TY - RPRT AN - 00348029 AU - Coley, J O AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL USE OF EVAZOTE JOINT MATERIAL (INTERIM REPORT NO.1) PY - 1981/10 SP - n.p. AB - This report on the performance of Evazote joint material is an interim report of a Category 2 state study. Evazote joint material is discussed, and merits and shortcomings noted in evaluations are listed. This material is designed to be used in expansion joints in roadways, bridges, sidewalks, roofs and walls, as well as other areas requiring a waterproof filler. Evazote material has been placed in joints on one bridge and in a number of highly expansive joints in prestressed concrete pavement. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Expansion joints KW - Joint sealers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345752 AU - Smith, P G AU - Macintyre, S AU - Yang, T-L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONCONTACT ROAD PROFILING SYSTEM. VOLUME 3--SYSTEM SOFTWARE PY - 1981/10 SP - 106 p. AB - Road profiles are of interest because they affect vehicle ride quality, the wavelengths of concern ranging from 1/2 to 300 feet (0.2 to 90 m). This report pertains to a class of profile-measuring instruments in which an accelerometer measures vertical vehicle motion and a "noncontact" sensor measures vertical pavement motion-either displacement or velocity-relative to the vehicle. Specifically, a method is developed to process the accelerometer and noncontact sensor signals so as to obtain a measured profile with the following desirable qualities: (a) 1/2 to 300 foot wavelengths are recovered, (b) there is no phase distortion, (c) filtering and output are functions of distance rather than time, and (d) the output is independent of data collection speed and direction. A hybrid processing technique involving a minimal amount of analog processing is used. The digital processing, which is now done offline, makes use of symmetric finite impulse response filters. The processing algorithms are described in detail, and a variety of results are presented. The report is in four separately-bound units: Volume 1-Overview and Operating Manual-FHWA/RD-81/068; Volume 2-Calibration and Maintenance Manual-FHWA/RD-81/069; Volume 3-System Software-FHWA/RD-81/070; Volume 4-System Hardware-FHWA/RD-81/071. (FHWA) KW - Accelerometers KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345750 AU - Smith, P G AU - Macintyre, S AU - Yang, T-L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONCONTACT ROAD PROFILING SYSTEM. VOLUME 1--OVERVIEW AND OPERATING MANUAL PY - 1981/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Road profiles are of interest because they affect vehicle ride quality, the wavelengths of concern ranging from 1/2 to 300 feet (0.2 to 90 m). This report pertains to a class of profile-measuring instruments in which an accelerometer measures vertical vehicle motion and a "noncontact" sensor measures vertical pavement motion-either displacement or velocity-relative to the vehicle. Specifically, a method is developed to process the accelerometer and noncontact sensor signals so as to obtain a measured profile with the following desirable qualities: (a) 1/2 to 300 foot wavelengths are recovered, (b) there is no phase distortion, (c) filtering and output are functions of distance rather than time, and (d) the output is independent of data collection speed and direction. A hybrid processing technique involving a minimal amount of analog processing is used. The digital processing, which is now done offline, makes use of symmetric finite impulse response filters. The processing algorithms are described in detail, and a variety of results are presented. The report is in four separately-bound units: Volume 1-Overview and Operating Manual-FHWA/RD-81/068; Volume 2-Calibration and Maintenance Manual-FHWA/RD-81/069; Volume 3-System Software-FHWA/RD-81/070; Volume 4-System Hardware-FHWA/RD-81/071. (FHWA) KW - Accelerometers KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346738 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDEX OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORTS PY - 1981/10 SP - 115 p. AB - This is an index of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) research and development (R&D) technical reports identified by FHWA-RD numbers, originating from administratively funded contracts and FHWA R&D staff studies. Highway Planning and Research (HP&R) Program reports are not listed. This edition cites those R&D reports printed from late 1971, when the report numbering system began, to March 31, 1981. This index updates the January 1979 edition. KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Indexes documentation KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Pavements KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Soils KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384609 AU - Chen, Rong-Her AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Three-Dimensional Slope Stability Analysis PY - 1981/09/30/Final Report SP - 325p AB - General methods of three-dimensional slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium concepts and the finite element method are proposed. Two different computer programs based on the limit equilibrium concept, LEMIX and BLOCK 3, are developed to analyze rotational and translational slides, respectively. For rotational slides, the failure mass is assumed symmetrical and divided into many vertical columns. The interslice forces are assumed to have the same inclination throughout the mass, and the intercolumn shear forces are assumed to be parallel to the base of the column and a function of their positions. Force and moment equilibrium are satisfied for each column as well as for the total mass. For translational slides, the critical failure surface is defined according to Rankine's theory and the factor of safety is assumed to be uniform along the total failure surface. The analysis is illustrated for several slope angles, soil parameters, and pore water conditions. The results show that for both translational and rotational slides, the 3-D effect is more significant for cohesive soils with smaller failure lengths. However, a wedge type of failure may result in a smaller factor of safety than that of the 2-D condition. A gently inclined weak layer with lower strength may cause a higher 3-D effect. In rotational slides, the steeper the slope, the less the 3-D effect. Pore water pressures generally cause the 3-D effect to be even more significant. In addition, a 3-D finite element computer program FESPON is also (developed. It uses a hyperbolic stress-strain relationship and an incremental technique to simulate the nonlinear behavior of soils. Isoparametric incompatible elements are used to provide good bending characteristics. The program can calculate the local factors of safety at selected points on the failure surface as well as the mean factor of safety for a chosen failure mass. The comparison between the limit equilibrium and finite element methods is also conducted for embankments with the same soil conditions and failure surfaces. The agreement is quite good, with the finite element method predictably yielding higher factors of safety. KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314038 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349937 AU - Yoder, E J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR THE EVALUATION OF PAVEMENTS IN INDIANA PY - 1981/09/30 SP - 20 p. AB - The Indiana Department of Highways is presently setting up a Pavement Management System. As a part of this personnel at Purdue University in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Highways Research and Training Center has conducted a research project on methods for evaluating pavements utilizing roughness data and deflection data. For this research four types of pavements were evaluated, flexible, overlay, jointed reinforced concrete and continuously reinforced concrete. The basic unit evaluated in the study is the construction contract and the research is based on using the road meter and Dynaflect for obtaining field data. Documentation for the research is contained in two Interim Reports submitted to the IDOH and FHWA. This report summarizes the important conclusions arrived at in the overall study. A brief review of events leading up to the research along with the basic framework for a Pavement Management System to be used in Indiana is presented. Recommendations have been made on the number of tests to be made, location of tests and time of testing. This information can be used by the state as input data in their potential management system. (FHWA) KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Road meters KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364850 AU - McNeil, S AU - Hendrickson, C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Carnegie Mellon University TI - THREE STATISTICAL MODELS OF PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT BASED ON TURNPIKE DATA WITH AN APPLICATION TO ROADWAY COST ALLOCATION PY - 1981/09/25 SP - 121 p. AB - Data from turnpikes in Northeastern U.S.A. is used to develop statistical models for the costs of routine roadway maintenance and for the frequency of repair, resurfacing and rehabilitation (3R) work. The models may be used to indicate the sources of error in budget estimates, facilitate cost control and to plan maintenance strategies. The model funtions are also incorporated in a life cycle management model to predict costs over the life of a pavement, and the optimal time to reconstruct a pavement with respect to pavement related costs. An example is presented of an application of the models to estimate equitable, cost based user charges for vehicle classes on the Ohio turnpike. The models are simple functions of the traffic using the roadway (measured in equivalent single axle loads, ESAL), the age of the pavement and the number of years since pavement reconstruction. All the models showed a reasonable fit to the data over the anticipated ranges of traffic and pavement ages on the turnpikes. When tested on a hold-out pavement section from the Ohio turnpike the routine maintenance cost function exhibited an average error of less than 10%. Similarly, predicted maintenance costs for 1980 showed less error than estimates made by the turnpike authority for the Ohio turnpike. KW - Allocation models KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Corrosion KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Economic models KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Statistical analysis KW - Toll roads KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580888 AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - Christensen, Derald C AU - Terrel, Ronald L AU - Cook, John C AU - Gietz, Robert H AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State University TI - Sulfur Extended Asphalt Pavement Evaluation in the State of Washington: Design and Construction Report PY - 1981/09//Final Report SP - 163p AB - This report summarizes the placement of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at two test sites near Pullman, Washington. One site was on an existing state highway and the other made use of the Washington State University Test Track. The report includes the preliminary mix designs, pavement thickness determination, construction details and initial performance data for the test pavements. A major experimental feature of the study was the use of 0/100 (conventional asphalt concrete), 30/70 and 40/60 SEA binder ratios in the experimental paving mixtures. KW - Binders KW - Evaluation KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Pullman (Washington) KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Test sections KW - Test tracks KW - Thickness UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/056.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420442 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Herrin, S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A pavement moisture accelerated distress (MAD) identification system: volume 2 - users manual PY - 1981/09 IS - FHWA/RD-81-080 SP - 238P AB - For the record of volume 1, see control no 8407AR274E. KW - Damage KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement KW - Pavements KW - Water KW - Water KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420432 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Herrin, S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A pavement moisture accelerated distress (MAD) identification system: volume 1 - identification system PY - 1981/09 IS - FHWA/RD-81-079 SP - 144P AB - For the record of volume 2, see control no 8410AR420E. KW - Damage KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement KW - Pavements KW - Water KW - Water KW - Weather KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01389545 AU - Jex, H R AU - Zellner, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Significant factors in truck ride quality: vol 1: summary report PY - 1981/09 IS - FHWA/RD-81/138 SP - 31p KW - Ride quality KW - Riding quality KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Roughness KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle pavement interaction KW - Vibration KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1157311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365194 AU - Hayden, R L AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATURAL TUNNEL VENTILATION PY - 1981/09 SP - 75 p. AB - The ventilation system at the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel was studied to determine the most energy efficient means of operation. The tunnel is a twin bore highway facility 8,940 feet long having a fully transverse ventilation system. Of the four mechanisms responsible for natural ventilation (piston effect, barometric pressure differentials, chimney effect, and outside wind effects) only the piston effect was found to be reliable. The TUNVEN computer model was found to be an excellent tunnel design and analysis tool. Through its application, a seasonal variation in airflow caused by icing in the flues was discovered. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air pollution KW - Emission control systems KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Intake systems KW - Intake valves KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Vehicular tunnels KW - Ventilation equipment KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364984 AU - Carney, J F AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A STEEL TUBE VEHICLE IMPACT ATTENUATION SYSTEM PY - 1981/09 SP - 88 p. AB - This report first summarizes the scale model experimental program conducted by the Principal Investigator at the University of Cambridge in England. A design procedure based on these experiments is then developed and employed to design two full scale steel tube impact attenuation systems. These systems have been subjected to a full scale crash testing program involving vehicles of various weights impacting the units at different locations while traveling at 60 mph. The performance of these impact attenuation devices with respect to structural adequacy, impact severity, and vehicle trajectory are evaluated. KW - Equipment tests KW - Highways KW - Impact tests KW - Safety equipment KW - Test equipment KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346701 AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN TRUCK RIDE QUALITY PY - 1981/09 SP - 428p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365512 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION I (VOLUME 3): CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION-P/S PIPE PY - 1981/09 SP - 100 p. AB - A 96-in.-(2,438-mm) diameter, prestressed concrete pipe with 23.5-in. (596-mm) thick walls embedded under a 200-ft (61-m) highway embankment, was instrumented and tested under the load of the overburden. An essentially unloaded control segment was also instrumented and subjected to a similar environment. Equations were developed and a computerized neutral point program was written to assess prestressed pipe behavior, and quasi-theoretical and observed parameters were compared after prototype strains had been corrected for creep and shrinkage strains indicated by the control zone. Excellent correlations were obtained, especially at the higher overfills. Recommendations are furnished for implementation. KW - California KW - Culverts KW - Data collection KW - Earth pressure KW - Field tests KW - Fills KW - Mathematical models KW - Pipe KW - Pipes tubes KW - Reinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619185 AU - Way, G B AU - Eisenberg, J F AU - Delton, J P AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARIZONA'S PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, SUMMARY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARIZONA'S OPERATIONAL PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 27 p. AB - This report details the development of Arizona's presently operational pavement management system in a non-technical manner. Background material was drawn from Arizona's eight previous technical research reports spanning seven years. In addition, practical benefits, application and problems which occurred since implementation one year ago are discussed. KW - Arizona KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390389 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN TRAVEL MONITORING METHODS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/09 SP - 11 p. AB - This report summarize methods of developing comprehensive regional travel monitoring programs. Three conclusions are drawn. First, a comprehensive travel monitoring program can support a number of programs and activities of State, regional, and local agencies. Such a program must, however, explicity consider the data needs of all agencies to be truly effective. Second, statistical sampling methods can be used to design the study so that the monitoring measures will be sufficiently precise to be useful, and so that the smallest possible data collection effort will be needed within this constraint. The use of sampling does, however, reduce the flexibility of selecting locations and dates for data collection activities. Third, the illustrative regional travel monitoring program summarized in this report is believed to be both technically feasible and affordable for most regional planning agencies. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Regional transportation KW - Statistical sampling KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376395 AU - Evink, G L AU - Florida Department of Transportation TI - SYSTEMS LEVEL HYDROLOGICAL MODELING OF CAUSEWAYS PY - 1981/09 SP - n.p. AB - A two-dimensional finite-difference rectangular grid hydrodynamic model was developed and used to simulate hydrological conditions in the Indian River from Sebastian Inlet to the northern boundary of the system. Hydrological conditions with and without causeways under prevailing summer and winter wind conditions were simulated. Simulations indicate that tidal influence is minimal above the Melbourne Causeway. Circulation in the northern area of the system is predominately wind driven. Under summer conditions, waters to the south of the Melbourne Causeway move to the Sebastian Inlet in approximately 48 hours. Waters to the north move to the north along the western edge of the system while waters on the east side move in a zig-zag or circular motion. Net water movement to the north is the case with summer winds. Under winter conditions, movement of water to the Inlet from a larger area was observed. Wind driven stacking and water circulations was the case. Net water movement to the south was observed during storms. (FHWA) KW - Causeways KW - Flow KW - Hydrologic data KW - Hydrologic phenomena KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Seasons KW - Streamflow KW - Water KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373134 AU - Lukas, J S AU - DuPree, R B AU - Swing, J W AU - California Department of Health Services AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF NOISE ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR PY - 1981/09 SP - n.p. AB - There is a significant acoustical difference between State and Federal rules governing implementation of noise abatement programs in schools impacted by freeway noise. The magnitude of that difference suggests the rules may have been based upon empirically weak grounds. This study of third and sixth grades of 15 elementary schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District indicates that California's rule is more accurate than is the Federal rule in predicting the effects of noise on reading achievement. Based upon this study and another independent study, a revision of the existing rule is recommended. The design criterion for traffic noise inside classrooms should be L sub eq = 58 dB C-weighted. This criterion level is approximately 7 dB less than the current Federal standard and about 6 dB higher than the California standard. Because of the apparent synergistic effects of community and classroom noise levels on academic achieveent, in order for the above classroom noise limit to be effective in preventing degradation of achievement from noise, efforts will be required to contain community noise levels so as not to exceed L sub 1 = 65 dBA. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Insulating materials KW - Performance KW - School children KW - Schools KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371678 AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN APPLICATION OF RF DATA TRANSMISSION IN FREEWAY RAMP METERING PY - 1981/09 SP - 82 p. AB - A radio frequency (RF) transceiving system was employed as the interconnect between entrance ramp controllers on I-30 in Forth Worth, Texas. After the RF system was installed, a short and intensive study was conducted to determine if equipment failure or interference was occurring. After simulating more than 6 months of equivalent ramp control operation, no errors were detected. (FHWA) KW - Data communications KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway ramps KW - Radio transmission KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Transmission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371680 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM USING THE RESULTS FOR THE FREQ3CP MODEL PY - 1981/09 SP - 151 p. AB - An economic analysis computer program (ECOANA) was developed in FORTRAN to generate economic measures from included rate tables and stored traffic operation data. The traffic data used are stored by the modified FREQ3CP freeway simulation program. The measures include monetary costs for travel time, vehicle operation and accidents as well as fuel consumption and pollution emission quantities. The derivation of each economic measure is discussed by listing how the simulated traffic data are used to manipulate the appropriate cost or usage table. A discussion of how to set up the program cards for the ECOANA program is given along with a listing, sample printout and flowchart of the program. The engineer can now have realistic data from which benefit-to-cost figures can be developed. (FHWA) KW - Accident costs KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pollution KW - Traffic KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345092 AU - JEX, H R AU - Zellner, J W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN TRUCK RIDE QUALITY. VOLUME I. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 35 p. AB - The objective of this study was to identify factors leading to significant differences in truck ride quality for a representative sample of long haul trucks in regular commercial use. Representatives of industry and labor organizations were contacted in order to obtain their assessments of key problem areas, and the state of the art in ride assessment technology was reviewed. A new experimental methodology was evolved which avoided most of the problems of earlier research. Data acquisition and analysis systems were developed for obtaining accurate, repeatable, and reliable ride data during in-service truck operations. In-service measurements were made with a typical variety of truck types, tires, seats, loads, speeds, roadways, and drivers. An array of in-cab data was tape recorded, with measurements being made in several short bursts for each of several roadway pavement categories and operating conditions. The IRIG Standard FM tape recordings included speed and six channels of in-cab vibration, cab floor and seat accelerations. Other recorded variables included: sound power level, air temperature, and driver and experimenter subjective ride ratings. The collected data were used to compute various ride quality measures, and include comprehensive statistics, spectra and ISO weighted measures. Preliminary correlations between objective and subjective ride measures were established. The dominant truck ride factors were found to be: pavement condition, wheel asymmetries, truck design and loading variations, and, to a lesser degree, cruising speed. No clear ride superiority was shown for any one type of tractor configuration, suspension, or seat. (FHWA) KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Seats KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345093 AU - JEX, H R AU - Zellner, J W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN TRUCK RIDE QUALITY--VOLUME II: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - 240 p. AB - The objective of this study was to identify factors leading to significant differences in truck ride quality for a representative sample of long haul trucks in regular commercial use. Representatives of industry and labor organizations were contacted in order to obtain their assessments of key problem areas, and the state of the art in ride assessment technology was reviewed. A new experimental methodology was evolved which avoided most of the problems of earlier research. Data acquisition and analysis systems were developed for obtaining accurate, repeatable, and reliable ride data during in-service truck operations. In-service measurements were made with a typical variety of truck types, tires, seats, loads, speeds, roadways, and drivers. An array of in-cab data was tape recorded, with measurements being made in several short bursts for each of several roadway pavement categories and operating conditions. The IRIG Standard FM tape recordings included speed and six channels of in-cab vibration, cab floor and seat accelerations. Other recorded variables included: sound power level, air temperature, and driver and experimenter subjective ride ratings. The collected data were used to compute various ride quality measures, and include comprehensive statistics, spectra and ISO weighted measures. Preliminary correlations between objective and subjective ride measures were established. The dominant truck design and loading variations, and, to a lesser degree, cruising speed. No clear ride superiority was shown for any one type of tractor configuration, suspension, or seat. (FHWA) KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Seats KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362090 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - GUIDE TO URBAN TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNTING PY - 1981/09 SP - 52 p. AB - This report presents methods by which urbanized areas can develop and implement integrated traffic data counting programs to serve the volume data needs of all their agencies. The procedures presented complement the techniques for measuring vehicle type and occupancy presented in the Guide for Estimating Urban Vehicle Classification and Occupancy. Methods for estimating volume at a single location, volume across a particular cordonline or cutline, vehicle-miles travelled within a corridor, and regional vehicle-miles travelled are presented. Of particular value to transportation technical staffs in urban areas, these techniques permit collection of volume data at pre-determined levels of precision, and in a cost-effective manner. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361539 AU - Fullerton, I J AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY DELINEATION PRACTICES HANDBOOK PY - 1981/09 SP - 156 p. AB - In the context of this Handbook, roadway delineation is defined as a system of devices and or/markings--excluding signs and signals--that regulate, warn, or provide tracking information and guidance to the driver. Intended primarily for use by various levels of design, traffic, and maintenance engineering personnel, the Roadway Delineation Practices Handbook provides practical assistance guidelines in the proper application of available delineation systems. Although not intended to be a state-of-the-art report, the handbook does provide an overview of current developments in the area of roadway delineation techniques. Major topics within the handbook include "Painted Markings," "Thermoplastic and Other Durable Markings," "Raised Pavement Markers," "Post Delineators" and "Administrative and Management Considerations." Contained within the discussion of each category of delineation techniques is a discussion of issues relating to uses, materials, application procedures, service life, and maintenance. One of the primary functions of the handbook is to offer guidance for implementing the provisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices concerning roadway delineation. (FHWA) KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Handbooks KW - Highway delineators KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Road marking materials KW - Service life KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349950 AU - VAN KIRK, J L AU - Grottkau, W A AU - Shirley, E C AU - Howell, R B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERCOLATION TESTING FOR SEPTIC TANK LEACH FIELDS AT ROADSIDE RESTS PY - 1981/09 SP - 81 p. AB - In order to better design septic tank leach field systems at safety roadside rest areas, this interim study of the percolation characteristics of the soil was undertaken. It became apparent that the present methods of obtaining percolation rates for different soils (used for the design of septic tank leach fields) did not provide consistent and, in some cases, accurate results. This study shows that there are many factors which can affect the percolation test, such as: Hole depth; Hole diameter; Use of power augers; Use of pea gravel and perforated pipes; Loose soil left in test holes; Method and duration of presoaking test hole; Type of measuring device used; and Procedure used for the test. Based on the results of this study, a "Standardized Percolation Test Procedure" was developed. This standardized procedure eliminates the factors which can affect percolation testing and provides the designer with percolation rates which can be logically compared from one site to another. (FHWA) KW - Augers KW - Design KW - Leaching KW - Percolation KW - Perforated pipe KW - Power augers KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Septic tanks KW - Soils KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362022 AU - Way, G B AU - Eisenberg, J F AU - Delton, J P AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARIZONA'S PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PHASE II: ANALYSIS OF TESTING FREQUENCY FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION PY - 1981/09 SP - 34 p. AB - A Pavement Management System (PMS) is highly dependent on the quantity and quality of data. This report addresses the frequency of inventory tests (Deflection, rutting, cracking, flushing) necessary to insure appropriately sufficient quality of data. A designed experiment consisting of the above field tests were conducted at 76 two-mile locations, where 10 tests per mile (at .1 of a mile) were conducted. Results of that testing indicated that one dynaflect deflection rut depth, flushing index test and two percent cracking tests were adequate. (FHWA) KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Evaluation KW - Flushing KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Inventory KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349956 AU - Hayden, R L AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATURAL TUNNEL VENTILATION PY - 1981/09 SP - 66 p. AB - The ventilation system at the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel was studied to determine the most energy efficient means of operation. The tunnel is a twin bore highway facility 8,940 feet long having a fully transverse ventilation system. Of the four mechanisms responsible for natural ventilation (piston effect, barometric pressure differentials, chimney effect, and outside wind effects) only the piston effect was found to be reliable. The most efficient means of operation was found to be a balanced mode in which equal supply and exhaust flows are provided for each ventilation section. Unbalanced operation is less economical because it tends to interfere with the natural ventilation provided by the piston effect. The TUNVEN computer model was found to be an excellent tunnel design and analysis tool. Through its application, seasonal variation in airflow caused by icing in the flues was discovered. It has also indicated that emission rates of late model automobiles may be much higher than thought, at least at high altitudes. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Altitude KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pistons (Engines) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175868 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361534 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WET WEATHER ACCIDENTS AND PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 68-74 AB - The problems in relating pavement skid resistance to accidents have been reviewed. A friction potential has been defined and a hypothetical relationship has been suggested. KW - Crash causes KW - Friction KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Roads KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180569 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361533 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oaks, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN REALTIME TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 62-67 AB - This article demonstrates how computer graphics can be used to help the traffic engineer retime traffic signals within a computerized signal system. KW - Computer graphics KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349154 AU - Gerwick, B C AU - Holland, T C AU - Komendant, G J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TREMIE CONCRETE FOR BRIDGE PIERS AND OTHER MASSIVE UNDERWATER PLACEMENTS PY - 1981/09 SP - 203 p. AB - This study reviewed the placement of mass concrete under water using a tremie. Areas investigated included (a) Mixture design of tremie concrete including the use of pozzolanic replacement of portions of the cement; (b) Flow patterns and flow related characteristics of tremie-placed concrete; (c) Heat development and associated cracking problems for tremie concrete; (d) Prediction of temperatures in massive tremie concrete placements; and (e) Quality of tremie-placed concrete. Additionally, the tremie placement of a massive cofferdam seal for a pier of a major bridge and the tremie placement of a deep cutoff wall through an existing earthfill dam are examined. A recommended practice and a guide specification for massive tremie placements are provided. These items cover basic principles of tremie placement, concrete materials and mixture design, temperature considerations, placement equipment, preplacement planning, placement procedures, and postplacement evaluation. (FHWA) KW - Bridge piers KW - Cofferdams KW - Concrete placing KW - Cracking KW - Cutoff walls KW - Dams KW - Equipment KW - Fills KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Mix design KW - Pozzolan KW - Specifications KW - Temperature KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses KW - Tremie concrete KW - Underwater construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175248 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361600 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oaks, R L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLE OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN REALTIME TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 62-67 AB - This article demonstrates how computer graphics can be used to help the traffic engineer retime traffic signals within a computerized signal system. The system described is called KARTS--the Kettering Area Responsive Traffic System. Using 1976 dollars, the entire system cost just over one million dollars. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computers KW - Costs KW - On line computers KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364937 AU - Weaver, G D AU - Woods, D L AU - Allen, C J AU - Matlock, N L AU - Hatcher, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NO-PASSING ZONE TREATMENTS FOR SPECIAL GEOMETRIC AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS PY - 1981/09 SP - 95 p. AB - This report presents suggested guidelines for uniform application of no-passing zone treatments on rural two-lane highways at uncontrolled and controlled intersections, railroad grade crossings, narrow two-lane bridges, one-way bridges, school zones, roadside development, and transition sections between two-lane and divided highways. Two sets of guidelines are presented: (1) utilizing MUTCD standard signs and markings, and (2) utilizing an experimental advance treatment consisting of a short dotted line marking adjacent to the approach centerline and the NO-PASSING ZONE pennant sign. The guidelines include suggested lengths of no-passing zones to provide sufficient driver expectancy conditioning for the situations and suggested guidelines for installation. Minimum distances between successive no-passing zones for operational safety are also presented. KW - Bridges KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Intersections KW - No passing zones KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Schools KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177168 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361753 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hegmon, R R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WET WEATHER ACCIDENTS AND PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 68-74 AB - This article reviews the problems in relating pavement skid resistance to accidents. It shows that the failure to agree on minimum skid resistance requirements is not because of a lack of effort. A friction potential is defined and a hypothetical relationship is suggested which, it is hoped, will stimulate discussion and generate sufficient interest to test the hypothesis in future research studies. KW - Crashes KW - Friction KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349481 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SULPHUR EXTENDED ASPHALT PAVING MATERIALS PY - 1981/09 SP - 44 p. AB - Of all the sulphur-based paving systems being researched, the sulphur extended asphalt (SEA) mix is the closest to practical implementation. Although a considerable number of field trials in North America have demonstrated the full-scale construction viability of the SEA mixtures, only a limited amount of research work has been reported on the engineering properties of these mixtures over a wide range of service temperatures and their susceptibility to moisture-induced damage. The laboratory evaluation in this report consists of one asphalt source (AC-20), two aggregates (stone and gravel), and six levels of sulphur contents (ranging from 0 to 50 percent by weight of the binder). The engineering properties (such as, tensile strength, stiffness modulus, Marshall stability, resilient modulus, etc.) of the dense graded SEA mixtures have been determined over a wide range of service temperatures: from -29 C (-20 F) to 60 C (140 F). Idaho test was used to predict the mix susceptibility to moisture-induced damage. The data obtained in this rather extensive study of the SEA mixtures indicates that at -12 C (10 F) and lower temperatures, the mix stiffness modulus is not affected when the sulphur (up to 40 percent) is substituted for asphalt. The use of 50/50 (sulphur-asphalt ratio by weight) SEA mix may not be advantageous for thin overlays, it appears to be promising for base courses. The gravel mix was found to be susceptible to moisture-induced damage when the SEA binders were used. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Laboratory studies KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Properties of materials KW - Stiffness KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349167 AU - Hayden, R L AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATURAL TUNNEL VENTILATION PY - 1981/09 SP - 66 p. AB - The ventilation system at the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel was studied to determine the most energy efficient means of operation. The tunnel is a twin bore highway facility 8,940 feet long having a fully transverse ventilation system. Of the four mechanisms responsible for natural ventilation (piston effect, barometric pressure differentials, chimney effect, and outside wind effects) only the piston effect was found to be reliable. The most efficient means of operation was found to be a balanced mode in which equal supply and exhaust flows are provided for each ventilation section. Unbalanced operation is less economical because it tends to interfere with the natural ventilation provided by the piston effect. The TUVEN computer model was found to be an excellent tunnel design and analysis tool. Through its application, a seasonal variation in airflow caused by icing in the flues was discovered. It has also indicated that emission rates of late model automobiles may be much higher than thought, at least at high altitudes. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Altitude KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Fuel consumption KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175261 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361315 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ross, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FUTURE OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION PY - 1981/09 VL - 45 IS - 2 SP - p. 75-79 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Research has long been a leader in traffic simulation. NETSIM, probably the most widely used traffic simulation program in the world today, was originally developed under contract to FHWA and has been modified and extended by the Office of Research many times. Many other developments in traffic simulation originated in the Office of Research, where modification of old programs and development of new programs are continuing efforts. This article projects the future of traffic simulation--what features traffic simulation programs will have 20, 30, or even 50 years from now. The statements in the article are necessarily hypothetical and subjective and will exclude ideas on traffic simulation that are currently being developed or planned. Pilot studies or preliminary research on nearly all of the features described will not be incorporated into publicly released traffic simulation programs within the next 5 years. KW - Computers KW - Development KW - Future concepts KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348648 AU - Carney, J F AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A STEEL TUBE VEHICLE IMPACT ATTENUATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/09 SP - n.p. AB - This report first summarizes the scale model experimental program conducted by the Principal Investigator at the University of Cambridge in England. A design procedure based on these experiments is then developed and employed to design two full scale steel tube impact attenuation systems. These systems have been subjected to a full scale crash testing program involving vehicles of various weights impacting the units at different locations while traveling at 60 mph. The performance of these impact attenuation devices with respect to structural adequacy, impact severity, and vehicle trajectory are evaluated. (FHWA) KW - Corrosion protection KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Scale models KW - Steel KW - Steel protection KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing KW - Trajectory KW - Vehicle trajectories KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348635 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING ASPHALT CONCRETE ON STATE ROUTE 36 PY - 1981/09 SP - 54 p. AB - This report documents the asphalt concrete recycling activity on State Contract No. 02-130804. This was the first formal surface recycling project accomplished by the California Department of Transportation. The project was located in Plumas and Lassen Counties, on State Route 36, in and around the city of Westwood in northeastern California. A heater-scarifier was used to heat the old asphalt concrete and loosen the top 3/4" plus or minus for recycling. The top 3/4" that was loosened was then treated with Reclamite, combined with new hot asphalt concrete, and relaid in the roadway as a recycled mix. Air pollution appeared to be excessive from the heater-scarifier, and the final recycled mix, although looking good, produced a series of erratic test results. Performance monitored for three successive years was less than desirable due to the rapid development of severe reflection cracking. The recycled AC was somewhat less effective than a 1-inch overlay of new AC in resisting this reflection cracking. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Equipment KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348652 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - Dempsey, B J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PAVEMENT MOISTURE ACCELERATED DISTRESS (MAD) IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM, USERS MANUAL--VOLUME 2 PY - 1981/09 SP - 238 p. AB - This report is a users manual designed to provide the engineer with a rational method of examining a pavement and determining rehabilitation needs that are related to the causes of the existing distress, particularly moisture related distress. The key elements in this procedure are the MAD Index developed in Volume 1, the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and the Moisture Distress Index (MDI). Step by step procedures are presented for calculating each parameter. Complete distress identification manuals are included for asphalt surfaced highways and jointed reinforced concrete highways with pictures and descriptions of all major distress types. Descriptions of the role moisture plays in the development of each distress type are included. A chapter is devoted to the interpretation of results with major emphasis on how the results indicate moisture distress, or the lack of it. The interpretation allows specific recommendations to be formulated by the engineer concerning the urgency of the needed rehabilitation as well as the type of rehabilitation and the need for the rehabilitation to address moisture problems in the pavement. Volume 1 is FHWA/RD-81/079. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Manuals KW - Moisture content KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364823 AU - Hendrickson, C AU - Wohl, M AU - McNeil, S AU - Carnegie Mellon University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ISSUES INHERENT IN THE ALLOCATION OF ROADWAY COSTS PY - 1981/09 SP - 110 p. AB - Roadway cost allocation is an analysis step which can be applied in the development of equitable, cost based user charges or taxes for roadway use. Typically, roadway cost allocation is intended to insure that each vehicle class will contribute its equitable share of expenditures. An alternative to user charges based on allocated cost is a set of charges based upon short run marginal costs. This pricing policy would maximize net social benefits, but there are numerous practical problems in its implementation. This paper introduces the process of cost allocation and discusses several economic issues inherent in the process, and considers the practicality of theoretically efficient prices. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost estimating KW - Economic factors KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Estimates KW - Fees KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Prices KW - Rates KW - Rates costs KW - Revenues KW - Roads KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348646 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Herrin, S AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PAVEMENT MOISTURE ACCELERATED DISTRESS (MAD) IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM--VOLUME 1 PY - 1981/09 SP - 144 p. AB - This report details the development of extrinsic (climate) and intrinsic (material property) factors that impact on the moisture-related performance of a pavement. Procedures are presented which allow the engineer to classify a pavement as to the potential for moisture accelerated damage (MAD) to occur. This analysis can be performed in the office during initial planning stages to indicate areas where moisture damage may be expected. The areas noted with a high potential for MAD can be investigated further by visual, NDT, or coring operations during the normal development of the rehabilitation project. This simplified analysis allows the engineer to see where, and why moisture damage should develop, and aids him in evaluating drainage problems of particular materials and considering the need for further drainage studies. Volume 2 is FHWA/RD-81/080, Users Manual. (FHWA) KW - Climate KW - Defects KW - Drainage KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348638 AU - Iyer, L S AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATION TO BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/09 SP - 85 p. AB - One of the most severe problems facing the highway industry today is the rapid deterioration of concrete bridge decks. The need for quick setting, durable patching material has been evident for some time. Polymer concrete seems to solve the problem to provide fast development of strength and protection against chloride penetration in the bridge deck. In this project, a "System" related to patchwork using polymer concrete with local aggregates was developed and this was compared with the commercially available materials. This study includes the laboratory tests and field performance of the "System" using the polymer matrix developed at SDSM&T. Chapter 2 deals with the test program in the laboratory. The field applications are presented in Chapter 3 of this report. Findings and evaluations of this study are reported in Chapter 4. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Patching KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348632 AU - Erdely, J AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF LITTERCRETE (INCINERATOR RESIDUE) IN A BITUMINOUS BASE COURSE PY - 1981/09 SP - 64 p. AB - The use of incinerated residue as an aggregate in a bituminous base was studied. A bituminous base utilizing incinerated residue for its aggregate will be termed littercrete in this report. Test sections of an experimental hot mixed littercrete base and a conventional asphalt concrete base (termed control) were placed on a city street in Houston, Texas, and topped with a conventional wearing surface. This report presents the results from field observations and laboratory tests on field core samples during the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of in-service performance of the pavements. This report also evaluates the performance of the pavements during the entire six-year span of the study. Evaluation of the laboratory tests and field observations show that the littercrete is performing essentially the same as the conventional control section. The only distress that has occurred in the littercrete section is minor surface cracking. This cracking is confined to the conventional wearing surface and has not progressed through the littercrete base. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous bases KW - Defects KW - Field studies KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347828 AU - Dorsey, W F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGICAL REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1981/09 SP - 65 p. AB - This report provides a review and assessment of fiber optics technology. The key areas of discussion include fiber optics basic principles, components, design considerations, and applications. The report also attempts to identify and forecast the future developmental areas of this technology. The sixth chapter of the report concentrates on a systems level assessment of the fiber optics technology for traffic control. KW - Communication KW - Components KW - Connectors KW - Design KW - Fasteners KW - Fiber optics KW - Motor vehicles KW - Optical communication KW - Photodiodes KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345771 AU - WHITING, D AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID DETERMINATION OF THE CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE PY - 1981/09 SP - 174 p. AB - Techniques have been developed for determination of the permeability of a variety of concretes to chloride ions in a relatively rapid period of time. The most promising method involves application of d.c. voltage in the range of 60.0-80.0 volts for 6-hours to either a section of a reinforced concrete bridge deck or a core taken from a concrete structure. Both variations involve conditioning of the specimen prior to test so as to eliminate test anomalies caused by low slample moisture contents. Core specimens can be tested at the rate of one specimen per day with a total of 2 days needed for a complete test including conditioning. The field apparatus is capable of conducting four tests within one working week on a given bridge deck. Results have been shown to yield reasonably good correlation with FHWA 90-day ponding data on companion specimens. Concretes can be ranked according to high, moderate, low, or very low chloride permeability. Further work is needed in order to make the test more applicable to field testing of bridge deck overlays. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete structures KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Permeability KW - Rapid methods KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345374 AU - Reiss, R A AU - Sperry Rand Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC DIVERSION SOFTWARE--APPLICATIONS SUMMARY PY - 1981/09 SP - 58 p. AB - The report summarizes potential applications for a software package which optimizes traffic flow in a roadway corridor. Two versions of the package are described. The on-line version (DIVERT) contains an algorithm which optimizes a performance objective in the corridor. This version is intended for integration into a real-time corridor traffic control system. The off-line version (DIVSIM) contains DIVERT embedded in the traffic simulation program, SCOT. This version enables the user to exercise the algorithm via simulation in a specific corridor. (FHWA) KW - Algorithms KW - Applications KW - Computer programs KW - Optimization KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345375 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Stockton, W R AU - Hatcher, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAN ANTONIO MOTORIST INFORMATION AND DIVERSION SYSTEM PY - 1981/09 SP - 190 p. AB - This report documents studies to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost motorist information diversion system (MIDS) in San Antonio, Texas. The system was implemented in 1977 as a demonstration program by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, working in cooperation with the San Antonio Corridor Management Team. Its purpose was to alleviate congestion and reduce accidents on I-35 in San Antonio near the Central Business District. It included the following phases: 1. I-35 route change around the CBD, 2. use of a low-cost changeable message sign (CMS) system for freeway diversion, and 3. use of the CMS system for managing traffic during freeway maintenance. In addition to system effectiveness, the lessons learned from the demonstration program and recommendations for future urban MIDS systems are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Central business districts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver information systems KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345104 AU - Alexander, M L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRODUCIBILITY IMPROVEMENT FOR SOIL AND AGGREGATE CONTROL TESTS PY - 1981/09 SP - 106 p. AB - Laboratory test procedures and equipment were reviewed in an effort to identify discrepancies and improve the reproducibility of tests commonly used to evaluate soils and aggregates for construction in California. Twenty-three laboratories participated in this study by testing prepared test samples under the observation of the researchers. Human errors were found to be a primary factor contributing to poor test reproducibility. The most common human errors were in weighing and measuring quantities. Other sources of test variability were traced to differences in testing equipment, deficiencies in procedural definitions, and changes in test solutions. In response to the findings of this study, several modifications have been made to the California Test Methods. These same findings and revisions are applicable to corresponding AASHTO and ASTM procedures. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Errors KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Measurement KW - Reproducibility KW - Soil tests KW - Test procedures KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346683 AU - Campbell, P G AU - Martin, J W AU - McKnight, M E AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-TERM EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR COATINGS ON STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1981/09 SP - 46 p. AB - The objectives of the study are to review existing short-term test procedures for selecting coatings, and to discuss analytical measurement techniques for characterizing coating systems and for monitoring coating degradation. In assessing current accelerated aging testing procedures several deficiencies became apparent. These included the reported lack of reproducibility in the rankings for different iterations of the same short-term test and the lack of correlatability between the rankings of short-term laboratory and long-term outdoor exposure tests. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aging KW - Coatings KW - Dehydrogenation KW - Evaluation KW - Monitoring KW - Protective coatings KW - Selecting KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346667 AU - Morris, A I AU - Tilford Nemour, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - West Virginia Department of Highways TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1981/09 SP - 51 p. AB - Equipment, an important resource in state highway operations, has in recent years escalated rapidly in both capital replacement and operating cost. West Virginia chose not to follow the trend currently being pursued by several states in developing equipment management systems. The latter were evaluated to be too paper intensive for suitable consideration by top management. The West Virginia Department of Highways Equipment Management System also incorporates innovative approaches to the development and operation of preventive maintenance programs, component rebuild evaluation, shop production control, simplification of parts inventory resupply and record keeping, optimizing fleet size and equipment allocation, and evaluation for replacement and rehabilitation decisions. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment KW - Equipment replacement KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Highways KW - Inventory control KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Records management KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - State highway departments KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342329 AU - Irwin, R J AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGE DECKS WITH 3-IN. DESIGN COVER PY - 1981/09 SP - 25 p. AB - The condition of 15 concrete bridge deck spans built under a requirement for 3 in. of clear cover over top-mat steel reinforcement was examined after 4 and 5 years of service. No spalling or delamination of surface concrete was observed, concrete chloride contents at rebar levels were generally below corrosion threshold values, and half-cell potentials more negative than -0.35 v CCS were found in only two of the spans. The level of corrosion activity in these spans, as measured by half-cell potential distribution, was not significantly different than that of a comparable group at the same age built under a requirement for 2 in. of cover. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Covering KW - Delamination KW - Rebars KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348639 AU - Juang, C H AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SANDY SOILS AND THE PREDICTION OF PERMEABILITY PY - 1981/08/13 SP - 109 p. AB - The soils used in this study were a sand and two sand-clay mixtures. Kneading compaction was used to prepare samples of sand-clay mixtures while pluvial compaction was used to prepare compacted samples of sand. The testing program consisted of the permeability test and the pore size distribution (PSD) test. A technique for the preparation of PSD specimens of cohesionless sands has been developed. The mercury intrusion technique was used to conduct PSD test. Falling head tests under back pressure were used to measure permeability. The pore size density function of sands studied showed a single modal characteristic on a log diameter scale while that of sand-clay mixtures showed bimodal characteristics on the same scale. The influence of varying water content and compactive effort on the fabric of the sandy soils studied was characterized by their pore size distribution and pore size density functions. A permeability model which related the pore size distribution to the permeability of soils has been proposed. The prediction of permeability by the proposed model was excellent for both the author's and Garcia-Bengochea's (1978) data. Thus, the proposed permeability model can provide an excellent predictive tool for a rather wide range of compacted soils. (FHWA) KW - Compaction KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Moisture content KW - Permeability KW - Pore size distribution KW - Sandy clays KW - Sandy soils KW - Soil tests KW - Specimens UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348030 AU - Lin, P S AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - United States Congress AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPRESSIBILITY OF FIELD COMPACTED CLAY PY - 1981/08/13 SP - 153 p. AB - The compressibility of a plastic Indiana clay (St. Croix) is studied for both laboratory and field compaction. This interim report deals with the field compacted phase. Conventional oedometer tests were performed on a field compacted plastic clay to determine the effects of water content, dry density and compaction pressure on the as-compacted and soaked compressibility behavior. As-compacted samples were incrementally loaded; of particular interest was the value of compactive prestress induced during the compaction process. Environmental changes due to increased saturation were simulated using a back pressure technique. Of interest was the one-dimensional percent volume change on wetting under load. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the best predictive models for prestress and one-dimensional percent volume change on wetting, in terms of the important compaction variables. The field compacted relationships are similar to the laboratory compacted relationships developed by DiBernardo (1979), involving the same variables, exponents and signs. Predictions of field compacted relationships from laboratory tests can be accomplished for soils which somewhat differ by using plasticity index ratio. (FHWA) KW - Clay soils KW - Compacted clays KW - Compaction KW - Compressibility KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Moisture content KW - Oedometers KW - Plastic soils KW - Plasticity index KW - Statistical analysis KW - Volume changes KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581049 AU - Mar, Brian W AU - Ferguson, John F AU - Spyridakis, Dimitris E AU - Welch, Eugene B AU - Horner, Richard R AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Year 4, Runoff Water Quality, August 1980-August 1981 PY - 1981/08//Interim Report SP - 27p AB - This report summarizes findings presented in Report Nos. 10 - 12. Included are the results of studies aimed at improving and extending Asplund's solids loading model, increasing data on the ratios of various pollutants to total suspended solids (TSS) in the runoff, investigating the fate of heavy metals in drainage systems, and conducting bioassays on sensitive organisms exposed to highway runoff. KW - Aquatic life KW - Bioassay KW - Heavy metals KW - Highways KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Total suspended solids KW - Toxicity KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00980120 AU - Stewart, J C AU - Pourkhosrow, G AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE AT COW CREEK, OKLAHOMA PY - 1981/08 SP - 91 p. AB - This report discusses Oklahoma's second experimental internally sealed concrete bridge deck. It differed from the first on in that it contained wax beads only in the top two inches as opposed to full depth and it covered the entire deck instead of just one span. The objective of this study was to gain experience in placing and heating a wax impregnated concrete bridge deck ion a full-scale basis. Work was performed on an existing Interstate bridge that needed widening and redecking. The bridge's maintenance history is included in the report. The project design and construction phases are described in detail. The deck was placed with two pours instead of a monolithic pour as originally planned. A petrographic classification was made of the aggregates. The mix design detailing the conversion from conventional bridge deck concrete to wax bead concrete is explained. A trial mix was made prior to pouring the wax bead overlay to insure good bead distribution. The heat blankets and heat treating method used to internally seal the deck are described. Tests to determine the effectiveness of the wax seal the deck are described. Tests to determine the effectiveness of the wax seal are discussed. These included: (1) A "before" and "after" heating crack survey, (2) 24 hour absorption, (3) dye penetration, (4) skid resistance, (5) half-cell potential, (6) compressive and flexural strength, and (7) a chloride analysis. All of the test showed good results. This method deserves serious consideration in the bridge design process. KW - Aggregates KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction KW - Heat KW - Mix design KW - Oklahoma KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/740839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344421 AU - Spring, W C AU - King, WLJ AU - Naval Surface Weapons Center White Oak Lab AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIGHT DEPOLARIZATION AS A MEASURE OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE PY - 1981/08 SP - 75 p. AB - Investigations were continued to determine the feasibility of using light depolarization to measure pavement surface textures. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and on actual highways using a prototype vehicle-mounted depolarization measuring instrument. Measurements made with the prototype instrument correlated moderately well with the conventional texture and frictional measurements. The data also shows that depolarization measurements are consistent and very repeatable. Laboratory tests involved measurements at several different wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, with the objective being to determine the wavelength that would produce the highest correlation between the depolarization values and the conventional measurements. The results indicate that improved correlations occur in the near-infrared region. The conclusion is that a vehicle-mounted depolarization instrument could be constructed that will correlate satisfactorily with skid numbers or other textural measurements, provided that the required electronic components (light source and sensors) can be obtained and packaged for reliable operation from a fast moving vehicle. KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Depolarization KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365131 AU - Lukanen, E O AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE MODEL 2000 ROAD RATER PY - 1981/08 SP - 48 p. AB - This study was conducted to evaluate the Model 2000 Road Rater as a non-destructive testing device on flexible pavements, rigid pavements, composite pavements and subgrade soils. Emphasis was on the temperature and seasonal response, deflection basin shape, and measurement of resilient modulus of flexible pavements; by the Road Rater. The findings resulted in the Road Rater being utilized as a practical NDT device for the Minnesota DOT. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Minnesota KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365521 AU - Baldwin, JWJ AU - Cooper, J A AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department TI - RELATION OF TOUGHNESS TEST VALUES TO FATIGUE CRACKING IN BRIDGES PY - 1981/08 SP - 124 p. AB - Tension, Charpy, dynamic tear, C-399, and da/dN tests were conducted on three heats of A36 steel cut from a highway bridge which had been tested to failure in fatigue. Tension tests and E-399 tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 70F to -200F while all other tests were conducted in the temperature range from 70F to -50F. During field testing, the girder from one heat appeared to be more susceptible to fatigue failure than the others, but there were no significant differences in either fracture toughness or laboratory crack growth rates. Crack growth rates decreased with decreasing temperature, and did not appear to be influenced by fracture toughness. The E-399 plain strain fracture toughness test was found to be unsuitable for A-36 steel. KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Structural steel KW - Tests KW - Toughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365204 AU - Cook, J P AU - Minkarah, I AU - McDonough, J F AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE OF RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 37 p. AB - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various parameters on an experimental concrete pavement in Ross County, Ohio. Variables included in the pavement were (1) joint spacing, (2) sub-base stabilization, (3) coating of dowel bars, (4) configuration of the saw cut and (5) the use of skewed joints. Both long term and short term horizontal movements caused by temperature and vertical movement of slab ends under known axle loads were measured. A record of cracking and spalling of the pavement is also included. A statistical analysis of both long and short term movements was conducted and recommendations for joint design are included. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Joints junctions KW - Loads KW - Ohio KW - Periodic variations KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629097 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOUND PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING HIGHWAY NOISE: FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/08 SP - 117 p. AB - This revised manual presents noise measurement procedures for use by Federal, State, or local transportation departments. Methods are included for the measurement of traffic/existing sound levels, vehicle sound levels, barrier field insertion loss, non-traffic noise source sound levels, construction equipment noise, building noise reduction, and worker noise exposure. The required instrumentation, test site restrictions, step by step measurement procedures, and computational methods are included. This revision incorporates two measurement procedures issued after the interim report was published: "Determination of Reference Energy Mean Emission Levels", Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Report No. FHWA-OEP/HEV-78-1, which replaces chapter 4, and "Determination of Noise Barrier Effectiveness, FHWA Report No. FHWA-OEP/HEV-80-1, which replaces chapter 5. KW - Building KW - Calculation KW - Computations KW - Construction equipment KW - Employees KW - Insertion loss KW - Measurement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise exposure KW - Noise measurement KW - Noise reduction KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628839 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOUND PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING HIGHWAY NOISE: FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/08 SP - 117 p. AB - This revised manual presents noise measurement procedures for use by Federal, State, or local transportation departments. Methods are included for the measurement of traffic/existing sound levels, vehicle sound levels, barrier field insertion loss, non-traffic noise source sound levels, construction equipment noise, building noise reduction, and worker noise exposure. The required instrumentation, test site restrictions, step by step measurement procedures, and computational methods are included. This revision incorporates two measurement procedures issued after the interim report was published: "Determination of Reference Energy Mean Emission Levels" - FHWA-OEP/HEV-78-1, which replaces chapter 4, and "Determination of Noise Barrier Effectiveness" - FHWA-OEP/HEV-80-1, which replaces chapter 5. KW - Calculation KW - Computations KW - Construction equipment KW - Insertion loss KW - Instrumentation KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise exposure KW - Noise measurement KW - Noise reduction KW - Traffic noise KW - Vehicle noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453649 AU - LaForce, R F AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLOSIVE TREATMENT TO CORRECT SWELLING SHALES PROJECT I 70-1(61) PY - 1981/08 SP - 24 p. AB - This report describes the testing, construction, and two years of performance evaluations of the explosive treatment of swelling shales under a highway cut. Actively swelling Mancos Shale has caused maintenance problems in this section of I70 North of Grand Junction since its construction in 1964. The low level explosions disorient the bedded shale and lower its density similar to treatment by sub-excavation and recompaction at approximately one-fifth the cost. Following wetting, regrading, and repaving, this cut section has shown no significant swelling or settlement in the two years since construction. Monitoring will continue for three to five years to determine the long term performance of this treatment for swelling shales. KW - Explosive treatment KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Shale KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341500 AU - Petty, A V AU - Bureau of Mines AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CERAMIC ROADWAY AGGREGATES WITH IMPROVED POLISH- AND WEAR-RESISTANCE PY - 1981/08 SP - 104 p. AB - Through a cooperative program between the Bureau of Mines, Tuscaloosa Research Center and the Federal Highway Administration, synthetic ceramic aggregates having high wear- and polish-resistance were developed. Three hundred aggregate compositions, incorporating a variety of low-cost "waste" materials were evaluated over a 30-month period. Aggregates were produced using conventional ceramic processing techniques and fired at temperatures ranging from 900 deg - 1,500 deg C. British Wheel and L. A. Abrasion tests were used for initial screening of the aggregates. These data, in addition to raw material costs, availability, and energy requirements, were used to select nine compositions for circular track tests at Maryland DOT and North Carolina Department of Transportation and Highway Safety facilities. Economic evaluations showed that present production costs, based on a 1,000 ton-per-day operation ranged from $10 to $120 per ton of material produced. Guyana bauxite was used as a standard and several of the selected compositions developed surpassed the bauxite in performance and were lower in cost. (FHWA) KW - Abrasion tests KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Ceramic materials KW - Durability KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392924 AU - Malkowski, K W AU - Transportation Accounting Consortium AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Office of Human Development Services TI - TRANSPORTATION ACCOUNTING CONSORTIUM: AN OVERVIEW PY - 1981/08 SP - 13 p. AB - Recent years have seen a growing effort at federal, state, and local levels to facilitate coordination of transportation services among the various programs to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of this support service. Many significant barriers have been identified, including the separate, overlapping or contradictory administrative requirements among the programs whose transportation is to be coordinated. The overhead costs of maintaining several billing methods, dealing with separate financial audits, separately verifying client eligibility and certifying that service was provided threaten to offset the efficiencies and economies realized by coordinating client transportation services. This study is an attempt to refine the overall approach to accounting problems for these agencies and develop a comprehensive demonstration project. KW - Accounting KW - Auditing KW - Coordination KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Interagency relations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392167 AU - Allen, G R AU - Arnold, E D AU - Hoel, L A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERCITY BUS SERVICE IN VIRGINIA PY - 1981/08 SP - 106 p. AB - The intercity bus industry in Virginia was examined to obtain information on the status of the industry and to determine the likely impacts of state policy options relating to assistance and deregulation on the industry. The national intercity bus industry and other states' studies of and programs for the industry were also examined. Information concerning Virginia's regulation of the industry, state-imposed fees and taxes on the industry, and operating and financial characteristics of the industry was collected. Conclusions regarding the industry were developed, and recommendations regarding Virginia's response to industry problems and issues were made. KW - Bus transportation KW - Deregulation KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Policy analysis KW - Recommendations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36449/82-R8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387387 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bon, V D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS IN BOX GIRDER BRIDGES (VOLUME 7); CORRECTIONS FOR CURVATURE PY - 1981/08 SP - n.p. AB - Volumes 1 through 6 of this series have discussed methods of analysis of straight, reinforced and prestressed concrete box girder bridges. Methods of analysis for structures which are curved in plan will be discussed in this volume. Above certain bounding limits of degree of curvature, a simple correction factor, R sub i/R, may be applied to the influence coefficients for straight bridges of comparable dimensions. Below these limits, the CURDI program should be used. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Computer programs KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Curvature KW - Girder bridges KW - Load transfer KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural analysis KW - Values in measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385324 AU - Bender, J G AU - Boldig, J D AU - Bonderson, L S AU - Schmelz, R E AU - Thompson, J F AU - Benyo, T R AU - Miller, David AU - Stuart, D AU - General Motors Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS STUDIES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: APPENDIX I-CONCEPTUAL AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM DESIGNS PY - 1981/08 SP - 266 p. AB - The concern of the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) studies is the analysis and evaluation of candidate system concepts to determine their practicality for deployment in the 1990 to 2000 time frame. The purpose of this report is to narrow the scope of the Automated Highway Systems analyses to those concepts, applications, and strategies which clearly merit a detailed investigation. The methodology used in defining the AHS analyses requirement attempts to achieve a balance between investigating as broad a spectrum as possible of real world concepts and issues while simultaneously constraining the analysis effort to a practical level. This report, then, documents the results of a review and selection process which establishes the candidate AHS concepts to be investigated, the scenarios within which they will be evaluated, the evolutionary implementation strategies to be analyzed, and the measures and parameters by which the most promising concepts and implementation plans will be identified. (FHWA) KW - Automated highway systems KW - Concepts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385326 AU - Bender, J G AU - Boldig, J D AU - Bonderson, L S AU - Schmelz, R E AU - Thompson, J F AU - Benyo, T R AU - Miller, David AU - Stuart, D AU - General Motors Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS STUDIES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: APPENDIX III--AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM TRADE STUDIES PY - 1981/08 SP - 259 p. AB - The concern of the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) studies is the analysis and evaluation of candidate system concepts to determine their practicality for deployment in the 1990 to 2000 year time frame. The focus of this document is to establish preferred Automated Highway System states and implementation plans through the trade analyses of selected system parameters. The results obtained from these analyses are used to determine whether significant advantages can result from modification of socio-political, economic, operational, and/or deployment parameters without unduly compromising the system measures. In essence, the trade studies are performed to establish the means to reduce costs and improve implementation by determining the sensitivity of the various measures and, subsequently, establishing a set of preferred trade-off states. The results of the trade studies are used as the basis for developing final recommendations for the selection of an AHS concept and implementation plan for system deployment. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automated highway systems KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Sensitivity KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385325 AU - Bender, J G AU - Boldig, J D AU - Bonderson, L S AU - Schmelz, R E AU - Thompson, J F AU - Benyo, T R AU - Miller, David AU - Stuart, D AU - General Motors Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS STUDIES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: APPENDIX II-ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1981/08 SP - 473 p. AB - The Automated Highway Systems studies were undertaken to analyze and evaluate candidate system concepts and to determine their practicality for deployment in the 1990 to 2000 time frame. The focus of this document is the establishment of a final set of system concepts and implementation plans, development of a set of system building blocks from which the various system configurations can be synthesized for cost evaluation, analysis of system deployments in both urban and intercity environments, and thus determination of a reduced set of alternatives for further analysis. The selected set of deployments was the subject of subsequent trade analysis to reduce costs and/or improve system implementation through the identification of a set of preferred trade-off positions. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Automated highway systems KW - Concepts KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Intercity transportation KW - Systems analysis KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365434 AU - Metropolitan Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING BAY AREA STREET AND ROAD MAINTENANCE NEEDS. CURRENT AND FUTURE COSTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 85 p. AB - This is the first volume of the two volume report which provides information on local street and road conditions for the 93 cities and 9 counties in the San Francisco Bay Area. This volume includes a regional inventory to determine what the 101 Bay Area jurisdictions are actually spending for street and road maintenance, an analysis of maintenance expenditure trends, and the development of standard maintenance procedures and costs by a technical committee representing public works departments throughout the region. This information is used to determine maintenance requirements and required revenues. KW - California KW - Cost estimating KW - Counties KW - Estimates KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Local government KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Requirement KW - Revenues KW - Roads KW - Specifications KW - State government KW - Streets KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378794 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT RUBBER STRESS ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYERS (DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 37) PY - 1981/08 SP - 53 p. AB - The objective of this project is to evaluate two asphalt rubber systems and the Petromat fabric system used in stress absorbing membrane interlayers and to compare them with the use of a chip seal to control reflective cracking. Asphalt rubber and Petromat fabric can be applied without difficulty. It appears that both asphalt rubber systems and the Petromat fabric system will be helpful in retarding reflective cracking and also sealing the base from surface water; but, time will be required before it can be determined how much each system helps and if there is sufficient improvement to justify the additional cost. (Author) KW - Absorption KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Chip seals KW - Control KW - Fabrics KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Membrane stress KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377228 AU - Fenton, R AU - Mayhan, R AU - Bishel, R AU - Kneifel, R AU - Magee, R AU - Murthy, S AU - Rakocy, L AU - SMITH, R AU - Thayer, L AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES IN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE CONTROL PY - 1981/08 SP - 296 p. AB - During the past year, which was the final one on a 3-year program, the research efforts were focused principally on the continuing development of a physical test facility which was employed to study control and communication problems at, and below, the sector level. This was done in the context of high-speed (to 26.8 m/s) operations at time headways as small as 1 s. The principal accomplishments during this final year were: (1) The selection of a sector-level control concept, the design and implementation of hardware required for sector-level operations, and the choice of geometrics over which online control would be realized; (2) The development and successful field evaluation of a sector computer-to-controlled vehicle communication link; (3) The design, development, and field evaluation (with very promising results) of a "radar" approach to lateral control; and (4) The design and field evaluation of a vehicle longitudinal controller which provided excellent performance--a small-position error, a comfortable ride, and a relative insensitivity to disturbance forces--on a consistent basis over a wide range of environmental conditions. The secondary accomplishments included the construction of a sidewall structure for radar steering, and the implementation (and successful field evaluation) of previously designed lateral and longitudinal controllers with microprocessor-based units. (FHWA) KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automatic vehicle control KW - Communication systems KW - Headways KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Microprocessors KW - Radar devices KW - Speed KW - Steering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373067 AU - Aarset, I R AU - Jurach, P J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK DRAINS PY - 1981/08 SP - n.p. AB - This report evaluates the drainage on some 25 viaduct type structures. The maintenance problems are discussed and methods of reducing the plugging of drains are suggested. Recommendations are made for design specifications to significantly reduce future maintenance costs from drain plugging. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Specifications KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371684 AU - Collura, J AU - Mullin, J AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND DOWNTOWN REVITALIZATION: PHASE 1--FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/08 SP - 97 p. AB - The report first presents eight case studies to review the way in which downtown plans and TSM projects have been planned, implemented and evaluated in such cities and towns in Massachusetts with populations of less than 250,000 and the role which engineers and planners at various levels of governments have played. The report also provides a broad, systematic framework to aid in understanding the complex process within which TSM related improvements should be considered in planning a central business district (CBD). An integral part of this framework includes an impact assessment model which assists the analyst in selecting analytical techniques and measures of effectiveness to evaluate travel and economic impacts of TSM strategies in CBDs. A special effort is made to focus on TSM improvements which are practical and suitable according to the travel demands and financial resources of small and medium size areas. In addition, emphasis was placed on offering techniques and MOEs which were simple, easy to use, relevant, and required minimal data. Such an emphasis was considered important, given the funding and time constraints often imposed on the professional staffs in areas of this size. Finally, the report also presents a number of conclusions and recommendations. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Central business districts KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban renewal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369167 AU - Chatham County-Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - CHATHAM URBAN TRANSPORTATION STUDY. COMMUTER TRANSPORTATION BROKERAGE PROGRAM PY - 1981/08 SP - 22 p. AB - The Commuter Transportation Brokerage Program, an initial attempt to introduce ridesharing alternatives to Chatham County, Ga., residents, was to determine the feasibility of instituting such a community-based project to selected portions of the County. Chosen was an area not served by the Savannah Transit Authority and with a commute distance of approximately 10 miles to the central business district with substantial traffic congestion during peak hours. An analysis and evaluation of methods used to promote the project over 4 months in 1981 is included. Recommendations for future work in promoting ridesharing are also incorporated. KW - Advertising KW - Brokerage KW - Carpools KW - Marketing KW - Publicity KW - Ridership KW - Savannah (Georgia) KW - Television KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369166 AU - Chatham County-Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission AU - Savannah Transit Authority AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Georgia Department of Transportation TI - CHATHAM URBAN TRANSPORTATION TRANSIT MARKETING ASSISTANCE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM STUDY PY - 1981/08 SP - 47 p. AB - The transit marketing demonstration program undertaken by the Chatham County-Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission and the Savannah Transit Authority consisted of mailing detailed information on services available to residents of specific target neighborhoods or areas. While 1980 ridership had risen for this eastern Georgia city, STA has had only a minimal and sporadic budget for transit advertising, promotion and marketing. Rather than using mass media for dissemination of general information to a large general area at significant cost, the targeted mailing approach was chosen. There were four specific objectives: (1) Establish a comprehensive name and address file of all households and businesses in the service area; (2) Develop capability of easily selecting from the general file the names and addresses of target areas such as an individual transit route, individual neighborhoods, or census tracts served by one or more transit routes; (3) Test the ADMATCH (Address Matching) System, a Bureau of Census computer system adapted for local community planning; (4) Use this capability to mail recently developed schedules and promotional materials of selected areas comprising 3,000 households or businesses. KW - Bus routes KW - Census KW - Computer programs KW - Marketing KW - Neighborhoods KW - Promotional materials KW - Ridership KW - Savannah (Georgia) KW - Timetables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367321 AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Cooper, J A AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATION OF TOUGHNESS TEST VALUES TO FATIGUE CRACKING IN BRIDGES PY - 1981/08 SP - 113 p. AB - Tension, Charpy, dynamic tear, C-399, and da/dN tests were conducted on three heats of A36 steel cut from a highway bridge which had been tested to failure in fatigue. Tension tests and E-399 tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 70 deg F to -200 deg F while all other tests were conducted in the temperature range from 70 deg F to -50 deg F. During field testing, the girder from one heat appeared to be more susceptible to fatigue failure than the others, but there were no significant differences in either fracture toughness or laboratory crack growth rates. Crack growth rates decreased with decreasing temperature, and did not appear to be influenced by fracture toughness. The E-399 plain strain fracture toughness test was found to be unsuitable for A-36 steel. (FHWA) KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Dynamic tests KW - Dynamics KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Temperature KW - Tension tests KW - Toughness KW - Toughness index UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP78-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344431 AU - Wang, J J AU - Abrams, C M AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING AND SCHEDULING WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1981/08 SP - 118 p. AB - Construction, maintenance and utility activities on highway facilities can lead to significant disruption of traffic. This study developed a planning process that highway agencies can use to objectively select the most effective work zone traffic control strategy for each project. Seventeen state and local agencies were reviewed for information concerning existing practices in work zone planning. It was found that work zone traffic control strategies were selected mostly on the basis of subjective judgment. Using existing and new data collected in this study, quantitative procedures were developed for estimating accidents, delays, stops, fuel consumption, operating costs, air pollution, and cost of traffic control. Case construction costs were presented. This Technical Report describes the research performed and the significant results of the study. KW - Air pollution KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Methodology KW - Operating costs KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Scheduling KW - States KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349942 AU - Cook, J P AU - Minkarah, I AU - McDonough, J F AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE OF RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 166 p. AB - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various parameters on an experimental concrete pavement in Ross County, Ohio. Variables included in the pavement were (1) joint spacing, (2) sub-base stabilization, (3) coating of dowel bars, (4) configuration of the saw cut, and (5) the use of skewed joints. Both long term and short term horizontal movements caused by temperature and vertical movement of slab ends under known axle loads were measured. A record of cracking and spalling of the pavement is also included. A statistical analysis of both long and short term movements was conducted and recommendations for joint design are included. KW - Axle loads KW - Coatings KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sawed joints KW - Skewed joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Spacing KW - Spalling KW - Stabilization KW - Structural analysis KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362019 AU - Shah, S C AU - Kinchen, R W AU - Rascoe, C D AU - Louisiana Highway Safety Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INTEGRATED PAVEMENT DATA MANAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK SYSTEM (PAMS) PY - 1981/08 SP - 78 p. AB - This feasibility study report discusses the present practices followed by the Department to manage some 16,000 miles of highways. The practices were defined through existing policy manuals and discussions with individuals and/or sections who have some responsibility in the pavement management processes. The major thrust towards this feasibility effort was to determine what improvements or enhancements would be necessary to upgrade the existing pavement management system. The report addresses four major deficiencies in the present system: (1) absence of common location identifier for linking and merging various data files; (2) pavement distress measurements; (3) axle number and load distribution measurement and projections; and (4) level of maintenance reporting procedures. The report further stresses that development of the pavement management system can begin by upgrading the existing system without the necessity of starting from scratch. This can be accomplished by implementing a set of recommendations geared towards rectifying the existing deficiencies. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Coordination KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Defects KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Information processing KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20152.pdf UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20171.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176687 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361290 JO - ASTM Journal of Testing and Evaluation PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Society for Testing and Materials AU - Queensland Main Roads Department, Australia TI - PILING CASE HISTORIES: SPLICING OF DRIVEN PILES SN - 0 86910 036X PY - 1981/08 SP - p. 27-35 AB - This paper describes methods of splicing driven piles including splicing of concrete piles and composite piles, splices between precast, prestressed segments, splices between hollow precast segments using post-tensioning and splices between a precast, prestressed segment and a steel h-section. The failure of prestressed piles in tension during driving is also described, including a job case history. (Author/TRRL) KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Composite KW - Composite materials KW - Composite structures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Conference KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Driving (pile) KW - Evaluation (assessment) KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Failure KW - Failure KW - Pile KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Splicing KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Tension KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349156 AU - Connor, B G AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS IN ALASKA PY - 1981/08 SP - 88 p. AB - A detailed investigation of Bituminous Surface Treatments (BST's) has been completed which determines the probable causes of a number of failures. Results of a two-year study have isolated many of the causes of these failures and offer recommendations to improve the performance of BST's. Most of the failures studied can be attributed to improper construction techniques such as low asphalt content, dirty aggregate, construction during poor climate conditions or poor base. Other factors which were found to contribute to poor performance include construction after August 20, the use of "C" and "E" chip combination and the use of unsound aggregate. No significant differences in performance could be shown between RC-800 and CRS-2 or between pre-1974 and post-1974 asphalt cements. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt content KW - Basalt coarse aggregates KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surface treatments KW - Climate KW - Failure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Surface treating UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349488 AU - DiVito, J A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF A CHEMICAL COUPLING AGENT TO PREVENT DEBONDING OF ASPHALTS FROM AGGREGATES PY - 1981/08 SP - n.p. AB - Debonding of asphalt from mineral aggregates (stripping) was termed an old problem as far back as 1938, yet it continues to plague the paving industry today. Commercial anti-strip additives are available yet their long term effects are not well understood. A silane coupling agent was compared with a well known, commercially available liquid anti-strip (amine) in the immersion-compression and double punch debonding tests on two Arizona mineral aggregate sources. The silane was used as a mineral aggregate pretreatment. The results of this research are encouraging and indicate the silane generally performed as well as the liquid anti-strip or better. Further testing is recommended along with construction of two experimental projects to evaluate field performance. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical agents KW - Chemical substances KW - Couplers KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Field performance KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Performance KW - Silicon compounds KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365062 AU - Faulkner, MJS AU - Richards, S H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL AT THE I-10 RECONSTRUCTION WORK ZONE IN CHAMBERS COUNTY, TEXAS PY - 1981/08 SP - 35 p. AB - Studies were conducted at a major maintenance work zone on a rural Interstate highway in Texas to evaluate the use of Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) for work zone traffic management. The studies consisted of lane distribution, volume and vehicle classification counts (conducted before and during operation of the HAR), and a questionnaire survey administered to motorists traveling through the work zone. The studies revealed that the HAR had little or no impact on work zone traffic operations because of two factors. First, the conventional signing at the work zone was excellent and the HAR functioned only as a supplemental information source. Second, the advanced signing used to encourage motorists to tune to the HAR broadcasts was apparently inadequate in terms of legibility and visibility. Almost 45 percent of the motorists entering the work zone reported that they did not even see the signing. Even though the HAR system did not significantly affect work zone traffic operations, the studies indicated that HAR may have potential for work zone traffic management in certain applications. KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Lane distribution KW - Maintenance KW - Rural areas KW - Texas KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle classification KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365008 AU - Nydahl, J AU - Pell, K AU - Senser, D AU - Twitchell, G AU - Ownbey, S AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS FOR GEOTHERMAL RESEARCH PY - 1981/08 SP - 128 p. AB - A prototype bridge deck heating system that utilizes heat pipes to transfer the energy between a warm water source and the deck surface was tested for possible use on some of the I-70 structures through the geothermally active Glenwood Canyon. At water flow rates around 35 GPM and temperatures of 25C, the snow cover duration on the 59 square meters of heated surface was reduced between 96 and 100% and the deck's frozen time was reduced between 85 and 95% for the five different heat pipe configurations tested; this despite the fact that over a 1/4 in. thick sludge was deposited on all the unprotected metallic surfaces exposed to the geothermal water which caused the system's thermal resistance to double. If this system is to be viable for this application, a durable, protective coating with a low thermal resistance must be found to prevent both fouling and corrosion. The thermal analysis indicates that up to two hundred of these units can be placed in series with a tolerable degradation in the last unit's performance for water flow rates above 100 GPM. KW - Bridge decks KW - Colorado KW - Corrosion KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Fouling (Naval architecture) KW - Geothermal resources KW - Heat exchangers KW - Heat pipes KW - Heat radiators KW - Heat transfer KW - Heating KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Protective coatings KW - Snow removal KW - Thermal analysis KW - Thermal resistance KW - Water pipe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00349646 JO - Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society PB - Sage Publications, Incorporated AU - Gordon, D A AU - Human Factors Society TI - THE ASSESSMENT OF GUIDE SIGN INFORMATIONAL LOAD PY - 1981/08 VL - 23 IS - 4 SP - p. 453-466 AB - The informational load of highway guide signs was measured in laboratory experimentation by having subjects view projected highway signs and choose the highway lanes leading to preassigned destinations. The informational load was measured in terms of response times and errors. Subjects were able to very quickly select the proper lane when they viewed common freeway signs and fictitious signs with as many as eight possible destinations. The inclusion on the sign display of unfamiliar destinations and nonguidance information did not appreciably slow subjects' responses. When the destination was not on the sign, subjects had to make navigational decisions, relating sign information to what they knew about the routes. The associated response times were significantly longer than when scanning alone was required. The findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for the design of highway signs. KW - Attention value KW - Behavior KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Emergency response time KW - Guide signs KW - Information content KW - Information organization KW - Laboratory tests KW - Perception KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349770 AU - Meyer, A H AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE FOR PRECAST REPAIR OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT ON IH 30, NEAR MT. PLEASANT PY - 1981/08 SP - 45 p. AB - This report describes two punchout repairs made in a continously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) using precast portland cement panels. The two repairs, one 12 foot by 12 foot, the other 6 foot by 6 foot, were completed and opened to traffic in one afternoon. This technique provides a rapid method of repair that produces a repair that is structurally as good or better than the surrounding pavement. With a trained crew, the repair time can be reduced and thus reduce lane closure time. Since lane closure time is a critical consideration in high volume highways, this method will be cost effective in those areas. (FHWA) KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement KW - Precast concrete KW - Rapid methods KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348649 AU - Buckner, C D AU - Turner, H T AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE TESTS OF FULL SPAN PANEL FORM BRIDGES PY - 1981/08 SP - 92 p. AB - An experimental program to determine the effects of repetitive loading on the serviceability and strength of full span composite panel form bridges is described. Six simply supported bridge decks were tested. The specimens consisted of three precast, pretensioned panels composite with a cast-in-place topping slab. Bond between the topping slab and the roughened interface surfaces of the panels provided the only means of shear connection. Items considered in the study include the topping slab thickness, panel joint type (flat or bevelled-edge), and the effect of longitudinal cracks in the topping slab. The specimens were loaded repetitively with 2,000,000 cycles of design load (HS20-44 axle load with allowance for impact). The loading arrangement was such that maximum transverse shear stresses and maximum longitudinal bending stresses were produced during each cycle. Performance was evaluated primarily on the basis of flexural rigidity, differential deflection between panels, and the strength and ductility of the composite system. Visible cracks in the concrete, extension of prestressing strands and strains in transverse steel were also considered in evaluating the specimens. Recommendations are made regarding the minimum topping slab thickness, type of panel joints and quantity of transverse reinforcement to be provided in the topping slab. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Cast in place structures KW - Composite materials KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Fasteners KW - Panel bridges KW - Performance tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Repeated loads KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Slabs KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349495 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL SUMMARY REPORT ON THE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ACCIDENT DATA IMPROVEMENT PLAN PY - 1981/08 SP - 13 p. AB - The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) convened a joint Task Force to determine the standards of comparison to be used in their review of accident data collected by the individual States. The Task Force also developed uniform review criteria. They then surveyed each State's accident data system, identifying problems and recommending corrective actions. The reviews were conducted in 1979, 1980 and the spring of 1981. The major portion of this report is devoted to the presentation of the findings, conclusions and recommendations of this Accident Data Improvement Plan (ADIP) project. Also included is a brief discussion of current FHWA and NHTSA program activities to improve traffic records systems, followed by a summation of national objectives determined as a result of the ADIP project findings. KW - Crash reports KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Federal government KW - Improvements KW - Recommendations KW - Records management KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic records KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348636 AU - Cook, J P AU - Minkarah, I AU - McDonough, J F AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF IMPORTANCE OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON PERFORMANCE OF RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS PY - 1981/08 SP - 166 p. AB - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various parameters on an experimental concrete pavement in Ross County, Ohio. Variables included in the pavement were (1) joint spacing, (2) sub-base stabilization, (3) coating of dowel bars, (4) configuration of the saw cut and (5) the use of skewed joints. Both long term and short term horizontal movements caused by temperature and vertical movement of slab ends under known axle loads were measured. A record of cracking and spalling of the pavement is also included. A statistical analysis of both long and short term movements was conducted and recommendations for joint design are included. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Coatings KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Hard materials KW - Hard metal KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Metals KW - Motion KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sawed joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Soil stabilization KW - Spacing KW - Spalling KW - Stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347920 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF SIGNS AND MARKINGS FOR PASSING/NO-PASSING ZONES PY - 1981/08 SP - 40 p. AB - Overtaking and passing maneuvers are two of the most common sources of conflict between two or more vehicles on two-lane, two-way rural roads. While the signing and marking of passing/no-passing zones has received considerable attention there is still a lack of consensus relative to the effectiveness of the various methods, how they should be used, and what the enforcement policies should be. In this context, the research effort reported on herein was directed to the evaluation of several alternative methods for marking/signing of passing and no-passing zones in rural two-lane situations. KW - Effectiveness KW - Highways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - No passing zones KW - Passing KW - Road markings KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347921 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF SIGNS AND MARKINGS FOR PASSING/NO-PASSING ZONES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/08 SP - 12 p. AB - The report reviews an experiment undertaken to examine the relative effectiveness of five pavement marking/signing sequences for informing motorists of passing and no-passing zones on rural two-lane roads. Treatments examined included: (1) standard pavement markings; (2) pavement markings plus standard regulatory signing; (3) pavement markings plus no-passing pennants; and (4) and (5) two combinations of regulatory signs and pennants. Data were collected on overtaking/passing vehicles by two observers in a staged vehicle that traveled over a measured length of roadway. The principal findings were that the addition of any sign sequence to pavement markings resulted in motorists being both more observant of passing and no-passing zones and spending less time in the passing (opposing) lane. Less conclusive evidence was presented in support of the more emphatic/informative sequences resulting in progressively more compliance with the marked zones. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Highways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - No passing zones KW - Passing KW - Road markings KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345773 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES--VOLUME 1. EVALUATION AND MODIFICATION OF THE DESIGN METHODS PY - 1981/08 SP - 181 p. AB - A review and evaluation of existing flexible pavement overlay design procedures, including the ARE procedure (FHWA Contract DOT-FH-11-8544) resulted in a fully computerized rational method for the design of flexible overlay of flexible pavements. The overlay method presented is a combination and modification of several existing methods and incorporates the latest concepts in pavement evaluation and overlay determination. The overlay thickness is determined based on a fatigue distress function developed from the AASHO Road Test data and relates horizontal tensile strain in the asphalt layer to the number of equivalent 18 Kip (80kN) axle loads to failure. The existing pavement is evaluated using NDT deflection measurements and a visual survey which includes general observations regarding drainage, the existence of rutting, and the presence and type of cracking. The deflection data is analyzed using 3-layer linear elastic theory; the in-situ layer stiffnesses are determined by matching measured deflections with those computed from layer theory. The in-situ asphalt modulus is compensated for temperature and this adjusted modulus is used in design computation. Base and subgrade moduli are corrected for stress effects when test loads differ from design loads, or when the state of stress is changed as a result of adding an overlay. Also incorporated is an environmental factor which enables NDT to be conducted during most of the year. This design method has been compared against overlay design methods used by 3 different states in the U.S. Limited comparisons show that the proposed procedure has universal applicability and results in overlay thicknesses consistent with local methods. This volume is the first in a series. The other is: Flexible Pavement Overlay Design Procedures. User Manual, Volume 2 (FHWA-RD-81/033). (FHWA) KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Asphalt KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Information processing KW - Layered theories KW - Linear elasticity KW - Manuals KW - Modulus KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Stiffness KW - Surveying KW - Tension KW - Thickness KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345376 AU - Kirby, G J AU - Lusignea, R W AU - Foster-Miller Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF DEVICE (CMD) FOR MONITORING THE CONSOLIDATION OF PLASTIC CONCRETE PY - 1981/08 SP - 68 p. AB - This report describes a program to develop an automatic distance gauging system for use in a device (CMD) for monitoring the consolidation of a portland cement concrete pavement. The capacitive distance gauging system measures the air gap between the surface of the pavement and the bottom of a gamma backscatter instrument for density monitoring. The incorporation of the capacitance gauging system has successfully made the density measurement independent of air gap height variations normally encountered as the concrete pavement surface is extruded behind a paving machine. Laboratory and field testing programs are described, and recommendations are made for further development and application of the density monitoring system. (FHWA) KW - Backscattering KW - Capacitance KW - Concrete pavements KW - Consolidations KW - Density KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345774 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES--VOLUME 2. USER MANUAL PY - 1981/08 SP - 123 p. AB - This report is a user's manual for the design of flexible overlays of flexible pavements. Detailed instructions are given on obtaining the necessary input data and entering this data into the completely computerized design package. The design procedure is based on fatigue cracking criterion and nondestructive evaluation of the existing pavement. Input is required from the following areas: 1) dynamic deflection testing, 2) limited condition surveys, 3) projected future traffic in terms of equivalent 18 Kip (80kN) axle loads, and 4) material characterization. The condition of the existing pavement is determined from dynamic deflection measurements using 3-4 layer elastic layer theory to characterize the existing pavement. The condition survey is limited to determination of the presence or absence of class 2 and 3 cracking, and the extent of this cracking, when present. Materials characterization requires the determination of layer thicknesses, estimation of layer Poisson's ratios, estimation of the stress dependency relationship of base and subgrade moduli, and estimation of the asphalt modulus-temperature relationship. Guidelines are presented for the solution of these parameters when laboratory testing is not available. In contrast with most other design methods, pavement evaluation and overlay thickness determination are done at each location where dynamic deflection measurements were made. This allows the pavement engineer to consider alternate repair strategies, such as improvements in drainage, recycling or reconstruction, in areas requiring thick overlays, and may consequently result in more economical solutions. This report is Volume 2 of a two-part series. The first is: Flexible Pavement Overlay Design Procedures-Evaluation and Modification of the Design Method, Volume 1 (FHWA-RD-81/032). (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Deflection KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Modulus KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345103 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT-PREDICTING MOISTURE-INDUCED DAMAGE TO ASPHALTIC CONCRETE--FIELD EVALUATION PHASE PY - 1981/08 SP - 27 p. AB - Virginia was one of seven agencies that participated in the evaluation of a stripping test developed under National Cooperative Highway Research Program Project 4-8(3). The test was used to predict stripping of a field test section and the test results were compared to stripping that occurred in the test section over a five-year period. The stripping test predicted that a significant amount of stripping would occur over a long time period. Strength tests and visual examination of field cores indicated a significant amount of stripping had occurred at 22 months; however, subsequent corings did not reveal significant additional stripping. Although considerable stripping had developed, the absence of pavement distress is believed to be related to a low traffic volume. Strength tests indicate that stripping is continuing; therefore, more time might be necessary to reach the predicted level of damage. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Defects KW - Field tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Traffic volume UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36454/82-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345098 AU - Fox, N S AU - Handy, R L AU - Trott, G D AU - Remmes, B AU - Moldt, S AU - Soil Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF HORIZONTAL STRESS IN SOILS PY - 1981/08 SP - 205 p. AB - This research involves calculating the state of stress in a soil mass by recognizing that disturbance during testing or measuring is inevitable. Thin blades with teflon-diaphragm pneumatic stress cells have been developed for this research to measure soil stresses. Soil stresses on the blade were found to be a function of blade thickness. An exponential relationship between blade thickness and soil stresses was determined to exist except in hard soils with thick (1/4 inch) blades. Pressuremeter data from two test sites, one in Glacial till and loess, the other in expansive clay, indicated very close agreement with blade stress results. The blade was easier to use than the pressuremeter and because of its statistical advantage (many more test results per day), is more precise. A three-bladed stepped vane with nine pressure cells has been successfully designed, built, and tested in preliminary trials. Use of this instrument will result in the measurement of a two dimensional soil stress state. (FHWA) KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Field tests KW - Horizontal stresses KW - Load cells KW - Loess KW - Loess soils KW - Pressure gages KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil stress gages KW - Soils KW - Stress gages KW - Stresses KW - Thickness KW - Till UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342057 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RESILIENT AND PLASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MICHIGAN SUBGRADE SOILS AND THEIR SOIL SUPPORT VALUES PY - 1981/08 SP - 352 p. AB - In this study, the plastic and elastic characteristics of Michigan cohesive subgrade soils are evaluated using repeated load triaxial tests on undisturbed samples. The results of the investigation led to the development of a normalized predictive model of the plastic strain. The model has demonstrated its ability to evaluate and predict the plastic behavior of several materials subjected to cyclic loadings. The input parameters of the model consist of the static strength and the corresponding total strain of the material in question. The model was tested and evaluated using five different materials ranging from gravel, sand, clay and clayey silt. The developed normalized predictive model neutralizes the effects of several sample and test variables. The model was found to be unqiue for each class of soil and independent of compaction, density, water content and stresslevel. Further, the model was used to develop a new approach and understanding of the soil support value of the AASHTO Interim Guide for the design of flexible pavement. (FHWA) KW - Clay KW - Cohesive soils KW - Forecasting KW - Gravelly soils KW - Plasticity KW - Repeated loads KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Sand KW - Silts KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soils KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341295 AU - Spring, W C AU - King, W L AU - Naval Surface Weapons Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIGHT DEPOLARIZATION AS A MEASURE OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE PY - 1981/08 SP - 72 p. AB - Investigations were continued to determine the feasibility of using light depolarization to measure pavement surface textures. Experiments were performed in the laboratory and on actual highways using a prototype vehicle-mounted depolarization measuring instrument. Measurements made with the prototype instrument correlated moderately well with the conventional texture and frictional measurements. The data also shows that depolarization measurements are consistent and very repeatable. Laboratory tests involved measurements at several different wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, with the objective being to determine the wavelength that would produce the highest correlation between the depolarization values and the conventional measurements. The results indicate that improved correlations occur in the near-infrared region. The conclusion is that a vehicle-mounted depolarization instrument could be constructed that will correlate satisfactorily with skid numbers or other textural measurements, provided that the required electronic components (light source and sensors) can be obtained and packaged for reliable operation from a fast moving vehicle. (FHWA) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Light depolarization KW - Light transmission KW - Light waves KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Prototypes KW - Skid number KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341491 AU - Webster, R Q AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING THE WEAR RESISTANCE OF AGGREGATES BY MATERIALS IMPREGNATION PY - 1981/08 SP - 77 p. AB - The use of impregnation as a means of improving the wear resistance of natural aggregates was investigated. A series of tests were conducted using four aggregates of varying quality, selected from a sampling of 40 different aggregates. Tests performed to evaluate the effect of impregnation on the physical, mechanical, wear resistance and polish resistance properties of the aggregates included: petrographic analysis, Los Angeles abrasion loss, sodium sulfate soundness loss, the British polish wheel, aggregate surface microtexture analysis, and two circular test track studies. The strength of concrete cast with unimpregnated and impregnated aggregate was also tested, as was the affinity of asphalt to bind to impregnated aggregate. Impregnants studied included: MMA-based and styrene-based monomer systems, water based phenol formaldehyde resin, and sodium silicate. In general, it was found that the physical and mechanical properties of natural aggregates can be significantly improved by impregnation. Significant improvements in wear resistance can also be obtained, however, in some instances this improvement is accompanied by a decrease in polish resistance. The use of impregnated aggregate can increase the strength of concrete. Impregnation can also reduce the tendency of some aggregates to strip. (FHWA) KW - Durability KW - Formaldehyde KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Improvements KW - Los Angeles Abrasion Test KW - Microtexture KW - Natural aggregates KW - Petrography KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Resins KW - Sodium silicate KW - Sodium sulfate KW - Styrenes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349952 AU - Michael, H L AU - Sinha, K C AU - Fletcher, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN AND CONTROL ALTERNATIVES TO IMPROVE SAFETY OF INTERSECTIONS OF MULTI-LANE HIGHWAYS WITH OTHER HIGHWAYS PY - 1981/07/01 SP - 223 p. AB - The important results of earlier phases of this research- 1) correlation of accident rates and selected roadway design and traffic engineering factors; 2) utilization of a team approach to field evaluation of accident types, causal factors and countermeasures at high accident sites and 3) the use of a simulation program to analyze possible countermeasures for high accident locations-- are summarized in this report. In addition 18 high accident intersections in Indiana selected by the Indiana State Highway Commission are individually analyzed using the results of the earlier phases of this Study, and recommended countermeasures for reduction of the accidents at these sites are presented. (FHWA) KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348028 AU - Gaunt, J T AU - Sutton, C D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY BRIDGE VIBRATION STUDIES PY - 1981/07/01 SP - 106 p. AB - The general objectives of this research have been to obtain a better understanding of the dynamic performance of highway bridges and of the vibrations sensed by bridge users in order to aid in the development and implementation of a dynamic-based design criterion which can more effectively ensure the comfort of pedestrians, maintenance workers, cyclists, etc. Because the human body is primarily sensitive to changes in motion, the investigations have focused on accelerations. Special purpose computer programs were used for parametric studies of the bridge vehicle system. Significant parameters were found to be span length, weight and speed of the vehicle, and the roughness of the bridge deck. Maximum accelerations were only moderately increased by reductions in girder stiffness. Dynamic responses of some 62 steel and concrete beam bridges under actual highway traffic were measured in the field. Bridges were instrumented with midspan accelerometers and one deflection transducer, all mounted on the curbs of the deck. Differentiated deflection records were used to check corresponding acceleration records. More than 900 crossing records were analyzed for maximum deflection, velocity, acceleration, jerk, and frequency content. Only 5 of the crossing records contained accelerations which exceeded the comfort limit proposed by Wright and Walker. (FHWA) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Comfort KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Highway bridges KW - Length KW - Metal bridges KW - Motor vehicles KW - Perception KW - Speed KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345095 AU - WINSLOW, D N AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1981/07/01 SP - 29 p. AB - The ASTM standard Superficial Rockwell hardness test using a 1/2 inch ball indenter and a 15 kgf Major Load (15Y test) has been adapted to perform nondestructive hardness tests on portland cement mortars and concrete. Correlations between the compressive strength of both materials and their hardnesses have been found. The correlation for normal concrete and 3" x 6" compression cylinders is: 15Y hardness = 73.5 x (log compressive strength in psi)-187 and has a correlation coefficient of 88%. The test can be performed on samples as thin as 2 mm, on surfaces with a radius of curvature no less than 2 cm and as close to a sample edge as 1 mm. The test uses a standard Rockwell Superficial hardness test instrument but requires a tungsten carbide indenting ball and a sufficiently large sample support to hold the size sample that is being tested. (FHWA) KW - Compressive strength KW - Correlation analysis KW - Mortar KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rockwell hardness number KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584333 AU - Glennon, J C AU - Neuman, T R AU - McHenry, R R AU - McHenry, B G AU - Jack E Leisch & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HVOSM Studies of Cross-Slope Breaks on Highway Curves PY - 1981/07//Final Report SP - 67p AB - This research was conducted to investigate the operational effects of cross-slope breaks on highway curves. These breaks are created by the superelevation of the traveled way and the adverse shoulder slope. Highway-Vehicle-Object Simulation Model (HVOSM) simulation studies were performed on a variety of break designs to test the effects of curvature, speed and vehicle path on vehicle operations. The study findings revealed the importance of shoulder slope and width in designing the shoulder to accommodate vehicular recoveries on the outside of curves. Recommendations regarding design of cross-slope breaks, including treatment for special situations such as narrow shoulders, high superelevation and rehabilitation projects were derived from the research findings. KW - Cross slopes (Pavement surfaces) KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway vehicle object simulation model KW - Road shoulders KW - Simulation KW - Superelevation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/55000/55800/55862/FHWA-RD-82-054.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581047 AU - Anderson, Keith W AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Permanent Lane Marking (Recessed Lane Edge Stripe) PY - 1981/07//Final Report SP - 29p AB - The project goal was to evaluate different methods of cutting recessed skip stripe grooves, and to evaluate various pavement marking materials placed into the recesses. The project objective was to find a marking system for Washington's mountain pass highways that would tolerate snowplowing and sanding operations, studded tires, and chain wear. Three methods of pavement grooving and three types of marking materials were evaluated over a four-year period. The grooving methods were evaluated with regard to production rate, the quality of the finished groove, and cost. The marking materials were checked for ease of installation, cost, durability, and visibility. Only one method of grooving was found that produced the desired recess shape at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner. All three of the marking materials were durable enough to survive for three years, but none produced the desired wet-daytime or wet-night visibility needed for adequate lane delineation. This loss of visibility under wet conditions was due to the lack of retroreflectance from the marking materials. KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Edge lines KW - Lane lines KW - Night visibility KW - Pavement grooving KW - Recessed road markings KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Striping materials KW - Visibility KW - Washington (State) KW - Wet weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/046.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01365499 AU - Yu, Shaw L AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of Rainfall Losses in Virginia, Phase II - Interim Report PY - 1981/07//Interim Report SP - 16p AB - This interim report summarizes results obtained for the project through May 1981. The objective of the study is to develop rainfall loss parameters for localities in Virginia. For this purpose, the state has been divided into eleven hydrologic regions, and loss parameters will be determined for three or more selected in each of these watersheds. Parameter selection curves will then be derived for the regions. To date 66 storm events across five hydrologic regions have been analyzed to obtain loss parameters. Of the five regions, Region P2, the piedmont portion of the James River Basin, has been completed. The results for this region are presented in this report. KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Storms KW - Virginia KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/82-r1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37753/82-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1133873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01082950 AU - Weiss, John F AU - Ligon, Claude M AU - AMAF Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pedestrian and Bicycle Issues and Answers PY - 1981/07//Final Report SP - 177p AB - This report identifies 24 critical issues related to pedestrian and bicycle facilities and programs, summarizes the state-of-the-art on each issue as it is contained in the published literature, and provides a concise commentary on each critical issue. A critical issue is an issue of significant and recurring importance to people involved in pedestrian and bicycle programs or those planning and designing pedestrian or bicycle facilities. The issues are arranged by the essential elements of a comprehensive pedestrian or bicycle program: engineering (planning, design, construction, and maintenance), education, enforcement, and evaluation. Each section addressing a critical issue synthesizes a major portion of the pedestrian and bicycle literature dealing with that issue which was published during the past decade. The report includes a reference list of primary information sources for each critical issue and a numbered bibliography of all primary and secondary references. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Cyclists KW - Design KW - Education KW - Engineering KW - Evaluation KW - Law enforcement KW - Literature reviews KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Planning KW - State of the art UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25500/25584/FHWA-RD-.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346126 AU - Morel-Seytoux, H J AU - Verdin, J P AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXTENSION OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE RAINFALL-RUNOFF METHODOLOGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS PY - 1981/07 SP - 82 p. AB - The estimation of direct runoff for ungaged watersheds is a common problem in engineering hydrology. The method of the Soil Conservation Services (SCS) is widely used due to its ease of application. Runoff estimates are based upon the soil types and land use practices occurring within a watershed. This report presents an extension of the SCS method employing modern physically based infiltration equations. The table permits the estimation of direct runoff by physical infiltration equations for any ungaged watershed for which a curve number may be determined by knowledge of soil types and land use. KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Handling and storage KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Infiltration KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Properties of materials KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Soil conservation KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Storage facilities KW - Tables (Data) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38000/38013/FHWA-RD-81-060.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365143 AU - Vyce, J M AU - Phillips, R G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CATSKILL-CAIRO EXPERIMENTAL RIGID PAVEMENT: A TEN-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1981/07 SP - 22 p. AB - The Catskill-Cairo experimental rigid pavement has been open to traffic for over 10 years with very little change in condition. Test sections include 60-ft 10-in. slab lengths reinforced with mesh and containing load-transfer devices, 20-ft slab lengths with no mesh reinforcement but both with and without load-transfer devices, and three types of base material. All sections are in good condition, with little added roughness, little faulting, and light cracking. More important, there are no significant differences in performance of the various designs. The lack of distress and performance differences among the various designs is most likely due to the light traffic volumes carried by the test road. This situation led to the conclusion that none of the design alternatives can be eliminated based on performance of this test road after 10 years. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - New York (State) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347913 AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Ludwig, A C AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SULFUR AS A JOINT SEALANT PY - 1981/07 SP - 56 p. AB - A study was made to determine if it were reasonable to expect that Sulphlex-like pavement sealants could be developed within the bounds of an economically justifiable research effort. The properties of commercially acceptable sealants were investigated by performing tests and reviewing specifications used by major design and construction agencies. These properties were compared with the characteristics of modified sulfur formulations developed during a previous research project and during subsequent research work sponsored by the Southwest Research Institute. The findings were as follows: asphalt alone is a less than desirable pavement sealant; since Sulphlex was developed to be as much like asphalt as possible, the existing formulations are not excellent sealants. They do have characteristics of many of the asphalt-based sealants on the market, however, to obtain a good quality pavement sealant from plasticized sulfur, it will be necessary to develop new formulations which bond well to PCC and asphaltic cement surfaces, and which maintain a nonflowing elastic surface at temperatures between -20F and 140F (-29C and 60C). This appears to be possible by optimizing proportions of available plasticizers and fibers. KW - Construction joints KW - Joint sealers KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Pavements KW - Polymerization KW - Specifications KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346712 AU - Pratt, R H AU - Coople, J N AU - Pratt (RH) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVELER RESPONSE TO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CHANGES: SECOND EDITION PY - 1981/07 SP - 408 p. AB - This second edition of the traveler response handbook provides a readily accessible, interpretive, contemporary documentation of the experience and insights gained from the application and analysis of various transportation system changes. A digest of the travel behavior findings derived from available literature has been prepared for each of 9 transportation system management topic areas. These are Pool/Bus Priority Facilities, Variable Work Hours, Pool/Transit Fringe Parking, Vanpools/Buspools, Transit Scheduling/Frequency, Bus Routing/Coverage, Express Transit, Transit Fare Changes, and Transit Marketing/Brokerage. Each topical digest begins with a listing of the types of system change included, followed by a "Traveler Response Summary" section which highlights the traveler response findings for the topic. The cross-referenced Handbook bibliography covers 16 additional specific system change and research topic areas: 25 low cost and capital intensive transportation system changes and related areas of investigation in total. KW - Capital costs KW - Carpools KW - Consumer behavior KW - Fares KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Improvements KW - Low-capital transportation improvements (Lcti) KW - Marketing KW - Park and ride KW - Priority treatment KW - Public transit KW - Routing KW - Scheduling KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365153 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION V (VOLUME 12) - NEUTRAL POINT ANALYSIS, P/S PIPE, EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION PY - 1981/07 SP - 215 p. AB - The neutral point program described in Section V, Volume II, was used in conjunction with field data from a heavily instrumented, 96-in. (2438-mm), prestressed concrete pipe at Cross Canyon. Correlations between quasi-theoretical and measured moments and displacements were better than observed previously when the soil stresses from the Cambridge stressmeters were used, but were not as good for the Carlson meter stresses. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bending moments KW - Concrete pipe KW - Culverts KW - Earth pressure KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Soil mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488122 AU - McHattie, R L AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE IN ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/07 SP - 208 p. AB - This report examines asphalt pavement properties of 117 older highway sections within the State of Alaska. Principal research objectives included: 1) documentation of commonly measured physical properties of the asphalt concrete cores and extracted asphalt cement and 2) characterization of materials properties which provided the best long term pavement performance. Insufficient records existed to evaluate pavement performance on the basis of original properties or aging histories of the asphalt concrete. However, indications that aging progresses rapidly and generally attenuates after 6-8 years justified analyses utilizing aged-materials properties. All correlations and performance trends were therefore derived using aged-properties. Results indicate that best long-term performance is obtained from asphaltic materials which retain softness and low tensile strength throughout the pavement's service life. Aged materials specifications are suggested in the report text which have provided optimum performance. It was concluded that asphalt cement should be subjected to an extended laboratory aging process prior to specification testing which would simulate 4-8 years of field weathering. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Long term KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Physical properties KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Specifications KW - Tensile strength KW - Time duration UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348027 AU - Ross, H E AU - Arnold, A AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF MINNESOTA MAILBOX SUPPORTS PY - 1981/07 SP - 49 p. AB - In Minnesota snow presents a special problem for rural mailbox installations. So, Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) developed cantilevered mailbox support designs. Recent studies had shown that certain rural mailbox installations easily penetrated the passenger compartment of an impacting vehicle. These same studies pointed out that a large number of people are seriously injured or killed each year as a result of mailbox collisions. Therefore, Mn/DOT initiated full scale crash test to assertain the crashworthiness of its cantilevered design. The study results were: 1. The change in vehicle momentum was below the recommended limit. 2. The test vehicle remained upright with no tendency to spin out or roll over. (The four by four wood vertical support was not hit. Studies by others adequately document vehicle/post interaction). 3. The windshield was broken in each test. However, no part of the test article penetrated into the passenger compartment. 4. There was no appreciable difference between the support designs. The study concluded that the Mn/DOT cantilevered designs are acceptable in terms of nationally recognized criteria. Some precautions are also given as to use and placement of the supports. (FHWA) KW - Cantilevers KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380604 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOFTESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION I (VOLUME 6)-IMPLEMENTATION AS RECOMMENDED BY THE RESEARCH UNIT PY - 1981/07 SP - n.p. AB - An 84-in. (2134-mm), reinforced concrete pipe culvert at Cross Canyon was heavily instrumented and tested at varying overfills ultimately reaching 180 ft (55 m). Quasitheoretical internal stresses derived from measured soil stresses and a computerized neutral point analysis were compared with measured values. In this volume, four modes of failure described by Heger (28) are discussed and correlated with Cross Canyon results. Effective density coefficients are suggested for possible use in concrete pipe design. The paper recommends the use of Heger's design approach in conjunction with these coefficients and Caltrans' neutral point program (to be modified) for future pipe designs. The profiles of effective density coefficients vary with construction mode, overfill and pipe stiffness. Considerations used in establishing the profiles are provided. A design procedure is described in Section I(6).3. The Introduction, Historical Background and Description of Instrumentation for the Cross Canyon project will be found in Section I, Volume 1. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Failure KW - Neutral point analysis KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Pipe culverts KW - Proof tests KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Rigid pipes KW - Rigid structures KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379521 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAPITAL COST ALLOCATIONS AND USER CHARGED STRUCTURE OPTIONS PY - 1981/07 SP - 148 p. AB - The purposes of the Highway Cost Allocation Study are to assign Federal highway costs to various groups of users and to devise equitable and efficient highway user charges to collect corresponding revenues from each group. The equity criterion of user charges that is most consistent with both efficiency and the cost allocation study's legislative mandate is that costs should be assigned to users based on the costs they cause or occasion. The primary evaluation of equity will be among vehicle classes, rather than among individual users within a vehicle class. The potential within-class inequities (such as between urban and rural users or between peak and off-peak users) will be examined to the extent data are available. Economic efficiency is best achieved when the price of a trip equals the extra (marginal) costs caused by that trip. Whetehr immediate (short-run) marginal costs or long-run marginal costs, however, should be used as a pricing basis is open to considerable debate. Either basis creates analytically complex pricing that would require a major restructuring of current highway user charges. Study efforts currently underway are attempting to quantify marginal costs. These results will appear in later reports. This paper follows the traditional equity-based cost-occasioning approach of attributing direct governmental capital costs to user classes that cause them and allocating the remaining common costs to all vehicle classes. Cost assignments and revenue estimates are made for 38 vehicle classes that are combined into 12 classes for presentation to allow easier comprehension. The analysis includes both a base period (1976-1978) and a forecast period (1980-1995). Results are shown at the national level, although most analyses were made at a finer level of detail. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capital costs KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Highway user costs KW - Highways KW - User charges KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377221 AU - Basu, S AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUMBER OF SIGNAL TIMING PLANS REQUIRED FOR UTCS FIRST GENERATION TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1981/07 SP - n.p. AB - The objective of this study is an examination of various factors which are influential in determining the number of signal timing plans for UTCS IGC systems. The final report first presents three methods which are or have been used for such a determination. It then examines, through simulations using the NETSIM and TRANSYT models, the effects on network traffic of timing plan changes and transitions under different conditions of changing demand. The effects of data errors on the performance of timing plans are also studied. The principal conclusiosn of the study are: (i) The number of timing plans used should be determined by a study of local conditions, considering that the effects of transition between timing plans are significantly more deleterious than may have been recognized until now. (ii) For increasing demand conditions, the detrimental effects of transition increase in magnitude for higher transition frequencies and increasing rates of demand change. (iii) Thirty-minute periods seem too short for the benefits of new timing plans to offset the effects of transition. (iv) In the development of timing plans using TRANSYT, data errors of underestimation are less likely to be detrimental than errors of overestimation. The report also provides recommendations for further research which could improve the operation of IGC systems. (FHWA) KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373166 AU - Zekany, A J AU - Neumann, S AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF SHEAR ON LAPPED SPLICES IN REINFORCED CONCRETE PY - 1981/07 SP - 100 p. AB - The primary objective of this investigation was to study the effects of level of shear, amount of transverse reinforcement, and casting position on the strength of lapped splices. A limited number of tests were conducted to examine the influence of concrete strength, slump, and bar size on splice performance. In addition, an exploratory study is reported on the influence of high range water-reducing admixtures (superplasticizers) on splice performance. Twelve beam specimens containing both top and bottom splices were constructed providing a total of twenty-four separate tests. Ten specimens contained four #11 bars (22 in. lap length) and two contained five #9 bars (16 in. lap length). The concrete varied from 4025 psi to 5700 psi. The parameters of cover, spacing, edge distance, and lap length for a given bar size were kept constant in each group. The behavior of the beam specimens was studied in terms of the crack patterns and steel strain distributions. The measured average bar stresses are compared to evaluate the effect of the variables. The results provide additional data for evaluating design equations which have been recommended by ACI Committee 408 to change the ACI Building Code (ACI 318-77). The ACI Code is primarily intended for building design; however, AASHTO Code provisions closely follow the ACI Code and are applicable to bridges as well as other transportation structures. (FHWA) KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Lap joints KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shear strength KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Stresses KW - Superplasticizers KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343719 AU - Bowlby, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSIT VEHICLE NOISE EMISSION LEVELS IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK PY - 1981/07 SP - 60 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been asked by the National Park Service (NPS) to conduct a study of alternatives to permitting automobiles within Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park. The FHWA Demonstration Projects Division was called upon to assist in studying the noise impact of the different strategies. This report documents the results of noise emission level tests conducted by the Demonstration Projects Division on different types of transit vehicles. This data will form the base for predictions of the time-averaged levels expected in the Park from each strategy. This report also presents the results of ambient noise measurements in several areas in the valley. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Demonstration projects KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Forecasting KW - Impact studies KW - Measurement KW - National parks KW - Noise KW - Noise measurement KW - Parks KW - Passenger transportation KW - Recreation facilities KW - Recreational facilities KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365358 AU - Grottkau, W A AU - Le, T K AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DESIGN METHOD FOR ROADSIDE REST SEPTIC TANK LEACH FIELD SYSTEMS PY - 1981/07 SP - 153 p. AB - Research was undertaken to determine reliable criteria for the design and maintenance of safety roadside rest area sewage systems. Information on the number of vehicles leaving the roadside rest as a percentage of main line traffic, as well as the number of recreational vehicles (RV's) discharging at the trailer sanitation stations as a percentage of those leaving the roadside rest was determined at three locations in 1978 and 21 locations in 1979 and 1980. People were counted and water meters and four new septic tanks were calibrated so that the restroom wastewater could be accurately determined and related to axle counts. The sewage volume deposited in septic tanks by RV's was measured as was the amount of water used to wash up afterward. The information in this final report and in the two interim reports is complementary. The reports provide the information and techniques necessary to design a new roadside rest septic tank leach field system with avalable information and with a statistical certainty of success. A sample problem solution is included. KW - Axle loads KW - Criteria KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Discharge KW - Leaching KW - Maintenance KW - Railroad stations KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Roads KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sanitation KW - Septic tanks KW - Sewage KW - Sewerage KW - Sewerage structures KW - Sewers KW - Traffic surveys KW - Trailers KW - Water consumption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349940 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION V (VOLUME 12): NEUTRAL POINT ANALYSIS, P/S PIPE, EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION PY - 1981/07 SP - n.p. AB - The neutral point program described in Section V, Volume II, was used in conjuction with field data from a heavily instrumented, 96-in. (2438-mm), prestressed concrete pipe at Cross Canyon. Correlations between quasi-theoretical and measured moments and displacements were better than observed previously when the soil stresses from the Cambridge stressmeters were used, but were not as good for the Carlson meter stresses. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Neutral point analysis KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Proof tests KW - Rigid pipe KW - Rigid structures KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364938 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Richards, S H AU - Faulkner, MJS AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS AND HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO FOR FREEWAY MAINTENANCE PY - 1981/07 SP - 36 p. AB - Changeable message signs (CMSs) and Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) are playing increasing roles in managing traffic. This report presents the findings of field studies conducted to determine the feasibility of using these traffic management tools during freeway maintenance. The studies revealed that CMSs can be effective traffic management tools at freeway maintenance work zones when they are properly used. At lane closure work zones they may be used to encourage drivers to change lanes earlier. They may be used at other work zones to encourage drivers to divert to alternate freeway routes to avoid work zone congestion. Studies were also conducted at a freeway maintenance work zone to evaluate the use of HAR for work zone traffic management. The studies indicated that it may have good potential for work zone traffic management in other applications (e.g., for displaying long or complicated diversion messages at long-term work zones). KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Highway advisory KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance KW - Traffic engineering KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365050 AU - Richards, S H AU - Faulkner, MJS AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - AN EVALUATION OF WORK ZONE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS OCCURRING ON TEXAS HIGHWAYS IN 1977 PY - 1981/07 SP - 34 p. AB - This report documents the findings of a work zone traffic accident study conducted in Texas in 1977. The study revealed that there were nearly 8,000 work zone accidents on state-maintained streets and highways during the study year. These accidents, although less severe than accidents in general, resulted in 73 deaths and nearly 2,900 injuries. In terms of accident numbers, major freeway work zone (e.g., urban Interstate reconstruction worksites) were found to be the largest contributor to the State's work zone safety problem. Rural work zones, however, produced over one-half of the deaths and injuries. The following topics are discussed with respect to the work zone accident problem in Texas: Extent of problem, problem location, types of accidents, vehicle involvement, contributing factors, geometric design, and traffic control. KW - Construction sites KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash severity KW - Data analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Streets KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349777 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE MIXTURES INCORPORATING HOLLOW PLASTIC MICROSPHERES PY - 1981/07 SP - 35 p. AB - This study investigated the potential of hollow plastic microspheres, HPM, for providing non-air-entrained portland cement concrete resistance to damage from cycles of freezing and thawing. In the study, a mixture with an air-entraining agent (vinsol resin) was used as the control for comparison with three experimental mixtures--one with HPM, one with super water reducers (SWR) and HPM, and one with fly ash and HPM. HPM mixtures at dosages of 1.5% or more by weight of cement exhibited satisfactory resistance to damage from cycles of freezing and thawing. Mixtures with SWR and HPM exhibited low durability factors and failed the acceptance criterion requiring a durability factor of 60 or more. Concrete with fly ash and HPM displayed durability factors comparable to those of mixtures with the same dosages of HPM. However, the weight losses of fly ash mixtures were higher than those of comparable mixtures. To determine the cause of low durability factors in mixtures with SWR and HPM, specimens were examined using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the paste of the mixture without the SWR contained numerous well-distributed HPM voids. The paste of mixtures with the SWR and the same dosage of HPM contained few HPM voids distributed throughout, but did have concentrations of HPM at the undersurface of the aggregates. (FHWA) KW - Admixtures KW - Air entraining agents KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Electron microscopes KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Microstructure KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Spheres KW - Vinsol resin KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Water reducing agents UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36452/82-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348634 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION III (VOLUME 2): ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL STRAINS, P/S PIPE PY - 1981/07 SP - n.p. AB - Strains measured by SR-4 gauges and mini-Carlson strainmeters are plotted on cross-sections of the wall of a 96-in. (2438-mm), prestressed concrete pipe at Cross Canyon for incremental overfills up to 200 ft (61m). The strain cross-sections are fitted with regression parabolae (because of the large radius-to-wall thickness ratio, 2:1), ignoring an unrepresentative brush coat strain. Equations are developed for experimental moments and thrusts in the pipe wall. The Introduction, Historical Background, Project Description and Instrumentation will be found in Section I, Volume 1 of this report. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Concrete pipe KW - Conduits KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rigid conduits KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348645 AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICULAR IMPACT TESTS OF BREAKAWAY WOOD SUPPORTS FOR DUAL-SUPPORT ROADSIDE SIGNS PY - 1981/07 SP - 186 p. AB - Since the late 1960's the California Department of Transportation has used wood posts 6 in. x 8 in. or smaller and timber poles, Classes 1-6, with drilled holes near the bases as breakaway supports for dual-support roadside signs. Due to the recent rapid increase in the lightweight car population, crash tests were conducted on these designs to determine whether they met current performance criteria recommended in Transportation Research Circular No. 191. When impacted by 2205 lb vehicles at 19.8 and 57.7 mph, the 6 in. x 8 in. wood posts met all the criteria. A 9-1/4 in. diameter timber pole impacted by a 2205 lb vehicle at 19.2 mph did not breakaway. A modified timber pole design similarly tested broke away but was still too stiff. Consequently, timber pole supports are no longer used on new construction in California. A laminated wood veneer box section post 7-7/8 in. x 14-7/8 in. with saw cuts in the webs was impacted with a 2205 lb vehicle at 19.2 and 58.4 mph and met all test criteria. The design has been adopted as a standard in California. A number of full scale pendulum and static bend tests on various breakaway support designs were conducted during this project. (FHWA) KW - Bend tests KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Light vehicles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Posts KW - Roadside structures KW - Signs KW - Vehicles KW - Wood structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364853 AU - Zimmerman, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY (1977): A LIFE CYCLE OF TRAVEL BY THE AMERICAN FAMILY PY - 1981/07 SP - 81 p. AB - The report provides information about family trips and travel from the point of view of the family life cycle, using data from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study. Daily travel characteristics of families in stages of four life cycles are presented. The life cycles represented include the traditional family life cycle, consisting of a husband, wife and their dependent children. In addition, the report describes the travel characteristics of stages in the single-parent families, childless married couples, and single persons living alone. KW - Characteristics KW - Children KW - Families KW - Family size KW - Households KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Quality of life KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33343/33343.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348637 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION V, (VOLUME 11): NEUTRAL POINT ANALYSIS, P/S PIPE, (THEORY AND COMPUTER CODE) PY - 1981/07 SP - n.p. AB - Equations are developed to describe quantitatively the structural behavior of a prestressed concrete pipe with up to four wraps of prestressing steel and mortar brush coats. These equations are incorporated in a computer code used to analyze such pipes for a variety of loading conditions, either as specified by a designer or resulting from field experiments. In particular, the code will be used (in a subsequent volume, Section V, Volume 12) in the analysis of data for a prestressed concrete pipe at Cross Canyon. This volume includes development of the theory, a sample problem check, a flow diagram and listing for the computer code, the input format and sample input and output. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pipe KW - Conduits KW - Information processing KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Mortar KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Rigid conduits KW - Steel KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347825 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFORMATIONAL LOAD OF HIGHWAY GUIDE SIGNS PY - 1981/07 SP - 41 p. AB - The report is concerned with the informational load of highway guide signs as indicated by the driver's response delays and faulty lane choices. Fifty experimental subjects individually viewed projected guide signs and after each presentation selected a highway lane leading to a preassigned destination. In one phase of the study, the assigned destination were on the signs; in another the destinations were not on the displays and subjects had to make navigational decisions relating sign information to what they knew about the routes. When subjects searched for destinations actually shown on the signs, lane selection was very rapid. The subject's search probably involved a scanning rather than a reading process. Search for route numbers was found to take longer than search for place names. Subjects required significantly more time to make a lane choice when a navigational decision was required than when the searched for destination was on the sign. Methods were suggested for reducing the informational load of signs. KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Guide signs KW - Human factors KW - Information content KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Reaction time KW - Response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348037 AU - Gerhardt, B B AU - Ludwig, A C AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SULFUR AS A JOINT SEALANT PY - 1981/07 SP - 52 p. AB - A study was made to determine if it were reasonable to expect that Sulphlex-like pavement sealants could be developed within the bounds of an economically justifiable research effort. The properties of commercially acceptable sealants were investigated by performing tests and reviewing specifications used by major design and construction agencies. These properties were compared with the characteristics of modified sulfur formulations developed during a previous research project and during subsequent research work sponsored by the Southwest Research Institute. The findings were as follows: 1. Asphalt alone is a less than desirable pavement sealant. 2. Since Sulphlex was developed to be as much like asphalt as possbile, the existing formulations are not excellent sealants. They do have characteristics of many of the asphalt-based sealants on the market, however. 3. To obtain a good quality pavement sealant from plasticized sulfur, it will be necessary to develop new formulations which bond well to PCC and asphaltic cement surfaces, and which maintain a nonflowing elastic surface at temperatures between minus 20 deg F and 140 deg F ( minus 29 deg C and 60 deg C). This appears to be possible by optimizing proportions of available plasticizers and fibers. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Joint sealers KW - Plasticized sulfur KW - Plasticizers KW - Specifications KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348033 AU - Jackura, K A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTS FOR DETERMINING STRESS-DISPLACEMENTS IN SOILS PY - 1981/07 SP - 116 p. AB - Section I of this report presents the basic theory, design and construction of a 10-inch diameter soil pressure cell. Finite element analytical techniques were used in assessing various cell geometric shapes that would minimize registration error regardless of cell orientation to the major principal stress. Approximately 170 cells of an optimum geometric shape were used in the evaluation of soil stresses around a buried culvert and its composite embankment. A discussion of their output data, and a comparison to three types of other commercially available soil and interface pressure cells installed in conjuction with this model is included. Calibration procedures are also discussed. Section II discusses the design and construction of a continuous settlement profile gage. The gage is composed of a transducer sensing head and a horizontally placed 2-inch diameter plastic pipe. The transducer is pulled through the pipe by means of a cable raceway. Water within the pipe provides the static reference head for all settlement measurements. Accuracy is plus or minus 0.05 ft of settlement. Field performance of the device is included. (FHWA) KW - Calibration KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Errors KW - Load cells KW - Optimization KW - Pipe KW - Shape KW - Soil stress gages KW - Soils KW - Stress gages KW - Transducers KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345762 AU - Vallette, G R AU - Hanscom, F R AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT ON ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/07 SP - 20 p. AB - This report describes two major studies that were conducted to determine the effect of truck size and weight on accident experience and traffic operations. The first study involved a field evaluation of the effect of truck size and weight on traffic operations. The second study addressed the effect of truck size and weight on accident experience. The field study examined traffic operational effects associated with truck size and weight. Selected highway geometric conditions were: upgrades (short, long; slight, steep), downgrades (long, steep), curves (freeway, non-freeway), grade/curve combinations, merge areas, ramps, and urban intersections. Matched weight and operational data were gathered on nearly 6,000 trucks ranging in gross weight from approximately 20,000 to 160,000 pounds. Extensive traffic operations measures obtained via electronic roadway sensors included: flow (e.g., speed, acceleration), perturbations (e.g., speed variance, deviation from traffic speed), accident potential (e.g., closure rate, projected collision time), delay (e.g., speed delays by following vehicles), and passing behavior (e.g., relative passing speed). The objective of the accident study was to determine the effect the size and weight of large trucks has on accidents and traffic operations. The effect on accidents was determined by comparing the accident rates for a variet of truck types defined in terms of configuration, size, and weight. The accident rate is obtained by dividing the number of accidents of a specific truck type, size, and weight by the exposure mileage (opportunity to have an accident) for that same truck type, size, and weight. Data were collected for all large truck accidents occurring on 78 roadway segments in six states. In total, 2,112 accident involvements were investigated in-depth over a 1-1/2-year period in 1976-1977. (FHWA) KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Impact studies KW - Intersections KW - Mileage KW - Passing KW - Ramps KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345764 AU - Vallette, G R AU - McGee, H AU - Sanders, J H AU - Enger, D J AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT ON ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. VOLUME III: ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE OF LARGE TRUCKS PY - 1981/07 SP - 145 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effect the size and weight of large trucks has on accidents and traffic operations. The effect on accidents was determined by comparing the accident rates for a variety of truck types defined in terms of configuration, size, and weight. The accident rate is obtained by dividing the number of accidents of a specific truck type, size, and weight by the exposure mileage (opportunity to have an accident) for that same truck type, size, and weight. This volume documents the methodology used to obtain the accident and VMT exposure data. Tables of accident distributions and accident rate calculations are presented. Data were collected for all large truck accidents occurring on 78 roadway segments in six states. In total 2,112 accident involvements were investigated in-depth over a 1-1/2-year period in 1976-1977. (FHWA) KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Highway operations KW - Mileage KW - Traffic KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345763 AU - Hanscom, F R AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT ON ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. VOLUME II. TRAFFIC OPERATIONS PY - 1981/07 SP - 222 p. AB - This field study examined traffic operational effects associated with truck size and weight. Selected highway geometric conditions were: upgrades (short, long; slight, steep), downgrades (long, steep), curves (freeway, non-freeway), grade/curve combinations, merge areas, ramps, and urban intersections. Matched weight and operational data were gathered on nearly 6,000 trucks ranging in gross weight from approximately 20,000 to 160,000 pounds. Extensive traffic operations measures obtained via electronic roadway sensors included: flow (e.g., speed, acceleration), perturbations (e.g., speed variance, deviation from traffic speed), accident potential (e.g., closure rate, projected collision time), delay (e.g., speed delays by following vehicles) and passing behavior (e.g., relative passing speed). Three analytical procedures determined: operational differences between truck groupings (e.g., loaded versus empty, single-versus double-trailer combination), correlations between truck characteristic and operational measures, and the predictive effect of truck weight on speed. Despite numerous operational differences associated with truck size and weight, the observed effects were weak. Typical truck grouping differences were: generally reduced speeds, higher deviations from traffic mean speeds, and higher closures with following vehicles, all exhibited by loaded and doubletrailer rigs (by comparison with empties and singles, respectively). The correlative analysis demonstrated that higher gross weight was often found to be associated with lower truck speed, poor acceleration performance, and both delay and high closures with respect to following vehicles. Negligible operational effect was associated with truck length. Adverse safety effects were most pronounced on upgrades; certain safer behavior was noted for heavier trucks on downgrades. The analyses demonstrated that a maximum of only 37 percent of truck operational effects were explainable by truck size and weight. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Crash rates KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Impact studies KW - Intersections KW - Passing KW - Ramps KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345765 AU - Verdin, J P AU - Morel-Seytoux, H J AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR XSRAIN--A FORTRAN IV PROGRAM FOR CALCULATION OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS PY - 1981/07 SP - 174 p. AB - XSRAIN is a computer program written to calculate flood hydrographs for ungaged watersheds by means of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff index, the curve number (CN). The curve number (CN) for a watershed is determined by the soil and land use types occuring within it. XSRAIN does not, however, use SCS equations for computing excess rainfall. Abstraction from variable intensity rainfall events is accomplished with physically based infiltration equations. The hydraulic soil parameters needed to make use of these equations have been calibrated against CN, and the computer program makes use of this equivalence. Routing of excess rainfall is performed with the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph (mass curve) to produce a runoff hydrograph. Users may input variable intensity storms or they may simply specify a depth and duration. In the latter case, one of four possible time distributions is imposed at user's option on the rain. Options permit accounting for antecedent moisture conditions. Subroutines are described and variables defined. Examples of the four main options are provided, as well as a hand calculated example. This user's manual is totally self-contained and includes all tables and figures needed for the use of XSRAIN. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Equations KW - Flood hydrographs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Infiltration KW - Land use KW - Manuals KW - Rainfall KW - Soils KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345081 AU - Feldmann, R M AU - Kent State University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TUFA PRECIPITATION AND ITS EFFECT ON DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENT PY - 1981/07 SP - 147 p. AB - Calcareous tufa has been observed occluding drain outlets and catch basins as well as covering slopes at 124 localities in Cuyahoga, Portage, Summit, and Medina counties in northeastern Ohio. Regional geologic studies, hydrogeologic studies, and geochemical analysis have been employed to identify the source and mode of origin of the material which prevents highway drainage systems from functioning properly. No correlation was found between regional geologic and hydrogeologic conditions analyzed. Geochemical analysis of water collected from subbase drain outlets and of an array of construction materials leads to the conclusion that slag, when used as a subbase material, is sufficiently soluble to affect the pH of drainage water and to provide the calcium deposited as tufa. Solution of calcium hydroxide in slag in the subbase elevates the pH of drainage water above 10 and creates an environment in which CaCO3 can be precipitated. The problem of tufa deposition will continue in northeast Ohio as long as slag is used as a subbase material. However, careful maintenance of the highway surface to reduce the amount of water entering the drainage system through edge joints and fractures in the pavement will significantly reduce the magnitude of the problem. (FHWA) KW - Calcareous aggregates KW - Calcined aggregates KW - Calcium carbonate KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Catch basins KW - Geology KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrology KW - Outlets KW - Precipitation KW - Slag coarse aggregates KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345279 AU - Rosenthal, R N AU - Wirsing, J M AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Washington State Transportation Commission AU - Washigton Department of Natural Resources AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BIODEGRADABLE CONTAINERS FOR USE IN REVEGETATION OF HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY PY - 1981/07 SP - 28 p. AB - Experiments were conducted at four locations to determine if plants grown in biodegradable tube containers or standard types of containers would have higher survival rates than bare root grown plant material. Season of planting was also evaluated. Results indicated that bare root grown plant material had higher survival rates than container grown material. Spring planting was more successful than fall planting. (Author) KW - Biodegradability KW - Containers KW - Planting KW - Right of way KW - Survival KW - Tubing KW - Vegetation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/041.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342058 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/07 SP - 50 p. AB - Behavior of two reduced-scale concrete bridge decks subjected to simulated wheel loads was evaluated in a series of tests. One slab was reinforced in accordance with AASHTO requirements; the other had three areas with varying amounts of isotropic reinforcement. Results show that with either reinforcement pattern, service-load bending moments are from 40 to 65 percent of those predicted by flexural theory. These results were confirmed for the conventionally reinforced slab by service-load tests on an in-service full-scale bridge deck. Failures were by punching shear rather than flexure and occurred at loads at least six times larger than design. (FHWA) KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Failure KW - Isotropy KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Shear stress KW - Simulation KW - Strength of materials KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341487 AU - Basu, S AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR FATIGUE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE CABLES PY - 1981/07 SP - 180 p. AB - Fatigue behavior of highway bridge cables under wind loading is investigated in this report in a comprehensive analytical manner using methodologies of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The report includes (1) the formulation of deflections and bending stresses of highway bridge cables under wind-induced and vortex shedding vibrations; and (2) the formulation of the fatigue behavior or bridge cables and in constituent wires. The report further includes a discussion on the fatigue testing of wires and cables and an extensive outline of recommended research programs on the subject from both analytical and experimental standpoints. (FHWA) KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Annealing KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Bridge cables KW - Deflection KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Highway bridges KW - Linear elasticity KW - Stresses KW - Wind KW - Wind load UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346119 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/07 SP - 52 p. AB - Behavior of two reduced-scale concrete bridge decks subjected to simulated wheel loads was evaluated in a series of tests. One slab was reinforced in accordance with AASHTO requirements; the other had three areas with varying amounts of isotropic reinforcement. Results show that with either reinforcement pattern, service-load bending moments are from 40 to 65 percent of those predicted by flexural theory. These results were confirmed for the conventionally reinforced slab by service-load tests on an in-service full-scale bridge deck. Failures were by punching shear rather than flexure and occurred at loads at least six times larger than design. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Shear stress KW - Shear stresses KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341309 AU - Lawther, J M AU - Applied Research Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR AN IMPROVED ACOUSTIC PROBE FOR ROAD ROUGHNESS PROFILING PY - 1981/07 SP - 90 p. AB - A feasibility study has been made of four alternative electro-acoustic sensor concepts for application to a non-contact acoustic road roughness profilometer. The concepts examined were, 1) a single-frequency phase detecting system (already partially developed), 2) a two-frequency phase detection system) 3) an echo-ranging system, and 4) an FM-ranging system. The study was primarily a paper investigation with some testing of critical circuits. Primarily based on its simplicity, the echo-ranging concept was indicated as the best one for further exploration. Some of the constraints and performance requirements on acoustic sensor systems are discussed in the report. A method of circumventing some enviromental problems is suggested. (FHWA) KW - Acoustic equipment KW - Circuits KW - Electric circuits KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341593 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meczkowski, L C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEM FOR INVENTORYING ROAD SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY (SIRST) PY - 1981/07 SP - 42 p. AB - This report gives a brief overview of a System for Inventorying Road Surface Topography (SIRST). A description of the operating principle is given as well as a description of the individual components. A preliminary evaluation of the system and its components is included, together with a discussion of the operating experience. It is concluded that the present system is usable; however, a more complete evaluation and further development are needed to adapt the system for highway department use. Several modifications are recommended for over-the-road environment and ease of calibration. (FHWA) KW - Calibration KW - Evaluation KW - Inventory KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349162 AU - Huffine, W W AU - Reed, L W AU - Whitcomb, C E AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION, ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE VEGETATION PY - 1981/06/30 SP - 83 p. AB - Three years after seeding mixtures or pure stands of grasses for erosion control on fill slopes in northern Oklahoma, one of the best mixtures was 2.3 lb weeping lovegrass, 8 lb little bluestem, 15 lb sideoats grama, 10 lb switchgrass, and 9.6 lb Plains bluestem bulk seed/acre. Planting unhulled seed of the bermudagrass cross Guymon X9959, provides equally good ground cover by mid-July when seeded anytime January through March with either a Nesbit drill, Brillion seeder, or a Bowie hydroseeder. The preemergence application of Aatrex 80W (2 lb ai/acre) provided the best cost/benefit ratio for roadside broadleaf weed control. The broadcast sprayer was more effective than the compensating feed rope-applicator in the application of post-emergence herbicides for the control of alfalfa on roadsides. Based on herbicide cost/acre only, the least expensive was 2,4-D, followed by Weedmaster, and Aatrex 4L. The least expensive, equally effective postemergence control of rhizomatous johnsongrass in 1981, based on chemical cost/benefit only, would be from DSMA (3 lb ai/gal.) at 1 gpa, applied three times; next would be an initial application of MSMA (8 lb ai/gal.) at 0.38 gpa, followed by two applications of DSMA. Lexon 50W applied to 0.5 lb ai/acre in mid- to late December, January, or February provided the least expensive, effective preemergence control of seedling johnsongrass. Foliar application of Tordon 101 Mixture (0.5 lb ai/gal.) at 1 gpa, effectively controlled winged elm, and Eastern red cedar along roadsides. When applied at 2 gpa, it effectively controlled silver maple. For the non-selective control of weeds on highway shoulders, with a minimum migration of herbicides, the best cost/benefit was obtained from a mixture of Hyvar X 80 WP plus Velpar 90 SP at 8 + 2 lb/acre. (FHWA) KW - Erosion control KW - Grasses KW - Maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Seeding KW - Selecting KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349264 AU - Wyman, J H AU - Jacobs, JHG AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION INSTRUMENTATION OF A BRIDGE PY - 1981/06/30 SP - 29 p. AB - The North Channel Bridge over the Kennebec River in Skowhegan was chosen for instrumentation in the weigh in motion (W.I.M.) study. Full bridge strain gauges have been installed on eight of the nine I beams of the bridge. Initial data taken with various weight vehicles indicates that when added, the strain outputs of the gauges should prove to have a linear relationship to the vehicle weight, permitting the bridge to be used as a scale. The project will continue into 1982 to complete the step of installing the adder, which has already been ordered. After the necessary accurate calibration extensive data collection of the weight of normal daily truck traffic will be undertaken. (Author) KW - Calibration KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Strain gages KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108764 AU - Hoffman, M S AU - Thompson, Marshall R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Nondestructive Testing of Flexible Pavements Field Testing Program Summary PY - 1981/06 SP - 147p AB - An extensive nondestructive (NDT) flexible pavement testing program was conducted. Twenty four different pavement sections were subjected to NDT. Conventional granular base and stabilized base material sections were studied. NDT devices used were the Illinois Department of Transportation Road Rater 2000-8, the Benkelman Beam, and the Falling Weight Deflectometer. Subgrade soil and base material characterization and resilient moduli data were developed. A complete data summary is presented in various tables and figures. A procedure for characterizing the pavement surface deflection basin was developed. Correlations between the different devices were developed. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement test sections KW - Surface deflections UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-031.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365337 AU - Teng, T C AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAYMENT REHABILITATION USING DYNAFLECT DATA PY - 1981/06 SP - 42 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to take deflection measurements from Mississippi highways and relationships between traffic index, equivalent wheel load, and pavement thickness developed by others and produce criteria for pavement overlay design applicable to Mississippi highways. The study resulted in overlay design criteria and a computer program that are now being used by the Mississippi State Highway Department. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mississippi KW - Pavements KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364849 AU - Little, R J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF MICROWAVE PATCHING SYSTEM PY - 1981/06 SP - 80 p. AB - Field evaluation of the system was conducted by making 70 patches using 3 separate field maintenance crews. Crew acceptance was good, and no problems developed as long as all safety rules were followed. The amount of resin per batch varied from 7.0 percent to 11.4 percent. The higher content does not necessarily increase the strength of the material but it does improve workability. As a prototype piece of equipment the Microwave Power Generator required a great deal of maintenance, primarily due to failure of the circulators. The system can produce high-quality patches in warm or cold weather. The system has the greatest potential for cold-weather patching on high-volume roads where overnight lane closures should be avoided. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Heating equipment KW - Maintenance KW - Microwave devices KW - Microwave equipment KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344420 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF LOWER MIXING TEMPERATURES FOR BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXES PY - 1981/06 SP - 45 p. AB - The primary objective of this project is to investigate the economic potential and the engineering properties of hot plant mixed bituminous mixes produced at lower than normal mixing temperatures. This was accomplished by monitoring plant and field operations of a hot bituminous paving project in which approximately 52 % of the base and binder courses were mixed at 225 degrees F (+25 degrees F) instead of the normal 300 degrees F (+25 degrees F). No significant changes were noted in the engineering properties between the normal and lower temperature mixes. Plant and field conditions were not adversely affected. An energy analysis pointed out a 20.6% reduction in energy consumption, largely due to savings of dryer fuel. The state realized no direct financial benefit from the procedure since the regular and lower temperature mixes were bid at the same price. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt plants KW - Building materials KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mixtures KW - Specifications KW - Temperature control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365146 AU - Lea, J AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOF TESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS. SECTION VII (VOLUME 1): FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. PROGRAM MODIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF ZONE 2 PY - 1981/06 SP - 451 p. AB - A computer-coded program for the analysis of reinforced earth installations by the finite element method, called REA, was modified to permit its application to culverts embedded in earth embankments. As a means of verifying the modifications, the revised program is applied to a cross-section of the embankment at Zone 2 of the DB Culvert, a heavily instrumented 120-in. (3048-mm), structural plate pipe. The influences of (1) boundary conditions; (2) soil-culvert relative movements; and, (3) soil types are examined. Correlations are established between quasi-theoretical parameters derived from the program application and field-measured values of these parameters where reduced data are available at time of writing. Other quasitheoretical parameters are examined and additional correlations will be established in subsequent interim reports. KW - Culverts KW - Deformation curve KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Finite element method KW - Highways KW - Pipe KW - Pipes tubes KW - Properties of materials KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766274 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Barnes, B D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIXING WATER AND MATURITY OF HARDENED CONCRETE USING SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE TECHNIQUES PY - 1981/06 SP - 62 p. AB - Photographic comparison standards and an analysis procedure for their use have been developed to aid in the determination of the age of hydration and the water-cement ratio of hardened concrete. The standards are sets of nine photographs of concrete at a range of ages and water-cement ratios taken at 1200X magnification using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Concretes were made at nine different water-cement ratios ranging from 0.40 to 1.20 in increments of 0.10; and hydration was terminated for samples from each water-cement ratio at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days of hydration using controlled nonfreezing vacuum drying. An array of 63 sets of nine photographs, one for each age at each water-cement ratio resulted. Analysis of their array resulted in the recognition of nine factors of features of the hydration matrix that can be used by a trained observer to estimate age of hydration and water-cement ratio of an unknown concrete sample for which a set of nine 1200X SEM photographs has been made. A step-by-step procedure is provided using the age and water-cement ratio distribution of the nine features for the evaluation of unknown concrete samples. Sample photographs illustrating the nine hydration features are provided together with a distribution chart for each feature. This is the first of two parts and contains the text and sample photographs. Part II consists of the unbound array of 63 sets of glossy SEM photographs. KW - Age KW - Age hardening KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Electron microscopes KW - Hydration KW - Photographs KW - Portland cement KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00766259 AU - Shah, S C AU - Hirschmann, J J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ROUTINE TRAFFIC COUNT STATIONS TO OPTIMIZE LOCATIONS AND FREQUENCY PY - 1981/06 SP - 39 p. AB - This report describes a grouping of statewide permanent and key traffic counters on the basis of their geographic variations in traffic flow. Several factors were considered including the distance between clusters and urban versus rural areas. Traffic counts for a 3-year period were grouped into clusters by highway functional class for each individual parish. A computer program examines the maximum distance within a cluster and the maximum, average, and minimum distances within and between clusters. Count stations are arranged in clusters or groups of comparatively like counts. The cluster groups were examined by reviewing Louisiana parish maps that show the station locations. A computerized cluster analysis of all districts for 1977-1979 was reviewed according to highway functional classes 6, 7, and 8. An indepth review of the various cluster arrangements indicated the possibility of estimating the average annual daily traffic at some locations from sample traffic counts. A total of 111 stations could be measured less frequently by subjectively reviewing the location and proximity of the 2,290 stations, whereas a total of 1,246 stations could be read less frequently based on the objective but insensitive computerized cluster analysis. This observation confirms the need for further analysis by taking into consideration factors such as seasonal variations, geographic distribution of stations, and the number of stations existing in each cluster. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cluster analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Louisiana KW - Optimization KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20150.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488128 AU - Henry, J W AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PROBLEMS IN ALASKA VERSUS ASPHALT GRADINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 53 p. AB - Examinations were made of thirty-one selected Alaskan paving projects to determine the cause or causes of a reportedly high frequency of paving problems which occurred subsequent to the 1973 Arab oil embargo and related changes in crude oil supplies. Four other factors which changed during the same period were identified. They include a switch from the penetration to the viscosity of aged residue (AR) asphalt grading systems, a major increase in traffic levels related to Alaska pipeline construction, acceptance of Drum-Dryer paving mix plants, and changes in compaction control procedures and roller requirements. Analysis of pavement samples from projects constructed before and after this period of changes showed no significant changes in aggregate gradations or pavement densities. However, some major variations in penetration values of extracted asphalts were noted for pavements constructed with AR-graded asphalts. The subsequent change to the viscosity based AC-grading system has resulted in a new consistency of asphalt properties. The variability of properties of AR-graded asphalts extracted from pavements built in 1975-76 apparently was a result of the grading system used and was essentially independent of the type of mixing plant used in pavement production. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Before and after studies KW - Pavement performance KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460121 AU - Reno, A T AU - Ritchey, B J AU - Morris, J R AU - System Design Concepts, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTORS USED IN FORECASTING FEDERAL HIGHWAY REVENUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 150 p. AB - This document presents estimates and forecasts of the numerous highway-related indicators which are essential in the estimation of Highway Trust Fund revenues. These indicators include vehicle population, vehicle weight, vehicle sales, vehicle prices, fuel efficiency, annual miles of travel, oil consumption and tire consumption. These variables are estimated for the base year of 1977 and forecasted for 3 future years, 1985, 1990 and 1995. They are compiled for 38 vehicle categories based on vehicle type, axle configuration and registered weight. Each of the 38 vehicle categories are further disaggregated by fuel type, gas and diesel. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Indicator characteristics KW - Indicators (Instruments) KW - Operating costs KW - Revenues KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385313 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Zweig, W D AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPENDICES TO PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENTS TO URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1981/06 SP - 90 p. AB - Five appendices are contained in this volume. They are: A. Data Collection and Site Characteristics; B. PCE Summary Statistics; C. Data Processing Details; D. Literature Review; and E. Truck Problems. These five appendices support the Interim Report on Passenger Car Equivalents contained in Volume I. (FHWA) KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Information processing KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Reviews KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199213 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377982 JO - Statewide Transportation Planning & Management Ser PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY DATA INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - 1981/06 SP - 43 p. AB - Papers on the information system in four States--Tennessee, Montana, Utah and California--are included in this report. The Tennessee and Montana information systems contain computerized interrelated data files and have programs for generating special analyses and listings of information or reports. These systems have not only decreased the need for planners and analysts to manipulate data, but also have reduced the time spent for field inventory and office processing of field data. The Utah and California systems are specifically oriented to pavement information. These two systems are included because of the increased emphasis on pavement management. They also illustrate the outputs and applications of specialized data files. A fifth paper included in the report describes the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS), a continuing information system employed by the FHWA to monitor highway condition and use. The HPMS uses a limited number of data elements on a statistically designed sample of sections as input to models developed for analyzing the Nation's highway system. The paper on HPMS briefly describes the data system with a more indepth discussion of the HPMS analysis process. (Author) KW - Data systems KW - Highway planning KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365713 AU - Darter, M I AU - Barnett, T L AU - Morrill, D J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Illinois Department of Transportation TI - REPAIR AND PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1981/06 SP - 104 p. AB - Procedures for permanently patching and for pressure grouting of continuously reinforced concrete pavement have been developed. These procedures have been extensively field tested to ensure their practicality and adequacy. The patching procedures reduce costs and lane closure time by considering the different distress types, different methods of construction, and concrete additive and curing for early opening. The pressure grouting procedures provide for a restoration of support beneath the slab and the prevention of future pumping. KW - Additives KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Grouting KW - Illinois KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Lap joints KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pressure grouting KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Splices KW - Splicing KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-033.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365437 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - Meier, WRJ AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULFUR-ASPHALT AND AGGREGATE MIXTURES PY - 1981/06 SP - 68 p. AB - This report is concerned with the evaluation of sulfur-asphalt and aggregate mixtures that would probably be used for construction by the Arizona Department of Transportation. Three aggregates used in highway paving were mixed with a 30/70 weight ratio of sulfur to asphalt blend and evaluated for Hveem and Marshall design properties. Additionally, one aggregate plus sulfur-asphalt mixtures was used to determine the effects of sulfur and/or anti-strip on resistance to debonding, effects of temperature on the value of tensile strength and elasticity, effects of aggregate moisture on debonding, and effects on fatigue life under repeated flexural stresses. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Antistrip additives KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bending stress KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexure KW - Hveem test KW - Marshall test KW - Mixtures KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377313 AU - Wakefield, R C AU - Sawyer, C D AU - Lowe, B A AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT AND RENOVATION OF ROADSIDE TURFGRASS PY - 1981/06 SP - 50 p. AB - A series of experiments were conducted to develop management methods for maintaining high quality roadside turfgrass and techniques for the improvement and renovation of turfgrass. Fertilizer applications made in the early spring or early fall were important for maintaining density of seeded grasses particularly on areas subject to erosion and sedimentation. Mowing to a height of no less than 4 inches resulted in improved grass density and fewer weeds. Applications of sewage sludge improved the density and growth of grasses. More research is needed, however, before recommendations are made for use along highways. Thin and deteriorating stands of grass were successfully overseeded but required prior scarification of the surface. A Jacobsen disc seeder was useful for this purpose. Annual weedy grasses such as Aristida spp., where present, inhibited seeded grasses and should be controlled with herbicides. (Author) KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Mowing KW - Roadside KW - Seeding KW - Sewage KW - Sewerage KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377292 AU - Kent, P M AU - Robey, M T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1975-1979 NATIONAL TRUCK CHARACTERISTIC REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 183 p. AB - This is a collection of key truck weight summary tables and graphs to meet the demand for such information in planning and programming at the state, regional and national level. The information was collected during the Annual Truck Weight Study by the State Highway agencies in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, at roadside locations on main rural roads; all the vehicles in are traffic stream were counted and classified. In anyone year, 10 million vehicles were so counted at 600 locations. Weighing operations are usually conducted for an 8-hour period on a weekday during daylight hours. Classification counts were conducted for three 8-hour shifts. This report consists of seven sectional providing tabular data and graphs or the number of vehicles counted and tracks weighted, average weights of trucks and loads and percent of trucks loaded, gross vehicle weight distributions by vehicle type, fuel type distributions by vehicle type, distribution of highway tonnage by hour of day, axle weights and gross weights by region and state, and 18-kip rates and equivalents for rigid and flexible pavement design. KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fuels KW - Gross weight KW - Planning KW - Rigid pavements KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic counting KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376390 AU - Luke, J J AU - HAMAD, B S AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF CASTING POSITION ON DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICE LENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS PY - 1981/06 SP - 174 p. AB - The objective of this study was to reexamine the development and splice length requirements for top cast bars based on a comparison of stresses developed at ultimate rather than at a specified value of loaded end slip. To understand the historical development of design provisions for the influence of casting position, an extensive survey of the literature was undertaken. An experimental investigation of the magnitude of bond strength reduction as a function of (1) the location and orientation of the reinforcement and (2) the properties (slump) of the fresh concrete was undertaken. Specimens were designed and constructed with bars cast at different heights above the bottom of the form and oriented horizontally or vertically. The bond strength of each of these bars was compared to that of a bottom bar at ultimate. The specimens consisted of large blocks of concrete with a number of bars or splices cast in each block. The spacing of adjacent bars along the specimen height was varied to minimize the interaction of splitting cracks. Four trial specimens were designed and tested to define the dimensions of the primary test specimens. A total of six specimens containing from 8 to 16 anchored or spliced bars was tested. Slip of the bar relative to the concrete was measured and comparisons between bars were made using load-slip curves. Based on the test results, suggestions are made for revision specifications for "top reinforcement" development and splice length as a function of casting position and concrete slump characteristics. The tests discussed in this report are part of a larger project which includes tests to investigate the effect of casting position and shear on the bond strength of lapped splices. (FHWA) KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Casting KW - Concrete KW - Cracking KW - Length KW - Loads KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Specimens KW - Splicing KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376898 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF NATIONAL WORKSHOPS PY - 1981/06 SP - 74 p. AB - Two National Workshops on Pavement Management were conducted by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) at the request of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), U.S. Department of Transportation. The workshops addressed the broad field of pavement management processes including pertinent activity areas such as information acquisition and processing, planning and programming, design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and field monitoring. Emphasis was placed on stepwise implementation of what is already known and identification of needed activities that, if concluded, may be expected to result in adoption of the pavement management concept by state and local road agencies. This report contains the proceedings of both workshops. Part 1 provides an executive summary of the two workshops' highlights and major recommendations. Pavement management considerations, definitions, benefits, current status, and implementation procedures are discussed in Part 2. Part 3 summarizes the workshops' findings and recommendations and represents the distillation of views and resource material that entered into the formulation of a set of priorities for a national program of short- and long-term activities. Part 4 contains the primary resource paper prepared for workshop participants by W. Ronald Hudson and Ralph C. G. Haas, along with reports of some other presentations made during the meetings. Part 5 contains composite summaries of the group reports from both national meetings. Part 6 lists the steering committee and the participants and their affiliations. (Author) KW - Computer programming KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Information processing KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Paving KW - Programming KW - Rehabilitation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346140 AU - Stockton, W R AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STOP, YIELD, AND NO CONTROL AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1981/06 SP - 106 p. AB - Observations and measurements were made at 140 low volume intersections in three regions of the United States. Control type, region, location (urban/rural), geometry (3-leg/4-leg), major roadway volume and sight distance are examined to determine their individual and interactive effects on driver behavior, accident experience, and travel time. Region, location and geometry have an essentially negligible effect on safety and operations at low volume intersections. Increasingly restrictive control did not result in reductions in accident experience. STOP control produced the highest travel times and thus the highest total road user costs; YIELD control resulted in the lowest road user costs of the three control types considered. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Behavior KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Geometry KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Prevention KW - Road user costs KW - Safety KW - Sight distance KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel time KW - Visibility KW - Yield signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366757 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEVEN APPROACHES TO HIGHWAY PROGRAMMING (STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT SERIES) PY - 1981/06 SP - 80 p. AB - This report is a compendium of seven approaches to highway programming based on information provided by Iowa, Wisconsin, Florida, Texas, Illinois, Louisiana, and Georgia. Some of these States chose to describe particular aspects of their programming processes; other States provided information on several steps of their processes. All of the States noted that decreasing revenues and increasing highway improvement costs and their increasing backlog of highway needs led to their developing new approaches for programming highway improvements. The Iowa approach emphasizes pavement preservation and involvements. The Iowa approach emphasizes pavement preservation and involvement. The Wisconsin approach emphasizes policy alternatives. The Florida approach emphasizes the use of program categories and organizational approach. The Texas approach emphasizes financial control and system benefits as opposed to project benefits. The Illinois approach emphasizes policy development and process. The Louisiana approach emphasizes involvement. And finally, the Georgia approach emphasizes broader considerations in project prioritization. The topics of policy, financial control, planning support, program development process, involvement, and program scheduling are emphasized in the summary. Lastly, conclusions and extensions are drawn to form a basis for a conceptual model for highway programming. (Author) KW - Budgeting KW - Highway programming KW - Highways KW - Policy KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Scheduling KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349939 AU - Lea, J AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOF TESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION VII (VOLUME 1): FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS: PROGRAM MODIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF ZONE 2 PY - 1981/06 SP - n.p. AB - A computer-coded program for the analysis of reinforced earth installations by the finite element method, called REA, was modified to permit its application to culverts embedded in earth embankments. As a means of verifying the modifications, the revised program is applied to a cross-section of the embankment at Zone 2 of the DB Culvert, a heavily instrumented 120-in. (3048-mm), structural plate pipe. The influences of: 1) boundary conditions; 2) soil-culvert relative movements; and, 3) soil types are examined. Correlations are established between quasi-theoretical parameters derived from the program application and field-measured values of these parameters where reduced data are available at time of writing. Other quasi-theoretical parameters are examined and additional correlations will be established in subsequent interim reports. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Bedding /sewers/ KW - Boundary conditions KW - Boundary value problems KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Pipe KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Proof tests KW - Sewers KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Structural materials KW - Structural plate pipes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362025 AU - Teng, T C AU - Sheffield, J P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION USING DYNAFLECT DATA PY - 1981/06 SP - 38 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to take deflection measurements from Mississippi highways and relationships between traffic index, equivalent wheel load, and pavement thickness developed by others and produce criteria for pavement overlay design applicable to Mississippi highways. The study resulted in overlay design criteria and a computer program that are now being used by the Mississippi State Highway Department. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Thickness KW - Traffic flow KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362029 AU - Bailey, S N AU - Hasbrouck, R C AU - Jordan/Avent and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DURABLE AND IMPROVED SKID RESISTANT PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/06 SP - 63 p. AB - Hundreds of studies and experiments have been completed and reports written which describe efforts to develop and improve effective techniques to increase a roadway's skid resistance. Information gathered from many available publications, interviews and site visits has been summarized herein. The goal of this document is to provide, from these studies and visits to selected States, a comprehensive collection of new ideas and practices for highway engineers and others in need of solutions to skid resistance problems. The subjects identified herein are: General Compendium: 1. Innovative Techniques: Sprinkle Treatment; PCC Overlays; Polymer Overlays; Open-graded A.C. Overlays; Milling; Emulsified Slurry Seals; and Grooving Rigid Pavement--Hardened Condition. 2. Innovative Materials: Epoxy Asphalt; Sulfur Asphalt; Polymer Concrete; Chip Seals; Synthetic Aggregates; Rubber Asphalt; and Sand Asphalt. Texturing Rigid Pavement--Plastic Condition: appears as a separate section. A Summary Table appears at the back of the report. (FHWA) KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Building materials KW - Chip seals KW - Construction management KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Irrigation KW - Milling KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Skid resistance KW - Slurry seals KW - Sprinkling KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Watering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349934 AU - Gorman, T C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRAIN-RATE SELECTION IN THE CONSTANT-RATE-OF-STRAIN CONSOLIDATION TEST PY - 1981/06 SP - n.p. AB - Constant-rate-of-strain (CRS) consolidation tests were performed on remolded kaolinite specimens. The effect of strain rate on CRS test data is shown. A relation between soil parameters and strain rate was developed and used to formulate a strain-rate selection proceudre. The final selection procedure is based on liquid limit and initial degree of saturation of the specimen and is presented in graphical form. The procedure it applicable to all tyeps of soils. (FHWA) KW - Kaolinite KW - Liquid limits KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365161 AU - Gorman, C T AU - KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROGRAM AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRAIN-RATE SELECTION IN THE CONSTANT-RATE-OF-STRAIN CONSOLIDATION TEST PY - 1981/06 SP - 23 p. AB - Constant-rate-of-strain (CRS) consolidation tests were performed on remolded kaolinite specimens. The effect of strain rate on CRS test data is shown. A relation between soil parameters and strain rate was developed and used to formulate a strain-rate selection procedure. The final selection procedure is based on liquid limit and initial degree of saturation of the specimen and is presented in graphical form. The procedure is applicable to all types of soils. KW - Consolidations KW - Data collection KW - Kaolinite KW - Properties of materials KW - Saturated soils KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365152 AU - DiRenzo, J F AU - Cima, B AU - BARBER, E AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARKING MANAGEMENT TACTICS. VOLUME III: A REFERENCE GUIDE PY - 1981/06 SP - 199 p. AB - This guide is the product of the second phase of the project "A Study of Parking Management Tactics". The parking management experiences of 20 cities were investigated and documented in the first phase of the project. Based upon that investigation, parking management experience was synthesized to formulate the guidance contained in this guide. The guide provides information on the planning, implementation, and operation of six types of parking management tactics: on-street parking supply tactics, off-street parking supply tactics for activity centers, fringe and corridor parking facilities, pricing tactics, enforcement and adjudication tactics, and marketing tactics. The guide assesses the essential aspects of the tactics as well as presents some useful analysis procedures for evaluating parking management actions. The 'Reference Guide' is a stand-alone document for use by transportation planners and traffic engineers. It is the third volume of a three-volume series of reports on parking management. KW - Adjudication KW - Case studies KW - City planning KW - Guidelines KW - Highway transportation KW - Industrial engineering KW - Law enforcement KW - Management KW - Marketing KW - Off street parking KW - On street parking KW - Park and ride KW - Parking costs KW - Parking facilities KW - Pay parking KW - Prices KW - Streets KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349476 AU - Younger, C L AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL COST EFFECTIVE RECONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/06 SP - 32 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation of the initial period of performance of experimental reconstruction systems designed to effectuate an economic extension of the life of bridge decks in which salt contaminated concrete has been left in place. To date, four structures have been restored by this design alternate, employing sheet-type membranes as the protective measure against continued deck deterioration. The field evaluation included visual inspection and performance testing immediately after installation and at a time-in-service ranging from two to three years. Testing included measurement of electrical potential and electrical resistance between the steel reinforcement and the deck surface. Electrical potential measurements are interpreted as indicating the presence of active corrosion, resulting from accumulation of deicing salts at the level of the top mat of reinforcing steel in an amount sufficient to permit corrosion at a destructive rate (1). The measurement of electrical resistance is interpreted as indicating the effectiveness of the membrane-pavement system in preventing penetration by water and deicing salts. All membrane systems were judged to have performed satisfactorily during this initial evaluation period. Due to the limited time in service of these installations and only isolated incidence of premature failure, no attempt was made in this report to draw conclusions with respect to their ability to achieve the desired goal. It is hoped that monitoring efforts thru the duration of the study will yield more definitive information in this regard. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Electric potential KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Performance KW - Reconstruction KW - Resistance (Electricity) KW - Surveying KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349174 AU - Heins, C P AU - Sheu, F H AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF STEEL BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1981/06 SP - 95 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to present an efficient and reliable computer program which can be used to design/analyze straight and curved single or multi-span, composite box girder bridges. The computer program uses the finite-difference method to solve the Vlasov differential equations which describe the load-deformation response of a curved box differential equations which describe the load-deformation response of a curved box girder. This program will perform an analysis or design a single prismatic or nonprismatic straight or curved box girder under AASHTO criteria. The box section may be a single unit of the bridge or a member of a multiple box system. The box may be either non-composite or composite construction. The section can have internal transverse diaphragms spaced along the box and top lateral bracing. Output contains influence line ordinates, stresses on top and bottom flanges at locations along the span due to 1) Deal Load, 2) Superimposed Dead Load and 3) Live Load. Force envelopes including moment, shears, torsion and bimoment are given for all load combinations. Influence due to bending, torsion, warping and distrotion are included. Stress envelope is given for use in fatigue design. Specifications (AASHTO) are utilized to establish allowable stresses, web and flange stiffening requirements and shear stud spacing. Resulting girder deflections and rotations, due to sequential concrete placements, can also be determined for specified length of pours. Composite/non-composite action may be assumed after the concrete hardens. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete placing KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Live loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Rotation KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Static loads KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348643 AU - Croteau, J R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS EVALUATIONS USING A MAYS RIDE METER PY - 1981/06 SP - 111 p. AB - This, the second of two study reports, is concerned with the analysis of roughness data on new pavement construction and recent resurfacings and the development of an acceptance procedure for resurfacings. The high-speed measurement device known as the Mays Ride Meter consists of instrumentation mounted in a passenger car which measures smoothness in terms of the relative motion between the car body and axle. Smoothness tests performed on new freeways indicate that the overall rideability of our bituminous pavements has improved substantially, a "Good" rating being typical. Rolling straightedge-based smoothness acceptance provisions have been adopted to deal with the isolated instances of unacceptable riding quality which continue to be observed. Data from several new concrete projects indicate a small, yet significant relative improvement in rideability. Our most recent concrete projects are typically of "Fair" rideability rather than "Poor" as observed in some historical periods. Roughness surveys of resurfacing work performed by contractor and State forces indicate that both are of generally "Fair" rideability, with the in-house work displaying a slight superiority. New surface smoothness acceptance provisions for resurfacings have been developed and proposed for use. To promote testing efficiency and economy on projects under traffic, these provisions contemplate joint use of the Mays and rolling straightedge. (FHWA) KW - Acceptance KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Measuring instruments KW - Resurfacing KW - Riding qualities KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Straightedges KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172122 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361314 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wachtel, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRONIC ADVERTISING ALONG HIGHWAYS--CONCERN FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-5 AB - Developments in electronics, computers, and communications are being applied to traffic signs. One of the most advanced developments is the lamp matrix system which is one form of a commercial electronic variable message sign (CEVMS). Although a 1978 amendment to the Highway Beautification Act legitimized commercial signage using the latest technology, earlier federal laws still in force prohibited signs illuminated by flashing, intermittent, or moving light or signs that move or have animated or moving parts. The Federal Highway Administration through research and field observations demonstrated that CEVMS's have the potential for animation and for flashing, moving, and intermittent message presentation, and some operating signs already display these characteristics. In addition a correlation was established between roadside advertising and traffic accidents. KW - Animation KW - Beautification KW - Computer animation KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Roadside advertising KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signal hardware KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349771 AU - LaCroix, J E AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK CONDITION SURVEY PY - 1981/06 SP - 42 p. AB - Performance of 20 chloride-contaminated, partially restored, waterproofed bridge decks was evaluated for three years. Annually, surface conditions were mapped, extent and location of delaminated areas were determined, waterproofing permeability was measured, and attempts were made to determine the rate of corrosion. Insufficient service life performance data were available to determine if sealing surface of partially restored chloride-contaminated decks will affect the rate of deterioration. Voids or blisters were found in the waterproofing system. Delaminations could not be distinguished from blisters. Results of corrosion measurements were inconclusive. The waterproofing membrane prevented penetration of surface moisture. (FHWA) KW - Blistering KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Corrosion KW - Deterioration KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Service life KW - Surveys KW - Void KW - Void ratios KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361323 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION AND THE FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM PY - 1981/06 SP - 33 p. AB - The basic question facing the Federal Highway Administration is how to provide leadership in developing methods to curb the Nation's longstanding appetite for more fuel consumption and still provide needed transportation services. This publication presents some of the methods (and resulting benefits) that the Federal Highway Administration, in cooperation with the States, is using to meet this energy conservation challenge. The following areas are addressed: planning, design considerations, construction and maintenance, traffic operations, ridesharing and high occupancy vehicle incentives, and transportation system management. In conclusion, it is pointed out that the total Federal Highway Administration organization has begun to think "ENERGY" and to redirect its programs to meet the new challenges. KW - Energy conservation KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Fuel consumption KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Incentives KW - Ridesharing KW - Road construction KW - Traffic KW - Transportation system management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349785 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOLLOW UP REPORT ON DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 1-10-76-526 "EVALUATION OF OVERFLEX PAVEMENTS TEST SECTIONS" (53 MO.) PY - 1981/06 SP - 12 p. AB - This report describes the 53 month observations of several binder types used in penetration or chip seal coat type construction. Originally it was desired to place and observe a tire rubber-asphalt section but other binders were also included. After 53 months several areas are in need of rehabilitation and very little difference can be observed between binder types. This will be the last observation period. (FHWA) KW - Binder course KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Demonstration projects KW - Experimental roads KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348633 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LANE DELINEATION WITH IMPROVED DURABILITY PY - 1981/06 SP - 37 p. AB - A new pavement marking material was developed on this program. The developed material is called epoxy thermoplastic (ETP) for identification and is based on the use of uncatalyzed epoxy resin for a binder, to which conventional extenders, fillers, pigments and reflective glass beads (premix and/or drop-on) are added. The material is applied by an airless, low pressure spray system at 450F (232C) as a thin film coating (10 to 20 mils). The epoxy thermoplastic has the following characteristics: sets quickly (5 seconds or less--no coning required); is more durable than conventional traffic marking paints by a factor; of two to ten on both PCC and AC pavements (based on large-scale field tests conducted in Minnesota, Colorado, Texas, and California); can be applied to below freezing pavements in below freezing weather is virtually smokeless on application; is nonpolluting (100 percent solids system that has no solvent); uses materials that are non proprietary and available from multiple sources; has materials costs comparable to conventional traffic paint (100 percent soilds basis); and conserves energy by not using petroleum-derived solvent as compared to traffic paint which is 30 percent to 50 percent solvent. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold weather KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Epoxy resins KW - Glass beads KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road marking materials KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172114 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348361 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Radelat, G AU - Tiller, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SIMULATION PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - p. 19-26 AB - This article discusses developments in traffic simulation techniques, their relationship with developments in the computer field, and a new traffic simulation system called TRAF. KW - Computers KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347826 AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE LEGIBILITY OF HIGHWAY GUIDE SIGNS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CARDINAL DIRECTION INDICATIONS PY - 1981/06 SP - 36 p. AB - The report is concerned with the legibility of the message elements displayed on the highway guide signs. The work was carried out on a vision testing alley, using scaled down replicas of highway signs. Cardinal Direction indications (North, South, East, West) demonstrated satisfactory legibility. The findings indicate that route numbers had poorest legibility of the eight types of information displayed on the guide signs tested. They were seen at 10 percent shorter distance than place names. KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Evaluation KW - Guide signs KW - Human factors KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Letters KW - Numbers KW - Symbols UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171678 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348359 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ellington, R E AU - Reynolds, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROLLER SYNCHRONIZER--TIME-BASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL COORDINATION PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-11 AB - This article discusses the development of the Traffic Controller Synchronizer (TCS), its capabilities, and a recent field application of TCS units at seven suburban intersections in Virginia. KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174485 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00348360 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Fong, G K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CURRENT RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES TO EVALUATE MATERIALS USED IN RECYCLING ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/06 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-18 AB - The major research studies sponsored by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), to resolve the recycling problems are discussed, as are other research studies conducted by various highway agencies, universities, and engineering firms. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/174486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345756 AU - Little, R J AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF MICROWAVE PATCHING SYSTEM PY - 1981/06 SP - 80 p. AB - Field evaluation of the system was conducted by making 70 patches using 3 separate field maintenance crews. Crew acceptance was good, and no problems developed as long as all safety rules were followed. The amount of resin per batch varied from 7.0 percent to 11.4 percent. The higher content does not necessarily increase the strength of the material but it does improve workability. As a prototype piece of equipment the Microwave Power Generator required a great deal of maintenance, primarily due to failure of the circulators. The system can produce high-quality patches in warm or cold weather. The system has the greatest potential for cold-weather patching on high-volume roads where overnight lane closures should be avoided. (FHWA) KW - Cold weather KW - Field tests KW - Microwave patching KW - Microwaves KW - Operations KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Resins KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345767 AU - Haviland, J K AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF PREDICTIVE COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN THE DESIGN OF NOISE BARRIERS--A BEFORE AND AFTER APPROACH PART II-A--FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 56 p. AB - To evaluate the efficacy of the predictive computer programs used to design the barriers, noise measurements were taken before and after construction of an earth berm and plywood wall alongside I-495 in Northern Virginia. The effect of the barrier was taken as the difference between the before and after drop-offs in noise levels from the roadside to the location under study. The measured effects were compared to the predicted effects. Less than half of the measured effects were within 3 dB of the predicted values. However, when the effects of the time of day and human activity within the neighborhood were taken into account, 65% of the noise values obtained during periods of low human activity were within 3 dB of the predicted values. Thus, it is thought that the computer program can be effectively used in designing noise barriers. Despite intrusive noise periodically overriding the traffic noise from I-495, the latter clearly dominated the neighborhood noise environment. Direct correlations made between variations in L10 levels and truck traffic and between L50 and L90 levels and automobile traffic seem to support the generalization that the L10 levels are controlled by trucks and the L90 levels are controlled by automobiles. A study of reflected noise, of very limited scope, showed that the reflection effect is small, i.e., less than 3 dB. For details of the measurement and analysis methodologies see Part 1--The Data Acquisition System, 1978. (FHWA) KW - Automobiles KW - Barrier design KW - Before and after studies KW - Berms KW - Computer programs KW - Earth KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Noise barriers KW - Plywood KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345766 AU - Haviland, J K AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF PREDICTIVE COMPUTER PROGRAMS IN THE DESIGN OF NOISE BARRIERS--A BEFORE AND AFTER APPROACH PART II-B--SUPPLEMENT--THE NOISE LEVEL DATA PY - 1981/06 SP - 99 p. AB - To evaluate the efficacy of the predictive computer programs used to design the barriers, noise measurements were taken before and after construction of an earth berm and plywood wall alongside I-495 in Northern Virginia. The effect of the barrier was taken as the difference between the before and after drop-offs in noise levels from the roadside to the location under study. The measured effects were compared to the predicted effects. Less than half of the measured effects were within 3 dB of the predicted values. However, when the effects of the time of day and human activity within the neighborhood were taken into account, 65% of the noise values obtained during periods of low human activity were within 3 dB of the predicted values. Thus, it is thought that the computer program can be effectively used in designing noise barriers. Despite intrusive noise periodically overriding the traffic noise from I-495, the latter clearly dominated the neighborhood noise environment. Direct correlations made between variations in L10 levels and truck traffic and between L50 and L90 levels and automobile traffic seem to support the generalization that the L10 levels are controlled by trucks and the L90 levels are controlled by automobiles. See Part II-A for a description of the study and the discussion of the results. (FHWA) KW - Automobiles KW - Barrier design KW - Before and after studies KW - Berms KW - Computer programs KW - Earth KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Noise barriers KW - Plywood KW - Sound level KW - Traffic noise KW - Truck noise KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345090 AU - Stone, W C AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES OF POST-TENSIONED GIRDER ANCHORAGE ZONES PY - 1981/06 SP - 176 p. AB - Several large thin-webbed box girders, with post-tensioned anchorage zones designed in accordance with AASHTO and ACI requirements, have experienced large cracks along the tendon path in the anchorage zones at the design stressing load. Cracking of this nature provides a path for penetration of moisture and salts and thus presents a potential corrosion and frost damage threat. In addition, such cracking negates a major reason for the use of prestressed concrete, the minimization of service load cracking. This report summarizes an extensive literature review which documents the state-of-the-art in anchorage zone analysis, behavior, and design recommendations. In addition, the report outlines the general utilization of a powerful three-dimensional finite element program--PUZGAP-3D--for analysis of the complex anchorage zone region. The program was used to study both straight and curved tendon paths. Good correlation was found with experimental results up to first cracking which indicated that the program was very useful for exploring the effects of various parameters. (FHWA) KW - Anchorages KW - Box girders KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Posttensioning KW - Reviews KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342054 AU - Hoffman, M S AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC INTERPRETATION OF NONDESTRUCTIVE PAVEMENT TESTING DEFLECTIONS PY - 1981/06 SP - 260 p. AB - A method is proposed for the backcalculation of material properties in flexible pavements based on the interpretation of surface deflection measurements. ILLI-PAVE, a stress-dependent finite element pavement model, was used to generate data for developing algorithms and nomographs for deflection basin interpretation. Twenty four different flexible pavement sections throughout the State of Illinois were studied. Deflections were measured using the Benkelman Beam, the IDOT Road Rater, the Falling Weight Deflectometer, and an accelerometer to measure deflections under moving trucks. Loading mode effects on pavement response were investigated. The factors controlling the pavement response to different loading modes are identified and explained. Correlations between different devices are developed. Good agreement is achieved between backcalculated material properties and laboratory determined properties. Agreement is also obtained between measured and predicted deflection basins. The backcalculated parameters derived from the proposed evaluation procedure can be used as inputs for asphalt concrete overlay design. (FHWA) KW - Accelerometers KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Benkelman beam KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nomographs KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-032.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345088 AU - Stone, W C AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF POST-TENSIONED GIRDER ANCHORAGE ZONES PY - 1981/06 SP - 158 p. AB - Several large thin-webbed box girders, with post-tensioned anchorage zones designed in accordance with AASHTO and ACI requirements, have experienced large cracks along the tendon path in the anchorage zones at the design stressing load. Cracking of this nature provides a path for penetration of moisture and salts and thus presents a potential corrosion and frost damage threat. In addition, such cracking negates a major reason for the use of prestressed concrete, the minimization of service load cracking. This report summarizes the major design-related observations and conclusions from an extensive analytical and experimental program which studied anchorage zone behavior of post-tensioned box girders. The experimental program investigated the primary variables affecting the formation of the tendon path crack: tendon inclination and eccentricity, section height and width, tensile splitting strength of the concrete, anchor width and geometry, and the effect of supplementary anchorage zone reinforcement, both active and passive. An extensive series of three-dimensional linear elastic finite element computer analyses was used to generalize these results and develop a failure theory to explain tendon path crack initiation based upon specified peak spalling strains at the edge of the anchorage. The theory agreed well with the experimental data over a wide spectrum of variables. (FHWA) KW - Anchorages KW - Box girders KW - Design load KW - Eccentricity KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Linear elasticity KW - Posttensioning KW - Spalling KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Tendons KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342336 AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT BASE DRAIN EVALUATION PY - 1981/06 SP - 82 p. AB - Portions of the Department's highway drainage system design have recently been revised. Essentially, the longitudinal drainage trench was moved closer to the pavement/shoulder joint, and the fine concrete sand layer was eliminated as a trench backfill material. The specified backfill material is the coarser PA #1B crushed aggregate (pea gravel). This report deals with the evaluation of the effects of these changes on pavement performance and compares the new pavement base drain system to the older pipe foundation underdrain system at the same site. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Design KW - Fine aggregates KW - Highway drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Trench backfill UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341186 AU - Zuk, W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JOINTLESS BRIDGES PY - 1981/06 SP - 44 p. AB - The first part of the study deals with the various methods states are employing to reduce the number of joints in bridge decks. The most common method is the use of integral abutments, where the superstructure is joined to a flexible type of abutment. The second part of the study deals with several new methods of reducing the number of joints in a bridge. These methods are analzyed mathematically, and from the analysis conclusions are drawn as to the feasibility of these methods. (FHWA) KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction management KW - Continuous structures KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flexible pavements UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36444/81-R48.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341302 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF LOWER MIXING TEMPERATURES FOR BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXES PY - 1981/06 SP - n.p. AB - The primary objective of this project is to investigate the economic potential and the engineering properties of hot plant mixed bituminous mixes produced at lower than normal mixing temperatures. This was accomplished by monitoring plant and field operations of a hot bituminous paving project in which approximately 52 percent of the base and binder courses were mixed at 225 deg F (plus or minus 25 deg F) instead of the normal 300 deg F (plus or minus 25 deg F). No significant changes were noted in the engineering properties between the normal and lower temperature mixes. Plant and field conditions were not adversely affected. An energy analysis pointed out a 20.6 percent reduction in energy consumption, largely due to savings of dryer fuel. The state realized no direct financial benefit from the procedure since the regular and lower temperature mixes were bid at the same price. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Dryer drum process KW - Energy conservation KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342051 AU - Grady, J E AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROOVE-DEPTH REQUIREMENTS FOR TINE-TEXTURED RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/06 SP - 37 p. AB - This report discusses the depth required for grooves on new tine-textured concrete pavements in order to assure an adequate skid resistance over their entire design life. It is based on measures of texture depth and skid resistance, with both ribbed and smooth tires, made on 0- to 5-year-old New York pavements. Initial groove depth needs of 3/16-in. minimum were calculated from two values estimated from the study data: 1) the minimum depth (0.050 in.) to assure adequate skid resistance with a minimally legal treaded tire, and 2) the mean groove wear rate (0.013 in./million vehicle passes). Groove depth measurements on new concrete pavements and bridge decks indicated 21- and 14 percent compliance, respectively, with the proposed new standard of 3/16-in. minimum, and 60-and 44 percent compliance with the current standard of 2/16-in. minimum. Prospects for improving compliance rate were judged to be most promising in two areas -- increasing the awareness and motivation of construction personnel, and improving the design of tining rakes over those currently in use. While the findings of this study are specific to the standards and conditions in New York, the methodology should be of general interest. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Depth KW - Grooves KW - Minima KW - Minimization KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement grooving KW - Rigid pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341482 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF AN ALUMINUM STRUCTURAL PLATE CULVERT PY - 1981/06 SP - 35 p. AB - A 28-ft 6-in. span, 17-ft 10-in. high, corrugated aluminum culvert was instrumented to obtain measurements of strain and displacement during backfilling and under static live load. Values of circumferential bending moment and thrust at 16 locations spaced around the structure's circumference at midspan are reported for each 2 ft of backfill from the springline to 2 ft over the crown. Despite bending moments 70 percent of the fully plastic value, and stresses that exceed the nominal yield point of the aluminum, it is concluded that the structural behavior is satisfactory. Discrepancies between measured values and design predictions are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Backfilling KW - Bending moments KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Live loads KW - Plate metal KW - Stains KW - Static loads KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341296 AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RETRO-REFLECTIVE MEASUREMENT DEVICES. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 12 p. AB - The project was conducted to identify and evaluate instruments capable of measuring the retro-reflectance of highway traffic stripes under daylight conditions in the field. Four instruments were identified and evaluated. Two of these instruments are manufactured in Europe. The others were developed in the United States but are not commercially available. All instruments evaluated have some capability for measuring retro-reflectance of highway traffic stripes in the field. Three of the instruments are conveniently useable by field crews for this purpose. A Final Report containing documentary photographs and detail test data is available from NTIS (PB81-243594). (FHWA) KW - Daylight KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341298 AU - Hoffman, A G AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RETRO REFLECTIVE MEASUREMENT DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/06 SP - 59 p. AB - The project was conducted to identify and evaluate instruments capable of measuring the retro-reflectance of highway traffic stripes under daylight conditions in the field. Four instruments were identified and evaluated. Two of these instruments are manufactured in Europe. The others were developed in the United States but are not commercially available. All instruments evaluated have some capability for measuring retro-reflectance of highway traffic stripes in the field. Three of the instruments are conveniently useable by field crews for this purpose. (FHWA) KW - Daylight KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Retroreflectors KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341498 AU - McGeehan, D D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF USING COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS PY - 1981/06 SP - 19 p. AB - This report has been prepared as part of the HPR study entitled, Feasibility of Using Computer Graphics in Environmental Evaluations. This illustration of the use of computer graphics in locating historic landmarks is an important element in the study because it demonstrates a format that can be used for all other variables considered in environmental evaluations. Use of the technique demonstrated will enable the Department to significantly reduce the amount of time required to obtain approval for federally-funded projects. The identification of approximately 1,000 locations listed on the Virginia Landmark Register, nominated for or included on the National Register of Historic Places have been plotted. (FHWA) KW - Building sites KW - Computer graphics KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Historic preservation KW - Location UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341601 AU - Hughes, C S AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF DENSE-GRADED EMULSION BASE MIXES PY - 1981/06 SP - 28 p. AB - This study evaluated the practicality of using a basic test method developed at the University of Illinois. The report describes the use of the Illinois equation for predicting trial asphalt content, compares the results obtained with two CSS emulsions, and gives the results of resilient modulus tests. Also described is a cure and soak procedure that can be used to expedite designs by the Illinois method. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt content KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bases KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36447/81-R53.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341595 AU - McQuade, P V AU - GAI Consultants, Incorporated AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF COAL REFUSE-FLY ASH COMPOSITIONS AS HIGHWAY BASE COURSE MATERIAL PY - 1981/06 SP - 64 p. AB - The need to recycle waste products is becoming more crucial as the cost of their disposal escalates and the availability of conventional materials becomes scarce. Two such by-products of the coal industry, coal refuse and fly ash, have shown promise as construction materials. In view of the projected shift from oil to coal for electric power generation, the already abundant supply or both coal refuse and fly ash is expected to increase along with their disposal cost. This report outlines the findings of a study into the utilization of coal refuse-fly ash compositions as highway base course material. It includes a discussion of the results from an extensive laboratory testing program into the physical and engineering properties of mixtures of these waste products and a comparison of serviceability index and physical damage parameters based on the VESYS Predictive Design Procedures between crushed stone and coal refuse-fly ash compositions. These findings indicate that substituting stabilized coal refuse-fly ash blends in place of conventional base course material is technically and economically feasible. In-service usage of these stabilized mixtures should now be verified by appropriate field testing. The report also presents procedures for developing design mixes and conducting field tests of coal refuse-fly ash base course material. (FHWA) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Blends KW - Coal KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled materials KW - Road construction KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341535 AU - Butler, J AU - Guggenheim, R AU - Storrow, C AU - Southeastern Connecticut Regional Planning Agency AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ENERGY CONTINGENCY PLAN PHASE I: INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS PY - 1981/06 SP - 65 p. AB - This document begins a process to address new federal concerns within a transportation planning framework which focuses on energy consumption. Contingency planning has two major objectives. These are to: 1) retain individual mobility and ease the supply problems of the general populace during short-term supply shortfall crisis situations, and 2) reduce the long-term demand for fuel. In order to be adequately prepared for future fuel supply disruptions, it is necessary to prepare a variety of conservation and contingency strategies that can be employed, as needed, in response to varying supply situations. This Plan projects the anatomy of a gasoline shortage as it might occur in Southeastern Connecticut. The first part of this Plan focuses on the transportation system, primarily the work-trip component of this system, because it is recognized that this is the most susceptible to disruptions caused by fuel scarcities. Data have been compiled and analyzed concerning the Region's fuel distribution system, the storage capacity of private and public "end users," and current rates of gasoline consumption. The impact of various shortfall levels are discussed, and recommendations are made in regards to the most efficient ways to distribute fuel in the event of future shortages. Also, the carrying capacity of public and semi-public vehicles, and their potential for use during a fuel shortage, are examined. Phase II of this Energy Contingency Plan will make recommendations and detail the strategies to be used in the final plan. At this point, because the Region is seen to have a unique set of problems relative to travel demands, Phase II of the Plan will concentrate on developing strategies specifically suited for this Region. KW - Contingency KW - Contingency planning KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Energy KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Equipment KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel storage KW - Gasoline KW - Mobility KW - Physical distribution KW - Planning KW - Public service vehicles KW - Shortages KW - Strategy KW - Transportation KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle capacity KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341600 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Lorini, R A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT DELINEATION TREATMENTS PY - 1981/06 SP - 41 p. AB - In 1975, 43 test sections of various delineation treatments were installed in an attempt to develop treatments with better visibility and durability than the color-contrast and synthetic-binder-concrete then used in New York State to delineate shoulders and medians adjacent to asphalt pavements. Materials evaluated were polysulfide and coal-tar epoxies, one- and two-component polyesters, portland cement, acrylic paints, modified-alkyd traffic paint, preformed plastic tape, and thermoplastic markings. Neat applications, sand mortars, and surface treatments were installed in several geometric patterns including cross-hatches, solid median treatments, and various widths of edge lines. Although several materials provided good daytime visibility and durability, most did not provide good night and wet-weather visibility. Thermoplastic pavement markings generally performed very well, providing good visibility under adverse viewing conditions for at least 4 years. Thermoplastic 4-in. wide edge lines appear to provide adequate visibility for most conditions. Wider lines or cross-hatching provide greater visibility where increased emphasis of the shoulder or median is desirable. (FHWA) KW - Acrylic resins KW - Alkyd resins KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Edge lines KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Highway delineators KW - Medians KW - Mortar KW - Paint KW - Polyester resins KW - Portland cement KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Road shoulders KW - Striping KW - Surface treating KW - Test sections KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348034 AU - Metwali, E-SW AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRAMEWORK FOR A PAVEMENT EVALUATION SYSTEM PY - 1981/05/13 SP - 231 p. AB - The Indiana State Highway Commission is presently setting up a pavement management system which can be used for planning maintenance of the existing highway system. This research was set up to develop procedures and techniques for conducting pavement condition surveys (using the Roadmeter, Dynaflect and Skid Tester) to collect pavement condition information needed as input to the pavement management system. In-service pavements including flexible, overlay, jointed reinforced concrete and continuously reinforced concrete pavements were evaluated. The primary pavement unit used in this research is the contract section of the ISHC. Two primary experiments were designed and evaluated. The first dealt with examining the seasonal changes in pavement properties. This included deflection data, roughness and skid resistance. Regression correlations were developed for predicting maximum deflection of asphalt pavements from summer and fall measurements. An investigation was made to examine the change in expected service life of the designed asphalt overlay as a function of the error in estimating representative deflection at different levels of traffic volumes. The second primary experience was concerned with examining variability of pavement properties along the highway contract sections. Recommendations have been made on the number of tests to be made, location of tests and time of testing. This information can be used by the state as input data in their potential management system. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Road meters KW - Roughness KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398169 AU - Smith, D T AU - Appleyard, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development. Environmental Division TI - Improving the residential street environment - final report PY - 1981/05 IS - FHWA-RD-81-031 SP - 149p KW - Highway traffic control KW - Residential area KW - Residential areas KW - Street KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic restraint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384604 AU - Chen, Shwu-mei Hong AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improved Methods for State-Wide Vehicle Counting PY - 1981/05 SP - 129p AB - The purpose of this research is to evaluate the existing counting methods in Indiana for estimating annual average daily traffic from short-term counts and to determine whether existing procedures can be improved in accuracy and cost. This research pertains to rural and suburban roads carrying 500 or more vehicles per day. An analysis of existing volume counting programs in Indiana, the other states in FHWA Region 5 and those states which were indicated by FHWA to have good counting programs, was performed and acted as a background study for recommendations for improved methods for the Indiana statewide vehicle counting program. The improved mechods suggested for the Indiana statewide vehicle counting are basically procedures where statistical theories are applied to grouping continuous count stations and estimating standard deviations of AADT estimates. The improved methods should, if implemented, raise the accuracy of the AADT estimates at reduced costs for the continuous count station program. Recommendations are made for regrouping of continuous count stations, for establishing a seasonal control count station program. KW - Improvement KW - Indiana KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Planning methods KW - Traffic count KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic counts UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314027 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344406 AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL ENCROACHMENT MONITOR--GEM PY - 1981/05 SP - 152 p. AB - An experimental instrumentation system for monitoring long lengths of traffic railings to detect encroaching vehicles and measuring impact conditions has been developed and subjected to preliminary evaluation. The system makes use of the traffic railing as part of a transmission line carrying two radiofrequency waves. The radiofrequency energy reflected from vehicles entering the electromagnetic field about the line is detected and used to determine vehicular speed, direction, angle, location, path and size. A solid-state, digital data acquisition system is triggered by a detected encroachment to record pertinent data. Capability to record data on up to 50 encroachments is available. Computer data processing generates plots of vehicle path and tabulates data on time, speed, angle, location of encroachment, vehicle size and nature of encroachment. The system is packaged to be suited for unattended roadside installation and will operate continuously from a self-contained 12 V battery for periods of up to 10 days without servicing. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Data collection KW - Data recorders KW - Detectors KW - Electromagnetic wave propagation KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pulses KW - Radio frequency KW - Radiofrequency pulses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344405 AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL ENCROACHMENT MONITOR--GEM. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 48 p. AB - An experimental instrumentation system for monitoring long lengths of traffic railings to detect encroaching vehicles and measuring impact condition has been developed and subjected to preliminary evaluation. The system makes use of the traffic railing as part of a transmission line carrying two radiofrequency waves. The radiofrequency energy reflected from vehicles entering the electromagnetic field about the line is detected and used to determine vehicular speed, direction, angle, location, path and size. A solid-state, digital data acquisition system is triggered by a detected encroachment to record pertinent data. Capability to record data on up to 50 encroachments is available. Computer data processing generates plots of vehicle path and tabulates data on time, speed, angle, location of encroachment, vehicle size and nature of encroachment. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Data collection KW - Data recorders KW - Detectors KW - Electromagnetic wave propagation KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pulses KW - Radio frequency KW - Radiofrequency pulses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461922 AU - Glaretas, C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF THE GROUND. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 131 p. AB - A new method for measuring the acoustic impedance of the ground has been developed. The free-field two-microphone method, as it is called, consists of measuring the sound pressure field, radiating from a loudspeaker source and propagating parallel to the ground, by two microphones located on the same vertical axis. The transfer function between these two microphone signals is shown to be, for total coherence, equal to the ratio of velocity potentials, predicted by the appropriate point-to-point propagation theory over a plane boundary. A numerical search with a digital computer provides the value of ground impedance which satisfies the transfer function relationship stated above. Three ground models have been tested: a locally reacting, an extended reacting, and a layered ground model. From the close agreement of local and extended reaction models in predicting ground impedance, it is concluded that the grass-covered surfaces tested here can be considered as locally reacting, without significant error. The free-field two-microphone method presents certain advantages over other impedance techniques. These advantages include a reduction in possible errors resulting from uncertainties in the exact location of ground surface, and the potential to explore the acoustic properties of the ground using different ground models. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Electrical impedance KW - Ground KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Microphones KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273836 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377315 JO - Statewide Transportation Planning & Management Ser PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEVEN APPROACHES TO HIGHWAY PROGRAMMING PY - 1981/05 SP - 80 p. AB - This report is a compendium of seven approaches to highway programming based on information provided by Iowa, Wisconsin, Florida, Texas, Illinois, Louisiana, and Georgia. Some of these States chose to describe particular aspects of their programming processes; other States provided information on several steps of their processes. All of the States noted that decreasing revenues and increasing highway improvement costs and their increasing backlog of highway needs led to their developing new approaches for programming highway improvements. The Iowa approach emphasizes pavement preservation and involvement. The Wisconsin approach emphasizes policy alternatives. The Florida approach emphasizes the use of program categories and organizational approach. The Texas approach emphasizes financial control and system benefits as opposed to project benefits. The Illinois approach emphasizes policy development and process. The Louisiana approach emphasizes involvement. And finally, the Georgia approach emphasizes broader considerations in project prioritization. The topics of policy, financial control, planning support, program development process, involvement, and program scheduling are discussed in the summary, and conclusions and extensions are drawn to form a basis for a conceptual model for highway programming. KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programming KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Policy KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Regional planning KW - State planning KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377234 AU - Gordon, R L AU - Soicher, B AU - Donaldson, E AU - Sperry Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN CONFIGURATION FOR IN-VEHICLE ROUTE GUIDANCE. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 22 p. AB - This study analyzed the need for and the feasibility of installing an In-Vehicle Route Guidance System. The study concluded that a system of appropriate design would satisfy a significant portion of the need for route guidance with an appropriate benefit to cost ratio and appropriate net benefits. Several systems were studied and two were considered in great detail. The system which was recommended for further consideration features information transmission in one direction, from the roadside to the vehicle. Either microwave or optical communications may be used. Vehicle equipment consists of a receiver and display and control equipment. An alternative concept utilizing broadcast mode voice transmission in a fashion similar to CB communication was also considered in detail. Studies indicated that it was neither cost effective nor could handle the quantity of information necessary to satisfy the motorists' need for route guidance. This report contains two volumes. Volume I contains an executive summary and Volume II contains the final report. (FHWA) KW - Communications KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Equipment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377235 AU - Gordon, R L AU - Soicher, B AU - Donaldson, E AU - Sperry Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF THE FEASIBILITY AND DESIGN CONFIGURATION FOR IN-VEHICLE ROUTE GUIDANCE. VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 211 p. AB - This study analyzed the need for and the feasibility of installing an In-Vehicle Route Guidance System. The study concluded that a system of appropriate design would satisfy a significant portion of the need for route guidance with an appropriate benefit to cost ratio and appropriate net benefits. Several systems were studied and two were considered in great detail. The system which was recommended for further consideration features information transmission in one direction, from the roadside to the vehicle. Either microwave or optical communications may be used. Vehicle equipment consists of a receiver and display and control equipment. An alternative concept utilizing broadcast mode voice transmission in a fashion similar to CB communication was also considered in detail. Studies indicated that it was neither cost effective nor could handle the quantity of information necessary to satisfy the motorists' need for route guidance. This report contains two volumes. Volume I contains an executive summary and Volume II contains the final report. (FHWA) KW - Communications KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Equipment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Route guidance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/10465.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190930 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376908 JO - Recycled Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Demonstration Project 47 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Halverson, A D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation TI - RECYCLING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 66 p. AB - High quality aggregates for highway construction are in short supply in many parts of Minnesota. Although the current total supply is adequate, the distribution of sources results in localized shortages. In some areas, it is necessary to import high-quality aggregates from distant locations. Long haul distances can increase aggregate prices substantially, add significantly to the overall project cost, and require the expenditure of sizable amounts of energy. One available source of high quality aggregate is existing portland cement concrete pavement currently in need of reconstruction. Re-using this aggregate would conserve natural resources, result in cost savings in areas experiencing aggregate shortages, and conserve energy in the form of fuel savings when aggregates must be acquired from distant sources. A research study was undertaken to: Determine the feasibility of recycling portland cement concrete pavement; evaluate the new recycled pavement; determine the cost effectiveness of recycling versus convential paving; and determine the amount of energy consumed and natural resources conserved. Economic and engineering factors led to the selection of a 16-mile (25.7 km.) segment of U.S. 59 from Worthington to Fulda in Southwestern Minnesota for this study. The inplace roadway which was constructed in 1955 and consisted of a 9-7-9 inch (23-18-23 cm.) thick, 24 foot (7.3 cm.) wide, non-reinforced "D"-cracked concrete pavement with soil shoulders was broken, salvaged, and crushed. Material passing the No. 4 sieve (0.187 in. 0.476 cm.) was used for base stabilization and shoulder aggregate, and material retained on the No. 4 sieve but passing the 3/4 in. (1.905 cm.) sieve was used as the coarse aggregate for concrete pavement. Pavement removal began May 15, 1980 and paving was completed September 1980. (Author) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Experimental roads KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373124 AU - Iddings, F A AU - Melancon, J L AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPMENT OF A NUCLEAR DENSITY GAGE FOR DETERMINING THE DENSITY OF PLASTIC CONCRETE AT A PARTICULAR STRATUM PY - 1981/05 SP - 102 p. AB - Development of a nuclear density gage for determining the degree of consolidation of plastic concrete in selected horizontal layers was determined to be feasible. A commercially available, with some modifications, two-probe density gage (detector in one and source in the other) provided the most reliable laboratory results and is practical for field use. A single probe backscatter gage designed to measure a vertical dimension of plastic concrete demonstrated poor stability and considerable difficulty in calibration. A horizontal scanning technique, measuring the density vertically from pavement edge to pavement edge, was studied and determined to be impractical for use. Densities of plastic concrete were taken on seven construction projects using the two-probe technique. Results are included in the report. (FHWA) KW - Backscattering KW - Calibration KW - Density KW - Development KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Nuclear gages KW - Polymer concrete KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349951 AU - Cooper, E L AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF STREAM RELOCATION ON FISH POPULATIONS AND BOTTOM FAUNA WITH EMPHASIS ON MOVEMENT OF FISHES THROUGH LONG CULVERTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 38 p. AB - Two long culverts--much longer than culverts normally are--were constructed as part of a highway project which necessitated relocation of portions of Bull Creek. The objective of this research was to study the fish population, bottom fauna and water quality in the small stream system before, during and after highway construction. This report primarily contains information on the status of the stream before construction began. Before road construction, Bull Creek was a moderately enriched, warm-water stream with bottom fauna and fish populations similar to those elsewhere in the Allegheny-Ohio watershed. The fish populations were dominated by many species of minnows, suckers and darters. The stream supported a moderate density of fish, ranging from 20 to 200 pounds per acre, but almost completely lacked game or pan-fishes for recreational fishing. No large-scale migration of smallmouth bass or walleye from the Allegheny River into Bull Creek was detected. The bottom fauna was moderately diverse and severe floods were characteristics. Water quality showed evidence of a continuing influx of acid mine drainage being neutralized by the natural alkalinity-buffering capacity of the water. (FHWA) KW - Aquatic life KW - Before and after studies KW - Culverts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Road construction KW - Streams KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349478 AU - Moore, R M AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF VARIATION IN MATERIALS PROPERTIES ON ASPHALT PAVEMENT LIFE-EVALUATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE PY - 1981/05 SP - 108 p. AB - In an effort to collect information on the status of quality control procedures and the use of pay adjustment factors, a questionnaire was distributed to all state agencies, the District of Columbia, and the Federal Highway Administration. Each agency was asked to respond to questions describing their current method for acceptance or rejection of asphalt concrete paving materials and related pay adjustment factors. This report summarizes the results of the questionnaire. Analysis of results indicate: 1) Most state agencies will accept one or more property characteristics of asphalt concrete that are outside specification tolerances. 2) Most state agencies apply a pay adjustment factor to accepted materials which are outside specification tolerances. 3) Only 26 percent of the state agencies consider their pay factors to be proportional to reduced pavement serviceability. 4) Approximately one-half of the agencies consider the use of pay factor plans is effective in encouraging compliance with specifications. 5) There is a wide disparity in the pay adjustment factors used by the different agencies. This is the first of several reports to be prepared in connection with this project. (FHWA) KW - Adjustment factors KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Building materials KW - Compliance KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Pay KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Service life KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349173 AU - Wicks, K W AU - Dhamrait, J S AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LONGITUDINAL STEEL IN ILLINOIS CRC PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/05 SP - 44 p. AB - A follow-up investigation was made of several CRC pavements constructed within Illinois to determine the extent of corrosion occurring on the longitudinal reinforcement at transverse cracks. The effect of crack width, depth of reinforcement, slab thickness, type of reinforcement, infiltration of water and foreign matter, bond between concrete and steel, and D-cracking were studied to determine their influence on the progression of corrosion. The initial investigation was carried out during 1970. During the present study an analysis was made of 147 cores removed from 12 experimental pavements throughout the State for an intensive study on the behavior of a variety of CRC pavement designs. Of the cores removed from the experimental pavements, 42.2 percent showed no evidence of active steel corrosion, 52.4 percent indicated slight pitting to moderate pitting and 5.4 percent showed advanced rusting with a marked reduction in cross-sectional area or fracture of the reinforcing steel. The findings indicate that steel corrosion has progressed with the passage of time (from 1970 to 1979) but, at this stage, its effect on the pavement performance is minimal and the steel does not appear to be a potential problem with pavements designed in accordance with the present criteria. Of the parameters investigated, crack width and depth of reinforcing steel appear to be the only significant factors influencing the progression of corrosion. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Evaluation KW - Longitudinal reinforcement KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Transverse cracking KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349786 AU - Hoover, T P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONWOVEN GEOTEXTILE FABRICS: EVALUATION AND SPECIFICATION FOR SUBDRAINAGE FILTRATION PY - 1981/05 SP - 45 p. AB - This project developed techniques for evaluating the Flow Capacity (FC) and the Plugging Flow Capacity (PFC) of nonwoven geotextile fabrics. These paramters can be specified for given fabric installations and will provide fabrics of suitable flow capability and filtration potential without excessive plugging. Recommended specifications and test methods for FC and PFC, developed during this study, are included as interim guidelines, to be evaluated and refined through applied use. (FHWA) KW - Filtration KW - Flow KW - Geotextiles KW - Nonwoven textiles KW - Plugging KW - Specifications KW - Subdrains KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349830 AU - Smith, D T AU - Appleyard, D AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE RESIDENTIAL STREET ENVIRONMENT--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 14 p. AB - This Executive Summary capsulizes results of state of the art research on a broad range of techniques for Residential Street Traffic Control or Traffic Management and specific case study research on applications of the TRRL-developed "road hump" on U.S. residential streets. It also summarizes findings of original research on resident preferences regarding traffic speed and volume on residential streets, on factors which affect drivers' speed choice on residential streets and reviews legal considerations in neighborhood traffic management. KW - Bumps KW - Case studies KW - Highway traffic control KW - Legal factors KW - Neighborhoods KW - Research KW - Residential areas KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347741 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE SIGN SEQUENCES FOR WORK ZONES ON RURAL HIGHWAYS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 19 p. AB - The report summarizes the results of two experiments, sponsored by the FHWA and carried out at the Maine Facility, which examined the effectiveness of several alternative sign sequences for warning motorists on a two-lane rural road that there are construction/maintenance activities ahead which require closure of one lane. Types of signs tested include typical MUTCD warning signs, flasher augmented signs, and symbol signs. Principal findings concluded that flasher augmented signs were most effective in slowing approaching motorists and symbol signs were always at least as effective as the typical warning signs with word messages. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing sign KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Sequencing KW - Symbols KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345091 AU - Phukan, A AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LITERATURE SEARCH FOR SUBSTITUTE MATERIALS IN FROST PROTECTING LAYERS PY - 1981/05 SP - 53 p. AB - This report summarizes results of a literature search on soil stabilizers to reduce frost action in highways, railways, and airfields, and concentrates primarily on cements and asphalt stabilizers. Construction measures such as membrane encapsulated soil layers (MESL) were also evaluated. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Building materials KW - Cement treated soils KW - Encapsulation KW - Frost protection KW - Highway pavement KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Pavements KW - Reviews KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Substitutes UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346678 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES PY - 1981/05 SP - 179 p. AB - This report provides technical guidelines for the use of designers and planners of Highway Advisory Radio systems built in compliance with Section 90.272 of the FCC Rules and Regulations. An overview, description and background of HAR systems is given in the introduction. Possible users of HAR and a list of existing HAR installations is also included. Individual chapters are devoted to the subjects of FCC requirements and restrictions, factors affecting HAR reception, HAR system design options, HAR transmitters, monopole antennas, cable antennas, audio recorders and reproducers, telephone line interfacing, signing, audio message preparation, and HAR system costs. A design example is given using a system installed and operating in Gatlinburg, TN. KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Radio KW - Radio transmitters KW - Systems engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346759 AU - Lyles, Richard W AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE SIGN SEQUENCES FOR WORK ZONES ON RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1981/05 SP - 61 p. AB - The report reviews two experiments undertaken to examine the effectiveness of three basic sign sequences that could be used to warn motorists of work activities in the road ahead in a rural two-lane situation. In each experiment one lane was closed, although the length of the closure varied. Sign sequences examined included a standard MUTCD sequence, the standard sequence on both sides of the road and augmented with continuously flashing beacons, and a symbol sign sequence. The principal findings were that the flasher augmented sign sequences were more effective in slowing motorists in advance of the work area, and that the symbol sign sequences were at least as effective as the standard (unlighted) MUTCD sequences in slowing the motorists. KW - Beacons KW - Construction KW - Construction sites KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing beacons KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Symbols KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signs KW - Two lane highways KW - Warning signs KW - Warning systems KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346679 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO USER'S GUIDE PY - 1981/05 SP - 109 p. AB - This report has been prepared as a planning guide for users and potential users of Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) systems. It contains introductory material on HAR and its applications, specific instructions regarding FCC license applications for HAR stations, descriptions and specifications, of HAR components, installation recommendations, operation and maintenance information, and recommendations pertaining to HAR message preparation. The User's Guide is primarily directed toward non-technically trained persons who may be involved in planning, operating, or in the administration of a HAR system. KW - Building KW - Communication systems KW - Facilities KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Installation KW - Instructions KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345094 AU - JEX, H R AU - Zellner, J W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNIFICANT FACTORS IN TRUCK RIDE QUALITY--VOLUME III. DATA COMPENDIUM PY - 1981/05 SP - 142 p. AB - The objective of this study was to identify factors leading to significant differences in truck ride quality for a representative sample of long haul trucks in regular commercial use. Representatives of industry and labor organizations were contacted in order to obtain their assessments of key problem areas, and the state of the art in ride assessment technology was reviewed. A new experimental methodology was evolved which avoided most of the problems of earlier research. Data acquisition and analysis systems were developed for obtaining accurate, repeatable, and reliable ride data during in-service truck operations. In-service measurements were made with a typical variety of truck types, tires, seats, loads, speeds, roadways, and drivers. An array of in-cab data was tape recorded, with measurements being made in several short bursts for each of several roadway pavement categories and operating conditions. The IRIG Standard FM tape recordings included speed and six channels of in-cab vibration, cab floor and seat accelerations. Other recorded variables included: sound power level, air temperature, and driver and experimenter subjective ride ratings. The collected data were used to compute various ride quality measures, and include comprehensive statistics, spectra and ISO weighted measures. Preliminary correlations between objective and subjective ride measures were established. The dominant truck ride factors were found to be: pavement condition, wheel asymmetries, truck design and loading variations, and, to a lesser degree, cruising speed. No clear ride superiority was shown for any one type of tractor configuration, suspension, or seat. (FHWA) KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Seats KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346674 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 46 p. AB - This report summarizes the activity and accomplishments under the FHWA contract entitled "Systems Analysis and Design Guidelines for Highway Advisory Radio." It includes a summary of the seven principal tasks which were: Analytical and empirical analysis of HAR system components; HAR system installation, operations and maintenance; HAR visual signing and messages; Technical advice; HAR system design guidelines; Recent HAR developments; and User's guide. Also included are references to the documents produced under the contract, a discussion of major findings, and suggestions for additional research. KW - Antennas KW - Building KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Installation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Radio KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346192 AU - Cima, B AU - Hassam, A AU - Hetrick, S AU - HENRY, D AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE DALLAS FREEWAY CORRIDOR SYSTEM PY - 1981/05 SP - 149 p. AB - The objective of the evaluation is to assess the application of corridor surveillance and control techniques to the corridor along the North Central Expressway in Dallas, Texas; and the transferability of these techniques to other areas. The report focuses on a management review of project planning, implementation, and operations for each system component. System hardware and costs are documented. Traffic performance is assessed using the results of previous studies and existing data bases. Cross comparisons are made with similar systems. The overall system assessment explores the experiences in Dallas that may be of benefit to other areas and discusses the lessons learned. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Costs KW - Freeways KW - Hardware KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Implementation KW - Intersections KW - Management KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Systems management KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341481 AU - Robertson, R G AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLORADO MEDIAN BARRIER END TREATMENT TESTS PY - 1981/05 SP - n.p. AB - Two median barrier end treatment designs (type 3G and 3 F) were submitted by the Colorado Department of Highways (CDH) to the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). After analysis and evaluation, TTI tested the type 3F end treatment design with four crash tests, modifying the design in the process. The final design was deemed acceptable for use on an experimental basis in areas where W-beam guardrails meet in the middle of divided highways. (FHWA) KW - Beams KW - Design KW - Ends KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342330 AU - Tyson, S S AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO-COURSE BONDED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK CONSTRUCTION, "CONDITION AND PERFORMANCE AFTER SIX YEARS" PY - 1981/05 SP - 46 p. AB - This report presents the findings from a six-year study of two-course bonded concrete bridge decks constructed in Virginia. Each of three special portland cement concretes was applied as an overlay, or wearing course, on two experimental spans. The overlays were a latex-modified, a low-water/cement and a wire-fiber concrete. Two spans constructed by a conventional single-lift technique on nearby structures with ordinary concrete served as controls for the study. The report summarizes the evaluation of the construction, concrete properties, condition, and performance of the eight study spans through 1980. The condition and performance of the study spans warrant the use of two-course bonded bridge deck construction in four primary applications cited in the recommendations of the report. The latex-modified and low-w/c concretes exhibited improved resistance to chloride ion penetration as compared to ordinary concrete, but the wire-fiber concrete did not. Suggestions are made concerning a quality assurance program for the latex-modified concrete and a program for monitoring such installations to determine the particular conditions that may predispose them to cracking. (FHWA) KW - Bonded construction joints KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Construction joints KW - Construction management KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Ions KW - Latex KW - Pendulum tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resistance KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36453/81-R50.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341293 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Butler, M C AU - Dunkle, H D AU - Eshleman, R L AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF CARGO SHIFTING ON ARTICULATED VEHICLES PERFORMING BRAKING AND CORNERING MANEUVERS, VOLUME 2. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 133 p. AB - The effects of sloshing liquid cargo on the limit performance of articulated trucks have been investigated. The limit performances of four vehicle configurations in cornering and braking maneuvers were simulated using an augmented version of the vehicle simulation program, TDVS (Three Dimensional Vehicle Simulation). The vehicle configurations consisted of tractor with unbaffled, baffled, and compartmentalized tank trailers and a baseline van. Simulated maneuvers were lane change, cornering, straight-line braking, and braking-in-a-turn. Both vehicle configurations and maneuvers were modeled to correspond with the full-scale experiments, "Effect of Cargo Shifting on Vehicle Handling", (DOT-FH-11-9195), conducted by Dynamic Sciences, Inc. This report covers the validation of the augmented TDVS program, and the development and implementation of a methodology for conducting limit of performance simulations. Results are discussed and summarized in the context of the simulation program and in light of experimental data. Finally, recommendations are presented for vehicle dynamics analysis methodology and for future studies. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Commodities KW - Computer programs KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Freight transportation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lane changing KW - Liquids KW - Shifts KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Three dimensional KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Validation KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342053 AU - Katona, M G AU - Vittes, P D AU - Lee, C H AU - Ho, H T AU - Notre Dame University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CANDE-1980: BOX CULVERTS AND SOIL MODELS PY - 1981/05 SP - 214 p. AB - The CANDE computer program, introduced in 1976 for the structural design and analysis of buried culverts, is extended and enhanced in this work effort to include options for automated finite element analysis of precast, reinforced concrete box culverts, and new nonlinear soil models. User input instructions for the new options, now operative in the CANDE-1980 program, are provided in the appendix of this report along with example input/out data. Comparisons between CANDE-1980 predictions and the elastic analysis/design method used to develop the ASTM C789 design tables for precast box culverts revealed the importance of soil-structure interaction which is not taken into account in the latter method. As a general conclusion, the ASTM C 789 design tables provide safe designs (conservative) providing that good quality soil is used for backfill. The so-called Duncan soil model, employing hyperbolic functions for Young's modulus and bulk modulus, is a new soil model option in CANDE-1980. Standard soil model parameters, established from a large data base of triaxial tests, are stored in the program and can be used by simply identifying the type of soil and degree of compaction. In a similar manner, simplified data input options have also been developed for the overburden dependent soil model. In addition to user input instructions and example input/output data, the appendices also provide overlay instructions to reduce computer core storage requirements. (FHWA) KW - Box culverts KW - Bulk modulus KW - Computer programs KW - Manuals KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pipe KW - Precast concrete KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Simulation KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Structural design KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341292 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Butler, M C AU - Dunkle, H D AU - Eshleman, R L AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF CARGO SHIFTING ON ARTICULATED VEHICLES PERFORMING BRAKING AND CORNERING MANEUVERS, VOLUME 1, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/05 SP - 32 p. AB - The effects of sloshing liquid cargo on the limit performance of articulated trucks have been investigated. The limit performances of four vehicle configurations in cornering and braking maneuvers were simulated using an augmented version of the vehicle simulation program, TDVS (Three Dimensional Vehicle Simulation). The vehicle configurations consisted of tractor with unbaffled, baffled, and compartmentalized tank trailers and a baseline van. Simulated maneuvers were lane change, cornering, straight-line braking, and braking-in-a-turn. Both vehicle configurations and maneuvers were modeled to correspond with the full-scale experiments, "Effect of Cargo Shifting on Vehicle Handling", (DOT-FH-11-9195), conducted by Dynamic Sciences, Inc. This report covers the validation of the augmented TDVS program, and the development and implementation of a methodology for conducting limit of performance simulations. Results are discussed and summarized in the context of the simulation program and in light of experimental data. Finally, recommendations are presented for vehicle dynamics analysis methodology and for future studies. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Commodities KW - Computer programs KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Freight transportation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lane changing KW - Liquids KW - Shifts KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Three dimensional KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Validation KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341294 AU - Bohn, P F AU - Butler, M C AU - Dunkle, H D AU - Eshleman, R L AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF CARGO SHIFTING ON ARTICULATED VEHICLES PERFORMING BRAKING AND CORNERING MANEUVERS, VOLUME 4 USER'S MANUAL FOR TDVS/SLOSH PY - 1981/05 SP - 81 p. AB - The effects of sloshing liquid cargo on the limit performance of articulated trucks have been investigated. The limit performances of four vehicle configurations in cornering and braking maneuvers were simulated using an augmented version of the vehicle simulation program, TDVS (Three Dimensional Vehicle Simulation). The vehicle configurations consisted of tractor with unbaffled, baffled, and compartmentalized tank trailers and a baseline van. Simulated maneuvers were lane change, cornering, straight-line braking, and braking-in-a-turn. Both vehicle configurations and maneuvers were modeled to correspond with the full-scale experiments, "Effect of Cargo Shifting on Vehicle Handling", (DOT-FH-11-9195), conducted by Dynamic Sciences, Inc. This report covers the validation of the augmented TDVS program, and the development and implementation of a methodology for conducting limit of performance simulations. Results are discussed and summarized in the context of the simulation program and in light of experimental data. Finally, recommendations are presented for vehicle dynamics analysis methodology and for future studies. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Commodities KW - Computer programs KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Driving KW - Freight transportation KW - Handling characteristics KW - Lane changing KW - Liquids KW - Manuals KW - Shifts KW - Simulation KW - Steering KW - Tanks (Containers) KW - Three dimensional KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Validation KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341306 AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL ENCROACHMENT MONITOR - GEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 149 p. AB - An experimental instrumentation system for monitoring long lengths of traffic railings to detect encroaching vehicles and measuring impact conditions has been developed and subjected to preliminary evaluation. The system makes use of the traffic railings as part of a transmission line carrying two radiofrequency waves. The radiofrequency energy reflected from vehicles entering the electromagnetic field about the line is detected and used to determine vehicular speed, direction, angle, location, path and size. A solid-state, digital data acquisition system is triggered by a detected encroachment to record pertinent data. Capability to record data on up to 50 encroachments is available. Computer data processing generates plots of vehicle path and tabulates data on time, speed, angle, location of encroachment, vehicle size and nature of encroachment. The system is packaged to be suited for unattended roadside installation and will operate continuously from a self-contained 12 V battery for periods of up to 10 days without servicing. Tests indicate generally satisfactory performance, speed measurement accuracy of plus or minus 0.5 mph (plus or minus 0.8 km/hr), angle measurement accuracy of plus or minus 1 deg, location accuracy of plus or minus 10 ft (plus or minus 3m), parallel range of more than 1300 ft (396m), and perpendicular range of 3 ft (1m) or more. Long term evaluation in a roadside installation is needed to further establish the reliability and limitations. (FHWA) KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Guardrails KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radio waves KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341305 AU - King, J D AU - CERWIN, S A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL ENCROACHMENT MONITOR - GEM. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/05 SP - 45 p. AB - An experimental instrumentation system for monitoring long lengths of traffic railings to detect encroaching vehicles and measuring impact conditions has been developed and subjected to preliminary evaluation. The system makes use of the traffic railing as part of a transmission line carrying two radiofrequency waves. The radiofrequency energy reflected from vehicles entering the electromagnetic field about the line is detected and used to determine vehicular speed, direction, angle, location, path and size. A solid-state, digital data acquisition system is triggered by a detected encroachment to record pertinent data. Capability to record data on up to 50 encroachments is available. Computer data processing generates plots of vehicle path and tabulates data on time, speed, angle, location of encroachment, vehicle size and nature of encroachment. The system is packaged to be suited for unattended roadside installation and will operate continuously from a self-contained 12 V battery for periods of up to 10 days without servicing. Tests indicate generally satisfactory performance, speed measurement accuracy of plus or minus 0.5 mph (plus or minus 0.8 km/hr), angle measurement accuracy of plus or minus 1 deg, location accuracy of plus or minus 10 ft (plus or minus 3m), parallel range of more than 1300 ft (396m), and perpendicular range of 3 ft (lm) or more. Long term evaluation in a roadside installation is needed to further establish the reliability and limitations. (FHWA) KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Guardrails KW - Information processing KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Radio waves KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342052 AU - Barnett, T L AU - Darter, M I AU - Laybourne, N R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE/REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1981/05 SP - 137 p. AB - An evaluation of several maintenance/rehabilitation methods for an Interstate Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) in Illinois has been conducted. Maintenance and rehabilitation needs are increasing rapidly due to aging and heavy truck traffic on the Interstate system. Thus, efficient methods are greatly needed. The design, construction, performance, and costs of several maintenance and rehabilitation methods were evaluated including patching, cement grout and asphalt undersealing, epoxying of cracks, and an asphalt overlay. Information gathered will be very useful in the development of future maintenance activities and rehabilitation projects. Nondestructive Testing (NDT) deflections, reflection cracking, cost, and statistical analyses were used to evaluate the maintenance and rehabilitation methods. Two experimental patches, one with a reduced splice length, the other with a welded splice, were recommended as alternatives to current patching techniques because of cost and construction time reductions. Cement grout undersealing significantly reduced peak deflections and was recommended for preventive maintenance or rehabilitation on a selective basis to fill voids and reduce pumping. Asphalt undersealing did not reduce deflections, but was recommended for use as a preventive maintenance treatment to protect the subbase and reduce pumping. The use of epoxy to bond wide cracks together failed due to large movements of the CRCP. The asphalt overlay significantly reduced deflections and should extend the life for several years. Nearly all wide cracks not patched in the existing CRCP (where some or all rebars ruptured) have reflected through the overlay after one year. The asphalt overlay placed over the most highly distressed portion of the project was a cost effective method. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - California bearing ratio KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Rebars KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Undersealing UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-028.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342071 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CASH FLOW FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PY - 1981/05 SP - 24 p. AB - Cash flow management represents an alternative to transportation agencies to obtain more product without introducing new revenues and an opportunity to make better utilization of transportation trust funds. Cash flow management involves risk, particularly in the transportation sector which is dependent on worldwide oil policy. Cash flow management also requires an entirely different management philosophy and management technology from accrual/encumbrance management. There are legal and political barriers to cash flow management. The decision as whether to embark upon cash flow management from an accrual/encumbrance is one which will be unique for each government agency and should only be done after careful review of the advantages, disadvantages, constraints, and resources required. It is, however, an alternative which should be explored in order to get the most from the tax dollar. A paper describing Florida's experiences is attached. In Florida, the conversion to a cash flow system permitted it's DOT to draw down $85 million of the $100 million primary cash balance. This resulted in an accelerated capital improvement program. Cash flow management has allowed Florida to obligate federal-aid funds early each fiscal year. Although Florida's experiences have been mostly favorable, a recent problem due to uneven revenue flow and a downturn in revenue resulting in an over-appropriation by the Legislature in the 1979 biennial session has been encountered. KW - Capital KW - Cash flow KW - Finance KW - Financial programming KW - Fund allocations KW - Hazards KW - Improvements KW - Legal factors KW - Politics KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Revenues KW - Risk assessment KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169976 ER - TY - SER AN - 00335723 JO - NCHRP Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Ross, D W AU - Glazer, J AU - Pinnell, C AU - McCasland, W R AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF RAMP CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1981/05 IS - 232 SP - 108 p. AB - This report presents analytic procedures and guidelines for the comparative evaluation of the three modes of freeway entrance ramp control: pretimed, local actuated, and system. These procedures are applicable in determining whether or not entrance ramp control can be employed beneficially and, if so, the type of control mode that is most appropriate. Incremental travel-time benefits, fuel-consumption benefits, and vehicle emissions benefits are expressed relative to the pretimed control mode. The benefit and performance data necessary to permit comparative analysis and design were obtained by analyzing operational data from existing systems and through simulation studies. The results of a questionnaire were used to formulate a baseline freeway definition. The effect of mode sensitive properties, such as fluctuating demand, were determined by simulation of the baseline freeway. Although the simulation results are reasonable, they have not been calibrated or verified by field measurement. The FREFLO traffic simulation model was developed by modifying the existing MACK model. Detailed costs of ramp control installations were also obtained. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Actuated control KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Comparative analysis KW - Control systems KW - Costs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Freeway ramps KW - Fuel consumption KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Selecting KW - Timing KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00206472 AU - Kessinger, B J AU - Johnson, J E AU - Arkansas State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESEARCH PROGRAM PHASE I PY - 1981/05 SP - 61 AB - FINDINGS ARE PRESENTED BASED ON AN EXAMINATION OF ALL AVAILABLE LITERATURE AND SPECIFICATIONS USED BY OTHER STATES IN BUILDING A SKID TRAILER ASSEMBLY. /AUTHOR/ KW - Reviews KW - Skid trailers KW - Specifications UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/100450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01357186 AU - Corry, M L AU - Jones, J S AU - Thompson, P L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Encroachments on Flood Plains Using Risk Analysis PY - 1981/04 SP - 154p AB - The Least Total Expected Cost (LTEC) design process described herein requires considerable expenditure of resources. Therefore, the level of analysis should be commensurate with the economic risks involved. On the bottom of the risk scale, encroachments which have little or no risk associated with them can be designed using appropriate hydraulic procedures. High risk encroachments which create large economic risks should be designed using the techniques described in this circular. The process of determining which of these responses is appropriate is discussed in this section. The determination of whether or not to design by the LTEC process can be viewed as a screening process. All encroachments are assessed by comparing preliminary data to thresholds for each of the categories shown: lacks practicable detour, hazard to people, and hazard to property. If one or more of the threshold values are exceeded, the encroachment should be designed by the LTEC process. If the threshold values are not exceeded, the encroachment can be designed using traditional design methods. KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Economic analysis KW - Encroachment KW - Flood plains KW - Hydraulics KW - Least total expected cost method KW - Risk analysis UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hec/hec17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1120862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173193 AU - Kuzmyak, J Richard AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study: Vehicle Occupancy PY - 1981/04//Final Report SP - 86p AB - This report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report contains average vehicle occupancy rates by trip characteristics (trip purpose, trip length, time of day and day of the week) and characteristics of households (income, number of persons, number of drivers and vehicle ownership). Comparisons are made with data from the 1969 NPTS to evaluate trends in occupancy rates over time. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Periods of the day KW - Transportation operations KW - Travel and shipment characteristics KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33342/33342.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346136 AU - Stephens, J E AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED RUBBER IN ROADS PY - 1981/04 SP - 150 p. AB - Forty-six pavement test sections varying in length from 250 to 1000 feet and containing reclaimed rubber (pulverized and devulcanized tire rubber) were placed in 1977/78. The performance over a three-year period has been compared to similar construction without rubber. KW - Building materials KW - Connecticut KW - Construction KW - Construction joints KW - Flexible pavements KW - Rubber KW - Sealing compounds KW - Skid resistance KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346114 AU - Raus, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FUEL CONSUMPTION AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND NETWORKS PY - 1981/04 SP - 60 p. AB - A search was conducted for a method to estimate motor vehicle fuel consumption and vehicle emissions in an urban driving environment which would require a minimum of field data collection and processing effort. It was found that average transient speed as measured by travel time is a good composite parameter reflecting stops and slowdowns and is closely correlated with fuel consumption and vehicle emission rates. Data was obtained for fuel-speed and emission-speed profiles for a 1980 typical mix of passenger cars, single unit trucks, tractor-trailers and busses. Tables and figures of this data are provided for easy reference. Fuel consumption projections for 1981 through 1983 are also presented for these vehicle categories. The supplied data and computational procedure provides a relatively easy and straightforward approach for estimating fuel consumption and emissions and can be used to gain insight into existing traffic operations and the merits of proposed or actual flow improvements. KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Computer programs KW - Estimates KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Trucks KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344423 AU - Kusenberger, F N AU - Barton, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION OF FLAWS IN REINFORCING STEEL IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE MEMBERS PY - 1981/04 SP - 197 p. AB - The long-range objective of the research summarized in this report is the development of a practical nondestructive (NDE) method for detecting deterioration in the reinforcement of prestressed concrete bridge structural members in situ. A detailed definition of the problem is presented and the technical approach is summarized. The basis for selecting and assessing fifteen NDE methods is reviewed, and the results of a limited laboratory investigation of the magnetic method prior to developing inspection equipment are summarized. Development of a preliminary magnetic inspection equipment is described and many records are presented from laboratory evaluations using a 20-ft. (6m) section of Texas Type 'C' beam and from field evaluations on the Sixth South Street Viaduct at Salt Lake City, Utah. Similarities between laboratory and field inspection signatures are indicated; other prominent anomalous signatures are shown which correlated with steel elements neither known to be present nor shown on the plans; still other field signatures are shown which indicated the stirrup configuration in the post-tension girders was not in accordance with the plans. Correlation investigations are described which illustrate promising electronic signature enhancement and recognition methods for discriminating between steel artifacts and deterioration. Recommendations for further development are outlined. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Field tests KW - Magnetic materials KW - Magnetic signatures KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365506 AU - Scanlan, R H AU - Scanlan (Robert H.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE ART METHODS FOR CALCULATING FLUTTER, VORTEX-INDUCED, AND BUFFETING RESPONSE OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES PY - 1981/04 SP - 116 p. AB - A unified body of theory is presented to cover the main phenomena of the wind-induced responses of long-span bridges. The methods discussed depend strongly upon experimental data extracted through aeroelastic tests of bridge deck section models. The report contains calculated examples of all phenomena discussed. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Bridge decks KW - Buffeting KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Flutter (Aeronautics) KW - Flutter (Aeronautics) KW - Gust loads KW - Gusts KW - Mathematical models KW - Suspension bridges KW - Vortices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347780 AU - Davidson, W A AU - Powills, MAJ AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHICAGO INTERMODAL TERMINAL ROADWAY FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1981/04 SP - 120 p. AB - Since 1976, the growth in intermodal traffic in the United States has increased an average of 14 percent per year. This growth has placed an increasing strain upon the entire intermodal transportation system. In response to this growth, the railroads have attempted to increase the capacity of their terminal facilities. They have continued to expand the proportion of total freight capacity that includes trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC) equipment, and have begun to increase the use of TOFC unit trains in order to provide a high level of efficient service. The industry is responding to growth with a number of technological innovations, including computerized information systems; the development of lighter, more fuel-efficient flatcars; and new methods for more efficient loading and unloading of trailers onto and off of the flatcar units. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of constructing a private truck roadway on unused or abandoned railroad rights-of-way to serve this growing volume of trailer traffic and to do so in such a way that significant benefits, particularly drayage cost savings, could be obtained if such a project was implemented. KW - Analysis KW - Cargo transportation KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Freight terminals KW - Freight transportation KW - Illinois KW - Interchanges KW - Route surveys KW - Surveying KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171661 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376910 JO - Sprinkle Treatment Asphalt Surfaces, Demo Proj 50 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Newberry, D C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington TI - SPRINKLE-TREATED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE SN - KYP-79-204 PY - 1981/04 SP - 19 p. AB - This report gives details of construction and some skid resistance data from experimental sprinkle-treatment placed in Nelson County, Kentucky, north of Bardstown, US 31-E. The various types of aggregate, application rates, and precoating processes are reported. (Author) KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Irrigation KW - Paving KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Skid resistance KW - Sprinkling KW - Surface treating KW - Watering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377230 AU - Messer, C J AU - Mounce, J M AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSISTENCY RELATED TO DRIVER EXPECTANCY, VOL. IV, APPENDICES PY - 1981/04 SP - 155 p. AB - This volume, the fourth of a four-volume final report, provides the specific sites initially studied for possible geometric design inconsistencies, laboratory experimental methods and a detailed step-by-step cost-effectiveness procedure. The cost-effectiveness procedure follows closely those recommended by AASHTO in its publication-"A Manual of User Benefit Analysis of Highway and Bus Transit Improvements." A total of 148 sites located in Texas and Georgia were inventoried using videotape, Super-8 film and 35 mm color slides. These sites provided the base from which the 12 most critical basic geometric features were identified as having the highest average potential for violating driver expectancy based on subjective rating procedures. This volume is the fourth in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 1-FHWA/RD-81/035 Executive Summary; Volume 2-FHWA/RD-81/036 Research Report; and Volume 3-FHWA/RD-81/037 Design Procedure. (FHWA) KW - Consistency KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377300 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Brown, D AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING OF EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE OF NJDOT FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1981/04 SP - 78 p. AB - This report with supplements is a part of a concerted effort to resolve the problem of subsurface road drainage. Internally drainable layered systems for flexible pavements composed of various combinations of O.G. materials was proposed by the NJDOT. The objective of this effort was to evaluate the relative performance of designated pavement systems with drainage layers under repeated wheel loading and simultaneous drainage of water through the system. Reduced scale models of layered pavement sections were tested using the University of Illinois Pavement Test Track. An integral part of these studies would include testing and evaluation of the materials used on thses studies and correlation of these material properties with pavement performance. (FHWA) KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Scale models KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372234 AU - Stephens, J E AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED RUBBER IN ROADS PY - 1981/04 SP - v.p. AB - Forty-six pavement test sections varying in length from 250 to 1000 feet and containing reclaimed rubber (pulverized and devulcanized tire rubber) were placed in 1977/78. The performance over a three-year period has been compared to similar construction without rubber. (Author) KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364810 AU - Richards, S H AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - SIGHT DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS AT LANE CLOSURE WORK ZONES ON URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1981/04 SP - 25 p. AB - The report presents the findings of field studies conducted to evaluate the effects of sight distance to lane closures at urban freeway work zones. These studies investigated the interaction of sight distance with traffic volume and various work zone traffic control features (e.g., advance signing and arrowboards). The studies were conducted at 16 maintenance work zones of freeways in Houston, Dallas, Ft. Worth, San Antonio and Corpus Christi, Texas. The studies revealed that as sight distance to a lane closure decreases, more and more drivers are "trapped" in the closed lane at the taper area. Also, sight distance is more critical as traffic volumes increase. Based on the study findings, a minimum desirable sight distance of 1500 feet was recommended for lane closure work zones on freeways. The studies also sugested that advance signing for lane closures is only partially effective. Arrowboards were found to be effective traffic control devices for lane closures where the sight distance is adequate, as they encourage early lane changing. KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Distance KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance KW - Requirement KW - Sight distance KW - Specifications KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367320 AU - Scanlan, R H AU - Scanlan (Robert H) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART METHODS FOR CALCULATING FLUTTER, VORTEX-INDUCED, AND BUFFETING RESPONSE OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES PY - 1981/04 SP - 108 p. AB - A unified body of theory is presented to cover the main phenomena of the wind-induced responses of long-span bridges. The methods discussed depend strongly upon experimental data extracted through aeroelastic tests of bridge deck section models. Much of the background material stems from Report No. FHWA-RD-75-115: "Recent Methods in the Application of Test Results to the Wind Design of Long, Suspended-Span Bridges", Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. (October 1975). The sections of the present report are: I. Introduction and Overview; II. The Background Literature; III. Analytics of the Flutter Problem; IV. A Vortex-Shedding Model in the Bridge Context; V. Parameters Affecting Long-Span Bridge Buffeting Susceptibility; VI. Conclusions. The Report contains calculated examples of all phenomena discussed. (FHWA) KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge decks KW - Logits KW - Methodology KW - Model tests KW - Structural analysis KW - Turbulence KW - Vortices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344810 AU - Sinclair (Benito A) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 58 p. AB - The incremental analysis of structural construction costs for bridges was performed by assuming an existing bridge as a prototype and designing eight hypothetical bridges for decreasing design loads. The design load increments and design standards for the hypothetical bridges were developed to reflect the traffic and construction patterns to today. The twelve types of prototype bridges were selected from a set of bridges constructed between 1976-1977 and also represent modern trends in construction. The hypothetical bridges were structurally designed based on the design conditions and also using the materials of the as-built prototype. Based on a standardized unit cost for materials developed from the unit costs of the prototypes, cost was then allocated to each hypothetical bridge design and bridge loading. The result of the analysis was that 65 to 88% of bridge costs were incurred by the lightest design loading. However, when the same loading was analysed at a narrower width it only occurred 53 to 74% of total bridge costs. This study included the effects of increased strength and width requirements of progressively heavier vehicles, also increased width requirements of progressively increased traffic volume. However, this latter effect can only be fully observed if further study is undertaken. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design load KW - Design standards KW - Dynamic loads KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway bridges KW - Incremental costs KW - Prototypes KW - Structural design KW - Traffic KW - Traffic volume KW - Unit costs KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343746 AU - Sinclair (Benito A) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION COSTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 58 p. AB - The incremental analysis of structural construction costs for bridges was performed by assuming an existing bridge as a prototype and designing eight hypothetical bridges for decreasing design loads. The design load increments and design standards for the hypothetical bridges were developed to reflect the traffic and construction patterns to today. The twelve types of prototype bridges were selected from a set of bridges constructed between 1976-1977 and also represent modern trends in construction. The hypothetical bridges were structurally designed based on the design conditions and also using the materials of the as-built prototype. Based on a standardized unit cost for materials developed from the unit costs of the prototypes, cost was then allocated to each hypothetical bridge design and bridge loading. The result of the analysis was that 65 to 88% of bridge costs were incurred by the lightest design loading. However, when the same loading was analysed at a narrower width it only occurred 53 to 74% of total bridge costs. This study included the effects of increased strength and width requirements of progressively heavier vehicles, also increased width requirements of progressively increased traffic volume. However, this latter effect can only be fully observed if further study is undertaken. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design load KW - Design standards KW - Dynamic loads KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway bridges KW - Incremental costs KW - Prototypes KW - Structural design KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365227 AU - Faulkner, MJS AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF FLASHING ARROWBOARDS AT FREEWAY WORK ZONES PY - 1981/04 SP - 36 p. AB - This report documents research conducted in the evaluation of flashing arrowboards when located in advance of lane closure work zones. The effects of supplemental arrowboard placement were compared to the effectiveness of the arrowboard placement normally used by District 14 of the SDHPT. The research indicates that a supplemental arrowboard placed in advance of the beginning of a cone taper can be extremely effective if the sight distance to the arrowboard improves the effective sight distance to the work zone. This improvement is dependent on the horizontal and vertical alinement of each work zone. The supplemental arrowboard can be placed up to 2500 ft. in advance of the taper to increase the effective sight distance to the work zone. Distances greater than 2500 ft. may result in drivers moving back into the blocked lane. KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Distance KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing sign KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Location KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Placement KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349959 AU - Aron, G AU - Kibler, D F AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURE PSU-IV FOR ESTIMATING DESIGN FLOOD PEAKS ON UNGAGED PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHEDS PY - 1981/04 SP - 111 p. AB - When designing a structure (such as a bridge or culvert) within the flood plain of a river or stream, it is necessary to estimate the peak flood flow so that the structure can be built to accommodate that flow. This study's principal concern was to update and revise flood estimating method PSU III (developed in 1970 for ungaged watersheds essentially unaffected by urban development or flood regulation by ponds or reservoirs) to account for urbanization and storage-regulation effects. A second objective was to extend the flood series from 1968 to 1977. After a preliminary examination of the most common flood peak procedures was conducted to determine needed improvements, flood estimation method PSU IV was developed. Flood peak adjustment factors were developed to account for the increasing effects of urbanization and flood attenuation, and the flood peak prediction study was extended to small watersheds to determine if those methods could be applied to small basins. Results showed that the PSU IV method was applicable to small watersheds, and comparative tests showed that PSU IV performed significantly better than the 1977 DER-USGS method on smaller watersheds with shorter gaging records. However, PSU IV equations and graphs performed slightly worse than the DER-USGS method on relatively large watersheds and long gaging records. (FHWA) KW - Design flood KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Forecasting KW - Urbanization KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361610 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1981 HIGHWAY SAFETY STEWARDSHIP REPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - v.p. AB - This is the seventh annual report of the highway safety improvement programs. In accordance with Section 203 of the 1973 Highway Safety Act and 23 USC 151 and 152, reports are required for the Rail-Highway Crossing Program, the Pavement Marking Demonstration Program, and the Hazard Elimination Program. Although not required by statute, the report also includes information on safety projects funded with other Federal-aid and State and local funds to provide a more complete perspective of State and local highway safety efforts. Other topics covered in the report include highway related safety program standards, highway safety research and development, safety training, motor carrier safety, and highway safety information. Information included in this report was obtained from reports submitted by the States (i.e., the 50 States plus Puerto Rico, District of Columbia, Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa), from Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) fiscal control records, and from information received from FHWA field offices and other sources. Data in this report is as of September 30, 1980, unless otherwise indicated. Fifty-three of the 55 States provided reports varying in the quality and quantity of information provided. Some States provided a minimum of information and evaluation data while other States did an outstanding job in providing a complete picture of the overall safety program in their respective States. KW - Federal aid KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Local government KW - Programs KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364811 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Richards, S H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CAPACITY THROUGH WORK ZONES ON URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1981/04 SP - 34 p. AB - The report summarizes findings of capcity studies conducted at urban freeway maintenance and construction work zones in Houston and Dallas. Studies were conducted on 5-, 4-, and 3-lane freeway sections. The results indicate that the per lane capacities are affected by the number of lanes open during the roadwork. For example, the average capacity on a 3-lane section with 2 lanes open was 1500 vphpl; while the average capacity with 1 lane open was only 1130 vphpl. The report also illustrates how the data can be used to estimate the effects of the lane closures in terms of queue length, and thus can be applied to work scheduling. KW - Construction KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway maintenance KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Length KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Queuing KW - Roads KW - Scheduling KW - Traffic control KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364858 AU - Kuzmyak, J R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY (1977): HOUSEHOLD VEHICLE UTILIZATION PY - 1981/04 SP - 92 p. AB - The report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report describes patterns of utilization of private vehicles (annual miles driven) in 1977. Utilization is keyed to estimates provided by the household of annual mileage placed on household vehicles. Usage of vehicles is related to location, household characteristics, vehicle ownership, whether the vehicle is used for work, and characteristics of the vehicles such as vehicle type, age, purchased new or used. KW - Automobile travel KW - Automobiles KW - Characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Families KW - Households KW - Location KW - Mileage KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle classification KW - Work trips UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33346/33346.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364857 AU - Kuzmyak, J R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY (1977): VEHICLE OCCUPANCY PY - 1981/04 SP - 80 p. AB - The report is part of a series that presents findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report contains average vehicle occupancy rates by trip characteristics (trip purpose, trip length, time of day and day of the week) and characteristics of households (income, number of persons, number of drivers and vehicle ownership). Comparisons are made with data from the 1969 NPTS to evaluate trends in occupancy rates over time. KW - Automobiles KW - Consumers KW - Households KW - Income KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347734 AU - Lee, D B AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR ALLOCATING HIGHWAY COSTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 86 p. AB - Microeconomic theory and other concepts related to pricing are reviewed and applied to the problem of designing highway user charges. In view of the emphasis in the Congressional request for the Highway Cost Allocation Study on setting charges in accordance with costs occasioned, economic efficiency should be a major study goal. The goal of equity, whichever of its many meanings that term may have, remains an important consideration but not one which provides direct guidance for user charges. In regard to highway transportation, efficiency and equity do not appear to conflict in any significant ways. Efficient user charges are based on variable costs, primarily pavement damage, vehicle interference, and negative external costs. KW - Allocations KW - Corrosion KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Estimates KW - Expenses KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Imports KW - Microeconomics KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348038 AU - Miller, J F AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HERBICIDE DEVELOPMENT AND USAGE FOR HIGHWAYS--PHASE I PY - 1981/04 SP - 65 p. AB - Results confirm that MSMA applications at two lbs. active ingredient (a.i.) per acre (A) on a four week interval does cause a transition from 100% bahiagrass cover to 90% bermudagrass cover in a three year period. Glyphosate (Roundup) was determined to be possible alternate treatment to MSMA at 0.25 lb a.i./A. Field trial results with different rates of MSMA provided evidence which supported a rate reduction to 2 lbs. a.i./A for optimum bermudagrass transition. Dalapon (Dowpon M) and glyphosate (Roundup) gave superior results on johnsongrass control compared to MSMA, asulam (Asulox), mefluidide (Vistar), and maleic hydrazide (Slo-gro). Dicamba (Banvel), picloram (Tordon 10K) and hexazinone (Velpar) gave 95% or better control of Kudzu. No other herbicides performed satisfactorily. Paraquat (Paraquat), bromacil (Hyvar), glyphosate (Roundup), hexazinone (Velpar), prometon (Pramitol), diuron (Karmex) or dalapon (Dowpon M) treatments in various single treatments and/or tank mix combinations were effective against weeds in cracks in paved asphalt surfaces. Atrazine (AAtrex) did not selectively control bahiagrass in centipedegrass. (Author) KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment replacement KW - Field tests KW - Herbicides KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mowing KW - Replacement KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345085 AU - Fattal, S G AU - REINHOLD, T A AU - Ellingwood, B AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THERMAL STRESSES IN INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/04 SP - 116 p. AB - A structural model was developed for use with a finite element program to predict thermal stresses which result from the application of heat to the concrete decks of highway bridges. The decks are heated to obtain an internally sealed concrete so as to better protect the reinforcement from deicer-induced corrosion. Simple decks were first studied to determine the sensitivity of the solutions to various modeling assumptions. Two full-scale bridge decks were also analyzed for which the temperature distributions are predefined on the basis of field data. The model will provide a helpful tool which will enable future field measurements to be planned more selectively. It will also provide insight on means for improving the heat treatment process so as to minimize cracking damage. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cracking KW - Heat treatment KW - Metal heating KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342363 AU - Raus, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FUEL CONSUMPTION AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS ON URBAN ARTERIALS AND NETWORKS PY - 1981/04 SP - 51 p. AB - A search was conducted for a method to estimate motor vehicle fuel consumption and vehicle emissions in an urban driving environment which would require a minimum of field data collection and processing effort. It was found that average transient speed as measured by travel time is a good composite parameter reflecting stops and slowdowns and is closely correlated with fuel consumption and vehicle emission rates. Data was obtained for fuel-speed and emission-speed profiles for a 1980 typical mix of passenger cars, single unit trucks, tractor-trailers and busses. Tables and figures of this data are provided for easy reference. Fuel consumption projections for 1981 through 1983 are also presented for these vehicle categories. The supplied data and computational procedure provides a relatively easy and straightforward approach for estimating fuel consumption and emissions and can be used to gain insight into existing traffic operations and the merits of proposed or actual flow improvements. A sample problem is also provided which shows step by step computations for calculating the annual fuel consumption and emissions for peak and off-peak periods for a typical urban arterial, two miles long and with 11 signalized intersections. The annual fuel consumption is calculated to be about 2,400,000 gallons and vehicle emissions about 4,300,000 lbs. A comparison with a similar arterial street operating at 5 mph higher average speed showed reduced fuel consumption by about 360,000 gallons (15%) and reduced emissions by about 900,000 lbs. (22%). (Author) KW - Arterial highways KW - Automobiles KW - Buses KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Networks KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Speed KW - Streets KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345089 AU - Stone, W C AU - Paes-Filho, W AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF POST-TENSIONED GIRDER ANCHORAGE ZONES PY - 1981/04 SP - 276 p. AB - Several large, thin-webbed box girder bridges, with post-tensioned anchorage zones designed in accordance with AASHTO and ACI requirements, have experienced large cracks along the tendon path in the anchorage zones at the design stressing load. Cracking of this nature provides a path for penetration of moisture and salts and thus presents a potential corrosion and frost damage threat. In addition, such cracking negates a major reason for the use of prestressed concrete, the minimization of service load cracking. This report summarizes the observations noted in an extensive physical test program. A simplified test specimen was developed to accurately simulate the behavior of the post-tensioned box girder web. The experimental program investigated the primary variables affecting the formation of the tendon path crack: tendon inclination and eccentricity, section height and width, tensile splitting strength of the concrete, anchor width and geometry, and the effect of supplementary anchorage zone reinforcement, both active and passive. Behavioral trends are presented as determined from three sources. These include physical tests of 40 quarter-scale microconcrete models, physical tests of 9 full-scale prototype box girder web sections, and an extensive series of three-dimensional linear elastic finite element computer analyses. (FHWA) KW - Anchorages KW - Box girders KW - Design load KW - Eccentricity KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Linear elasticity KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Tendons KW - Tensile strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345084 AU - Simmons, D D AU - Pasko, T J AU - Jones, W R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETES CONTAINING POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES PY - 1981/04 SP - 49 p. AB - A laboratory comparison was made of the properties of a concrete containing no pozzolan with several mixtures containing pozzolans. Used were a natural pozzolan (Lassenite), two fly ashes of different fineness and low carbon and an amorphous silica fume dust from a metal-producing plant. The no-pozzolan mixture had a cement factor of 564 lbs per cubic yard (338 kg/cu m), a water to cement-weight ratio of 0.53, a slump of 3 inches (76mm), 6 percent air and a compressive strength of approximately 4500 psi (31 MPa) at 28 days. One cement, one coarse crushed limestone aggregate, and one fine river aggregate were used. The basic mixture was modified in three schemes: a 15 percent equal volume replacement of pozzolan for cement, a 25 percent similar replacement, and a 2 for 1 replacement of pozzolan for cement, whereby 13 volume percent was replaced by 26 percent pozzolan with the extra volume compensated for by removing fine aggregate. The concretes were compared for the amount of air entraining agent, compressive and tensile splitting strengths, modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, skid resistance, abrasion resistance, scaling resistance, freeze-thaw durability, chloride permeability, and outdoor exposure. Evaluations were done at equal ages and at approximately equal strengths. Replacing a faster reacting binder with a slower one, produced lower early strengths and adversely affected the properties which are highly dependent on strength. The measures of durability were greatly affected by the air contents and aging or treatment prior to exposure. The amorphous silica fume dust increased the early strengths of a fly ash mixture. (FHWA) KW - Admixtures KW - Air entraining agents KW - Compressive strength KW - Crushed limestone KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pozzolan KW - Resistance KW - Scaling KW - Shrinkage KW - Skid resistance KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341187 AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY PAVEMENT POLISHING DEVICE (WEAR MACHINE) VS. FIELD FRICTION TEST UNITS AND ACCUMULATIVE AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC-PHASE II-CORRELATION STUDY PY - 1981/04 SP - 60 p. AB - The Florida Department of Transportation has been actively conducting programs to study pavement friction characteristics for the past twelve years. These programs have encompassed studies of aggregate qualities, asphalt concrete pavement designs, traffic wear and polishing characteristics that influence corrective maintenances of pavements where surfaces have become slippery. Phase I (Fla. HPR Study P-4-68) of this program involved predicting in-situ pavement friction values by testing pavement samples in a Laboratory Pavement Polishing Device, developed to determine aggregate wear. Results from this correlation were favorable, but additional testing was needed to verify these findings. Phase II of the program was to determine if degrees of pavement wear (vehicular traffic) could be predicted from testing samples of in-service pavements in the Laboratory Pavement Polishing Device and to verify the testing from Phase I. This investigation was made on asphaltic concrete pavements, primarily friction courses used in Florida. These pavements were tested at different levels of accumulative traffic (ADT) for approximately 2 years. For the pavements tested in Phase II of this study, no general relationship was found between wear number (WN24) and field friction number (FN40). Further no reliable relationship was found to exist between accumulative traffic (ADT) and wear number of friction number. (FHWA) KW - Average daily traffic KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavements KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Testing equipment KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341303 AU - Pruett, J M AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE SIMULATION MODEL PY - 1981/04 SP - 90 p. AB - The functions related to highway maintenance are often conceptually simple (repair the highway) and administratively complex (numerous alternatives related to priorities, scheduling, approaches, and resources). Furthermore highway maintenance engineers and administrators are often faced with questions related to such activities, but have at their disposal little or no definitive information on which to make a decision. For example, if limited funds are available for equipment, which types of equipment should be purchased? How many such units? Where should they be placed and so forth? The dilemma of wanting to do the job well (that is, make the best decision) and not having sufficient data with which to work is disconcerting at best. The highway maintenance simulation system described in this report was developed to help alleviate the engineer's problems by providing a flexible, easy to use highway-maintenance-decision-laboratory in which alternative courses of action may be tested. The system is made up of three basic parts: (1) The simulation model, (2) an interactive input and control module, and (3) the model data. The model performs the simulation process, while the input and control module allows the user to modify the data and to interact with the system in order to effectively use the model. (FHWA) KW - Decision making KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Selecting KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341488 AU - Kusenberger, F N AU - Barton, J R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION OF FLAWS IN REINFORCING STEEL IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE MEMBERS PY - 1981/04 SP - 197 p. AB - The long-range objective of the research summarized in this report is the development of a practical nondestructive (NDE) method for detecting deterioration in the reinforcement of prestressed concrete bridge structural members in situ. A detailed definition of the problem is presented and the technical approach is summarized. The basis for selecting and assessing fifteen NDE methods is reviewed, and the results of a limited laboratory investigation of the magnetic method prior to developing inspection equipment are summarized. Development of preliminary magnetic insepction equipment are summarized. Development of a preliminary magnetic insepction equipment is described and many records are presented from laboratory evaluations using a 20-ft. (6m) section of Texas Type "C" beam and from field evaluations on the Sixth South Street Viaduct at Salt Lake City, Utah. Similarities between laboratory and field insepction signatures are indicated; other prominent anomalous signatures are shown which correlated with steel elements neither known to be present nor shown on the plans; still other field signatures are shown which indicated the stirrup configuration in the post-tension girders was not in accordance with the plans. Correlation investigations are described which illustrate promising electronic signature enhancement and recognition methods for discriminating between steel artifacts and deterioration. Recommendations for further development are outlined. (FHWA) KW - Bridge members KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Inspection KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341291 AU - Kuehne, C S AU - Bohn, P F AU - Johns Hopkins University, Laurel AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE EFFECT OF ROAD ROUGHNESS ON TIRE-PAVEMENT FORCES FOR AN ARTICULATED VEHICLE PERFORMING BRAKING AND CORNERING MANEUVERS PY - 1981/04 SP - 93 p. AB - An investigation of how road roughness affects the tire-pavement interface for an articulated vehicle has been completed. A modified version of the three dimensional vehicle simulation, TDVS3, was used to simulate braking and cornering maneuvers for an articulated vehicle on different road surfaces of varying severity. The results of this investigation show that the effects of road roughness are greatest when the vehicle is performing maneuvers near its performance limit. For example, introducing road roughness to a severe cornering maneuver for which the vehicle had been stable, resulted in large enough increases in the vehicle's roll angle and lateral acceleration to cause the vehicle to become roll unstable. Likewise for a severe braking maneuver, introducing road roughness caused a twenty percent (20%) increase in the vehicle's stopping distance. These extreme effects were not manifested for less severe cornering or braking maneuvers that would typically be encountered in nominal driving situations. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Braking KW - Cornering (Vehicle) KW - Force KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steering KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342339 AU - Stephens, J E AU - University of Connecticut, Storrs AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED RUBBER IN ROADS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - n.p. AB - Forty-six pavement test sections varying in length from 250 to 1000 feet and containing reclaimed rubber (pulverized and devulcanized tire rubber) were placed in 1977/78. The performance over a three-year period has been compared to similar construction without rubber. (FHWA) KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341288 AU - Marquis, E L AU - Whitis, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OKLAHOMA W-BEAM ROADSIDE BARRIER TERMINAL SECTION TESTS PY - 1981/04 SP - 95 p. AB - Since the 1960's the state of Oklahoma has used the turned-down terminal on its W-beam guardrails. In the late 1960's the California Division of Highways and Southwest Research Institute conducted several tests which indicated this turned-down terminal could potentially launch an impacting vehicle and cause it to roll over. A relatively simple method of modifying the turned-down end guardrail terminal has been developed which will eliminate or greatly minimize the probability of a vehicle ramping and rolling over. The modified design uses a 6 in. x 8 in. (150 mm x 200 mm) timber as the first post, a 12 ft-6in. (3.8 m) space where a second 6 in. x 8 in. (150 mm x 200 mm) timber post is placed. Thereafter standard 6 in. x 8 in. posts with 6 in. x 8 in. blockouts are placed on 6 ft-3in. (1.9 m) centers. The first eight posts have 2 in. (50 mm) holes drilled in the 8 in. (200 mm) side. The guardrail is not bolted to the first eight posts. With the bolts removed, the rail will be depressed to the ground when the turned-down terminal piece is impacted by a vehicle. This action minimizes or eliminates the undesirable violent vehicle ramp and rollover behavior. In order to hold the rail at the proper height (29 in. (74. m) before and during vehicle angle impact along the length of need, backup plates are bolted to the first six posts. Successful crash tests as recommended by Transportation Research Circular No. 191 have been conducted to verify this behavior. (FHWA) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Beams KW - Bolts KW - Ends KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Posts KW - Prevention KW - Removal KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342342 AU - Kirk, K G AU - Werner, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK OF GEOPHYSICAL CAVITY-LOCATING TECHNIQUES WITH EMPHASIS ON ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY PY - 1981/04 SP - 175 p. AB - Subsurface cavities are highly variable in nature. They vary in size, depth, location and spatial distribution and they occur in a range of geologic settings. Cavities may be man-made, man-induced or natural. Much time and many research efforts have been undertaken in an attempt to find a foolproof method for locating cavities. A wide variety of methods are now available to help locate cavities; but none of the methods have proved entirely successful, and all of the methods fail under certain conditions. This point must be strongly emphasized at the onset of this work: there is no foolproof cavity detection technique that will locate all cavities under all conditions. In fact, much more research is needed before any of the cavity locating methods described in this handbook will be reliable in complex engineering applications. Do not rely on only one geophysical technique to locate cavities. It is better to use a suite of techniques in order to improve the probability of cavity detection. One method that is relatively inexpensive to perform and that has shown a high degree of success in locating cavities is the earth resistivity technique. This handbook is primarily a description of the methodology of using earth resistivity techniques for locating cavities. Only a small portion of the handbook will be devoted to the theoretical considerations behind these techniques. However, the annotated bibliography cites ample literature to satisfy the needs of the theoretician. Even though the various earth resistivity techniques are the most straight-forward methods of cavity detection that can be utilized by the untrained or partially trained individual in geophysical prospecting procedures, extreme care must be taken in data collection, data reduction, and final interpretation. If earth resistivity is being used for the first time, the concerned parties would be well advised to employ the services of individuals who have extensive experience in cavity locating techniques to assist in training and final data interpretation. Along with earth resistivity techniques, several geophysical techniques will be examined in lesser detail with respect to cavity location. Micro-gravity, high-resolution seismic reflection profiling, and ground probing radar were selected because they show good success rates in cavity detection. High-resolution seismic profiling shows particularly good promise as an effective tool in cavity location. Techniques in photo interpretation will also be discussed with regard to possible cavity location. (Author) KW - Bibliographies KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Earth resistivity method (Geophysics) KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Handbooks KW - Location KW - Methodology KW - Microgravity KW - Photointerpretation KW - Radar KW - Reflection KW - Resistivity method KW - Seismic reflection KW - Seismicity KW - Subsurface explorations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341484 AU - King, R R AU - Smith, V D AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS IN STRUCTURAL STEELS PY - 1981/04 SP - 96 p. AB - The objective of this work was to develop a nondestructive system for in-situ measurement of residual stresses in steel highway structures. Based on a literature survey, 26 candidate methods were evaluated. The Barkhausen noise analysis mehtod was selected for indicating surface stresses and the ultrasonic shear wave birefringence method was selected for indicating bulk stresses. Breadboard instruments for both of these mehtods were evaluated in laboratory experiments on A-36 steel plates and A-325 bolts. Measurement of bolt tension was partially frustrated by residual stresses in the bolt heads. Modular type prototype systems were developed for both methods to measure stresses in flat specimens. Each system is easily handled by one man and can be operated from a portable 1.75-kW, 110-VAC power unit. Limited field evaluations of both prototype systems were conducted which demonstrated use of the instruments for making in-situ assessments of stresses in bridge members. However, it is apparent that data interpretation requires considerable knowledge of the material properties of the test piece. Additional effort will be required to develop the necessary data base to facilitate interpretation of field measurements. (FHWA) KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Residual stress KW - Steel structures KW - Structural steel KW - Test procedures KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341587 AU - Robinson, F O AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF DEMAND INCENTIVES FOR NON-MOTORIZED TRAVEL PY - 1981/04 SP - 231 p. AB - This report examines the potential of various strategies for increasing the use of walking and bicycling for untilitarian purposes. The analysis is based on extensive attitudinal surveys conducted in five locations across the U.S. Perception models are developed to identify underlying consumer perception of the transportation services offered by walking, bicycling, auto and transit. Subsequently, preference models are developed to identify the relative importance of each underlying dimension. Comsumers' preferences are compared to their actual choice. Costs and benefits of improving the infrastructure for walking and bicycling are identified, and a methodology for their estimation is presented. (FHWA) KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Bicycles KW - Choice models KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Incentives KW - Infrastructure KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Perception KW - Public transit KW - Surveys KW - Travel demand KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341589 AU - Messer, C J AU - Mounce, J M AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSISTENCY RELATED TO DRIVER EXPECTANCY, VOLUME II, RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - 187 p. AB - This volume, the second of a four-volume report, describes research conducted to develop a procedure for identification and correction of inconsistent geometric highway elements and features that occur on non-freeway facilities. Highway design elements and groups of elements (features) judged to be potentially inconsistent were enumerated and evaluated. A procedure for assessing the consistency of existing or proposed designs was prepared. A recommended cost-effectiveness methodology was presented. The data base included a set of 140 geometric features located in Georgia and Texas and identified by field engineers to be experiencing operations and safety problems. These sites were systematically evaluated. Over 70 subject drivers and 21 research and highway design engineers reviewed some or all of these features. Geometric complexity of the features, sight distance, feature separation distance, speed and vehicle conflicts were noted to contribute to expectancy violations. (FHWA) KW - Consistency KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Drivers KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Improvements KW - Operations KW - Road improvements KW - Sight distance KW - Speed KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341590 AU - Messer, C J AU - Mounce, J M AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSISTENCY RELATED TO DRIVER EXPECTANCY, VOLUME I, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/04 SP - 19 p. AB - This volume, the first of a four-volume final report, presents a summary of the research conducted and procedure developed for identifying rural non-freeway geometric design inconsistencies. Volume II documents the research conducted and the study results. Volume III presents the highway geometric inconsistency procedure. A detailed on-site inventory of the geometric features studied, supporting laboratory data and a cost-effectiveness methodology are presented in Volume IV. The conceptual basis of the study is that the roads of today have created an expectancy set that cannot be ignored in design. Certain types and combinations of geometric features (e.g., divided highway transitions, lane drops, intersections and sharp curves) are not expected by drivers and, when presented in unusual circumstances, are likely to violate driver expectancy and cause unsafe driving to occur. Field and laboratory studies provided empirical data to support the results. (FHWA) KW - Consistency KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Divided highways KW - Drivers KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Intersections KW - Inventory KW - Lane drops KW - Rural highways KW - Transition zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341591 AU - Messer, C J AU - Mounce, J M AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSISTENCY RELATED TO DRIVER EXPECTANCY, VOLUME III, PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSISTENCY PY - 1981/04 SP - 53 p. AB - This volume, the third of a four-volume final report, presents a procedure for evaluating and improving the geometric design consistency of rural highways. The procedure is based on basic driver behavior principles, a sound conceptual approach and considerable empirical evidence. Basic geometric design objectives, a procedure and examples and remedial countermeasures are presented to aid the designer in applying the procedure. Both 2-lane and 4-lane highways in flat or rolling terrain can be evaluated with this procedure. A detailed step-by-step procedure is presented for evaluating the geometric design inconsistency of proposed or existing rural highways. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the evaluation procedure. (FHWA) KW - Behavior KW - Case studies KW - Consistency KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Four lane highways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169689 ER - TY - SER AN - 00335722 JO - NCHRP Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Reno, A T AU - Ritchey, B J AU - Stowers, J R AU - Transportation Research Board AU - American Assn of State Hwy and Transp Officials AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE TRANSPORTATION FINANCE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY CONSTRAINTS PY - 1981/04 IS - 231 SP - 86 p. AB - A general procedure for forecasting all important sources of state transportation revenue was developed and applied in six example states (Washington, New York, Virginia, Tennessee, Iowa, and New Mexico). The revenue forecast procedures are sensitive to energy conditions and policies, including the effects of Federal fuel efficiency standards for automobiles and light trucks, motor fuel efficiency standards for the 55 mile-per-hour speed limit, and increased expenditures for transit and ridesharing. Alternative revenue sources that were examined include motor fuel sales taxes, motor fuel-per-gallon taxes indexed to costs or prices, exemptions of gasohol from taxation, and changes in the basis of light duty registration fees from weight based to flat fee, or vice versa. The impacts of tax burdens on income groups and on types of vehicles have also been examined. The appendixes detail the procedures that can be used to forecast state transportation revenues. KW - Automobiles KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Exemption KW - Expenditures KW - Finance KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Gasoline KW - Light trucks KW - Prices KW - Public transit KW - Registration fees KW - Revenues KW - Ridesharing KW - Sales KW - Speed limits KW - State government KW - Taxation KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172439 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334249 AU - Sato, K AU - Fukute, T AU - Inukai, H AU - Purdue University TI - SOME NEW CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 149-159 AB - Studies on the applicability of a class III prestressed concrete (PC) slab, in which cracking at the bottom of the slab is permitted, and the development of a new type of PC precast slab with a new jointing system (horn-joint) for airport pavements have been carried out. From the results of theoretical analysis and a series of full scale loading tests on class III PC pavements, it has become clear that a class III PC slab can be satisfactorily used for airport pavements. This type of pavement may be a more rationalized one for heavy aircraft. In addition, the results of a series of full scale loading tests on the PC precast slab pavement connected with horn-joints have shown that this new type of pavement has a sufficient load carrying capacity and can be applied even to pavements subjected to heavy aircraft. Since an allowance for the curing time on in-situ concrete is not necessary in this type of pavement, the construction time is so fast that it may be ideal for the rapid repairs of existing pavements. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Pavement design KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Productivity KW - Rapid methods KW - Repairing KW - Slabs KW - Theory KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334251 AU - Morrow, T H AU - Purdue University TI - FAA NATIONAL RUNWAY FRICTION MEASUREMENT PROGRAM PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 171-183 AB - Measurements of runway friction, pavement surface conditions and engineering data for 491 runways at 268 U.S. airports are used for statistical analysis to develop guidance materials to ensure the design and maintenance of nonslippery surfaces at United States airports. Friction values are analyzed as they relate to pavement type, texture depth, grooving, and rubber accumulation. The basic concepts of Advisory Circular 150/5320-12 are supported by the data. Corrective maintenance action is recommended for friction values. The results of the contractors findings will be considered in the revision of Advisory Circular (AC) 150/5320-12, Methods for the Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid Resistant Airport Pavement Surfaces. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Accumulation KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Friction KW - Measurement KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Rubber KW - Skid resistance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334271 AU - Darter, M I AU - Snyder, M B AU - Smith, R E AU - Purdue University TI - NATIONWIDE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS--ILLINOIS DEMONSTRATION PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 399-408 AB - This paper describes the Concrete Pavement Evaluation System (COPES). This computerized system is capable of efficiently collecting, processing and evaluating large amounts of pavement data to improve the design, construction, materials, and maintenance of concrete pavements. The COPES data bank also provides extensive information that can be used for many pavement management purposes. Both historical data (e.g., design, traffic, construction, maintenance, climate, materials,...) and field data (e.g., distress, serviceability,...) are obtained for each pavement section included in COPES. Jointed plain, jointed reinforced and continuously reinforced pavements can all be included in COPES. The user can retrieve pavement information rapidly and easily using a remote computer terminal, and can perform many analyses and evaluations of the data. COPES was demonstrated on over 400 miles (644 km) of Interstate pavement in Illinois. Brief results from the Illinois demonstration included in this paper show that much valuable information can be obtained through the evaluation of in-service concrete pavements on a state level, and indicates the great potential value for evaluating pavements on a nationwide level. This would permit the development of broad based recommendations to be used by individual states, AASHTO and FHWA for improving concrete pavement technology. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Data banks KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - History KW - Information processing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167642 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334253 AU - Wilk, W AU - Purdue University TI - CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ON SOFT SOILS SENSITIVE TO DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 201-210 AB - This paper deals with pavement design on soft, compressible soils, and in particular with experiences made with cement concrete pavements (CCP) placed on such kind of soils. When dealing with this subject distinction must be made between: (1) Pavement design with respect to local influence of differential subgrade settlements affecting individual slabs; and (2) regionally influenced pavement structures. Dealing with the first subordinate problem, well tested technical solutions to prevent not only structural failures of the slabs, but also a severe reduction of riding quality and operational safety are described. The second subordinate problem deals with the phenomenon of pavements regionally influenced by the differential settlements of the soft, compressible soils on which they are placed, and describes the experiences made with a relevant number of CCPs placed on such soils in Switzerland. All mentioned Swiss pavements prove the soundness of the structural design philosophy, according to which the pavement structure's rigidity will minimize the effects of differential soil settlements to such an extent, that the magnitude of pavement deflection decreases with the creep modulus and the thickness of the pavement increasing. The most revealing example is supplied by the results gained from the observation of the long-term behaviour of the 7km (4.35 miles) long Swiss Interstate Highway N3 Flums-Sargans. These data permitted to determine the quantitative limits within which differential settlements may occur without affecting either the riding quality or the structural integrity of the pavement. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Differential settlement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Riding qualities KW - Slabs KW - Soft rock KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334256 AU - Haber, E AU - CRUICKSHANK, J AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR CRCP BASED ON THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SERVICE BEHAVIOR PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 231-237 AB - This paper outlines the growth in the use of concrete pavements in Australia in recent years, with particular emphasis upon the most populous State of New South Wales. The development in the use of CRCP is traced and its behaviour recorded, culminating in the adoption of a simplified design procedure based upon the environmental cracking approach necessitating some assumptions pertaining to bond strength. Consideration is also given to the specification and control of CRCP construction, including the stipulation of an upper limit on concrete strength. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334263 AU - MacLeod, D R AU - Monismith, C L AU - Purdue University TI - A CRACKING MODEL FOR PLAIN JOINTED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 317-330 AB - This paper examines the relationships between two modes of distress and performance for plain, jointed portland cement concrete without dowels at transverse contraction joints. The two modes examined are joint faulting and cracking which are major contributors to loss in serviceability for well designed and constructed pavements in California. Analysis of 500 lane miles of faulted pavement indicates that faulting is related to the number of EALs and that the type of cement-treated material influences faulting behavior. Guidelines are presented for prediction of faulting distress. Cracking analyses using finite element procedures indicate that the strength of the cement-treated layer has an important effect on fatigue life of pcc pavements. Detailed traffic analyses of 600 lane miles of pavement in the San Francisco Bay Area, considering thermal stresses and material variations, indicate that there is a common fatigue relationship for pcc pavements when the fatigue relationship: n sub f equals 225,000 (M.R. divided by sigma) exp 4 is used. The analyses also indicate there is little time differential between the onset of first and third stage cracking. Once 20 percent of the slabs show first stage cracking, the serviceability of the pcc pavement is terminating. Analyses indicate that this performance model is also applicable to other environments in California. The results of the study are used to illustrate the framework for a rehabilitation management system for plain, jointed pcc pavements. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Faulting KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Serviceability KW - Strength of materials KW - Thermal stresses KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334266 AU - Delton, J P AU - Purdue University TI - NON-CONVENTIONAL VS. CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN ARIZONA PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 351-358 AB - Pavement faulting or step-off has been one of the major problems on Arizona's Portland Cement Concrete Pavements. Other problems have included warping and curling, texture loss, and shoulder joint failures. In 1974 work was initiated in an attempt to solve some or all of these problems by building and studying "non-conventional" PCCP sections on State Route 360, The Superstition Freeway. These projects are adjacent to a conventional section, i.e., 23 cm (9 in.) PCC, 15 cm (6 in,) CTB, and 10 cm (4 in.) aggregate base. To date, full-depth 33 and 28 cm (13 and 11 in.) PCCP on subgrade and prestressed 15 cm (6 in.) PCCP on a 10 cm (4 in.) lean concrete base have been built. A 23 cm (9 in.) PCCP on 10 cm (4 in.) of Lean Concrete Base is under construction. The main items of study are joint performance and ride quality. Full depth PCCP results in lower joint deflections in comparison to conventional PCCP. The extra slab thickness and joint surface area do not overcome the effects of joint separation from shrinkage due to curing and temperature changes. Loss of rideability is somewhat less on full depth versus conventional PCCP. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Curling KW - Faulting KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Shrinkage KW - Slabs KW - Thickness KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334240 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - May, R W AU - Purdue University TI - MECHANISTIC OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 43-53 AB - The review of currently available overlay design methods indicates that these may be grouped in three categories: those based on a visual condition rating, those using NDT deflections and empirically derived relationships between allowable deflection and overlay needs, and semirational procedures using stress analysis. The more promising of these procedures were subjected to detailed analysis and compared using data from a variety of projects. The result of this analysis show that none of the existing models is very satisfactory and that a new overlay design procedure is needed. This paper presents the formulation of a method that attempts to overcome the difficulties and limitations of current methods. The proposed method utilizes both NDT and visual condition evaluation as well as limited destructive and laboratory testing to evaluate existing pavement condition. A coupled FEM-multilayer elastic subgrade program is used in stress analysis, and the amount of overlay is determined based on limiting formation of load-induced fatigue cracking. This program will be used in a re-examination of the AASHO Road Test data as well as other available performance data to identify and correlate available field data with a performance distress function. Reflection cracking analysis incorporating load-induced shear as well as temperature induced stresses (both horizontal and curling stresses) will be used to minimize the probability of reflective crack formation. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Destructive testing KW - Evaluation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Surveying KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334243 AU - Chou, Y T AU - Huang, Y H AU - Purdue University TI - A COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SLABS WITH DISCONTINUITIES ON LAYER ELASTIC SOLIDS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 79-85 AB - A finite element method programmed for a highspeed computer is presented. The method is based on the classical theory of thin plate. The program is developed for a subgrade soil represented as a linear layered elastic solid. Any number of layers can be accommodated. The program is capable of analyzing stress conditions in concrete pavements with the load transfer in the joint, as well as in the supporting subgrade soil, subjected to loads and temperature warping. Multiple-wheel loads can be input and the number of wheels is not limited. Because of the large computer storage space required, the program can handle only two slabs, except for the special option where a four-slab pavement system is loaded symmetrically at the pavement's center. At the joint, the program considers only the shear transfer and assumes the moment transfer to be zero. The results computed using the program were compared with stress transfers across the joint measured in airfield test pavements. The comparisons were very favorable. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Discontinuity KW - Finite element method KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334258 AU - Boyer, R E AU - Foxworthy, P T AU - Highter, W H AU - Purdue University TI - PERFORMANCE OF THIN BONDED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAYS ON MILITARY AIRFIELDS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 255-264 AB - The United States Air Force has more than 20 years of experience with thin bonded Portland cement concrete overlays--5.1 to 10.2 cm (2 to 4 in.) in thickness. The construction history and performance of 14 features (a feature being defined as a pavement cross-section of like construction) involving thin bonded overlays at four Air Force bases are discussed in this paper. The features range in age from 13 to 21 years and include both runways and aprons. Traffic on the thin bonded overlays ranged from high volume, lightweight fighter aircraft to moderate volume, very heavy cargo, tanker and bomber aircraft. The construction procedure followed for each of the thin bonded overlays was similar. The surface of the original pavement was scarified to a depth of not less than .6 cm (1/4 in.) and all loose material was removed. When necessary, the pavement was cleaned with a detergent, flushed, and then etched with muriatic acid. The surface was again flushed, and a grout .15 to .3 cm (1/16 to 1/8 in.) thick was applied to provide a bond. The overlay was then applied quickly before the grout could dry. In general, the overlays have performed quite satisfactorily. Condition surveys indicate that after 17 years most features are in VERY GOOD condition, and the remaining are in GOOD condition. Problems encountered with the overlays can be traced to faulty construction procedures. Most notably, allowing the grout to dry prior to overlay placement and failure to match joints in the overlay with the underlying pavement have resulted in loss of bond and reflection cracking, respectively. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Grouting KW - History KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflection cracking KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167631 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334259 AU - Mellouk, M AU - Ray, M AU - Purdue University TI - PERFORMANCE OF 26 AND 20 YEARS OLD PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS AT ALGIERS HOUARI BOUMEDIENE AIRPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 265-275 AB - Prestress concrete runways and taxiway were built in Algiers Airport in 1954 and 1960. They were prestressed longitudinally by hydraulic flat jacks and transversally by tendons; sliding abutments exist at each end. The first year's measurement findings are described as follows: a joint and end displacements, climatic conditions, friction coefficient, and stresses in the slab. After 26 years, the primary runway with often more than 50,000 movements per year (equivalent to a total traffic of 12,000 B 747), had some transverse cracks and three very localized failures due to poor concrete batches; during 20 years of life the secondary runway presented a settlement due to peat, deposits, and an upheaval of joints. Detailed non destructive pavement testing results, theoretical study of the residual life (by American and French methods), and the existence of tested rehabilitation procedures, lead to the following life expectancies under the forecast of very heavy traffic: A few months for the secondary runway because of its low transverse prestress design value (therefore a thick overlay is foreseen); and Roughly ten years for the primary runway (only a thin overlay is foreseen in 1985). Based on this experience, general and particular conclusions are proposed on prestress concrete airport pavements. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Theoretical studies KW - Thickness KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334236 AU - Ray, G K AU - Purdue University TI - 35 YEARS OF PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 3-8 AB - The paper traces many of the design changes that have been made since World War II as engineers have reacted to increases in loads and as more research has provided information on specific problems related to pavement design details. A plea is made for openminded design, taking into account performance information from other projects in other states and other countries, as well as from research in field studies and laboratories. The perfect maintenance-free pavement may never be developed, but we can "farm a lot better" than we are now in many cases. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Field studies KW - History KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167610 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334247 AU - Packard, R G AU - Purdue University TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS WITH LEAN CONCRETE LOWER COURSE PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 119-131 AB - A procedure is presented for the structural design of concrete pavements incorporating a lower layer of lean concrete, either as a subbase constructed separately or as a lower layer in monolithic construction. An analysis of flexural stresses is used to recognize the strength and elastic properties of the materials and the layer thicknesses. Modifications of conventional linear elastic theory are made based on the properties of concretes at low cement contents and on experimental and performance data. Because these data are limited, the design procedure is suggested as a preliminary guide. Simplified design charts are presented for conventional highway truck loadings; design data are also given that may be used for aircraft and other loadings. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bending stress KW - Cement content KW - Charts KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Conferences KW - Design methods KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Flexure KW - Lean concrete KW - Lean mix concrete KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Lowering KW - Pavement design KW - Physical properties KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334255 AU - CHRISTORY, J P AU - Purdue University TI - CONTINUOUS NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS SOME ASPECTS OF THE METHOD USED IN FRANCE FOR GOVERNMENT OPERATED ROADS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 221-230 AB - Concrete slabs rarely exhibit inherent defects, their degradation being related to a deterioration in the substructures. The main purpose of continuous evaluation is to assess pavement bearing conditions and, where possible, pavement external behavior indicators are used for this purpose. For the most significant indicators (slab degradation, detachment, deflection) rapid or semi-rapid measuring instruments have been developed, some operating under traffic at speeds over 50 km/h. The GERPHO (photographic road survey unit) allows continuous photography of pavements and of the interesting part of the shoulder at a speed between 50 and 60 km/h. It reveals the structural defects of pavements: cracks, pumping wells. The APL (longitudinal profile analyzer) used with a special analysis version provides data on slab faulting based on measurements at 7.5 km/h. The DMBD (slab deflection measurement system) and the COLLOGRAPHE work at much lower rates (about a kilometer/hour). If utilization precautions are taken, particularly as concerns temperature, these devices complement very effectively the high-output investigations. They provide data on slab bearing conditions before deterioration is shown by visible defects. In addition to their use in the monitoring of pavement condition and maintenance scheduling, this equipment is used during construction with certain slab strengthening techniques for example (grouting, tying, etc.). (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing values KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Continuous methods KW - Deflection KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Photography KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rapid methods KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334262 AU - Smith, P AU - Treybig, H J AU - Fowler, J AU - Purdue University TI - PAVEMENT EVALUATION AT DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 301-313 AB - An evaluation of the existing airfield pavements at Dulles International Airport was made in 1978-79 by ARE Inc and HNTB under a contract with the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Field work consisted of condition surveys, nondestructive deflection testing, and materials sampling. Deflections were measured with both the Dynaflect and the heavy load vibrator from the Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg. Comparisons of the two types of equipment were made based on various aspects of the pavement evaluation. Laboratory tests were run on the materials and the results were used along with deflection data and aircraft data to select and characterize pavement sections which behave differently under load. Traffic operational data were analyzed to determine the number of past and projected aircraft operations on each section of pavement. A fatigue analysis was then conducted to compute the present remaining structural life and projected end of life for each section. The sections were then grouped into the time periods of 1978 to 1981, 1981 to 1984, 1985 to 1990, and 1990 to 1994 according to their predicted times for reading rehabilitation. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue tests KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Vibrators KW - Vibrators (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334275 AU - Shahin, M Y AU - Darter, M I AU - Purdue University TI - REHABILITATION DESIGN FOR AIRFIELD PCC PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 445-456 AB - This paper presents procedures for airfield pavement condition rating, evaluation, and rehabilitation design. The procedures are based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) which measures the pavement's structural integrity and surface operational conditions. The PCI is used worldwide by the U.S. Air Force and several other agencies. Models are presented for predicting PCI as a function of traffic, climate, and pavement structure. This paper emphasizes the significance of these models for use not only for PCI prediction, but also for performance-based design models. However, these models should be considered preliminary since they were being field-evaluated and improved at the time this paper was prepared. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167646 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334241 AU - Domenichini, L AU - MARCHIONNA, A AU - Purdue University TI - INFLUENCE OF STRESS RANGE ON PLAIN CONCRETE PAVEMENT FATIGUE DESIGN PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 55-65 AB - A concrete pavement fatigue design procedure accounting for the stress range induced by the applied loads is proposed. As a matter of fact the stress range, whose value is variable in time as temperature and traffic stresses in the pavement vary, affects the concrete fatigue strength, and laboratory fatigue laws accounting for such a parameter have been defined. The Tepfers's fatigue law has been checked and corrected according, to the experimental results of the AASHO Road Test. The structural analysis of several concrete AASHO sections has been performed superimposing the seasonal and daily variations of the warping stresses with the traffic induced stresses and imposing that the cumulative damage up to failure induced by the effective number of repetitions associated to each resultant stress condition satisfies the Miner's law. A corrected design fatigue law is therefore proposed and some practical design suggestions are developped based on the analysis of the influence of the stress range. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Design methods KW - Failure KW - Pavement design KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Traffic loads KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167615 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334242 AU - Arnold, C J AU - Chiunti, M A AU - Bancroft, K S AU - Purdue University TI - JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN MICHIGAN DESIGN PERFORMANCE AND REPAIR PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 67-77 AB - The report covers background information concerning the performance and problems related to postwar pavements with 99-ft reinforced slabs, load transfer, and base plates under the joints. Newer pavements have been designed with successively shorter slab lengths. Load transfer and reinforcement still are used. A major installation of experimental pavement is discussed. Experience to date has resulted in a recent change to incorporate free draining base materials with subbase drains in future Interstate projects. The first concrete recycling job has been indefinitely delayed because of fund reductions. The effects of pressure build-up in older pavements is discussed, along with strategies for pressure relief, experimental pressure relief projects, preventive maintenance, and the development of techniques for locating and installing joint filler in pressure relief joints. The effects of base drainage on the performance of the concrete pavement as well as the inter-relationships with aggregate quality, are demonstrated for an experimental installation having extreme variations in drainability. A few details of concrete shoulder design and some examples of compatible slab length considerations are suggested, along with brief comments on corrosion resistant load transfer dowels. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aggregates KW - Building KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Drainage KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Joint KW - Joint fillers KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pressure KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334260 AU - van Noortwijk, H AU - van de Meent, A AU - Purdue University TI - THE APPLICATION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF AIRFIELD PAVEMENT PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 277-287 AB - In this paper the following subjects are presented: (1) The History of the Airport; (2) The choice of prestressed concrete for airport pavement; (3) Soil conditions and foundation; (4) Prestressed concrete constructions; (5) Further possibility of constructing the expansion joint between two slabs; (6) Further developments; (7) Design criteria; (8) Tests; (9) Experience and maintenance; and (10) Construction and maintenance costs. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Expansion joints KW - Foundation soils KW - History KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167633 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334261 AU - Klunker, F AU - Purdue University TI - STATUS AND DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE RUNWAYS IN EUROPEAN AIRPORTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 289-299 AB - Various methods for prestressing concrete pavements and their performances over the years are evaluated. The article gives the design criteria for prestressed concrete pavement and then recommends construction principles and procedures. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Prestressed concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334238 AU - Stock, A F AU - Purdue University TI - THE ANALYTICAL DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 19-25 AB - This paper considers fundamentally based design procedures for concrete roads. The literature has been reviewed for procedures relevant to the analysis of concrete roads, for structural performance models, and for data relating to material performance. It was concluded that further development of analysis techniques, particularly in relation to pavements containing cracked layers is necessary. Also, further information relating laboratory measurements of material performance to field performance is necessary. If this information is forthcoming and by drawing on information from other research fields, it will be possible to produce a detailed fundamentally based design package. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Design methods KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167612 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334245 AU - Larsen, T J AU - Purdue University TI - A COMPOSITE PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 99-105 AB - Conditions of economy, ecology, and energy have made it mandatory to review concepts and procedures in the orothodox methods of constructing and designing rigid pavement systems. The pavement concept proposed herein has the potential of providing a system which addresses the postulated requirements, particularly in areas where quality aggregates have become sparce or depleted. The system proposed consists of an econocrete base with a relatively thin layer of quality concrete bonded to it. Econocrete has found wide application in pavement construction but primarily as a subbase for a concrete pavement. However, the properties of econocrete are better utilized when the econocrete layer is bonded to the pavement and becomes an integral part of the system. To take full advantage of the econocrete layer in this manner, an appropriate design procedure must be provided which will take due account of material characteristics of the composite layers. For this purpose a design procedure is proposed, taking advantage of the theoretical work presented by S. D. Kohn in "Structural Design of Composite Pavements." The procedure contained herein establishes a method to estimate the shear stress at the interface between the composite layers. A limiting shear stress at the interface provides the necessary criterion for a rational estimate of layer thickness. This presentation provides a rational procedure, taking due account of traffic and material properties, for the design of a composite pavement system. Although the procedure has general application, it is specifically intended to find use in the design of a rigid pavement using a high quality thin concrete wearing course bonded to an econocrete composite base structure. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bonding KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Design methods KW - Econocrete KW - Estimating KW - Interfaces KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements KW - Shear stress KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167619 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334257 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Cawley, M L AU - Purdue University TI - CRCP DESIGN BASED ON THEORETICAL AND FIELD PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 239-251 AB - This paper will include a summary of recent developments in pavement design and construction practices which can favorably influence the performance of CRCP. Emphasis will be placed on such pavement elements as the importance of specifying stabilized subbase, proper placement and arrangement of steel, vibration and consolidation of concrete, drainage practices and construction jointing details. Examples of selected state practices will be emphasized to show both favorable and unfavorable results, based on the adherence or disregard of established criteria. Background development will be given on several key design charts that give a new approach for the design of CRCP. The thickness determination chart used by AASHO has been modified to cover a range of loading conditions not previously considered, e.g., edge loading, portland cement shoulders, etc. Also, charts for determining the k-value in terms of material erodability, thickness, and stiffness will be presented. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Charts KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drainage KW - Joint construction KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Road shoulders KW - Stiffness KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334264 AU - Slavis, C AU - Purdue University TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SHOULDER PERFORMANCE IN THE UNITED STATES (1965-1980) PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 331-341 AB - During the 1960's and early 1970's several states constructed PCC shoulders to evaluate their performance and develop design standards. The earliest, and best documented of these projects include the Illinois projects of 1965, 66, 67, and 71; the Kentucky project of 1972; and the 1971 projects in Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Principal variables included in these evaluation studies were thickness, pavement type (plain and reinforced), joint spacing, tie bars, and subbase. In 1973 a report, Highway Research Record 434, on the initial performance of these early pavements was prepared and presented to the Highway Research Board. The items discussed in this report included thickness, subgrade, longitudinal joint sealing, longitudinal joint key, tie bars, contraction joints, corrugated rumble strips, and reinforcement. Major conclusions of the report centered around design requirements and construction. At the time of this early study the PCC shoulders ranged in age from 0 to 7 years, with only three installations being over 2 years old. These shoulders are now a minimum of 7 years old, and the original Illinois installations have been in service for up to 15 years. The purpose of this paper is to report on the inspection and re-evaluation of these PCC shoulders. A comparison of both the conclusions of the 1973 report and an evaluation of current design practices based on 15 years of experience has been made. Recommended modifications to current design practices indicated by the current study findings are included. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Contraction joints KW - Design methods KW - Evaluation KW - Joint sealing KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Road shoulders KW - Rumble strips KW - Spacing KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Tie bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334273 AU - Verhee, F AU - Purdue University TI - STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT IDEAS--RESULTS OF FRENCH EXPERIMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 421-430 AB - Portland cement concrete pavements in France are of the nonreinforced, nondoweled type and are subject to very heavy traffic. This paper deals with the maintenance of pavements built prior to 1974 and whose structure does not incorporate certain recent design features such as lateral drainage. The pavements concerned can be placed in four categories according to their structural condition (from good to very poor condition). There are three types of structure maintenance corresponding to these different conditions. These are described in the paper along with the specific maintenance techniques applicable to each category. (1) Routine maintenance designed essentially to ensure proper pavement sealing. (2) "Medium" structural maintenance involving such techniques as lateral drainage of slab edge, reconstruction of shoulder edge without drainage, grouting under slabs, improving load transfer at joints (by joint blocking or keying), bituminous overlays (thinner than or equal to 15 cm). (3) Heavy maintenance consisting either of thick bituminous overlays or reconstruction in portland cement concrete of degraded lane only. Only the load transfer improvement techniques are not yet operational. Maintenance techniques to be used are determined on the basis of observed pavement deterioration. The choice may be bituminous overlays which modify the pavement structure, or maintenance for correcting the defects while conserving a cement concrete structure. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Drainage KW - Grouting KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reconstruction KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167644 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334237 AU - McMahon, T F AU - McComb, R A AU - Kenis, W J AU - Purdue University TI - FHWA RIGID PAVEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM--A HISTORICAL REVIEW PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 9-17 AB - This paper presents an overview of the Federal Highway Administration's past, present, and future research activities dealing with all aspects of rigid pavement design and rehabilitation. Historically, FHWA and its predecessor, The Bureau of Public Roads, has played a major role in rigid pavement research. A brief review is made of historical research activities and the development of the present FHWA research program. The paper includes work currently being done as a part of the Federally Coordinated Program, 5J-Rigid Pavement Systems Design, 5D-Structural Rehabilitation of Pavement Systems and 5E-Pavements for Zero-Maintenance. Research was one of the principal missions of the first national highway program in the United States and is, in fact, the oldest continuous Federal highway activity. The scope of federally conducted or assisted research encompasses all of the Federal highway programs and every facet of highway transportation--as a national resource and as a principal force in the social and economic well-being of the people and Government. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Federal aid highways KW - History KW - Pavement design KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167611 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334239 AU - Ray, M AU - Purdue University TI - A EUROPEAN SYNTHESIS ON DRAINAGE, SUBBASE ERODABILITY, AND LOAD TRANSFER IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 27-39 AB - European research and field practice from 1977 to 1981 are described as concerns load transfer (at contraction joints of nonreinforced short slab pavements), drainage of slab-subbase contact, and subbase and shoulder erodability. For nondoweled pavements, new developments leading to better load-transfer efficiency concern mainly the reduction in slab length, the extra slab width beyond shoulder line, the reduction in hydraulic and thermal shrinkage, and the increase in coarse aggregate diameter. For doweled pavements, new developments concern the reduction in the number of dowels, anticorrosion and slipping devices, placement accuracy and vibration placement equipment. Water problems encountered in Europe for pavements with and without dowels are presented; the new draining cross-sections used in each country are described together with measurements characterizing their efficiency. After an analysis of the risk of faulting as a function of the origin of the fines, recent theoretical and practical research results on pumping hydrodynamics and subbase erodability are presented: leave slab water ejection rate equations, cement content threshold to avoid erodability in cement treated subbases, use of internally vibrated lean concrete. The second part of the paper gives the results of an international survey (26 countries, performance evaluation of 74 old pavements). Three classes are chosen for climatic conditions, and three for erodability. Traffic limits observed on the oldest pavements in good condition are given for nondoweled and for doweled pavements. Finally, quantitative recommendations are proposed in terms of compatible daily commercial vehicle traffic limits with or without dowels, for each climate and different erodability conditions. The conclusion presents a historical synthesis and an outline of future research needs. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Contraction joints KW - Drainage KW - Erosion KW - Future KW - Future research KW - History KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Research KW - Road shoulders KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167613 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334244 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - McComb, R A AU - Purdue University TI - MECHANISTIC DESIGN OF RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 87-96 AB - This paper deals with the development and verification of a stress analysis model (RIGMUL) and the use of this model in a program for the design of rigid pavements. RIGMUL is the result of coupling finite element plate theory with multilayer elastic layer theory and consists of a two-layer rigid slab resting on a semi-infinite three-layer elastic solid foundation. The features of RIGMUL include variable thickness of slabs, the effects of curling, warping, voids and partial contact, the effect of load transfer across joints and cracks by specifying either dowel bars, aggregate interlock, or load or shear transfer efficiency, the ability to analyze up to nine slabs in any configuration, and the ability to determine the stresses in both rigid layers as well as anywhere in the subbase and subgrade layers. Model verification includes comparison with known solutions whenever possible; however, since this model is an extension beyond the scope of existing theories, qualitative comparisons are also included. The pavement design program uses RIGMUL for stress analysis; however, the input requirements have been drastically simplified for the convenience of the user. The output includes the expected design life in fatigue, along with a prediction of the amount of joint faulting, and the probability of void formation, corner cracking, and pumping. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pumping (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Warpage KW - Warping (Concrete pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334246 AU - Kohn, S D AU - Darter, M I AU - Purdue University TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 107-117 AB - A rational design procedure was developed for composite concrete pavements based on fatigue damage considerations. The structural analysis of the composite system was performed using a finite element computer model developed at the University of Illinois. A curve was also developed using field data and a fatigue damage program to relate pavement cracking index to the fatigue damage value. This curve was developed to calibrate the procedure to actual field cracking conditions. It is an aid to the designer in selecting a fatigue damage value to use in the design of the pavement section for any allowable level of cracking. The example designs indicate that the composite pavement can be constructed at reasonable thicknesses with a potential reduction in total cement content. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Calibration KW - Cement content KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Design methods KW - Failure KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Structural design KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334272 AU - Halm, H J AU - Purdue University TI - BONDED CONCRETE RESURFACING PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 411-419 AB - Successful thin bonded resurfacing of concrete pavements dates back to 1913. Following World War II, the U.S. Air Force and the Navy resurfaced a number of airport pavements with bonded techniques in an effort to repair and increase load bearing capacity of older pavements. Due to the lack of high production cost-effective equipment, little interest was seen for highway work. The development of slipform paving equipment and high speed milling machines in conjunction with the completion of the Interstate system and escalating asphalt prices created new interest in bonded resurfacings for the highway engineer. A 1973 research project in Iowa utilizing thin sections of fibrous reinforced resurfacing coupled with a successful program of bonded dense concrete bridge deck overlays led Iowa Engineers to believe they had come up with an alternate for the traditional bituminous restoration procedure. Numerous Iowa research and full scale Interstate contracts have since resulted in new techniques and design recommendations which make a thin bonded concrete resurfacing a viable and economical approach to the rehabilitation of concrete pavements. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Design methods KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - History KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Resurfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167643 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334274 AU - Yrjanson, W A AU - Purdue University TI - RECYCLING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 431-444 AB - In a growing number of areas in the United States, it is becoming increasingly advantageous to recycle old portland cement concrete. The momentum for recycling has been primarily generated in areas where there is a shortage of, or a complete lack of, supplies of aggregates meeting present day quality standards. Another equally important factor is the problem of solid waste disposal, particularly in urban areas. A reduction in construction costs and conservation of energy have also sparked interest in recycling. Under the recycling concept, existing roadways, airport pavements or any suitable waste concrete becomes a readily available source for producing aggregates. Laboratory research and experience at several recent projects have proven that recycling concrete into aggregate for use in new concrete is feasible and should be considered whenever quality aggregates are not locally available or waste disposal of concrete rubble is costly. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Aggregates KW - Availability KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Energy conservation KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167645 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334248 AU - Barker, W R AU - Purdue University TI - INTRODUCTION TO A RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 135-148 AB - An introduction to a design procedure for rigid airport pavements is presented. The design criteria used in the procedure are based on the tensile stress in the portland cement concrete (PCC) slab as computed by the layered elastic theory and on the strength of the PCC slab as measured by the flexural beam test. The criteria were developed by the analysis of some 60 test sections. In the basic report, procedures are given for the characterization of the pavement materials both by laboratory testing and by typical values and/or correlation studies. The thickness requirements as determined by the new criteria are compared with the thickness as determined by the Corps of Engineers and the Federal Aviation Administration design procedures. The comparison indicated a basic difference between the new criteria and the criteria presently being used. A detailed study of the two criteria shows that the new criteria fit the test data better than the present criteria. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Field studies KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Layered theories KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334250 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - ARNTZEN, D M AU - Purdue University TI - DESIGN OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS AS AFFECTED BY LOAD TRANSFER AND SUPPORT CONDITIONS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 161-170 AB - Current FAA Design Criteria for major airports are based on the assumption of edge loading conditions, with an assumed load transfer of 25 percent, and a stabilized subbase equal in thickness to the thickness of the PCC slab. This paper examines the validity and cost effectiveness of these requirements. Theoretical analyses and results from field tests confirm that it is more economical to develop structural capacity of the PCC pavement by increasing the thickness of the PCC slab and reducing the thickness of the stabilized subbase. It is shown that three inches of added thickness in the PCC slab will reduce the deflection of the pavement, the stresses transmitted to the subgrade, and the stresses in the PCC slab more than 12 to 18 inches of stabilized subbase and at a lower initial cost. It is also demonstrated that effective load transfer is needed to prevent excessive corner deflections of PCC slab under the wide bodied aircraft gear loadings. Large diameter dowels and heavy tie bars are used at the load transfer mechanisms. Significant savings were demonstrated using these approaches to pavement design over the thicknesses obtained using the design recommendations in the FAA Advisory Circular. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Field tests KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Slabs KW - Stresses KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Theory KW - Thickness KW - Tie bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334252 AU - Rollings, R S AU - Purdue University TI - CORPS OF ENGINEERS DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR RIGID AIRFIELD PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 185-198 AB - The Corps of Engineers has prepared new design procedures for rigid airfield pavement design. Plain, reinforced, fiber-reinforced, prestressed, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements may be designed with these procedures. This paper describes the development of the Corps of Engineers rigid pavement design procedures, the assumptions and modifications required for each type of concrete pavement, and an example design of a medium-load airfield pavement. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167626 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334268 AU - Seeds, S B AU - Hudson, W R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Purdue University TI - A RIGID PAVEMENT REHABILITATION DESIGN SYSTEM PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 367-376 AB - This paper summarizes the development, use, and applicability of the new Texas Rigid Pavement Rehabilitation Design System, RPRDS. Like other pavement design systems, RPRDS makes use of the systems concept and incorporates a number of pavement design and analytical models into a computer program, RPRDS-1, for the generation, analysis, and comparison of numerous pavement design strategies. Unlike other design systems, RPRDS only considers structural rehabilitation, i.e. overlay construction, where the design model used is an improved and extended version of the ARE Inc/FHWA and Texas SDHPT rigid pavement overlay design procedures, RPOD1 and RPOD2. In addition, provision is made in RPRDS for the consideration of other factors which affect pavement performance and accompany overlay construction. These include ACP, CRCP, and JCP type overlays; concrete shoulder construction; variable concrete flexural strength; as well as variable overlay thickness. Basically, RPRDS generates a number of feasible overlay design strategies based on user inputs, performs a present value cost analysis on each, and then presents those which are optimal. The other design and analytical models used to complete this task include 1) a distress/maintenance prediction model, 2) a traffic delay cost (during overlay construction) model, and 3) a model for the prediction of overlay construction cost. The original study which is summarized in this paper was conducted at the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin as part of a cooperative research program with the Texas SDHPT. Hopefully, this paper will not only provide a summary of RPRDS but also some basis for its use nationwide. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexural strength KW - Forecasting KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Optimization KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00334270 AU - Bush, A J AU - Hall, J W AU - Purdue University TI - EXPERIENCE WITH NONDESTRUCTIVE STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/04 SP - p. 385-397 AB - Nondestructive testing (NDT) has become an accepted and highly requested procedure for evaluation of airport pavements. This paper describes recent improvements and additions that have been made to the NDT procedure described in Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular No. 150/5370-11. The improvements described allow the application of the method to composite pavements, present a method for determination of the radius of relative stiffness from deflection basin measurements, and give procedures for computation of overlay thickness requirements. NDT evaluation results from a number of portland cement concrete airport pavements are presented, and responses from airport operators as to the usefulness of the results are discussed. (Author) U1 - Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design, held at Purdue University, April 14-16, 1981. StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Airport runways KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Improvements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Stiffness KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/167641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349854 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1981/03/27 SP - 12 p. AB - A Westbound tractor semitrailer truck, out of control, sideswept an eastbound tank truck, then overturned on a curve, blocking the eastbound lane. The eastbound ore truck struck and tore away the upper portion of the tractor cab and became enmeshed in the overturned trailer. The results were three fatalities; one injury and $180,000 property damage. The probable cause was excessive speed. The driver lost control of the truck on approach to a 19 degree curve. The contributing factors were the driver's physical inability (paraplegic) to control the truck, deficient steering - pitted shaft and worn bushings. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Speed KW - Steering KW - Steering control KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349473 AU - BRENNAN, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION ON THE USE OF FOAMED ASPHALT FOR RECYCLED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/03/17 SP - 48 p. AB - This study had three objectives. The first to determine the foaming characteristics of a selection of asphalts which are commonly used in construction in Indiana. Foaming characteristics in terms of expansion ratio and half life were recorded. The second objective was to evaluate the performance of three of these asphalts as binders for a recycled bituminous paving mixture using (1) the Gyratory and the Marshall Compactive methods, and (2) the Marshall Stability testing procedure, and (3) the Hveem Stability testing procedure. The third objective was to evaluate the effect of curing time and moisture on the stability of a recycled mix. Three asphalts were chosen for the study based upon their foaming characteristics. A foaming temperature of 160 deg C (325 deg F) and an added water content of 2% were selected as the best conditions for optimum foam volume and half life. Excellent Marshall stability values were obtained with 0.5% and 1.0% foamed asphalt added to the recycled mixtures. Curing time had a marked effect on the lower additions of foamed asphalt. The effect of water decreases with increased amounts of foamed asphalt. A comparison of the Marshall Stability values and the Hveem Stability values indicated that the same optimum percent of foamed asphalt was obtained. (FHWA) KW - Binders KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Foaming KW - Foaming agents KW - Gyratory compaction KW - Hveem test KW - Laboratory studies KW - Marshall test KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341483 AU - Terdich, G M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION AND CONTROL OF FIELD SWELL PRESSURES OF COMPACTED MEDIUM PLASTIC CLAY PY - 1981/03/17 SP - 186 p. AB - This study investigates the swelling pressure response of a medium plastic clay (AASHTO A-6) compacted both in the field and in the laboratory. Correlation was attempted to provide a prediction process for the field result. Swelling pressure was controlled by water content deviation from optimum, compactive effort, dry density, and various interactions among these terms. Regression models for laboratory and field results are different. Variability in dry density and swelling pressure was sizeable but predictable, with the field variability being larger. Prediction models were developed for expected average and maximum swelling pressure. Charts enable the engineer to select the compaction variables that will control the swelling pressure to a desired maximum value. A computer program creates tabulations allowing the prediction of maximum swelling pressure for a field soil knowing inspection testing results. (FHWA) KW - Compacted clays KW - Computer programs KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Forecasting KW - Interaction KW - Mathematical models KW - Moisture content KW - Plastic soils KW - Regression analysis KW - Swell pressure KW - Swelling KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341602 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL DIAGNOSTIC EQUIPMENT AND PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES PY - 1981/03/15 SP - 150 p. AB - Maintenance procedures and diagnostic equipment for the testing and repair of traffic signal installations were based on statistical analysis of historical maintenance records. The construction and maintenance of traffic signals was observed at numerous locations in Ohio and compiled into a procedures manual. Concurrently test equipment was developed for the major signal installation components. The designs evolved from a manually operated signal timer to bench test the AS Model 1022 controller to a general purpose microprocessor based, programmed test unit that checks the timing functions of controllers at an intersection while the signal is in operation. In addition two versions of an instrument to check the electrical characteristics of loops, loop detectors and load relays were built. A program to implement the results of this investigation is planned. The shop maintenance manual has been used to train inexperienced technicians and the diagnostic equipment has had limited use in the field. The report includes hardware specifications and software documentation. (FHWA) KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Electricity KW - Hardware KW - Loop detectors KW - Loops (Control systems) KW - Loops (Electrical) KW - Manual control KW - Microprocessors KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01537863 AU - Ross, Hayes E AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Jackson, Benito AU - Sicking, Dean AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safe Treatment of Roadside Cross-Drainage Structures PY - 1981/03//Interim Report SP - 110p AB - The purpose of the research was to develop traffic-safe end treatments for cross-drainage structures that would not appreciably restrict water flow. Cross-drainage culverts are used to convey water under the highway. Preliminary designs were first evaluated in a test pit in which the culvert clear open space could be varied. The pit was also used to determine an acceptable spacing for grates on larger culvert openings. Subcompact and full-size automobiles were used in each test pit run. Tentative end treatments developed in the test pit runs were then subjected to full-scale prototype testing. These tests involved evaluation of the end treatments on a 5:1 slde slope with both a subcompact automobile and a full-size automobile. The end treatments were subjected to tests at both 20 mph and 60 mph. A cost/benefit analysis was conducted to develop guidelines that identify conditions warranting culvert safety treatment. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cross drains KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - End treatments KW - Grates KW - Prototype tests KW - Roadside KW - Traffic safety UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/280-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1323233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346127 AU - Bauhut, J B AU - Roberts, F L AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIAL PROPERTIES TO MINIMIZE DISTRESS IN ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 1: MODELS PY - 1981/03 SP - 170 p. AB - This first volume report provides results of a detailed study to (1) identify distresses that cause significant loss of serviceability and/or maintenance in pavements; (2) identify material properties that significantly influence the occurrence of distress; (3) select the best theoretical or empirical models for predicting distress using material properties and other engineering parameters; and (4) develop a detailed research plan for utilizing the models selected to study the effects of the significant distresses and to optimize material properties for zero-maintenance pavements. The research resulting in the accomplishment of the goals described above also produced other separate and specific results that are reported and should prove useful in future research. These results include: (1) a set of definitions and examples for their use in describing pavement behavior and the occurrence of distress; (2) tabulations of distresses, material properties that affect specific distresses, and the material factors (e.g., asphalt content, type and gradation of aggregate, etc.) that affect specific material properties; (3) discussions of the various predictive models available; and (4) the results of a number of limited sensitivity analyses using various distress models. KW - Building materials KW - Concrete pavements KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344408 AU - Peck, R B AU - Brekke, T L AU - HAMPTON, D AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRESENTATIVE GROUND PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS. VOLUME 1. RATIONAL APPROACH TO SITE INVESTIGATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 30 p. AB - This report is the first in a series reporting the results of the above titled study. This document is principally concerned with the thought processes and considerations related to the planning and implementation programs for tunnel design and construction. Considered herein are discussions of (1) geotechnical problems peculiar to tunneling, (2) settings for specific tunneling problems, (3) approaches to exploration for identifying problems, and (4) specific procedures for site investigations and their evaluation. It is intended that this document will provide guidance to those engineers responsible for the planning and implementation of site investigation programs related to tunnel design and construction. This report will also be of value to owners, contractors and others in the underground construction community. KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Geophysical surveys KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Soil classification KW - Soil properties KW - Soil types KW - Soils KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Surveying KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344409 AU - HAMPTON, D AU - Jin, J S AU - Black, J P AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRESENTATIVE GROUND PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS. VOLUME III. TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PY - 1981/03 SP - 205 p. AB - This report is the third in a series reporting the results of the above titled study. This document, Volume 3, is principally concerned with summarization of currently used analytical design procedures, ascertaining the geotechnical parameters required as input into these design procedures, and assessing the significance of these geotechnical parameters. Volume 2 is principally concerned with in situ site investigation techniques but also considers the preliminary phases of a site investigation program, classification and correlation systems applicable to underground design and construction, and large scale field testing procedures. Volume 1 is concerned with the thought processes and considerations related to the planning and supplementation of site investigation programs for tunnel design and construction. It is intended that these documents will provide guidance to those engineers responsible for the planning and implementation of site investigation programs related to tunnel design and construction. This report also will be of value to owners, contractors, and others in the underground construction community. Volume 4 will summarize published case studies on tunnel design and construction with a view toward highlighting lessons learned and benefits received from a rigorous subsurface investigation for tunnel design and construction. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel lining KW - Underground structures KW - Underground supporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343576 AU - Shen, H W AU - Schumm, S A AU - NELSON, J D AU - Doehring, D O AU - Skinner, M M AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF STREAM-RELATED HAZARDS TO HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES PY - 1981/03 SP - 256 p. AB - River behavior at a highway crossing depends not only on the stability of that particular river reach, but also on the behavior of the entire fluvial system of which it is a part. Rivers are complex landforms. A simple and straight forward approach to the identification of river hazards is not always possible. A complete evaluation of hydraulic hazards cannot be solely based on on-site hydrologic, hydraulic and geomorphic factors; but must also include insight into historic trends, synoptic consideration of basin characteristics, and anticipation of future changes. Streams can be divided into five types based on channel pattern and mode of sediment transport. Each stream type exhibits its own characteristic stability. Detailed evaluation involves consideration of many variables. After evaluating stream variables a list of potential stream hazards can be developed. To assess hydraulic hazards at a crossing it is necessary to understand the past, examine the present, and anticipate the future. Methods such as remote sensing, land use evaluation and slope stability analysis should not be overlooked. KW - Channel stabilization KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Colorado KW - Design KW - Erosion KW - Failure KW - Floating bodies KW - Floating structures KW - Floods KW - Hazards KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - History KW - Hydraulics KW - Land use KW - Maintenance KW - Remote sensing KW - Rivers KW - Runoff KW - Sediment transport KW - Sedimentation KW - Slopes KW - Soils UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46532/FHWA-RD-80-160.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346761 AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, AND EVALUATIONS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR AIR FLOW AND AIR QUALITY ON AND NEAR HIGHWAYS PY - 1981/03 SP - 516p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365500 AU - Edgecomb, WCJ AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SURFACE, FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/03 SP - 121 p. AB - In August, 1979, the first full-scale polymer impregnation project in Maine was completed on a new I-95 Northbound bridge over Old Route 159 and Bangor & Aroostook Railroad in Island Falls. A work force comprised of State Bridge Maintenance and Materials & Research personnel performed the work since an experienced contractor in polymer systems was not available. The surface impregnation was successful in that the desired 3/4 in. impregnation depth was achieved. The new recommended procedures and specifications in the 1978 User's Manual (FHWA-RD-78-5) were followed. A system of heat blankets was selected instead of other drying methods normally utilizing enclosures. This report includes discussions on the effects of weather, moisture content in the concrete, heating system, drying cycles effect on cracking of the deck surface, and bonded silica sand. The evaluation of the treatment was limited to determining relative permeability by subjecting 4 1/2 in. diameter cores to 90-day chloride ponding tests and determining the relative degree of active corrosion of the reinforcing steel by voltmeter survey for a period of one year. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete construction KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Impregnation (Engineering) KW - Moisture content KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Water cement ratio KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365419 AU - Satinder, K AU - Munjal, P E AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EPOXY COATED REINFORCING STEEL IN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/03 SP - 139 p. AB - This report presents the evaluation of the effectiveness of epoxy coated reinforcing steel in bridge decks. It describes the procedures applied to evaluate the effectiveness. A comparison of the cost per pound of epoxy coated reinforcing steel which includes cost of steel, coating, shipping and placing in bridge decks, is made with the conventional steel. Electrical resistance and potential readings were observed each year for five years and are included in this report. Also chloride ion content analysis on Category I bridge decks was made which indicated that the concentration at the rebar level has not reached to the threshold level of active corrosion. Condition surveys of all the Category II bridge decks were done each year and no sign of deterioration has been noticed so far, i.e., scaling and spalling. Some hairline cracks were noticed which have been explained in the report. KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion protection KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Evaluation KW - Protective coatings KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365139 AU - Buchanan, M J AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOF TESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS. SECTION VI: ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENTS PY - 1981/03 SP - 149 p. AB - Settlement data obtained from 64 fluid settlement platforms, plate and rod platforms, and leveling at four zones of the DB Culvert, 120-in. (3048-mm), structural plate pipe, under 188 ft. (57m) of overfill are employed in calculation of quasi-theoretical crown loads, using methods developed by Marston and Spangler. Soil stresses measured by stressmeters near the soil-pipe interface and in the embankment are compared with quasi-theoretical stresses assessed with calculated settlement ratios. Some very encouraging correlations were observed between quasi-theoretical and measured soil stresses; however, on the average, the quasi-theoretical stresses tended to be significantly larger than measured ones. This approach is probably more valuable for structural plate than for rigid pipes, when used in conjunction with Ring Compression Theory. KW - Culverts KW - Deformation curve KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Highways KW - Pipe KW - Pipes tubes KW - Properties of materials KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Settlement structural KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385346 AU - Davisson, M T AU - Manuel, F S AU - Armstrong, R M AU - Teng and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN PILES PY - 1981/03 SP - 191 p. AB - This study presents methods for establishing allowable stresses in steel, concrete, and timber piles using load/resistance factor concepts. These methods take into account not only the material properties of the pile itself but also the individual effects of long term loads, driving stresses and drivability, imperfections in form or material and various environmental conditions which tend to reduce pile capacity. Using the results of the study, changes in Section 4, Division 1 of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, are proposed. The study is limited to the design of the pile as a structural member. KW - Allowable stresses KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Load factor KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Resistance KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Timber KW - Timber piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379639 AU - Schonfeld, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL TRAFFIC ON MARYLAND'S EASTERN SHORE PY - 1981/03 SP - 34 p. AB - This report summarizes the work accomplished during the first phase of project AW081-248-046, "Peak Period Systems Analysis on the Eastern Shore of Maryland." This work included the collection of an extensive data base on network and traveller characteristics, the development of real-time flow prediction models using Box-Jenkins techniques, and the development of a simulation model to optimize traffic assignment and evaluate various capacity expansion and traffic management strategies. Major findings were that sufficient capacity is available on alternate routes to bypass the bottlenecks at Vienna and Cambridge, and that travellers, through a mail-back survey, professed sufficient willingness to use alternate routes and departure times to justify proposed traffic management efforts. The work is documented in five technical reports whose abstracts are indicated in Appendix A. (FHWA) KW - Bottlenecks KW - Bypass routes KW - Bypasses KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Optimization KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Recreational roads KW - Routing KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376906 AU - Basu, S AU - Chi, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN MANUAL FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS UNDER WIND INDUCED EXCITATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 90 p. AB - A comprehensive design manual for long slender bridge structural members subjected to wind-induced vibrations is presented in this report. The vibrations considered herein are caused by vortex shedding in both subcritical and supercritical ranges of Reynolds numbers. The structural members are restricted to those whose cross-sections have at least two axes of symmetry, e.g., circular, rectangular, H-sections, etc. The design manual provides a stepwise procedure for computing the natural frequency of a structural member, the critical wind velocity which causes vortex shedding, as well as the deflection and stress of the member due to the vortex-induced vibration. (Author) KW - Bridge members KW - Deflection KW - Design methods KW - Manuals KW - Stresses KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Vortices KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377226 AU - Brown, S A AU - McQuivey, R S AU - Keefer, T N AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREAM CHANNEL DEGRADATION AND AGGRADATION ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS TO HIGHWAY CROSSINGS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/03 SP - 207 p. AB - Aggradation and degradation are long-term changes in stream channel elevation. The effects of gradation changes are not the same as local scour or erosion because they extend greater distances along the stream-bed. Degradation is a more common problem than aggradation and in general, has a more severe impact on highway crossings. Although gradation changes do occur naturally, human activities are responsible for the most severe cases. Channel alteration, streambed mining, and the construction of dams and control structures are the major causes of gradation problems. Every alluvial river in the U.S., has a potential for gradation change. The prevalence of human activities as chief cause of gradation changes means many rivers suffer to some degree. To aid in the anticipation of gradation changes the highway engineer should be aware of the principles of geomorphology and river mechanics. Analysis procedures for predicting aggradation and degradation can be simple or complex. The simplest techniques are qualitative in nature, involving the application of geomorphic concepts. The most complex techniques involve the analysis of entire drainage systems using detailed dynamic computer modeling of water and sediment transport processes. Between these two extremes are numerous quantitative techniques involving geomorphic and basic engineering relationships as well as some simpler modeling techniques. (FHWA) KW - Aggradation KW - Altitude KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Degradation KW - Elevation KW - Equilibrium (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Geophysics KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Scour KW - Simulation KW - Stream channels KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373172 AU - Brice, J C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILITY OF RELOCATED STREAM CHANNELS PY - 1981/03 SP - 184 p. AB - Data gathered to document the stability of streams at 103 sites in different regions of the United States where stream channels were relocated for the purposes of highway construction indicate varied responses. In comparison with prior stream stability, bank erosion of the relocated channel was the same at 45 sites, better at 28 sites, and worse at 14 sites. Channel degradation, mostly minor, was discerned at 17 sites. Length of relocation contributed significantly to channel stability only at sites where its value exceeded 250 channel widths; below 100 channel widths, the effects were dominated by other factors. Among the factors identified as critical to the stability of relocated channels are: growth of vegetation on banks (40 sites); bank revetment (33 sites); and stability of prior channel (19 sites). Factors identified as critical to instability are: bends in the channel (21 sites); erodibility of bed-bank materials (16 sites); and instability of prior channel (8 sites). Documented case histories of stream relocation projects on the scale done by highway agencies do not indicate the disastrous effects commonly associated with much larger scale river channelization projects. KW - Bank protection KW - Bends KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Degradation KW - Erosion KW - Highway curves KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Revetments KW - Road construction KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stream channels KW - Streams KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373062 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Elmitiny, R AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PAVEMENT DRAINAGE DESIGN GUIDELINES IN OHIO PY - 1981/03 SP - n.p. AB - In this report, the characteristics of different types of materials suggested for use as drainage layers were investigated. The permeability of these materials were determined through laboratory testing. Three different aggregates, limestone, crushed gravel, slag were used. The contribution of these different types of drainage layers to the structural system of a pavement was also studied. The environmental variables affecting the drainage capability of a pavement system in Ohio were investigated. Guidelines for the precipitation rates and the depths of frost penetration in different areas of the State of Ohio, and design of a pavement system drainage layer capable of removing water which infiltrates through the pavement surface, were developed. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Frost KW - Frost penetration KW - Guidelines KW - Highway drainage KW - Implementation KW - Pavement layers KW - Permeability KW - Precipitation KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362020 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOFTESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION I, VOLUME 1: INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL BACKGROUND, PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1981/03 SP - n.p. AB - A 120-in. (3.05-m), 12-gauge, steel structural plate pipe, embedded in an embankment under 188 ft (57 in.) of overfill, was heavily instrumented and tested for structural behavior under the imposed earth loads. Eight separate zones employed varying conditions of bedding and backfilling, including shaped and unshaped bedding, entrenchment and positive projection (p=1), Method A and Method B (polyurethane overlayment), and varying degrees of compaction. This section of the report describes the historical background of the project, objectives, descriptions of the prototype and of the instrumentation. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Embankments KW - Load tests KW - Pipe KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Proof tests KW - Structural materials KW - Structural plate pipes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369803 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR THE TREATMENT OF RIGHT TURN MOVEMENTS ON RURAL ROADS PY - 1981/03 SP - 49 p. AB - The objective of this research was to develop criteria or guidelines for the treatment of right turn movements at non-signalized intersections on rural roads. It was necessary for the criteria to be applicable for a wide range of conditions. A survey of state departments of transportation and Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation district traffic engineers identified the criteria presently used and the factors to be considered in establishing criteria. The decisions for right turn treatments are primarily based on judgement or rule of thumb. Field work identified the range of conditions and effectiveness of the treatments. The guidelines were developed through an analysis of the field data, the survey, and judgement. They are based on the peak hour (or design hour) volumes for right turn traffic and total traffic on the approach to the right turn treatment. Guidelines are available for 2-lane and 4-lane roadways. Other factors to be considered are noted. (FHWA) KW - Criteria KW - Four lane highways KW - Intersections KW - Right turns KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36437/81-R45.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366580 AU - Munjal, S K AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EPOXY COATED REINFORCING STEEL IN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/03 SP - 137 p. AB - This report presents the evaluation of the effectiveness of epoxy coated reinforcing steel in bridge decks. It describes the procedures applied to evaluate the effectiveness. A comparison of the cost per pound of epoxy coated reinforcing steel which includes cost of steel, coating, shipping and placing in bridge decks, is made with the conventional steel. Electrical resistance and potential readings were observed each year for five years and are included in this report. Also chloride ion content analysis on Category I bridge decks was made which indicated that the concentration at the rebar level has not reached to the threshold level of active corrosion. Condition surveys of all the Category II bridge decks were done each year and no sign of deterioration has been noticed so far, i.e., scaling and spalling. Some hairline cracks were noticed which have been explained in the report. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorine content KW - Coatings KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Deterioration KW - Electric potential KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Evaluation KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistivity method KW - Scaling KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366755 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE FOR ESTIMATING URBAN VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND OCCUPANCY PY - 1981/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This manual provides sampling and data collection procedures for field surveys that estimate vehicle classification and occupancy and (when combined with estimates of vehicle-miles of travel derived from parallel mechanical traffic counting programs) that estimate travel by vehicle type and person travel. Because sound statistical sampling techniques are used, these surveys can provide valid estimates at predetermined levels of precision and at the lowest possible cost. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Guidelines KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349938 AU - Buchanan, M J AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOFTESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION VI: ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENTS PY - 1981/03 SP - n.p. AB - Settlement data obtained from 64 fluid settlement platforms, plate and rod platforms, and leveling at four zones of the BD Culvert, 120-in. (3048-mm), structural plate pipe, under 188 ft. (57m) of overfill are employed in calculation of quasi-theoretical crown loads, using methods developed by Marston and Spangler. Soil stresses measured by stressmeters near the soil-pipe interface and in the embankment are compared with quasi-theoretical stresses assessed with calculated settlement ratios. Some very encourageing correlations were observed between quasi-theoretical and measured soil stresses; however, on the average, the quasi-theoretical stresses tended to be significantly larger than measured ones. This approach is probably more valuable for structural plate than for rigid pipes, when used in conjunction with Ring Compression Theory. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Bedding /sewers/ KW - Compression tests KW - Culverts KW - Ground settlement KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Platforms KW - Proof tests KW - Ring compression and flexibility factor KW - Sewers KW - Stresses KW - Structural materials KW - Structural plate pipes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361588 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS & SUMMARY OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS 1977-1979 PY - 1981/03 SP - 107 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety through its various programs of notification, reporting, and investigation, is continually evaluating the accident experience of commercial motor carriers to determine specific problem areas. Such areas involve accidents of a recurring nature, and violations of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations and Hazardous Materials Regulations. This method of evaluation reveals the need to strengthen the effectiveness of such regulations through enforcement action against motor carriers that are not in compliance to promote safety over the Nations's highways. Detailed investigations of accidents of unusual severity are conducted by the Bureau's field staff whenever a motor carrier's vehicle, cargo, or personnel contributed notably to actual or probable cause; and in cases of particular interest to the general public and the Bureau. This report, comprised of accident investigations for the years 1977 through 1979, a three year study, is a second edition which will provide analytical data covering types of accidents in direct relationship to human, vehicle, and environmental factors. A total of 346 accidents, which resulted in 518 fatalities, 1,211 injuries, and $22,190,693 property damage, were investigated by the Bureau's field staff during this period. The statistical data is shown in tabular form for easy reference. A summation of the accident investigations, in narrative form, is presented separately for each year. Although a significant number of the Nation's more serious motor carrier accidents are covered in this report, statistical comparisons on an industry-wide basis, such as comparing this data with total vehicles, mileage, drivers or experience of prior years, is not recommended. This study is biased in that the accidents included are of a serious nature and deemed chargeable to the motor carrier's vehicle and/or driver in the majority of cases. This analysis is one of the few detailed accident studies in which probable cause and contributing factors are indicated. KW - Analysis KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Hazardous materials KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349474 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE POINT LOAD TEST FOR ROCK PY - 1981/03 SP - 26 p. AB - NX cores from Missouri's major sedimentary rock types were tested by point load in both axial and diametral orientations and by unconfined compression for correlation purposes. A similar series of tests was performed on homogeneous mortar specimens. Data was analyzed to establish correlations between point load and unconfined test results and to determine the relative consistency of point load indices determined for both test orientations by various methods of computation. The overall correlations developed do not agree well with those reported in the literature. Methods of computing the point load index were also evaluated by the anisotropic index values computed from tests on mortar. Dividing force by the area of the failure surface was judged superior to the conventional method of computing point load index in which force is divided by the square of the distance between the platen points. Formulae were developed empirically for adjustment of axial indices to compensate for variations in length-diameter ratios. When computed by optimum means, the point load test was superior to the unconfined test in consistency of results obtained on NX rock cores but was somewhat less consistent in the comparative tests on mortar. (FHWA) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Failure KW - Failure surfaces KW - Mortar KW - Point loads KW - Sedimentary rocks KW - Surfaces KW - Testing KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP79-2_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349165 AU - Rossiter, J A AU - Crawford, R D AU - University of North Dakota, Grand Forks AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTED PONDS FOR REPLACEMENT OF WETLANDS AFFECTED BY HIGHWAY PROJECTS PY - 1981/03 SP - 171 p. AB - Landfill extraction during expansion of I-29 in 1975 resulted in construction of 44 ha (109 a) of artificial wetlands in Pembina County, North Dakota. Similar wetlands were constructed in Barnes and Pierce Counties in 1976 and 1977, respectively. Eighteen of these artificial wetlands were studied in 1979 and 1980 to determine their use by waterfowl and marsh birds, and to investigate the types and abundance of aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates present. Water quality investigations and soil analysis of these wetlands were undertaken. Comparisons were made between data collected on artificial wetlands and nearby natural basin wetlands. In 1979, which was a year with plentiful precipitation, waterfowl breeding pair density was slightly lower on Pembina County artificial wetlands (1.9 pairs/ha) than on Lunby Lake (2.2 pairs/ha). Breeding pair density increased to 3.9 pairs/ha on Lunby Lake, but decreased to 0.9 pairs/ha on artificial wetlands in 1980, a drought year throughout the prairie region. Waterfowl pair density in both years was higher on Pierce County artificial wetlands than on natural basin wetlands. However, in 1980, density was lower on Pierce County artificial wetlands than on a natural basin wetland of comparable size. For Barnes County wetlands, breeding pair densities were similar for artificial and natural basin wetlands. Reasons for these differences are discussed and may relate to vegetation dispersion and density, macroinvertebrate abundance, water quality, and wetland basin topography. Borrow areas designed with maximum shoreline, gradually sloping sides, and variable bottom elevations can provide new wildlife habitat and enhance a highway construction area. (FHWA) KW - Borrow pits KW - Constructed ponds KW - Evaluation KW - Pits KW - Precipitation KW - Replacing KW - Road construction KW - Water quality KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349164 AU - Rossiter, J A AU - Crawford, R D AU - University of North Dakota, Grand Forks AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTED PONDS FOR REPLACEMENT OF WETLAND AFFECTED BY HIGHWAY PROJECTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/03 SP - 21 p. AB - Landfill extraction during expansion of I-29 in 1975 resulted in construction of 45 ha (109 a) of artificial wetlands in Pembina County, North Dakota. Similar wetlands were constructed in Barnes and Pierce Counties in 1976 and 1977, respectively. Eighteen of these artificial wetlands were studied in 1979 and 1980 to determine their use by waterfowl and marsh birds, and to investigate the types and abundance of aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates present. Water quality investigations and soil analysis of these wetlands were undertaken. Comparisons were made between data collected on artificial wetlands and nearby natural basin wetlands. In 1979, which was a year with plentiful precipitation, waterfowl breeding pair density was slightly lower on Pembina County artificial wetlands (1.9 pairs/ha) than on Lunby Lake (2.2 pairs/ha). Breeding pair density increased to 3.9 pairs/ha on Lunby Lake, but decreased to 0.9 pairs/ha on artificial wetlands in 1080, a drought year throughout the prairie region. Waterfowl pair density in both years was higher on Pierce County artificial wetlands than on natural basin wetlands. However, in 1980, density was lower on Pierce County artificial wetlands than on a natural basin wetland of comparable size. For Barnes County wetlands, breeding pair densities were similar for artificial and natural basin wetlands. Reasons for these differences are discussed and may relate to vegetation dispersion and density, macroinvertebrate abundance, water quality, and wetland basin topogoraphy. Borrow areas designed with maximum shoreline, gradually sloping sides, and variable bottom elevations can provide new wildlife habitat and enhance a highway construction area. (FHWA) KW - Borrow pits KW - Constructed ponds KW - Evaluation KW - Pits KW - Precipitation KW - Replacing KW - Road construction KW - Vegetation KW - Water quality KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361313 AU - Ferlis, R A AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE FOR ESTIMATING URBAN VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND OCCUPANCY PY - 1981/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This manual provides sampling and data collection procedures for field surveys that estimate vehicle classification and occupancy and (when combined with estimates of vehicle-miles of travel derived from parallel mechanical traffic counting programs) that estimate travel by vehicle type and person travel. Because sound statistical sampling techniques are used, these surveys can provide valid estimates at predetermined levels of precision and at the lowest possible cost. KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Manuals KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348630 AU - Henry, J J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS VOLUME 1 PY - 1981/03 SP - 127 p. AB - The skid resistance of typical pavement marking materials is determined. A data base of full-scale locked-wheel skid resistance is presented for typical traffic paints of various formulations, hot spray and extruded thermoplastics, cold preformed plastics, temporary tapes, and some two-part systems. A variety of pavement surface types including dense and open graded asphalt and portland cement concrete are used in the study. In Volume I texture data are presented for field applications and for laboratory samples. Equations are developed for predicting skid resistance from texture measurements. The effects of glass beads, weathering, and polishing are examined in laboratory and field experiments. Based on a simulation, guidelines are developed for the maximum acceptable differential skid resistance between a pavement and the marking materials on it. Both two-and four-wheel vehicles are treated. Volume II of this report contains a complete listing of the data compiled in this project and is available in limited quantities to interested researchers. A summary of all the data which was utilized in the formation of the conclusions are included in tables of Volume I. (FHWA) KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Glass beads KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Plastics KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Skin resistance KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347819 AU - Lee, R B AU - Bellizzi, N AU - Allen, W AU - Urbitran Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED CONTROL ON HIGH SPEED ROADWAYS PY - 1981/03 SP - 75 p. AB - The objective of the study was to develop and evaluate novel pavement-marking treatments and delineation systems as potentially safe and effective means for controlling vehicle speeds on high-speed roadways. To develop and select candidate treatments for further testing, an exhaustive literature search was undertaken and discussions were held with traffic professionals. From questionnaire results, six (6) treatments were selected for further testing on a driving simulator. Objective and subjective data was collected. The subjective data generally bore out the results of the questionnaire surveys, in which some treatments had definite perceptional impacts on the drivers selection of speed. However, the objective data collected proved inconclusive. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway transportation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Questionnaires KW - Reviews KW - Road markings KW - Roads KW - Speed control KW - Test facilities KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345759 AU - DABBERDT, W F AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, AND EVALUATIONS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR AIR FLOW AND AIR QUALITY ON AND NEAR HIGHWAYS; VOLUME II--USER GUIDELINES AND APPLICATIONS NOTES FOR ESTIMATING AIR QUALITY FOR ALTERNATIVE ROADWAY CONFIGURATIONS PY - 1981/03 SP - 130 p. AB - A manual user-oriented methodology has been developed for estimating air quality conditions at each of a wide variety of simple and complex roadway configurations. Guidelines are presented in four parts for the evaluation of air quality conditions at alternative roadway configurations. The first part presents a background discussion of principles of atmospheric dispersion and the emission of pollution (particularly carbon monoxide) by motor vehicles. In the second part the theory and application of the dispersion methodology is presented; the procedure is based on the roadway-atmospheric dispersion model of air pollution (ROADMAP) developed in Volume I of this report. To aid the user in applying the methodology, a worksheet format is used with accompanying tables and graphs. The applications of the methodology to some thirty site configurations in part three is intended to demonstrate the various tactical uses of the guidelines. The fourth part, on the other hand, presents some of the strategic considerations and limitations pertinent to the proper application of the guidelines for the purpose of air quality management. In addition to the two-volume final report, two other reports and a movie dealing with various aspects of this study are available. The Executive Summary (FHWA/RD-81/053) presents the overall scope and the important technical results of the study. A user's manual for the experimental data collected in the field and wind tunnel tests is also available (FHWA/RD-81/054). The 20-minute 16-mm color movie, "Highway Pollution Dispersion: Air Quality in the Right-of-Way," uses sound, animation, graphics, and film sequences to present a comprehensive introduction to the causes and characteristics of microscale pollution dispersion near highways. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Dispersion KW - Evaluation KW - Experiments KW - Flow KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Models KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345761 AU - Wolf, D E AU - Shelar, E AU - Ruff, R E AU - DABBERDT, W F AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, AND EVALUATIONS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR AIR FLOW AND AIR QUALITY ON AND NEAR HIGHWAYS; VOLUME III--USER'S MANUAL FOR FHWA DATA BASE AND RETRIEVAL PROGRAMS PY - 1981/03 SP - 80 p. AB - A comprehensive data base has been stored on magnetic tape. This data base was collected and used by SRI International in the development of a methodology for the description and management of the atmospheric resource (i.e., air quality) on and near roadways. Specifically, the data base contains parameters that are oriented toward understanding the interactive role played by vehicle traffic features, meteorological parameters, and roadway and adjacent building configurations in the transport and diffusion of pollutants on the local or microscale. This manual describes the content and format of this data base. It also presents sample program fragments that can be used to access the data base. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air quality management KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Experiments KW - Flow KW - Highways KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345753 AU - Smith, P G AU - Macintyre, S AU - Yang, T-L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONCONTACT ROAD PROFILING SYSTEM. VOLUME 4--SYSTEM HARDWARE PY - 1981/03 SP - 33 p. AB - Road profiles are of interest because they affect vehicle ride quality, the wavelengths of concern ranging from 1/2 to 300 feet (0.2 to 90 m). This report pertains to a class of profile-measuring instruments in which an accelerometer measures vertical vehicle motion and a "noncontact" sensor measures vertical pavement motion-either displacement or velocity-relative to the vehicle. Specifically, a method is developed to process the accelerometer and noncontact sensor signals so as to obtain a measured profile with the following desirable qualities: (a) 1/2 to 300 foot wavelengths are recovered, (b) there is no phase distortion, (c) filtering and output are functions of distance rather than time, and (d) the output is independent of data collection speed and direction. A hybrid processing technique involving a minimal amount of analog processing is used. The digital processing, which is now done offline, makes use of symmetric finite impulse response filters. The processing algorithms are described in detail, and a variety of results are presented. The report is in four separately-bound units: Volume 1-Overview and Operating Manual; Volume 2-Calibration and Maintenance Manual; Volume 3-System Software; Volume 4-System Hardware. (FHWA) KW - Accelerometers KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345758 AU - DABBERDT, W F AU - Shelar, E AU - Marimont, D AU - Skinner, G AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, AND EVALUATIONS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR AIR FLOW AND AIR QUALITY ON AND NEAR HIGHWAYS; VOLUME I--EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, ANALYSES, AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT PY - 1981/03 SP - 269 p. AB - Experimental and theoretical investigations have been made of meteorological and air quality conditions near a broad range of complex roadway configurations. These are described, and some new insights into the interrelationships among traffic, meteorology, and configuration are discussed. The development of a new and versatile dispersion model, called ROADMAP, is also described together with an evaluation of the model's performance relative to measured atmospheric and wind tunnel pollutant concentration data. (Volume II of this final report--FHWA/RD-81/052--is a set of guidelines for the understanding and estimation of air quality conditions for alternative roadway configurations.) The atmospheric experiments were conducted at a grade-level, depressed, and elevated freeway sections; approximately 50 h of meteorological, traffic, air quality, and dual-tracer data were obtained at each site. The wind tunnel tests comprised measurements at nine distinctly different roadway configurations; helium was released at a controlled rate from the model vehicles and was sampled at 20 locations above, upwind, and downwind of the roadway. Wind speed and direction, traffic speed and direction, and ground roughness were varied among the 360 tests. Visual tracers and high-speed photography were also used in the wind tunnel. The experimental data indicates a significant effect of waste heat on near-roadway dispersion. The combined effects of traffic movement and waste heat emissions cause increases in the turbulence intensity of up to 200% across the roadway. However, there is apparently little effect on turbulence caused by changes in traffic volume or speed (for the moderate-to-heavy traffic conditions present during the tests). An aerodynamic or shelter effect is postulated to exist and to be a significant influence for grade-level roads. The semi-empirical roadway atmospheric dispersion model for air pollution (ROADMAP) simulates two-dimensional dispersion patterns for various roadway configurations: grade-level, vertical and slant-wall cut, fill, and viaduct sections. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air quality management KW - Depressed highways KW - Dispersion KW - Evaluation KW - Experiments KW - Flow KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Models KW - Photography KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) KW - Traffic KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345760 AU - DABBERDT, W F AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES, EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES, AND EVALUATIONS OF CONTROL MEASURES FOR AIR FLOW AND AIR QUALITY ON AND NEAR HIGHWAYS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/03 SP - 23 p. AB - Experimental, analytical, and modeling studies of near-roadway pollutant transport and diffusion were conducted to meet the following two objectives: development of principles and guidelines for predicting and managing exhaust gas dispersion for various traffic conditions, winds, highway configurations, and topography, and determination of optimal design and operation of nearby areas and structures. Both wind tunnel and atmospheric monitoring were undertaken to evaluate a wide range of highway configurations that included grade-level, vertical-wall cut, slant-wall cut, elevated, and hillside sections. The resulting data provided new insights into the mechanisms by which transport and diffusion occur near the roadway and helped to clarify and quantify the effects due to traffic speed, waste heat emissions, and traffic-stream aerodynamics (the shelterbelt analogy). A new practical and versatile simulation model called ROADMAP was developed to simulate the distribution of pollutant concentrations near cut, grade-level, and elevated roadway sections. Comparison of model simulations with field observations shows good to excellent agreement. ROADMAP has been incorporated into a manual methodology for assessing near-roadway pollutant impacts for varying traffic, meteorological, and site characteristics. Application notes are also provided to assist the user in the proper use and interpretation of the methodology and its outputs. (FHWA) KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air quality management KW - Contaminants KW - Depressed highways KW - Evaluation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experiments KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Models KW - Topography KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345751 AU - Smith, P G AU - Macintyre, S AU - Yang, T-L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONCONTACT ROAD PROFILING SYSTEM. VOLUME 2--CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL PY - 1981/03 SP - 20 p. AB - Road profiles are of interest because they affect vehicle ride quality, the wavelengths of concern ranging from 1/2 to 300 feet (0.2 to 90 m). This report pertains to a class of profile-measuring instruments in which an accelerometer measures vertical vehicle motion and a "noncontact" sensor measures vertical pavement motion-either displacement or velocity-relative to the vehicle. Specifically, a method is developed to process the accelerometer and noncontact sensor signals so as to obtain a measured profile with the following desirable qualities: (a) 1/2 to 300 foot wavelengths are recovered, (b) there is no phase distortion, (c) filtering and output are functions of distance rather than time, and (d) the output is independent of data collection speed and direction. A hybrid processing technique involving a minimal amount of analog processing is used. The digital processing, which is now done offline, makes use of symmetric finite impulse response filters. The processing algorithms are described in detail, and a variety of results are presented. The report is in four separately-bound units: Volume 1-Overview and Operating; Volume 2-Calibration and Maintenance Manual; Volume 3-System Software; Volume 4-System Hardware. (FHWA) KW - Accelerometers KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Manuals KW - Measuring instruments KW - Profilometers KW - Riding qualities KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171141 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00341370 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Moulton, L K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1981/03 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 140-147 AB - The design procedure presented considers both strength and serviceability criteria. The procedure involves designing a bridge assuming no settlement will take place, using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials working stress design procedure with the allowable stresses being reduced to compensate for anticipated settlements. The resulting design is checked for compliance with serviceability criteria based on limiting longitudinal angular distortion, horizontal movement of abutments, deck cracking, and bridge vibrations. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Motion KW - Serviceability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345101 AU - Ha, H B AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Raymond International Builders, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF PILE GROUP ACTION. APPENDIX B PY - 1981/03 SP - 77 p. AB - This report is the final report for a study involving the static vertical load testing of a full scale, instrumented pile group. The test group consisted of nine pipe piles instrumented for settlement, load transfer, pore pressures, total pressures and inclination. Two similarly instrumented reference (control) piles were also installed. Two smaller subgroups within the main group were also tested, and uplift tests were conducted on several of the individual piles. The soils at the test site consisted of clays that were overconsolidated by desiccation. It was determined that the efficiency of the main group and of the subgroups was essentially unity. Settlement ratios in the working load range were found to vary from about 1.2 to about 1.7, depending on the number of piles that were loaded. Failure was observed to be by plunging of the individual piles. Unit side load transfer varied essentially linearly with depth. Some dependence of load transfer patterns on residual stresses that remained after driving the piles was observed. The measured behavior of the group and subgroups was modeled by the "hybrid" algorithm, by means of Program PILGP1, which was developed for this study and documented in Appendices A and B. Good agreement between computed and measured results were achieved when the unit load transfer curves from the reference piles were used and when the soil modulus of deformation was appropriately adjusted to account for pile reinforcement of the soil and the presence of very small strains in the mass of soil around the group. (FHWA) KW - Clay soils KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pore pressure KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346676 AU - Baldwin, T E AU - Foster, J J AU - Raines, J K AU - Schuman, H K AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATORS FOR HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO. VOLUME I: VERTICAL MONOPOLES PY - 1981/03 SP - 188 p. AB - This report deals with the mathematical analysis of the radiation characteristics of Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) vertical monopoles. There were two types of analysis considered in this effort. They were: (1) Modeling of the antennas by Method of Moments techniques to determine free space and perfect ground parameters. This was followed by an analysis of antenna radiation characteristics by use of a parallel plate capacitor model and Norton's Equations. (2) Modeling by an equivalent circuit representation which includes ground effects, geometric parameters and re-radiation characteristics of antennas mounted on arbitrary structures. These models were implemented in Fortran IV computer programs, and various runs were made to compare the predictions of the models with measured radiation characteristics of actual HAR monopoles. In general, the models confirmed the results of the field measurements. KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Electromagnetism KW - Equations KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Monopole antennas KW - Radio KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00341369 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tignor, S C AU - LINDLEY, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT RATES ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS BEFORE AND AFTER RESURFACING PY - 1981/03 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 137-139 AB - This study examined the effect of only resurfacing on accident rates on rural two-lane, uncontrolled access highways. Analyses were performed using data from two sources and from a total of 83 test sections. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Resurfacing KW - Roads KW - Rural areas KW - Rural conditions KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346675 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO PY - 1981/03 SP - 186 p. AB - This report covers the activity and accomplishments under the FHWA contract entitled "Systems Analysis and Design Guidelines for Highway Advisory Radio." The project consisted of seven principal tasks which were: Analytical and empirical analysis of HAR system components; HAR system installation, operations and maintenance; HAR visual signing and messages; Technical advice; HAR system design guidelines; Recent HAR developments; and User's guide. The report includes all pertinent experimental measurements and data collected in the course of the project and detailed descriptions of a number of existing HAR installations which were surveyed. Other deliverables produced under the contract, including descriptions of mathematical models, are listed and summarized. The report also includes a discussion of major findings and suggestions for additional research. KW - Antennas KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Radio KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346677 AU - Raines, J K AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATORS FOR HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO. VOLUME II: CABLE ANTENNAS PY - 1981/03 SP - 119 p. AB - This report contains the results of the mathematical analysis of buried cable antennas for Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) applications. Two types of cables were modeled in this effort. They were: (1) Buried slotted cables with arbitrary slot aperture angle. (2) Buried spiral wound cables. The models were implemented in two Fortran IV computer programs entitled Antenna Model for Buried Electromagnetic Radiators (AMBER AND AMBER 2 respectively). These programs allow the user to completely specify arbitrary geometric and electromagnetic parameters associated with these two types of buried cable. Various computer runs were performed for each cable geometry, and the results were compared with measurements made on actual HAR cables. KW - Antennas KW - Cables KW - Communication systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Electromagnetic radiation KW - Electromagnetism KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Radio KW - Simulation KW - Underground antennas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345102 AU - Ha, H B AU - Raymond International Builders, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF PILE GROUP ACTION. APPENDIX A PY - 1981/03 SP - 102 p. AB - This report is the final report for a study involving the static vertical load testing of a full scale, instrumented pile group. The test group consisted of nine pipe piles instrumented for settlement, load transfer, pore pressures, total pressures and inclination. Two similarly instrumented reference (control) piles were also installed. Two smaller subgroups within the main group were also tested, and uplift tests were conducted on several of the individual piles. The soils at the test site consisted of clays that were overconsolidated by desiccation. It was determined that the efficiency of the main group and of the subgroups was essentially unity. Settlement ratios in the working load range were found to vary from about 1.2 to about 1.7, depending on the number of piles that were loaded. Failure was observed to be by plunging of the individual piles. Unit side load transfer varied essentially linearly with depth. Some dependence of load transfer patterns on residual stresses that remained after driving the piles was observed. The measured behavior of the group and subgroups was modeled by the "hybrid" algorithm, by means of Program PILGP1, which was developed for this study and documented in Appendices A and B. Good agreement between computed and measured results were achieved when the unit load transfer curves from the reference piles were used and when the soil modulus of deformation was appropriately adjusted to account for pile reinforcement of the soil and the presence of very small strains in the mass of soil around the group. (FHWA) KW - Clay soils KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pore pressure KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344473 AU - Stockton, W R AU - Richards, S H AU - Nordstrom, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE 1979 TEXAS LAW (V.C.S., SEC. 73.A.) WHICH REQUIRES FRONTAGE ROAD TRAFFIC TO YIELD AT FREEWAY RAMPS PY - 1981/03 AB - This report summarizes the findings of an evaluation of the 1979 Texas law (V.C.S., Sec. 73.A.) which requires frontage road traffic to yield right-of-way to freeway ramp traffic. The law was enacted to encourage statewide uniformity in right-of-way assignment at frontage road-ramp intersections. It affected traffic control at approximately 2,700 ramps in Texas and cost nearly $900,000 to implement. The evaluation revealed that the new law hs encouraged uniformity, but also has resulted in safety and operational problems in some locations. It also concluded that the new law violates driver expectancies in certain instances, particularly at bottonhook ramps on two-way frontage roads. Based on the research findings, the authors recommend that the law be revised. It is suggested that ramps on two-way frontage roads be excluded from the current policy of mandatory frontage road yield. KW - Freeway ramps KW - Frontage roads KW - Intersections KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Yield UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172343 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00341371 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER CONSIDERATIONS IN HIGHWAY DESIGN PY - 1981/03 VL - 44 IS - 4 SP - p. 148-155 AB - This article highlights some historical and recent applications of human factors engineering to highway design. These applications, by improving driver-highway compatibility, contribute to the ease of driving and safety of the highway. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Drivers KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors engineering KW - Needs assessment KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342334 AU - Roberts, F L AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Elkins, G E AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIAL PROPERTIES TO MINIMIZE DISTRESS IN ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENTS, VOLUME 2. PARAMETER STUDY PY - 1981/03 SP - 180 p. AB - This second volume provides a summary of a detailed study to 1) identify distresses that cause significant loss of serviceability and/or maintenance in pavement; 2) identify material properties that significantly influence the occurrence of distress; 3) select the best theoretical or empirical models for predicting distress using material properties and other engineering parameters; and 4) utilize the selected models to study the effects of the significant distresses and to optimize material properties for zero maintenance pavements. The emphasis of this second volume was a discussion of the results of a parameter study with selected models using a range of material properties available in conventional and nonconventional pavement materials. The effects of varying these material properties on various distresses were evaluated and the tradeoffs required were discussed. The result from these studies was the development of a set of material properties that the models indicate were adequate to ensure design of zero maintenance flexible, rigid, and composite pavements. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Defects KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Minimization KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Serviceability KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341489 AU - Dover, A R AU - Locke, G E AU - Audibert, JME AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC PILE DRIVING MEASUREMENT FOR UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTION PILE GROUP STUDY PY - 1981/03 SP - 44 p. AB - Dynamic measurements of strain and acceleration were made during pile driving operations on 11 piles using transducers attached near the top of the pile. The objective of the program was to collect pile driving data that could be utilized to assess hammer-pile-soil performance and interaction. Vertical load tests were conducted on a separate program on both a 9-pile group and two single piles as part of the overall FHWA research effort. All piles were vertical, closed-ended, steel pipe piles with an O.D. of 10.75 in. (27.31 cm) and a wall thickness of .365 in. (9.27 mm). A Raymond 1S single-acting steam hammer with maximum rated energy of 19,500 ft-lbs (26,448 N-m) was used. The general soil conditions at the site were characteristically stiff to hard clays. The following major conclusions were drawn: (1) Blow count generally increased in a linear fashion with increasing tip penetration. (2) The data indicated that hammer performance improved during the course of the driving program. (3) Measured maximum compressive stresses at the tranducer level ranged from approximately 12 to 27 ksi (8.2 x 10 to the seventh power to 18.5 x 10 to the seventh power Pa). (4) PIle retap data revealed that the significant increase in static ultimate bearing capacity occurred during time delays. (5) Pile group driving effects were apparent during the retap of Pile. 2. Results of vertical load tests are presented in Reports FHWA/RD-81/001 through FHWA/RD-81/008. (FHWA) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Explosives KW - Field tests KW - Hammers KW - Loads KW - Pile driving KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Steel pipe KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341307 AU - Peck, R B AU - Brekke, T L AU - HAMPTON, D AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRESENTATIVE GROUND PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS VOLUME 1. RATIONAL APPROACH TO SITE INVESTIGATION PY - 1981/03 SP - 26 p. AB - This report is the first in a series reporting the results of the above titled study. This document is principally concerned with the thought processes and considerations related to the planning and implementation of site investigation programs for tunnel design and construction. Considered herein are discussions of 1) geotechnical problems peculiar to tunneling, 2) settings for specific tunneling problems, 3) approaches to exploration for identifying problems, and 4) specific procedures for site investigations and their evaluation. It is intended that this document will provide guidance to those engineers responsible for the planning and implementation of site investigation programs related to tunnel design and construction. This report will also be of value to owners, contractors and others in the underground construction community. (FHWA) KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Site investigation KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342328 AU - Lane, K R AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY EQUIVALENTS FOR SELECTED PAVEMENT MATERIALS--THEIR PRODUCTION AND PLACEMENT PY - 1981/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report discusses energy requirements for selected pavement surfaces. Energy requirements for hot-mixed bituminous recycling and portland cement concrete recycling projects are presented along with conventional pavement methods. Energy requirements for conventional thin surface treatments are also discussed. Environmental analyses involving both air and noise quality measurement are included for various recycling and conventional paving options. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Construction management KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Noise KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Requirement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341308 AU - HAMPTON, D AU - Jin, J S AU - Black, J P AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates, Chartered AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRESENTATIVE GROUND PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS VOLUME 3. TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PY - 1981/03 SP - 201 p. AB - This report is the third in a series reporting the results of the above titled study. This document, Volume 3, is principally concerned with summarization of currently used analytical design procedures, ascertaining the geotechnical parameters required as input into these design procedures, and assessing the significance of these geotechnical parameters. Volume 2 is principally concerned with in situ site investigation techniques but also considers the preliminary phases of a site investigation program, classification and correlation systems applicable to underground design and construction, and large scale field testing procedures. Volume 1 is concerned with the thought processes and considerations related to the planning and supplementation of site investigation programs for tunnel design and construction. It is intended that these documents will provide guidance to those engineers responsible for the planning and implementation of site investigation programs related to tunnel design and construction. This report also will be of value to owners, contractors, and others in the underground construction community. Volume 4 will summarize published case studies on tunnel design and construction with a view toward highlighting lessons learned and benefits received from a rigorous subsurface investigation for tunnel design and construction. (FHWA) KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Site investigation KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342332 AU - Chang, GHC AU - Apostolos, J A AU - Myhres, F A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION STUDIES ON REINFORCED CONCRETE PY - 1981/03 SP - 96 p. AB - This report presents field and laboratory studies relating to monitoring techniques, materials, and instrumentation used on reinforced concrete bridge decks under cathodic protection. It provides follow-up data on Sly Park Bridge, the first known deck to be placed under experimental cathodic protection, first reported in 1974. Effects of concrete temperature and moisture changes on potential measurements are documented and discussed. Use of an oscilloscope voltmeter, to avoid turning off the cathodic protection current is presented. Use of corrosometer probes, and isolated reinforcing bars as current and corrosion monitors is discussed. Impressed current anode data are presented. An attempt to develop a conductive concrete overlay using 100% coke as the aggregate is documented. High-silicon iron anodes were inspected after five years intermittent operation, and were found to be performing very well in a conductive layer of coke and asphaltic binder. Inspections and brief studies of mild steel, platinum coated, and copper anodes are also reported. (FHWA) KW - Anodes KW - Asphalt KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Coke KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Conduction KW - Copper KW - Electric potential KW - Instrumentation KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Oscilloscopes KW - Platinum KW - Potential KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Steel KW - Temperature KW - Voltmeters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00342333 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Roberts, F L AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIAL PROPERTIES TO MINIMIZE DISTRESS IN ZERO-MAINTENANCE PAVEMENTS, VOLUME 1. MODELS PY - 1981/03 SP - 167 p. AB - This first volume report provides results of a detailed study to 1) identify distresses that cause significant loss of serviceability and/or maintenance in pavements; 2) identify material properties that significantly influence the occurrence of distress; 3) select the best theoretical or empirical models for predicting distress using material properties and other engineering parameters; and 4) develop a detailed research plan for utilizing the models selected to study the effects of the significant distresses and to optimize material properties for zero-maintenance pavements. The research resulting in the accomplishment of the goals described above also produced other separate and specific results that are reported and should prove useful in future research. These results include: 1) a set of definitions and examples for their use in describing pavement behavior and the occurrence of distress; 2) tabulations of distresses, material properties that affect specific distresses, and the material factors (e.g., asphalt content, type and gradation of aggregate, etc.) that affect specific material properties; 3) discussions of the various predictive models available; and 4) the results of a number of limited sensitivity analyses using various distress models. (FHWA) KW - Defects KW - Durability KW - Forecasting KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Minimization KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Sensitivity KW - Serviceability KW - Zero maintenance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341490 AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Hawkins, R A AU - Mahar, L J AU - Raymond International Builders, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF PILE GROUP ACTION PY - 1981/03 SP - 217 p. AB - This report is the final report for a study involving the static vertical load testing of a full scale, instrumented pile group. The test group consisted of nine pipe piles instrumented for settlement, load transfer, pore pressures, total pressures and inclination. Two similarly instrumented reference (control) piles were also installed. Two smaller subgroups within the main group were also tested, and uplift tests were conducted on several of the individual piles. The soils at the test site consisted of clays that were overconsolidated by desiccation. It was determined that the efficiency of the main group and of the subgroups was essentially unity. Settlement ratios in the working load range were found to vary from about 1.2 to about 1.7, depending on the number of piles. Unit side load transfer varied essentially linearly with depth. Some dependence of load transfer patterns on residual stresses that remained after driving the piles was observed. The measured behavior of the group and subgroups was modeled by the "hybrid" algorithm, by means of Program PILGP1, which was developed for this study and docmented in Appendixes A and B. Good agreement between computed and measured results were achieved when the unit load transfer curves from the reference piles were used and when the soil modulus of deformation was appropriately adjusted to account for pile reinforcement of the soil and the presence of very small strains in the mass of soil around the group. A description of the mathematical model, the rationale for its selection and a prior analysis of group behavior is presented in FHWA/RD-81/001. An analysis of dynamic measurements taken during driving the 11 test piles is in FHWA/RD-81/009. Analyses and data obtained during the conduct of this study are in Appendixes A-F, FHWA/RD-81/003-008. (FHWA) KW - Algorithms KW - Clay soils KW - Desiccation KW - Field studies KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Overconsolidation KW - Pile driving KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pore pressure KW - Residual stress KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341594 AU - WHITING, D AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SUPER-WATER REDUCERS FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS PY - 1981/03 SP - 181 p. AB - "Super-Water Reducers" were characterized and evaluated as potential candidates for production of low water-to-cement ratio, high strength concretes for highway construction applications. Admixtures were composed of either naphthalene or melamine sulfonated formaldehyde condensates. A mini-slump procedure was used to assess dosage requirements and behavior of workability with time of cement pastes. Required dosage was found to be a function of tricalcium aluminate content, alkali content, and fineness of the cement. Concretes exhibited high rates of slump loss when super-water reducers were used. Slump loss was found to be a function of cement and admixture composition, dosage of admixture, time of addition of admixture, concrete paste contents, and temperature. Based on results of this testing, the use of these admixtures in central mix paving operations is not recommended. Incorporation of super-water reducers into conventional concretes was found to alter the entrained air system. Use of higher initial plastic air contents of 7-8 percent is recommended. The most promising area of application of these products appears to be in production of dense, high cement content concrete using mobile concrete mixer/transporters. (FHWA) KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Cement paste KW - Concrete KW - Concrete mixers KW - Dosage KW - Entrained air KW - Evaluation KW - High strength concrete KW - Highways KW - Mobile equipment KW - Portable equipment KW - Road construction KW - Slump test KW - Slumps KW - Super water reducers KW - Temperature KW - Water cement ratio KW - Water reducing agents KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334456 AU - Noble, C S AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISTRESS PREDICTION MODELS FOR CRCP PY - 1981/03 SP - 203 p. AB - The major purpose of this study was to develop regression models for the prediction of distress in CRCP in Texas for use by the SDHPT in making decisions concerning the allocation of funds for rehabilitation of these pavements. Use of these models in the manner recommended in this report will facilitate making the choice among rehabilitation alternatives and give greatly improved efficiency with regard to utilization of these funds. First, condition survey data from two separate surveys (four years apart) were analyzed to establish repeatability, variability over time and the effect of directionalized traffic. Next, analysis of variance was performed to determine the relative contributions to distress in the pavements of a series of different factors. Multiple regression techniques were then utilized to obtain distress prediction models in terms of these factors. Finally, guidelines for a procedure for utilization of these models in decision making among rehabilitation alternatives as part of a rigid pavement evaluation system (RPES) were outlined. It is anticipated that the models and procedures developed here will be implemented by the Texas SDHPT in the near future. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Choice models KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341597 AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENTIPEDEGRASS PLANTING FOR MOWING REDUCTION PY - 1981/03 SP - 30 p. AB - Centipedegrass is a popular lawn grass in the southeastern United States and volunteers on roadsides throughout southern Georgia. Its maximum height is from three to six inches and solid stands of it would not require mowing on the roadside. It was planted in test sections on nine construction projects in 1976 and 1977. The plantings were made to determine if centipede would provide an acceptable cover when planted by seed and if solid enough stands could be achieved to reduce encroachment from weeds and taller grasses and reduce mowing requirements. Standard seeding and fertilizer rates were used in 1976 plantings and low seeding and fertilizer rates were used in 1977. Findings of the research are as follows: (1) Centipedegrass can be established on roadsides by seed, but a four year establishment period is required; (2) varying amounts of encroachment occurs and mowing can be reduced but not eliminated; (3) it is suitable for rest areas, welcome centers, weigh stations and roadsides in urban areas; (4) it should be established using standard seeding and fertilizer rates; (5) it should be planted only between March 15 and August 15; (6) MSMA chemical mowing cannot be used in centipede areas; and (7) a rope-wick applicator shows promise of controlling Pensacola bahiagrass and weeds which normally encroach on centipedegrass. (FHWA) KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Mowing KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Roadside KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Seeding KW - Test sections KW - Urban areas KW - Weed control KW - Weeds KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334457 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - Noble, C S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1981/03 SP - 166 p. AB - In order to explain observations of significantly different performances for many of the rigid pavements in Texas, a quantitative evaluation was required to relate distress mechanisms to distress manifestation and to develop better predictors of performance. In theory, if all variables influencing the performance of a pavement structure could be correctly evaluated in all possible combinations of their magnitude, duration, and probability of occurrence, it would be possible to predict their effects upon the pavement and thus produce an ideal design. Methods previously used for the design and analysis of rigid pavements originated from concepts which were severely limited by the broad assumptions on which they were based. The CTR staff had previously derived underlying principles concerning the mechanistic behavior of composite materials. This report describes how these principles were used in the development of improved concrete pavement and overlay design procedures. Maintenance and rehabilitation studies were performed concurrently using information collected from condition survey and surface profile measurements. This information was analyzed in depth in the development of distress prediction models and suitable criteria for use in rehabilitation decision making. The implementation of several innovative rehabilitation techniques is also described. (FHWA) KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335586 AU - Shen, H W AU - Schumm, S A AU - NELSON, J D AU - Doehring, D O AU - Skinner, M M AU - Smith, G L AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF STREAM-RELATED HAZARDS OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES PY - 1981/03 SP - 252 p. AB - River behavior at a highway crossing depends not only on the stability of that particular river reach, but also on the behavior of the entire fluvial system of which it is a part. Rivers are complex landforms. A simple and straight forward approach to the identification of river hazards is not always possible. A complete evaluation of hydraulic hazards cannot be solely based on on-site hydrologic, hydraulic and geomorphic factors; but must also include insight into historic trends, synoptic consideration of basin characteristics, and anticipation of future changes. Because determination of stream-related hazards is a complex task it is beneficial to generalize relative stability based on stream type. Streams can be divided into five types based on channel pattern and mode of sediment transport. Each stream type exhibits its own characteristic stability. Detailed evaluation involves consideration of many variables. After evaluating stream variables a list of potential stream hazards can be developed. Each potential hazard can be evaluated on an individual basis and properly considered in either the design of a new crossing or maintenance of an existing one. Numerous evaluation methods are available to hydraulic engineers that have not been fully utilized. To assess hydraulic hazards at a crossing it is necessary to understand the past, examine the present, and anticipate the future. Methods such as remote sensing, land use evaluation and slope stability analysis should not be overlooked. (FHWA) KW - Assessments KW - Bridges KW - Channels KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Remote sensing KW - River basins KW - Rivers KW - Sedimentation KW - Slope stability KW - Stability analysis KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334462 AU - Bukovatz, J E AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF D-CRACKING IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME 2--LABORATORY PHASE PY - 1981/03 SP - n.p. AB - Thirty locations were chosen from the pavements surveyed for the Field Phase Report. Cores were taken and tested for compressive and tensile strength, core density, and freeze-thaw durability. Also, laboratory concretes with variables of aggregate type and size, and water to cement ratio were tested for freeze-thaw durability by ASTM C-666 method A. Laboratory water penetration tests on newer pavement concretes, a dried aggregate field test section, and a condition comparison of adjacent pavement with and without traffic were made. Some observations and conclusions made: D-crack deterioration did not relate to concrete density or strength; air-entrained field concretes were the most freeze-thaw durable; in our tests smaller aggregate size did not relate to better freeze-thaw durability; heat drying the aggregate was not beneficial; pavement cores showed high water penetration; traffic promotes ravelling of D-crack surfaces but is not necessary for its occurrence. KW - Aggregates KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Density KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Strength of materials KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334922 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Hahn, K C AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTS OF LIGHT-POST THRIE-BEAM TRAFFIC BARRIERS PY - 1981/03 SP - 63 p. AB - Thrie-beam corrugated steel rail (a W-beam with a third corrugation) was tested as a single-rail upgrading for discontinuous bridge rail panels, and on S 3x5.7 posts as a guiderail and double-faced median barrier. Tests were performed to determine rail deflection characteristics, structural adequacy, vehicle decelerations, and vehicle damage. Ten-gage thrie-beam was used for all tests. As a bridge-rail upgrading, it was suitable for 60-mph, 25 deg impacts by 4500-lb vehicles. As a guiderail or median barrier on S 3x5.7 posts, it appears suitable as a longitudinal barrier, based on tests with 2250- and 3500-lb vehicles. Proposed design deflections for thrie-beam guiderails and median barriers are close to those for boxbeam guiderails and median barriers. Further testing of these guiderail and median barrier designs would yield better definition of impact and redirection characteristics and better indicate what actions could be taken to reduce wheel-post impact. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Corrugated metals KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Deflection KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Median barriers KW - Modernization KW - Posts KW - Redirection KW - Research KW - Steel KW - Steel beams KW - Vehicles KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341009 AU - Ross, B W AU - Barry, D O AU - Mierau, D AU - Nevada Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - "CAPTIVE COLUMN" CRASH TESTS. CRASH TESTING OF A LIGHT STANDARD LUMINAIRE POLE PY - 1981/03 SP - 42 p. AB - Under contract No. DOT-FH-11-9606 the Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) conducted crash testing to study the capability of "Captive Column" light standard appurtenances under controlled conditions. The studies were precursors of actual on site studies and dealt with applicability under nearly ideal conditions and controlled crash guidance. Further testing will be completed under field study conditions (actual). The "Captive Column" was utilized to verify crashability. The tests were to simulate an actual automobile impact at a level angle. Two tests were run at a speed of 20 mph (8.9 m/x) and two at 40 mph (17.9 m/s) using slip bases and fixed bases. The lower section of the column broke away clean at the base and traveled with the vehicle, riding up and over the hood and top of the vehicle leaving marks at striking points. The "Captive Column", under conditions as ideal as possible, reacted exceptionally well, giving a favorable indication to test further. Tests will continue in actual service areas to further determine proper function. (FHWA) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fixed base operations KW - Impact tests KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335482 AU - Edgecomb, W C AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER IMPREGNATION OF NEW CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SURFACE PY - 1981/03 SP - 117 p. AB - The first full-scale polymer impregnation project in Maine was completed on a new I-95 Northbound bridge over Old Route 159 and Bangor & Aroostook Railroad in Island Falls in 1979. A work force comprised of State Bridge Maintenance and Materials & Research personnel performed the work since an experienced contractor in polymer systems was not available. The surface impregnation was successful in that the desired 3/4" impregnation depth was achieved. The new recommended procedures and specifications in the 1978 User's Manual (FHWA-RD-78-5) were followed. A system of heat blankets was selected instead of other drying methods normally utilizing enclosures. The application rate of catalyzed monomer to achieve the required depth of impregnation was found to be less than 5/8 lb/s.f. accompanied by a longer soaking period. The longer soaking period required was largely attributed to the low w/c ratio of 0.40 of the separate concrete wearing surface. This report includes discussions on the effects of weather, moisture content in the concrete, heating system, drying cycles effect on cracking of the deck surface, and bonded silica sand. The evaluation of the treatment was limited to determining relative permeability by subjecting 4-1/2" diameter cores to 90-day chloride ponding tests and determining the relative degree of active corrosion of the reinforcing steel by voltmeter survey for a period of one year. The additional cost of polymer impregnation to the bridge deck system was estimated to be approximately $30/s.y. This compares to an additional cost of $15/s.y. for a 1-1/4" latex wearing surface. KW - Blanketing KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion tests KW - Drying KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heating KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334921 AU - Pickral, J C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART OF STREAM MONITORING PY - 1981/03 SP - 52 p. AB - The study was conducted in an effort to identify methods of stream monitoring for use by the Environmental Quality Division in improving its monitoring programs. A literature search was undertaken to determine the present knowledge of the effects of excess sediment on aquatic ecosystems and to investigate possible ways to monitor the impact of sediments on stream biota. Secondly, interviews were held with state and federal agencies involved with sediment pollution to determine the nature and extent of their programs, especially with regard to stream monitoring. The results of the literature search and the agency interviews indicate that the Department could sample, process, and analyze stream bottom samples more efficiently and quantitatively than at present. Information obtained from the literature suggests that the analysis of stream bottom sediments could be used to assess sediment pollution. This method has several advantages over conventional techniques of chemical and biological monitoring. KW - Aquatic life KW - Ecology KW - Monitoring KW - Sediments KW - State of the art studies KW - Stream pollution KW - Streams KW - Water pollution UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36436/81-R34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334346 AU - Missouri State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM FOR PHOTOGRAPHY OF UNDERGROUND OPENINGS THROUGH DRILLED HOLES PY - 1981/03 SP - 44 p. AB - Based upon experience gained from a prototype system and from field trials, an inexpensive photographic system and relatively simple techniques were developed for securing photographs of mines and caverns accessed through nominal 6-inch diameter boreholes. Techniques were developed for continuous circumferential stereoscopic coverage from a single borehole. Problems experienced with underwater photography led to the adaptation of a marine depth finder as a supplement to photography for surveying water filled cavities. (FHWA) KW - Boreholes KW - Openings KW - Photography KW - Underground KW - Underground structures UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP80-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343033 AU - Hu, Y C AU - Johnson, R D AU - CounselTrans, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSENGER-CAR EQUIVALENTS OF TRUCKS IN COMPOSITE TRAFFIC PY - 1981/02/15 SP - 158 p. AB - A review of all literature relevant to the passenger car equivalencies of trucks is reported in the form of an annotated bibliography. Unique new methods are described for developing the general passenger car equivalents of trucks on multi-lane rural highways and urban freeways and on rural two-lane highways. These differ from other methods reported to date by both providing equivalencies of trucks as they act and interact as components in the traffic stream and providing these equivalencies over lengths of highways involving several gradients of different percentages and lengths. An unique new method is also described for developing passenger car equivalents at signalized intersections on two or four-lane arterial streets. This method differs from any reported to date by requiring only the data provided in general street inventories. In addition to these methodologies, the report contains matrices of the passenger car equivalents of trucks covering several diverse rural and urban situations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bibliographies KW - Highway traffic KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multilane highways KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistics KW - Streets KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicular traffic KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334675 AU - Guenthner, R P AU - Stafford, G K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SPEED REPORT NO. 114 PY - 1981/02/03 SP - 93 p. AB - This report is another in the continuing study of speeds of vehicles on Indiana highways. Observations of spot speeds were taken on interstate, four-lane and two-lane highways throughout the state during the July-September 1980 quarter. This report includes the analysis of the interim speed monitoring procedures which are required as a result of the Surface Transportation Act of 1978. Results of this study indicate a statewide average of 55.8 percent of the vehicles traveling above the 55 mph speed limit. This report also includes analysis of free flow speeds. Results here show that the overall average speeds have changed only slightly from the previous April-June 1980 quarter. Analysis of the free flow speeds recorded during this past year indicate that while the speeds of passenger cars have dropped, the speeds of heavy trucks have increased slightly. (Author) KW - Automobiles KW - Compliance KW - Four lane highways KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Monitoring KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic surveys KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334974 AU - Cramer, G H AU - Hopkins, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON WATER QUALITY IN LOUISIANA WETLANDS PY - 1981/02/02 SP - 45 p. AB - This study is to determined by physical, chemical, and biological means, the effects of bridged highway construction techniques on water quality in wetlands. Water quality was monitored before, during, and after construction. The data shows the increase in pollution that occurred during construction. The areas where construction has been completed have shown gradual improvement toward the preconstruction ambient. The information obtained may be useful in predicting the degree and duration of impacts of future construction projects on wetland environments. (FHWA) KW - Before and after studies KW - Data analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway design KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Road construction KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality KW - Wetlands UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20149.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359711 AU - Betenson, Wade B AU - Sorbe, Victor K AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hot Recycling of Asphaltic Concrete Pavement IR-1S-3(8)12l, Wildcat to Pine Creek PY - 1981/02//Demonstration Project No. 39 SP - 170p AB - The technology to recycle asphalt pavement materials has been developed to a state of commercial application and offers the public official broad energy and economic savings without having to sacrifice quality. There are various methods of pavement material recycling. This report is devoted to hot-mix plant recycling considerations and procedures. The several phases of the hot-mix recycling process are discussed separately, including removal and size reduction of existing asphaltic concrete pavement material. analyzing pavement composition, determining the amount of recycling agent required. mixing the ingredients with new aggregate and asphalt, the hot-mix plant process, spreading and compaction, quality control, the economics of hot-mix recycling, and other pertinent information. The ability to recycle has enormous implications not only for conservation of valuable resources, but also for energy requirements in the manufacturing process and economic benefits to be realized in both. The primary reason to recycle is economics. The economics consist of a comparison between the relative cost of reclaimed pavement materials as compared to the cost of new aggregate and asphalt cement. The final end product must meet the same design standards and performance criteria regardless of the source of material. The use of reclaimed materials without sacrificing quality offers public officials and the public the ability to do more physical miles of work with the limited available dollars. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Conservation KW - Economic analysis KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Recycled materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/recycling/017018/017018.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42900/42960/FHWA-DP-39-31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343712 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Finn, F N AU - Pedigo, R D AU - Roberts, F L AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATING PAVEMENT DISTRESS TO SERVICEABILITY AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/02 SP - 275 p. AB - This report examines available data on all types of pavement distress and on several forms of pavement performance to define meaningful relationships. Regression analyses, Markov Processes, Bayesian Analysis, and Utility theory are examined as analytical tools useful in relating distress to performance. Several specific performance models of limited applicability are reported, along with some generally applicable techniques and recommended methods. This study shows that useful relationships can be obtained from existing data and are, in fact, being used in several states and other highway agencies. In each case, however, it is shown that significant improvements in the distress-performance relationships are needed which can only be obtained through the conscientious observation of distress and performance of pavements under a variety of environmental and load conditions for a reasonable period of time. e.g. (approximately ten years). Several suggestions and recommendations for improvement are included in the study. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Construction management KW - Deterioration KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Roughness KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343676 AU - McNamara, R L AU - Page, G C AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENKELMAN BEAM VERSUS DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION CORRELATION FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN FLORIDA PY - 1981/02 SP - 46 p. AB - The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has been collecting deflection data with a Lane-Wells Dynaflect since 1966. Its use has been primarily confined to research rather than routine-type testing. The primary method used by the FDOT for measuring in-situ structural capacity of existing pavements has been the Benkelman Beam. This report evaluates the suitability of the Dynaflect to replace Benkelman Beam testing. Dynaflect dynamic deflection parameters are compared with Benkelman Beam static deflections. Equipment repeatability is also evaluated. Although the ultimate goal is the application of Dynaflect measurements for pavement designs, procedures for this use are not discussed in this report. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Measuring instruments KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Regression analysis KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343665 AU - Habib, P A AU - Polytechnic Institute of New York AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CURBSIDE PICKUP AND DELIVERY OPERATIONS AND ARTERIAL TRAFFIC IMPACTS PY - 1981/02 SP - 134 p. AB - The report presents an analysis of curbside pickups and deliveries (PUD) of freight in urban areas. Portions of six cities--San Francisco, Boston, St. Paul, Oklahoma City, Dallas, Phoenix--were studied as part of this effort. Data was collected on the characteristics of the PUD trip, the parking of the vehicle, the type and size of the generator and the impact that double parking has on arterial traffic performance. KW - Cargo transportation KW - Delivery service KW - Freight transportation KW - Highway traffic KW - Operations KW - Parking facilities KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343750 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVE MARKER PAINT STRIPE SKIPPER INSTRUMENTS PY - 1981/02 SP - 14 p. AB - The report summarizes the information on design and testing of two instruments that have been developed to avoid painting over reflective raised pavement markers. The two devices were developed by the California and Ohio Departments of Transportation. The California instrument optically scans the roadway for reflective surfaces whereas the Ohio one consists of a mine detector type metal sensor to denote the presence of a marker. Both devices will automatically cut off the flow of paint in front of a marker KW - Automatic control KW - Detectors KW - Measuring instruments KW - Optical scanners KW - Painting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343573 AU - Mullen, W G AU - Barnes, B D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BASE COURSES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/02 SP - 100 p. AB - Nineteen pavement sections monitored over a period of approximately ten years have been evaluated to determine the influence of base course parameters on the performance of primary flexible pavement systems in Piedmont, North Carolina. The research relied essentially on the Present Serviceability Rating concept as a measure of performance. The findings of the research indicates roughness measures are insensitive to changes in subjective performance, present design procedures are adequate and probably conservative, at least, for the pavements studied. Bituminous concrete base courses are not necessarily structurally superior to coarse aggregate base courses, and Benkleman beam deflections are poor indicators of performance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deterioration KW - Flexible pavements KW - Roughness KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486233 AU - Kelly, W E AU - Urish, D W AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SALT STORAGE PRACTICES ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN RHODE ISLAND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 60 p. AB - The results of a fifteen month study of the effects of salt storage practice indicate significant increases in sodium and chloride are occurring in adjacent ground and surface water resources. Bassed on detailed monitoring of four sites, ground water is mmost severely impacted due to its limited dilution capacity. Data on sodium, chlorides, and specific conductance are used to quantify the impacts. The long-term solution is to eliminate or minmize salt runoff by utilizing permanent covered storage at all sites. Recommendations are made to improve surface drainage, to divert runoff away from sensitive areas, and to upgrade existing brine tank storage facilities. KW - Environmental impacts KW - Groundwater KW - Handling and storage KW - Recommendations KW - Runoff KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium chloride KW - Storage facilities KW - Surface waters KW - Water areas KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392165 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL LAND USE TRIP GENERATION IN VIRGINIA PY - 1981/02 SP - 122 p. AB - Vehicle trip rates at shopping centers, apartment complexes, and subdivisions throughout Virginia were determined from seven-day volume counts. These rates were then compared with rates reported in four recognized sources of trip rate statistics and with Virginia rates developed approximately ten years ago. Within the Virginia data, the rates in the various areas of the state and the rates at sites served by transit and not served by transit were compared. Also, the time of occurrence of thee peak traffic flow at the three land uses was investigated. Conclusions regarding the above were developed, and recommendations regarding the use of trip rates in planning were made. KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Residential areas KW - Shopping centers KW - Trip generation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36516/81-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377225 AU - May, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERPRETING DYNAMIC SURFACE DEFLECTIONS IN THE GRANULAR BASE LAYER OF THE PAVEMENT STRUCTURE PY - 1981/02 SP - 135 p. AB - This report presents the results of a follow-up study to further investigate the initial findings of an earlier University of Maryland research project. The principal objective was to explore the consistent lack of agreement between field measured deflections and those computed using elastic-layered theory. During several periods of the year, surface deflections were measured with the FHWA Thumper testing vehicle on three Maryland flexible pavement sections. Using an iterative stress-dependent modification for both unbound granular material and fine-grained cohesive subgrades, these field deflections were mathematically predicted for a large number of specific test conditions. Although these predicted deflections failed to match the measured values, a consistent trend in the ratio of the corresponding deflections was detected. As suggested in a previous study, an adjustment factor, K1, was applied to the granular base modulus to cause the deflection ratio to approach one. Linear log-log relationships were derived between decreasing K1 and increasing measured deflection values. From this analysis, it was surmised that current laboratory methods of granular material characterization appear to be inadequate for modeling in-situ behavior. Further analysis was made to examine the shear strain in the granular layer. A clear curvilinear plot was produced, indicating the adjustment to the granular modulus is related to the shear strain which develops in response to the surface loading. As a result, a procedure was presented for correcting for the effective in-situ granular base modulus and estimating the subgrade modulus with deflection measurements. (FHWA) KW - Deflection KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Granular bases KW - Modulus KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343720 AU - Bullard, D AU - Christiansen, D L AU - FITZGERALD, A V AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - PARK-AND-POOL FACILITIES SURVEY RESULTS AND PLANNING DATA PY - 1981/02 SP - 56 p. AB - The report presents the results of a Park-and-Pool survey undertaken at selected locations around the San Antonio and Houston, Texas, metropolitan areas. This information should prove useful in a number of different ways including: the identification of various improvements which could be made in order to better meet the needs of area commuters; and the planning and design of future Park-and-Pool facilities. KW - Commuters KW - Needs assessment KW - Park and ride KW - Parking facilities KW - Parking lots KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366582 AU - Mills, D R AU - Donofrio, A D AU - Keller, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISCARDED TIRES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, BETHANY BEACH, DELAWARE (DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 37) PY - 1981/02 SP - 59 p. AB - The placement of the rubberized-asphalt and Fiber-Pave Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayers (SAMI's) during the late fall construction season were very successful. As of the writing of this report however 800 feet of the driving lane of Test Section No. 1 and the remainder of both lanes beginning at Test Section No. 2 to the end of the project at Station 49+00 have not received the required one (1) inch open-graded wearing course due to below 60 degrees F ambient air temperatures. Special attention will be given to the exposed rubberized-asphalt SAMI and as stated earlier there is some concern as to possible snowplow damage this winter. Monitoring of this project will continue during the next 3 years to determine the SAMI's effectiveness in preventing reflective cracking and maintaining acceptable riding qualities. This will include the scheduling of crack surveys and rutting measurements. These tests should give an early indication of the performance of the rubberized-asphalt and Fiber-Pave SAMI's with varying thicknesses of Type C hot mix. Should the test results be encouraging, this construction technique could offer great promise for use in Delaware. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Fibers KW - Monitoring KW - Recycled materials KW - Reflection cracking KW - Riding qualities KW - Road construction KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343018 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - BRIDGE RAIL TO RESTRAIN AND REDIRECT BUSES PY - 1981/02 SP - 82 p. AB - A standard Texas traffic rail Type T202 27 in. high was strengthened and modified so that it could restrain and redirect school and intercity buses under 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) 15 degree angle impacts. A semi-elliptical extruded aluminum rail was mounted on cast aluminum posts to increase the rail height to 42 in. (107 cm). Three crash tests were conducted on the bridge rail. The first test was with a 66-passenger school bus weighing 19,690 lb (8,931 kg) and impacting the rail at 54.4 mph (87.6 km/hr) at a 15 degree angle. The bus was smoothly redirected. The second test was with an 1800 lb (817 kg) minicar with front wheel drive and impacting the rail at 59.4 mph (95.6 km/br) at a 15 degree angle. The vehicle was redirected but the small front wheel did penetrate the 13 in. (.33 m) opening under the concrete beam and snagged a post. The third test was with an intercity bus weighing 32,080 lb (14,562 kg) and impacting the rail at 61.1 mph (98.3 km/hr) at a 15 degree angles. The intercity bus was restrained and smoothly redirected. These tests have shown that a simple and economical rail can redirect school and intercity buses at speeds up to 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) and 15 degree angle impact. The cost of this rail is estimated at about $41 per foot. KW - Aluminum KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridges KW - Buses KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Research KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337278 AU - System Design Concepts, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAVEL: 1970-2000 PY - 1981/02 SP - 202 p. AB - The report discusses nationwide highway usage throughout the 1970's and provides travel demand forecasts for the period 1980-2000. The forecasts are based on trends established in the past decade, tempered with new realities of fuel price escalation, potential future shortages in fuel, demographic shifts, and changes in traditional relationships between highway usage and economic activity. The report was prepared to support and provide background information for the 1981 Status of the Nation's Highways: Conditions and Performance Report prepared by the Federal Highway Administration. The highway system is presented as one component of a multi-modal transportation system, and the interrelationships of modal choice for people and freight movement are examined historically as documentation and support for demand forecasts. A discussion of previously available forecasts is included to provide a sense of scale. KW - Cargo transportation KW - Demographics KW - Economics KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuels KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Motor fuels KW - Passenger transportation KW - Passengers KW - Prices KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Travel KW - Travel demand KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348642 AU - Prysock, R H AU - Egan, J P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY DAMAGE DURING THE SAN FERNANDO, CALIFORNIA, EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 9, 1971 PY - 1981/02 SP - 190 p. AB - Roadway damage during the San Fernando, California, Earthquake of February 9, 1971, is described and illustrated based on in-depth field damage surveys made immediately after the quake. The damage is documented by Route No. and then discussed relative to roadway elements such as embankments, embankment foundations, cut slopes, pavement, drainage structures, and bridge abutment backfill. The damage is further discussed with regard to soil type and behavior during the strong ground motion. Recommendations for minimizing certain types of damage on future projects are presented. Bridge damage was investigated separately and is not described in this report. (FHWA) KW - Bridge abutments KW - Defects KW - Drainage structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Pavements KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346684 AU - Nelson, H J AU - Bluethenthal, H AU - Unified Industries, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC AUDIO SIGNING LITERATURE SURVEY ANALYSIS PY - 1981/02 SP - 84 p. AB - A literature survey was undertaken to identify all the various audio signing concepts which may have been investigated, under development, or already in use. A total of 13 systems are identified. Three of these are similar but not related to the automatic audio signing concept. Four systems are related to the automatic audio signing concept but did not have characteristics to be investigated under subsequent contract tasks. These systems are only briefly discussed. Six systems are reviewed in detail. These systems are the Autofahrer Rundfunk Information (ARI), CARFAX, Highway Advisory Information Radio (HAIR) Highway Advisory Radio (HAR), Protection of Automobilists and Aid to Circulation (PAAC) and Traffic Incident Information Systems (TIIS). KW - Communication systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Radio KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341184 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Finn, F N AU - Pedigo, R D AU - Roberts, F L AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATING PAVEMENT DISTRESS TO SERVICEABILITY AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/02 SP - 271 p. AB - In 1970 an FHWA Workshop defined major problems relating to improved pavements. The number one problem cited was the problem of relating pavement distress to pavement performance in an understandable predictable way. This report examines available data on all types of pavement distress and on several forms of pavement performance to define meaningful relationships. Regression analyses, Markov Processes, Bayesian Analysis, and Utility theory are examined as analytical tools useful in relating distress to performance. Several specific performance models of limited applicability are reported, along with some generally applicable techniques and recommended methods. This study shows that useful relationships can be obtained from existing data and are, in fact, being used in several states and other highway agencies. In each case, however, it is shown that significant improvements in the distress-performance relationships are needed which can only be obtained through the conscientious observation of distress and performance of pavements under a variety of environmental and load conditions for a reasonable period of time. e.g. (approximately ten years) Several suggestions and recommendations for improvement are included in the study. (FHWA) KW - Bayes' theorem KW - Defects KW - Markov processes KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Utility theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341185 AU - McNamara, R L AU - Page, G C AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENKELMAN BEAM VERSUS DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION CORRELATION FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN FLORIDA PY - 1981/02 SP - 46 p. AB - The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has been collecting deflection data with a Lane-Wells Dynaflect since 1966. Its use has been primarily confined to research rather than routine-type testing. The primary method used by the FDOT for measuring in-situ structural capacity of existing pavements has been the Benkelman Beam. This report evaluates the suitabilty of the Dynaflect to replace Benkelman Beam testing. Dynaflect dynamic deflection parameters are compared with Benkelman Beam static deflections. These Dynaflect parameters are: (1) Dynaflect Maximum Deflection (DMD); (2) Surface Curvature Index (SCI); (3) Base Curvature Index (BCI); (4) Spreadability (SPR); and (5) Deflection Basin Area (DBA). Equipment repeatability is also evaluated. Although the ultimate goal is the application of Dynaflect measurements for pavement designs, procedures for this use are not discussed in this report. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341297 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVE MARKER PAINT STRIPE SKIPPER INSTRUMENTS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 7 p. AB - This report summarizes the information on design and testing of two instruments that have been developed to avoid painting over reflective raised pavement markers. The two devices were developed by the California and Ohio Departments of Transportation. The California instrument optically scans the roadway for reflective surfaces whereas the Ohio one consists of a mine detector type metal sensor to denote the presence of a marker. Both devices will automatically cut off the flow of paint in front of a marker and turn it back on just past the marker. (FHWA) KW - Bus stops KW - Equipment KW - Metals KW - Motor vehicle operations KW - Optical scanners KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Road markings KW - Routes and routing KW - Sensors KW - Skip stops (Bus transit) KW - Traffic marking equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341497 AU - Wyant, D C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFICIENCY OF EROSION CONTROL PRACTICES OF THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1981/02 SP - 82 p. AB - Stream monitoring stations have been installed on eight construction projects under phase I of this study. Monitoring on four of the projects is complete and monitoring on the remaining four is continuing. From an examination of the data in hand, it appears that the amount of suspended sediment transported from a construction project in the Valley and Ridge region, a predominantly clayey soil area, is quite large as compared to that from a project in the Piedmont region, a silty soil area. This trend is especially evident when no erosion control measures are used. It also has been noted that relatively large amounts of sediment are generated during the spring and fall, when the soil generally is most susceptible to erosion. (FHWA) KW - Clay soils KW - Erosion control KW - Monitoring KW - Road construction KW - Silts KW - Streams KW - Suspended sediments UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36446/81-R32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341289 AU - Marquis, E L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTING OF A BOX BEAM GUARDRAIL TERMINAL SECTION PY - 1981/02 SP - n.p. AB - North Dakota uses the type G3 box beam roadside barrier with minor modifications thereto. The box beam has been chosen because of its narrow profile and low resistance to wind forces and snow drifts. There is no acceptable narrow profile end treatment, and the North Dakota State Highway Department was seeking a relatively simple and inexpensive treatment which would eliminate or greatly reduce the probability of vehicle ramping or rolling. Testing by the Texas Transportation Institute indicates that an acceptable solution has been developed. An American Standard Channel-C7 x 9.8-60 ft (18.3 m) long was utilized in the modified final design of the end treatment. A permanent 90 deg twist was made so that the channel web would be vertical at the first post and horizontal at the foundation with the flanges pointing down. This section was then pushed to the ground offset 2 ft (0.6 m) away from traffic and attached to a concrete footing centered 24 ft (7.3 m) from the first post. The post at the beginning of the length of need was a brittle 6 in. by 6 in. wood post. The second post was located 12 ft (3.7 m) downstream and all posts were then spaced at 6 ft (1.8 m). All posts except the first were S3 x 5.7 steel. The action of this modified rail terminal is quite simple. When a vehicle tire or bumper pushes down on the turned-down terminal the rail will quickly drop from the first 8 posts allowing the vehicle to pass over the rail without the violent ramping effect of a rigid turn down. (FHWA) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Box beams KW - Ends KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Posts KW - Prevention KW - Removal KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335596 AU - Habib, P A AU - Polytechnic Institute of New York AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CURBSIDE PICKUP AND DELIVERY OPERATIONS AND ARTERIAL TRAFFIC IMPACTS PY - 1981/02 SP - 119 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of curbside pickups and deliveries (PUD) of freight in urban areas. Portions of six cities-San Francisco, Boston, St. Paul, Oklahoma City, Dallas, Phoenix-were studied as part of this effort. Data was collected on the characteristics of the PUD trip, the parking of the vehicle, the type and size of the generator and the impact that double parking has on arterial traffic performance. Analysis was conducted to develop tools to predict PUD demand, parking patterns and resultant traffic impact under families of conditions. These tools were used to test various traffic engineering strategies to improve arterial-traffic performance. Level of service was used as this performance measure. The final chapter recommends the most practical strategies for demonstration. These strategies include improved management of curbspace utilization, improved signing and striping, signal-timing adjustments and enforcement. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Curbs KW - Delivery service KW - Double parking KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Impacts KW - Level of service KW - On street parking KW - Parking KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Road markings KW - Streets KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signs KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341588 AU - Robinson, F O AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF DEMAND INCENTIVES FOR NON-MOTORIZED TRAVEL. APPENDIXES PY - 1981/02 SP - 351 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Attitudes KW - Automobiles KW - Benefits KW - Bicycles KW - Choice models KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Consumers KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Incentives KW - Infrastructure KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Perception KW - Public transit KW - Surveys KW - Travel demand KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341213 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY CONTROL OF HIGHWAY CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH PY - 1981/02 SP - 34 p. AB - This report is essentially a synthesis of pertinent information concerning the use of fly ash as an ingredient in concrete for highway construction. It has been prepared to provide a basis for an adequate response by the Department of Highways and Transportation to requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Environmental Protection Agency pertaining to the use of this by-product in concrete purchased with federal funds. Special attention is given to the quality control and acceptance problems associated with highway usage of fly ash concrete, with emphasis on problems relating to air entrainment. References to the background literature that established the suitability of fly ash as pozzolan and its use in concrete are given. The requirements for fly ash as set forth in ASTM Specification C618 are reviewed and the characteristics to be expected from concrete containing fly ash are discussed. It is recommended that the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation permit the use of fly ash in concrete at the option of the contractor with prior approval by the state. It is also recommended that suitable specifications for this use be prepared following the guidelines previously recommended by the Concrete Research Advisory Committee. KW - Acceptance KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrainment KW - Fly ash KW - Pozzolan KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36450/81-R38.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341006 AU - Gupta, M K AU - Agnew, R W AU - Gruber, D AU - Kreutzberger, W AU - Envirex Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTITUENTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF VOLUME IV, CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF FROM OPERATING HIGHWAYS. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 171 p. AB - This report relates to the identification and quantification of the constituents of highway runoff. It includes the details of monitoring site selection, field monitoring procedures, analysis of accumulated data, conclusions, significant findings and limitations. A total of 159 storm events were monitored at six sites between Spring of 1976 to September, 1977. The data were evaluated for: rainfall/runoff relationships; highway runoff pollutants loadings and variations with time; differences in pollutant characteristics from paved and non-paved areas; correlation of pollutants amongst measured parameters as well as with highway operation related factors. This is the fourth volume of a six volume document series. (FHWA) KW - Contaminants KW - Data analysis KW - Highway drainage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335999 AU - Flora, J W AU - Stimpson, W A AU - Wroble, J R AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR PARKING FACILITIES FOR CARPOOLERS VOLUME 1: SURVEY OF EXISTING FACILITIES PY - 1981/02 SP - 39 p. AB - This report provides practical guidelines for planning, designing, and constructing corridor parking facilities for carpoolers. The information and procedures developed in the report were the result of an investigation of 150 existing corridor facilities located throughout the country. The operational, locational, and physical characteristics of these sites were studied to define those elements which influence facility success. Based on this study, suggestions are made as to facility location identification, commuter demand estimation, and design parametes. Legal implications, costs, and benefits are also presented. (FHWA) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Carpools KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Inventory KW - Legal factors KW - Location KW - Parking KW - Parking demand KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Surveys KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335433 AU - McNees, R W AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING URBAN FREEWAY GUIDE SIGNING-LABORATORY STUDIES PY - 1981/02 SP - 158 p. AB - This report documents the research conducted during one phase of a research project conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute entitled, "Evaluating Urban Freeway Guide Signing." The research was sponsored by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. This report describes laboratory studies conducted in ten critical areas of urban Freeway Guide Signing. Alternative signing strategies in each of these areas were evaluated using a visual-scenario technique. Subjects responses and decision reaction times were recorded. Some specific and a few general conclusions and recommendations were offered. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway signs KW - Freeways KW - Laboratory studies KW - Traffic signs KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334525 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RAIL TO RESTRAIN AND REDIRECT BUSES PY - 1981/02 SP - 71 p. AB - A standard Texas traffic rail Type T202 27 in. high was strengthened and modified so that it could restrain and redirect school and intercity buses under 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) 15 deg angle impacts. A semi-elliptical extruded aluminum rail was mounted on cast aluminum posts to increase the rail height to 42 in. (107 cm). Three crash tests were conducted on the bridge rail. The first test was with a 66-passenger school bus weighing 19,690 lb (8,931 kg) and impacting the rail at 54.4 mph (87.6 km/hr) at a 15 deg angle. The bus was smoothly redirected. The second test was with an 1800 lb (817 kg) minicar with front wheel drive and impacting the rail at 59.4 mph (95.6 km/hr) at a 15 deg angle. The vehicle was redirected but the small front wheel did penetrate the 13 in. (.33 m) opening under the concrete beam and snagged a post. The third test was with an intercity bus weighing 32,080 lb (14,562 kg) and impacting the rail at 61.1 mph (98.3 km/hr) at a 15 deg angle. The intercity bus was restrained and smoothly redirected. These tests have shown that a simple and economical rail can redirect school and intercity buses at speeds up to 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) and 15 deg angle impact. The cost of this rail is estimated at about $41 per foot. KW - Aluminum KW - Bridge railings KW - Bus transportation KW - Buses KW - Compact automobiles KW - Costs KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Front wheel drive KW - Intercity bus lines KW - Redirection KW - Research KW - School buses KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341003 AU - Gupta, M K AU - Agnew, R W AU - Kobriger, N P AU - Envirex Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTITUENTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF VOLUME 1, STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 121 p. AB - This state-of-the-art report documents the constituents of highway runoff and their pollutional effects. It provides a general background about the problem, its recognition and the emerging emphasis to address the problem and its solutions. It discusses highway design and drainage characteristics and their relationship to runoff quantity. An extensive review of the available literature on the quality of stormwater runoff from urban areas in general and from highway drainage areas in particular, has been made. (FHWA) KW - Drainage KW - Highway drainage KW - Reviews KW - Runoff KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341005 AU - Kobriger, N P AU - Meinholz, T L AU - Gupta, M K AU - Agnew, R W AU - Envirex Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTITUENTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF VOLUME III, PREDICTIVE PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS IN HIGHWAY RUNOFF PY - 1981/02 SP - 205 p. AB - This report documents the development and application of a simple predictive procedure (model) for determining the runoff quantity and quality from highway systems based on the data gathered from 5 monitoring sites around the country. Equations for 3 highway site types were developed to predict runoff volume and pollutant wash-off coefficients for 17 water quality parameters based on total rain, rainfall duration and dry days. Analysis indicated that pollutant accumulation rates within highway systems can be best predicted using average daily traffic values. (FHWA) KW - Accumulation KW - Average daily traffic KW - Contaminants KW - Forecasting KW - Highway drainage KW - Monitoring KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Volume KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341008 AU - Gupta, M K AU - Envirex Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTITUENTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF VOLUME VI, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/02 SP - 12 p. AB - This report summarizes the research undertaken to identify and quantify the constituents of highway runoff. Research efforts included: 1) an extensive literature review, 2) developing guidelines for establishing and conducting a highway runoff monitoring program, 3) extensive monitoring of rainfall related runoff at six highway sites around the country over a 12 to 16 month period, 4) developing a computer program to store and analyze the data collected, and 5) developing a predictive procedure that can be used as an analytical tool for preparation of Environmental Impact Statements. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Guidelines KW - Highway drainage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Rainfall KW - Reviews KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341007 AU - Kobriger, N P AU - Krischan, T M AU - Envirex Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTITUENTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF VOLUME V, HIGHWAY RUNOFF DATA STORAGE PROGRAM AND COMPUTER USER'S MANUAL PY - 1981/02 SP - p. 125- AB - The Data Storage Program (DSP) was developed as part of a FHWA-DOT Research and Development project to determine the characteristics of highway runoff. The data collected during the study is readily available to interested parties on magnetic tape with access provided by DSP. DSP was developed to: 1. Retain a large quantity of field generated data in an organized and easily accessible format. 2. Permit conversion of standard units to metric. 3. Provide a mechanism by which the data can be recalled for optional plotting or statistical analysis. (FHWA) KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Highway drainage KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Runoff KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341004 AU - Gupta, M K AU - Agnew, R W AU - Meinholz, T L AU - Envirex Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTITUENTS OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF VOLUME II, PROCEDURAL MANUAL FOR MONITORING OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF PY - 1981/02 SP - 121 p. AB - This manual has been prepared for use by highway department personnel to evaluate highway runoff. It contains detailed procedures for establishing and conducting a monitoring program and evaluating the collected data. Step-by-step procedures are delineated and following these steps should help in developing a simple and straight-forward method which will lend itself to use for the design, planning, conduct and evaluation of proposed sampling programs. (FHWA) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Highway drainage KW - Manuals KW - Monitoring KW - Sampling KW - Stabilized materials KW - Surface drainage KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341000 AU - Flora, J W AU - Stimpson, W A AU - Wroble, J R AU - Voorhees (Alan M) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR PARKING FACILITIES FOR CARPOOLERS VOLUME 2: IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES PY - 1981/02 SP - 51 p. AB - This report provides practical guidelines for planning, designing, and constructing corridor parking facilities for carpoolers. The information and procedures developed in the report were the result of an investigation of 150 existing corridor facilities located throughout the country. The operational, locational, and physical characteristics of these sites were studied to define those elements which influence facility success. Based on this study, suggestions are made as to facility location identification, commuter demand estimation, and design parameters. Legal implications, costs, and benefits are also presented. (FHWA) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Carpools KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Legal factors KW - Location KW - Parking KW - Parking demand KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331198 AU - Hayes, G G AU - Texas A&M Research Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALIDATION OF TRUCK HANDLING SIMULATION RESULTS VOLUME I, SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1981/02 SP - 10 p. AB - A series of vehicle handling tests were performed with an instrumented tractor-semitrailer to provide data for validating an improved computer simulation of heavy articulated vehicles. The test matrix included various maneuvers on wet and dry surfaces with different vehicle loading conditions and articulation-point positions. Input and response parameters were recorded on magnetic tape and transmitted to the Simulation Contractor to be used in refining and validating the vehicle simulation program. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Performance tests KW - Simulation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331737 AU - Taute, A AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL FOR CONDITION SURVEY OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/02 SP - 53 p. AB - A condition survey procedure, which has been used to survey all the rural CRC pavements in Texas, is presented in this report. The procedure involves the objective measurement of the most severe and prevalent forms of distress in CRC pavements. The development of this procedure, from the implementation of an earlier procedure, is described. Some recommendations regarding computerized storage and manipulation of the condition survey data are made. The survey procedure is described in detail to facilitate its implementation. A further procedure for surveying jointed concrete pavement is also presented. This survey has been used to a limited extent on some Texas highways and is largely based on the experience gained from use of the CRC survey procedure. (FHWA) KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Defects KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334460 AU - Rosner, J C AU - PAVLOVICH, R D AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Engineers Testing Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLY ASH AS A MINERAL FILLER AND ANTI-STRIP AGENT FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1981/01/29 SP - 185 p. AB - This project studied the effectiveness of fly ash and other filler-additives as replacements for portland cement and hydrated lime in production of asphalt concrete mixtures. Both mixture design and moisture resistance characteristics were studied. Properties of asphalt concrete containing additions of two different fly ashes at 1, 3, and 6 percent; four combinations of cement, lime, and fly ash; lime kiln dust at 2 percent; and residue from a pilot copper extraction process at two levels, were compared to those of mixtures containing only natural fines; a chemical anti-strip; 2 percent hydrated lime; and 2 percent portland cement. Results of the mixture design phase indicate that with respect to Marshall mixture design criteria, acceptable asphalt concrete mixtures can be produced in the laboratory with up to 6 percent fly ash by weight of aggregate. Differences noted with mixtures containing up to 6 percent fly ash were (1) reduced asphalt requirements and (2) lowered V.M.A. values. Analysis of data generated during immersion-compression testing indicates that fly ash and other fillers investigated in this study can improve moisture resistance characteristics of asphalt concrete mixtures in the laboratory. Several of the filler additives investigated in this study were found to be as effective for improving moisture resistance as chemical anti-strip, portland cement, and hydrated lime. (FHWA) KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Fly ash KW - Hydrated lime fillers KW - Limestone fillers KW - Minerals KW - Portland cement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164740 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280892 TI - LA TOLERANCE BIOMECANIQUE DU BASSIN ET DU FEMUR EN CHOC LATERAL AB - CETTE ETUDE A EU POUR OBJET LA DETERMINATION DES VALEURS DES PARAMETRES PHYSIQUES DONNANT LIEU A DES FRACTURES DE LA CEINTURE PELVIENNE EN CHOC LATERAL AVEC LE CHOIX D'UN PARAMETRE SPECIFIQUE SUSCEPTIBLE D'ETRE UTILISE COMME CRITERE DE BLESSURE. UNE FOURCHETTE DE TOLERANCE DE FRACTURE DU BASSIN A L'AIDE D'ESSAIS AVEC IMPACTEUR A ETE ETABLIE. L'ETUDE A ETE COMPLETEE PAR DES ESSAIS UTILISANT DES MATERIAUX AMORTISSANTS ET CERTAINS ESSAIS SERONT DUPLIQUES EN UTILISANT DES MANNEQUINS EN CHOC LATERAL. KW - Abdomen KW - Abdomen KW - Biomecanique KW - Biophysics KW - Blessure KW - Collision laterale KW - Hanche KW - Hip KW - Injuries KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Side crashes KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1042009 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01280891 TI - LA SECURITE DES ENFANTS A L'INTERIEUR DES VEHICULES. LES PRATIQUES ET LES ATTITUDES AB - POUR MIEUX SUIVRE L'EVOLUTION TECHNIQUE DES DISPOSITIFS DE RETENUE DESTINES AUX ENFANTS ET/OU POUR CONCEVOIR DES DISPOSITIFS NOUVEAUX, IL EST IMPERATIF DE CONNAITRE LA PLACE DE L'ENFANT DANS LES TRANSPORTS EN AUTOMOBILE SOUS LES DEUX POINTS DE VUE :1) PHYSIQUE :MODALITE CONCRETE DE L'OCCUPATION DE L'ESPACE INTERIEUR DU VEHICULE PAR LES ENFANTS; 2) PSYCHOLOGIQUE :LES REPRESENTATIONS QUE LES PARENTS SE FONT DE L'ENFANT EN VOITURE ET DE SA SECURITE. LA PREMIERE PHASE DE CETTE ETUDE COMPRENAIT DEUX VOLETS :1) OBSERVATION DES DISPOSITIONS EN USAGE POUR LE TRANSPORT DES ENFANTS. ELLE A PERMIS DE DEFINIR AVEC PRECISION LA PLACE OCCUPEE ET LE TYPE DE RETENUE DE 3452 ENFANTS EN FONCTION DE DIVERSES CARACTERISTIQUES (NOMBRE D'OCCUPANTS, AGE, LONGUEUR DU TRAJET, ETC.); 2) ANALYSE DES ATTITUDES DES PARENTS A L'EGARD DE LA SECURITE DES ENFANTS EN VOITURE ET EVALUATION DES MOTIVATIONS ET DES RESISTANCES DES AUTOMOBILISTES A L'EGARD DES DISPOSITIFS DE RETENUE POUR ENFANTS. UNE SERIE D'INTERVIEWS APPROFONDIES AUPRES D'AUTOMOBILISTES (12), DE SITUATIONS FAMILIALES ET SOCIALES VARIEES, A ETE REALISEE EN 1980. ON SE PROPOSE DE COMPLETER LES CONNAISSANCES SUR CERTAINS POINTS PRECIS DES PRATIQUES DES CONDUCTEURS CONCERNANT LE TRANSPORT DES ENFANTS, D'APPROFONDIR L'ANALYSE DES ATTITUDES ET DES BESOINS DES AUTOMOBILISTES DANS CE DOMAINE ET D'INTEGRER LES RESULTATS CONCERNANT LES PRATIQUES ET LES ATTITUDES DANS UNE PROBLEMATIQUE PLUS GLOBALE DE LA SECURITE DES ENFANTS A L'INTERIEUR DES VEHICULES. KW - Attitude (psychol) KW - Attitudes KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Children KW - Emploi (util) KW - Enfant KW - Manual safety belts KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Use UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1042008 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270899 TI - TYPOLOGIE DES "COMPORTEMENTS DE BASE" (CB) DES USAGERS ET DETERMINANTS DU RISQUE AB - SUR LA BASE DES RESULTATS ACQUIS AU COURS DE L'ETUDE PILOTE, ON SE PROPOSE D'ANALYSER, SOUS L'ANGLE QUALITATIF ET QUANTITATIF, LA RELATION ENTRE "COMPORTEMENT DE BASE" ET RISQUE POTENTIEL DU CONDUCTEUR. IL S'AGIT PRINCIPALEMENT :1) D'ETABLIR UNE "TYPOLOGIE DE REFERENCE" DES COMPORTEMENTS DE BASE; 2) DE VALIDER LA LIAISON ENTRE TYPE DE COMPORTEMENT DE BASE ET DANGEROSITE POTENTIELLE; 3) DE PRECISER LA NATURE DES PRINCIPAUX DETERMINANTS DES DIVERS "COMPORTEMENTS DE BASE" A DEUX NIVEAUX :A) FACTEURS SPECIFIQUES D'EXPOSITION AU RISQUE D'UTILISATION DU VEHICULE, B) "VALEURS" SOCIO-CULTURELLES DANS LESQUELLES S'INSCRIT L'ACTIVITE DE CONDUITE; 4) D'EVALUER LE POIDS RELATIF DE CES FACTEURS DE RISQUE SUR CHAQUE TYPE DE COMPORTEMENT DE BASE. IL SERA PROCEDE A LA CONFRONTATION DES DONNEES AVEC LES PERSPECTIVES NOUVELLES OUVERTES PAR NOTRE APPROCHE TYPOLOGIQUE DU "COMPORTEMENT DE BASE" DE L'USAGER ET A LA REDACTION D'UN DOCUMENT DE SYNTHESE. KW - Behavior KW - Comportement KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Prise de risque KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Risk taking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1032002 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270898 TI - UNE APPROCHE DU CONCEPT DE RISQUE : REGLES LEGALES ET NORMES DE SECURITE AB - ON SE PROPOSE D'ELABORER DES FORMULATIONS SPECIFIQUES DU PROBLEME DU RISQUE DANS LE DOMAINE DE LA CIRCULATION ROUTIERE, A PARTIR DES THEMES "DANGEROSITE", "DEVIANCE" ET "DELINQUANCE". ON DETERMINERA, A PARTIR DE CETTE ANALYSE CRITIQUE, LES ORIENTATIONS PRIORITAIRES DU SECTEUR. SUR LA BASE D'UNE ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ET DE RESULTATS PRECEDEMMENT ACQUIS A L'ORGANISME NATIONAL DE SECURITE ROUTIERE, ON EXAMINERA L'INTERVENTION DE DIVERS TYPES DE FACTEURS SUR LE COMPORTEMENT DE L'USAGER ET SA PERFORMANCE EN TERME D'INFRACTIONS ET/OU D'ACCIDENTS : - FACTEURS D'ORDRE COGNITIF ("ERREURS" DANS L'ACCOMPLISSEMENT DE LA TACHE DE CONDUITE); - FACTEURS DE PERSONNALITE LIES A LA "PRISE DE RISQUE"; - FACTEURS D'ORDRE SOCIO-CULTUREL (VALEURS ET NORMES). LES LIGNES DIRECTRICES D'UN PROGRAMME DE SECTEUR A MOYEN TERME SERONT DEFINIES. KW - Accident KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Conducteur KW - Crashes KW - Crimes KW - Drivers KW - Infraction KW - Prise de risque KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Risk taking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1032001 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270897 TI - LA SECURITE DES PETITES AGGLOMERATIONS AB - ON DOIT FAIRE UNE ANALYSE DES PROBLEMES DE SECURITE DANS LES AGGLOMERATIONS DE MOINS DE 5000 HABITANTS. IL A ETE CONSTATE QUE CERTAINS ACCIDENTS SURVENUS DANS LES PETITES AGGLOMERATIONS RELEVAIENT D'UNE PROBLEMATIQUE RASE CAMPAGNE PLUTOT QU'URBAINE. IL S'AGIRA DE DETERMINER COMMENT ET EN FONCTION DE QUELS FACTEURS LES DIFFERENTS ASPECTS URBAINS OU RASE CAMPAGNE INTERFERENT, Y COMPRIS DANS LE CAS DE TRAVERSEES PAR UNE ROUTE A GRANDE CIRCULATION. KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Low density KW - Population density KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Urban areas KW - Zone a faible densite KW - Zone urbaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1032000 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01270895 TI - CHARGE PERCEPTIVE ET EXPLORATION VISUELLE EN CONDUITE DE VEHICULES AB - DANS LE CADRE GENERAL DES ETUDES DE L'ACTIVITE PERCEPTIVE DU CONDUCTEUR POUR L'ANALYSE DE L'EXPLORATION VISUELLE, IL S'AGIRA DE DEVELOPPER UNE METHODOLOGIE D'EVALUATION DE LA CHARGE FONDEE SUR L'ANALYSE DU DEPLACEMENT DU REGARD, ET SUR LES VARIATIONS DE L'EXPLORATION VISUELLE EN FONCTION DES NIVEAUX D'EXIGENCE DE LA TACHE. L'ANALYSE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE REALISEE PARTIELLEMENT EN 1980, AINSI QUE LA PREMIERE SERIE D'OBSERVATIONS SUR LE TERRAIN A CONFIRME L'INTERET DE CE TYPE D'ANALYSE. ON PROCEDERA A LA DEFINITION DES SITUATIONS EXPERIMENTALES, EN FONCTION DES FACTEURS DE CHARGE (VITESSE DU VEHICULE, DENSITE DU TRAFIC, ESPACE ENTRE VEHICULES), A LA REALISATION DES SEQUENCES FILMEES SURTOUT EN SITUATION EXPERIMENTALE, A LA PRE-EXPERIMENTATION SUR LES TROIS INDICATEURS DE CHARGE CHOISIS (EVALUATION SUBJECTIVE, TACHE DE TOPPING, EXPLORATION VISUELLE). KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Eye movements KW - Methode KW - Methodology KW - Mouvement de l'oeil KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Vision KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1031998 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257715 TI - RECHERCHE A PARTIR D'ACCIDENTS REELS DE LA VULNERABILITE DU CERVEAU AB - DU FAIT DES DIFFERENCES DE NATURE ET DE GRAVITE DES BLESSURES QUI ONT ETE PRISES EN COMPTE POUR ETABLIR LES CRITERES DE TOLERANCE DE LA TETE ACTUELLEMENT UTILISES, CEUX-CI SE REVELENT TOUT A FAIT INAPTES A EXPRIMER LE RISQUE CEREBRAL LORS D'UN CHOC. POUR ABOUTIR A L'EXPRESSION DU RISQUE EN TERME DE PARAMETRES MECANIQUES, IL EST EN EFFET NECESSAIRE D'ETABLIR DES RELATIONS PRECISES ENTRE LE PREJUDICE SUBI (DECES, DEFICIT FONCTIONNEL...), LES RESULTATS DES TESTS CLINIQUES, LES LESIONS ANATOMIQUES CORRESPONDANTES ET LES MECANISMES QUI EN SONT A L'ORIGINE. IL EST AUSSI ESSENTIEL DE VERIFIER LE BIEN-FONDE DES DIFFERENTES THEORIES EXPLICATIVES QUI ONT ETE EMISES ET LEUR CAPACITE A EXPRIMER L'ESSENTIEL DU RISQUE. DU FAIT DE L'IMPOSSIBILITE ACTUELLE D'ABORDER CE PROBLEME SOUS L'ANGLE EXPERIMENTAL (PAR EXPERIMENTATION SUR L'ANIMAL),UNE RECHERCHE CLINIQUE PROSPECTIVE SUR LES COMAS TRAUMATIQUES CONSECUTIFS A DES ACCIDENTS (ELEMENTS ESSENTIELS DU PRONOSTIC VITAL) SERA ENTREPRISE AFIN DE DEGAGER LES CONSTATATIONS LES PLUS CONSTANTES, TANT SUR LE PLAN ANATOMIQUE QUE CLINIQUE POUR TENTER D'ABOUTIR A LA FORMULATION DE MECANISMES EXPLICATIFS. LORSQUE CELA SERA POSSIBLE, UNE ETUDE AU NIVEAU DU VEHICULE ACCIDENTE SERA EFFECTUEE. A PARTIR DES ADMISSIONS AU SERVICE DE REANIMATION DE L'HOPITAL NEUROLOGIQUE DE LYON, UN CERTAIN NOMBRE DE CAS SERONT SELECTIONNES ET ETUDIES EN PROFONDEUR. L'EFFECTIF ENVISAGE EST DE L'ORDRE DE 40. COMPTE TENU D'UN FAIBLE RECRUTEMENT POSSIBLE, DES CONTACTS SERONT EVENTUELLEMENT PRIS AVEC D'AUTRES CENTRES HOSPITALIERS SPECIALISES (GRENOBLE, MARSEILLE). A PARTIR DES PREMIERS CAS RECENSES, UN DOSSIER TYPE PERMETTANT DE COMPARER L'ETAT DU MALADE SERA ELABORE. KW - Accident KW - Blessure KW - Brain KW - Cerveau KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018773 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257714 TI - LA TOLERANCE DU THORAX A LA CONTRAINTE APPLIQUEE PAR LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE AB - L'OBJECTIF DE CETTE RECHERCHE EST DE CARACTERISER LE COMPORTEMENT DU THORAX SOUMIS A UNE CONTRAINTE PAR CEINTURE DE SECURITE. CECI DOIT PERMETTRE DE MIEUX COMPRENDRE LES MECANISMES DE BLESSURES ET DE CHOISIR LE PARAMETRE PERTINENT A MESURER POUR EVALUER LE RISQUE DE BLESSURE POUR L'OCCUPANT CEINTURE. AU COURS DES PHASES PRECEDENTES DE L'ETUDE, UNE TECHNIQUE D'ANALYSE PHOTOGRAMMETRIQUE A ETE ADAPTEE A LA CONFIGURATION D'ESSAI ET UNE EXPERIMENTATION SUR L'ANIMAL VIVANT, OU PREALABLEMENT SACRIFIE, A ETE REALISEE. LES PREMIERS RESULTATS ONT MONTRE L'EXISTENCE DE CORRELATION ENTRE CERTAINS PARAMETRES PHYSIQUES ET NIVEAU DE BLESSURE, SAUF CHEZ L'ANIMAL MORT. LE DEPOUILLEMENT, LE TRAITEMENT ET L'ANALYSE DES ESSAIS SERONT ACHEVES. DE PLUS, LA FAISABILITE D'APPLIQUER LA METHODOLOGIE MISE AU POINT A L'ECHELLE HUMAINE (MANNEQUIN ET CADAVRE) SERA TESTEE. LES TESTS DE FAISABILITE AVEC MANNEQUINS SERONT ENTAMES. KW - Blessure KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Injuries KW - Manual safety belts KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Thorax KW - Thorax KW - Tolerance (Physiology) KW - Tolerance humaine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018772 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257713 TI - SECURITE DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS ET DE VEHICULES DE TRANSPORT EN COMMUN AB - IL S'AGIT D'ETABLIR LA TYPOLOGIE DES BLESSURES DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS ET DE VEHICULES DE TRANSPORT EN COMMUN, ET DE RECHERCHER LES CAUSES DES BLESSURES QUI SONT LIEES AUX CINEMATIQUES DES OCCUPANTS ET/OU AUX DEFORMATIONS DES HABITACLES. LE TRAVAIL S'EFFECTUERA EN ANALYSANT, POUR CE QUI CONCERNE LES POIDS LOURDS, LES ACCIDENTS AVEC OCCUPANTS BLESSES SURVENANT SUR L'AUTOROUTE A7 ET SUR LE RESEAU ROUTIER DES DEPARTEMENTS DE L'AIN ET DE L'ISERE. POUR CE QUI EST DES CARS, DES DOSSIERS D'ACCIDENTS SURVENANT DANS LE SUD-EST DE LA FRANCE SERONT TRAITES. KW - Blessure KW - Cause KW - Causes KW - Injuries KW - Passager KW - Poids lourd KW - Projet de recherche KW - Public transit KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Transport en commun KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018771 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257712 TI - EVOLUTIONS DE LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE. EVALUATION DE SON EFFICACITE AB - L'OBJECTIF DE CETTE ETUDE EST DE SUIVRE ET D'ANALYSER LES EVOLUTIONS DES SYSTEMES DE RETENTION SUSCEPTIBLES D'ETRE MISES EN PLACE A COURT OU MOYEN TERME. ELLES PEUVENT CONCERNER DES AMELIORATIONS DE CONFORT OU UN ACCROISSEMENT DE L'EFFICACITE OU UNE ADAPTATION A DES CLASSES PARTICULIERES D'OCCUPANTS. PLUSIEURS TYPES D'AMELIORATION DE LA CEINTURE ONT ETE ETUDIES : CEINTURE A ANCRAGE MOBILE AVEC LE SIEGE, CEINTURE A ANCRAGE ADAPTABLE A LA TAILLE DE L'OCCUPANT, CEINTURE A ENROULEUR PYROTECHNIQUE, UTILISATION D'UNE PINCE-DEROULEUR DE SANGLE, CEINTURE A RETRACTEUR AVEC ABSORBEUR D'ENERGIE. UNE SYNTHESE DE TOUS LES DISPOSITIFS TESTES SERA ENTREPRISE SOUS LE DOUBLE ASPECT DE LEUR ACCEPTABILITE (GAIN EN TAUX DE PORT) ET DE LEUR EFFICACITE (GAIN EN PROTECTION). DES ESSAIS DYNAMIQUES EN GRANDEUR REELLE SERONT EFFECTUES POUR TESTER LA PROTECTION EN CHOC FRONTAL DES OCCUPANTS, ASSIS A L'ARRIERE D'UN VEHICULE. LA DEFINITION DES CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES SERA DETERMINEE A PARTIR DE L'ANALYSE DES CONFIGURATIONS GEOMETRIQUES DES CEINTURES AUX PLACES ARRIERE DES VOITURES LES PLUS UTILISEES EN FRANCE ET EN TENANT COMPTE D'AUTRES FACTEURS COMME LA POSSIBILITE DE RABATTRE LE DOSSIER DE LA BANQUETTE, LA PRESENCE D'UNE CHARGE DANS LE COFFRE, ETC. DES ESSAIS DE NOUVEAUX SYSTEMES POURRONT ETRE ENVISAGES COMME L'UTILISATION D'UN DISPOSITIF BLOQUEUR DE SANGLE ASSOCIE A UN RETRACTEUR. ON PROCEDERA A LA SYNTHESE DES RESULTATS OBTENUS EN CE QUI CONCERNE LES PLACES ARRIERE ET ON POURSUIVRA DES ESSAIS DE DISPOSITIFS SPECIAUX. KW - Amelioration KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Efficacite KW - Efficiency KW - Improvements KW - Manual safety belts KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018770 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257711 TI - UTILISATION DE MODELES MATHEMATIQUES DANS LES ETUDES DE MOYENS DE RETENTION AB - L'INTERET DE LA MODELISATION MATHEMATIQUE DANS L'ETUDE DE LA RETENUE DE L'OCCUPANT A ETE MONTRE ET EST MAINTENANT LARGEMENT UTILISE AU NIVEAU INTERNATIONAL. SES APPLICATIONS RECOUVRENT DEUX ORIENTATIONS : COMPLEMENT A L'EXPERIMENTATION ET OUTIL DE RECHERCHE D'UNE MEILLEURE COMPREHENSION DES PHENOMENES PHYSIQUES. CETTE ETUDE A POUR BUT D'APPROFONDIR LES PROBLEMES DE COMPORTEMENT DYNAMIQUE DE L'ENSEMBLE OCCUPANT/SYSTEME DE RETENUE GRACE A LA MODELISATION. L'ACQUISITION ET LA MISE EN PLACE D'UN MODELE BIDIMENSIONNEL A 11 DEGRES DE LIBERTE ONT ETE EFFECTUEES, CE QUI LE REND DESORMAIS OPERATIONNEL. UN TRAVAIL THEORIQUE ET UNE VALIDATION ONT CONDUIT A SON EXTENSION POUR LE CAS D'UNE RETENTION PAR BAUDRIER GONFLABLE ET CELUI D'UN PARE-GENOUX. LA POURSUITE DES APPLICATIONS SE FERA DANS L'ESPRIT D'UN COMPLEMENT A CERTAINES ETUDES DE DISPOSITIFS DE RETENTION. CELA CONCERNE PAR EXEMPLE :1) INFLUENCE DU TYPE MANNEQUIN, DE SA POSITION ET DU REGLAGE DE SES ARTICULATIONS. 2) CONFIGURATIONS NOUVELLES (POIDS LOURDS, CEINTURES ARRIERE, CEINTURES PASSIVES). PAR AILLEURS, LE MODELE DE L'ORGANISME NEERLANDAIS TNO, A TROIS DIMENSIONS, SERA MIS EN PLACE. CELUI-CI PERMETTRA D'ENVISAGER DES SITUATIONS DE CHOC AUTRES QUE LE CHOC FRONTAL. KW - Mathematical models KW - Modele mathematique KW - Passive restraint systems KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Securite passive (systeme) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018769 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257710 TI - PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS ET DE TRANSPORT EN COMMUN AB - LA PROTECTION DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS APPARAIT COMME UNE PREOCCUPATION INTERNATIONALE RECENTE, MOTIVEE PAR UNE DEMANDE DES PROFESSIONNELS EUX-MEMES. LE MOYEN ENVISAGE EST L'ADAPTATION DE LA CEINTURE DE SECURITE DES VEHICULES LEGERS. IL Y A LIEU CEPENDANT DE POSER PLUS GENERALEMENT LE PROBLEME DE LA PROTECTION. CETTE ETUDE A DONC POUR BUT DE MIEUX CERNER LES CONDITIONS DE BLESSURES DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS ET D'ENVISAGER DES MOYENS DE LES REDUIRE. POUR LES TRANSPORTS EN COMMUN, UNE ETUDE APPROFONDIE EST NECESSAIRE POUR DETERMINER LES MEILLEURES CONDITIONS DE PROTECTION. LA PREMIERE PHASE DE L'ETUDE A CONSISTE A RECUEILLIR LES ELEMENTS INDISPENSABLES A UNE BONNE CONNAISSANCE DU PROBLEME, NOTAMMENT EN CE QUI CONCERNE D'UNE PART LES TYPOLOGIES DE LESIONS ET LE FACTEUR LESIONNEL, D'AUTRE PART LES DIFFERENCES POIDS LOURDS/VEHICULES LEGERS QUANT AUX STRUCTURES DE L'HABITACLE. DES PREMIERS CONTACTS ONT ETE PRIS AVEC DES PROFESSIONNELS ROUTIERS POUR SITUER L'IMPORTANCE QU'ILS ACCORDENT A LA RETENTION AU COURS D'UN ACCIDENT DE POIDS LOURD. LA SECONDE PHASE DE L'ETUDE A POUR BUT DE MIEUX CONNAITRE LA CINEMATIQUE DES OCCUPANTS DE POIDS LOURDS AU COURS D'UN CHOC ET D'ESTIMER LE GAIN QU'AURAIT PU APPORTER L'USAGE D'UN SYSTEME DE RETENUE. LA CEINTURE A RETRACTEUR EST UNE DES SOLUTIONS ENVISAGEES AVEC MODIFICATION DE SES CARACTERISTIQUES DE SENSIBILITES AUX ACCELERATIONS-DECELERATIONS ET DE VITESSE DE DEFILEMENT DE LA SANGLE. L'ETUDE DU COMPORTEMENT DYNAMIQUE DE TELS RETRACTEURS SERA EFFECTUEE EN LES COMPARANT A CEUX UTILISES POUR LES VEHICULES LEGERS. ENFIN, L'OPPORTUNITE ET LA POSSIBILITE DE CONCEVOIR DES DISPOSITIFS DE PROTECTION POUR LES OCCUPANTS DE TRANSPORTS EN COMMUN SERONT ABORDEES EN TENANT COMPTE DES MODALITES PARTICULIERES DE CE TYPE DE TRANSPORT. KW - Ceinture de securite KW - Conducteur KW - Drivers KW - Manual safety belts KW - Poids lourd KW - Projet de recherche KW - Public transit KW - Research projects KW - Transport en commun KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018768 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257709 TI - DISPOSITIFS DE RETENUE EN RASE CAMPAGNE OU APPLICATIONS PARTICULIERES AB - LES OBJECTIFS GENERAUX DE L'ETUDE SONT LES SUIVANTS: REALISER DES ETUDES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES, THEORIQUES ET TECHNIQUES CONCERNANT L'AMENAGEMENT DES OBSTACLES OU LA MISE AU POINT DE DISPOSITIFS DE RETENUE; ORGANISER LA REALISATION DES EVENTUELLES INFRASTRUCTURES, REALISER DES ESSAIS PRELIMINAIRES ET DEVELOPPER LES MESURES SUR LES ESSAIS DYNAMIQUES; EXPLOITER LES RESULTATS D'ESSAIS EN VUE DE L'HOMOLOGATION OU D'ETUDE D'AMELIORATION; ASSISTER LA DIRECTION DES ROUTES ET DE LA CIRCULATION ROUTIERE POUR LA MISE EN APPLICATION DE DISPOSITIFS NOUVEAUX. KW - Bibliographie KW - Bibliographies KW - Essai KW - Glissiere de securite KW - Guardrails KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Rural areas KW - Tests KW - Zone rurale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018767 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257708 TI - RECONNAISSANCE DE LA CONTRIBUTION DES FACTEURS ROUTE DANS LA GENESE DES ACCIDENTS. APPLICATION A DES ITINERAIRES DE RASE CAMPAGNE AB - L'OBJECTIF DE CETTE ETUDE EST DE METTRE EN EVIDENCE L'INCIDENCE SUR LES ACCIDENTS DES DEFAUTS ET COMBINAISONS DE DEFAUTS DE L'INFRASTRUCTURE AFIN DE DECRIRE LES SITUATIONS POSANT PROBLEME, ET ULTERIEUREMENT DE FORMULER DES REGLES DE CONCEPTION, D'AMENAGEMENT ET D'ENTRETIEN OU D'EQUIPEMENT DES ITINERAIRES DE RASE CAMPAGNE. L'ETUDE REALISEE EN 1978 SUR L'ITINERAIRE LOURDES, TARBES, BAYONNE A MONTRE QU'UNE ACTION SUR L'INFRASTRUCTURE EST SUSCEPTIBLE D'APPORTER SA CONTRIBUTION A L'AMELIORATION DE LA SECURITE. IL RESTE A CONSOLIDER LA PORTEE DE CETTE ANALYSE EN L'APPLIQUANT A UNE GAMME SUFFISANTE DE SITUATIONS POUR LA RENDRE REPRESENTATIVE. LES AUTORISATIONS DE MISE A DISPOSITION DES PROCEDURES ACCIDENTS ONT ETE OBTENUES. L'ITINERAIRE D'ETUDE EST LA RN 20. UNE TYPOLOGIE DES DEPARTEMENTS SELON LEURS CARACTERISTIQUES ACCIDENTS A MONTRE QUE CEUX-CI POURRAIENT ETRE CLASSES EN 8 GROUPES. LES DEPARTEMENTS TRAVERSES PAR LA RN 20 CONCERNENT 5 DE CES GROUPES. ON VISE MAINTENANT A RENDRE REPRESENTATIF LE TRAVAIL DEJA EFFECTUE EN ANALYSANT LES DIFFERENTS TYPES D'INFRASTRUCTURE. KW - Accident KW - Amelioration KW - Amenagement KW - Crashes KW - Improvements KW - Layout KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Securite KW - Zone rurale UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018766 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257707 TI - NATURE, FREQUENCE ET GRAVITE DES SORTIES DE CHAUSSEE ET DES HEURTS D'OBSTACLES AU COURS D'ACCIDENTS SUR AUTOROUTES (RECUEIL DES INFORMATIONS) AB - CETTE RECHERCHE A POUR BUT DE DETERMINER LES AMENAGEMENTS OU EQUIPEMENTS A PROMOUVOIR POUR AMELIORER LA SECURITE SECONDAIRE DANS LE CAS DE SORTIES DE CHAUSSEE. A LA PRESENTATION ANNUELLE, CONCERNANT LES ACCIDENTS TOUS VEHICULES SUR A6 ET A7, SERA ASSOCIE UN TRAVAIL SPECIFIQUE SUR LES POIDS LOURDS. KW - Accident KW - Autoroute KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Freeways KW - Gravite (accid, blessure) KW - Hazards KW - Obstacle KW - Obstructions (Navigation) KW - Poids lourd KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018765 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257706 TI - ELABORATION D'UN TABLEAU SYNOPTIQUE DES CONDITIONS DE DELIVRANCE DES PERMIS DE CONDUIRE A L'ETRANGER AB - POUR PERMETTRE DE COMPARER LES CONDITIONS DE DELIVRANCE DU PERMIS DE CONDUIRE EN FRANCE ET DANS LES PAYS ETRANGERS, ON CHERCHE A RECENSER, POUR CHAQUE PAYS :1) - LA DEFINITION DES DIFFERENTS TYPES DE PERMIS, EN FONCTION DES VEHICULES QU'ILS AUTORISENT A CONDUIRE; 2) - LES CONDITIONS REQUISES POUR OBTENIR OU RENOUVELER UN PERMIS DE CONDUIRE; 3) - LA LISTE DES INCAPACITES PHYSIQUES ET MENTALES LIMITANT OU MODIFIANT L'OBTENTION DU PERMIS. KW - Driver licenses KW - Examen medical KW - France KW - France KW - International KW - International KW - Legislation KW - Legislation KW - Medical examinations and tests KW - Permis de conduire KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018764 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01257705 TI - ETUDE DETAILLEE D'ACCIDENTS ORIENTEE SUR LA SECURITE PRIMAIRE AB - L'OBJECTIF DE CETTE ETUDE EST D'ANALYSER EN TEMPS REEL DES ACCIDENTS DE LA ROUTE POUR DEFINIR DES ORIENTATIONS DE RECHERCHES, D'ETUDES, D'ACTION ET DE FORMATION EN SECURITE PRIMAIRE, A PARTIR DU SITE D'INTERVENTION DU SERVICE MEDICAL D'URGENCE ET DE REANIMATION DE SALON-DE-PROVENCE. IL A PARU SOUHAITABLE DE LANCER UNE ETUDE PROCHE SUR LE PLAN METHODOLOGIQUE DE L'ETUDE CLINIQUE REALISEE IL Y A QUELQUES ANNEES, MAIS PLUS ORIENTEE VERS UNE ANALYSE D'UN NOMBRE RESTREINT DE PARAMETRES, AYANT UN CARACTERE D'ENQUETE PERMANENTE ET POUVANT ETRE MODULEE CHAQUE ANNEE EN FONCTION DES ENJEUX JUGES PRIORITAIRES. ELLE DEVRAIT PERMETTRE :1) - DE DEVELOPPER L'ETAT DES CONNAISSANCES EN SECURITE PRIMAIRE PAR LA FORMULATION D'UN CORPS D'HYPOTHESES, ISSU DE L'ANALYSE DE LA GENESE DES ACCIDENTS, POUR VALIDER ET REFORMULER LES HYPOTHESES RETENUES DANS LES DIFFERENTS SCHEMAS D'ANALYSE; 2) - DE CONSTITUER UNE BANQUE DE DONNEES DETAILLEES SUR LES ACCIDENTS DE NATURE A AIDER LA RECHERCHE, LES ETUDES, LES DECISIONS; 3) - DE DEFINIR DES ORIENTATIONS D'ACTIONS A PARTIR DE L'ANALYSE ET DE LA CONFRONTATION DES DIFFERENTS FACTEURS; 4) - DE CONTRIBUER A LA FORMATION DES PERSONNES CONCERNEES PAR LA SECURITE ROUTIERE EN METTANT A PROFIT LA VALEUR PEDAGOGIQUE DE LA RECONSTITUTION DU DEROULEMENT DES ACCIDENTS ET DE L'INTERACTION DES DIFFERENTES VARIABLES ET HYPOTHESES EN JEU. KW - Amelioration KW - Enquete sur place (accid) KW - Improvements KW - On the scene crash investigation KW - Projet de recherche KW - Research projects KW - Safety KW - Securite UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1018763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581040 AU - Mar, Brian W AU - Ferguson, John F AU - Welch, Eugene B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Year 3 - Runoff Water Quality, August 1979 - August 1980 PY - 1981/01//Interim Report SP - 23p AB - This report summarizes findings detailed in Report Nos. 4 and 5 plus the work of Zawlocki on trace organics in highway runoff. Several hundred compounds, tentatively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), were grouped into nine categories, which were not mutually exclusive. Major components of these categories were petroleum products used by vehicles and incompletely combusted hydrocarbons. The concentrations of these trace organics groups were low compared to criteria proposed for protection of aquatic life. KW - Aquatic life KW - Highways KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Organic compounds KW - Petroleum products KW - Runoff KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455007 AU - Verkade, Stephen Dunning AU - Hamilton, David Foster AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Use of Mycorrhizal Inoculation for Plant Establishment on Highway Sites : Interim Report PY - 1981/01 SP - 23p AB - Three highway soils were tested for presence of spores from mycorrhizal fungi. A newly disturbed soil had virtually no mycorrhizal spores present, while a soil successfully revegetated with herbaceous species and one revegetated with herbaceous and woody species had very high numbers of mycorrhizal spores. Compatibility of plants, commonly used in highway plantings, with mycorrhizal fungi was also examined. Growth of Liriodendron tulipifera was promoted by association with Glomus fasciculatus , and growth of Ligustrum obtusifolia Regelianum was promoted by Glomus mosseae. However, growth of Acer platanoides and Lolium perenne were not improved by mycorrhizal association with G. fasciculatus. Growth of Forsythia intermedia was not improved by association with G. mosseae. Other fungi symbionts may promote the growth of these plants. Inoculum for plants used in highway plantings should include many species of fungi, to compensate for any host specificity. Mycorrhizae increase the growth and survival of plants by improving nutrient and moisture uptake. Development of inoculation programs for plants to be used in highway plantings could result in substantial savings of money spent for establishment of landscape plants in the revegetation of disturbed sites. KW - Fungal inoculation KW - Fungi KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Mycorrhizal fungi KW - Planting KW - Revegetation KW - Roadside flora KW - Soil tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314034 UR - Use of Mycorrhizal Inoculation for Plant Establishment on Highway Sites : Interim Report UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455003 AU - Yoder, Eldon J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a System for the Evaluation of Pavements in Indiana : Summary Report PY - 1981/01 SP - 30p AB - The Indiana Department of Highways is presently setting up a Pavement Management System. As a part of this personnel at Purdue University in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Highways Research and Training Center has conducted a research project on methods for evaluating pavements utilizing roughness data and deflection data. For this research four types of pavements were evaluated; flexible, overlay, jointed reinforced concrete and continuously reinforced concrete. The basic unit evaluated in the study is the construction contract and the research is based on using the road meter and Dynaflect for obtaining field data. Documentation for the research is contained in two Interim Reports submitted to the IDOH and FHWA. This report summarizes the important conclusions arrived at in the overall study. A brief review of events leading up to the research along with the basic framework for a Pavement Management System to be used in Indiana is presented. Recommendations have been made on the number of tests to be made, location of tests and time of testing. This information can be used by the state as input data in their potential management system. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana KW - Jointed plain concrete pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement management systems KW - Testing UR - http://archive.org/details/developmentofsys00yode UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2387&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314039 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455002 AU - Etzel, James E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Treatment of Sanitary Wastes at Interstate Rest Areas PY - 1981/01 SP - 103p AB - Research data on a prototype system using a fabric filter for removal of activated sludge from treated effluent combined with information on traffic flows, water use, and wastewater characteristics of reststops was used to design a treatment system. The Northbound lane of this system involved stream discharge of effluent. The Southbound interstate used biological treatment with a recycle concept for flushing water. After construction, numerous difficulties were encountered. These problems became serious enough to make a decision on whether to abandon the project or to modify the systems to correct the original design oversights and misuse of materials necessary. Redesign was done and use of a filtration type system continued. The new systems were continued in operation for a full year with minimum difficulties. The effluent from the non-recycle system gave high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values because of nitrification. Nitrification was so high conventional means for inhibiting it were not sufficient but tripling of the inhibition material produced results which were nearer the true BOD. The recycle system had none of the previous problems of odor or color in the flushing water and used only 15% of the water for the non-recycle system. The data accumulated clearly shows the systems are worthy of further consideration and subsequent evaluation. During the first six months of 1981 (the initial non-supervised period of operation) operating difficulties due to system piping changes and less than adequate supervision were experienced but were eventually corrected and the system proved operational, KW - Biochemical oxygen demand KW - Filtration KW - Interstate highways KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sewage treatment UR - http://archive.org/details/treatmentofsanit00etze UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314029 UR - Treatment of Sanitary Wastes at Interstate Rest Areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455001 AU - Senbetta, Ephraim AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Laboratory Technique to Quantify Concrete Curing PY - 1981/01 SP - 190p AB - Proper curing of newly placed concrete is essential if desirable qualities and expected durability of the hardened concrete are to be realized. Curing is particularly important for concrete structures such as pavements that have a large surface area. Review of the literature indicates that there is no satisfactory method by which the effectiveness of a certain curing method or material and the resulting quality of the concrete can be evaluated during or after the curing period. The indirect test methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid membrane forming and sheet-like curing aids have been a subject of controversy owing to their inconsistency and lack of reproducibility. This investigation was concerned with devising a direct, reliable, and sensitive test method by which the effectiveness of the curing of concrete can be evaluated. Being able to distinguish between well and poorly cured concrete by examining physical characteristics exhibited by the concrete in question is essential to control the quality of the curing process during construction and to identify curing related problems in concrete that is experiencing difficulty. In this study mortar was used rather than concrete in order to maximize the amount of cement paste and to reduce the effect of the size of the aggregates on the relatively small test specimens. The test methods selected were: The absorptivity test, which is indicative of the pore structure of the paste, nonevaporable water determination, which is an indicator of the extent of hydration of the cement, and the abrasion test: (ASTM C418) , which is a measure of the strength development of the surface region. KW - Abrasion tests KW - Absorptivity KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Quantification KW - Test procedures UR - http://archive.org/details/developmentoflab00senb UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2385&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314037 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454999 AU - Bigane, Anne Marie AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Investigation of the Final Construction Record Procedure for the Indiana State Highway Commission PY - 1981/01 SP - 544p AB - Upon completion of a project for the Indiana State Highway Commission, all construction pay quantities must be documented and checked. This material and other pertinent information constitute the Final Construction Record. The information in this record is used by several departments including Accounting, Design and Development. Currently the Final Construction Record is prepared using the Indiana State Highway Commission (ISHC) 1970 Construction Record Guide for Road, Bridge, Maintenance and Traffic Contracts. Included in this guide are examples of all of the necessary forms and procedures needed to verify the final construction quantities. The Final Construction Record is prepared by the Project Engineer or Supervisor and then submitted to the District Review Officer for review. The reviewed record is then forwarded to the Central Office in Indianapolis for final approval. The Final Construction Record is greatly relied upon and essential to the acceptance of the final pay quantities for an ISHC construction project. Because of the importance of the Record and its varied uses, it is essential that the material in it be presented in the most accurate and efficient manner. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate and update the current Construction Record Guide . In order to attain the objective of the investigation, several goals were identified. The first goal was to review the ISHC 1970 Construction Record Guide for Road , Bridge, Maintenance and Traffic Contracts thoroughly. The second goal was to review the current methods of completing the Final Construction Record in each of the districts. This was accomplished through interviews with the staff of the ISHC Construction Division and with the District Review Officers for each of the six districts. The information obtained through these interviews was compiled and discussed with the ISHC Construction Division Personnel. The final recommendations made by the researcher are contained in this report. The final recommendations were compiled in the form of the Construction Record Guide, 1981 Revision attached as an appendix of this report. KW - Administrative procedures KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Indiana KW - Indiana State Highway Commission KW - Recordkeeping UR - An Investigation of the Final Construction Record Procedure for the Indiana State Highway Commission UR - http://archive.org/details/investigationoff00biga UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314030 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01396937 AU - Blauvelt, A A AU - Klein, R H AU - Peters, R A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Research and Development TI - Instrumentation for measuring pavement-vehicle interaction, vol I: system description, operation, calibration, and maintenance manual PY - 1981/01 IS - FHWA-RD-80/075 SP - 78p KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Rolling contact KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle pavement interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343584 AU - Miller, A C AU - White, E L AU - Veon, W W AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - A PROCEDURE TO PREDICT SEDIMENT FLOW FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES, VOLUME I PY - 1981/01 SP - 135 p. AB - The disturbance of land by construction is almost invariably accompanied by sudden, sometimes drastic increases in potenial for soil erosion. The amount of sediment eroded and delivered to a stream should be minimized within practical economic limits. The degree of control will vary depending upon the location of the construction site and the consequences of increased sediment to the local environment. Effective erosion control begins in the planning and location of the highway route. Control of water and knowledge of the soils to be encountered are basic in determining measures for preventing erosion and the movement of sediment. If a highway location is selected with consideration of problems associated with these basic elements, erosion problems during construction will be greatly reduced. This report presents a prediction method to determine soil erosion from highway construction sites. The method utilizes a regression type equation developed from actual data collected from three central Pennsylvania highway location sites. The developed equation is similar to the Universal Soil Loss Equation and is used to predict erosion on a per storm basis. KW - Construction KW - Earthwork KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Highways KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rainfall KW - Route surveys KW - Sediments KW - Soils KW - Surface drainage KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343585 AU - Miller, A C AU - White, E L AU - Veon, W AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - A PROCEDURE TO PREDICT SEDIMENT FLOW FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES VOLUME II PY - 1981/01 SP - 49 p. AB - The Hydrology Laboratory of The Pennsylvania State University in a cooperative effort with the U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Highway Administration, and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation was given the task of digitizing stream flow data, sediment graphs, turbidity hydrographs, and rainfall mass curves as measured downstream from highway construction sites. The purpose was to create a data bank that would be used in developing a sediment-predictive method for highway construction sites in Pennsylvania and be a source of information for other researchers. Besides the hydrologic data many construction parameters were also included (e.g. phase of construction, season of the year, type of soil, area cleared and grubbed). Sediment in streams resulting from highway construction was monitored for 11 sites within three different drainage basins in central Pennsylvania. Rainfall, stream flow (stage versus time), sediment concentration, and turbidity hydrographs have been evaluated for a number of storm events. Stream and sediment gauging to record flows and collect samples was done at prescribed intervals; intervals were smaller when there were rapid changes. Therefore, the runoff, sediment, and turbidity hydrographs were accurate to + or - 15 minutes. Stream flow data were available before, during, and following construction. In addition, one gauged watershed within each of the three drainage basins had no construction within the basin and was used as a control. KW - Construction KW - Earthwork KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Highways KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rainfall KW - Route surveys KW - Sediments KW - Soils KW - Surface drainage KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343555 AU - Bierschwale, M W AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - FIELD TESTS AND NEW DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR LATERALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFTS IN CLAY PY - 1981/01 SP - 131 p. AB - Lateral load tests were conducted on three drilled shafts in predominantly CH soil. Shaft sizes varied from 30 in. (760 mm) to 36 in. (910 mm) in diameter and 15 ft. (4.6 m) to 20 ft. (6.1 m) in length. Loads were applied incrementally at a point 2.6 ft. (790 mm) above the ground surface. Duration of the tests was 57, 24 and 205 days. Measurements of lateral earth pressure at various points along the length of the shaft, displacement near the ground surface, and rotation in the plane of loading were obtained for each increment of load. Additional data on five shafts tested under similar conditions were obtained from the literature. Based upon an analysis of the test data, the ultimate lateral load capacity of a rigid shaft was defined as the load required to produce a shaft rotation of 2 degrees. This definition was used to obtain an empirical correlation of rotation with lateral load. A correlation of the coefficient of ultimate resistance at the groundline, Np, with soil shear strength was also made. A design procedure utilizing the two correlations was developed. Several analytical methods described in the literature were used to calculate the capacity of the eight test shafts. The results were compared with computed capacities obtained by use of the design procedure developed for this research study. KW - Clay KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earth pressure KW - Field tests KW - Foundations KW - Lateral pressure KW - Properties of materials KW - Shaft sinking KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343560 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - Samdahl, D R AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PRIORITY TREATMENTS FOR HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES PY - 1981/01 SP - 125 p. AB - This report presents evaluation summaries of 27 priority treatment projects for high occupancy vehicles (HOV's). The projects evaluated consist of contraflow; concurrent flow and physically separated HOV lane treatments on both grade separated and surface street facilities. In addition, priority HOV ramps, bus signal preemption, priority HOV parking facilities and toll pricing strategies are covered. The evaluations include project descriptions, locations and characteristics plus presentations of key project impacts. Summary tables and discussions compare these findings with updated characteristics and impacts of 14 additional projects evaluated in an earlier study document, Priority Treatment for High Occupancy Vehicles: Project Status Report (March 1977). A detailed bibliography is cross-referenced to each project. These results provide a base from which to evaluate ongoing and future HOV priority treatments. KW - Expressways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Parking facilities KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343745 AU - McKerall, W C AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Teague, D J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - ANALYSIS OF FLY ASHES PRODUCED IN TEXAS PY - 1981/01 SP - 107 p. AB - Five fly ashes produced in Texas from sub-bituminous coals and lignites were analyzed in terms of variability and their effect on fresh properties of mortars. As these fly ashes contain significant quantities of CaO, a rapid and reliable method of determining the total CaO content was developed. Using the CaO Heat Evolution Test, the CaO content can be determined in a field laboratory in less than 10 minutes. The Texas fly ashes, although somewhat variable, exhibit excellent properties for use as a partial lime replacement in soil stabilization and as a partial portland cement replacement in concrete. Extremely strong correlations were found between many of the physical characteristics and chemical properties of the five fly ashes. KW - Additives KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chemical tests KW - Concrete KW - Fly ash KW - Performance tests KW - Portland cement KW - Sampling KW - Soil stabilization KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343071 AU - Vallette, G R AU - McDivitt, J A AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAMS - A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE PY - 1981/01 SP - 218 p. AB - The objective of the research was to develop pedestrian safety program which cities can use as guidelines for pedestrian safety program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The basis of these guidelines is the synthesis of the pedestrian-related literature from 1966 through 1977 and the operational experiences of several American municipalities with successful ongoing pedestrian safety efforts. Part 1 of the report presents the results of a review process of pedestrian literature. Part 2 reports on the city selection methodology. The AAA Pedestrian Safety Inventory, which was used as the initial data base of cities with pedestrian safety programs is described. The methodology for identifying regional, populational, and socioeconomically representative cities is then outlined. KW - Children KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - City planning KW - Coordination KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Law enforcement KW - Pedestrians KW - Project management KW - Safety KW - Schools KW - Streets KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25600/25600/FHWA-RD-80-190.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343064 AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT-VEHICLE INTERACTION PY - 1981/01 SP - 483p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00344407 AU - Gamble, J AU - California Department of Motor Vehicles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOLOGIC HAZARDS AND THEIR RELATION TO PLANNING, LOCATION, AND DESIGN OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES PY - 1981/01 SP - 325 p. AB - The description, evaluation, and mitigation of geologic hazards on transportation facilities are an important part of the environmental review process. The geologic hazards that are frequently encountered are described, together with field methods for efficiently obtaining the information required for recognition and subsequent documentation of these hazards in a Geologic Hazard Report. The need for District planners to recognize possible geologic hazards on a proposed project at an early stage is emphasized. The principle purpose of a Geologic Hazard Report is to facilitate preparation of the environmental document required for project. Failure of environmental report writers to fully utilize this material results in negative comments by reviewers of the draft copy, thus resulting in delays in achieving an approval of a final draft of Environmental Impact Statements or Negative Declarations. KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Geologic processes KW - Hazards KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343724 AU - Carey, D E AU - Paul, H R AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF MODIFIED ASPHALT PY - 1981/01 SP - 53 p. AB - Quality aggregate availability in southern Louisiana has reached an alarmingly low level, while naturally occurring materials (sands) have been ignored due to their poor structural properties. Recent research reported by Chem-Crete Corporation indicates that structural properties of sand mixes incorporating Chem-Crete binder compare favorably with dense-graded asphaltic concrete. This binder, processed according to a new refinery technique, is purported to improve asphalt properties such as strength, durability, temperature susceptibility and water resistance. These attributes and other properties of sand/Chem-Crete mixes are examined in this report. Generally, upon curing, sand mixes utilizing Chem-Crete binder demonstrated properties equal to or superior to Louisiana's dense-graded Type 1 asphaltic concrete (1200-lb. stability). KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Binders KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Flexible pavements KW - Strength of materials KW - Waterproofing UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20142.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343015 AU - Schulze, L W AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF EARTH PRESSURE ON A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL PY - 1981/01 SP - 107 p. AB - Field observations of the performance of an 11-ft (3.4-m) high cantilever wall on clay soil retaining a highway embankment in Houston, Texas were obtained. Measurements of wall translation and tilt, lateral earth pressure on the back face and bearing pressure on the footing were made periodically throughout a one-year period. Data acquisition began immediately after wall construction; data were obtained before, during and after placement of the select sand backfill. Measured lateral and bearing pressures were compared with calculated values obtained by published analytical methods, including the well-known Rankine and Coulomb theories of lateral earth pressure. Measured lateral pressures were integrated to obtain the resultant force on the wall. The resultant force was also computed by Culmann's graphical method fo comparison with the value obtained by integration. Surcharge effects were studied by comparing the pressures and forces acting on the wall before and after placement of clay above the select sand backfill. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Data collection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Footings KW - Highways KW - Lateral pressure KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Retaining walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460122 AU - Saag, J B AU - Leisch, J E AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION ON ROADWAY GEOMETRIC CAUSAL FACTORS PY - 1981/01 SP - 141 p. AB - This report examines relationships between roadway design features and vehicle class in order to attribute the use of roadway design features and their estimated cost to those classes of vehicles that need or are particularly accommodated by each design element. Vehicle width, height, length and performance are analyzed for association with geometric design elements. Through a screening process, it has been determined that there are significant relationships between vehicle width and width of pavement and shoulders; vehicle height and vertical clearances (including interchanges); and vehicle performance (weight-horsepower ratio) and vertical alignment in rolling and mountainous terrain. Equations are developed to determine the cost effects of variable vehicle characteristics as they pertain to cost of right-of-way and utility adjustments; grading and drainage; base and surface; and structures. KW - Alignment KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Geometric design KW - Grading KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Height KW - Highway drainage KW - Highways KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Structures KW - Surface drainage KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle size KW - Vertical alignment KW - Vertical clearance KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392130 AU - Owen, G N AU - Schott, R E AU - URS Blume (John A) and Associates, Engineers AU - National Science Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING OF LARGE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES PY - 1981/01 SP - 287 p. AB - This study identifies and evaluates the current state of the art of earthquake engineering of transportation tunnels and other large underground structures. A review of the past performance of 127 underground openings during earthquakes indicates that underground structures in general are less severely affected than surface structures at the same geographic location. However, some severe damage, including collapse, has been reported. Stability of tunnels during seismic motion is affected by peak ground motion parameters, earthquake duration, type of support, ground conditions, and in situ stresses. The literature on the nature of underground seismic motion is reviewed in detail. Although recorded underground motions tend to substantiate the idea that motion does reduce with depth, amplification at depth has been observed. The current procedures used in the seismic design of underground structures vary greatly depending upon the type of structure and the ground conditions. Procedures for subaqueous tunnels are fairly well formulated; however, procedures for structures in soil and rock are not as well formulated. Numerical procedures to predict dynamic stresses are not completely compatible with current static design procedures, which are more strongly affected by empirical methods than by stress-prediction models. Recommended research activities include the systematic reconnaissance of underground structures following major earthquakes, the placement of instrumentation for recording seismic motion in tunnels, analytical studies of underground motion, and the further development of seismic design procedures for structures in soil and rock. (Author) KW - Design methods KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Reviews KW - Rock tunneling KW - Rocks KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Underground structures KW - Underwater construction KW - Underwater structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376584 AU - Thompson, P L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF IMPROVED INLETS FOR CULVERTS USING PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS PY - 1981/01 SP - 132 p. AB - The programable calculator as a culvert designing tool offers many desirable features. Compared with the hand method, the calculator is more accurate, less time consuming, and eliminates all the searching through charts and nomographs. In one quarter of the time it takes to design one culvert by hand, the designer could use the calculator to design the culvert, checking four or five different sizes to find the best one, while also evaluating several inlet configurations including both side- and slope-tapered inlets. In an office where it is not feasible to use a computer for culvert design, the programable calculator becomes a desirable alternative. The accuracy remains the same, and the calculator method offers a segment by segment design approach. This method allows the culvert design parameters to be changed as the design is proceeding along. The procedure herein covers both box and circular pipe culverts and follows the culvert design methods presented in "Hydraulic Design of Improved Inlets for Culverts," Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 13 (HEC 13), dated August 1972. The programs begin with the computation of tailwater, proceed through the design of the culvert barrel, and conclude with the design of the culvert inlet most applicable to the site. The programs produce detailed inlet dimensions, performance curve data, and the outlet velocity. Since the procedure is subdivided into a series of programs, the designer may enter the sequence at any point, provided the necessary input data is available, and obtain the desired results. These box and pipe culvert programs have been written for use on the Texas Instrument-59 calculator. It is expected that with the equations, examples, and program listings, a designer will be able to write similar programs for any other calculator he may have available. Terminology used in this publication assumes that the designer is familiar with HEC 13 and understands the principles and design philosophy expressed therein. (Author) KW - Box culverts KW - Computer aided design KW - Culvert inlets KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Pipe culverts KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377233 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Stockton, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN OF DYNAMIC VISUAL AND AUDIO DISPLAYS FOR METROPOLITAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. VOL.3--HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO PY - 1981/01 SP - n.p. AB - This study was concerned with the development of recommendations for the design of dynamic visual displays (Changeable Message Signs) and auditory displays (Highway Advisory Radio) for use in managing traffic in metropolitan areas. This volume presents the results and recommendations of in-situ and field studies aimed at validating findings from previous HAR laboratory studies. Specific areas investigated were as follows: (1) Language style; (2) Information load (message length and number of components); (3) Redundancy; (4) Description of alternate routes; and (5) Advance road sign for radio tuning. In-situ studies were conducted in San Antonio, Texas using 6-, 8-, and 10-unit diversion routes. Field studies were conducted in New Braunfels, Texas during the annual Wurstfest Festival. The event attracts people from several cities in Texas. An HAR system was used to divert Wurstfest traffic to a less congested route. This volume is the third in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 1-FHWA/RD-81/039 Summary Report; and Volume 2-FHWA/RD-81/040 Dynamic Visual Displays. (FHWA) KW - Audible delineators KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Highway advisory KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Insitu methods KW - Radio KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377232 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Williams, R D AU - Koppa, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN OF DYNAMIC VISUAL AND AUDITORY DISPLAYS FOR METROPOLITAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. VOL. 2--DYNAMIC VISUAL DISPLAYS PY - 1981/01 SP - n.p. AB - The study was concerned with the development of recommendations for the design of dynamic visual displays (Changeable Message Signs) and auditory displays (Highway Advisory Radio) for use in managing traffic in metropolitan areas. This volume presents the results of laboratory, proving ground, and in-situ controlled field studies aimed at developing recommendations for dynamic displays. In this research, bulb and disk matrix signs were investigated, but the design recommendations apply to dynamic displays in general. Specific areas investigated were as follows: (1) Message factors; (2) Character factors; (3) Accentuation factors; (4) Dynamic factors; (5) Visibility factors; and (6) Credibility. This volume is the second in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 1-FHWA/RD-81/039 Summary Report; and Volume 3-FHWA/RD-81/041 Highway Advisory Radio. (FHWA) KW - Audible delineators KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Field studies KW - Highway advisory KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Laboratory studies KW - Radio KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335985 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - Samdahl, D R AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PRIORITY TREATMENTS FOR HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLES PY - 1981/01 SP - 122 p. AB - This report presents evaluation summaries of 27 priority treatment projects for high occupancy vehicles (HOV's). The projects evaluated consist of contraflow; concurrent flow and physically separated HOV lane treatments on both grade separated and surface street facilities. In addition, priority HOV ramps, bus signal preemption, priority HOV parking facilities and toll pricing strategies are covered. The evaluations include project descriptions, locations and characteristics plus presentations of key project impacts. Summary tables and discussions compare these findings with updated characteristics and impacts of 14 additional projects evaluated in an earlier study document, Priority Treatment for High Occupancy Vehicles: Project Status Report (March 1977). A detailed bibliography is cross-referenced to each project. These results provide a base from which to evaluate ongoing and future HOV priority treatments. (FHWA) KW - Bibliographies KW - Buses KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Evaluation KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Lane separator KW - Parking KW - Pricing KW - Priority treatment KW - Ramps KW - Tolls KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349482 AU - Poppe, J B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS: SUMMARY PY - 1981/01 SP - n.p. AB - With the objective of determining factors which contribute to cracking of concrete bridge decks, projects were undertaken to explore the effects of different concrete strike off machines, effects of different timing of application of finish floating and texturing, effects of different methods and timing of concrete curing, and effects of different water contents in the concrete. Variations in the amount and location of the top layer of deck longitudinal reinforcing steel were investigated. Reinforcement placing and support techniques resulting in a flexible mat were compared to those resulting in a rigid mat. Flexible forms, absorbent forms, and forms with large gaps were compared with tight, rigid forms. Effects of air entrainment and a water reducing agent were investigated. The effects of thickening decks were studied, as were the advantages of using shrinkage compensated cement in the deck concrete. The effects of traffic were evaluated. Effects on the quality of the decks were related to abrasion loss of the deck surfaces, the friction factor of the deck surfaces, and the amount of cracking which developed in the decks. A crack index was developed to permit numerical comparisons of cracking between the various decks studied. The planned variables had little or no effect on abrasion loss or friction factor. Deck cracking was affected more by timing and quality of cure than by any other variable. (FHWA) KW - Abrasions KW - Air entrainment KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Durability KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Moisture content KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Shrinkage KW - Texture KW - Traffic KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365065 AU - Faulkner, MJS AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - MOVING MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS ON TEXAS URBAN FREEWAYS: A LIMITED OVERVIEW OF CURRENT PRACTICES AND PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION PY - 1981/01 SP - 39 p. AB - This report documents problem areas identified during the observation of five moving maintenance operations on urban freeways in Texas. The operations included striping and the installation of raised pavement markers. The problems were grouped into two categories; freeway design related and operational problems. The problem areas that are discussed in this report are entrance and exit ramps, major interchanges, and horizontal and vertical curvature, improper use of arrowboards, lack of uniform procedures for freeway entry and exit, large spacing between caravan vehicles, and unnecessary lane blockage by the caravan. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interchanges KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Marking KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Striping KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347822 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Turner, D S AU - Rogness, R O AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - OPERATIONAL AND SAFETY EFFECTS OF DRIVING ON PAVED SHOULDERS IN TEXAS PY - 1981/01 SP - 218 p. AB - Paved shoulders in Texas are used by many drivers for making a large variety of traffic maneuvers and for satisfying numerous driving task demands. Unfortunately, there is little information as to the types and frequencies of this usage and the impacts and conditions under which they occur. This report documents research that was directed at providing answers to these questions. A combination questionnaire and personal interview technique was used to gain additional insight into this issue. The study also investigated driver preferences for and experiences with shoulder usage. Accident histories were determined for three different types of rural Texas highways - two-lane without paved shoulder roadways, two-lane with paved shoulder roadways and undivided four-lane without paved shoulder roadways. Data were collected on 21,000 vehicles at 18 different sites. Recommendations for more efficiently utilizing and controlling paved shoulder usage are presented. KW - Behavior KW - Crash rates KW - Drivers KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Paved shoulders KW - Questionnaires KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural areas KW - Shoulder usage KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345097 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A NUCLEAR GAGE FOR CONTROLLING THE CONSOLIDATION OF FRESH CONCRETE PY - 1981/01 SP - 28 p. AB - This study evaluated the use of a nuclear gage for controlling the consolidation of in-place, fresh portland cement concrete. The gage was used in the backscatter mode on low-slump concrete overlays and in both the backscatter and direct transmission modes on continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It was found that the nuclear gage gave readings comparable to the standard unit weight values. However, concretes from both the deck and the pavement indicated the presence of coarse voids in amounts exceeding those found in adequately consolidated concretes. Thus, it was concluded that because of the normal variability in density resulting from variations in the grading and amounts of individual ingredients of concrete mixtures, including the air content, the nuclear gage measurements cannot detect small but detrimental amounts of large voids resulting from inadequate consolidation. The presence of an appreciable amount of honeycombing or excessive air entrainment would be detected by nuclear density measurements however. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Air entrainment KW - Consolidations KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Control KW - Nuclear phenomena KW - Nuclear powered ships KW - Nutrient content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36434/81-R41.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346185 AU - Richards, S H AU - Huddleston AU - Bowman, J D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - DRIVER UNDERSTANDING OF WORK ZONE FLAGGER SIGNALS AND SIGNALING DEVICES PY - 1981/01 SP - 39 p. AB - The report documents the results of a human factors laboratory study conducted in Texas to evaluate driver understanding of 13 work zone flagger signals. A total of 123 motorists participated in the study, with 23 to 73 motorists viewing each signal. The signals evaluated included: (1) seven standard signals recommended in the 1980 Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), (2) two signals recommended in the 1973 Texas MUTCD but not included in the 1980 Texas MUTCD, (3) two signals recommended for use by police, and (4) two non-standard signals which combined standard signals from the 1980 Texas MUTCD. A STOP-SLOW sign paddle, red flag, and/or hand motions were used to perform the various signals. KW - Automobiles KW - Clothing KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Flags KW - Human factors KW - Perception KW - Signal devices KW - Surveys KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signals KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00346195 AU - GRIMALDI, A F AU - Miller, L G AU - Schmerl, H AU - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TRIAL WITH SULPHUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT (SEA) BINDERS, PORT AUTHORITY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1981/01 SP - 67 p. AB - The feasibility of utilizing a sulphur-extended-asphalt binder for roadway pavements was examined when approximately 625 tons of SEA pavement were placed on three cargo area roadways at The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's John F. Kennedy International Airport. The mix design was based on standard Marshall test procedures using a 70/30 asphalt cement/sulphur ratio (by weight) binder in a standard Port Authority graded bituminous pavement. The SEA mix was produced in a conventional asphalt concrete batch plant modified to accept the liquid sulphur and placed using standard asphalt construction methods and equipment. Initial tests indicate success of the trial and a valuable place for sulphur in pavement technology. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Binders KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345096 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF LOW-SLUMP CONCRETE PY - 1981/01 SP - 56 p. AB - Investigated were the field conditions necessary for achieving dense, impervious, good quality, low-slump concrete that would provide long-lasting overlays for bridge decks. The parameters considered were consolidation, texturing, bonding, freezing and thawing durability, and permeability. In a low-slump overlay consolidated by a vibratory screed, a comparatively large number of coarse voids were observed. Specimens consolidated manually by rodding and vigorous tapping exhibited better consolidation than those compacted by mechanical vibrators. However, the permeability studies indicated that even though the low-slump concretes had more coarse voids than desired, they can provide a resistance to the penetration of chlorides comparable to that provided by ordinary bridge deck concretes of good quality. A satisfactory bond was achieved between the bottom course of the deck and the overlay without the use of grout or slurry at the interface. A metal roller provided the proper surface texture for these stiff concretes. The freezing and thawing resistance of low-slump, air entrained mixtures was satisfactory, but local popouts could be expected. (FHWA) KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Consolidations KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pendulum tests KW - Permeability KW - Texture KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36451/81-R33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341290 AU - Belangie, M C AU - Anderson, D I AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT CRACK SEALING METHODS USED IN UTAH PY - 1981/01 SP - 111 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to develop criteria to improve the effectiveness of Utah's flexible pavement crack sealing practice. The methodology involved field measurements of seasonal variation in crack width and in-depth interviews of Department members at various levels of management in maintenance, materials, construction, and research. Other states were queried by questionnaire in order to obtain a comparative base on which to evaluate Utah's practice. Findings indicate that flexible pavement cracking is a significant problem in the Far West, Rocky Mountains, Great Lakes and New England. Criteria to determine when to seal (fill) cracks, and materials or techniques to be used vary widely. Choice of materials is affected by storage requirements and equipment available. Prepackaging of materials especially designed for crack sealing has resulted in improvements in control of mix and material properties; further gains can be anticipated as mix design improves and material specifications become more exact. Low temperature and freeze thaw cycles significantly affect the amount of thermal cracking and the performance of crack sealant. Poor rideability, increased pavement deterioration, obscured traffic markings, lowered skid resistance can result from inappropriate selection and installation of crack sealants. Ductile sealants, such as Crumb rubber/asphalt cement mixes, in combination with routing appear to offer substantial gains in sealant life and performance. These gains are partially offset by increased installation cost and hazard to the operator. Existing data is insufficient for benefit/cost analysis. Presawing of joints appears to offer a method of controlling random thermal cracking and reflective cracking. Certain pavement deficiencies, dry mixes which result in shrinkage cracking, can be minimized or prevented by the application of suitable softening agents as flush (sand) seals. (FHWA) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Low temperature KW - Pavement cracking KW - Reflection cracking KW - Riding qualities KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Thaw KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341304 AU - Gamble, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOLOGIC HAZARDS AND THEIR RELATION TO PLANNING, LOCATION, AND DESIGN OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES PY - 1981/01 SP - 319 p. AB - The description, evaluation, and mitigation of geologic hazards on transportation facilities are an important part of the environmental review process. The geologic hazards that are frequently encountered are described, together with field methods for efficiently obtaining the information required for recognition and subsequent documentation of these hazards in a Geologic Hazard Report. The need for District planners to recognize possible geologic hazards on a proposed project at an early stage is emphasized. The principle purpose of a Geologic Hazard Report is to facilitate preparation of the environmental document required for project. Failure of environmental report writers to fully utilize this material results in negative comments by reviewers of the draft copy, thus resulting in delays in achieving an approval of a final draft of Environmental Impact Statements or Negative Declarations. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Facilities KW - Geology KW - Hazards KW - Location KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341193 AU - McKerall, W C AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Teague, D J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FLY ASHES PRODUCED IN TEXAS PY - 1981/01 SP - n.p. AB - Five fly ashes produced in Texas from sub-bituminous coals and lignites were analyzed in terms of variability and their effect on fresh properties of mortars. As these fly ashes contain significant quantities of CaO, a rapid and reliable method of determining the total CaO content was developed. Using the CaO Heat Evolution Test, the CaO content can be determined in a field laboratory in less than 10 minutes. The Texas fly ashes, although somewhat variable, exhibit excellent properties for use as a partial lime replacement in soil stabilization and as a partial portland cement replacement in concrete. Extremely strong correlations were found between many of the physical characteristics and chemical properties of the five fly ashes. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous coal KW - Calcium oxide KW - Equipment replacement KW - Fly ash KW - Lignite KW - Mortar KW - Portland cement KW - Replacement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00341196 AU - Carey, D E AU - Paul, H R AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF MODIFIED ASPHALT PY - 1981/01 SP - n.p. AB - Quality aggregate availability in southern Louisiana has reached an alarmingly low level, while naturally occurring materials (sands) have been ignored due to their poor structural properties. Recent research reported by Chem-Crete Corporation indicates that structural properties of sand mixes incorporating Chem-Crete binder compare favorably with dense-graded asphaltic concrete. This binder, processed according to a new refinery technique, is purported to improve asphalt properties such as strength, durability, temperature susceptibility and water resistance. These attributes and other properties of sand/Chem-Crete mixes are examined in this report. Generally, upon curing, sand mixes utilizing Chem-Crete binder demonstrated properties equal to or superior to Louisiana's dense-graded Type 1 asphaltic concrete (1200-lb. stability). (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Binders KW - Durability KW - Resistance KW - Strength of materials KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334459 AU - Schulze, L W AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF EARTH PRESSURE ON A CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL PY - 1981/01 SP - 103 p. AB - Field observations of the performance of an 11-ft (3.4-m) high cantilever wall on clay soil retaining a highway embankment in Houston, Texas were obtained. Measurements of wall translation and tilt, lateral earth pressure on the back face and bearing pressure on the footing were made periodically throughout a one-year period. Data acquisition began immediately after wall construction; data were obtained before, during and after placement of the select sand backfill. Measured lateral and bearing pressures were compared with calculated values obtained by published analytical methods, including the well-known Rankine and Coulomb theories of lateral earth pressure. Measured lateral pressures were integrated to obtain the resultant force on the wall. The resultant force was also computed by Culmann's graphical method for comparison with the value obtained by integration. Surcharge effects were studied by comparing the pressures and forces acting on the wall before and after placement of clay above the select sand backfill. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Cantilevers KW - Comparative analysis KW - Data collection KW - Earth pressure KW - Embankments KW - Exhaust gases KW - Exhaust nozzles KW - Highways KW - Lateral pressure KW - Measurement KW - Nozzles KW - Performance KW - Retaining walls KW - Sand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335590 AU - Miller, A C AU - White, E L AU - Veon, W AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURE TO PREDICT SEDIMENT FLOW FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES--VOLUME II PY - 1981/01 SP - n.p. AB - The Hydrology Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State University in a cooperative effort with the U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Highway Administration, and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation was given the task of digitizing stream flow data, sediment graphs, turbidity hydrographs, and rainfall mass curves as measured downstream from highway construction sites. The purpose was to create a data bank that would be used in developing a sediment-predictive method for highway construction sites in Pennsylvania and be a source of information for other researchers. Besides the hydrologic data many construction parameters were also included (e.g. phase of construction, season of the year, type of soil, area cleared and grubbed). Sediment in streams resulting from highway construction was monitored for 11 sites within three different drainage basins in central Pennsylvania. Rainfall, stream flow (stage versus time), sediment concentration, and turbidity hydrographs have been evaluated for a number of storm events. Stream and sediment gauging to record flows and collect samples was done at prescribed intervals; intervals were smaller when there were rapid changes. Therefore, the runoff, sediment, and turbidity hydrographs were accurate to plus or minus 15 minutes. Stream flow data were available before, during, and following construction. In addition, one gauged watershed within each of the three drainage basins had no construction within the basin and was used as a control. (FHWA) KW - Before and after studies KW - Construction sites KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data banks KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Hydrographs KW - Monitoring KW - Rainfall KW - Road construction KW - Sediments KW - Storms KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Turbidity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335589 AU - Miller, A C AU - White, E L AU - Veon, W AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROCEDURE TO PREDICT SEDIMENT FLOW FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SITES--VOLUME I PY - 1981/01 SP - 126 p. AB - The disturbance of land by construction is almost invariably accompanied by sudden, sometimes drastic increases in potenial for soil erosion. The amount of sediment eroded and delivered to a stream should be minimized within practical economic limits. The degree of control will vary depending upon the location of the construction site and the consequences of increased sediment to the local environment. Effective erosion control begins in the planning and location of the highway route. Control of water and knowledge of the soils to be encountered are basic in determining measures for preventing erosion and the movement of sediment. If a highway location is selected with consideration of problems associated with these basic elements, erosion problems during construction will be greatly reduced. This report presents a prediction method to determine soil erosion from highway construction sites. The method utilizes a regression type equation developed from actual data collected from three central Pennsylvania highway location sites. The developed equation is similar to the Universal Soil Loss Equation and is used to predict erosion on a per storm basis. (FHWA) KW - Construction sites KW - Equations KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Highway location KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Regression analysis KW - Road construction KW - Sediments KW - Soils KW - Storms KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334920 AU - Vallette, G R AU - McDivitt, J A AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAMS--A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE PY - 1981/01 SP - 214 p. AB - The objective of the research effort was to develop an empirically and experienced based model pedestrian safety program which cities can use as guidelines for pedestrian safety program planning, implementation, and evaluation. The basis of these guidelines is a synthesis of the plethora of pedestrian-related literature from 1966 through 1977 and the operational experiences of several American municipalities with successful ongoing pedestrian safety efforts. Part 1 of this report presents the results of a screening and review process of pedestrian literature relevant to model safety program development. Part 2 reports on the city selection methodology and the results of the contacts made. The AAA Pedestrian Safety Inventory, which was used as the initial data base of cities with pedestrian safety programs is described. The methodology for identifying regional, populational, and socioeconomically representative cities is then outlined. Finally, a synopsis of information gathered from contacts and visits with nineteen municipalities is given. Appendix A presents data from the individual cities. KW - Cities KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Programs KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00343034 AU - Saag, J B AU - Leisch, J E AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF INFORMATION ON ROADWAY GEOMETRICS CAUSAL FACTORS PY - 1981/01 SP - 150 p. AB - The report examines relationships between roadway design features and vehicle class in order to attribute the use of roadway design features and their estimated cost to those classes of vehicles that need or are particularly accommodated by each design element. Vehicle width, height, length and performance are analyzed for association with geometric design elements. Through a screening process, it has been determined that there are significant relationships between vehicle width and width of pavement and shoulders; vehicle height and vertical clearances (including interchanges); and vehicle performance (weight/horsepower ratio) and vertical alignment in rolling and mountainous terrain. Equations are developed to determine the cost effects of variable vehicle characteristics as they pertain to cost of right-of-way and utility adjustments; grading and drainage; base and surface; and structures. KW - Alignment KW - Allocations KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Configuration KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost estimating KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Geometric design KW - Height KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Length KW - Maintenance KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Rural areas KW - Shape KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle performance KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/170336 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335595 AU - Bierschwale, M W AU - Coyle, H M AU - Bartoskewitz, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTS AND NEW DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR LATERALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFTS IN CLAY PY - 1981/01 SP - 129 p. AB - Lateral load tests were conducted on three drilled shafts in predominantly CH soil. Shaft sizes varied from 30 in. (760 mm) to 36 in. (910 mm) in diameter and 15 ft. (4.6 m) to 20 ft. (6.1 m) in length. Loads were applied incrementally at a point 2.6 ft (790 mm) above the ground surface. Duration of the tests was 57, 24 and 205 days. Measurements of lateral earth pressure at various points along the length of the shaft, displacement near the ground surface, and rotation in the plane of loading were obtained for each increment of load. Additional data on five shafts tested under similar conditions were obtained from the literature. Based upon an analysis of the test data, the ultimate lateral load capacity of a rigid shaft was defined as the load required to produce a shaft rotation of 2 degrees. This definition was used to obtain an empirical correlation of rotation with lateral load. A correlation of the coefficient of ultimate resistance at the groundline N sub p, with soil shear strength was also made. A design procedure utilizing the two correlations was developed. Several analytical methods described in the literature were used to calculate the capacity of the eight test shafts. The results were compared with computed capacities obtained by use of the design procedure developed for this research study. (FHWA) KW - Clay KW - Design KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earth pressure KW - Field tests KW - Lateral pressure KW - Load tests KW - Rotation KW - Shear strength KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00335597 AU - Lentz, H J AU - Harrigan, E T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SULPHLEX-233: BINDER PROPERTIES AND MIX DESIGN PY - 1981/01 SP - 71 p. AB - This study was conducted to provide guidance on mix design with Sulphlex-233 binder material for experimental construction with this material in 1980 and 1981. Certain aspects of the physicochemical behavior and safe handling procedures were also addressed. The Marshall stability and flow criteria are satisfied for Sulphlex-233 mixtures that have binder contents essentially equivalent to both equal volume and equal weight replacement of asphalt; however, the air void criterion is only satisfied at the equal volume replacement value. With diabase and limestone aggregates, Sulphlex-233 mixtures were extremely sensitive to water damage. Immersion-compression specimens containing diabase aggregate disintegrated during immersion at 140F(60C). Similar specimens containing limestone aggregate maintained their integrity at 140F(60C) but showed a severe strength loss exceeding 90 percent. Anti-strip agents commonly used in asphalt mixtures will significantly ameliorate this sensitivity to water damage. Tall oil pitch is recommend for this purpose. Bulk Sulphlex-233 binder stored at ambient temperature loses penetration with time. The loss is more severe for material treated with anti-strip agents. Sulphlex-233 is soluble in bromoform and 1,1,2,2,-tetrabromoethane. A minimum retained penetration value of not less than 50 is recommended for Sulphlex-233 after the thin-film aging test. Future development of Sulphlex formualtions should strive for softer binders to yield mixtures with lower stiffness. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Binders KW - Compression tests KW - Diabase KW - Evaluation KW - Immersion compression test KW - Laboratory studies KW - Limestone KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Materials management KW - Pendulum tests KW - Physicochemical properties KW - Rocks KW - Strength of materials KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Temperature KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/168559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00334972 AU - Baluvelt, A A AU - Klein, R H AU - Peters, R A AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT-VEHICLE INTERACTION. VOLUME I: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION, OPERATION, CALIBRATION, AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL PY - 1981/01 SP - 84 p. AB - A data acquisition system is described. The system is designed for truck-pavement interaction measurements. As such it consists of a full complement of instrumentation sensors, signal conditioning modules, a digital data acquisition system, and digital magnetic tape drive. Unique features include onboard computations of sideslip velocity and an interactive driver display panel. KW - Data collection KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Durability KW - Instrumentation KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Sensors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/165085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331731 AU - De Leuw, C AU - Danielson, F AU - KUDLICK, W AU - Swan, S AU - De Leuw, Cather and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS OF OVER AND UNDERCROSSING FOR USE BY BICYCLISTS, PEDESTRIANS AND THE HANDICAPPED PY - 1981/01 SP - 225 p. AB - This study provides information about over and undercrossings directed toward planners, designers and decision makers who are trying to best serve the needs of bicyclists, pedestrians and the handicapped, whether by means of constructing new facilities or by retrofitting improvements to existing structures. The study was designed to accomplish three basic objectives: 1. Determine the feasibility of new and retrofit designed modifications of over- and undercrossings for use by non-motorized travelers; 2. Develop warrants for new and retrofit design modifications or crossings for these three user groups; and 3. Develop design strategies for the accommodation of these three user groups on new and retrofit crossings. This report includes a review of the state of the art; a discussion of facility needs assessment procedures, including warrants and design selection criteria; the results of field evaluations of various over- and undercrossing facilities conducted by a team of engineers and a panel made up of members with various types of physical disabilities; and recommended design treatments. Also, features for non-structural solutions and innovative or less traditional treatments, as well as prototypical design strategies for both new and retrofit facilities, and examples of desirable and undesirable design practices are given. (FHWA) KW - Crosswalks KW - Cyclists KW - Design standards KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Footbridges KW - Overpasses KW - Pedestrian tunnels KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Retrofitting KW - Underpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00337291 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF THE FIRST YEAR OF OPERATION, I-45 CONTRAFLOW LANE, HOUSTON PY - 1981/01 SP - 200 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the Contraflow Lane Project on the I-45 North Freeway in Houston. The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of the contraflow lane on the operational characteristics of all freeway users. The Contraflow Lane Project is described and the usage of the priority lane for the first 12 months of operation is summarized. The impacts on the traffic operational characteristics of the non-users of the Contraflow Lane are analyzed, and the total costs and benefits to the public are determined. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Buses KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Operating costs KW - Texas KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/169112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331740 AU - Gutierrez de Velasco, M AU - MCCULLOUGH, B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY REPORT FOR 1978 CRCP CONDITION SURVEY IN TEXAS PY - 1981/01 SP - 144 p. AB - With the objective of obtaining historical performance data for design, maintenance, and research, the Texas SDHPT initiated a series of condition surveys of CRCP in 1974. A follow-up survey was conduted in 1978. Using condition survey data for CRCP from 1974 and 1978 in the State, a qualitative analysis of the distress condition of these pavements was performed as described below. (1) The primary objective was to make a summary analysis of the 1978 condition survey data and compare it with the 1974 condition survey data. The results are presented in a summary form with only minimal statistical analysis; therefore, only the obvious observations or conclusions are emphasized. (2) The values predicted by the computer program, CRCP-2, are compared to the measured crack spacing data. The results indicate that the program is a viable tool that may be used to design the reinforcement for a given set of conditions. (3) In addition, preliminary criteria have been developed for major rehabilitation. Using discriminant analysis, an equation was obtained to weight the different distress manifestations and assign a score to each CRCP section. The magnitude of score is related to the distress condition of the pavement and can be used to decide if a pavement should be overlayed. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Equations KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Spacing KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00331738 AU - Bingham, W L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC STRESS ANALYSIS OF STEEL GIRDERS DURING TRANSIT OVER THE ROAD PY - 1981/01 SP - 48 p. AB - The practice of hauling long (up to 140 feet) beam girders from the fabrication plant to their final destination (bridge construction site) has been carefully observed analyzed with respect to what appeared to be the worst possible damage. The handling of these girders in the fabrication plant prior to loading on the trucks was also observed and analyzed with respect to one handling procedure which appeared to potentially danaging-that of turning the girder about its longitudinal axis from upside down to the upright position by lifting one edge with a single crane. Experimental measurements of strain showed very little deformation of the girder during hauling except in a lateral bending mode about the weakest axis of inertia of the vertical axis while in transit). This mode of dynamic motion was analyzed with finite element solution already in existence and verified to fit the actual problem with experimental measurements on a model beam (about 1/7 scale in length). This motion then was used to (a) locate regions of highest bending strain so strain gages could be placed there on full-scale, actual beam girders being hauled over the road, and (b) to develop a correlation between observed lateral end motion of the beam and maximum bending strain which could then be used as a control parameter in the hauling operation. Strains developed by turning the beam in the fabrication plant were measured up to 10 times those in transit. These levels of strain are high enough to warrant some further recommendation to lift the beam at two points on an edge in turning it. (FHWA) KW - Bending KW - Bending stress KW - Dynamic loads KW - Girders KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Recommendations KW - Steel beams KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/164354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00329074 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 1980 PY - 1981/01 SP - 41 p. AB - The report is the seventh in a series on activities and achievements in highway research and development (R&D) in the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research and Development, a cooperative program between the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the States. This report briefly describes the goals and programs of the FCP, FCP accomplishments in highway R&D during fiscal year 1980, and the organization and facilities of FHWA's Offices of Research and Development. Specific accomplishments in safety research, traffic operations research, environmental research, materials research, structural research, and highway maintenance are cited. The report covers research under the FCP financed with Federal-aid highway funds, such as that conducted under the Highway Planning and Research (HP&R) Program and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), as well as research and development efforts conducted by FHWA staff and contractors. KW - Allocations KW - Building materials KW - Coordination KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost engineering KW - Design standards KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - Maintenance management KW - Operations research KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research management KW - State government KW - Traffic operations research KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/162909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01514603 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Grayson, Glenn E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Typical Application of the TEXAS Model PY - 1981 IS - 194 SP - pp 89-91 AB - No abstract U1 - Conference on the Application of Traffic Simulation ModelsOffice of Development, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19810603 EndDate:19810605 Sponsors:Office of Development, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. KW - Computer models KW - Intersections KW - Research KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299571 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01514602 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schafer, Bruce F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Comparison of Alternative Traffic Control Strategies at A T-Intersection PY - 1981 IS - 194 SP - pp 87-89 AB - No abstract U1 - Conference on the Application of Traffic Simulation ModelsOffice of Development, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.Washington,District of Columbia,United States StartDate:19810603 EndDate:19810605 Sponsors:Office of Development, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - T intersections KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1299570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513206 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Madison St improvement project, FA-67 from I-55 to FAP-662, Springfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513205 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-3 corridor study, Thomas-101 interchange to I-55-Crump interchange, Memphis : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512285 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - 27th St improvement, Potter St to Arbor Road, Lincoln : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512284 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Great Falls south arterial : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512283 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-27 from Loop 289 north to Loop 289 south, Lubbock : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511359 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 27, Beltrami County Road 39 to TH-6, Chippewa NF : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510456 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Whitewater River crossing, IN-1 to IN-121, Fayette County : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510455 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Branan Field Road-Chaffee Road, Clay County / Duval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final(2003), Fsup(2005) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510454 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20 (IL-84-FA-5) bridge replacement and improvement to adjacent intersections, Galena : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510453 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Nassau Expressway construction, New York City : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510452 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Notre Dame Bridge replacement, Manchester : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509808 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Jamestown Bridge replacement project, North Kingstown and Jamestown : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Final, Draft supplement to the final(2v)(2003), Final supplement to the final(2004), Final supplement to the final:app.C-H(2004) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Rhode Island UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1294132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509548 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Palmetto Center project, Proposed railroad relocation, consolidation and grade crossing elimination, Columbia : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509546 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-223 upgrading, interchange construction, MD-5 to MD-4, Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509545 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-290 spur, Hamilton St to SR-90, Spokane : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509544 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Hammond railroad relocation and consolidation project : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508919 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-195-I-295 completion, Mercer/Burlington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final(4v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508639 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Connecticut River bridge crossing, Walpole, NH to Rockingham, VT : environmental impact statement PY - 1981///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292963 ER -