - Installation KW - Prevention KW - Rock excavation KW - Rockfalls KW - Rockslides KW - Strength of materials KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/161082 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00324547 JO - Highway Focus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATIC PILE LOAD TEST MANUAL PY - 1980/04 VL - 12 IS - 2 SP - p. 54-85 AB - This manual establishes uniform statewide procedures for conducting and reporting the results of static pile load tests, in conformance with specification requirements. The primary objectives of static pile load tests are threefold: to establish load-settlement relationships of the pile-soil system, to determine the ultimate load capacity of the pile- soil system, and to determine load distribution in the pile- soil system. The test will confirm the design assumptions or cause these assumptions to be modified. This may result in reducing or extending the proposed pile length. Two types of static load tests are described in this manual: the Incremental-Static-Load Test for determining load- settlement relationships and load distribution, and the Constant-Rate-of-Penetration Test for quickly determining ultimate load capacity of the pile-soil system. (Author) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Breaking loads KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Static loads KW - Static tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/161085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329505 AU - Underwood, J P AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPRINKLE TREATMENT PLACEMENT-IH20, ROSCOE, TEXAS SN - 531-1 PY - 1980/04 SP - 23 p. AB - On June 1, 1978, an experimental road surface was designed and constructed in the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation District 8 near Abilene, Texas, to provide roadway skid resistance while conserving scarce skid resistant aggregates. The process, called "sprinkle treatment", has been used successfully in European countries for many years. The procedure calls for precoated aggregate to be placed on the surface of a hot-mix asphaltic concrete pavement prior to rolling. Hot and cold (ambient temperature) aggregate placements were attempted, skid testing and visual ratings were performed. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Human beings KW - Irrigation KW - Paving KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Rolling KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Sprinkling KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Watering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325357 AU - KULKARNI, R AU - Golabi, K AU - Finn, F AU - Alviti, E AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NETWORK OPTIMIZATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT-- VOLUMES 1 AND 2 PY - 1980/04 SP - 112 p. AB - A network optimization system (NOS) was developed to assist the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) establish statewide pavement rehabilitation policies. This completes the final phase in development of a pavement management system for the ADOT. The NOS provides a systematic, consistent, and theoretically sound method for determining the most cost-effective rehabilitation actions for different roadways in the state to achieve and maintain desired performance standards. This report describes the development of the optimization algorithm used in the NOS, testing of the NOS with illustrative examples and an assessment of the results of the illustrative examples, and includes a discussion of whether the NOS could be implemented by the ADOT. KW - Algorithms KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325052 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT FOR APPLYING EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC PAVING MARKING MATERIAL PY - 1980/04 SP - 39 p. AB - This project was undertaken to prepare a general specification for a spray application system for epoxy thermoplastic pavement marking material. The system used is an airless, low pressure spray system. This report attempts to present the main features of the equipment from the standpoint of both the design and operation. The information presented herein is not a set of rigid specifications, but rather a guide to those who seek to use a system which has been found to be both simple and effective. (FHWA) KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Equipment KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Sprayers KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking equipment KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325362 AU - Apostoleos, J A AU - Myhres, F A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - COOPERATIVE FIELD SURVEY OF ALUMINUM CULVERTS-1979 (REVIEW AND COMMENTS BY CALTRANS) PY - 1980/04 SP - 19 p. AB - This report presents the findigs of field investigations of the condition of aluminum culverts. A total of 56 sites were investigated varying in age from 11 to 18 years, and metal, adjacent soil, and water samples taken and subjected to laboratory analysis. Pipe-to-soil standard half-cell potentials were also taken at some sites. Field inspection and sampling were conducted by Kaiser Aluminum and Caltrans personnel. Subsequent laboratory analyses and evaluation were conducted by Kaiser. Results indicate that soil-side corrosion is considerably more severe than the inner side. The soil-side cladding layer (7072 Aluminum) provided sacrificial protection to the core (3004 Aluminum) and prevented pitting in the majority of samples taken. Caltrans' evaluation of the data generated by this study does not support Kaiser Aluminum's recommendation that "Alclad (7072) 3004" culverts will have sufficient life expectancy in an environment having a pH from 4 to 9 and minimum resistivity of 500 ohm-cm. Caltrans' assessment is that pH and min. resistivity do not allow confident prediction of life expectancy. Nevertheless, as a result of this study and through input from other sources, Caltrans plans to approve the use of aluminum in non-saline, non-clayey soils of pH between 5.5 and 8.5, and a minimum resistivity of 1500 ohm-centimeters fully realizing the limitations of these two parameters. (FHWA) KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Cladding KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive soils KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - pH value KW - Resistivity KW - Service life KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325373 AU - McHattie, R AU - Conner, B AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities TI - PAVEMENT STRUCTURE EVALUATION OF ALASKAN HIGHWAYS PY - 1980/04 SP - n.p. AB - A three year study was implemented to review the construction and performance of pavement structures in Alaska. One hundred twenty uniform pavement sections were chosen and characterized by fatigue (alligator) cracking, thermal cracking, roughness of ride and peak springtime deflection levels. Sections were distributed throughout each principle climatic zone within the state. Materials were sampled to a depth of 54 inches and analyzed to determine their relationships to pavement performance. Results indicate correlations between soil fines content and several of the performance factors. Performance relationships were also found involving asphalt concrete thickness, pavement age and accumulated traffic loadings. Climate variables showed little correlation with performance except with major transverse thermal cracks. Deficit thickness-design requirements based on both supporting soils stability (R-value) and frost susceptability were compared with performance for a number of locations. While a trend was observed between existing overlay deficit and performance, the extra materials required by present Alaskan design methods apparently led to overly conservative structures in many cases. Alaska's pavement rating system was also correlated with a more conventional "PSI" method as developed by New York State. (FHWA) KW - Age KW - Climate KW - Correlation analysis KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_80_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00328851 AU - Morrissey, J AU - Input Output Computer Services, Incorporated AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLASHING LIGHTS AND FLASHING LIGHTS WITH GATES IN REDUCING ACCIDENT FREQUENCY AT PUBLIC RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS, 1975-1978 PY - 1980/04 SP - 28 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976, and the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978, provide funds to individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. The report was undertaken in support of a U.S. DOT effort to develop a resource allocation model designed to select and rank crossings, and recommend warning device improvements in a cost-effective manner. Input to the model included the effectiveness of active warning devices, flashing lights and flashing lights with gates, in reducing accident potential. The effectiveness is defined as the percentage of accident reduction at crossings which result from the installation of warning devices. The report is based on inventory and accident data available from computerized FRA data bases, and computes new effectiveness values in three categories: (1) flashing lights at formerly passive crossings, (2) flashing lights with gates at formerly passive crossings, and (3) flashing lights with gates at crossings formerly equipped with flashing lights only. KW - Allocations KW - Analysis KW - Analytical techniques KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Gates KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Justification KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroads KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - States KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325049 AU - Hoover, T P AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EROSION CONTROL PRODUCT TESTING USING RAINFALL SIMULATION PY - 1980/04 SP - 63 p. AB - This report describes the development, design, operation and application of a large droplet, high intensity rainfall simulator. The apparatus generates 6.25 mm droplets and a 10 inch per hour rainstorm randomly dispersed to prevent drilling of the sample surfaces. An 8x12 foot array of generators is used to test a 4x8 foot sloped surface. The report also presents a recommended tests method for evaluating erosion control products and media using the simulator. This method provides accelerated yet realistic erosion forces acting on a simulated highway slope. (FHWA) KW - Effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Highway drainage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rainfall KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Surface drainage KW - Test procedures KW - Training simulators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325383 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Fisher, J W AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE OF CURVED STEEL BRIDGE ELEMENTS--DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FATIGUE OF CURVED PLATE GIRDER AND BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1980/04 SP - 60 p. AB - Research on the fatigue behavior of horizontally curved, steel bridge elements was conducted at Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University, under the sponsorship of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The multi-phase investigation spanning nearly five years was performed in five Tasks: 1) analysis and design of five large scale horizontally curved steel twin plate girder assemblies and three large scale horizontally curved steel box girders, primarily for fatigue testing, 2) special analytical studies of the influences on fatigue of stress range gradient, heat curving, "oil canning" of webs and the spacing of internal diaphragms in curved box girders, 3) fatigue tests, to 2,000,000 cycles, of each of the above eight curved test girders, 4) ultimate strength tests of three of the curved plate girder assemblies and two of the curved box girders following the fatigue tests (composite reinforced concrete slabs were added to two of the three curved plate girder assemblies and to both curved box girders) and 5) development of design recommendations suitable for inclusion in the AASHTO bridge design Specifications. This is the eighth and final report of the project and presents the results of Task 5 above. The entire project is described and the findings summarized which were presented in the previous project reports. The report concludes with suggested additions and modifications to the Tentative Design Specifications for Horizontally Curved Highway Bridges, prepared for the FHWA-DOT by CURT under Contract Number FH-11-7389, March 1975. (FHWA) KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved plate KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue analysis KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Metal bridges KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Structural engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325045 AU - Leiser, A T AU - Palaniyandi, R AU - Paul, J L AU - Raabe, R AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation TI - HIGHWAY OPERATION AND PLANT DAMAGE PY - 1980/04 SP - 264 p. AB - A five year study investigated the relationship between highway operation and plant damage in the Taboe Basin and adjacent highways. These studies included field surveys, greenhouse studies, soil salt application trials, foliar salt application trials, an Armillaria root rot inoculation study, a seasonal fluctuation of salt study, the effect of temperature on salt uptake and a bark absorption of salt study. Highway deicing salt is a cause of damage on conifers, usually limited to 30 feet from the pavement edge. Drainage patterns and salt carried by aerosols may extend damage farther from the pavement. Beetles were an important cause of damage along highway corridors in the study area. Depth of fill and Armillaria root rot had little apparent effect. Of the four principal conifers in the study area, Jeffrey pine and lodgepole pine appeared the most tolerant of salt and incense cedar was the most susceptible. The firs were intermediate in sensitivity. Symptoms and estimated critical threshold levels of leaf Na and C1 are given. The soils of the study area appear to leach well and there was no evidence of salt build-up during the course of the study. Root uptake of salt is low when air temperatures are low. There did not appear to be uptake of salt through the bark of trees. The findings of this study are compared to those of Scharpf and Srago for the Tahoe Basin. (FHWA) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Highway drainage KW - Loss and damage KW - Plants KW - Sensitivity KW - Surface drainage KW - Trees UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322726 AU - Law, S M AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development TI - POLYMER MODIFIED CONCRETE STUDY PY - 1980/04 SP - 48 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration has approved the use of three (3) polymer-modifiers in concrete as alternates to low slump dense concrete (LSDC). These products are: Dow SM Modifier "A", Thermoflex 8002 and Arco-Dylex 1186. The Department introduced this study to verify the results obtained by the Federal Highway Administration, but tested and evaluated under Louisiana conditions. A new product Duralguard Modifier "E" with similar properties was also included in the study. Primary concentration was focused on reduction of chloride penetration into the concrete. The test results on previously approved polymer modifiers confirmed the FHWA findings. The chloride content of concrete specimens of Duralguard Modifier "E" was in excess of FHWA limits. (FHWA) KW - Chloride content KW - Evaluation KW - Pendulum tests KW - Polymer concrete UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20139.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322706 AU - Reed, L A AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT DISCHARGE, IN FIVE STREAMS NEAR HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA, BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1980/04 SP - 53 p. AB - Rainfall, streamflow, sediment, and turbidity data were collected as part of study to evaluate the effects of highway construction on suspended-sediment discharge in streams. Although highway construction increased suspended sediment discharges from two to four-fold, the rate of sediment discharge quickly returned to pre-construction levels when construction ended. The most effective sediment control evaluated was off-stream ponds, which were designed to trap and store sediment ladden water from the construction area. The off-stream ponds trapped about 70 percent of the sediment that reached them during most storms. An onstream pond, constructed on a large stream below the construction area, reduced sediment loads about 80 percent. However, unlike the off-stream ponds, which stopped discharging runoff water soon after precipitation ended, the onstream pond kept discharging runoff water, and the stream below the pond remained turbid for extended periods. (FHWA) KW - Before and after studies KW - Data collection KW - Discharge rate KW - Environmental impacts KW - Flow KW - Impact studies KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Rainfall KW - Road construction KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Turbidity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322709 AU - Sundquist, C R AU - Pinkerman, K O AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation TI - MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION PRODUCED BY HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1980/04 SP - 110 p. AB - The volume and size of dust particle emissions from two major highway construction projects were monitored using high volume samplers, impactors, preseparators, and an integrating nephelometer. The success and practicability of using this equipment for dust control is discussed. In addition, a literature search was performed and the information was incorporated into the report. (FHWA) KW - Air quality management KW - Dust KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Particles KW - Pollutants KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319772 AU - Bowers, D G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE OF A CONTINUOSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/04 SP - 34 p. AB - The four-and-one-half-year performance of a 6-inch CRC overlay placed on two different underlying materials and a contiguous 8-inch CRC lane newly constructed for purposes of widening is assessed. The design of the pavement incorporates nonaligned longitudinal joints between the old and new concrete. Transverse crack widths and spacings are determined for the various pavement lanes. Longitudinal cracking is assessed and a description of all types of defects is given. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations formulated on the basis of observation and condition surveys. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement widening KW - Transverse cracking KW - Widening pavement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315051 AU - Hartley, J AU - Herbein, W C AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE OF CURVED STEEL BRIDGE ELEMENTS--FATIGUE TESTS OF CURVED PLATE GIRDER ASSEMBLIES PY - 1980/04 SP - 150 p. AB - Research on the fatigue behavior of horizontally curved, steel bridge elements was conducted at Lehigh University under the sponsorship of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. The investigation is centered on the effect of welded details on curved girder fatigue strength. Fatigue tests of five full-scale curved plate girder assemblies are a part of the investigation. The fatigue behavior of five types of welded details from AASHTO Categories C and E in monitored while undergoing two million constant amplitude load cycles on the assemblies. Primary fatigue cracking due to in-plane bending and torsion was observed as well as secondary fatigue cracking due to out-of-plane bending of the web. The web performance under fatigue loading was also observed. The observation of primary fatigue cracking at the welded details indicates that their fatigue behavior, on curved plate girders, is adequately described by the present AASHTO Category C and Category E design guidelines for straight girders. Groove-welded lateral attachments with circular transitions and secondary fatigue cracking of details at diaphragm locations are problem areas. The web performance demonstrated that allowable stress provisions for web slenderness ratios and transverse stiffener spacing are adequate in the AASHTO specifications and overly stringent in CURT guidelines. (FHWA) KW - Bending KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Torsion KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315050 AU - Zettlemoyer, N AU - Fisher, J W AU - Daniels, J H AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE OF CURVED STEEL BRIDGE ELEMENTS--STRESS CONCENTRATION, STRESS RANGE GRADIENT, AND PRINCIPAL STRESS EFFECTS ON FATIGUE LIFE PY - 1980/04 SP - 91 p. AB - Research on the fatigue behavior of horizontally curved, steel bridge elements was conducted at Lehigh University under the sponsorship of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Among the various tasks of this project is the analytical prediction of fatigue life. Within the prediction process is the consideration of stress range gradient across the girder flanges. Also, attention is directed to the effect of principal stress in a flange as compared to normal stress due to bending and warping. Two specific details are investigated. The first is a transverse stiffener welded to a flange surface. The second is a gusset plate with circular transitions and groove-welded to a flange tip. For each detail stress concentration conditions are evaluated and the effect on fatigue crack growth is estimated. A procedure for calculating the effect of stress concentration for arbitrary detail geometry is established. The revised approach to fatigue life prediction yields cycle lives which are in reasonalbe agreement with the experimental test results. Stress range gradient is found to have less than 2 percent effect on fatigue life estimates for groove-welded details. For fillet-welded details the effect is even less noticeable. As in the case of straight girders, principal stress can usually be disregarded and life estimates based on nominal normal bending plus warping stress. (FHWA) KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Expansion KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flanges KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Stress concentration KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315052 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Batcheler, R P AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE OF CURVED STEEL BRIDGE ELEMENTS--FATIGUE TESTS OF CURVED BOX GIRDERS PY - 1980/04 SP - 133 p. AB - Eight types of welded details representing AASHTO Categories B, C, D, and E are selected for placement on three full-scale curved steel box girders to approximately two million constant amplitude lad cycles. Primary fatigue crack growth due to the longitudinal normal stress ranges caused by bending and warping torsion was observed. Secondary fatigue crack growth was also observed and was due to transverse forces in the diaphragms and the introduction of out-of-plane forces and displacements into the webs and flanges. The observation of primary fatigue crack growth at the welded details indicates that their fatigue behavior is adequately described by the present AASHTO Categories B, C, D, and E which are applicable to straight girders. The observed patterns of secondary fatigue crack growth are described in detail. Several modifications of the assemblies to improve their resistance to secondary fatigue crack growth were made and their effectiveness is described. The report closes with an itemized summary of significant conclusions and recommendations for further study. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved steel girders KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335481 AU - BALL, J AU - MILLER, K AU - Scofield, R AU - McMinn, J AU - University of Alabama, University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR LONGITUDINAL GEOTEXTILE LINED SUBSURFACE PAVEMENT DRAINAGE SYSTEMS PY - 1980/03/07 SP - 130 p. AB - This report evaluates and recommends changes to existing Alabama Highway Department material test methods, specifications and design criteria for geotextile lined longitudinal roadway drains. Laboratory studies investigated current and proposed textile strength methods and recommended the ASTM puncture type test as more applicable to this end use because the geotextile is generally loaded biaxially while in service. The study results indicated that fabric permeabilities should be compared with each other on a flow rate per layer basis rather than a flow rate per unit thickness. Because of the relatively high permeability and small pore sizes in currently available geotextiles, these criteria are not too critical when used in underdrains having roadway base permeabilities of about 10 -4 cm/sec. Laboratory clogging tests and field observations led to the conclusion that properly constructed drain systems act more as a soil retention device than a filter. A geotextile lined drain will probably not clog with time except in areas where pumping occurs. Field studies on a four mile section of drain showed that the system would begin to function with a relatively small rainfall and stop drainage within 24 to 48 hours after even a heavy rain. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Geotextiles KW - Highway drainage KW - Materials tests KW - Permeability KW - Rainfall KW - Specifications KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362907 AU - Wagner, Frederick A AU - Wagner-McGee Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Control System Improvements: Impacts and Costs PY - 1980/03//Final Report SP - 60p AB - The report reviews, synthesizes, and interprets the impacts and costs of urban traffic control system improvements. Four major categories of control system improvements are covered: coordination of traffic signals; optimization of traffic signal timing; advanced computer-based master control systems; and freeway traffic management systems. Project level impacts and areawide impacts are given for various types of traffic control projects and comprehensive combined programs. The current implementation status of the different types of traffic control improvements, institutional impediments, and cost effectiveness is discussed. Special treatment is given to the impacts of improved traffic control on energy consumption. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Highway traffic control systems KW - Impacts KW - Improvements KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1131119 ER - TY - SER AN - 01159761 JO - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Demo Proj 39 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Palm Beach County, Florida PY - 1980/03 SP - 35p AB - Historically, rehabilitation of aged flexible pavements in the state of Florida has involved the placement of a leveling course and some form of asphalt overlay. In many cases, these improvements have also included removal of all or a portion of the existing pavement in order to preserve existing drainage facilities and height clearances. More recently, the overlay program has included the removal of cracked pavement in order to eliminate structurally unsound asphalt concrete which result in the rapid appearance of reflective cracking. This removal of pavement results in the accumulation of rather significant quantities of salvaged asphalt concrete materials. The advancements that have been made in recent years relative to improvements in equipment have made possible substantial advancements in the removal and reprocessing of these materials in order to make high-quality hot asphalt concrete mixtures. This study reports on the findings of Florida's first involvement in hot mix recycling. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Florida KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Recycled materials KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017020/017020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/920262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00316389 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Lorini, R A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF PREFORMED COMPRESSION SEALERS IN TRANSVERSE PAVEMENT JOINTS SN - Res Projct 57-1 PY - 1980/03 SP - 45 p. AB - Preformed compression sealers, 1-1/4-in. wide and installed in 5/8-in. wide transverse contraction joints in rigid pavements, were observed for up to 10 years. Construction operations were monitored, and laboratory tests conducted to determine sealer properties. Some fine material infiltrated below the sealer after 6 to 10 years in service, but most sealers generally performed well for that period. Many joints closed tighter than the 5/8-in. design width. Although the narrow joints resulted in more compression set in the sealers, they had less infiltration and spalling than the wider ones. For larger sizes of preformed sealers, such as were included in this study, compression to 40 percent of original width appears to improve joint sealing. Results of force-deflection and recovery tests performed on new sealer samples related to compression set occurring during field service, but not to infiltration. Force-deflection and recovery properties of the sealers generally decreased after field aging, but these decreases did not relate to sealer performance. Preconditioning sealer samples at elevated (212 F) or reduced (14 and -20 F) temperatures produced changes in force-deflection and recovery properties, but those changes did not relate to field performace or to changes in the same properties during field aging. A laboratory cycle test, which simulates joint infiltration, appeared to relate to field infiltration. (FHWA) KW - Aging KW - Compression seals KW - Deflection tests KW - Infiltration KW - Joint sealers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Recovery KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Spalling KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337887 AU - Salvucci, F AU - Carlson, C AU - DAY, B AU - Gletner, D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONTINGENCY STRATEGIES. PART TWO. SYNOPSIS OF ACTIONS PY - 1980/03 SP - 65 p. AB - This report, Part 2, describes specific actions appropriate for various entities with respect to varying conditions, including severity and duration of shortfalls, the lead time required for the planning and implementing of these actions, and the barriers to their timely adoption and implementation. KW - Constraints KW - Contingency KW - Contingency planning KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Supply KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337886 AU - Salvucci, F AU - Carlson, C AU - DAY, B AU - Gletner, D AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONTINGENCY STRATEGIES. PART ONE. THE PLANNING PROCESS: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES PY - 1980/03 SP - 50 p. AB - This three-part report represents an effort by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to provide technical assistance to State and local governments in preparing energy contingency plans to respond to future energy shortages. These strategies are particularly focused on transit, paratransit, and ridesharing (TPR) services. The report provides guidance to those involved in the planning and implementation of TPR initiatives. This study also provides insight and recommendations on how to approach contingency planning. This report, Part 1, describes the organizational process that will help State, regional, and local officials develop a basic component of energy contingency plans; namely, the preparation of various transportation options. The report seeks to provide perspective on the overall transportation contingency process. KW - Contingency KW - Contingency planning KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Paratransit services KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Supply KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619184 AU - Scott, N R AU - Ritter, J B AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF DEBONDING TEST PROCEDURES PY - 1980/03 SP - 40 p. AB - The method of testing for debonding susceptible asphaltic concrete mixes by the double punch method is examined. The procedure and apparatus for testing is presented. Data comparing the double punch method to the immersion compression method is documented and evaluated for relationships between the two methods. It was concluded that the double punch method is easy to use, saves time and can readily test field cores. With suggested minor modifications it is recommended that this mix design method be incorporated into ADOT testing practice. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compression tests KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Double punch tests KW - Field tests KW - Immersion compression test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488107 AU - McHattie, R L AU - Connor, B AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT STRUCTURE EVALUATION OF ALASKAN HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 SP - 208 p. AB - A 3-yr study was implemented to review the construction and performance of pavement structures in Alaska. 120 uniform pavement sections were chosen and characterized by fatigue (alligator) cracking, thermal cracking, roughness of ride and peak springtime deflection levels. Sections were distributed throughout each principle climatic zone within the state. Materials were sampled to a depth of 54 in. and analyzed to determine their relationships to pavement performance. Results indicate correlations between soil fines content and several of the performance factors. Performance relationships were also found involving asphalt concrete thickness, pavement age and accumulated traffic loadings. Climate variables showed little correlation with performance except with major transverse thermal cracks. Deficit thickness-design requirements based on both supporting soils stability (R-value) and frost susceptability were compared with performance for a number of locations. While a trend was observed between existing overlay deficit and performance, the extra materials required by present Alaskan design methods apparently led to overly conservative structures in many cases. Alaska's pavement rating system was also correlated with a more conventional "PSI" method as developed by New York State. KW - Age KW - Alaska KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bearing capacity KW - Climate KW - Deflection KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Soil support value KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479408 AU - Tye, E J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMBANKMENT GUARDRAIL. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 SP - 40 p. AB - The report describes a study of run-off-road, over embankment, and guardrail accidents together with their respective accident severities. Results indicate that guardrail for the protection of roadside development is not justified unless the accident potential is high and the consequences of involvement are very large. On-site review of 775 over embankment accidents was used to obtain data on embankment height and slope. These data and accident severities were used in multiple regression analyses to develop an equal severity curve for comparing the severity of striking guardrail with the severities of going over embankments having various combinations of slopes and heights. KW - Crash risk forecasting KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Embankments KW - Guardrails KW - Height KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Regression analysis KW - Risk assessment KW - Slopes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461721 AU - Iwankiw, N R AU - Hahn, E E AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Walgrave, S AU - Joyce, R P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING THE INTERACTION OF HEAVY VEHICLES WITH PROTECTIVE BARRIERS. VOLUME I: DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE CRUNCH PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 AB - The objective of the research program reported herein was to develop and validate mathematical models for simulating both articulated and nonarticulated vehicle collisions with rigid and yielding barriers or roadside objects. The research involved three specific efforts: collection and evaluation of dynamic vehicle crush data for existing vehicles, development of mathematical models for simulating articulated and nonarticulated vehicle impacts with rigid and yielding traffic barriers and breakaway devices, and verification of the efficiency and reliability of the models. In this volume, 1st of 4, the barrier, vehicle, and interaction models, program data, validation, and conclusions of the research effort are discussed. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461724 AU - Iwankiw, N R AU - Hahn, E E AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Walgrave, S AU - Joyce, R P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING THE INTERACTION OF HEAVY VEHICLES WITH PROTECTIVE BARRIERS. VOLUME IV: ADDENDUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 SP - 11 p. AB - The objective of the research program reported herein was to develop and validate mathematical models for simulating both articulated and nonarticulated vehicle collisions with rigid and yielding barriers or roadside objects. The research involved three specific efforts: collection and evaluation of dynamic vehicle crush data for existing vehicles, development of mathematical models for simulating articulated and nonarticulated vehicle impacts with rigid and yielding traffic barriers and breakaway devices, and verification of the efficiency and reliability of the models. In this volume, 4th of 4, user data is presented to support applications of the program to actual simulation. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Field performance KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461723 AU - Iwankiw, N R AU - Hahn, E E AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Walgrave, S AU - Joyce, R P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING THE INTERACTION OF HEAVY VEHICLES WITH PROTECTIVE BARRIERS. VOLUME III: CRUNCH PROGRAM USERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 SP - 69 p. AB - The objective of the research program reported herein was to develop and validate mathematical models for simulating both articulated and nonarticulated vehicle collisions with rigid and yielding barriers or roadside objects. The research involved three specific efforts: collection and evaluation of dynamic vehicle crush data for existing vehicles, development of mathematical models for simulating articulated and nonarticulated vehicle impacts with rigid and yielding traffic barriers and breakaway devices, and verification of the efficiency and reliability of the models. In this volume, 3rd of 4, the notes, the required input data, and a sample problem are presented for the general user of the computer program. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461722 AU - Iwankiw, N R AU - Hahn, E E AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Walgrave, S AU - Joyce, R P AU - IIT Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING THE INTERACTION OF HEAVY VEHICLES WITH PROTECTIVE BARRIERS. VOLUME II: CRUNCH COMPUTER PROGRAM MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1980/03 SP - 406 p. AB - The objective of the research program reported herein was to develop and validate mathematical models for simulating both articulated and nonarticulated vehicle collisions with rigid and yielding barriers or roadside objects. The research involved three specific efforts: collection and evaluation of dynamic vehicle crush data for existing vehicles, development of mathematical models for simulating articulated and nonarticulated vehicle impacts with rigid and yielding traffic barriers and breakaway devices, and verification of the efficiency and reliability of the models. In this volume, 2nd of 4, internal model information required by those wishing to modify the program is presented. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318505 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF WARNING AND REGULATORY SIGNS FOR CURVES ON RURAL ROADS PY - 1980/03 SP - 42 p. AB - The report reviews an experiment undertaken to examine the effectiveness of five sign treatments for controlling driver speeds in the vicinity of hazardous horizontal curves on rural two-lane highways. Signs examined ranged from the standard curve warning arrow to a regulatory speed zone sign in conjunction with a curve warning sign. Data collected during the experiment included both the following electronic and manual data: speeds of motorists as they approached and negotiated two horizontal curves, vehicle classification and registration information, and whether vehicles crossed over center and edge line markings. Data were collected under both day and night conditions and under adverse weather conditions. The principle findings were that no sign, or group of signs, were consistently more effective than another relative to decreasing the potential hazard at horizontal curves in rural two-lane situations. Because the report clearly shows that the experiment was well conceived, the reasons for the above results are not immediately clear. It may well be, however, that the proliferation of curve warning signs has lessened the average motorist's respect for the message they convey. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Prevention KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveys KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379637 AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLURRY WALLS FOR UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES PY - 1980/03 SP - 414 p. AB - This volume contains the papers of the 20 speakers who addressed the topic of Slurry Walls at the Symposium sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration. The symposium was held at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Cambridge, Massachusetts on August 30 & 31, 1979. The papers provide a thorough coverage of the design, construction, economics, geotechnical, instrumentation, economic, and legal aspects of the technique as well as pertinent examples of its application at sites around the world. (FHWA) KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Economic factors KW - Geotextiles KW - Instrumentation KW - Legal factors KW - Slurry trench construction KW - Slurry trenches KW - Subway planning KW - Subways KW - Transportation planning KW - Tunnels KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365436 AU - Dunn, S A AU - Schenk, R U AU - Bjorksten Research Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY DEICING CHEMICALS PY - 1980/03 SP - 161 p. AB - A search has been made for road deicing chemicals to replace sodium chloride (NaCl). The impetus for this search stems from the numerous drawbacks associated with the prevalent use of NaCl as a road deicer. All types of chemical compounds were reviewed. Selections were made on the basis of criteria such as water solubility and freezing point lowering, corrosion, toxicity, relative cost or cost potential, effect on soils and plants and water supplies, flammability, concrete compatibility, traction, friction, highway performance, etc. Information was sought first in the literature, then supplemented or verified in the laboratory as needed. Two candidate deicers were found to be as effective as sodium chloride. One, methanol, reacts almost immediately upon contact with snow and ice but is less persistent than NaC1. The other candidate, calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), acts at about the same rate as NaC1 in the temperature range of common activity and shows about the same persistence. KW - Acetates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calcium compounds KW - Calcium inorganic compounds KW - Chemicals KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Flammability KW - Friction KW - Highways KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Methanol KW - Selecting KW - Skid resistance KW - Sodium chloride KW - Solubility KW - Substitutes KW - Toxicity KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343748 AU - Hatano, M M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALTRANS NOISE MANUAL PY - 1980/03 SP - 372 p. AB - This manual was written to provide Caltrans technicians and engineers with a reference for self-study, for performing project studies, predicting noise, designing barriers and writing reports. It is also used for training personnel and provides policies and guidelines issued by FHWA and Caltrans. The manual is divided into three sections. The first is devoted to the fundamentals of sound, how it relates to traffic noise, and how it is measured and analyzed. Section II presents the FHWA procedure for predicting highway traffic noise and the attenuation provided by barriers. Section III covers the California Department of Transportation noise program required by California law. This refers to the School Noise Law and the noise element of the General Plan used by local agencies for land use planning. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - California KW - City planning KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Jurisprudence and judicial processes KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Physiological aspects KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Sound level meters KW - Sound transmission KW - Traffic noise KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335591 AU - Agent, K R AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPAGATION OF TRAFFIC NOISE PY - 1980/03 SP - n.p. AB - The effects of various traffic, ground cover, and geometric conditions on traffic noise propagation were evaluated in this study. There were two general methods of data collection. The first method consisted of using as many as four sound-level meters and graphic-level recorders to take simultaneous recordings of the traffic stream; the second method involved a constant noise source using a random noise generator. The L sub 10 noise level reduction per doubling of distance was found to increase substantially when the traffic volume was less than 1,000 vehicles per hour. Wind speed and direction were found to have a large effect on noise propagation. Ground cover was also found to have a definite effect. Data were taken on short grass, tall weeds, tall grass, average grass, pavement, gravel, smooth dirt, snow, and plowed field. The drop-off per doubling of distance was found to decrease from about 4.5 dBA for receiver heights of 10 feet (3 m) or below to 3.0 dBA for heights above 10 feet (3 m). At heights above 10 feet (3 m), the type of ground cover did not have a significant influence on the propagation loss. Noise attenuation per doubling of distance remained constant back to about 400 feet (122 m) where the drop-offs were influenced by the ambient noise level. Individual noise readings indicated that noise propagation was influenced by vehicle type and speed. Noise drop-off was larger for smaller percentage levels, but the differences decreased as volumes increased. Source height was also found to have an effect on noise propagation. (FHWA) KW - Dirt KW - Geometric design KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Propagation KW - Snow KW - Soils KW - Sound level KW - Sound level meters KW - Speed KW - Traffic noise KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318174 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECESSED SNOWPLOWABLE MARKERS PY - 1980/03 SP - 28 p. AB - Raised reflective pavement markers are currently being used in a number of States as a supplement to painted lines. In areas of little or no snow, these markers provide excellent wet-night delineation. However, in areas of heavy snowplowing the markers are easily removed from the pavement by the plows. In an effort to provide markers in the snow belt areas, two different approaches have been followed. One is to protect the marker by means of a casing and allow the snowplow to either ride up over the marker or to depress the reflector into the casing. The second method is to place the marker in a groove so that the top of the reflector is below the pavement surface. This report summarizes the work that has been completed on the installation and evaluation of the recessed snowplowable markers. The evaluation indicates that the recessed reflector marker system is a feasible method of protecting the reflector from snowplow damage. After 4 years of service, this system has continued to provide a useable degree of wet-night delineation. KW - Degradation KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Grooves KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Markers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement grooving KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Road markings KW - Snowmobiles KW - Snowplows KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337292 AU - Richards, S H AU - Dudek, C L AU - Matlock, N L AU - Hatcher, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION ZONE: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY PY - 1980/03 SP - 52 p. AB - This report provides a review of past reports and papers concerned with traffic management and safety in highway maintenance and construction zones. Annotations of literature relevant to the two research projects are categorized and presented in the following areas: work zone safety; accidents; effects of lane closures; maintenance and construction procedures; traffic control plans; traffic management approaches; night work; flagging; barricades, barriers, and crash cushions; signs; tapers and channelizing devices; visibility requirements; arrowboards; warning lights; striping and rumble strips; pavement drop-offs; and equipment. KW - Barricades KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bibliographies KW - Construction equipment KW - Crash cushions KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Night KW - Symbols KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169113 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00331349 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Whitefield, J K AU - Mullen, W G AU - American Society for Testing and Materials TI - DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION OF A VARIABLE-SPEED FRICTION TESTER PY - 1980/03 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - p. 85-90 AB - The paper discusses a laboratory variable-speed friction tester which could provide speed gradients on small samples or speed gradients that are comparable to those obtained by using the locked wheel skid trailer. The variable-speed friction tester measures pavement or pavement sample friction at various speeds and simulates the capability of the ASTM locked wheel skid trailer with which an excellent field correlation has been obtained. The variable-speed friction tester is reasonably portable and may be used to measure friction values on ramps, curves, city streets, and short bridges where towed-type testers usually cannot be used. KW - Equipment KW - Friction KW - Friction tests KW - Materials tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Roads KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Variable speed drives KW - Vehicle drive systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/166976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337248 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Richards, S H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR MIDDLE LANE MAINTENANCE ON URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1980/03 SP - 14 p. AB - This report summarizes field evaluation results of two innovative approaches used by District 12 (Houston) of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation for managing traffic during middle lane maintenance operations on a 3-lane urban freeway section. The two approaches are: (1) Traffic shifting with use of the shoulder; and (2) Traffic splitting. The results indicated that, compared to the multi-lane closure strategy commonly used at middle lane worksites, both approaches significantly increased capacity and reduced queueing on the freeway. KW - Closures KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lanes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325366 AU - Kimball, C E AU - Deel, G W AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PENDULUM TESTS OF TIMBER SIGN SUPPORTS PY - 1980/03 SP - 60 p. AB - The attached report describes the results of eight pendulum tests on timber poles with four different drilled hole patterns used to reduce the impact resistance of the poles. The pendulum mass weighed 2250 lbs, was equipped with a crushable nose simulating a pre-1974 Chevrolet Vega, and had an impact speed of 20 mph. Only the drilled hole pattern used in Tests 7 and 8 was adequate to limit the change of momentum of the pendulum mass to values under 1100 lb-sec in both tests. This pattern consisted of two 4-inch-diameter holes, one each at 4 inches and 24 inches above-ground, connected with a vertical 3/8-inch-wide saw cut, all placed perpendicular to the pendulum line of approach. The purpose of the pendulum tests was to screen different drilled hole patterns before conducting more costly crash tests. The pendulum tests pointed up the fact that the dynamic strength of the wood poles can be very variable with 50 to 100% variations in the change of momentum from tests on two poles with identical drilled hole patterns. High speed cameras were used to film all eight pendulum tests. (FHWA) KW - Boreholes KW - Impact tests KW - Momentum KW - Pendulum tests KW - Simulation KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325368 AU - Huckelbridge, A A AU - Asante, K AU - Miller, C J AU - Burkhart, R A AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - BEHAVIOR OF NON-COMPACTED HIGH STRENGTH BOLTED JOINTS PY - 1980/03 SP - 154 p. AB - This investigation into the behavior of non-compacted high strength bolted joints included a total of 18 static and 54 fatigue tests of joints of varying geometry and degree of non-compaction. All tests were continued until failure of the joint; all joints were of a butt type utilizing double lap plates and 3/4" A325 high strength bolts. Non-compaction ranged from the fully compacted state up to 1/8" difference in thickness of connected plates. Non-compaction was observed to significantly reduce the load level at which joints slip into bearing. Ultimate static loads were not affected by non-compaction, however. Under repeated loads the joints tended to slip into bearing even though nominally designed as friction conections. Fatigue failures were observed to occur though the minimum net section, usually, though not always, in the lap plates. Fatigue life was often lower than expected, based upon AASHTO Category B criteria, if one assumed the joint would behave as a friction connection. When the actual behavior of the joint was taken into account, and stress level computations based on net rather than gross sections, the AASHTO criteria did not seem unreasonable. Based upon net sections, stresses in many of the joints approached and even exceeded yield, thus explaining the observed low fatigue lives. The greatest reduction in slip load was in the shorter non-compacted joints; those with two or three bolts/row only. It is recommended that non-compaction be accounted for in these types of joints if it is necessary to maintain a friction-type connection. Non-compaction would not seen to be significant for bearing type connections. (FHWA) KW - Bearings KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Compaction KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Live loads KW - Loads KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slip loads KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322719 AU - Ward, A L AU - Fornwalt, N E AU - Henry, S E AU - Hodorff, R A AU - Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY OPERATIONS PRACTICES AND FACILITIES ON ELK, MULE DEER, AND PRONGHORN ANTELOPE PY - 1980/03 SP - 52 p. AB - Vegetative ground cover under snowdrifts formed behind snowfences used along Interstate 80 to control blowing and drifting snow has not changed appreciably over a five- year period. Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) has decreased significantly under snowdrifts where deep drifts occurred every year and is being replaced by grasses and forbs. Mule deer (Odocoileus heminous) use machinery and box-type underpasses to cross under Interstate 80 when big game fencing 8 feet (2.44 m) high is constructed in place of the regular right-of-way fence. Deer-vehicle accidents were reduced over 90 percent, which is a large savings of deer life and vehicle damage. Only one pronghorn antelope (Antilocarpa americana), out of several hundred in the area, has been known to use the same underpasses. Elk (Cervus canadensis) have not had occasion to use the underpasses. Hunted mule deer and elk cross Forest roads most in areas where their feeding sites are adjacent to the road. Elk show a perference to stay over 0.1 mile (160 m) from streams when crossing roads, while deer are not so sensitive. Elk show a preference to stay a minimum of 0.25 mile (400 m) from traffic while deer prefer a minimum of 100 yards (91.m), and antelope use the habitat up to the right-of-way fence. All three species are more responsive to people walkering; elk prefer a distance of 0.5 mile (800 m), deer 200 yards (182 m) and antelope somewhere between the two distances, depending on habitat and experiences. The displacement reaction is definitely the most serious response. Camera systems using microwave sensors and lights are useful in recording animal activities at underpasses. (FHWA) KW - Cameras KW - Deer KW - Ground cover KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Roadside KW - Snow fences KW - Snowdrifts KW - Surveillance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319777 AU - Handel, W AU - Munse, W H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - INVESTIGATION OF AN INTERSTATE-57 BRIDGE BEAM BRITTLE FRACTURE PY - 1980/03 SP - 41 p. AB - During the winter of 1976-77 a brittle fracture occurred in one of the steel beams of a four-span steel beam bridge (composite) spanning Interstate-57. The fractured member was removed from the bridge and tests of the member were conducted to determine the cause of failure. This report summarizes the results of the various tests conducted on the failed member and provides a discussion of the role played by the various factors related to the failure. (FHWA) KW - Bridge members KW - Brittle failures KW - Brittleness KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel beams KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322727 AU - Schneider, V R AU - Wilson, K V AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES WITH RISK ANALYSIS PY - 1980/03 SP - 142 p. AB - This manual presents example studies and reports which implement the philosophy that the total stream crossing including the approach fills in the flood plains and all necessary waterway openings should be designed and constructed for the least total expected cost to the public. The total expected cost includes the capital investment in the highway, expected replacement and repair costs as a result of flood damages, expected user costs from traffic interruption and detour, and expected backwater drainages during the service life of the highway. Techniques for making engineering and economic studies for the least cost designs are presented along with suggestions for managing the time and work required for such studies. A unique design flood is defined for each bridge as the flood whose upstream stage is equal to the lowest elevation of the approach fill or bridge deck. Two example reports were prepared to illustrate the application of the method to a rural site (low backwater damage) and an urban site (high potential traffic interruption and backwater damage). (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Economic analysis KW - Flood damage KW - Hazards KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Structural design KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319780 AU - Hausamann, H AU - Roberts, R AU - Irwin, G R AU - Fisher, J W AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF FATIGUE CRACKED WELDED DETAILS PY - 1980/03 SP - 89 p. AB - Fatigue cracks in welded details can initiate brittle fracture at low temperatures. Rolled steel beams of A36 steel and welded beams of the same size made of A441 steel with large fatigue cracks were tested at low temperatures. With some exceptions each beam was loaded repeatedly to a predetermined bending moment. This moment was arbitrarily chosen between 0.28 and 0.85 times the moment corresponding to start of yielding. If five cycles of loading at the selected test temperature did not cause fracture, the test temperature was lowered for another five cycle trial. Material characterization data, obtained with compact tension tests, Charpy V-Notch tests and tensile coupon tests were compared with the test results from the beam tests. All except one of the A36 steel beams fractured at temperatures below -140 deg F (-95 deg C). The cracked cross sections resisted bending moments between 0.43 times and 0.87 times the plastic moment. The A441 steel beams fractured at temperatures below -110 deg F (-79 deg C). The cracked cross-sections resisted bending moments between 0.20 times and 0.43 times the plastic moment. Brittle fracture of the compact tension specimens and also of the beams usually occurred after yielding of the ligament. The estimates of K at fracture of the beams were generally larger than the K values obtained using fracture test specimens. This is partially due to the relatively small thickness of the flange which produced plane-stress conditions. The full plastic moment of the precracked section at the critical temperature could never be reached before fracture occurred. The yield moment of the precracked section could only be reached in a few cases. (FHWA) KW - Bending moments KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Performance tests KW - Steel beams KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322720 AU - Jennings, P W AU - Pribanic, P W AU - CAMPBELL, W AU - DAWSON, K AU - Shane, S AU - Taylor, R AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Highways TI - HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AS A METHOD OF MEASURING ASPHALT COMPOSITION PY - 1980/03 SP - 82 p. AB - The molecular size composition of asphalt as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been related to the performance of bituminous roadways in the state of Montana. HPLC and asphaltenes analyses have been used to define the characteristics of an asphalt which has shown satisfactory durability and longevity. These characteristics have been proposed as a model of high quality asphalt. HPLC has been used to characterize the the asphalts produced by each of Montana's refineries. It has also been used to follow the changes in the molecular size distribution which result from mixing with aggregate and with lime. These results suggest that the molecular size characteristics of asphalt may be engineered to more closely approach the model. It is also suggested that HPLC analysis may be valuable in designing pavement recycling projects. HPLC has been shown to be a more accurate measure of asphalt quality than asphaltenes content, penetration or ductility. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphaltene KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Measurement KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319784 AU - Frondistou-Yannas, S AU - Business and Economic Services Institute, Inc TI - COATING AND CORROSION COSTS OF HIGHWAY STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1980/03 SP - 110 p. AB - Data have been collected and analyzed on the rates of deterioration and the repainting costs for structures with various coatings in four exposure environments. A simulation computer model has been built to analyze and predict corrosion and maintenance costs. This model can be used to derive the optimal painting schedule for a specific coating, the optimal protection method for a specific bridge, or a detailed analysis of costs for a single painting job or an entire maintenance program. Preprogrammed or user-furnished data may be utilized. Using the best available data, the model has determined that in each of the environments, both zinc-rich and synthetic polymer coating systems provide more cost-effective protection than the commonly used oil-alkyd-lead system. The model derived optimum film thicknesses and repaint under intervals for each of these systems. It also includes galvanizing, metallizing, and weathering steel as options. A review of States' contract and maintenance files indicated that in 1979 approximately $100 million was spent for corrosion protection of highway bridges under State jurisdiction. The total bill, taking into account bridges local and turnpike jurisdiction, is estimated at $130 - $160 million per year. The total includes costs for surface preparation, painting, inspection, contract activities, and overhead. This figure, however, is only about 50% of the minimum amount required, according to the bridge cost corrosion model, to provide adequate protection against corrosion. The consequences of this neglect are increased future maintenance painting costs and, over the long run, repair and rehabilitation costs of hundreds of millions of dollars per year. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Deterioration KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Painting KW - Rehabilitation KW - Simulation KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156381 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00322267 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED PARKING SIGNS PY - 1980/03 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - p. 129-133 AB - This article summarizes the results of laboratory studies on parking signs. Subjects indicated whether displayed parking signs permitted parking or standing at designated times. Their responses indicated the designs that drivers most accurately and rapidly understood and the designs that caused difficulty for drivers. KW - Design KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Laboratory studies KW - Parking KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/160307 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00322299 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Moulton, L K AU - Seals, R K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE IN SITU PERMEABILITY OF BASES AND SUBBASES PY - 1980/03 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - p. 134-143 AB - This article discusses the development and evaluation of the field permeability testing device (FPTD), a prototype in situ test device for determining the permeability of highway bases and subbases. The prototype device, based on the velocity method of in situ permeability determination, was evaluated extensively in the laboratory and field. Based on these evaluation results, it was concluded that the prototype FPTD satisfied stipulated performance criteria and provided a convenient, accurate, and reproducible means for determining the in situ coefficient of permeability of highway bases and subbases. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Equipment KW - Field tests KW - Highways KW - Insitu methods KW - Materials tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Performance tests KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Roads KW - Soils KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/160315 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00322308 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Fohs, D G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROST ACTION PROBLEM -- AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS PY - 1980/03 VL - 43 IS - 4 SP - p. 149-158 AB - The subjects discussed in the paper contribute to nature of the problem, including differential heaving and thaw weakening. Status of current research efforts and potential solutions to frost action problem are also discussed. KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Frost action KW - Frost effect KW - Frost heaving soils KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Roads KW - Soils KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/160324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00315057 AU - Dunn, S A AU - Dunn, A AU - Schenk, R U AU - Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATE HIGHWAY DEICING CHEMICALS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/03 SP - 17 p. AB - A search has been made for road deicing chemicals to replace sodium chloride (AaC1). The impetus for this search stems from the numerous drawbacks associated with the prevalent use of MaCl as a road deicer. All types of chemical compounds were reviewed. Selections were made on the basis of criteria such as water solubility and freezing point lowering, corrosion, toxicity, relative cost or cost potential, effect on soils and plants and water supplies, flammability, concrete compatibility, traction, friction, highway performance, etc. Information was sought first in the literature, then supplemented or verified in the laboratory as needed. Two candidate deicers were found to be as effective as sodium chloride. One, methoanol, reacts almost immediately upon contact with snow and ice but is less persistent than NaCl. The other candidate, calcim magnesium acetate (CMA), acts at about the same rate as NaCl in the temperature range of common activity and shows about the same persistence. It gives rise to about the same descreases in coefficients of braking traction and skidding friction as NaCl. In strong contrast to NaCl, CMA is a corrosion inhibitor, is beneficial to most soils and has no potential for harming drinking supplies. The unpurified CMA derived from solid wastes, primarily cellulose, gives improved traction and reduces production costs. The methodology for CMA production, cost evaluated above, is unsophisticated 19th Century technology. Application of modern technology may further lower production costs. (FHWA) KW - Acetates KW - Calcium compounds KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Methanol KW - Skid resistance KW - Substitutes KW - Toxicity KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314002 AU - Escalante, E AU - Ito, S AU - Cohen, M AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING THE RATE OF CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE PY - 1980/03 SP - 45 p. AB - The progress on a research program directed at developing a nondestructive method for measuring the corrosion of steel in concrete as related to bridge deck deterioration is reported. Several polarization techniques for measuring the corrosion rate of steel in concrete are correlated to actual weight loss measured gravimetrically. The design of a prototype automated minicomputer system for measuring the corrosion of steel in concrete is also described. Included are the results of a laboratory basic study on the effect of pH, Cl-, O sub 2, and moisture on initiating and maintaining corrosion in mortar. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Measurement KW - Minicomputers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Rates per time KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311087 AU - Miller, R W AU - Brown, R A AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ADOPTING A VISCOSITY SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALT CEMENT IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1980/03 SP - 37 p. AB - In 1972, the New York Department of Transportation changed from a penetration (77 F) grading specification to a viscosity (140 F) grading specification for asphalt cement. About then, with increasing frequency field engineers reported problems with placement of bituminous concrete and in-service performance that they attributed to changes in asphalt-cement consistency. This report documents the penetration and viscosity properties of asphalt cements supplied to the state during the years 1968 to 1975 inclusive. The changes determined are discussed with reference to the problems reported by field engineers. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Grading curves KW - Highway grades KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Specifications KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318970 AU - Benson, P AU - Baishiki, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALINE3 - A VERSATILE DISPERSION MODEL FOR PREDICTING AIR POLLUTANT LEVELS NEAR HIGHWAYS AND ARTERIAL STREETS PY - 1980/02/29 SP - n.p. AB - CALINE3 is a third generation line source air quality model developed by the California Department of Transportation. It is based on the Gaussian diffusion equation and employs a mixing zone concept to characterize pollutant dispersion over the roadway. The purpose of the model is to assess air quality impacts near transportation facilities in what is known as the microscale region. Given source strength, meteorology, site geometry, and site characteristics, the model can reliably predict carbon monoxide concentrations for receptors located within 150 meters of the roadway. The model has adjustments for averaging time and surface roughness, and can handle up to 20 links and 20 receptors. It also contains an algorithm for deposition and settling velocity so that particulate concentrations can be predicted. KW - Air pollution KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - Assessments KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Dispersers KW - Dispersing KW - Dispersion KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highways KW - Magnetic tapes KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorology KW - Models KW - Models-simulation KW - Particulates KW - Punched cards KW - Simulation KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311088 AU - Leslie, W G AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CONCRETE COVER DEPTH AND ABSORPTION ON BRIDGE DECK DETERIORATION PY - 1980/02 SP - 35 p. AB - This report deals with the usefulness of knowledge of concrete cover-depth distribution and concrete absorption in predicting the occurrence and extent of deterioration on monolithic bridge deck surfaces. Although the extent of deterioration for individual spans could not be accurately predicted, the distribution of cover depth over the reinforcing steel was as important factor in determining the expected time to the onset of deterioration -- with increased minimum cover (as expected) providing longer protection against deterioration. After cover depth, however, it appears that factors extrinsic to the concrete and not included in this study (i.e., rate of salting, deck drainage, traffic, etc.) have a greater effect on performance than does concrete porosity as measured by absorption, at least within the range encountered in this study. The minimum cover required to protect bridge deck spans in New York State for periods up to 30 years is projected, based on data in this report and on relationships developed by FHWA researchers on simulated bridge decks. (FHWA) KW - Absorption KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Cover depth KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Deterioration KW - Drainage KW - Porosity KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343021 AU - McClure, R M AU - Anderson, D B AU - McDevitt, T E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF SEGMENTS FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1980/02 SP - 159 p. AB - To assist in the development of specifications, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation has designed a curved, post-tensioned, segmental concrete box girder bridge, which was constructed at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility of The Pennsylvania State University. To augment the data obtained from testing the experimental bridge, four individual segments were tested under simulated field conditions in the Structures Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University. The objectives of this laboratory study were to observe geometric changes in the transverse and longitudinal directions, to determine the reliability of the frame design process in the transverse direction, to determine failure modes, to determine the effect of torsional shear dowels and diagonal tendons in resisting shear, and, finally, to determine loss of prestress in the post-tensioning bar anchorage system. KW - Bending KW - Box beams KW - Fatigue tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Static tests KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753371 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - JHK & Associates AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. AN ELEMENT OF THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PY - 1980/02 SP - 200 p. AB - This report, initially designed as a training course, is made available to those just getting involved in public transportation as well as to those who are familiar with only certain aspects of the field. This report provides a comprehensive introduction into the history, financing, planning and operations for public transportation facilities and services. A large number of topics are covered in this report which are geared to broadening the perspective of public transportation and its role during times of high energy prices, short supplies and national concerns on air pollution, redevelopment of the city centers and urban mobility for all segments of society. KW - Aged KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Economics KW - Facilities KW - Legislation KW - Light rail transit KW - Marketing KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Public transit KW - Rapid transit KW - Regulations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/634898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334965 AU - Long, D C AU - Baldwin, J S AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL FROM PAVEMENT USING STORED EARTH ENERGY SN - 1025429 PY - 1980/02 SP - 78 p. AB - This report documents the design, construction and three year evaluation of an experimental project in which heat pipes were utilized to transfer the natural stored energy of the earth to the pavement to control snow and ice accumulations. Also included is a discussion on the economic feasibility of utilizing such systems as well as graphical representations of temperature profiles derived from thermocouple data collected at the project site. (FHWA) KW - Data collection KW - Earth KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heat pipes KW - Heat transfer KW - Highway maintenance KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392160 AU - Tyson, S S AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATED BRIDGE SLABS PY - 1980/02 SP - 44 p. AB - The procedure used for producing precast slabs of polymer impregnated concrete (PIC) and described in this report was generally satisfactory from an operational standpoint. A strength loss of 14%, attributable to the drying step, was observed in PIC cylinders; however, residual strengths for this class of concrete were satisfactory. The freeze-thaw durability of PIC specimens was essentially the same as the excellent performance exhibited by the control concrete. The average maximum depth of polymer impregnation observed in cores from the slabs was 1.0 in. (25 mm). The impregnated zone was found to contain a series of discontinuous microcracks resulting from the polymer treatment. These cracks allowed chloride ion penetrations at a depth of 0.8 in. (19 mm) that equalled or exceeded those at this depth in the control concrete. Additional research with experimental slabs is recommended with the objective of eliminating the microcracking associated with the impregnated zone. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Microcracking KW - Performance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymers KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36412/80-R34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318504 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF SIGNS FOR SIGHT-RESTRICTED RURAL INTERSECTIONS PY - 1980/02 SP - 50 p. AB - The report reviews an experiment undertaken to examine the effectiveness of six signs and sign sequences for warning motorists of a hazardous or sight-restricted intersection ahead in a rural two-lane situation. Signs examined ranged from the standard intersection symbol warning sign (cross) to vehicle actuated signs with flashing warning lights. Data collected during the experiment included: speeds of motorists as they approached and passed through test intersections (sometimes with a vehicle stopped on the side road); vehicle classification and registration information; and, for selected sign/site combinations, survey information for some motorists regarding their recollection of and reaction to the tested signs. The principal findings were that emphatic type signs (warning sign with flashers or a regulatory sign) caused drivers to reduce their speed by about 5.0 kph (3 mph) more than standard warning signs, and to increase driver awareness (as measured by sign recall and noticing of a side road vehicle) by a factor of approximately two. Familiarity with a test site, type of vehicle being driven, and sex did not have a significant effect on drivers' reactions to the various sign/site conditions. KW - Effectiveness KW - Flash lamps KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Hazards KW - Highway traffic control KW - Illuminating engineering KW - Illumination engineering KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic surveys KW - Two lane highways KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379382 AU - HANNON, J B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF STORM WATER RUNOFF--DESIGN GUIDELINES MANUAL PY - 1980/02 SP - 280 p. AB - This manual has been developed based on experience which was derived from engineering judgment and applied theory. Its purpose is to provide the information necessary to evaluate for feasibility, as well as to plan and design, surface and subsurface infiltration systems or combination systems that can be incorporated into the overall drainage scheme of a particular transportation facility, street system, or commercial development. Basic criteria are presented with examples cited to assist the designer in selecting an appropriate system. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Infiltration KW - Manuals KW - Runoff KW - Underground KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373168 AU - McClure, R M AU - Willenbrock, J H AU - Henderson, J D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FABRICATION OF SEGMENTS FOR AN EXPERIMENTAL SEGMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1980/02 SP - 138 p. AB - Concrete segmental bridge construction appears to offer the highway industry an attractive alternative to the bridge construction and bridge replacement programs which are presently under consideration in many states. This report documents the fabrication process which was used to produce precast concrete segments for an experimental segmental bridge constructed at the Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility (Test Track) located at the Pennsylvania State University. Data were collected by photographing the process with a time-lapse camera and by recording the personal observations of members of the research team. The data were analyzed using accepted work improvement techniques in order to identify the current practices and to determine improvements which could be made. The detailed analysis of the fabrication process provided valuable information about these types of bridges. Many improvements can be made in the fabrication process, which, if implemented, could result in a savings of money and fabrication time. (FHWA) KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction management KW - Experimental design KW - Fabrication KW - Improvements KW - Precast concrete KW - Segmental construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369805 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHEVRON PATTERNS FOR USE ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES IN STREET AND HIGHWAY WORK ZONES PY - 1980/02 SP - 61 p. AB - The chevron pattern consists of alternate orange and white stripes that form an arrow pointing in the direction in which traffic is being diverted. The objectives of this research were (1) to select the most effective design for the chevron pattern, and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness of selected chevron, designs under road conditions as compared to presently used designs. The most effective chevron pattern was selected by a subjective rating of groups of patterns used on channelizing devices. In general, the selected chevron designs were preferred over the presently used patterns. A black stripe separating the orange and white stripes proved effective in reducing halation. The measure of performance used in the field tests was the position of lane changing relative to the transition taper. It was found that driver response was not strongly dependent on the channelizing device employed in the taper. The subjective evaluation revealed the chevron patterns to be preferred over the presently used patterns because of their clear directional message. (FHWA) KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Lane changing KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36413/80-R32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362028 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - El-Mitiny, M R AU - El-Mojarrush, M A AU - SAFWAT, N AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF DESIGN OF ASPHALTIC PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1980/02 SP - n.p. AB - This study concerned the optimization of asphaltic paving mixtures, through evaluation of: Marshall mix design characteristics considering the effects of aggregate type and gradation and compaction method; mixture optimization with respect to rutting characteristics; and optimization with respect to fatigue criteria. Surface courses mixes were prepared with three aggregates (limestone-limestone sand, gravel-natural sand, and slag-slag sand) at three gradations (dense-graded, gap-graded and open-graded) and Marshall samples were prepared using kneading, gyratory and 50-blow drop hammer compaction. Effect of aggregate type and gradation on rutting and fatigue were also evaluated. Results indicate that compaction method significantly influences Marshall stability, density and air voids, with gyratory compaction at 60 gyrations and 1 degree angle closely approximating field compaction. It was also found that optimum asphalt content of open and gap graded mixes could not be determined using the Marshall procedure with its existing limits; air voids of both gradations exceeded the 5% limit and density curves showed no distinct peaks and a monotonically decreasing behavior with increased AC. Aggregate type and gradation also were significant in the rutting and fatigue performances, open-graded limestone mixes also achieved satisfactory moduli that may be less temperature-sensitive and rutting performance similar to the dense-graded mixes. Dense-graded surface mixes did not always show the best fatigue performance; open-graded mixes, particularly limestone, achieved fatigue lives as high and sometimes higher than dense-graded mixes, indicating that limestone open-graded mixes show some promise in optimizing mixes for Marshall parameters as well as rutting/fatigue. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fine aggregates KW - Gap grading KW - Gravel KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Slag KW - Slag sand fine aggregate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342340 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEM FOR EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR NEEDS AND PRIORITIES--VOLUME 1 PY - 1980/02 SP - n.p. AB - This report volume presents the development and implementation of a system to evaluate pavement maintenance repair needs and priorities. The system includes evaluation of pavement condition in terms of roughness, distress and skid resistance. Sampling intervals and the methods of quantifying pavement condition are discussed in detail. Priority is based upon a combination of the pavement condition parameters, plus traffic category. The priority system permits preparation of statewide and district listings showing the rankings of individual roadway sections. Guidelines to assist pavement engineers to formulate maintenance alternatives based upon the condition parameters are presented. A simple economic analysis using the Present Worth Method is utilized to aid in identification of optimal maintenance alternative. Suggested computer data systems to support the maintenance management system are described. Results of the implementation of the system during 1980 for the Interstate highway network in Ohio are discussed. Also demonstration of the system at the project and district level is presented with comparisons made between priorities established by traditional ODOT procedures and those computed by the maintenance management system. (FHWA) KW - Defects KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Strategic planning KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342337 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Luther, M S AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEM FOR EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR NEEDS AND PRIORITIES--VOLUME 2 PY - 1980/02 SP - n.p. AB - This report volume presents the system for rating visible pavement distress. The system is called Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) and is based upon both severity and extent of distress. Standard definitions and photographs are presented to aid in the identification of distress type, severity and extent. A mathematical expression which deducts points for each occurring distress type permits calculation of the PCR index. PCR for a pavement with no visible distress is 100. This report is intended for use as a field manual to conduct pavement condition rating including tabular forms for rating jointed concrete, continuously reinforced concrete, flexible, and composite pavements. (FHWA) KW - Classification KW - Composite pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Injury severity KW - Manuals KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Severity KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341592 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Butler, M C AU - Dunkle, H D AU - Eshleman, R L AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF CARGO SHIFTING ON ARTICULATED VEHICLES PERFORMING BRAKING AND CORNERING MANFUVERS, VOLUME 3. TECHNICAL SUPPLEMENT PY - 1980/02 SP - n.p. AB - The effects of sloshing liquid cargo on the limit performance of articulated trucks have been investigated. The limit performances of four vehicle configurations in cornering and braking maneuvers were simulated using an augmented version of the vehicle simulation program, TDVS (Three Dimensional Vehicle Simulation). The vehicle configurations consisted of tractor with unbaffled, baffled, and compartmentalized tank trailers and a baseline van. Simulated maneuvers were lane change, cornering, straight-line braking, and braking-in-a-turn. Both vehicle configurations and maneuvers were modeled to correspond with the full-scale experiments, "Effect of Cargo Shifting on Vehicle Handling", (DOT-FH-11-9195), conducted by Dynamic Sciences, Inc. This report covers the validation of the augmented TDVS program, and the development and implementation of a methodology for conducting limit of performance simulations. Results are discussed and summarized in the context of the simulation program and in light of experimental data. Finally, recommendations are presented for vehicle dynamics analysis methodology and for future studies. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Commodities KW - Computer programs KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lane changing KW - Liquids KW - Maneuvering KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318524 AU - King, G F AU - Wilkinson, M R AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS NEEDS FOR SERVICES INFORMATION ON INTERSTATE AND FEDERAL-AID PRIMARY HIGHWAYS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/02 SP - 63 p. AB - The volume is an Executive Summary which contains the results of a comprehensive State-of-the-Art review on the topic of motorists needs for information on travel related goods and services. Based on the results of this review, a conceptual prototype information system designed to satisfy these information needs through the use of existing information transmission techniques was developed. This prototype system was used as a yardstick in the evaluation of existing goods and services information systems. Problems in information needs satisfaction are identified, the implementation of an information system is recommended and additional research needs are identified. KW - Drivers KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highways KW - Information dissemination KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Information systems KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Level of service KW - Needs assessment KW - Services KW - State of the art studies KW - Travel KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00314377 AU - Gramza, K AU - Hall, J A AU - Sampson, W AU - Battle (Mark) Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF FREEWAY LIGHTING PY - 1980/02 SP - 124 p. AB - The project was undertaken to determine whether variation in the lighting of freeways leads to a variation in the number of nighttime accidents and if so, to what extent. The study found significant indications that increased freeway lighting makes a difference in the frequency of a variety of distinct accident types; increased lighting was not found to reduce total accident rates. The analysis was performed using stepwise multiple regression techniques. An analysis was conducted of the Interstate System Accident Research (ISAR-2) data base for information or implications useful in achieving study objectives. Factors found to influence selected categories of accident frequencies were traffic volume, year, interchange type, location and lighting. Illumination was found significant for only two of seven accident categories. The number of lights active at an interchange was found to influence two categories. Models were developed for planning purposes to assist highway design engineers determine predicted nighttime accident frequencies at various levels of lighting based upon expected nighttime traffic volumes, location and geometry of interchanges. KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Illuminating KW - Interchanges KW - Lighting systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Night KW - Planning KW - Regression analysis KW - Roads KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334277 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - WANG, M C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF DEFLECTION BASINS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/02 SP - 145 p. AB - One of the most important concerns of transportation engineers today is the management of existing highways. A successful management program requires, among other things, a method of assessing remaining pavement life. This report presents a method for estimating the remaining life of flexible pavements. The method of predicting remaining pavement life uses the pavement surface deflection basin obtained with a Road Rater. The Road Rater deflection basin is described by means of the surface curvature index (SCI), base damage index (BDI), and base curvature index (BCI). To exclude the effect of environment conditions on pavement deflection, the deflection basins were corrected to the spring weather condition. An essential criterion adopted for the determination of pavement life is fatigue cracking. Field cracking data were related with the maximum tensile strain in the stabilized base course. Through the correlation between SCI and the maximum tensile strain, the relationship between SCI and cumulative traffic loading was established for each pavement section. Using this relationship, the remaining pavement life was evaluated. The results are presented graphically in terms of the structural number (SN) of the pavement section. The results obtained in this study are limited to pavements containing bituminous concrete base, because of insufficient field cracking data for other types of base course materials. It is recommended, therefore, that further research be performed on other types of base course materials, such as aggregate cement, aggregate-lime-pozzolan, and aggregate bituminous. (FHWA) KW - Deflection KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Highway traffic control KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325371 AU - Hinch, J AU - Howerter, E AU - Zaiko, J AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - PAVEMENT TEXTURE MEASUREMENT STUDY-DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE INSTRUMENT FOR REAL TIME MEASUREMENT OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE FROM ABOARD A VEHICLE MOVING A HIGHWAY SPEEDS PY - 1980/02 SP - 77 p. AB - Work performed during this project involved the detailed design, development and evaluation of a Pavement Texture Measurement System (PTMS) for real time measurement of pavement texture from onboard a vehicle traveling at highway speeds. The PTMS consists of a stroboscopic projector which emits an intense, short duration slit of light vertically downward onto the pavement surface to create an illuminated profile of the surface texture. The illuminated profile is then detected by the photo-sensitive surface of the vidicon camera which views the pavement surface at a 45 deg angle. The electronic processor digitizes the video image of the profile and records the resulting data on computer- compatible digital magnetic tape. The PTMS is designed to measure samples of pavement surface texture 2.5 inches long with a resolution and accuracy of approximately 0.008 inch at vehicle speeds up to 60 mph. The PTMS will collect samples of the pavement texture at operator selectable rates from one to 10Hz in either a continuous or burst mode while providing identification of the data. (FHWA) KW - Digitized photography KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Stroboscopes KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/158067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00325040 AU - Spring, R J AU - Smith, D R AU - Neal, B F AU - Woodstrom, J H AU - California Department of Transportation TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE PY - 1980/02 SP - 77 p. AB - Portland cement concrete containing wax beads was evaluated by laboratory testing. Details of the testing and construction of a bridge deck of internally sealed concrete are reported. An evaluation of performance of the deck concrete was made after a little more than three years of service. The deck was found to be badly cracked. From cores, it was determined that the cracks extended at least to the reinforcing steel, and in some cases, entirely through the 8-1/2 inch deck. It is concluded from an examination of the cracked faces of cores that cracking was probably caused by shrinkage of the fresh concrete due to some slight delay in curing. A dry wind was blowing during concrete placement, creating adverse curing conditions. (FHWA) KW - Beading KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete curing KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/157860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329739 AU - Council, F M AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Campbell, B J AU - Roediger, F L AU - Carroll, C L AU - Dutt, A K AU - Dunham, J R AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT RESEARCH MANUAL PY - 1980/02 SP - 150 p. AB - Included in this manual is a compilation of sound research techniques that can be used by the engineer/analyst to carry out research related to highway accidents. Because highway engineering administrators must daily decide how best to spend limited numbers of safety dollars, they need to have results from properly conducted and clearly presented accident research for inputs in this decision-making process. This manual was prepared to meet the continuing need for upgraded research, both in the area of analysis of relationships between accidents and other variables and in the area of countermeasure evaluation. The manual is designed for use by the engineer/analyst who has some background in statistical analysis. The manual contains material related to 1) the rationale and the need for improving the level of existing research, 2) the underlying issues that researchers must be familiar with, 3) the components and methodologies used in the two basic types of accident research--research aimed at evaluating countermeasures and research aimed at identifying and examining underlying relationships between accidents and other highway factors, 4) the preparation and distribution of research results, and 5) summary guidelines for the engineer/analyst to use in his research. The manual has been developed for use in classroom training, as a reference text, and/or in a self-study program. Review questions, self-study pre- and post-tests, and references to related texts and articles are included. (FHWA) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash investigation KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Methodology UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/Accident80.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/163125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322721 AU - Abel, F AU - Proctor, J AU - Colorado Department of Highways TI - HIGH ALTITUDE PREMIUM PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/02 SP - 65 p. AB - This research project was to evaluate the effect on performance that various additives and, or, compaction had on the performance of the pavement. The following additives were evaluated: Anti-stripping additives, ground scrap rubber, and carbon black. Samples were also evaluated at approximately 0, 3, 10, and 15 percent voids to determine the effect compaction had on the performance of the pavement. The intent was to find an additive or combination of additives and compaction that would significantly improve the quality and serviceable life of the pavements while remaining economically justifiable. The different mix designs were evaluated using the Hveem method. The resilient modulus, effect of water on cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures, and an accelerated moisture damage test was performed on each design mix. Most of the additives did not show significant, if any, improvement in the laboratory test results. The best improvement in laboratory test result came from the anti-stripping asphalt additive, which is one of the least costly and simplest to include in the pavement mixture. As the void content increases, the test results and field observations indicate increased sensitivity to moisture damage. In the laboratory tests, the specimen with high void content showed a dramatic decrease in the test results. The field observations indicate that pavements with high voids are more susceptible to stripping and ravelling problems. (FHWA) KW - Antistrip additives KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Carbon black KW - Compaction KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Evaluation KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rubber KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326467 AU - John, SBP AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRENCH SELF BORING PRESSUREMETERS (PAF 68 AND PAF 72). VOLUME I. EVALUATION PY - 1980/02 SP - 149 p. AB - The pressuremeter is a soil exploration tool that can be used to determine the strength of soft soils in-place without resort to "undisturbed sampling" and lab tests. Strength determination is based on the theory of expansion of a cylinder in a circular borehole. The self boring concept advanced the practice of pressuremeter testing by eliminating need for a predrilled borehole. This two-volume report on Caltrans' evaluation of PAF 68 and PAF 72 is intended to provide practicing geotechnical engineers with a guide to pressuremeter testing, and an assessment of its potential value as a tool for soils exploration. Volume one is concerned with the concept and practice of self boring pressuremeter tests. A detailed description of the evaluation project is given and the potential of the self boring pressuremeter as a soils exploration tool is discussed. KW - Assessments KW - Boreholes KW - Clay soils KW - Compressive properties KW - Compressive strength KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Geological surveying KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance tests KW - Pressure gages KW - Soft soils KW - Soil exploration KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests KW - Undisturbed samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00326468 AU - John, SBP AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRENCH SELF-BORING PRESSUREMETERS (PAF 68 AND PAF 72). VOLUME II. INSTRUCTIONS FOR FIELD TESTS PY - 1980/02 SP - 230 p. AB - The pressuremeter is a soil exploration tool that can be used to determine the strength of soft soils in-place without resort to "undisturbed sampling" and lab tests. Volume Two is concerned principally with the preparations and procedures necessary to run a successful pressuremeter test and to translate the resulting data into reliable soil parameters. The adaptation of this probe-console system to 3 different American-made drill rigs is described in detail. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - California KW - Computer programs KW - Drilling machines KW - Geological surveying KW - Performance tests KW - Pressure gages KW - Revisions KW - Shear strength KW - Soft soils KW - Soil exploration KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures KW - Undisturbed samples KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00316406 AU - Hopkins, G R AU - Vance, R W AU - Kasraie, B AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS PY - 1980/02 SP - 141 p. AB - Available theories and prediction formulas on scour at bridge waterways are reviewed. Formulas that offer potential for prediction of scour around bridge piers are compared by reducing each formula to a non-dimensional form that includes Froude Number, the ratio of scour depth to pier width, and the ratio of stage to pier width. A field study to gather data on scour and related variables is described. The study is aimed at collecting field data in order to furnish a basis on which to compare scour prediction formulas. Four test sites are included in the study. These sites are located on: 1) the Red River in Shreveport, Louisiana; 2) the Brazos River in Richmond, Texas; 3) the Homochitto River near Brookhaven, Mississippi; and 4) the Ohio River in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. An automatic instrumentation system that measures scour depth at three points around a bridge pier as well as river stage is used in this study. The system is based on a depth measuring fathometer. Also, a mobile scour measuring system is discussed. This discussion includes the design of a prototype and field trials. The test protocol and study philosophy are discussed. Data gathered from the field sites are presented and compared to values predicted from scour formulas. Recommendations are made on ways to improve the scour research effort. These include improved instrumentation systems, additional field studies, laboratory studies and computer program development. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Depth KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Flow fields KW - Froude number KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Ratios KW - Scour KW - Structural design KW - Waterways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00312458 AU - Berg, R L AU - Guymon, G L AU - Johnson, T C AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO CORRELATE FROST HEAVE OF PAVEMENTS WITH LABORATORY PREDICTIONS PY - 1980/02 SP - 49 p. AB - A mathematical model of coupled heat and moisture flow in soils have been developed. The model includes algorithms for phase change of soil moisture and frost heave and permits several types of boundary and initial conditions. The finite element method of weighted residuals (Galerkin procedure) was chosen to simulate the spatial regime and the Crank-Nicholson method was used for the time domain portion of the model. To facilitate evaluation of the model, the heat and moisture fluxes were essentially decoupled; moisture flux was then simulated accurately, as were heat flux and frost heave in a laboratory test. Comparision of the simulated and experimental data illustrates the importance of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. It is one parameter which is difficult to measure and for which only a few laboratory test results are available. Therefore, unsaturated hyraulic conductivities calculated in the computer model may be a significant source of error in calculations of frost heave. The algorithm incorporating effects of surcharge and overburden was inconclusively evaluated. Time-dependent frost penetration and frost heave in laboratory specimens were closely simulated with the model. After 10 days of simulation, the computed frost heave was about 2.3 cm va 2.0 and 2.8 cm in two tests. Frost penetration was computed as 15 cm and was measured at 12.0 cm and 12.2 cm in the two laboratory samples after 10 days. KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Heat flow KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Soil water KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311766 AU - Pugh, C A AU - Bureau of Reclamation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE-SAFE GRATE INLETS STUDY VOLUME 4--HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SLOTTED DRAIN INLETS PY - 1980/02 SP - 153 p. AB - This volume presents results of tests conducted on slotted drain inlets. Tests were conducted to study the effect of individual parameters on the efficiency of slotted drains. Total flow capture tests were done at full scale for various roadway roughnesses, types of transverse spacer bars, slot widths, distances from curb to slot, and combinations of flow and slope conditions. Additional tests were conducted to investigate partial flow interception capacity, sheet flow interception capacity, interception capacity of slot in a sump condition, and relative debris handling ability of slotted drain in a sump condition and on a grade. Design procedures for 1.75-in. (44.45 mm) wide slots with solid vertical transverse bars at 6-in. (152.4-mm) spacing, installed 3.5 in. (88.9 mm) from the curb face high flows, (SV-1.75-6-3.5) are given in the form of graphs and equations. The total flow capture length (L) is controlled by weir flow in most cases. However, at steep slopes and an inefficient submerged flow condition controls L. Equations defining L in the weir flow and submerged flow zones for an SV-1.75-6-3.5 slot installation are given. Slotted drain is a more efficient flow intercept or in the upstream region; therefore it is more efficient to capture most of the flow in a short length of slot and pass the remaining flow on to a downstream collection point. A partial flow capture design method is given for an SV-1.75-6-3.5 installation. A general design procedure covering a wider range of slot installations will be given in Volume 5. (FHWA) KW - Bicycles KW - Culvert inlets KW - Drains KW - Grates KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Structural design KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311342 AU - Koop, D E AU - Anderson, J E AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Urban Land Institute AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES (10TH REPORT) REPAIR OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT JOINTS PY - 1980/02 SP - 37 p. AB - The study was conducted by Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota. The joint repair problems of each State are characterized by complex, individualistic requirements, where only varying degrees of adaption between the repair methods of the different States are feasible. The magnitude of the problems require efforts toward increasing production in both contract and maintenance repair operations. Maximizing the use of machinery to accomplish the work in place of labor-oriented procedures is emphasized. Two States with similar situations found that a savings of approximately $16.00 per square yard was realized for full-depth repairs by modifying their current procedures. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311764 AU - Bedick, R C AU - Patankar, U AU - Commins, J A AU - JACA Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC AGGREGATE GRADATION PY - 1980/02 SP - 144 p. AB - This study focuses on an evaluation of techniques for automatic gradation applicable to mineral aggregate used in highway construction. The impetus for this study was the need for improved, rapid information on aggregate gradation for process control and to facilitate producer certification of highway aggregate. Potential techniques were identified after an extensive search of methods and concepts for automatic particle sizing spanning a wide spectrum of industrial activity where such information is needed for quality or process control. An elimination process narrowed the field of potential sizing techniques to six which were subjected to rigorous study. Two of these six techniques were identified for development of a conceptual system design which included technique modification, system component identification, structural considerations, compatibility with existing plant equipment, system reliability analysis, cost estimates and analysis of technique limitations. Conclusions from this study are that while no commercially available technique meets all the industry specified criteria for automatic gradation, the two systems identified (the vidicon and the optical shadow technique) show promise of being viable in the long run. It is recommended that further work, including engineering model development and field testing be undertaken to improve the performance capability of these techniques, and that alternate gradation specifications based on other measures of particle size be developed to facilitate the inclusion of these techniques in the industry mainstream. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149842 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311105 AU - McQuade, P V AU - Glogowski, P E AU - Tolcser, F P AU - Anderson, R B AU - GAI Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF COAL REFUSE-FLY ASH COMPOSITIONS AS HIGHWAY BASE COURSE MATERIAL: STATE OF THE ART AND OPTIMUM USE AREA DETERMINATIONS PY - 1980/02 SP - 119 p. AB - The need to recycle waste products is becoming more crucial as the cost of their disposal escalates and the availability of conventional materials becomes scarce. Two such by-products of the coal industry, coal mine refuse and fly ash, have shown promise as construction materials. This report outlines the Phase I findings from a study into the utilization of coal refuse-fly ash compositions as highway base course material. This portion of the investigation involved a comprehensive literature search into the engineering properties and field utilization of the two waste materials, including the assemblage of an annotated bibliography, and the identification of ten areas in which the use of such compositions would be optimal based on economic, environmental, and material availability considerations. The succeeding two phases of this study will involve the development of an optimum coal refuse-fly ash blend for each of the ten optimum use areas based on standard laboratory tests and the comparison of their performance to conventional materials utilizing the VESYS Predictive Design Procedure for flexible pavements. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bibliographies KW - Coal KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fly ash KW - Highways KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00323176 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Polasek, J C AU - Green, N J AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY: DATA ANALYSIS AND MODEL EVALUATION PY - 1980/01/21 SP - n.p. AB - Air pollution data were collected at six sites in Texas. The data have been screened, reduced, and put into 5-minute and 15-minute data records to form a large data base. These data are arranged for easy use for model development or evaluation. In this report, the development of a new pollutant dispersion model, TRAPS IIM is described. This new model, along with several popular models, is compared to experimental data. The advantages and disadvantages of the TRAP IIM model are discussed. A statistical treatment of instantaneous data from several instruments are analyzed. Power spectra, cross correlation, and probability densities of two data cases are discussed and interpreted. KW - Air pollution KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Dispersion KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/159080 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280826 TI - LE PROBLEME DE RETENUE DES POIDS LOURDS AB - ETUDE DES ELEMENTS DE LA STRUCTURE DES POIDS-LOURDS LES PLUS INFLUENTS SUR LES PROBLEMES DE CONCEPTION DE BARRIERES, ETUDE DE LEUR EVOLUTION PROBABLE. DETERMINATION DE MOYENS THEORIQUES PERMETTANT L'EXTRAPOLATION DES RESULTATS D'ESSAIS A D'AUTRES TYPES DE POIDS-LOURDS ET A D'AUTRES CONDITIONS DE CHOC. DETERMINATION DES OBJECTIFS EN MATIERE DE RETENUE ET DE CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES. ETUDE DES MODIFICATIONS A APPORTER AU CAHIER DES CHARGES SUR LES ESSAIS D'HOMOLOGATION DE BARRIERES NORMALES. KW - Choc KW - Conception KW - Design KW - Glissiere de securite KW - Guardrails KW - Poids lourd KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Shock (Mechanics) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041943 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280824 TI - LES COMPORTEMENTS DE CONDUITE DES CHAUFFEURS DE POIDS LOURDS DANS LES CONDITIONS DE CIRCULATION ACTUELLES AB - ON A MIS EN EVIDENCE LES PROBLEMES SPECIFIQUES DE CONDUITE, NOTAMMENT VIS-A-VIS DES AUTRES USAGERS DE LA ROUTE, QUE RENCONTRENT LES CONDUCTEURS DE POIDS LOURDS. PROGRAMME : LA PREMIERE ANNEE A ETE CONSACREE A UN PREMIER LISTAGE DES PROBLEMES PAR INTERVIEWS ET OBSERVATIONS "IN SITU". LA REALISATION DE PHOTOS OU DE FILMS DES SITUATIONS LES PLUS TYPIQUES A PERMIS DE FAIRE REAGIR DES GROUPES DE CONDUCTEURS POUR DEGAGER LES VOIES DE SOLUTION DES PROBLEMES DE CIRCULATION LIES A LA CONCURRENCE ENTRE DES VEHICULES AYANT DES CARACTERISTIQUES TRES DIFFERENTES ET EXIGEANT DES COMPORTEMENTS AUX LOGIQUES PARFOIS CONTRADICTOIRES. KW - Behavior KW - Cinematographie KW - Cinematography KW - Circulation KW - Comportement KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Enquete KW - Interviewing KW - Photographie KW - Photography KW - Poids lourd KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Traffic KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1041941 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270840 TI - PORT DE LA CEINTURE : RECHERCHE SUR LES PROBLEMES D'ACCEPTABILITE AB - DEPUIS QUE LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE EST UTILISEE COMME MOYEN DE PROTECTION, LES USAGERS FORMULENT DES CRITIQUES D'ORDRE TECHNIQUE ET PRATIQUE (GENE, INCONFORT, DIFFICULTES D'UTILISATION, BOUCLAGE...). MAINTENANT QUE LE PORT DE LA CEINTURE EST OBLIGATOIRE EN TOUTES CIRCONSTANCES, LE NOMBRE DE CES CRITIQUES EST PLUS IMPORTANT. CETTE ETUDE SE PROPOSE DONC DE RECHERCHER LES CAUSES TECHNIQUES ET MEME PSYCHOLOGIQUES QUI AFFECTENT L'ACCEPTABILITE DU PORT DE LA CEINTURE. LA PREMIERE PHASE DE CETTE ETUDE AURA POUR BUT DE BIEN SITUER LES PROBLEMES TECHNIQUES, PRATIQUES ET PSYCHOLOGIQUES. POUR CELA, LE POINT DE DEPART DE L'ETUDE SERA L'ANALYSE DES RECLAMATIONS FORMULEES PAR LES USAGERS. ELLE SERA COMPLETEE SOUS DEUX ASPECTS : - L'EXAMEN DE LA POSITION GEOMETRIQUE DE LA CEINTURE EN FONCTION DE L'ANTHROPOMETRIE ET DE L'ERGONOMIE, - L'ANALYSE, PAR INTERVIEWS, DES RESISTANCES PSYCHOLOGIQUES DE TOUS ORDRES AU PORT DE LA CEINTURE. KW - Attitude (psychol) KW - Attitudes KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Travelers KW - Usager de la route UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031943 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270832 TI - INCIDENCE DES AMENAGEMENTS DE LA CIRCULATION URBAINE SUR LA CONSOMMATION DE CARBURANT DES VEHICULES LEGERS AB - DANS LE CADRE DE LA RECHERCHE DES FACTEURS D'ECONOMIE DE LA CONSOMMATION D'ENERGIE PAR LE TRAFIC ROUTIER, ON SE PROPOSE, APRES OBSERVATION DE CAS SPECIFIQUES, DE DEFINIR DES TYPES DE TRAJETS ELEMENTAIRES SUIVIS PAR LES VEHICULES PARTICULIERS EN ZONE URBAINE (DE COURTE LONGUEUR : FRANCHISSEMENT D'UN CARREFOUR,..., OU DE LONGUEUR PLUS GRANDE AVEC DES CARACTERISTIQUES HOMOGENES). L'OBJECTIF FINAL EST DE POUVOIR EVALUER L'INCIDENCE SUR LA CONSOMMATION DU TRAFIC, D'UN AMENAGEMENT DONNE DE LA CIRCULATION OU DE L'INFRASTRUCTURE CONDUISANT A DES MODIFICATIONS DANS LES TYPES DE TRAJETS ELEMENTAIRES EMPRUNTES PAR LES VEHICULES. LE PROGRAMME DE L'ETUDE COMPREND TROIS PHASES :1. ETUDE DE CAS SPECIFIQUES COMPRENANT LA RECHERCHE D'EXEMPLES IN SITU ET LA MESURE DES PARAMETRES D'ENVIRONNEMENT, DE TRAFIC ET DE CONSOMMATION. 2. TYPOLOGIE DES TRAJETS ELEMENTAIRES :- CLASSIFICATION ET SYNTHESE DES DONNEES ACQUISES - DEFINITION DES TYPES - RECHERCHE ET VALIDATION DE RELATION DEBITS-VITESSES MOYENNES- CONSOMMATION POUR CHAQUE CAS. 3. LES MODELES MIS AU POINT SERONT APPLIQUES A LA PREVISION DE L'IMPACT DE QUELQUES AMENAGEMENTS PARTIELS OU PLUS GLOBAUX; DES MESURES EFFECTUEES AVANT ET APRES LA MISE EN PLACE DES AMENAGEMENTS PERMETTRONT LA VERIFICATION DES RESULTATS. KW - Automobiles KW - Consommation de carburant KW - Debit (trafic) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Itineraire KW - Itinerary KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Speed KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas KW - Vitesse KW - Voiture particuliere KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031935 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257693 TI - PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS-LOURDS AB - LA PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS APPARAIT COMME UNE PREOCCUPATION INTERNATIONALE RECENTE, MOTIVEE PAR UNE DEMANDE DES PROFESSIONNELS EUX-MEMES. LE MOYEN ENVISAGE EST L'ADAPTATION DE LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE DES VEHICULES LEGERS. KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Poids lourd KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018751 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257691 TI - DEVIANCE ET LEGALITE - UNE APPROCHE JURIDIQUE DU STATUT DES REGLES DE CIRCULATION AB - ON PROPOSERA LES BASES D'UNE ANALYSE VISANT A DETERMINER CE QUI, DANS LA NATURE MEME DES REGLES DE CONDUITE, EST SUSCEPTIBLE DE LEUR CONFERER, AU DELA DE LEUR STATUT DE NORME SOCIALE, UN VERITABLE "POIDS LEGAL". ON FORMULERA DES HYPOTHESES CONCERNANT LES FONDEMENTS DE CETTE VALEUR D'INTERDIT, CERTAINS AYANT TRAIT A LA REGLE ELLE-MEME, ET D'AUTRES A LA POSITION DE L'USAGER VIS-A-VIS DE LA LEGALITE (LA TENDANCE A L'"AUTO-JUGEMENT"). ETUDES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES :1) ASPECTS HISTORIQUES DU CODE DE LA ROUTE : ON RETRACERA LES DELIMITATIONS SUCCESSIVES DU CHAMP LEGAL DANS LE DOMAINE DE LA CIRCULATION, EN CHERCHANT A PRECISER LA NATURE DES BESOINS COLLECTIFS SOUS LA PRESSION DESQUELS ONT ETE ADOPTES LES TEXTES DE LOI CORRESPONDANTS; PREMIERS ELEMENTS D'UNE ANALYSE DES CONCEPTS JURIDIQUES TELS QU'ILS FONCTIONNENT DANS LES INSTITUTIONS ASSURANT LE CONTROLE ET LA REPRESSION DES INFRACTIONS ROUTIERES. ON S'ATTACHERA A METTRE EN LUMIERE CERTAINES AMBIGUITES DUES AU CARACTERE SPECIFIQUE DE L'ACTIVITE DE CONDUITE ET A LA DIFFICULTE DE TRANSPOSER LE CONCEPT DE RESPONSABILITE DANS UN DOMAINE OU LA NOTION DE CAUSALITE REVET DES FORMES PARTICULIEREMENT COMPLEXES. ON ETUDIERA LES EMPRUNTS FAITS PAR LE LEGISLATEUR A DES CHAMPS CONNEXES (SECURITE DU TRAVAIL). 2) APPROCHE QUALITATIVE : LA NOTION D'"AUTO-JUGEMENT".SITUATION PAR RAPPORT AU CHAMP LEGAL. ON REALISERA SUR CE SUJET UN PETIT NOMBRE D'ENTRETIENS ET DE GROUPES DE DISCUSSION. KW - Code de la route KW - Crimes KW - Infraction KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Penalties KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Sanction KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018749 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257689 TI - APPROCHE PLURIDISCIPLINAIRE ORIENTEE SUR LA SECURITE PRIMAIRE AB - L'ETUDE CLINIQUE MENEE PAR L'ONSER, IL Y A MAINTENANT PLUS DE 10 ANS, A PERMIS DE FONDER UNE DOCTRINE DE RECHERCHES ET D'ETUDES EN MATIERE DE SECURITE ROUTIERE. LE PROGRAMME CONDUIRA :- A LA PRISE DES CONTACTS ET A LA RECHERCHE DES AUTORISATIONS NECESSAIRES A LA REALISATION DU RECUEIL DES DONNEESSUR LE SITE DE SALON DE PROVENCE - A LA DEFINITION DES TYPES DE DONNEES A RECUEILLIR RELATIVES AUX USAGERS IMPLIQUES ET TEMOINS, AUX VEHICULES, A L'INFRASTRUCTURE ET SON ENVIRONNEMENT, EN CONCERTATION AVEC LES SPECIALISTES DES DISCIPLINES ET LES INSTANCES OPERATIONNELLES CONCERNEES - A LA MISE EN FORME DE CES DONNEES POUR GUIDER LE RECUEIL - A LA DEFINITION D'UNE STRATEGIE D'ENQUETE. LA PHASE DE MISE EN PLACE ETANT REALISEE, ON SE CONSACRERA AU RECUEIL ET A LA PREPARATION DES DOSSIERS DES CAS D'ACCIDENTS ETUDIES, SOUS FORME DE FICHES, PRISES DE VUE, PLANS ET NOTES DE SYNTHESE RESUMANT SOUS FORME COHERENTE LES INFORMATIONS RECUEILLIES. KW - Accident KW - Cause KW - Causes KW - Crashes KW - Enquete KW - Enquete sur place (accid) KW - Interviewing KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018747 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257688 TI - ENQUETE SUR L'UTILISATION DE LA VOITURE AB - L'UTILISATION DE LA VOITURE EN FRANCE SERA ANALYSEE AFIN D'EVALUER LES ENJEUX EN ECONOMIE DE PETROLE DES DIVERSES ACTIONS POSSIBLES SUR LA CONCEPTION, L'ENTRETIEN OU L'USAGE DES VEHICULES AUTOMOBILES. UNE CAMPAGNE DE MESURES DETAILLEES SUR UNE TRENTAINE DE VEHICULES CONDUITS DANS LES CONDITIONS QUI LEUR SONT HABITUELLES PAR LEURS UTILISATEURS PERMETTRA DE RELEVER LES PARAMETRES PHYSIQUES CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA CONSOMMATION : REGIME ET CHARGE DES MOTEURS, UTILISATION DES AUXILIAIRES, RELEVE DES ETATS DES VEHICULES, TEMPERATURE DES MOTEURS, LONGUEURS DES TRAJETS, KILOMETRAGE, VITESSE ET ACCELERATION DES VEHICULES. UNE ENQUETE PAR CARNETS REPARTIE SUR PLUSIEURS SAISONS VALIDERA CERTAINS RESULTATS OBTENUS AU COURS DE LA CAMPAGNE DE MESURES ET PERMETTRA LE RECUEIL ASSEZ PRECIS DES LONGUEURS DES TRAJETS, SELON LES SAISONS, POUR UN ECHANTILLON REPRESENTATIF D'ENVIRON 1000 CONDUCTEURS REPARTIS SUR PLUSIEURS DEPARTEMENTS FRANCAIS. KW - Automobiles KW - Consommation de carburant KW - Emploi (util) KW - Enquete KW - Field tests KW - Fuel consumption KW - In situ KW - Interviewing KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Use KW - Voiture particuliere UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581043 AU - Wang, Tzn-Siang AU - Spyridakis, Dimitris E AU - Mar, Brian W AU - Horner, Richard R AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Transport Deposition and Control of Heavy Metals in Highway Runoff PY - 1980/01//Interim Report SP - 45p AB - Mass balances conducted on soils adjacent to highways indicated low mobility of metals deposited on well-vegetated surfaces. Grass drainage channels were shown to effectively capture and retain metals (e.g., a 60 m channel removed 80 percent of the original Pb concentration). Mud or paved channels, however, demonstrated little or no ability to remove metals from runoff. Metal release studies suggested that acid precipitation could release metals bound in the soil, especially where low buttering capacity exists. KW - Deposition KW - Heavy metals KW - Runoff KW - Soil pollution KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581035 AU - Clark, David L AU - Mar, Brian W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Composite Sampling of Highway Runoff: Year 2 PY - 1980/01//Interim Report SP - 29p AB - A composite sampling device was developed that can be installed at less than ten percent of the cost of automatic sampling systems currently used in Federal highway runoff studies. This device was operated for one year, along-side an automatic sampler at the I-5 side in Seattle, to demonstrate that the two systems provide statistically identical storm composites. KW - Monitoring KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Sampling KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454722 AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Mahmassani, Hani S AU - Mekemson, James Robert AU - Hanscom, Edward Wilson AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Synthetic Demand Modeling Techniques in Transportation Planning for Small Urban Areas in Indiana PY - 1980/01 SP - 102p AB - This report presents an executive summary of the research documented in three earlier interim reports covering trip generation, trip distribution and traffic assignment phases. The research developed a procedure for the use of synthetic generation of travel demand information that can be used in small urban areas in Indiana. The results indicated satisfactory performance of the procedure. A set of guidelines was developed for application of the research results in new transportation studies or in updating of existing transportation studies. KW - Guidelines KW - Indiana KW - Procedures KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas UR - http://archive.org/details/useofsyntheticde00sinh UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2363&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314015 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218990 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454707 AU - Rowings, James E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of Contract Time Durations for ISHC Highway Construction Projects PY - 1980/01 SP - 296p AB - Review of the Indiana State Highway Commission (ISHC) monthly construction reports revealed that a significant number of highway construction projects are not completed within the specified contract duration. In most cases when contracts are not completed on time the contractor is assessed liquidated damages for the delay in completion. The liquidated damages serve to reduce the contract cost; however, the benefits of the project are delayed and the inconveniences are. prolonged for the taxpayer. The project and administrative costs to the ISHC also increase the total project cost with each day of delay in the completion. After discussing the problem with personnel of the ISHC Construction Division it was determined that research would be beneficial in reducing the number of contracts with delayed completions. The primary goal of the study was to evaluate the current methods used to determine highway construction contract completion dates and recommend revisions which would improve the procedure for establishing contract durations. In order to attain the goal of the investigation, three major objectives were identified. The first objective was to review the current method of establishing contract duration and identify the factors which can influence the time necessary for completion. This objective was accomplished through interviews with the staff of the ISHC Construction Division. The second major objective was to review the methods used by nearby states for setting contract times as well as other methods described in current literature. This phase was accomplished through interviews with staff members of the Highway departments of Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio, and Michigan. Also the applicability of methods such as CPM, PERT, and Precedence was investigated. The final major objective was to develop improvements to the current method for contract time determination which would serve to reduce the overall total project cost of highway construction. Various possibilities for improvement were discussed with the ISHC construction personnel and the final recommendations were developed by the researchers. The final recommendations include a step-by-step approach for documenting assumptions made, applying average productivity rates, determining the contract duration and representing the construction logic in the form of a time scaled bar chart. Included with the recommendations are examples of the proposed method's use for highway construction projects, along with the advantages of the new procedure over the one currently being used. KW - Contracting KW - Indiana KW - Indiana State Highway Commission KW - Road construction KW - Time duration UR - http://archive.org/details/determinationofc00rowi UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2358&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314010 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419685 AU - Pearson, F C AU - Schoener, G E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Land use and arterial spacing in suburban areas PY - 1980/01 IS - FHWA/PL-77016 SP - 69P KW - Alignment KW - Alignment KW - Arterial highways KW - Arterial road KW - Automobile ownership KW - Automobiles KW - Car KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Level of service KW - Level of service KW - Location KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Road location KW - Road network KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Suburbs KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic generation KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Trip generation KW - Types of roads by network KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road KW - Usa KW - Vehicle ownership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359628 AU - Killgore, Don AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improved Stripe Removal by High Temperature Burning with Excess Oxygen PY - 1980/01//Implementation Package SP - 30p AB - This implementation report describes an improved method of removing road marking material stripes from roads. The method uses high temperature burning with excess oxygen. The report includes a description of the method; and its design, operation and maintenance. It also addresses operational safety, and how to remove the residue that is left by the burning mark on the pavement.. KW - Design KW - High temperature KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Maintenance practices KW - Oxygen KW - Paint removal KW - Road marking materials KW - Road stripes KW - Safety KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125570 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257687 TI - INFORMATION ROUTIERE AB - DANS LE CADRE DES TRAVAUX DE GROUPE EUCO-COST 30 :"AIDES ELECTRONIQUES A LA CIRCULATION", DE LA CEE, QUI ONT PERMIS D'EVALUER DE FACON APPROFONDIE LES BESOINS DES CONDUCTEURS, AINSI QUE L'ATTITUDE DES EXPLOITANTS VIS-A-VIS DE L'INFORMATION ROUTIERE, ON SE PROPOSE MAINTENANT : D'UNE PART, D'EXAMINER DANS QUELLE MESURE IL EST POSSIBLE D'AMELIORER L'INFORMATION ROUTIERE TELLE QU'ELLE EST PRATIQUEE ACTUELLEMENT, D'AUTRE PART, DE REFLECHIR A DES METHODES NOUVELLES DE COMMUNICATION AVEC LES CONDUCTEURS. KW - Communication KW - Communication KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Information documentation KW - Information management KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Signalisation KW - Signalization KW - Travelers KW - Usager de la route UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00977147 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY MODIFICATIONS TO INCREASE TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1980/01 SP - 117 p. AB - The manager of a freeway system has several objectives: provide a transportation system adequate to serve the needs of the area; operate the system in an effective and safe manner; and provide a system that is cost effective to install, operate, and maintain. The modifications discussed in this survey address all of these objectives. Because the modifications are usually declared temporary measures, their applications should be clearly defined in scope and intention. The types of problems addressed by these modifications include the following: overloading of the right lane; bypassing mainline queues; freeway bottlenecks; merge conflicts; preferential high occupancy vehicle operation; and maintenance and construction sites. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Merging traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic queuing KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341603 AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CULVERT DESIGN SYSTEM PY - 1980/01 SP - 181 p. AB - This system can be used to hydraulically design a culvert or hydraulically review an existing or proposed culvert size. The design or review process for drainage culverts is accomplished by routing a hydrograph through the culvert, thereby taking advantage of temporary upstream pond storage. Analysis employing the irrigation design alternative uses only the peak discharge. Various hydrograph relationships, culvert shapes, material, and inlet types can be investigated. The system provides certain environmental and flood hazard data in addition to the culvert hydraulics. The system can be used in any geographical region provided discharges, hydrographs and flood volumes can be identified. Although not part of the system, these practices will aid in identifying any "safety factors" and related cost benefits associated with the culvert design. The system consists of 39 computer programs for computations and plotting and an executive program which controls the flow of the user designated execution of the program segment. All programs are written in FORTRAN IV with the exception of one assembler routine ("GEN4") used in plotting. The plotting programs require either a Xynetics, Calcomp, or similar type of software plotting package. KW - Benefits KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Floods KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Hazards KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrographs KW - Inlets KW - Irrigation KW - Peak discharge KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Safety factors KW - Shape KW - Size KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343675 AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION. VOLUME II. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/01 SP - 508 p. AB - The research was conducted to develop a cost-effectiveness model for guardrail selection that includes cost parameters for eleven (11) guardrail configurations and criteria for analysis of system effectiveness under various dynamic impact conditions. This volume is a user's manual for applying the cost-effectiveness computer programs for (1) selection at a particular site of the most cost-effective guardrail system of the eleven included types, (2) guardrail placement at a site for the optimum location and guardrail type, and (3) priority ranking of several site selections for appropriation of available funds. KW - Configuration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost engineering KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic tests KW - Highways KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Shape KW - Shock resistance KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343673 AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/01 SP - 20 p. AB - The research was conducted to develop a cost-effectiveness model for guardrail selection that includes cost parameters for eleven (11) guardrail configurations and criteria for analysis of system effectiveness under various dynamic impact conditions. Vehicle classes include 2250-lb (1021-kg) and 4500-lb (2041-kg) vehicles. Accident severities were based on extrapolations of full-scale test data and verified by means of guardrail accident reconstruction data. Two computer programs were developed: (1) the SSCOST program for cost-effectiveness values (state cost, societal cost, total cost, and benefit-to-cost ratio) of a single specified guardrail type with given roadway conditions, and (2) the COCOST program for comparative values and ranking of the eleven guardrail types with given roadway conditions. Program inputs are simple to prepare, and computer run times are minimal. This volume is an executive summary of the two-volume research report. KW - Configuration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost engineeing KW - Cost engineering KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic tests KW - Highways KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Shape KW - Shock resistance KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343674 AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION PY - 1980/01 SP - 154 p. AB - The research was conducted to develop a cost-effectiveness model for guardrail selection that includes cost parameters for eleven (11) guardrail configurations and criteria for analysis of system effectiveness under various dynamic impact conditions. This volume includes the data collection and analysis and technical documentation for quantification of the pertinent parameters and development of the computer algorithm. KW - Configuration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost engineering KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic tests KW - Highways KW - Impact strength KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Research KW - Shape KW - Shock resistance KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00318988 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY TREATMENT FOR HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLES ON THE KATY FREEWAY, HOUSTON PY - 1980/01 SP - 84 p. AB - The report presents an evaluation of the need for 'intermediate' range priority treatments for high-occupancy vehicles on the Katy Freeway (I-10) in Houston, Texas. Short range HOV treatments are evaluated in other reports. This study evaluates priority treatment needs from the central business district to State Highway 6. KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Texas KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/155922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343672 AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION PY - 1980/01 SP - 682-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313184 AU - Gull, C D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EPIC PROJECT REPORT: AN ENGINEERING PERFORMANCE INFORMATION CENTER ON STRUCTURAL FAILURES AND DISTRESSES PY - 1980/01 SP - 114 p. AB - This report recommends establishment of EPIC as a not-for-profit, incorporated, computerized Engineering Performance Information Center on failures and distresses in fixed, not movable, structures. No organization was found to serve as this center; no satisfactory access to primary or published records exists; yet responses to a questionnaire show definite need for EPIC's services and support for its establishment. Estimates are that 1000 failures and 3000-4000 distress conditions occur annually in the U.S. and Canada, and that EPIC could grow to 32,000 inquiries per year in its tenth year, searched against 50,000 case records. Confidentiality will be a severe problem, because the need for freedom of access to information by society and engineers must be balanced against the rights to privacy of architects, contractors and engineers who built the structures. Recommendations include objectives, organizational form, confidentiality policy, design for operational procedures, information products, personnel and facility requirements, and cost estimates for the first year. Appendices contain: questionnaire and responses; data base structure; case record form with classification of structural events; users' and staffs' inquiry forms. KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Failure KW - Guidelines KW - Indexing KW - Information centers KW - Information processing KW - Information services KW - Needs assessment KW - Questionnaires KW - Structural analysis KW - Subject indexing KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00803508 AU - Potts, C F AU - Murphy, K H AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1980/01 SP - 28 p. AB - This report covers the design and testing of a hot mix recycling process. The process involved the crushing and sizing of old pavement removed from an airport runway and the inclusion of this salvaged material in the production of a hot mixed asphalt concrete base course mixture. The mix was produced by a heat transfer method through a modified bath plant. The field testing includes condition surveys and post construction analyses of the paving mixture and pavement structure. The initial results indicate an acceptable asphalt concrete mixture can be produced utilizing the heat transfer method of production. Further field evaluations will be necessary in order to draw definite conclusions with regard to long-term pavement performance. KW - Airport runways KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Concrete mixing KW - Florida KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Recycled materials KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379379 AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDROLOGY FOR TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS PY - 1980/01 SP - 736 p. AB - This manual is intended to be a comprehensive coverage of hydrology for transportation engineers. It is more than a "how-to-do-it" review; it is intended to provide a fundamental background which the user can use to develop his understanding in the application of concepts of hydrology. The manual has three basic kinds of information. The first is introductory, basic information on hydrology, data management, models, and empirical methods. The second consists of basic fundamentals of probability and statistics. The third kind of information consists of very applied information related to each particular kind of problem the hydrologist faces. This manual is aimed at the engineer with a B.S. in Engineering and several years of experience. (FHWA) KW - Hydrology KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Probability theory KW - Statistics KW - Transportation engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379381 AU - NORMAN, J N AU - Norman (Jerome N) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC FLOW RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR CORRUGATED METAL CONDUITS PY - 1980/01 SP - 90 p. AB - This manual provides the designer with usable means for estimating the hydraulic resistance factors for five different corrugation shapes used in annular C.M.P. and enables the designer to estimate the resistance factors for new and untested corrugation shapes, should they become available. (FHWA) KW - Conduits KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Design KW - Flow resistance KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Metal pipe KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335490 AU - Chicago Area Transportation Study AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - PERSONAL TRAVEL ENERGY CONSUMPTION: ACCOUNTING METHODS AND CASE STUDY FOR THE CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1980/01 SP - 81 p. AB - This study of urban personal travel in the Chicago area attempted to (a) establish an accounting framework that could keep track of energy consumption for urban passenger transportation, (b) develop tools for calculating energy consumption, and (c) run through prototype applications of the methodology developed in the project. This report documents the methodology and presents a case study of peak period person travel consumption. The methodology is a logical and marginal extension of the current state-of-the-art urban transportation models. The case study of peak period person travel in the Chicago metropolitan area provides data on energy usage and formats for displaying this data. Energy accounting procedures are reviewed and the advantages of energy origin-destination tables are discussed. KW - Accounting KW - Case studies KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Models KW - Origin and destination KW - Peak periods KW - Public transit KW - State of the art studies KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365119 AU - Reynolds, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC EVALUATOR SYSTEM: A LARGE SCALE TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM - OPERATIONS MANUAL PY - 1980/01 SP - 84 p. AB - The Traffic Evaluator System (T.E.S.) is a portable electronic system developed in-house by the Federal Highway Administration for large scale collection of traffic flow data. The T.E.S. records time and event data on computer readable digital magnetic tape from up to sixty contact-closure-type inputs. This document presents a discussion of the T.E.S. circuits and operation. Details of the T.E.S. function and design are discloed through schematics, wiring diagrams, and parts lists. Step-by-step procedures are presented for the field deployment of the T.E.S. as a data collection device. KW - Circuits KW - Circular waves KW - Data collection KW - Electric circuits KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Manuals KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Waves KW - Wiring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335958 AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/01 SP - 16 p. AB - This research was conducted to develop a cost-effectiveness model for guardrail selection that includes cost parameters for eleven (11) guardrail configurations and criteria for analysis of system effectiveness under various dynamic impact conditions. Vehicle classes include 2250-lb (1021-kg) and 4500-lb (2041-kg) vehicles. Accident severities were based on extrapolations of full-scale test data and verified by means of guardrail accident reconstruction data. Two computer programs were developed: (1) the SSCOST program for cost-effectiveness values (state cost, societal cost, total cost, and benefit-to-cost ratio) of a single specified guardrail type with given roadway conditions, and (2) the COCOST program for comparative cost-effectiveness values and ranking of the eleven guardrail types with given roadway conditions. Program inputs are simple to prepare, and computer run times are minimal. This volume is an executive summary of the two-volume research report. Volume I includes the data collection and analysis and technical documentation for quantification of the pertinent parameters and development of the computer algorithm. Volume II is a user's manual for applying the cost-effectiveness computer programs that were developed. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Guardrails KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Selecting KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335960 AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION. VOLUME II. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1980/01 SP - 504 p. AB - This research was conducted to develop a cost-effectiveness model for guardrail selection that includes cost parameters for eleven (11) guardrail configurations and criteria for analysis of system effectiveness under various dynamic impact conditions. Vehicle classes include 2250-lb (1021-kg) and 4500-lb (2041-kg) vehicles. Accident severities were based on extrapolations of full-scale test data and verified by means of guardrail accident reconstruction data. Two computer programs were developed: (1) the SSCOST program for cost-effectiveness values (state cost, societal cost, total cost, and benefit-to-cost ratio) of a single specified guardrail type with given roadway conditions, and (2) the COCOST program for comparative cost-effectiveness values and ranking of the eleven guardrail types with given roadway conditions. Program inputs are simple to prepare, and computer run times are minimal. This volume is a user's manual for applying the cost-effectiveness computer programs for (1) selection at a particular site of the most cost-effective guardrail system of the eleven included types, (2) guardrail placement at a site for the optimum location and guardrail type, and (3) priority ranking of several site selections for the optimum location and guardrail type, and (3) priority ranking of several site selections for appropriation of available funds. Technical documentation supporting the computer algorithm is contained in Volume I. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Guardrails KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Selecting KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335959 AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR GUARDRAIL SELECTION. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION PY - 1980/01 SP - 151 p. AB - This research was conducted to develop a cost-effectiveness model for guardrail selection that includes cost parameters for eleven (11) guardrail configurations and criteria for analysis of system effectiveness under various dynamic impact conditions. Vehicle classes include 2250-lb (1021-kg) and 4500-lb (2041-kg) vehicles. Accident severities were based on extrapolations of full-scale test data and verified by means of guardrail accident reconstruction data. Two computer programs were developed: (1) the SSCOST program for cost-effectiveness values (state cost, societal cost, total cost, and benefit-to-cost ratio) of a single specified guardrail type with given roadway conditions, and (2) the COCOST program for comparative cost-effectiveness values and ranking of the eleven guardrail types with given roadway conditions. Program inputs are simple to prepare, and computer run times are minimal. This volume includes the data collection and analysis and technical documentation for quantification of the pertinent parameters and development of the computer algorithm. Volume II is a user's manual for applying the computer programs. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cracking KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Guardrails KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Selecting KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00322707 AU - Howell, R B AU - Nakao, D I AU - Parks, D M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - A SURVEY OF MEASURES USED BY STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES TO MITIGATE CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS RELATED TO HIGHWAY FACILITIES PY - 1980/01 SP - 69 p. AB - Caltrans conducted a letter survey in 1978-79 of the 50 state transportation agencies to determine what mitigation measures were being used to remove chemical pollutants from various sources such as hazardous spills, constituents in pavement runoff water, leachates from mineral bearing soils, sandblasting old paint from bridges, etc. Sediment derived from slope erosion and deicing salt was excluded from the survey although several states provided information on this. Responses were received from each of the states with varying amounts of information. Several states provided plans and specifications for special treatment measures that they used at a particular location. Most of the measures were site specific. Studies to identify the chemical nature of roadway-related pollutants are being conducted in a number of states. A few states indicated that no mitigation was being done primarily because no pollutant problems have been identified. KW - Chemicals KW - Contaminants KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Erosion KW - Highways KW - Paint KW - Runoff KW - Sand blasting KW - Sediments KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00316405 AU - Chang, FFM AU - Tye Engineering Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS-FIELD DATA FROM LOUISIANA FILES PY - 1980/01 SP - 34 p. AB - Data from a total of 17 occurences of scour at seven bridge sites in Louisiana were collected, covering the following ranges: Pier width, 3.4-10.4 m; flow depth, 1.7 - 19.5 m; flow velocity, 0.46 - 1.8 m/s; Froude number, 0.067-0.189; scour depth, 3.4 - 10.4 m, and bed material median diameter, 0.008 - 0.06 mm. An analysis of the relative scour depth with respect to relative flow depth for flows with Froude numbers about 0.1 shows that the scour depth increases rapidly with an increase in flow depth when the relative flow depth is less than 0.5. The rate of increase then slows down to approach a constant value of 0.8 maximum as the relative flow depth approaches 1.3 and may tend to decrease very slightly as the relative flow depth increases further. For the data where the Froude numbers were about 0.1, Shen's formula II (2) yields the best agreement. Three of the other popular formulas - Laursen's, Shen's formula I and Neill's approximation of Laursen's design curve - tend to overpredict the scour, and three formulas - Ingles-Poona's, Ahmad's and Chitale's - tent to underpredict the scour for these low Froude numbers. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Depth KW - Erosion KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Flow fields KW - Froude number KW - Louisiana KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Scour KW - Structural design KW - Velocity KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00316394 AU - Schlaug, R N AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN AND NEAR HIGHWAY TUMMELS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1980/01 SP - 49 p. AB - A comprehensive study was made of air quality management (AQM) practices applicable to highway tunnels for the purpose of improving the design and operation of tunnel ventilation systems. The study consisted of a review and analysis of current AQM practices, a field program in which air flow and air quality measurments were made in operating tunnels, theoretical analysis of the factors affecting tunnel air quality, the development of computer models of AQM systems, and use of the computer models to investigate alternate ventilation methods and to formulate AQM guidelines. This executive summary gives an overall view of the program and summarizes the principal findings and the suggested AQM guidelines. Also available are an Interim Report (FHWA-RD-78-184) the Final Report (FHWA-RD-78-185) and a User Manual for the computer models (FHWA-RD-78-187). (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Simulation KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/151701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319318 AU - Eilers, M F AU - Laughland, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HIGHWAY ENGINEER'S GUIDE TO ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND APPLICATIONS PY - 1980/01 SP - 151 p. AB - The support system for a typical State highway network contains a variety of energy users, ranging from large tunnel and bridge operations, rest areas and maintenance facilities to small items of roadside hardware. Today, only a handful of these are potential candidates for use with an alternative energy source. The cost of conventional fuels is increasing steadily and rapidly, however, while the relative cost of alternative sources is decreasing, improvements in technology and increased stability and efficiency in manufacture and supply indicate that this trend will continue, bringing many more potential applications in the range of serious consideration. A highway engineer considering an alternative energy source for an upcoming project probably does not have a background in heating, ventilation and air-conditioning or electrical engineering, but with overall responsibility for the project needs to determine quickly whether or not an alternative energy source is cost-effective. If it is cost-effective, he would then need to know the design process and terminology to supervise the designer's work. The guide meets these needs, and in addition, offers a selected bibliography of published informaiton, a listing of persons with experience in this area, and a selection of actual case studies of highway agencies that have used alternative energy sources successfully. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Applications KW - Bibliographies KW - Case studies KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway engineers KW - Manuals KW - Selecting KW - Sources UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319197 AU - Templer, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PRIORITY ACCESSIBLE NETWORKS-AN IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL. PROVISIONS FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS PY - 1980/01 SP - 224 p. AB - The concept of a "priority accessible network" is a response to the problem created by a non-systematic approach to the installation of countermeasures for the handicapped and elderly. It is based on the idea that the same planning principles of efficiency and effectiveness which underlie other types of transportation planning can be applied to the process of accommodating the needs of special populations. The priority accessible network for any city consists of a number of fully accessible pedestrian routes connected together into a continuous system which is gradually expanded according to a plan. Each accessible route consists of a connected sequence of components formed from a connected sequence of elements. And each route is made accessible and added to the accessible system according to priorities set out in the plan. Accessibility is achieved by the use of the appropriate countermeasure might be the addition of a curb ramp a street intersection. In practice, the routes serve elderly and handicapped pedestrians within districts; and routes connect districts to each other. Each district is added to the accessible system according to the priorities of the plan. As a process, the priority accessible network may be defined as a phased allocation of resources over time, based on a determination of need and a commitment to system continuity. The increasing demand for public funds for urban development, coupled with the decreasing financial capabilities of many cities, makes the efficient use of limited resources an important objective to the methods described in the Manual. The Manual has been organized into a sequence of decision-making steps beginning with problem identification and ending with project implementation and evaluation. The procedures described in each step are conventional, and reflect, as much as possible, curnative methods arre pesented where possible, to accommodate the varying needs and resources of the user. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Manuals KW - Networks KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Routes KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319126 AU - Killgore, D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL--REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC MARKINGS BY HIGH-TEMPERATURE BURNIGN WITH EXCESS OXYGEN PY - 1980/01 SP - 27 p. AB - High-temperature burning with excess oxygen has proved to be a pavement marking removal system which allows a rapid flash burning of pavement markings with minimal motorist recognition and little or no pavement surface deterioration. This pavement marking removal system, however, does leave the burned residue (of the pavement marking) on the roadway surface. This document discusses the design, operational, and safety requirements for high-temperature burning and residue removal procedures. (FHWA) KW - Burners KW - Manuals KW - Oxygen KW - Removal KW - Road construction KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00319125 AU - Killgore, D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT IMPROVEMENTS FOR REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC MARKINGS BY HIGH-TEMPERATURE BURNING WITH EXCESS OXYGEN PY - 1980/01 SP - 89 p. AB - High-temperature burning with excess oxygen has proved to be a pavement marking removal system which allows a rapid flash burning of pavement markings with minimal motorist recognition and little or no pavement surface deterioration. This pavement marking removal system, however, does leave the burned residue (of the pavement marking) on the roadway surface. Procedures utilized and results of the optimization of the high-temperature burner system and burned residue removal procedures are discussed. Three burner head designs were evaluated in order to optimize the burner system. Burned residue removal procedures to include powered brushes, waterblast, and sand blast were evaluated. All equipment and procedures were evaluated in a field environment in order to provide a practical, readily available, economical, and viable system for pavement marking removal. This document is meant to serve those who wish to use this method of pavement marking removal. (FHWA) KW - Burners KW - High temperature KW - Oxygen KW - Removal KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/156005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00313964 AU - Agent, K R AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FHWA HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION PROCEDURE (SNAP 1) PY - 1980/01 SP - 23 p. AB - Traffic noise prediction procedures are used in the design of new highways to determine if noise is limited to specific levels. A previous study evaluated the procedure outlined in NCHRP Report 117 and developed a correction factor which was incorporated into Kentucky's noise prediction procedure. This adjusted NCHRP 117 procedure has been used in Kentucky for the past several years. The Federal Highway Administration has developed a new procedure to predict traffic noise levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the new prediction procedure, designated as SNAP 1. Comparisons of measured and predicted noise levels showed that predictions obtained from SNAP 1 yield better results than from the adjusted NCHRP 117 procedure. Therefore, it is recommended that the SNAP 1 prediction procedure be adopted. There is no need for a general correction factor; however, adjustments to specific portions of the procedure may be necessary to optimize the predictions. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Noise KW - Noise analyzers KW - Noise sound KW - Sound level KW - Sound level meters KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/150757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00311345 AU - Wolchuk and Mayrbaurl Consulting Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1980/01 SP - 185 p. AB - Specification for design, of steel box girder bridges are proposed for the AASHTO Specification for Highway Bridges. Load Factor Design approach is used. In the design of compression flanges residual stresses and geometric imperfections are considered. For unstiffened flanges a new strength curve is proposed. Strength of stiffened flanges is given as a function of geometric parameters by interaction diagram based on second order analysis. Strength of webs is obtained as a sum of elastic buckling strength, and a lower limit of tension field strength. Web stiffeners are proportioned by strength and rigidity criteria to remain straight up to ultimate web capacity. Also given are rules for design of tension flanges, diaphragms, cross frames and other members, recommended fabrication tolerances and erection provisions. Discussion of principal problems, review of current U.S. and European specifications and commentary are included. Appendix A contains bibliography; Appendix B contains review of design codes. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design standards KW - Diaphragms KW - Diaphragms (Engineering) KW - Flanges KW - Girder bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/149666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308512 AU - Schlaug, R N AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USERS GUIDE FOR THE TUNVEN AND DUCT PROGRAMS PY - 1980/01 SP - 109 p. AB - This manual contains a description, input instructions, sample problems and listings for two computer programs relating to the design and operation of highway tunnel ventilation systems. The TUNVEN program solves the coupled one dimensional steady state tunnel aerodynamics and advection equations to obtain the longitudinal air velocities and pollutant concentrations for a given tunnel design, traffic load and ventilation rate. The effect of ambient conditions external to the tunnel such as portal winds and local pollutant levels can also be included. This program can be used to determine ventilation requirements for natural, longitudinal, semi-transverse and transverse ventilation systems. The DUCT program calculates the air flow through the individual ports connecting the ventilation duct to the roadway in a semitransverse ventilation system. It can be used to design a port system that will give approximately uniform flow through each port or to determine the flow pattern through a set of existing ports under off-design conditions. The development of these programs by the study "The Management of Air Quality In and Near Highway Tunnels" is discussed in the final report "Aerodynamics and Air Quality Management of Highway Tunnels" (Report Number FHWA-RD-78-185). (FHWA) KW - Aerodynamics KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Manuals KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308513 AU - Schlaug, R N AU - Teuscher, L H AU - Newmark, P AU - Science Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN AND NEAR HIGHWAY TUNNELS PY - 1980/01 SP - 167 p. AB - The literature describing highway tunnel design techniques and ventilation system operation was reviewed to determine the factors that affect air quality in highway tunnels. It is shown how these factors can be incorporated into simple analytic and numerical models to estimate pollutant distributions along the tunnel and in the transverse cross section. This survey was supplemented by visits to fourteen operating highway tunnels. The air quality management practices at each tunnel are described. The health effects literature was also surveyed and information is presented on the long and short term physiological effects of vehicle pollutants. The adequacy of present tunnel air quality standards is discussed. (FHWA) KW - Air quality management KW - Health KW - Mathematical models KW - Physiological aspects KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308510 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE PREPARATION OF PAVEMEMTS PRIOR TO APPLICATION OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS PY - 1980/01 SP - 19 p. AB - This project was undertaken to demonstrate that surface preparation of pavements by wire brushing prior to application of traffic marking paint would result in extended service life of traffic marking paint. A brush assembly was designed, fabricated and installed on a Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation striping truck and run over a variety of roads. It was found that brushing did not significantly extend the service life of the traffic marking paint. There was not sufficient improvement to consider mounting brush assemblies ahead of the spray guns on striping trucks for use on a daily basis. (FHWA) KW - Brushes KW - Cleaning KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Road markings KW - Service life KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00309512 AU - Janney, J R AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - GUIDE TO INVESTIGATIONS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURES PY - 1980/01 SP - 81 p. AB - This report contains guidelines for conducting an investigation into the causes of a structural failure or collapse. The makeup of the investigation team and the responsibilities of each are discussed. A recommended procedure for site visits, accumulation and recording of data and reporting procedures are presented, along with checklists of required preparation and materials needed for each step. Common structural types are described, together with the most common causes of distress and failures for each material and construction method. The guidelines will be useful in organizing an investigation of structural distress or failures. (FHWA) KW - Causes KW - Data collection KW - Failure KW - Guidelines KW - Site investigation KW - Structural failures KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/148703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00308476 AU - Richardson, E S AU - Rosenbaum, R E AU - Barger, R J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESENT AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL PRACTICES AND ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS PY - 1980/01 SP - 39 p. AB - Under current highway construction practices, aggregate gradation must be controlled to help insure the production of good pavements. This study was undertaken to determine what control procedures are being used in the United States and how incorporation of alternative testing methods would effect the adequacy of the control and the amount of time devoted to doing it. A survey of control practices currently being used was conducted under Phase 1 of this study. The results of that survey are summarized herein. Alternatives to the standard test methods of gradation determination were evaluated in Phase 2. They were compared with the standard tests in terms of total testing time required and the accuracy of the gradation results. The sources of variation in test results and the relative importance of each were also investigated. Recommendations are given as to the frequencies of sampling and gradation testing based on the study findings. /FHWA/ KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Quality control KW - Test procedures KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/144915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01514606 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Travers, Warren AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - Results of the Workshop - Neglected High-Achievement TSM Actions PY - 1980 IS - 190 SP - pp 40-42 AB - No abstract U1 - Workshop on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationArlington,Texas,United States StartDate:19791126 EndDate:19791129 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Research KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299566 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01514605 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Burke, Alinda C AU - Koski, David R AU - Transportation Research Board (TRB) TI - Results of the Workshop - Roles of Organizations, Public and Private Enterprise, and the Professional Disciplines in TSM Planning, Programming, and Implementation PY - 1980 IS - 190 SP - pp 31-33 AB - No abstract U1 - Workshop on Transportation System ManagementUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationArlington,Texas,United States StartDate:19791126 EndDate:19791129 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Public transit KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514092 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 29th Ave, Alder St section, Amazon Parkway-30th Ave (FAUS 5104), Eugene : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514091 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAUS-1030, McLeod Lane to OR Electric Railroad, Marion County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514090 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Walnut St Bridge replacement, Chattanooga : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514089 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 location of structure over White River and Washington bypass, Daviess County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514088 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - ID-64, Nezperce to Kamiah : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514087 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NE 12th St, Bellevue : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514086 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-264 improvement, Wilson to Greenville : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514085 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-235, Central Expressway construction from North Broadway extension of I-35 and I-40, Oklahoma City : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Mitigation plan B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514084 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-66 improvements from 4th Ave to proposed I-64, Evansville : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514083 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-2 relocation, Huron, Erie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513213 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Allen Blvd improvements, S.W. Murray Blvd-S.W. Alice Lane, Beaverton : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513212 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-31 improvement, Gretna Fish Hatchery Road upgrading and Louisville West reconstruction, Sarpy County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513211 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Wheaton-Naperville Road extension, DuPage/Will counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513210 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Light rail transit line and Banfield Hwy improvements, Multnomah County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513209 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2, Churches Ferry to Devils Lake, Benson/Ramsey counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513208 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-440 improvement, I-40 to I-24, Nashville : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513207 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - OR-42, Coos Bay to Roseburg Hwy : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512299 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - John C. Calhoun Expressway extension : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512298 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-146 improvement, relocation from Sutton to Rhode Island state line, Millville : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512297 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Steilacoom-Orchard traffic study, Pierce County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512296 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-13 reconstruction and relocation through Rifle : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512295 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Foothill Blvd, Rogue River and Redwood Hwy, Josephine County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512293 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30, Lower Columbia Hwy Scappoose Section improvements, Columbia County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512292 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Talladega bypass construction on US-231, Talladega County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512291 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-1, Waverly bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512290 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Horizon Drive, Grand Junction County / Mesa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Draft AppendixA-B, Draft AppendixC, Draft AppendixD-G, Final(2v) KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512289 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-203 improvement program, Mammoth Lakes vicinity, Mono County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512288 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - CO-470, Centennial Parkway project : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512287 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-34 relocation from TN-34 to TN-44, Sullivan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512286 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-51 improvement, NC-16 to US-74, Mecklenburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511371 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Riverdale Ave arterial, Yonkers : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511370 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 12 (SH-130) Snowy Range Road construction, Albany County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511369 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-83 improvements from ND-23 to ND-37, Max north and south : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511368 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-85, Charlotte bypass from NC-273 to US-29 and NC-49 connector, Gaston/Mecklenburg counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511366 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-19, SR-55 upgrading, Gandy Blvd to Pasco County line, Pinellas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511365 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - OK-74-OK-3, Oklahoma City west bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511364 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-56, Kauai Belt Road, Kalihiwai to Haena, Kauai : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511363 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Central Connecticut Expressway (formerly I-291) construction, Hartford County / Middlesex County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511362 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Third St corridor, IN-37 to IN-45-46 bypass, Bloomington : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511361 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 from Raleigh Beltline to I-95, Wake/Johnston counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511360 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-100 construction, IA-149 to IA-94, Linn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510461 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-193, Chattanooga Valley Road upgrading, Walker County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510460 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-33 improvements, US-69 to OK-33 : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510459 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 92 gap closure, Routes 92 and 101 interchange completion, San Mateo : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510458 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Klamath Falls Southdale bypass, Klamath County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510457 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-22 improvements from proposed Martin bypass near Ralston to old SR-22 near Dresden, Weakley County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509551 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - OR-213, Oregon City bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509550 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Port Orchard bypass, Port Orchard : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509549 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-75 widening and reconstruction, Fulton County / Cobb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508649 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-675 construction, Montgomery/Greene counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Decision statement B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508648 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-81 improvements, Wythe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, F KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508647 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Jantzen Beach-Delta Park interchange : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508646 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Stony Island Ave widening, reconstruction, E. 64th St to E. 70th St, Chicago : environmental impact statement PY - 1980///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292970 ER -