TY - RPRT AN - 00472098 AU - Sharma, M G AU - Rafie, S AU - Khalilollahi, A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFICATION OF THE MECHANISTIC RUT-DEPTH MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/07 SP - 81 p. AB - The objective of this study is to develop a model for the description of the permanent deformation characteristics of bituminous concrete materials under a large range of repeated loading and to modify the existing VESYS III Structural Subsystem to include the new permanent deformation model for evaluating the long-term rut depth history in flexible pavements. As part of this study, available repeated load test data has been reviewed and a second degree polynomial model has been found to fit the data for a large range of repeated loads. The new permanent deformation model has been incorporated in the VESYS III Structural Subsystem, and the rut depth histories of selected sections of the AASHO Road Test sites have been predicted based upon the modified model. The comparison has been found to be very good. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deformation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Long term KW - Mathematical models KW - Repeated loads KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396571 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIDESHARING REMEDIES FOR HOSPITALS AND MEDICAL CENTERS PY - 1982/07 SP - 9 p. AB - Many different kinds of organizations throughout the country have implemented successful, employer-sponsored ridesharing programs. This publication focuses on four hospital and medical center ridersharing programs--the Texas Medical Center (TMC) in Houston, Texas; Lincoln General Hospital in Lincoln, Nebraska; San Francisco Children's Hospital in San Francisco, California; and the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) in Charleston, South Carolina. Like many employers, hospitals and medical centers frequently wish to decrease traffic congestion, parking costs and demands, pollution, and energy consumption, while providing employees with attractive, economical commute alternatives. Ridesharing Programs are a viable solution to these areas of concern. Hospitals and medical centers face several unique problems in setting up ridesharing programs. These include rotating shifts; employees, such as doctors, who often work unusual hours; a large percentage of part-time employees; and, frequently, high employee annual turnover. Successful ridesharing programs at medical facilities, as illustrated in the case studies, address these areas of concern, offering highly workable solutions to transportation related problems. KW - Employers KW - Hospitals KW - Medical services KW - Part time employees KW - Ridesharing KW - Staggered work hours KW - Travel demand KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387375 AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS PY - 1982/07 SP - 50 p. AB - Failure behavior of steel-concrete composite box girders under static load is briefly reviewed, confirming the similarity between webs of plate girders and box girders. Rules are proposed for Allowable Stress Design procedures which are directly adopted from proposed rules for Load Factor Design of box girders. (FHWA) KW - Allowable pressures KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete KW - Girders KW - Load factor KW - Plate girders KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steel KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387119 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC MARKING MATERIAL PY - 1982/07 SP - 57 p. AB - This Implementation Package summarizes the result of an effort to develop a more durable traffic marking material-Epoxy Thermoplastic (ETP). The report includes background information on the development of ETP, a discussion of the field tests and evaluations, the material composition and equipment modifications for applying ETP. The package also includes material specifications for purchasing ETP and specifications for the application of ETP by contract. (FHWA) KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field tests KW - Road marking materials KW - Specifications KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19878 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385253 AU - Fusari, M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF A HIGHWAY CROSSING SYSTEM FOR DESERT TORTOISES PY - 1982/07 SP - 41 p. AB - The habits of the desert tortoise were observed to determine their acceptance of culverts as a means of crossing highways. The observations were made in areas of high tortoise populations under three different conditions: (1) a set of three pens connected by different size culverts, (2) a mock highway culvert system with low drift fence to direct movements to the culverts, and (3) existing highway culverts for evidence of use without drift fences to direct movements. It has been determined that a portion of a tortoise population will accept culverts for crossing highways when directed by drift fences. There appeares to be a learning period whereby a tortoise confronted with a fence culvert system several times soon makes more direct movements to a culvert rather than moving along a drift fence. A test of the results of this study under actual highway conditions is recommended. (FHWA) KW - Animals KW - Culverts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fences KW - Highways KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381855 AU - Baker, R F AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE VEGETATION IMPLEMENTATION OF FINE FESCUE GRASSES PY - 1982/07 SP - 64 p. AB - A prior roadside vegetation study developed a grass mixture which required less mowing, provided a better appearance, and was better adapted to New Jersey roadside environments. This grass mixture consisted of Fortress spreading fescue, Banner Chewings fescue, and Kenblue Kentucky bluegrass in equal parts and was designated New Jersey Type A-2. The next phase of the study evaluated and compared the new standard Type A-2 grass mixture with the old standard Type A grass mixture in large roadside plots. The new Type A-2 grass mixture was evaluated for reduced mowing, better appearance, and better adaptability to New Jersey roadsides. Nine locations of approximately half-acre plots of Type A and Type A-2 grass mixture were evaluated and compared periodically. Height data indicated that the Type A-2 grass mixtures grows less vigorously and approximately half the height of the old Type A grass mixture. It was concluded that the new grass mixture will require less mowing than the old Type A grass mixture and will have a better appearance. The Type A-2 grass mixture is somewhat slower to establish than the Type A. It is recommended that Manhattan ryegrass be added to the Type A-2 grass mixture to improve initial establishment and green-up. It is also recommended that the sowing rate be increased to 100 pounds per acre instead of the initially suggested 60 pounds per acre rate. This should eliminate the need to overseed after initial establishment. KW - Grasses KW - Mowing KW - Roadside KW - Seeding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380602 AU - Chow, W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PAT AND STREETERAMET WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS PY - 1982/07 SP - 240 p. AB - A vehicle weigh-in-motion system consists of electronic scales embedded flush in a roadway; with supportive electronic equipment it weighs vehicle axles without requiring the vehicle to stop. Two makes of weigh-in-motion systems were evaluated, the PAT and the StreeterAmet systems. The PAT scales were installed and evaluated at two sites. One site was a scale approach lane to a static enforcement weigh station; the second site was an open highway lane. The StreeterAmet system was also evaluated similarly but at different locations. At the weigh station sites, the PAT and StreeterAmet systems were evaluated for performance, reliability and durability. At the open highway sites, the PAT system was mainly evaluated for its capability in acquiring data from a traffic stream; the StreetarAmet system was not evaluated for that purpose. Both systems were found to be suitable for in-motion weighing but were dependent on speed of traffic and user's need for degree of accuracy. (FHWA) KW - Axles KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weighing devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377301 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE ON BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE OF NJDOT RIGID PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1982/07 SP - 70 p. AB - Scaled models of rigid PCC pavement systems proposed for use by the NJDOT were constructed and tested in the University of Illinois pavement test track. Purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various drainage schemes in removing moisture from the pavements and the effect of the drainage systems on the performance of PCC pavements. Four drainage systems were tested which were a combination of dense graded and open graded aggregates in combination with or without a layer of lime-fly ash stabilized material or a geotextile fabric. Pavements were loaded with a normal truck tire with a gross load of just over 3000 pounds. Water was allowed to flow through the pavement sections intermittently during the loading process. Results from the tests indicate a layer of unstabilized open graded granular material directly under the pavement was highly effective in removing water from the pavement systems. The addition of the stabilized layer or the geotextile fabric did not significantly alter the performance of the systems. Placing the open graded aggregate layer directly under the slab resulted in improved performance over identical pavement systems but with a dense graded aggregate directly under the slab. (FHWA) KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Drainage KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Lime fly ash KW - Moisture content KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377220 AU - Ruden, R J AU - BURG, A AU - McGuire, J P AU - JGM Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACTIVATED ADVANCE WARNING FOR RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS PY - 1982/07 SP - 192 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to design, develop and test prototype activated advance warning devices (AAWD's) for use in advance of rail-highway crossings with flashing lights or flashing lights and automatic gates and associated train detection circuitry. Other objectives were to establish guidelines for using such devices and to identify the types of crossings where activated advance warning would be most effective. A literature review and survey of existing AAWD installations led to the development of four candidate devices, all consisting of a primary symbol warning sign, a supplemental message sign and a pair of yellow flashing lights activated by the approach of a train. Indoor laboratory film tests were conducted which focused on subject understanding of the sign components of the devices. Approximately 330 licensed and soon-to-be-licensed drivers took part in the tests, which revealed that an RXR symbol and directional arrow within a diamond sign present a readily understood message, particularly effective when the crossing lies in or beyond a curve ahead. Limited outdoor tests of full-scale devices verified the indoor test results, and gave further information on the effectiveness of the flashing yellow signals. Three of the four candidate AAWD's were field-tested, with day and night evaluation of vehicle speeds, braking location and driver looking behavior. All three devices proved effective in alerting and preparing the driver for at-crossing signal activation. One of the tested devices is recommended for deployment and guidelines are given for its location, placement and operation. Additional research to supplement the present findings is also recommended. (FHWA) KW - Activated advance warning devices KW - Automatic train protection KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Gates KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377296 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN URBAN FREEWAY VEHICLE DETECTION SYSTEM PY - 1982/07 SP - 41 p. AB - Urban freeways are undergoing significant changes due to reconstruction and rehabilitation of roadways to increase the capacities, to provide for High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) operations, and to repair damaged and worn-out pavements and structures. There is a need for large quantities of timely and comprehensive data on traffic and travel conditions in order to effectively implement these changes. The State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) does not now collect these types of data as part of their state-wide traffic data acquisition program. This project investigates the development of an urban data collection system that employs district personnel to operate automatic traffic recorders on an expanded network of loop detectors embedded in the roadways. The system emphasizes automatic collection and analysis equipment and permanently installed sensors to reduce the manpower requirements. (FHWA) KW - Automation KW - Data analysis KW - Data recorders KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeways KW - Loop detectors KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376903 AU - Shelquist, R A AU - O'Connor, E J AU - Jordison, D D AU - Marks, V J AU - Maag, R G AU - Wallace, H E AU - Baty, M W AU - Silenieks, J AU - Wedner, R J AU - Heedum, R H AU - Peterson, R T AU - Mandy, J AU - Horner, J AU - Philliber, W AU - Golden, D AU - Crenshaw, H L AU - Edwards, W L AU - Johnson, E D AU - Bova, R AU - Burton, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSVERSE CRACKING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1982/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This report summarizes the analysis of transverse cracking in asphalt pavement by a five state study team from Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Oklahoma. The study was initiated under the sponsorship of the Federal Highway Administration and four evaluation conferences were held during the course of the study. Each state conducted a crack inventory on their asphalt pavement. An effort was made to correlate this inventory with numerous factors that were considered to be pertinent to the cracking problem. One state did indicate that there was a correlation between transverse cracking severity and the subsurface geology. The other states were unable to identify any significant factors as being the primary contributors. The analysis of the problem was divided into, (1) mix design, (2) maintenance, and (3) 3R rehabilitation. Many potential factors to be considered were identified under each of these three study divisions. There were many conclusions as to good and bad practices. One major conclusions was that a more effective crack maintenance program with early sealing was essential. Some new practices were suggested as potentially more cost effective in design, construction and maintenance. The interchange of methods and procedures by individual states yielded benefits in that other states selected practices that would be an improvement to their program. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Geology KW - Injury severity KW - Mix design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Prevention KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Severity KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19879 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373126 AU - Hsu, M T AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE DEICING CHEMICAL ACCUMULATION AFTER TEN YEARS APPLICATION PY - 1982/07 SP - 32 p. AB - The soil and plant samples along part of the northbound lane of I-95 were tested for sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) content during the winter season of 1981-82. The results were compared with values obtained in 1972-73. The following conclusion be drawn. 1. A significant reduction of the usage of road salt while maintaining the required highway safety was achieved by the Maine DOT within the past decade. 2. The Na+ concentration exhibited a general cumulative trend due to application of road salt. However, accumulation was far below exchangeable sodium levels considered damaging. 3. The Cl- ions leached out of the soil fairly rapidly, thus had no accumulative effect. 4. The effect of the deicing salt on the Na+ and Cl- content in hemlock needle tissues was insignificant. 5. The content of NaCl in accumulated snow due to the snow plow/blow action during the application of the road salt in the winter season diminished as the distance from the highway increased. 6. The alkalinity (or acidity) of soil appeared to have a direct relationship with the sodium content of the soil. (FHWA) KW - Accumulation KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Chlorides KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Ions KW - Plants KW - Roadside KW - Sodium KW - Sodium chloride KW - Soil tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372480 AU - McClure, R M AU - West, H H AU - Abdel-Halim, M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLOAD TESTING OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SEGMENTAL BRIDGE PY - 1982/07 SP - 226 p. AB - The experimental segmental bridge considered in this report was designed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and constructed at The Pennsylvania Transportation Research Facility, The Pennsylvania State University. The objectives this report were (1) to make field measurements on a full-scale bridge; (2) to study overload behavior to establish actual safety factors; (3) to make a crack survey of the bridge before and after testing; and (4) to develop an analytical procedure capable of predicting the complete post-elastic response of the bridge. Girder B of the experimental segmental bridge was tested to failure in increments of the design load by using four points of loading located over the webs to give a longitudinal bending-type failure. Measurements were taken during testing to determine deflections, rotations, change in alignment, displacements in the bearing pads, surface strains, and force in the anchor tendons and diagonal tendons. Cracks were traced on the inside and outside of the girder at each increment of loading. An analysis procedure based on the finite element method was developed to predict the complete loading deformation response of girder B. The girder also was analyzed by the standard theoretical analysis of prestressed concrete structures, a simpler method. The theoretical results obtained by these two methods were compared with the experimental results. (FHWA) KW - Bearing pads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Experimental design KW - Failure KW - Girders KW - Load tests KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rotation KW - Safety factors KW - Segmental construction KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373138 AU - Parks, D M AU - Winters, G R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF PAINT RESIDUE AND BLAST CLEANING ABRASIVES FROM THE MIDDLE RIVER BRIDGE REPAINTING PROJECT PY - 1982/07 SP - 35 p. AB - The test results of long-term dissolution of paint residue and blast cleaning abrasives from a bridge repainting project and tests of the receiving water quality are reported. Dissolved concentrations of lead, iron, chromium and aluminum were investigated. The distribution of blast cleaning abrasives on the bottom of the river within four years after completion of the bridge repainting project is also presented. This report is intended to supplement an earlier California Department of Transportation report, CA-TL-7108-77-29, "The Effects on the Aquatic Environment Due to the Cleaning and Repainting of the Middle River Bridge," published in 1977. The 1977 report showed that the shrouding system used to capture the waste material from the blast cleaning operation retained 50-75% of this material. Results of the long-term study show that there is essentially little change in the dissolution of metal ions into the water column. It is recommended that shrouding systems continue to be used on bridge cleaning operations pending completion of more in-depth environmental investigations. (FHWA) KW - Abrasives KW - Aluminum KW - Bridges KW - Chromium KW - Cleaning KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Iron KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Painting KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Waste products KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373130 AU - Sasor, S R AU - Wong, C Y AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROCEDURE FOR PROCESSING HIGHWAY NOISE COMPLAINTS PY - 1982/07 SP - 80 p. AB - This final report presents a comprehensive procedure by which traffic noise complaints received by the New Jersey Department of Transportation will be processed for the Interstate and state freeway systems. This procedure provides a formalized method for responding to the public's complaints of excessive highway noise and for conducting studies of noise abatement measures to mitigate traffic noise impacts in communities. This procedure is described in detail in 84 steps and is accompanied by a flow chart to facilitate its use. In addition, this report includes a Priority Rating Index (PRI) for prioritizing requests for noise abatement from communities throughout the state. The PRI, which ranks requests based on a community's total noise impact, provides a means for equitably administering Federal-aid funds available for noise abatement along completed freeways. Also included is a complete list of the sections of New Jersey Interstate highways for which 65, 70, and 75 dBA (L sub 10) noise contour lines were developed for adjacent noise sensitive areas. The PRI and noise contour line maps are a part of the noise complaint processing procedure. An interim report was also prepared which covered the procedure for developing noise contour lines, a preliminary priority rating method, a procedure for making noise measurements for noise abatement studies, and a level of effort estimate for the processing of a noise complaint. (FHWA) KW - Complaints KW - Noise control KW - Response KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic noise KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373058 AU - Owens, M J AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INFLUENCE OF A STEEL CASING ON THE AXIAL CAPACITY OF A DRILLED SHAFT PY - 1982/07 SP - 228 p. AB - A series of field load tests were performed to investigate the effects on the axial capacity of drilled shafts when casings could not be pulled. The tests show that leaving casing in place is detrimental, but grouting proved an effective remedial measure when the casing was placed in an oversized excavation. Even though grouting was found to improve the capacity of a shaft where casing was left in place, procedures should bed used in the field that will insure that casing will be removed. Shafts cast in the normal manner perform better than do shafts where casing has been grouted. Useful data were obtained on the distribution of axial load from drilled shafts to the supporting soil. (FHWA) KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Casings KW - Casings (Materials) KW - Drilled shafts KW - Grouting KW - Load tests KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371801 AU - Leedy, D L AU - Adams, L W AU - Urban Wildlife Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WILDLIFE CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING AND MANAGING HIGHWAY CORRIDORS PY - 1982/07 SP - 93 p. AB - The manual serves as a guide and information source for biologists, environmental specialists, and highway personnel concerned with route selection, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the Nation's highways. The manual serves as an information source on highway-wildlife relationships and effects; provides information sources and "how to" guidance for inventorying wildlife populations, assessing environmental impacts, and evaluating habitat; suggests ways of incorporating wildlife values into highway planning; and offers suggestions for managing wildlife populations within the highway right-of-way. The manual is organized to facilitate location of specific topics. (FHWA) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway planning KW - Manuals KW - Right of way KW - Road construction KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371251 AU - Weatherby, D E AU - Schnabel Foundation Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIEBACKS, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/07 SP - 16 p. AB - This report contains a summary of recommendations for the design, specification, corrosion protection, and testing of permanent and temporary tiebacks. (FHWA) KW - Corrosion protection KW - Design KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Tiebacks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371252 AU - Weatherby, D E AU - Schnabel Foundation Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIEBACKS PY - 1982/07 SP - 249 p. AB - This report summarizes current tieback technology. It contains recommendations for the design, specification, corrosion protection, and testing of permanent and temporary tiebacks. Descriptions of tieback applications, construction techniques, load transfer mechanisms, and creep behavior also are included. (FHWA) KW - Construction management KW - Corrosion protection KW - Creep properties KW - Design KW - Location KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Tiebacks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370594 AU - Kulka, F AU - Thoman, S J AU - Lin, T Y AU - T.Y. Lin International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF STANDARD SECTIONS FOR SEGMENTAL PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1982/07 SP - 133 p. AB - This report deals with a study on the feasibility of developing standard sections for segmental prestressed concrete box girder bridges. This type of bridge was introduced to America from Europe in the last fifteen years, and the projects completed to date attest to its viability in the American market at an economical solution for certain crossings. Since the present use in this field is limited in uniformity, standardization of the box girders could promise the consistency needed for wider use and greater cost-effectiveness. An extensive survey was made of segmental prestressed concrete box girder bridges in the United States and Canada, which permitted statistical studies to determine the uniformity of significant parameters, such as span-depth ratios, cross-sectional geometry and others. The statistical analyses were supplemented by analytical studies where data did not exist. The report concludes that development of standard sections for segmental prestressed concrete box girder bridges is feasible and can be immediately initiated. However, the range of aspects to be standardized should be prescribed and limited where not beneficial. Recommendations for specific items suitable for standardization are included, as are discussions and references to published literature. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370286 AU - Hicks, R G AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF LAYERED THEORY IN THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1982/07 SP - 105 p. AB - This report presents a description of layered elastic analysis and describes five computer programs which solve the necessary differential equations. These programs are CHEV5L, CHEV5L with iteration, BISAR, ELSYM5 and PSAD2A. Uses are suggested for each program according to its most practical application and a comparison is made between the methods based on the same input data set. Supplementary information has been included concerning resilient modulus properties of common pavement structural materials and the operation of all computer programs on the Boeing Computer System. (FHWA) KW - Building materials KW - Computer programs KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Layered theories KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369727 AU - Eicher, J P AU - Robertson, H D AU - TOTH, G R AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LARGE TRUCK ACCIDENT CAUSATION PY - 1982/07 SP - 215 p. AB - Accidents involving large trucks (more than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight) are a serious safety problem on our Nation's highways. In 1979-1980 large trucks were involved in an annual average of 5.7 percent (385,000) of all police-reported accidents. Yet, they accounted for 11.8 percent (5,360) of all fatal accidents, in which 5,874 persons died. This report identifies the driver, vehicle, and the highway/environmental factors and the operational practices which contribute to the frequency and severity of accidents involving large trucks. Analyses did not reveal any single solution which, if implemented, would guarantee alteration of the truck accident problem. They did, however, indicate areas in which the greatest probability exists of reducing the number of truck accidents and their consequences. KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Safety and security KW - Traffic crashes KW - Transportation safety KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369406 AU - Carey, D E AU - Paul, H R AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY CONTROL OF RECYCLED ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1982/07 SP - 82 p. AB - This study examined the variations found in recycled asphaltic concrete mix based upon plant quality control data and verification testing. The data was collected from four recycled hot-mix projects constructed in 1981. All plant control and acceptance data was statistically analyzed. Samples of recycled hot mix and reclaimed material were tested and analyzed in the research laboratory to resolve possible conflicts in the plant data. The recycled asphaltic concrete variation was examined with respect to that of the state's conventional asphaltic concrete. Additionally, the quality of the recycled mix's asphalt cement as measured by absolute viscosity was examined with respect to a predictive equation. It was found that variations in recycled mixtures were similar to those of conventional hot mix for all control and acceptance testing. The quality of the asphalt cement in the recycled mix was similar to results anticipated by the prediction equation. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Quality control KW - Recycled materials KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20158.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369801 AU - Wyant, D C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFICIENCY OF EROSION CONTROL PRACTICES OF THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1982/07 SP - 152 p. AB - Twelve streams affected by highway construction were monitored to ascertain the effectiveness of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation's erosion and sediment control practices. The streams were located throughout Virginia in areas having different types of soils; viz, silts, sands, and clays. The results of the study indicate that the proper installation of erosion and sediment control measures prior to undertaking earthwork is very important. Also, proper maintenance of these measures until permanent vegetation is well established is critical in controlling silt. On a seasonal basis the need for control measures is more critical in the early spring and fall than at other times. Where stream work is unavoidable and the stream ecology will not be affected, in-stream structures such as rock check dams were determined to retain silt generated by construction activities. However, further work to determine the effects of these structures on the stream ecology is recommended before their use is made a standard practice. (FHWA) KW - Clay KW - Erosion control KW - Road construction KW - Sand KW - Scour KW - Sedimentation KW - Silts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36483/83-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369335 AU - Saylak, D AU - Deuel, L E AU - Izatt, J O AU - Jacobs, C AU - Zahr, R AU - Ham, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE USE OF SULFUR IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS--VOLUME II FIELD EVALUATION PROCEDURES PY - 1982/07 SP - 58 p. AB - The use of sulfur in highway paving mixtures has introduced questions regarding the pollutants generated, their environmental impact and the safety aspects associated with mix preparation and placement. This report presents the Field Evaluation Procedures based on the results of a more detailed investigation in which these factors were assessed. The evaluation procedures deal with the safety and environmental aspects of storage and handling, formulation, construction, operation and maintenance of highway pavements containing sulfur, including the possible generation of noxious and abnoxious fumes, dust and gases. This report discusses methods and equipment for monitoring potential emissions and pollutants and recommends safety practices for the handling of sulfur and sulfur-modified asphalt mixtures and pavements. The final report was prepared in three volumes of which the Field Evaluation Procedures is Volume II. The other two volumes are: Volume I--Evaluation of Environmental and Safety Hazards and Volume III--Annotated Bibliography. (FHWA) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Handling KW - Handling and storage KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavements KW - Pollutants KW - Safety KW - Storage facilities KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368920 AU - King, G F AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS NEEDS FOR SERVICES INFORMATION ON INTERSTATE AND FEDERAL-AID PRIMARY HIGHWAYS PY - 1982/07 SP - 267 p. AB - This volume contains the results of a comprehensive State-of-the-Art review on the topic of motorist needs for information on travel related goods and services. Based on the results of this review, a conceptual prototype information system designed to satisfy these information needs through the use of existing information transmission techniques was developed. This prototype system was used as a yardstick in the evaluation of existing goods and services information systems. Problems in information needs satisfaction are identified, the implementation of an information system is recommended and additional research needs are identified. An executive summary of this report was published as FHWA/RD-80/010. (FHWA) KW - Driver information systems KW - Federal aid highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Needs assessment KW - Service stations KW - State of the art studies KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368297 AU - Dodge, K S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL SULFUR-EXTENDED-ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1982/07 SP - 43 p. AB - This report documents the design, placement, and collection of initial data from a sulfur-extended-asphalt (SEA) pavement and a conventional pavement used as a control. The SEA pavement used 30-percent sulfur by total weight of the binder. Both pavements were placed under New York State specifications during the summer of 1980 on Rtes 118 and 202 adjoining the Amawalk Reservoir in Westchester County. Mix temperatures, hot-bin gradations, and toxic emissions were monitored at the plant and the site throughout placement. Aggregates were collected from the hot bin during production of the control and SEA mixes for use in a Marshall mix design. Cores were extracted from both SEA and control pavements 1 month after placement for laboratory testing. Pavement surface properties were also examined after 1 month of service. A Marshall mix design based on hot-bin aggregate gradations was prepared for both the control and SEA mixes after the fact, and it was found that both had been placed at a binder content less than optimum. Conventional tests for penetration and viscosity of SEA binders produced inconclusive results due to settlement of the sulfur during testing. Production of the SEA mix, using in-line blending, and its placement were accomplished without problems. Toxic emissions were negligible due to close monitoring of mix temperatures at the plant. Data obtained from analysis of pavement cores taken 1 month after placement showed the mean Marshall stability to be more than twice that of the control. After conditioning according to Lottman's procedure, cores from both pavements exhibited evidence of stripping, but interpretation of results from this test is as yet unclear. Both pavements will be monitored over their first 3 years of service. (FHWA) KW - Binder content KW - Exhaust gases KW - Experimental roads KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Pendulum tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368298 AU - Carey, D E AU - Paul, H R AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT CEMENT EXTRACTION AND RECOVERY METHODS PY - 1982/07 SP - 44 p. AB - This study was concerned with the quality of recovered asphalt cement which may be attributable to the method used for extraction or to the Abson recovery. Variables of these procedures such as the time an asphalt cement was exposed to extraction solvent, the total quantity of asphalt cement recovered, the total quantity of extraction solvent, and both the type and quantity of fines in the extracted mix samples were isolated to determine their influence on tested asphalt cement properties. Also examined was the testing variation within one operator and between two operators. Findings with respect to the above aims have led to a recommendation that recovery of asphalt from solution by the Abson method (AASHTO T 170-73) should be strictly adhered to, except that the extraction from the aggregate-asphalt mixture should be in accordance only with Method A of AASHTO T 164-76. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Chemical analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Recovering KW - Recycling KW - Resource extraction KW - Solvents UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20157.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581048 AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Impacts of Truck and Railroad Deregulation on Transportation Operations and Economic Activity in the State of Washington - Final PY - 1982/06/30/Final Report SP - 86p AB - The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Rail Act of 1980 have partially set aside decades of rigid regulations of interstate freight movement. These actions have the potential to bring forth significant changes to the networks of interstate freight transportation. The objective of this research was to ascertain the impacts of deregulation on the Washington State transportation system. Information was obtained by surveying and interviewing shippers and freight transportation providers throughout the state. Anticipated impacts, e.g., accelerated rail abandonment or loss of motor carrier service to small communities, were not present. The study reflects a relative increase in truck service and decrease in rail service since deregulation. Indications are this may be further amplified in certain regions of the state. The study recommends that potential highway impacts be incorporated into pavement management systems. Transportation officials are enjoined to treat issues relative to truck size and weight, highway cost allocation and deregulation as a single issue. Also, the Local Rail Service Assistance Program should be considered for use to offset any adverse impacts resulting from deregulation. During this period of the study, general economic conditions were poor. This resulted in a decrease in freight shipments and would suggest that some of the impacts of deregulation have been suppressed. KW - Deregulation KW - Economic conditions KW - Freight transportation KW - Impact studies KW - Motor Carrier Act of 1980 KW - Motor carriers KW - Railroad transportation KW - Staggers Rail Act of 1980 KW - Trucking KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/045.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373074 AU - Leonards, G A AU - Wu, T-H AU - Juang, C-H AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF BURIED CONDUITS PY - 1982/06/27 SP - 213 p. AB - The capabilities of finite element computer codes FINLIN, CANDE, SSTIP and NLSSIP were evaluated. CANDE was judged to be the best over-all code for predicting performance of buried conduits. A number of improvements to this code were made. Example solutions are given to illustrate the effects of conduit stiffness, interface slippage, and soil properties on conduit performance. It was found that conventional concepts of soil "arching" are misleading; that slippage at the soil-conduit interface strongly affect the response; and that soil behavior plays the most crucial role in conntrolling performance. It was concluded that the Duncan-Chang hyperbolic model is a satisfactory representation of nonlinear soil behavior for routine studies of conduit response. Further use of equivalent elastic, overburden dependent, or default values in the extended Hardin soil models is not recommended. For prediction purposes, especially to investigate the effects of soil compaction and of localized shear failures, a plasticity model of soil behavior is needed. Duncan's (1979) SCI procedure for design of long-span metal culverts with shallow cover was also investigated. The procedure provided good estimations of maximum thrust for the problems investigated in this study; however, agreement in both the magnitude of the bending moment and in the form of the bending moment equation was found to be poor, and the proposed safety factor to guard against plastic hinging in the conduit wall is considered to be overly conservative. (FHWA) KW - Bending moments KW - Computer programs KW - Conduits KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Forecasting KW - Interfaces KW - Pipe KW - Plasticity KW - Slippage KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Underground structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581133 AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - Lary, Jo A AU - Balgunaim, Fahad AU - Lee, Teh C AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sulfur Extended Asphalt Laboratory Investigation--Mixture Characterization PY - 1982/06//Final Report SP - 172p AB - This report provides a summary of a laboratory study on sulfur extended asphalt paving mixtures. The following major features were included in the study: (1) Design of laboratory experiment which included the use of mixtures which contained various amounts of sulfur, two viscosity levels of asphalt cement, and two types of aggregate (basalt and granite); (2) Evaluation of mixture design methods (Hveem and Marshall); (3) Determination of optimum binder contents; (4) Evaluation of mixture durability and aging characteristics; and (5) Development of revised mixture design criteria. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Binder content KW - Durability KW - Hveem mix design KW - Laboratory studies KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/053.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581051 AU - Shea, Daniel J AU - Yandon, Keith E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Analysis of the Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Study Area for a Study of the Allocation of Transportation Resources PY - 1982/06//Final Report SP - 83p AB - The Transportation Resource Allocation Index (TRAI) for eight transportation service proposals was computed as a pilot study and as a working test of the techniques in the Tri-Cities area of Richland, Kennewick and Pasco, Washington. This Report II contains background data covering the economic characteristics of the area. These data were used for the development of the evaluation technique. KW - Financial resources KW - Financing KW - Kennewick (Washington) KW - Pasco (Washington) KW - Pilot studies KW - Public transit KW - Resource allocation KW - Richland (Washington) KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation services UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/043.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420267 AU - Asin, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Urban/ rural split of travel PY - 1982/06 IS - 8 SP - 82P KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Journey length KW - Location KW - Location KW - Modal choice KW - Mode choice KW - Motivation KW - Motivation KW - Rural transport KW - Rural transportation KW - Transport mode KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Trip length KW - Urban transport KW - Urban transportation KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173219 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1977 National Personal Transportation Study: Urban/Rural Split of Travel PY - 1982/06//Final Report SP - 93p AB - This report is part of a series that provides findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS) • Data related to the urban/rural split of travel are analyzed for all trips and vehicle miles of travel made in a private motor vehicle on a designated travel day by place of residence of traveler J 'location of travel, and trip purpose. The tables show the proportion of vehicle miles of travel generated by urban residents which remained within the boundaries of their urban area identified as the home urban area. In addition. the tables show the percent of travel generated in the home urban area by urban residents outside the area and rural residents. Variables relating distribution of trips and vehicle miles of travel to average trip length, mode of transportation and trip type are also shown. KW - Modal split KW - Mode choice KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Residential location KW - Rural transportation KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip purpose KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33300/33349/33349.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365551 AU - Guenthev, D A AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A MECHANIZED PAVEMENT PATCHING MACHINE PY - 1982/06 SP - 54 p. AB - This report looks at the state of the art in mechanized pothole patching. Initial evaluations were based on literature reviews and interviews with the personnel of various State highway departments. The objective of a single machine incorporating the various operations required for a fully mechanized pothole patcher appeared to be fully met by the Gabriel Perma-Patch machine. The equipment was then evaluated for performance and patch durability by the Colorado Dept. of Highways. Performance of the equipment was very good although being a prototype device, the perma-patch machine experienced several mechanical breakdowns. Patch durability was very good. No failures were observed in the patches placed during this study. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Performance evaluations KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362045 AU - Nicinski, S A AU - May, R A AU - Rice, M S AU - SEACO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CAVITATING WATER JETS ON THE SURFACE PREPARATION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL PRIOR TO REPAINTING PY - 1982/06 SP - 107 p. AB - Environmental constraints on the emission of particulate matter into the air during abrasive blast cleaning of steel structures prompted an investigation in to the use of cavitating water jets to propare surfaces prior to repainting. Several cavitating water jet nozzles were lab tested to determine their area cleaning rate, effectiveness and thrust index in the removal of paint systems from test panels to an acceptable cleaned surface. The lab results indicated that the CAVIJET 0.073 "Organ Pipe nozzle had the highest rate of cleaning. The CAVIJET 0.050" Fanjet was the most effective cleaning nozzle and had a lower thrust value. This program included the design and fabrication of four hand-held tools that would utilize optimim cavitating nozzles; determined by lab work. The designs incorporated a nozzle, a trigger/valva assembly and techniques to counter jet thrust. The most effective tool for an operator incorporated an opposite hand hand grip and a barrel fitted with the 0.050" Fanjet nozzle, Field trials were performed on a bridge in Maryland. Two diver operated sea chest cleaning tools were also designed a fabricated for the program. They were designed to penetrate and clean 95% of the existing sea chest types. The high pressure water jets proved to be effective at preparing structural steel surfaces but were unable to achieve the proposed rates of 150 sq. ft./hr/operator. Improved or automated systems using multiple nozzle heads could eventually achieve these rates but at an increased cost of capital equipment and at a greater power consumption. (FHWA) KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Nozzles KW - Paint KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Removal KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel KW - Waterjets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479286 AU - Jennings, P W AU - Pribanic, J A AU - Dawson, K R AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ADDITIVES AND FILLERS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 97 p. AB - This project dealt with the molecular composition of asphalts and with the changes in asphalt composition that have been found to result from the inclusion of aggregate, additives, fillers and extenders in bituminous paving mixtures under normal production conditions in Montana. The method used in this project was high pressure liquid chromatography in the gel permeation mode. Changes in the molecular size distribution (MSD) of an asphalt, under carefully controlled laboratory processing, were shown to depend not only upon the specific asphalt, but also upon the aggregate, the additive, the mixing temperature and the time held at that temperature. Consequently, the MSD of the asphalt in a finished pavement cannot be predicted from the MSD of the original asphalt cement alone. A test method was developed, however, to simulate the net effect of plant mix processing, thus yielding an accurate prediction of the final MSD. In a continuing sub-study on asphalt "aging", the molecular size characteristics of asphalts in highway pavements were shown to undergo only very minor changes after approximately two years. Earlier predictions of pavement performance, based on molecular profiles of asphalts from core samples removed soon after construction, were actually borne out in two cases that were major paving projects. Several recycling agents were shown to consist mainly of very small molecular size materials. When mixed with salvaged bituminous material, they appeared to be inadequate to compensate for, or to otherwise change, excessive amounts of large molecular size (LMS) material often found in the salvaged asphalt. In another common method of recycling, it was found that the MSD of a mixture of asphalts can be estimated from the MSDs of the individual asphalts and their proportions in the mixture. As an example, a salvaged asphalt containing an excessive amount of LMS material may be modified with a virgin soft asphalt (i.e., 200-300 penetration grade asphalt with few LMS components) so that the resulting mixture closely matches the model for high quality asphalt cement. KW - Accuracy KW - Additives KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Extenders KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Forecasting KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure gel permeation chromatography KW - Materials selection KW - Mixing KW - Mixing temperature KW - Molecular size distribution KW - Molecular structure KW - Pavement performance KW - Pressure KW - Recycling KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367082 AU - Thompson, M R AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCEPTS FOR DEVELOPING A NONDESTRUCTIVE BASED ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1982/06 SP - 54 p. AB - Preliminary flexible pavement asphalt concrete (AC) overlay thickness design concepts utilizing NDT (nondestructive testing) data are presented. The Illinois DOT Road Rater (8 kip peak to peak lading, 12 inch diameter plate) was the primary NDT device. Conventional pavements (surface treatment-granular base; AC surface plus granular base), full depth asphalt concrete (AC surface plus AC base), and stabilized base (with or without AC surface) pavements are considered. Field evaluation, NDT testing, NDT data interpretation, and overlay thickness determination procedures are proposed. The overlay design concepts presented are primarily based on the data and findings from several previous University of Illinois and Illinois DOT research studies and reports. The procedure is directed toward the determination of the appropriate AC overlay thickness. It does not provide guidance or direction regarding the need for the AC overlay. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Road raters KW - Stabilized materials KW - Thickness UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468732 AU - Whitfield, J K AU - Eberhardt, A C AU - Booze, J D AU - Malpass, M W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUNAWAY TRUCK ARRESTING SCHEMES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 126 p. AB - The objective of the initial phase of the project was to identify, develop, analyze, and evaluate potential methods for stopping heavy vehicles on long, steep downgrades. Four categories of methods were examined: (1) devices for arresting aircraft in emergency landing or take-off situations, (2) crash cushions of barriers, (3) retarders which are part of the vehicle, and (4) escape ramps utilizing an arresting material and/or an ascending grade. Using criteria of arresting capability, safety, reliability, down time, cost effectiveness, and adaptability to truck use, vehicle retarders and arrester beds were found to be the most feasible methods of arresting runaway heavy vehicles. The extension phase has as its objective to examine the energy dissipation properties of a variety of materials covering a variation of particle size, particle shape, vehicle velocity, and wheel load. KW - Arrester beds KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash cushions KW - Dissipation KW - Downtime KW - Escape lanes KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Reliability KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Safety KW - Vehicle retarders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461717 AU - Motayed, A K AU - Chang, F M AU - Mukherjee, D K AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LOW WATER STREAM CROSSINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 119 p. AB - Literature on Low Water Stream Crossings (LWSC) is reviewed and analyzed to develop a set of design criteria for such structures. Case histories of existing structures are documented and an approach to decision criteria and economic analysis on which decisions can be made are included. Hydraulics of LWSC and the means of erosion protection are also discussed to the extent they are applicable to the structures of this type. This report, which emphasizes theoretical views and concepts, complements a second volume, "Design Guide: Low Water Stream Crossings", FHWA/RD-82/164, which stresses application and computations. KW - Causeways KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Economic analysis KW - Erosion control KW - Hydraulics KW - Low-water crossing structures KW - Reviews KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461718 AU - Motayed, A K AU - Chang, F M AU - Mukherjee, D K AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN GUIDE: LOW WATER STREAM CROSSING PY - 1982/06 SP - 92 p. AB - Commonly used Low Water Stream Crossings (LWSC) of different types are described and the characteristics of their efficient design are discussed. Selection factors for LWSCs are listed, along with a set of general and specific design considerations. A method, based on economic risk analysis, is recommended for the final selection and design of fords, vented fords and low water bridges. Design examples are provided for each of the three structures. This Design Guide emphasizes the application aspects and complements the volume: "Design and Construction of Low Water Stream Crossings", FHWA/RD-82/163, which stresses theoretical concepts and views. KW - Causeways KW - Design methods KW - Guidelines KW - Low-water crossing structures KW - Selecting KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462251 AU - Wyman, J H AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF WIND INDUCED MOTION OF A SUSPENSION BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 12 p. AB - During the months of November and December 1981, the equipment loaned the State of Maine DOT by the FHWA was installed on the Deer Isle Bridge. Data continues to be collected on wind, speed and direction, and bridge motion. An analysis by the FHWA Bridge Structures Group is under way. KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Suspension bridges KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind direction KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452242 AU - Styles, W J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FLASHING RED SIGNAL AHEAD SIGN PY - 1982/06 SP - 108 p. AB - This evaluation was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of the RED SIGNAL AHEAD (RSA) sign and develop guidelines for its use. The RSA sign is intended to increase motorist awareness of a traffic signal when this dynamic device is placed in advance of an unexpected signalized intersection. In brief, this study concludes that the RSA sign has the potential to be an effective device in reducing right angle accidents at signalized intersections where certain geometric and traffic conditions exist. The results of this study followed an investigation into accident and non-accident measures of effectiveness (MOE's). Non-accident MOE's included approach speeds, through on yellow/red interval movements and initial brake application locations. The MOE's were examined for a composite of all locations and by variations in certain key elements. Those elements considered to be significant were approach geometry, sight distance, and traffic volume. Two analyses were performed with the accident data. A three year Before/After (B/A) accident study and a one year B/A accident study with a "control" group. Both accident analyses concur that a significant reduction in right angle accidents followed the installation of the RSA sign. The analyses were not conclusive regarding effects on rear end, total and truck accidents. There was some indication that rear end accidents tend to increase. For total accidents as well as truck accidents the two analyses disagree on the RSA sign's effectiveness. The non-accident MOE's revealed that the RSA sign influences approach speeds, but does not appear to affect through on yellow/red interval movements. Also, the initial brake applications appeared to be a function of the geometric approach to the intersection. These same non-accident MOE's and the above accident MOE's were used to compare the RSA sign with the SYMBOL SIGNAL AHEAD/YELLOW (continuously) Flashing Beacons (W3-3/YFB) device. KW - Approach KW - Approach lanes KW - Approach speed KW - Before and after studies KW - Braking KW - Driver information systems KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Geometric design KW - Intersection approach KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rear end crashes KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Sight distance KW - Signalized intersections KW - Speed KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452243 AU - Styles, W J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE FLASHING RED STROBE SIGNAL PY - 1982/06 SP - 26 p. AB - This original study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the experimental Red Strobe Traffic Signal device in reducing motor vehicle accidents at some signalized intersections. The red strobe signal indication is expected to attract driver attention to the necessary stop condition provided by one or more additional red signal indications. The results of this study are inconclusive as to the effectiveness of this device. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing red KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Strobes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395191 AU - Ashworth, T AU - Weyland, J A AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE BASIC FORCES INVOLVED IN THE ADHESION OF ICE TO HIGHWAY SURFACES PY - 1982/06 SP - n.p. AB - Improved knowledge of the basic forces contributing to the adhesion of ice to highway surfaces was the objective of the research performed. Tensile and shear interfacial strength tests formed the main thrust of the experimental program. Tests were carried out over the temperature range -0.5 deg C to -20 deg C for several concrete mixes, mortar and asphalt. Surface treatments including NaCl, CaC12, a Silicone compound, a fluorocarbon compound and a mineral oil (#2 diesel fuel). The salts were effective in reducing adhesion above -8 deg C; the other materials were more effective, especially at lower temperatures. In fact, diesel oil is a long term contaminant which must be avoided for tests on concrete. The wetting temperature of a clean substrate has also been shown to be a factor. Modified concretes showed reduced adhesion. Results of numerical modeling of an ice/concrete interface show stress concentration factors greater than one due to material dissimilarities, penetration of one material into the other, and non-homogeneous substrate. Tensile strength measurements four pure ice have been made, and failure criteria for the interface have been developed from them. Moisture adsorption and heats of wetting experiments for Quartzite, limestone, sand, and P.C. Mortar have been taken. Adsorption site areas and energies have been deduced. Data is being interpreted to disclose the role of capillary effects and the influence of fluorocarbon treatment. Results obtained indicate that both mechanical and chemical binding are important at the ice/concrete interface, and that the interfacial strength can be weakened by substrate modification, substrate treatments, or solute treatment. (FHWA) KW - Adhesion KW - Calcium chloride KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Fluorocarbons KW - Ice KW - Interfaces KW - Limestone KW - Mineral oils KW - Resource development KW - Sand KW - Shear strength KW - Silicones KW - Sodium chloride KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392173 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCUREMENT AND UTILIZATION OF RADIO EQUIPMENT UNDER UMTA'S SECTION 16(B)(2) PROGRAM IN VIRGINIA PY - 1982/06 SP - 58 p. AB - The Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation has been designated the administering agency for UMTA's Section 16(b)(2) program of capital grants to private, nonprofit organizations for the provision of transportation to the elderly and handicapped. Tthe Department's procedures for purchasing communication equipment and the utilization of that equipment by past recipients were reviewed and evaluated. Additionally, a questionnaire survey of the procurement practices in other states was undertaken. Based on the results of these activities, findings and conclusions regarding the procurement of communication equipment and its utilization were developed, and recommendations regarding these matters were made. KW - Procurement KW - Radio KW - Recommendations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36475/83-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388848 AU - Jacobs, JHG AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF DRAINAGE STRUCTURES PY - 1982/06 SP - 78 p. AB - The study evaluated various culvert materials and/or coatings for durability. The emphasis of the evaluation was directed primarily toward corrosion for the metal pipes and loss of aggregates in reinforced concrete pipes. The design of culvert installations in Maine are primarily on relatively flat grades, thus erosion and/or abrasion are generally not a problem. Culverts installed by Construction and Maintenance were asbestos bonded bituminous coated corrugated metal pipes, asbestos cement pipes, clad aluminum-alloy culvert pipes, aluminum-alloy structural plate pipes, bituminous coated with paved invert corrugated metal pipes and corrugated metal pipe (steel) and reinforced concrete pipes. Those culverts installed expeprimentally were aluminum coated corrugated metal pipes, aluminum-zinc coated corrugated metal pipe, polymeric-coated corrugated metal pipes and post epoxy coated corrugated metal pipes. Estimated service life was determined for corrugated metal pipe (steel), bituminous coated with paved invert corrugated metal pipe (steel), reinforced concrete pipe and aluminum alloy corrugated metal pipe. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Aluminum KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Building materials KW - Cement KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Drainage structures KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Metal pipe KW - Pipe culverts KW - Polymers KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Service life KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388832 AU - Davis, R E AU - Semans, F M AU - Mish, K D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOFTESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION II: ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL LOADS PY - 1982/06 SP - n.p. AB - Kyowa, Ormond and Cambridge Contact Soil Stressmeters were placed in an embankment and around the periphery of the 120-in.- (3.05-m-) diameter, 12-gauge, steel, structural plate, DB Culvert under a 188-ft (57-m) overfill. Transducers were scanned periodically as the embankment was constructed. Normal tractions acting at the soil-culvert interface of eight zones of the pipe and tangential tractions at three of those zones have been plotted as functions of overfill. Digitized stresses from these functions have been plotted as profiles at significant overfilles and time intervals after fill completion, and interpolated stresses have been established by cubic spline functions. Plots of embankment stresses as functions of overfill are also included. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Bedding /sewers/ KW - Embankments KW - Instrumentation KW - Loads KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Pipe culverts KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Sewers KW - Splines KW - Stresses KW - Structural materials KW - Structural plate pipes KW - Testing KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387425 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1982 DRIVER LICENSE. ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1982/06 SP - 48 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. possessions and territories, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. An additional section is included showing comparable data for Canada. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licensing KW - Fees KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386714 AU - Koop, D E AU - Anderson, J E AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF HIGHWAY DENSITY AND LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE BRIDGE OVERLAYS PY - 1982/06 SP - 30 p. AB - Portland cement concrete overlay surfacings for bridge decks which will effectively resist de-icing salt solution penetration are a major concern. The report compares the relative effectiveness of latex modified concrete and high density concrete overlays. This report is divided into the following chapters; (1) Introduction, (2) Compressive Strength and Air Content, (3) Density of Hardened Concrete, (4) Shear Bond Strength, (5) Chloride Penetration, (6) Roughness, (7) Skid Resistance, (8) Cracking, Delaminations, and Corrosion and (9) Conclusions. From the data it was concluded that the differences in the measurements between the two protective systems are minimal and that both latex modified concrete and high density concrete overlays provide adequate bridge deck protective systems. (FHWA) KW - Air content KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Delamination KW - High density KW - Latex KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pendulum tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resistance KW - Roughness KW - Shear strength KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371681 AU - Ardekani, S AU - Herman, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY OF TRAFFIC SERVICE PY - 1982/06 SP - 110 p. AB - The Two-Fluid Model has been used to model the quality of service in Austin and Dallas traffic networks. In addition, the physical interpretation of the model parameters is closely examined. Furthermore, the Two-Fluid Model is slightly modified to better predict the average minimum trip time and stop time per unit distance. Finally, the results of two ergodic experiments as well as data in very light traffic conditions have been used to investigate the consistency of the underlying assumptions of the Two-Fluid Model. The interrelation between the Two-Fluid Model and other macroscopic traffic models such as a simple fuel consumption model is also discussed. The report is concluded with a discussion of the use of time-lapse aerial photography in the investigation of the Two-Fluid Model assumptions and in the derivation of relations that may exist among the means of the speed, density, and flow in a traffic network. (FHWA) KW - Aerial photography KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Quality of service KW - Stopped time delays KW - Time lapse photography KW - Traffic KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380601 AU - Payne, H J AU - May, A D AU - VERAC, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF MAINLINE FREEWAY AND FREEWAY-FREEWAY CONNECTORS FOR BOTTLENECK ALLEVIATION PY - 1982/06 SP - 147 p. AB - The objective of this study was to explore the application of mainline and freeway-to-freeway connector metering for freeway bottleneck alleviation. The study involved a review of the literature; visits to sites with existing, planned or candidate implementations, modeling and analysis of metering systems including various options with respect to inclusion of ramp, connector and mainline metering for five representative sites; development of guidelines for operations personnel; and generation of simulation scenarios for future, detailed studies. Successful connector metering implementations are documented. This technique was generally shown to be a very useful adjunct to ramp metering when high volume connectors contribute substantially to operational bottlenecks. Successful implementations of mainline metering have been limited almost solely to bridge and tunnel control. Freeway mainline metering has not been implemented (except for one manual metering implementation) and should be considered only for extreme circumstances as a means to manage freeway congestion not addressable by other means. (FHWA) KW - Bottlenecks KW - Connectors KW - Fasteners KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeways KW - Metering KW - Ramp metering KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365641 AU - Flora, J W AU - Keitt, K M AU - PRC Voorhees Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCESS MANAGEMENT FOR STREETS AND HIGHWAYS PY - 1982/06 SP - 221 p. AB - Access management is an effective technique for reducing traffic conflicts associated with driveways and intersections. Most highway agencies have a comprehensive access management policy, but current practices show a wide variation in effectiveness. The report provides design details and traffic operation methods for reducing the frequency and severity of traffic accidents at driveways. Evaluation techniques along with warrants are provided to aid in the selection of the appropriate control measure. Guidance for establishing a comprehensive access management program along with a review of the access policies for the States of Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Colorado are included in the report. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Colorado KW - Driveways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Pennsylvania KW - Policy KW - Reviews KW - Roads KW - States KW - Streets KW - Traffic control KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377272 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Bartholomew, J AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE PATCHING MANUAL PY - 1982/06 SP - 35 p. AB - The practicality of using polymer concrete to repair deteriorated portland cement concrete bridge decks and pavements has been demonstrated. This manual outlines the procedures for using polymer concrete as a rapid patching material to repair deteriorated concrete. The process technology, materials, equipment, and safety provisions used in manufacturing and placing polymer concrete are discussed. The objective of the report is to inform potential users of the various steps necessary to insure successful field applications of the material. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Manuals KW - Patching KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373857 AU - Szalay, L AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME V--SURVEYING PUBLIC IMAGES/OPINIONS BY ASSOCIATIVE GROUP ANALYSIS PY - 1982/06 SP - 53 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume describes the Associative Group Analysis techniques for obtaining attitudinal and perceptual information. The technique is described in sufficient detail to permit use by planners with varying amounts of training and experience. (FHWA) KW - Attitudes KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Manuals KW - Perception KW - Public opinion KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373858 AU - Cornog, J AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME VI--DEVELOPMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF COMMUNITY SURVEYS PY - 1982/06 SP - 91 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume describes procedures for and uses of personal interviews to assess community attitudes and opinions of a highway project. (FHWA) KW - Attitudes KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Interviewing KW - Manuals KW - Public opinion KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376397 AU - Aggour, M S AU - Ragab, A AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY AND SOUNDNESS OF SUBMERGED TIMBER BRIDGE PILING PY - 1982/06 SP - 421 p. AB - Despite a recent underwater inspection of the piling, an unanticipated failure occurred to a timber supported bridge at Denton, Maryland in early 1976. The underwater inspection had indicated reasonable soundness of the timber but later laboratory tests indicated substantial reduction in material strength during the life of the piling. This project deals with the development of a nondestructive testing technique for determining the in-place residual strength of timber piling due to damage to the wood microstructure that causes loss in strength and density. The testing technique employed is the ultrasonic wave propagation method. Above and under water equipment were developed and the testing procedure and limitations are presented. A large number of new piles and old piles from four different bridges in the State of Maryland were first tested by the equipment developed and their dynamic modulus of elasticity determined, followed by testing to failure for residual strength determination. In addition, small specimens were cut from old and new piles and the mechanical properties determined for a large number of variables such as unit weight, moisture content, effect of treatment and the direction of grain. From the testing program correlation curves were developed between the nondestructive testing results and the residual strength of the timber piles. The results to date provide an adequate inspection procedure to determine if damage is occurring or has occurred and to what extent. A quantitative determination of the residual strength of timber piles in service will enable the engineer to make appropriate judgments as to the ability of the pile to further support the loads imposed upon it. The results presented in this interim report are a summary of testing performed up to April 1982. Additional testing is underway and will be presented in the final report. (FHWA) KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Residual strength KW - Safety KW - Soundness KW - Soundness test KW - Timber KW - Timber piles KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Underwater construction KW - Underwater structures KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373854 AU - Hamilton, M AU - Verrasto, F AU - Corber, W AU - BDM Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. ADDENDUM TO VOLUME II--THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF URBAN HIGHWAYS: A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES PY - 1982/06 SP - 51 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume reviews social impact studies published after 1975 and provides an indication of the change in the conclusions and the quality of highway impact research. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Empirical methods KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Manuals KW - Reviews KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373852 AU - Hamilton, M AU - Carter, C AU - Whitley, D AU - BDM Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME I--USER'S GUIDE TO SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PY - 1982/06 SP - 73 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume describes a general approach to assessing the social impact of highway projects and indicates what parts of the Sourcebook will assist in performing specific steps of the approach. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Manuals KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377246 AU - Bender, J G AU - Bonderson, L S AU - Schmelz, R E AU - Thompson, J F AU - Benyo, T R AU - Miller, David AU - Stuart, D AU - General Motors Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEMS STUDIES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS, FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 185 p. AB - The concern of the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) study is the analysis and evaluation of candidate system concepts to determine their practicality for deployment in the 1990 to 2000 time frame. Embodied within this effort is the identification of candidate system concept and implementation strategies which have a high potential for successful deployment with a minimum of disruptive influence and cost impact on the current highway system. This report documents the AHS study objectives, analysis, scope, and methodology used to arrive at the conclusions and recommendations. A description of a recommended system concept is presented together with a plan for system development and implementation; the plan is structured to maximize the potential for successful deployment and operation. Also included are cost estimates for designing, developing, fabricating, marketing, operating, and maintaining the recommended system concept. The technical program approach was partitioned into four major phases. Development and selection of system concepts and implementation strategies; Candidate system concept and deployment strategy analysis; Automated highway system trade studies; and Development of system concept and implementation recommendations. The details associated with each phase of the program are presented herein. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Automated highway systems KW - Concepts KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377248 AU - Payne, H J AU - May, A D AU - VERAC, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF MAINLINE FREEWAY AND FREEWAY-FREEWAY CONNECTORS FOR BOTTLENECK ALLEVIATION PY - 1982/06 SP - 147 p. AB - The objective of this study was to explore the application of mainline and freeway-to-freeway connector metering for freeway bottleneck alleviation. The study involved a review of the literature; visits to sites with existing, planned or candidate implementations, modeling and analysis of metering systems including various options with respect to inclusion of ramp, connector and mainline metering for five representative sites; development of guidelines for operations personnel; and generation of simulation scenarios for future, detailed studies. Successful connector metering implementations are documented. This technique was generally shown to be a very useful adjunct to ramp metering when high volume connectors contribute substantially to operational bottlenecks. Successful implementations of mainline metering have been limited almost solely to bridge and tunnel control. Freeway mainline metering has not been implemented (except for one manual metering implementation) and should be considered only for extreme circumstances as a menas to manage freeway congestion not addressable by other means. (FHWA) KW - Bottlenecks KW - Connectors KW - Fasteners KW - Freeway ramps KW - Highway bridges KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373853 AU - Goodman, C AU - Hare, G AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME II--A REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES PY - 1982/06 SP - 120 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume takes a critical look at social impact studies done prior to 1975. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Empirical methods KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Manuals KW - Reviews KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373855 AU - Hamilton, M AU - Carter, C AU - BDM Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME III--INVENTORY OF HIGHWAY RELATED SOCIAL IMPACTS PY - 1982/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume provides an inventory and classification of the social impacts of highway projects. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Classification KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Inventory KW - Manuals KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376389 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A PRESS-LAM TIMBER BRIDGE, FINAL REPORTS--BRIDGE PERFORMANCE AND LOAD TEST AFTER FIVE YEARS PY - 1982/06 SP - 24 p. AB - The report describes the results of the load tests and summarizes the data on the dimensional changes and moisture content of the press-lam members and the number and types of vehicles using the bridge. The results of the load tests suggest that the AASHTO load distribution is conservative. Although the rails, wheel guards and posts are exhibiting a high moisture content and areas of delamination, the bridge is structurally sound and in excellent condition after five years of service. Two previous interim reports document significant phase of the study. "Interim Report No. 1, Bridge Installation and Load Test" describes the construction of the bridge and the first load test. "Interim Report No. 2, Bridge Performance and Load Test After One Year" describes the performance of the bridge during the first year of service. (FHWA) KW - Delamination KW - Load tests KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36473/82-R56.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377242 AU - Meyer, W E AU - Meyer (WE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF FRICTIONAL REQUIREMENTS RESEARCH PY - 1982/06 SP - 96 p. AB - Accident data, though useful as indicators of needed safety measures, have not been found to provide a satisfactory basis for determining minimum skid resistance values for specific highway locations. Therefore researchers have attempted to deduce from traffic observations the skid resistance demand of normal traffic. It is postulated that if this demand were universally accommodated fewer wet-weather accidents would result. Applicable studies are reviewed in this report and examined critically. It is found that recording the speeds and paths of vehicles in the traffic stream does not give precise information about the skid resistance demand of individual vehicles, that samples are usually small, and that, because all maneuvers are to varying degrees subject to driver choice, it is difficult to define what normal traffic is. Proving ground determinations of limit performance of specific vehicles could define the extremes of demand and would, in connection with a margin of safety permit deducing a desired level of skid resistance, but limit performance is often controlled by variables that are irrelevant to nonpanic situations, varies greatly among vehicles, and the question of defining a margin of safety is unresolved. For these reasons the only presently feasible solution is to estimate for various types of maneuver sites the skid resistance values that should safely accommodate all vehicles and drivers under all, but the most exceptional circumstances. (FHWA) KW - Friction KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Reproduction KW - Safety KW - Skid resistance KW - Vehicles KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373856 AU - Wachs, M AU - Westfall, M AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: A SOURCEBOOK FOR HIGHWAY PLANNERS. VOLUME IV--USE OF SOCIAL DATA ARCHIVES PY - 1982/06 SP - 44 p. AB - The seven volume Sourcebook describes the social impacts associated with the planning, design, construction, and operation of highway projects and discusses procedures and techniques available for the assessment of these impacts. Included in the Sourcebook are a number of case study assessments along with descriptions of specific assessment techniques such as obtrusive and unobtrusive forms of surveying and observation. This volume describes how information collected for other highway purposes can be useful both as an indicator of probable social effects and for updating decennial census data. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Data analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Social impacts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373136 AU - Pinkerman, K O AU - Bushey, R AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR MONITORING QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM, VOLUME II PY - 1982/06 SP - 155 p. AB - Volume II includes the air monitoring test and calibration procedures as developed under the project "Air Monitoring Quality Assurance Program". These include carbon monoxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, total hydrocarbons, HiVol sampling and lead in total suspended particulate. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Calibration KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Monitoring KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Particulates KW - Quality assurance KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373070 AU - Bieschke, L A AU - Klingner, R E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF TRANSVERSE STRAND EXTENSIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PRECAST PRESTRESSED PANEL BRIDGES PY - 1982/06 SP - 116 p. AB - A series of static and dynamic loading tests was conducted on a full-scale bridge specimen constructed using prestressed precast panels placed on top of prestressed precast girders and covered with a cast-in-place bridge deck. The north half had panels with transverse prestressing strands extending beyond the panel edges, and the south half had smooth-sided panels. The major objective was to determine if the absence of strand extensions would cause significant deterioration in performance under fatigue and static loading. The bridge was subjected to four static tests (three at levels high enough to cause girder cracking) and two fatigue tests. In addition, ten concentrated load tests were made. All loadings were applied equally to each half of the bridge. Four major conclusions are apparent from this study: (1) The overall and local behavior of bridges without extensions is as satisfactory as that of bridges with extensions; (2) In some cases, prestressed girders can be cracked flexurally and subjected to extensive fatigue cycling without strand fracture; (3) Bridge deck capacity under concentrated loads should be investigated using yield-line models as well as punching shear models, particularly in overhang areas; and (4) Construction details were not observed to affect overall performance. However, they can have significant effects on local behavior. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Extension KW - Fatigue tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Load tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Static loads KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373137 AU - Alexander, M L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE COMPACTION STUDY (INTERIM REPORT) PY - 1982/06 SP - 55 p. AB - A summary of typical problems encountered when placing and compacting asphalt concrete pavements by the method specifications currently in use in California is presented. Preliminary evaluations of alternative methods for determining the in situ density and relative compaction of asphalt concrete pavements are also discussed. These include laboratory specific gravity tests on core samples, reducing the effective measurement depth of conventional nuclear backscatter gages, and a new prototype nuclear backscatter gage designed to measure the density in the top 0.08' of the pavement. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Backscattering KW - Compaction KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Density KW - Nuclear gages KW - Samples KW - Specific gravity KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372387 AU - Sime, J M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF ASPHALT EMULSIONS IN CONNECTICUT: FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 146 p. AB - Five different pavement sealcoats were applied to secondary roads during August and September, 1979. The pavement-study sections were selected from ConnDOT's District I and II liquid-surface-treatment-program schedules. The performance of each was monitored for three years. The two secondary roads selected for the study had aged, distressed pavements. One lane of each two-lane road received a Class 12 bituminous concrete thin-surface-leveling course prior to sealcoating. Researchers documented the rate at which pre-existing cracks reflected through each sealcoat. The reflection cracking rate appeared to be dependent upon sealcoat thickness. All of the experimental sealcoats provided adequate skid resistance during the three-year monitoring period. Primary recommendations are: (1) Apply thicker sealcoats to lengthen service life, i.e. 3/8, 5/8, and 1/2-inch chip sealcoats will outperform thinner sand and grits sealcoats; (2) Utilize several sealcoat designs throughout the State to capitalize on locally-available and economical materials; and (3) Prepare the pavement surface to high standards prior to a sealcoat application, including the compaction of any bituminous-concrete leveling course with either rubber-tire or steel-wheel rollers. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rollers KW - Seal coats KW - Secondary roads KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373135 AU - Pinkerman, K O AU - Bushey, R AU - Shirley, E C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR MONITORING QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM, VOLUME I PY - 1982/06 SP - 100 p. AB - Volume I of this report discusses the development of a quality assurance program for air quality monitoring performed by Caltrans Districts. This work encompassed the establishment of a central standards laboratory, evolution of test procedures, standardizing of field air monitoring systems, selection of secondary field calibration equipment, and methods of field calibration and audits. The Quality Assurance Program is included in the Appendix. Volume II of this report includes the test methods. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Calibration KW - Monitoring KW - Quality assurance KW - Standardization KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373119 AU - Connor, B AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMUM SAND SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROADWAY ICE CONTROL PY - 1982/06 SP - 39 p. AB - The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, Research Section, has tested several winter maintenance sands to determine which are best suited to skid resistance. It was found that coal ash provided the best skid reduction properties. Concrete sand was superior to the normally used State maintenance sand. Fractured particles proved superior to rounded aggregate. Testing was performed to determine the desirability of using ethylene glycol to prevent freezing in the stockpile. It was found that as little as 1 gallon/ton of sanding materials would significantly reduce handling problems. Winshield breakage is a major consideration in the selection of the maximum particle size. Tests showed that windshields could be damaged by particles as small as 1/4" traveling at a velocity of 35 mph. Rounded particles were found to do more damage than sharp aggregate. (FHWA) KW - Ashes KW - Coal KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Deicing KW - Ethylene glycol KW - Freezing KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Loss and damage KW - Optimization KW - Prevention KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Stockpiling KW - Windshields UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_26.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373133 AU - Moe, R D AU - Bullin, J A AU - Lougheed, M J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE ANALYSIS AND IMPACT OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF ON WATER QUALITY IN TEXAS PY - 1982/06 SP - 49 p. AB - This experiment was designed to monitor water quality, air quality, traffic, and meteorology along an elevated, impervious section of interstate highway in Dallas, Texas, with a closed storm sewer system. Volume of flow, rainfall, and pollutants discharged were monitored automatically during rainstorms. Particulate was sampled at three locations and subjected to X-ray fluorescent analysis. Particulate levels varied substantially and appeared to decrease sharply after rainshowers. All elements sampled followed the same general pattern of variation with some individual differences. It was difficult to establish a relationship between particulate levels and wind direction. Precipitation seemed to be the most significant factor with a rapid buildup in particulate levels following shower activity. (FHWA) KW - Air pollution KW - Discharge KW - Highway drainage KW - Monitoring KW - Particulates KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Water quality KW - X ray fluorescence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372648 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1981 FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PY - 1982/06 SP - 36 p. AB - This 1981 report on the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research and Development is the eighth in a series of annual reports on the joint activities and achievements of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the States in highway research and development (R&D). This report presents a general picture of accomplishments in the FCP during the past year, the programs that coordinate the varied research activities in highway transportation, and the organization and facilities of the FHWA Offices of Research and Development. (Author) KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Federal programs KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State government KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365806 AU - Diaz, R J AU - Orth, R J AU - Markwith, G AU - Rizzo, W AU - Wetzel, R AU - Virginia Institute of Marine Science AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF TIDAL FLATS. VOLUME 2: IDENTIFIED VALUES REVIEW PY - 1982/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This report is the second volume of three, documenting a study titled "Evaluation of Tidal Flat Areas for Highway Planning and Design." This report summarizes the available information from the literature concerning physical, chemical, and biological processes characteristic of the tidal flat environment. The report suggests possible techniques for the evaluation of coastal wetland types for management or scientific purposes. KW - Algae KW - Aquatic life KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Coastal KW - Coasts KW - Construction KW - Decomposition KW - Dredging KW - Ecology KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Geological processes KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Marine biology KW - Marshes KW - Ocean currents KW - Primary biological productivity KW - Primary production KW - Sedimentation KW - Tideland KW - Waste disposal KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365836 AU - Ford, R W AU - Shelly, T L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WATER-BASED CONCRETE CURING COMPOUNDS PY - 1982/06 SP - 33 p. AB - Proprietary water-based curing compounds were compared with solvent-based compounds now used by Caltrans. Water-based compounds protect concrete during the curing period as well as solvent-based compounds at a slightly lower cost. A tentative specification for water-based curing compounds is included in this report. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curing agents KW - Field tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sampling KW - Specifications KW - Surveys KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365805 AU - Diaz, R J AU - Markwith, G AU - Orth, R J AU - Rizzo, W AU - Wetzel, R AU - Virginia Institute of Marine Science AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF TIDAL FLATS. VOLUME 1: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - 86 p. AB - This report is the first volume of three, documenting a study titled "Evaluation of Tidal Flat Areas for Highway Planning and Design." This report summarizes the data collected on the biological processes and communities of tidal flats. It is an aid in determining which processes and communities would be best suited for inclusion in the evaluation methodology. From analyzing these and other data on tidal flats it appears that attempts to establish guidelines for evaluation need to include the type of habitat (grass bed, sand or mud flat), season, and geographic location. These are most important for animal communities. KW - Abundance KW - Animals KW - Benthos KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Building sites KW - Clams KW - Coasts KW - Crustacea KW - Ecology KW - Fishes KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Invertebrates KW - Location KW - Marshes KW - Maryland KW - Mollusca KW - Monitoring KW - North Carolina KW - Primary biological productivity KW - Primary production KW - Sea grasses KW - Seafood KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Shrimp KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tideland KW - Virginia KW - Wetlands KW - Worms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371043 AU - Button, J W AU - Rincon-Valdez, R AU - Epps, J A AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENTAL WORK ON A TEST PROCEDURE TO IDENTIFY WATER SUSCEPTIBLE ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1982/06 SP - 51 p. AB - Preliminary work has been completed in an attempt to devise a satisfactory test program to identify water susceptible asphalt paving mixtures. Two different water treatment methods have been applied to one asphalt-aggregate. Five different antistripping additives were evaluated by comparison to control specimens containing no additive. Common laboratory tests were employed to evaluate mixture strength, stiffness and stability before and after exposure to moisture. Tensile strength of mixtures appears to be the best measure of water susceptibility. Resilient modulus shows much potential as a predictor of moisture susceptible mixtures. Generally, hydrated lime added to the aggregate as a slurry seems to offer the best protection from moisture damage. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt tests KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Development KW - Impacts KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Tensile strength KW - Water KW - Water effects KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365807 AU - Diaz, R J AU - Virginia Institute of Marine Science AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINATION OF TIDAL FLATS. VOLUME 3: EVALUATION METHODOLOGY PY - 1982/06 SP - 58 p. AB - This report is the third volume of three, documenting a study titled "Evaluation of Tidal Flat Areas for Highway Planning and Design." This report describes an approach to the evaluation of tidal flats which centers around state-of-the-art knowledge for: (1) assessing the values of tidal flats and (2) establishing the basis for comparison of specific sites. Parameters identified as important for evaluation of tidal flat value fall into two categories; (1) Primary producers (chlorophyll a concentration and light intensity) and (2) Support populations (annelid, mollusc, and crustacean biomass and abundance). KW - Abundance KW - Aquatic life KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Birds KW - Building sites KW - Construction KW - Crustacea KW - Ecology KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Fisheries KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Management KW - Marine biology KW - Marshes KW - Mollusca KW - Primary biological productivity KW - Primary production KW - Tideland KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370289 AU - Hutchinson, S C AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SYNOPSIS PY - 1982/06 SP - 18 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to capsulize presentations made in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, May 18-20, 1982 concerning Equipment Management Systems and their development and use. Major emphasis was placed on presentations from four of the original five FHWA contract States. These States contracted to test the pool funded manual written to provide the basis of an equipment management system. Presentations from representatives of other agencies that have selected other courses of action were also made. One speaker from the private sector provided information on his company's operation. (FHWA) KW - Equipment KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370288 AU - Kasinskas, M M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE USE OF SALT BRINE FOR DEICING PURPOSES--FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/06 SP - n.p. AB - A new method of destroying snow pack and ice accumulation on roadway surfaces is discussed. The method utilizes high-speed sodium-chloride jet streams to penetrate the pavement cover and initiate an immediate melt. The brine is applied to the pavement from 0 deg nozzles connected to a distribution bar located under the mid-section of a truck. A pressure of up to 300 psi is utilized to produce the high-speed streams. The results of field observations of both test (high-speed brine streams) and control (crystalline salt) sections are presented. Comparisons are made between amount of salt used in each section over a three-year period, and problems involving equipment design and malfunction are discussed. The units have been used successfully for snow and ice removal and have a definite effect on salt consumption. They have also been employed in other types of maintenance operations yielding increased productivity. KW - Brines KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Sodium chloride UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186245 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369438 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kopac, P A AU - Fernandez, J I AU - Forster, S W AU - Mitchell, T M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL - 1. AN ANALYSIS OF CURRENT AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL PROGRAMS PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-24 AB - A comparative analysis of current gradation control programs to determine direct and indirect economic benefits and liabilities is presented. This article describes detailed economic analyses of aggregate gradation control programs in three States. KW - Aggregate formation KW - Aggregates KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic benefits KW - Quality control KW - Road materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369409 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING BITUMINOUS SHOULDERS MIXTURE AND ASPHALT EVALUATION PY - 1982/06 SP - n.p. AB - Recycled bituminous materials have proven economical when compared to the costs involved in constructing a pavement from all new materials. Long term performance comparisons have not been developed to illustrate the long term maintenance requirements. This report is the first of two reports detailing the examination of recycled mixes to predict long term performance. Two reclaimed pavements and two additional aged materials were selected. Procedures are developed for selecting the type and amount of recycling agent to minimize compatability problems and not necessitate special handling problems. The testing on the recycled mixes indicated the need to allow for diffusion of the recycling agent into the aged binder. The type of recycling agent is shown to affect asphalt cement performance properties and the mix design parameters, although acceptable mixture parameters were obtained for all recycled mixes. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binders KW - Bituminous materials KW - Compatibility KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Road shoulders UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186236 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00369437 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Abt, S R AU - Jones, J S AU - Ruff, J F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AT CULVERT OUTLETS IN A SANDY-CLAY MATERIAL PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-5 AB - A hydraulic model study was performed at the Colorado State University research facilities to simulate field conditions of a newly placed culvert. An outdoor flume 30.5 m long, 6.1 m wide, and 2.4 m deep was constructed. The culvert outlet was centered between the flume sidewalls with the culvert invert adjacent to the bed material. Circular culverts with 254 mm, 356 mm, and 457 mm diameters were tested in the cohesive bed. KW - Clay KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culverts KW - Drainage KW - Flumes KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Hydraulics KW - Roads KW - Sandy clays KW - Scour UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/187040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368918 AU - Mullowney, W L AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS ON TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/06 SP - 60 p. AB - This project measured and documented the effect that snowplowable raised pavement markers (SRPM's) have on the behavior of traffic at certain geometric highway conditions. Two lane rural curves, highway exits with deceleration lanes and highway bifurcations were studied. Measures of performance selected to study the effects of the markers were: erratic maneuvers such as cutting through painted gores, weaving between exiting lanes, center and edge line encroachments; point of entrance into deceleration lanes; and mean speeds and speed variance at curves. All types of erratic maneuvers studied were significantly reduced at various sites for traffic volumes up to 500 veh/hr lane. At volumes between 900-1000 veh/hr/lane, the markers had no effect on traffic. Raised markers were not successful in causing motorists to enter deceleration lanes at exits earlier. As far as speeds, the markers seem to have abrupt speed changes. The effect of SRPM's on speed variance was inconclusive. The markers were effective in reducing erratic maneuvers at sites with and without overhead lighting. At one site, a high rate of erratic maneuvers during rain conditions was not only significantly reduced with the placement of markers, but the wet condition EM rate with the markers approached the quality of the dry condition rate. A visual analysis of 15 different layouts of raised pavement markers at exits with deceleration lanes was performed and led to the placement of the devices on the gore at 20 ft., lane lines at 40 ft., and edge lines at 40 ft. spacings. (FHWA) KW - Behavior KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Deceleration lanes KW - Drivers KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367466 AU - Johnson, E G AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION BY SURCHARGE OVER MUSKEG PY - 1982/06 SP - 42 p. AB - In 1974 the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities constructed the Kenai River Crossing Project over muskeg and marsh deposits using stage construction and a static surcharge. Copious settlement and pore pressure data were taken during construction as this was the first time this technique was used by the State of Alaska. This report evaluates the embankment settlement calculations by comparing them to the measured field settlements. It was found that the calculated settlements, using the Compression Index, overestimated the actual settlements by a factor of two. Recalculations were made using the ratio of the compression measured in consolidation testing to the original sample thickness. This method gave a much better agreement with measured field settlements. To evaluate the effectiveness of the static surcharges, elevations of the roadway were taken five and a half years after construction. This revealed that the average long term settlement for that period was 0.21 feet. It is felt that this is not due to an error in the surcharge design but will probably occur after the removal of the surcharge. This conclusion should be verified by the observance of other projects. These additonal settlements were sufficiently uniform in that they are not noticeable when the road is driven. (FHWA) KW - Compression KW - Construction management KW - Embankments KW - Marshes KW - Ratios KW - Road construction KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Surcharge KW - Thickness UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367465 AU - Guentlev, D V AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MECHANIZED PAVEMENT PATCHING MACHINE PY - 1982/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This report looks at the state of the art in mechanized pothole patching. Initial evaluations were based on literature reviews and interviews with the personnel of various State highway departments. The objective of a single machine incorporating the various operations required for a fully mechanized pothole patcher appeared to be fully met by the Gabriel Perma-Patch machine. The equipment was then evaluated for performance and patch durability by the Colorado Dept. of Highways. Performance of the equipment was very good although being a prototype device, the perma-patch machine experienced several mechanical breakdowns. Patch durability was very good. No failures were observed in the patches placed during this study. (FHWA) KW - Durability KW - Equipment KW - Mechanization KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368127 AU - Montgomery, E K AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF IDAHO'S FIRST SULFUR EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 54 PY - 1982/06 SP - v.p. AB - A 17.6 mile surfacing project was recently completed on Idaho's State Route 14 near Elk City, Idaho. The project consisted of experimental Sulfur Extended Asphalt (SEA) pavement and conventional asphalt cement (AC) pavement sections. This report covers the design and construction features of the experimental paving material and makes comparisons between SEA and the conventional paving materials. Mix design was based upon the Hveem method for both AC and SEA mixes. Lab recommendations were 6.0% AC for the conventional mix, and 7.3% SEA binder for the experimental mix. Construction of both pavement types utilized the same equipment. No significant differences in the two materials were noted. The SEA pavement was more susceptible to tenderness than the AC pavement and compaction had to be performed at lower temperatures. This project incorporated use of solid sulfur and a sulfur-melter since haul distances made it impractical to import molten sulfur. Although the capacity of the equipment was not adequate, the process of on-site melting proved to be a workable method of producing SEA mix. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Compaction KW - Demonstration projects KW - Experimental roads KW - Mix design KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179389 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367991 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pilkington, G B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUCTION OF TRUCK-INDUCED SPLASH AND SPRAY PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-12 AB - This article reviews previous research on the aerodynamic disturbance caused by trucks traveling on a roadway and on truck-induced splash and spray on wet pavements. The major part of the article is devoted to discussion of an FHWA study on splash and spray which was conducted under Project 1U, "Safety Aspects of Size and Weight of Heavy Vehicles," in the Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research and Development. The study included wind tunnel experiments, driver simulator experiments, full-scale tests with various truck configurations and truck-mounted devices to improve air flow around the trucks and reduce splash and spray, cost effectiveness analyses, and over-the-road evaluations in coordination with manufacturers. In conclusion, it is stated that this research successfully demonstrated that the adverse aerodynamic effects of large trucks can be reduced by devices that effectively reduce splash and spray. Briefly mentioned are current research efforts in this area by FHWA and NHTSA. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Research KW - Splash guard KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365490 AU - ZIMMERMAN, P AU - HIGGINS, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOISE BARRIER COST REDUCTION PROCEDURE STAMINA 2.0/OPTIMA: PROGRAM MAINTENANCE MANUAL PY - 1982/06 SP - 177 p. AB - The Barrier Cost Reduction (BCR) Procedure is composed of two computer programs: STAMINA 2.0, the FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model; and OPTIMA, an interactive program which helps the user design cost-efficient noise barrier designs. This manual describes the programs, and their subroutines in detail. Complete documentation of the BCR Procedure consists of this report, a copy of the code listing and/or program tape, and the User's Manual (Report FHWA-DP-58-1). KW - Analysis KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost engineering KW - Costs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Structural design KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177527 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00367979 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - ABBOTT, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 30-34 AB - This article reviews the history of the development of a grade severity rating model, the implementation of the current Grade Severity Rating System (GSRS), and the ongoing research efforts to select and simulator test signs to identify the most effective sign for transmitting weight-specific speed information to truck drivers. KW - Design KW - Development KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Grade severity rating KW - Highway grades KW - Implementation KW - Prevention KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00368345 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Santiago, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPDATE OF THE FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION VALUES IN THE NETSIM TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODEL PY - 1982/06 VL - 46 IS - 1 SP - p. 25-29 AB - NETSIM, which is a sophisticated model for evaluating feasible traffic control strategies and geometric designs, simulates the operation of urban traffic by generating the trajectory of each type of vehicle in the system as it traverses a specified network of urban streets (links) and intersections (nodes). In this 2-phase study, NETSIM was used to determine vehicular fuel consumption and emissions for the passenger vehicle fleet. In the first phase, the present and near future passenger vehicle fleet were defined and the vehicles for which fuel consumption and emission tables should be developed were determined. It was determined that 1979-1985 would define the current and near-future passenger vehicle population, and all passenger vehicles manufactured and sold (domestic and foreign) during that time were investigated. These vehicles were defined by engine size (displacement) and engine-drivetrain combination. Data analysis showed that 21 engine-drivetrain combinations accounted for 74 percent of the 1979-1985 passenger vehicle population. In the second phase of the study, 15 of the 21 combinations are being studied in order to develop fuel consumption and emission tables derived from fuel consumption and emission maps. Comments are made of the development of these maps. The successful completion of this study will update and improve the capabilities of the NETSIM model. KW - Automobiles KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Streets KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581050 AU - Nielsen, Robert S AU - Shea, Daniel J AU - Yandon, Keith E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of the Allocation of Transportation Resources Through the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Transportation Services PY - 1982/05//Final Report SP - 86p AB - The objective of this report is to develop an effective transportation resource allocation technique that is flexible and can be applied to various areas. Allocation procedures were developed and tested for apportioning resources to transportation services in relation to community transportation objectives. Procedures were developed and applied that measured the effectiveness of candidate transportation service proposals in terms of a transportation resource allocation index (TRAI). The extent to which a transportation proposal achieves the community objectives is defined as its effectiveness. The transportation index was computed on the basis of the project's scorings for eight selected determinants, multiplied by the weighting assigned to each determinant in accordance with their relative effectiveness. The TRAI for eight transportation service proposals including transit, were computed as a pilot study and as a working test of the techniques in the Tri-Cities area of Richland, Kennewick and Pasco, WA. There appears to be no complication in implementing this technique for allocations in any local urban area providing the concepts are correctly evaluated and applied. KW - Financial resources KW - Financing KW - Kennewick (Washington) KW - Pasco (Washington) KW - Pilot studies KW - Public transit KW - Resource allocation KW - Richland (Washington) KW - Transportation services UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/043.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457029 AU - Crabtree, J D AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT RATES BY VEHICLE TYPE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - n.p. AB - This report describes the calculation of accident rates for different vehicle types, using vehicle-miles travelled as the measure of exposure. Rates are reported for passenger cars, single-unit trucks, combination trucks, buses, and motorcycles on various highway types. Highway types are broken down by functional classification, administrative classification, number of lanes, and rural or urban location. Generally motorcycles had the highest rates and passenger cars had the lowest, although this varied by highway type. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Buses KW - Classification KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Motorcycles KW - Rural areas KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365493 AU - Dutro, H B AU - Patrick, G M AU - Terrametrics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE STRAIGHT CREEK TUNNEL PILOT BORE INSTRUMENTATION DATA PY - 1982/05 SP - 125 p. AB - Instrumentation of the 8,400-ft (2,560 m) Straight Creek Tunnel Pilot Bore, in late 1963, 1964, and early 1965, represented a pioneering geotechnical undertaking with little precedent at the time. The program results were transmitted in a series of 11 interim reports, and a final report dated February 5, 1965. The reports included extensive information on rock deformation and associated support system loads in a tunnel in moderately-stressed rock of widely varying competence. The results were flawed by the inclusion of spurious data influenced by unrecognized instrument malfunctions, and by a generally ineffective reporting format. In the present report, the original data has been screened, selected data reprocessed completely, and the data reorganized into a consistent and useable format. The reorganized information, comprising some 40 percent of the total original data, is considered to be reliable, and suitable for design and general engineering applications. KW - Data collection KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Extensometers KW - Geological surveying KW - Indicating instruments KW - Load cells KW - Loads KW - Rock mechanics KW - Strain gages KW - Subsurface investigations KW - Underground structures KW - Underground supporting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365514 AU - LOWE, G AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DRILLED-SHAFT FOUNDATION FOR OVERHEAD-SIGN STRUCTURES PY - 1982/05 SP - 172 p. AB - Design procedures are outlined for drilled-shaft foundations subjected to lateral, axial, and flexural stresses. Single-shaft as well as double-shaft systems are investigated. The effects of shaft interaction for systems involving more than one shaft are treated and suggestions for their design are made. Comparison of computer analysis to field tests performed on two sets of uninstrumented shafts are made. Design charts for single-shaft systems formulated by SDHPT are also investigated and compared to results of a computer based analysis. KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highway traffic control KW - Loads KW - Pile foundations KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Structural supports KW - Supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368965 AU - Hargroves, B T AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARRANTS FOR TEMPORARY POSITIVE BARRIERS IN HIGHWAY WORK AREAS PY - 1982/05 SP - 15 p. AB - A design process has been developed to determine the necessity for temporary positive barrier systems in highway work zones. The methodology includes two prescreening steps to determine whether site and traffic conditions constitute a probable or significant hazard. In the third step, the expected number of hazardous vehicle encroachments into the work area is estimated based on the duration and length of the hazard, the roadside clearance and cross slope, the roadway curvature and the traffic speed and volume. The procedure draws heavily on the guidelines developed for the installation of permanent barriers and on empirical results from a number of studies. (Author) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Clearances KW - Curvature KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Road construction KW - Slopes KW - Temporary KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619186 AU - MacKenzie, J S AU - Novak, Dempsey, and Associates AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CRACKING INVENTIRY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 34 p. AB - The purpose of this project is directed at reviewing available techniques and equipment in selecting and developing a video-logging system used in obtaining a crack index for use in the Arizona Department of Transportation Pavement Management System. During the first phase, a literature search was accomplished to evaluate all the electrmagnetic means to gather the surface defect inventory including cracking. It was concluded that the video technology provided the best means of gathering this information and field tests were conducted with individual types of video cameras. High resolution color cameras provided the best means of computer enhancement of the video images. In Phase II, field tests were conducted on four one-mile test sections of asphalt pavement in various states of distress. The field video images and the standard ADOT crack reference pictures were computer enhanced and a methodology was developed to directly compute the area of cracking. KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Computer enhancement KW - Field tests KW - Inventory KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement management systems KW - Test sections KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453731 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Cominsky, R J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL ACCEPTANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 232 p. AB - The objective of this study was to establish statistical comparative analyses of extraction data obtained from roadway cores and loose-mix samples taken directly behind the paver screed. The extraction results of loose samples obtained directly behind the paver screed, from the uncompacted mat, correlated very well with the job-mix formula. Moreover, current PennDot specification limits for asphalt content and percentage aggregate passing No. 200 sieve are too restrictive for individual measurements, and are more indicative of sample averages. The current specification limits were also found not to take into account present ASTM precision statements for extraction testing. Realistic specification limits were established based on the findings. A proposed specification was developed for field use, including an equitable price adjustment procedure. KW - Acceptance KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Comparative analysis KW - Prices KW - Specifications KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395193 AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION PROJECT: SUMMARY EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 50 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of the National Signal Timing Organization Project initiated by the Federal Highway Administration as a fuel conservation effort. It is estimated that approximately one-fifth of the total U.S. daily oil consumption is used by vehicles traveling in urban areas through signalized intersections and that a significant portion of this is wasted due to poor traffic signal timing. The objectives of this project are: 1) to establish credible data on the effectiveness of signal timing optimization; 2) to make signal timing optimization projects easier to do; and 3) to define the resources (cost, level of staff, computer, etc.) required to undertake a signal timing optimization project, so that traffic engineers and administrators can more effectively budget for this activity. The project consisted of the development of the TRANSYT-7F signal timing optimization program User's Manual, and training course, and application of the program in 11 cities nationwide to evaluate the effectiveness of the poptimized signal timing plans and to collect data on the needed resources. TRANSYT (Traffic Network Study Tool) is a tool for traffic engineers who desire to optimize their coordinated signal systems to reduce delay, stops, and fuel consumption. The TRANSYT program was developed in the United Kingdom and has been extensively and successfully used both in Europe and in the U.S. Results show that TRANSYT-7F is a valuable tool for signal timing optimization projects and can lead to significant reductions in vehicle delay, vehicle stops, and fuel consumption. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Expansion joints KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385323 AU - Datta, T K AU - Perkins, D D AU - Taylor, J I AU - Thompson, H T AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT SURROGATES FOR USE IN ANALYZING HIGHWAY SAFETY HAZARDS VOLUME III, APPENDICES A-G PY - 1982/05 SP - 17 p. AB - The principal objective of this research project was to investigate the feasibility of using accident surrogate measures in highway safety analyses. An accident surrogate measure is defined as a quantifiable observation that can be used inplace of or as a supplement to accident records. The study provides evidence that surrogate measures for accident experience can be identified. A procedure for developing and using accident surrogates is presented. Analyses were performed to develop accident surrogate measures for hazardous location identification and countermeasures evaluation at rural isolated curves on two-lane roads, rural signalized intersections and two-lane tangent sections in urbanized areas. This report is the first in a series. The series is composed of: Volume I--Executive Summary; Volume II--Technical Report; and Volume III--Appendices A-G. (FHWA) KW - Accident surrogates KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Signalized intersections KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377238 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Glennon, J C AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINS FOR REHABILITATION OF EXISTING FREEWAY-ARTERIAL HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES. VOLUME II--DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR REHABILITATION OF FREEWAY-ARTERIAL INTERCHANGES PY - 1982/05 SP - 172 p. AB - This volume presents design procedures that can be used to improve existing interchanges with traffic operational or safety problems. The procedures are intended primarily for application to freeway-arterial interchanges located in urban and suburban areas. However, similar procedures would be appropriate for freeway-freeway interchanges and for interchanges located in rural areas. The report presents procedures for each step in the interchange rehabilitation process including identification of interchanges with traffic operational or safety problems; identification of specific deficiencies through engineering studies; identification of improvement alternatives; quantification of the effects of improvement alternatives; evaluation of alternatives and selection of the best; implementation of the improvement project; and, evaluation of the improvement project. This volume is the second in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 1-FHWA/RD-81/103 Executive Summary; Volume 3-FHWA/RD-81/105 Interchange Evaluations; and Volume 4-FHWA/RD-81/106 Research Report. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Rehabilitation KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377240 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Glennon, J C AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR REHABILITATION OF EXISTING FREEWAY-ARTERIAL HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES. VOLUME IV--RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 122 p. AB - This volume is the research report, which provides an overview of all activities during the contract. The other volumes of this set are Volume I, an Executive Summary of the other three volumes; Volume II, which presents recommended design procedures for interchange rehabilitation projects; and Volume III, which presents evaluations of 40 interchange projects recently constructed by State highway agencies. This research report describes the literature review and review of current practice concerning interchange rehabilitation performed during the study; the traffic operational and safety evaluation of interchange rehabilitation projects; the development of recommended design procedures; and, the conclusions and recommendations of the study. This volume is the fourth in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 1 FHWA/RD-81/103 Executive Summary; Volume 2 FHWA/RD-81/104 Design Procedures; and Volume 3 FHWA/RD-81/105 Interchange Evaluations. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Rehabilitation KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377250 AU - Fernandez, J I AU - Construction Environment, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AGGREGATE GRADATION CONTROL PROGRAMS PY - 1982/05 SP - 74 p. AB - This study was conducted to evaluate the relative costs of aggregate gradation control programs used by State highway agencies. The research included review of available literature, an overview of the types of programs used by most State highway agencies in the U.S., and detailed investigations of three actual State programs chosen to be representative of the different approaches. The programs in which the aggregate producer or the construction contractor had the primary responsibility for aggregate gradation control were found to have a decisive cost advantage over a program in which the State highway agency performed most of the testing. Also the greatest economy was found to result from a program that emphasized testing at or near the point of use, as opposed to testing at the source. Based on the results of the investigation, a model aggregate gradation control program is developed. The program centers around the concept of quality control by the contractor and quality assurance by the State as a means not only of achieving cost economy but also of minimizing the potential liability of the State with respect to nonconforming materials. The program also incorporates the concept of point of use testing and allowances for testing error and the statistical variations of aggregate gradation. The application of the model program is illustrated in Appendix A. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Contractors KW - Control KW - Economic analysis KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Reviews KW - State highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377251 AU - Kimball, C E AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Meczkowski, L AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATIONS OF GUARDRAIL BREAKAWAY CABLE TERMINALS PY - 1982/05 SP - 284 p. AB - Currently recommended guardrail and median barrier breakaway cable terminals (BCT) were to be evaluated for performance with 1800-lb (800-kg) class minicars. Early findings indicated unsatisfactory performance of the guardrail BCT for end-on impacts at 60 mph (97 km/h). The study was redirected to develop and evaluate a retrofit design for achieving satisfactory performance with the minicar. Subsequent to the baseline crash tests, a series of analytical studies, laboratory tests, bogie tests, and full-scale crash tests were conducted to upgrade the recommended BCT. Findings include a satisfactory end-on test, but subsequent strength test produced a vehicle penetration. Thus, a recommended upgrade design is given except that further strengthening of the beam is necessary for angular impacts downstream of the end. (FHWA) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cables KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Pendulum tests KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377231 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN OF DYNAMIC VISUAL AND AUDITORY DISPLAYS FOR METROPOLITAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. VOL. 1--SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - 104 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings and design implications of a series of research studies with respect to parameters of dynamic visual displays (Changeable Message Signs) and auditory displays (Highway Advisory Radio). Laboratory, proving ground and field studies were conducted. Dynamic visual display factors investigated have been classified into five areas: 1) message factors, 2) character factors, 3) accentuation factors, 4) dynamic factors, and 5) visibility factors. In-situ controlled field studies were conducted to validate findings from previous HAR laboratory studies. Specific areas investigated were: 1) language style, 2) information load, 3) redundancy, 4) description of alternate routes, and 5) advance road sign for radio tuning. This volume is the first in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 2-FHWA/RD-81/040 Dynamic Visual Displays; and Volume 3-FHWA/RD-81-041 Highway Advisory Radio. (FHWA) KW - Audible delineators KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Field studies KW - Highway advisory KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Radio KW - Restitution /materials/ KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377237 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Glennon, J C AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR REHABILITATION OF EXISTING FREEWAY-ARTERIAL HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES. VOLUME I--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/05 SP - 18 p. AB - This volume is an Executive Summary of the final report of this research contract. The other volumes of this set are Volume II, which presents recommended design procedures for interchange rehabilitation projects; Volume III, which presents evaluations of 40 interchange projects recently constructed by State highway agencies; and Volume IV, the research report. The Executive Summary briefly describes the recommended interchange rehabilitation project design procedures including identification of interchanges with traffic operational or safety problems; identification of specific deficiencies through engineering studies; identification of improvement alternatives; quantification of the effects of improvement alternatives; evaluation of alternatives and selection of the best; implementation of the improvement project; and evaluation of the improvement project. The discussion of the 40 interchange rehabilitation project evaluations includes selection of interchange rehabilitation projects; data collection; operational analyses; safety analyses; and the case study evaluation format. This volume is the first of a series. The others in the series are: Volume 2-FHWA/RD-81/104 Design Procedures; Volume 3-FHWA/RD-81/105 Interchange Evaluations; and Volume 4-FHWA/RD-81/106 Research Report. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377239 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES FOR REHABILITATION OF EXISTING FREEWAY-ARTERIAL HIGHWAY INTERCHANGES. VOLUME III-EVALUATION OF INTERCHANGE REHABILITATION PROJECTS PY - 1982/05 SP - 365 p. AB - This volume presents evaluations of the traffic operational and safety effectiveness of 40 recent interchange rehabilitation projects. All of the projects involved geometric design modifications at freeway-arterial interchanges in urban and suburban areas. The evaluations, presented in case study form, describe the geometrics of each interchange, the traffic operational safety problems that existed before the improvement, the interchange rehabilitation alternatives considered (including the one finally selected) and the operational and safety effectiveness of the rehabilitation project. The introductory portions of the volume describe the selection of the interchange rehabilitation projects and the procedures used for traffic operational and safety analyses. This volume is the third in a series. The other volumes in the series are: Volume 1-FHWA/RD-81/103 Executive Summary; Volume 2-FHWA/RD-81/104 Design Procedures; and Volume 4-FHWA/RD-81/106 Research Report. (FHWA) KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Rehabilitation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373132 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Cominsky, R J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL ACCEPTANCE OF BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1982/05 SP - 232 p. AB - The objective of this study was to establish statistical comparative analyses of extraction data obtained from roadway cores and loose-mix samples taken directly behind the paver screed. The extraction results of loose samples obtained directly behind the paver screed, from the uncompacted mat, correlated very well with the job-mix formula. Moreover, current PennDOT specification limits for asphalt content and percentage aggregate passing the No. 200 sieve are too restrictive for individual measurements, and are more indicative of sample averages. The current specification limits were also found not to take into account present ASTM precision statements for extraction testing. Realistic specification limits were established based on the findings. A proposed specification was developed for field use, including an equitable price adjustment procedure. (FHWA) KW - Acceptance KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Compliance KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Resource extraction KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372389 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIGID PIPE PROOF TESTING UNDER EXCESS OVERFILLS WITH VARYING BACKFILL PARAMETERS--SECTION VII (VOLUME 1): FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS PY - 1982/05 SP - n.p. AB - Time-independent analyses of five of ten zones of a dummy reinforced concrete pipe at Cross Canyon are presented. All ten zones are characterized by "positive projection," seven in a narrow, vertical-sided trench with a projection ratio of about 0.4, two almost fully projecting and one in a close-fitting, U-shaped trench. Two almost fully projecting zones (1 and 2) and four of the entrenched zones (4, 5, 6 and 7) were surmounted by ordinary embankment material. Pipe segments in the U-shaped trench (Zone 3) were backfilled with a cement-treated slurry. Three entrenched zones (8, 9 and 10) were surmounted with low modulus embankment inclusions (polystyrene plank, uncompacted soil and baled straw.) Eight zones (excluding 2 and 7) were heavily instrumented with peripheral soil stressmeters and internal strain-measuring transducers supplemented with external devices for measurement of shape and camber changes. The embankment was instrumented with additional stressmeters and fluid settlement platforms at five zones (1, 4, 8, 9 and 10). Instruments were monitored at frequent increments of overfill. Two finite element computer codes (acronyms REA (for Reinforced Earth Analysis) and CANDE (for Culvert ANalysis and DEsign)) are adapted to special needs of pipe and asymmetrical boundary geometry and nonlinear, incremental, embankment construction. Correlations are established between output results from the finite element codes and certain parameters obtained from the extensive instrumentation at five zones (1, 4, 8, 9 and 10). A second, instrumented, prestressed concrete, functional prototype in the same embankment has not been considered in the finite element analyses. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Cement KW - Embankments KW - Instrumentation KW - Overfills KW - Overtopping KW - Pipe KW - Projection KW - Proof tests KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Rigid pipes KW - Rigid structures KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372394 AU - Shuler, S AU - Gallaway, B M AU - Epps, J A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MEMBRANE FIELD PERFORMANCE PY - 1982/05 SP - 221 p. AB - This report presents a record of asphalt-rubber membrane field performance in Texas. An evaluation of performance is presented for forty-five separate projects in thirteen state highway districts. Approximately 850 lane miles of highways are represented by materials constructed as stress absorbing membranes (asphalt-rubber seal coats) and as stress absorbing membrane interlayers (asphalt-rubber seal coats beneath asphalt concrete overlay). All projects reviewed were constructed between June, 1976 and September, 1981. A field condition survey was performed at each site and data collected to ascertain pavement surface condition. Four pavement distress modes characteristics of membrane construction are reported. These include flushing, alligator cracking, shrinkage cracking, and raveling. Severity of distress is reported at low, medium and high levels and is further evaluated by calculating distress deduct values for each type of distress. Projects are compared based upon variables of traffic, climate, age, length, substrate, applicator and use (seal coat interlayer). Comparisons are made with performance of asphalt-rubber seal coat and conventional seal coat construction. Data on 148 conventional seal coats throughout Texas were reviewed and a comparison of performance based on the same distress types and environmental variables as with asphalt-rubber is discussed. (FHWA) KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Field performance KW - Flushing KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Stress relieving KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372483 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY COST ALLOCATION STUDY--FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/05 SP - v.p. AB - This report has been mandated by Section 506 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-599) and responds to the request for: (1) an allocation of Federal highway program costs among the various classes of highway vehicles occasioning such costs; (2) an assessment of the current Federal user charges and recommendations on any more equitable alternatives; and (3) an evaluation of the need for long-term monitoring of roadway deterioration due to traffic use and other factors. To meet the Section 506 mandate, the Department of Transportation (DOT) carried out a comprehensive study of the costs occasioned in relation to the Federal user charges those vehicles currently contribute to the Highway Trust Fund. The analyses were conducted for a base period, 1976-1978, as well as for a forecast period, 1980-1995, with 1985 as the target analysis year for comparing the allocated future highway costs with alternative new Federal user charge structures. Extensive data bases were assembled on highway costs and vehicle characteristics for 38 vehicle classes. The alternative user charge structures shown in this report consist of user charge rates (e.g., cents per gallon of motor fuel, etc.) per billion dollars of total target Trust Fund receipts. This allows the report to be more useful to the Congress since various revenue levels and corresponding tax structures can be constructed from the basic alternatives contained in the report. (Author) KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - User charges KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371803 AU - Wedner, R J AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL LOSS IN SERVICEABILITY OF PAVEMENTS PY - 1982/05 SP - 108 p. AB - Flexible pavement projects in Nebraska have been monitored for dynamic deflections, roadmeter roughness and distress for the past several years. Evaluation of the data collected provided needed methods for adjustment of pavement condition data to normalized value for use in pavement management systems. Testing of calibration pavement sections provides information for development of seasonal adjustment factors needed in interpretation of regional pavement condition data. Multiplicative time series statistics can be used as a tool for developing the adjustment factors. (FHWA) KW - Calibration KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Losses KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371682 AU - Petersen, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARK-AND-POOL LOTS DALLAS/FORT WORTH AREA AN ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA PY - 1982/05 SP - 176 p. AB - This report documents the results of a Park-and-Pool study undertaken at selective locations along the I-30 freeway corridor in the Dallas-Fort Worth urbanized area. Considerable data were obtained on Park-and-Pool activity through a user survey. The information provided by the survey respondents, when considered in light of other transportation planning data, should prove useful in a number of ways including: The evaluation of existing Park-and-Pool programs in urbanized areas; The assessment of potential Park-and-Pool Demand; The analysis of benefits and costs of proposed Park-and-Pool projects; and The development of planning, programming and design criteria for Park-and-Pool facilities. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Carpools KW - Demand KW - Evaluation KW - Parking KW - Planning KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365829 AU - Gilbert, J R AU - Gilbert (James R) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DEER MIRRORS FOR REDUCING DEER-VEHICLE COLLISIONS PY - 1982/05 SP - 20 p. AB - Deer mirrors were placed in 12 random 0.5-mile test sections along 14.8 miles of I-95 between Topsham and Gardiner, Me, to test the effectiveness of the mirrors in reducing deer-vehicle collisions. In nearly 4 years, 11 deer-vehicle collisions were reported. Of these, 4 were on the mirrored sections, 2 were on the non-mirrored sections, and the remainder were on off-ramps or at unknown locations. There was no evidence to support the claim that mirrors were effective. A review of other studies reveals a lack of data to support the effectiveness of mirrors. The data available indicates mirrors and reflectors are ineffective deterrents to deer-vehicle collisions. KW - Crashes KW - Deer KW - Effectiveness KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maine KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mirrors KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Tests KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368145 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-SLAB UNREINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT AND SHOULDERS: A FIVE-YEAR PERFORMANCE SUMMARY PY - 1982/05 SP - 32 p. AB - In 1975, two contracts for I 88 were built with short unreinforced concrete slabs and concrete shoulders. They were separated by another contract with standard 63-ft 6-in. mesh-reinforced slabs and asphalt shoulders, which is being used for control purposes. Also, two portions on each short-slab contract were built with slab lengths of 23 ft 4 in. and 26 ft 8 in., and one of these sections on each contract was constructed with no longitudinal joint between lanes. In addition, a concrete secondary road relocated as part of another nearby I 88 contract was placed 7 in. thick without reinforcement, with slab lengths in the pattern of 18-22-16-20 ft. After 1 year of service, one of the short-slab pavements on the mainline exhibited an unusual amount of deterioration. Random and longitudinal cracks were present in several areas, as were spalls over the tie-bars across the pavement-shoulder longitudinal joint. This situation led to more intensive monitoring and observation on the experimental and control pavements than had been anticipated during the initial years of service. The results, as well as interpretations and recommended design considerations, are presented in this report. Basically, it was found that the relatively substantial distress was occurring on only one of the experimental contracts, indicating that several material, design, and construction variations were responsible for a significant portion of the distress. These included the quality of subgrade material, subbase thickness, and treatment of the longitudinal pavement-shoulder joint. Several changes have already been made and applied to subsequent contracts, but these experimental contracts will continue to be monitored to determine the consequence of having no mesh to control cracking. (FHWA) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Deterioration KW - Experimental roads KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Slabs KW - Spalling KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade materials KW - Thickness KW - Unreinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367325 AU - LOWE, G AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF DRILLED-SHAFT FOUNDATIONS FOR OVERHEAD-SIGN STRUCTURES PY - 1982/05 SP - 182 p. AB - Design procedures are outlined for drilled-shaft foundations subjected to lateral, axial, and flexural stresses. Single-shaft as well as double-shaft systems are investigated. The effects of shaft interaction for systems involving more than one shaft are treated and suggestions for their design are made. Comparison of computer analysis to field tests performed on two sets of uninstrumented shafts are made. Design charts for single-shaft systems formulated by SDHPT are also investigated and compared to results of a computer based analysis. (FHWA) KW - Axial loads KW - Axial stress KW - Bending stress KW - Computer aided design KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Flexure KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Lateral stress KW - Overhead traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367322 AU - Dutro, H B AU - Patrick, G M AU - Terrametrics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE STRAIGHT CREEK TUNNEL PILOT BORE INSTRUMENTATION DATA PY - 1982/05 SP - 122 p. AB - Instrumentation of the 8,400-ft (2,560 m) Straight Creek Tunnel Pilot Bore, in late 1963, 1964, and early 1965, represented a pioneering geotechnical undertaking with little precedent at the time. The program results were transmitted in a series of 11 interim reports, and a final report dated February 5, 1965. The reports included extensive information on rock deformation and associated support system loads in a tunnel in moderately-stressed rock of widely varying competence. The results were flawed by the inclusion of spurious data influenced by unrecognized instrument malfunctions, and by a generally ineffective reporting format. In the present report, the original data has been screened, selected data reprocessed completely, and the data reorganized into a consistent and useable format. The reorganized information, comprising some 40 percent of the total original data, is considered to be reliable, and suitable for design and general engineering applications. (FHWA) KW - Boreholes KW - Data analysis KW - Deformation KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Instrumentation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rock tunneling KW - Rocks KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnel supports KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368840 AU - Glennon, J C AU - Neuman, T R AU - MCHENRY, R R AU - MCHENRY, B G AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HVOSM STUDIES OF CROSS-SLOPE BREAKS ON HIGHWAY CURVES. PHASE II TASK C PY - 1982/05 SP - 56 p. AB - This research was conducted to investigate the operational effects of cross-slope breaks on highway curves. These breaks are created by the superelevation of the traveled way and the adverse shoulder slope. HVOSM simulation studies were performed on a variety of break designs to test the effects of curvature, speed and vehicle path on vehicle operations. The study findings revealed the importance of shoulder slope and width in designing the shoulder to accommodate vehicular recoveries on the outside of curves. Recommendations regarding design of cross-slope breaks, including treatments for special situations such as narrow shoulders, high superelevation and rehabilitation projects were derived from the research findings. KW - Cross-slope KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Recovery KW - Road shoulders KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Superelevation KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373131 AU - Manos, G P AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONAL SCHEDULES FOR WASTEWATER SYSTEMS AT ROADSIDE PARKS PY - 1982/04/12 SP - n.p. AB - The research effort involved an eighteen month study of the existing maintenance and operation schedules for wastewater treatment systems at roadside parks. Twenty-nine parks were visited during the study period: each on three different occasions. The existing operating and maintenance duties and the plant removal efficiencies were evaluated for maximum efficiencies in both treatment and personnel utilization. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the effectiveness of wastewater treatment. Biochemical oxidation demand, suspended solids and ammonia removals varied from 75 - 95% Bacterial levels were within acceptable levels where chlorination of wastewater is used. Water usage was estimated from water meter readings. Usage was found to be approximately 20 - 30% less than the design capacities of the wastewater systems. Recommendations and conclusions included: replacement or renovation of aeration and chlorination equipment in District 4, and early warning and monitoring systems should be considered a deterrent to vandalism, most of the present mechanical problems are due to equipment of early design. The present mode of wastewater treatment results in sludge bulking and a highly nitrified effluent. Batch sequencing may be a viable alternative to the present mode of extended aeration. (FHWA) KW - Aeration KW - Chlorination KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Personnel management KW - Prevention KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sewage treatment KW - Vandalism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454451 AU - Masiunas, John B AU - Carpenter, Philip L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Establishment of Prairie Species along Roadsides : Interim Report PY - 1982/04/06 SP - 56p AB - A field study was conducted on a newly cut highway slope in Vermillion County, Indiana. The purpose of the study was to better understand the potential use of prairie vegetation as a method to reduce mowing, fertilization, and maintenance costs, as well as to achieve an aesthetically pleasing landscape. Individual species and seeding mixtures were tested. Also the influence of cold soaking treatments of seeds was compared for prairie species and standard highway species. Seedings were conducted to test: the effectiveness of presoaking as a germination accelerator; the potential of using legumes, warm season grasses and prairie species in seeding mixtures; and the effect of fertilization on establishment of seed mixtures. Mixtures containing Eragrostis curvula and Medicago sativa performed the best. Presoaking enhanced the germination of many species. Fertilization initially reduced germination percentages, but adequate fertility levels were very important later in vegetation persistence. KW - Germination KW - Grasses KW - Land reclamation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Landscaping KW - Roadside flora KW - Seeding KW - Stratification KW - Vegetation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314045 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218968 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368632 AU - Shakoor, A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR PREDICTING DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF ARGILLACEOUS CARBONATE ROCK PY - 1982/04/06/Final Report SP - 285p AB - Argillaceous carbonate aggregates are particularly prone to freeze-thaw failures, yet standard acceptance tests commonly do not prevent their use. Recently several Indiana highways have experienced such extensive pitting and popouts of highly argillaceous carbonates that resurfacing was required within one year. Coarse aggregate from three quarries and from pavement cores were studied to determine petrography, insoluble residue and clay contents, and pore size distribution. Results indicate the poorly performing ledges are highly argillaceous, fine grained, dolomites and dolomitic limestones with insoluble residues ranging from 20-50% consisting of low plasticity silts to medium plasticity silty clays. Illite is the predominant clay mineral (by x-ray diffraction). Aggregates with poorest performance are not necessarily those with the greatest insoluble residue percentage; the nature and mode of insolubles control extremes of deterioration. Rocks with more clay as insolubles, evenly distributed throughout the rock, are less durable than those with greater total insolubles consisting of silty concentrations of streaks and laminations. Insoluble residue content of silt and clay size and pore characteristics, as measured by the mercury intrusion or the Iowa pore index test, are the most reliable indicators of freeze-thaw durability. Nondurable aggregates have a residue content in excess o 20%, a large pore volume with small pore diameters, most being less than 0.1 microns, and an Iowa pore index value more than 50 ml. Additional tests including sulphate soundness, unconfined freeze-thaw, and absorption-adsorption tests were conducted and their results compared with percent residue, mercury porosimeter data, and pore index values. Sulphate soundness and freeze-thaw tests are found to pass some unsound aggregates and reject some sound ones. Also, the criteria based on D-cracking are found to be more stringent than those required to prevent pitting and popouts. Use of D-cracking criteria will exclude many aggregates which can be safely used in bituminous pavements. The purpose of this research is to develop a simpler, more economical test to exclude nondurable argillaceous carbonate aggregates. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Argillites KW - Carbonates KW - Clay KW - Coarse aggregates KW - D cracking KW - Dolomite KW - Forecasting KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Limestone KW - Petrography KW - Pore size distribution KW - Rocks KW - Test procedures UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314048 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/182538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581132 AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - Loose, Michael K AU - Lary, Jo A AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sulfur Extended Asphalt Availability of Sulfur PY - 1982/04//Final Report SP - 48p AB - This report assesses the availability and pricing of sulfur with respect to sulfur extended asphalt paving mixtures. The assessment includes a review of past and current trends as well as sulfur estimates up to the year 2000 for the United States and specifically the State of Washington. KW - Pricing KW - Product availability KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/053.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581128 AU - Ballard, Richard M AU - Garretson, Donald E AU - Andersen, Gary H AU - Andersen, Carolyn P AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Public Information Dissemination in the State of Washington PY - 1982/04//Final Report SP - 116p AB - Methods of disseminating public information by seven Washington State agencies and services are reviewed and evaluated in light of cost effectiveness and public information dissemination purposes and objectives. Alternative procedures and technologies are reviewed with a view toward determining if changes can be made that will enhance agency opportunities to meet the public information dissemination purposes and objectives. Conclusions point to the need for emphasis changes, effort consolidation, and adoption of automated systems to increase information output and effectiveness without increasing labor intensive operations. In arriving at these conclusions, public and agency needs are examined, objectives are defined relative to those needs, and criteria are established for evaluating alternatives. The report includes descriptions of individual and multiagency benefits, and means to coordinate information processing among the agencies and services. An analysis is presented, indicating areas and types of potential operating cost savings, improved informational usage, potential travel related energy efficiencies and better use of state resources. The report concludes with a recommendation for a pilot project that could be the prototype for a statewide multiagency electronic information dissemination system. The project would include representative components of the statewide concept. Steps leading to its implementation are also identified. The agencies and services referred to in the first sentence are: Washington State Department of Transportation, Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Department of Fisheries, Department of Game, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, State Patrol and Emergency Services. KW - Coordination KW - Information dissemination KW - Recreation KW - Service agencies KW - State government agencies KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - Washington (State) KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/052.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00972230 AU - Lukanen, E O AU - Skok, E L AU - Midwest Pavement Management, Incorporated AU - Minnesota Local Road Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYNTHESIS STUDY OF SURFACING DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS PY - 1982/04 SP - 109 p. AB - The purpose of this synthesis is to bring together materials and information on the design and maintenance of low volume roads. A literature search has been obtained from HRIS, NTIS and the Engineering Index. Over 1,000 questionnaires were then sent to cities, counties and consultants in the northern tier of states and the Canadian provinces. Interviews were also held with representatives of Minneapolis-St. Paul, Duluth, Hennepin and St. Louis Counties regarding their low volume road design and rehabilitation procedures. These confirmed that much of the engineering for low volume roads is an offshoot of the procedures used for higher volume facilities. Based on the literature search, questionnaire responses and interviews, recommendations are made for thickness design of gravel, asphalt and concrete pavements, and stabilization of subgrade soils with bituminous materials, lime and/or cement. Recommendations are made to construct test sections to monitor special designs and materials. The final consideration in the selection of design and materials is the cost related to anticipated performance. KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Low volume roads KW - Minnesota KW - Performance KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surveys KW - Syntheses KW - Test sections KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365546 AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUNDWATER CONTROL IN TUNNELING PY - 1982/04 SP - 662p-in 4v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365416 AU - KESSLER, R J AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INTERLABORATORY STUDY OF THE TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING LOW-LEVELS OF CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE AND RAW MATERIALS PY - 1982/04 SP - 28 p. AB - An interlaboratory study was conducted among five laboratories which perform the certification testing for chloride content in prestressed concrete. A precision statement regarding the accuracy of the method was developed after repeating the test program at six months. The maximum standard deviation determined in this study was slightly larger than that determined in a previous study. The difference was insignificant and did not require a change in specification for limiting chloride in prestressed concrete. However, a change in specification was recommended for the range of test results from .15 to .08 lb/cy for a valid determination of chloride content of concrete. KW - Chemical analysis KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion environments KW - Laboratory equipment KW - Samples KW - Standards KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365369 AU - Matzkanin, G A AU - DeLosSantos, A AU - Whiting, D A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE LEVELS IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE USING PULSED NMR PY - 1982/04 SP - 98 p. AB - An investigation has been conducted of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as the basis for nondestructively measuring moisture content in concrete. Results of a laboratory feasibility study conducted on a variety of concrete cylinders showed the NMR signatures to correlate well with evaporable moisture independently of cement type, water/cement ratio or chloride content; however, magnetic minerals contained in certain aggregates affected the correlation. On the basis of the feasibility study, an NMR Moisture Measurement system for nondestructively measuring moisture from one surface of reinforced bridge decks was designed and fabricated. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Field tests KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Reinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385314 AU - Plinsky, R AU - Bennett, C R AU - Miley AU - Mather, R AU - Manes, R AU - Russell, E AU - Allard, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO IMPROVE THE VISIBILITY OF RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSING SIGNALS PY - 1982/04 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this project is to investigate alternative ways to improve the visibility and conspicuity of flashing signal lights at over 51,000 railroad-highway crossings, protected with flashing lights or flashing lights and gates. This purpose is transposed into a scope of work by means of the following objectives: 1) To analyze and evaluate current signal specifications, practice, and equipment, and to document their evolution and bases; 2) To develop performance specifications for improved signal light dispersion and intensity; 3) To develop, analyze and evaluate various alternative methods of obtaining improved light dispersion and intensity, within the existing railroad-highway crossing signal system, in order to improve the visibility and conspicuity of the signals; 4) To determine the hardware modifications or accessories needed to improve the visibility of existing signals; and 5) To construct and test a prototype of the proposed modification. This interim report presents the findings of objective one by means of examining the history, development and comparison of railroad crossing and traffic signals, a discussion of related public lighting, comparison between railroad crossing signals and traffic signals, and the comparison of railroad crossing signals and traffic signals with the basic human visual capabilities. The development of this material is based upon a literature review and contact with agencies and organizations involved with each signalling system. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Fire vehicles KW - Human factors KW - Improvements KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365743 AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES PY - 1982/04 SP - 1123p-in 6 AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365497 AU - Sawan, J S AU - Darter, M I AU - Dempsey, B J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PCC SHOULDERS PY - 1982/04 SP - 196 p. AB - A structural evaluation of PCC highway shoulders has been conducted and a comprehensive design procedure for plain jointed concrete shoulders developed. The procedure can be used to provide PCC shoulders either for rehabilitation of existing pavement, or for new pavement construction. All major factors that are known to affect the behavior of PCC shoulders are considered in the mechanistic design approach including: encroaching moving trucks, parked trucks, foundation support, longitudinal joint load transfer, shoulder slab thickness and tapering, width of shoulder, and traffic lane slab. The finite element structural analysis technique was used along with a concrete fatigue damage model to sum damage for both moving encroaching trucks and for parked trucks. A relationship was established between the accumulated fatigue damage and slab cracking. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Finite element method KW - Illinois KW - Portland cement KW - Slabs KW - Structural design KW - Trafficability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365541 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WASTE PRODUCTS IN MISSOURI WITH POTENTIAL HIGHWAY APPLICATION PY - 1982/04 SP - 70 p. AB - A statewide survey to locate solid waste products having potential for highway applications was conducted during 1981. The survey inventory includes 305 separate entries representing some 80 million tons of waste material currently accumulating at an annual rate of about 5 million tons. Due to the State being a prime source of metal ore mining and smeltering, vast tonnages of mine tailings have accumulated. Also, considerable tonnages of electric utility waste products continue to accumulate in the form of fly ash, dry bottom boiler ash, and wet bottom boiler slag. Possible uses for each waste material product are cited. From the summarized inventory, certain waste products were selected that appear to warrant further evaluation. KW - Fly ash KW - Highways KW - Mine wastes KW - Mines KW - Missouri KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Surveys KW - Tailings KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365539 AU - Stockton, W R AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY TREATMENT FOR HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLES ON INTERSTATE 10, EL PASO - A FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1982/04 SP - 102 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the need for priority treatments for high-occupancy vehicles on Interstate 10 in El Paso, Texas. The study addresses a 24.9-mile section of roadway from Americas Avenue (FM 375) on the east to Mesa Street (US 80, SH 20) on the west. Applicable priority treatments and the anticipated effectiveness of those treatments to the year 2000 were identitied. KW - Effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highway transportation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Texas KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368294 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES--PHASE III--VOLUME IV PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FIELD-MIXED ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES AND COMPARISON OF LAB AND FIELD-MIXED ASPHALT RUBBERS PY - 1982/04 SP - 88 p. AB - Eight asphalt-rubber samples which were sampled from commercial field-produced asphalt-rubber mixtures used in the Buckeye-Liberty test project in Arizona were tested using absolute viscosity, Schweyer Rheometer, force-ductility, softening point, and low temperature fracture procedures. Mixtures were produced by two major suppliers of asphalt-rubber. Properties of the field-produced mixtures are compared to those of comparable asphalt-rubber mixtures produced in the laboratory using the Torque-Fork. Results indicate that differences exist in field-produced asphalt-rubbers. Diluent additions to asphalt-rubber mixtures produced by one supplier tended to soften the mixtures. Increased reaction time tended to soften mixtures produced by the second supplier. Differences were noted in characteristics of mixtures produced by the two suppliers. Properties of three different asphalt-rubber mixtures produced in the laboratory were compared to properties of comparable field produced mixtures. Results indicate that laboratory mixtures which are mixed and reacted in the Torque-Fork are significantly stiffer than field-produced materials. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical properties KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Low temperature tests KW - Physical properties KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Softening point KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368291 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES--PHASE III, VOLUME 1--EFFECTS OF RUBBER TYPE, CONCENTRATION, AND ASPHALT PY - 1982/04 SP - 612 p. AB - This study had the objectives of (1) evaluating the effects of major components, rubber and asphalt, on physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures, and (2) evaluating the feasibility of using testing procedures studied for specifying asphalt-rubber mixtures. Forty-eight different asphalt-rubber mixtures formulated with six different rubber types at four concentrations with two asphalts were tested. Testing procedures utilized included absolute viscosity at 140F, Schweyer Rheometer and force-ductility at 39.2F, sliding plate microviscometer at 32.0F, and viscosity by the Torque-Fork and Haake viscometer during mixing at 375F. All mixtures were produced in a Torque-Fork mixer at 375F using a 1 hour mixing duration. A total of 31 measured or calculated parameters are reported and discussed. The study concluded that physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures can vary widely depending on rubber type, rubber concentration, asphalt grade, and interactions between component materials. The force-ductility and sliding plate microviscometer tests yielded several parameters with testing variability low enough to permit use in specifying asphalt-rubber physical properties. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt grading KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical properties KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Physical properties KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368293 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES--PHASE III, VOLUME III--EFFECTS OF DILUENT PY - 1982/04 SP - 130 p. AB - This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of diluent additions and curing time after diluent addition on physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures. A single asphalt-rubber mixture composed of AR1000 asphalt and 25 percent Atlos TP044 rubber was studied. Four different percentages of diluent (Kerosene) and five different curing times at 140F were considered. Testing procedures utilized included ring and ball softening point, Schweyer Rheometer and force-ductility at 39.2F, and viscosity during mixing at 375F by Torque-Fork and Haake viscometer. A total of 17 measured or calculated parameters are reported and discussed. Softening points and force-ductility loads and stresses at failure decrease with increasing diluent concentrations and increased cure time tends to decrease the softening effect of diluent, possibly due to diluent evaporation. Increased diluent concentration decreased apparent viscosity at 39.2F measured using the Schweyer Rheometer but cure time did not influence results. Strains and elongations at failure in the force-ductility test were not influenced by either diluent concentration or cure time. Creep compliance increases with increasing diluent concentration and increased cure time tends to decrease the softening effect of the diluent. Diluent additions resulted in only slight decreases in mixing viscosity at 375F as indicated by the Torque-Fork. These differences were not detected with the Haake viscometer. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical properties KW - Compliance KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Concrete curing KW - Creep KW - Diluents KW - Dilution KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Failure KW - Kerosene KW - Physical properties KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Softening point KW - Stresses KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368296 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES--PHASE III, SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1982/04 SP - 85 p. AB - An extensive statistically designed laboratory investigation which had objectives of evaluating (1) effects of asphalt-rubber components on mixture properties, (2) effects of diluent on mixture properties, (3) effects of temperature on mixture properties, (4) applicability of several test procedures for asphalt-rubber mixtures, and (5) differences between field and lab produced asphalt-rubber mixtures was performed. Asphalt-rubber materials formulated with six rubber types from two different production processes, four rubber concentrations, four asphalts and four diluent concentrations were produced and tested. Field produced mixtures were obtained from experimental asphalt-rubber field projects in Arizona. Testing procedures included absolute viscosity, Schweyer Rheometer, sliding plate microviscometer, force-ductility, and viscosity during mixing. The study concluded that asphalt-rubber mixture properties vary depending on the rubber type, rubber concentration, asphalt type, diluent concentration, diluent cure time, and temperature. Temperature susceptibility of asphalt-rubber mixtures containing rubber from the two production processes studied varied. Mixtures produced in the laboratory were found to be stiffer than field produced mixtures. The force-ductility and sliding plate microviscometer tests were found to yield acceptable testing variability to permit their use in specifying asphalt-rubber physical properties. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical properties KW - Concrete curing KW - Diluents KW - Dilution KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Physical properties KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368295 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES--PHASE III, VOLUME V--EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE PY - 1982/04 SP - 84 p. AB - This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of temperature on physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures. Eight different asphalt-rubber mixtures formulated with two different asphalts and two types of granulated reclaimed rubber at 20 and 25 percent concentrations were studied. These mixtures were comparable to mixtures supplied by two of the major asphalt-rubber producers. These mixtures were tested at three different temperatures--77F (25C), 39.2F (4C), and -20F (-29C). Asphalt-rubber mixtures were produced in the Torque-Fork mixer at 375F using a one hour mixing duration. Testing procedures utilized were the Schweyer Rheometer and Force-Ductility. A total of 12 measured or calculated parameters are reported and discussed. The study concluded that (1) temperature significantly influences physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures, (2) that mixtures made with the two rubber types and asphalts studied behave differently at different temperatures. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical properties KW - Physical properties KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368292 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT-RUBBER MIXTURES--PHASE III, VOLUME II--EFFECTS OF ASPHALT PY - 1982/04 SP - 104 p. AB - This study had the objective of evaluating the effects of asphalt characteristics on physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures. Sixteen different asphalt-rubber mixtures formulated with 2 different asphalts and additions of extender oil (making a total of 4 different binders), and 2 types of granulated reclaimed rubber at 20 and 25 percent concentrations were studied. Testing procedures utilized included absolute viscosity at 140F, Schweyer Rheometer and force-ductility at 39.2F, and viscosity during mixing by the Torque-Fork and Haake viscometer. All mixtures were produced in the Torque-Fork mixer at 375F using a 1 hour mixing duration. A total of 17 measured or calculated parameters are reported and discussed. The study concluded that (1) asphalt characteristics significantly influence many physical properties of asphalt-rubber mixtures, and (2) generally, less viscous asphalts result in asphalt-rubber mixtures with lower viscosities, lower failure stresses, higher failure strains, and higher creep compliances. In several cases, interactions between component materials were noted. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt grading KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Chemical properties KW - Compliance KW - Creep KW - Ductility tests KW - Ductility tests (Asphalts) KW - Failure KW - Physical properties KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362023 AU - Dole, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW COST PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS BASED ON PLASTICIZED SULFUR PY - 1982/04 SP - 31 p. AB - This research project was undertaken to develop a practical pavement marking material at a significantly lower unit cost based on plasticized sulfur with performance equal to or better than rapid-dry traffic paint. A yellow formulation was developed and taken through pilot tests and large scale field tests in Texas and Colorado. A white formulation was developed but, it failed to meet the white color standards. The yellow formulation: uses an organic pigment rather than lead chromate which has toxic properties; is more durable than conventional rapid dry traffic marking paint; adheres equally well to both PCC and AC pavements; is virtually smokeless on application and is nonpolluting (100 percent solids system that contains no solvent); conserves energy in that it contains no solvent and very little organic material in the binder; and can be applied at 300F with conventional hot spray equipment. (FHWA) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Energy conservation KW - Organic compounds KW - Pigments KW - Plasticized sulfur KW - Plasticizers KW - Pollution KW - Road marking materials KW - Sulfur KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469237 AU - Ballard, A J AU - Kimball, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE ESCAPE RAMPS--A REVIEW OF CURRENT KNOWLEDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/04 SP - 93 p. AB - The objectives of this study are to: (1) review current truck escape ramp literature; (2) document all acceptable designs; (3) determine any and all shortcomings in the current method of arresting heavy vehicles and recommend specific research needs to eliminate these deficiencies; and (4) develop a framework of information, criteria, and specifications concerning truck escape ramps such that national design standards may later be developed. Pertinent literature from all available sources, e.g., professional meeting proceedings, state transportation agencies' design plans and research studies, was gathered and critiqued for acceptable and poor design aspects. These design aspects are manifested in six types of truck escape ramps: sandpile, gravity ramp, ascending grade arrester bed, horizontal grade arrester bed, descending grade arrester bed, and roadside arrester bed. Each of the truck escape ramp types has some design elements, e.g., length, width, depth, signing, etc., for which there are still many unanswered questions. Thus, there are several topics suggested for future research. In addition, interim guidelines are provided for the design of truck escape ramps. KW - Arrester beds KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Development KW - Escape lanes KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Gravity KW - Guidelines KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Ramps KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Reviews KW - Roadside KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Sand KW - Slopes KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396468 AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIDESHARING PROGRAMS OF BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY PY - 1982/04 SP - 55 p. AB - Many companies--citing reduced parking requirements, less traffic congestion, energy conservation and increased employee job satisfaction--have established employee ridesharing programs. The organizations differ in size, location and function. Some ridesharing programs are complex, other are small and simple. some programs are heavily subsidized and others support themselves. This publication describes 25 successful programs, highlighting innovative and unique program features that have contributed to the success of ridesharing. Included are carpooling, vanpooling, buspooling and public transit. Most of the organizations are large and multilevel bus most of the descriptions are confined to a single division or department at a specific worksite. No attempt has been made to describe a company's total ridesharing program. In addition to benefits, this report describes costs and savings, along with other aspects of the programs. There are three major sections: (1) Detailed descriptions of the 4 main ridesharing modes used by employers; (2) Key programs elements; and (3) Company profiles. Two appendices include a ridesharing matrix which depicts major aspects of each program and a list of resources available to aid companies in setting up and maintaining a ridesharing program. KW - Carpools KW - Employers KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Subscription bus service KW - Subsidies KW - Vanpools KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387374 AU - Yen, B T AU - Chen, Y S AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF LARGE SIZE COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS PY - 1982/04 SP - 95 p. AB - Two "large size" composite box girder specimens were tested. Each was subjected to a series of preliminary loading before testing to failure under combined bending moment and torsion. This report summarizes briefly the results of testing, with emphasis placed on behavior and mode of failure of the composite box girders. The slender webs of composite box girders behaved similar to webs of simple plate girders: post-buckling, diagonal, tension fields developed under relatively high shear. When the web buckling strength was high, yielding of steel tension flange or buckling of steel commpression flange took place first. The failure of a composite box girder occurred when, at least, both flanges and a web or both webs and a flange have failed. (FHWA) KW - Bending KW - Box girders KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Failure KW - Flanges KW - Girders KW - Load tests KW - Plate girders KW - Shear strength KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Tension KW - Torsion KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382212 AU - Gilbert, W B AU - DiPaola, J M AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION, ESTABLISHMENT, AND MAINTENANCE OF VEGETATION ALONG NORTH CAROLINA'S ROADSIDES PY - 1982/04 SP - 80 p. AB - Physiographic zonal delineations for primary roadside plant species in North Carolina have been developed through the use of computer graphics techniques. Comprehensive plant adaptation trials have been initiated and reported herein for the period 1980-1981. The initial results of the use of growth retardants with tall fescue and bahiagrass test plots have also been reported. Low maintenance plant establishment studies have also been initiated. The report appendix also includes a catalogue of thirty four prominent plant materials used in North Carolina. KW - Catalogs KW - Landscape design KW - Maintenance KW - Plants KW - Retarders KW - Retarders (Concrete) KW - Roadside KW - Urban growth KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365440 AU - Parody, T E AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING TRAVEL VOLUMES FOR HOV PRIORITY TECHNIQUES: USER'S GUIDE PY - 1982/04 SP - 65 p. AB - The report is a user's guide for a quick-response, low-cost procedure that can be used to forecast travel demand and supply impacts of implementing four different types of priority techniques for high occupancy vehicles (HOV) on freeways. The procedure involves performing a straightforward set of calculations using a hand-held calculator and a set of worksheets that is provided in the report. Input data requirements consist of modal volumes, travel times or speeds, and roadway geometrics and capacity. Example applications of the forecasting procedure are provided in the report. The model parameters were developed using data from existing HOV projects. An accompanying report (FHWA/RD-82-043) presents the results of much of the research, data and other information used to develop and test the models incorporated in the worksheets presented in the report. KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway transportation KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Traffic engineering KW - Travel time KW - Vanpools UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/PTVHPT.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365433 AU - Metropolitan Transportation Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING BAY AREA STREET AND ROAD MAINTENANCE NEEDS. VOLUME 2: BACKLOG COSTS PY - 1982/04 SP - 113 p. AB - This is the second of two reports which provide information on local street and road conditions for the 93 cities and 9 counties in the San Francisco Bay Area. These reports were prepared by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission in response to a concern by local public works and engineering officials that the amount of funds being spent for maintenance is inadequate and that the streets and roads are deteriorating. This second report documents how much deterioration has occurred because of the lack of preventive maintenance, and how much it will cost to correct the problem. The costs to bring the roads back to an acceptable standard are called "backlog" costs. KW - California KW - Cost estimating KW - Counties KW - Deferred maintenance KW - Deterioration KW - Estimates KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Local government KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Roads KW - State government KW - Streets KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177482 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376907 JO - Recycling Asphalt Pavements, Demo Proj 39 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Zywiak, S J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - New Hampshire Department of Public Works and Highways TI - RECYCLING ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE PY - 1982/04 SP - 146 p. AB - The purpose of this report was to evaluate the recycling processes presently in use in New Hampshire by collecting data relative to the method and quality of construction, the economic implications of recycling, and determining possible recommendations for future implementation. In addition, the specifications relating to recycling will be reviewed, as many feel the design of specifications is crucial to the recycling concept. This paper will review four major projects which have implemented recycling this past construction season: 1. Concord IR-I-393-2(90)39: An Interstate reconstruction project using hot recycling of the existing pavement for incorporation into the bituminous base and binder courses. 2. Manchester M-5285(3): An urban reconstruction project using hot recycling of the existing pavement for use in the bituminous base and binder courses. 3. Tamworth FR-24-1(8): A primary rural two-lane highway using cold recycling of the existing pavement to construct a reclaimed stabilized base course. 4. Jackon F-FLH-1(7): A primary rural two-lane highway using cold recycling of the existing pavement to construct a reclaimed stabilized base course. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Binder course KW - Bituminous bases KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Recycled materials KW - Specifications KW - Stabilized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377241 AU - Meyer, J R AU - Reaser, J M AU - KELLER, R AU - Wilson, R A AU - Vadeboncoeur, J R AU - Commonwealth Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY AND CONCEPT SELECTION OF A SAFETY HAZARD ADVANCE WARNING SYSTEM (SHAWS)--VOLUME I--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/04 SP - 22 p. AB - The document presents the analysis of the highway traffic situations pertinent to this study and identifies the set of design and operational requirements for the Safety Hazard Advance Warning System (SHAWS). It describes alternative approaches to the development of a practical concept for SHAWS and identifies the most appropriate technological and operational form. The document further presents the results of the preliminary design and development of the electronic components using pulse position modulation of a carrier signal in the low band of the VHF designation of the communication frequencies. A discussion of the frequency selection considerations of receiver cost and transmitter power requirements is present. System circuit options are included. Considerations of the human factors aspects of driver response and operational effectiveness of SHAWS are addressed. Lastly, a preliminary cost and benefit analysis is presented. The report concludes that SHAWS, in its electronic "flare" configuration, is technically feasible, cost effective and implementable over the nation's vehicle fleets operating on rural and secondary roads. (FHWA) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Design KW - Electronics KW - Farm tractors KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Rural highways KW - Safety hazard advance warning system KW - Secondary roads KW - Very high frequency KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373125 AU - Graves, W E AU - Clement, K A AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS OF LEACHATE FROM FLY ASH FILLS IN LOUISIANA PY - 1982/04 SP - n.p. AB - The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, having an acute awareness of the potential of landfilled industrial wastes to pollute groundwater, conducted a laboratory leachate experiment to determine if self-setting fly ash poses such a pollution problem. Ten fly ash models were constructed, using fly ash samples taken from the two sources for the Louisiana DOTD, to determine whether leachable metals are available in self-setting fly ash to pollute groundwaters. Chromium was the only trace metal leached out of the fly ash and even in this case, the leachate chromium concentration is only three times greater than the Environmental Protection Agency's National Interim Primary Drinking Water Standard. Data from this study indicates that the environmental reservations about using fly ash for backfill construction purposes should be reduced for self-setting fly ash. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Chromium KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Fly ash KW - Groundwater KW - Leachate KW - Metals KW - Pollutants KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20155.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373080 AU - Etzel, J E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TREATMENT OF SANITARY WASTES AT INTERSTATE REST AREAS PY - 1982/04 SP - n.p. AB - Research data on a prototype system using a fabric filter for removal of activated sludge from treated effluent combined with information on traffic flows, water use, and wastewater characteristics of reststops was used to design a treatment system. The Northbound lane of this system involved stream discharge of effluent. The Southbound interstate used biological treatment with a recycle concept for flushing water. After construction, numerous difficulties were encountered. These problems became serious enough to make a decision on whether to abandon the project or to modify the systems to correct the original design oversights and misuse of materials necessary. Redesign was done and use of a filtration type system continued. The new systems were continued in operation for a full year with minimum difficulties. The effluent from the non-recycle system gave high BOD values because of nitrification. Nitrification was so high conventional means for inhibiting it were not sufficient but tripling of the inhibition material produced results which were nearer the true BOD. The recycle system had none of the previous problems of odor or color in the flushing water and used only 15% of the water for the non-recycle system. The data accumulated clearly shows the systems are worthy of further consideration and subsequent evaluation. During the first six months of 1981 (the initial non-supervised period of operation) operating difficulties due to system piping changes and less than adequate supervision were experience but were eventually corrected and the system proved operational. (FHWA) KW - Filtration KW - Recycling KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Sewage treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373129 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THREE PROBLEM EARTH MATERIALS PY - 1982/04 SP - 42 p. AB - The three materials studied are the claystones of the Cheltenham formation, the clay shales of the Maquoketa formation and gley. A performance survey was conducted on roadways where these materials had been encountered. Samples were obtained and tested for determination of engineering properties. Gley was found to be associated with some degree of slope distress or failure in all cases. Problems with the Maquoketa clay shales were found to be less common. The only serious problem linked to the claystones was sometimes serious erosion of slopes due to lack of vegetative cover. Laboratory testing revealed the average drained shear strengths of each of the three materials to be lower by at least seven degrees than ordinary soils of like plasticity. All were found to be relatively impermeable. The claystones were indicated to have fairly low volume change potential with that of the other two materials moderately high. A failure mechanism is postulated for the study materials and a simplified procedure proposed for slope design. Conclusions are offered with respect to average slope requirements and the need for restrictions on use in subgrades. (FHWA) KW - Clearing KW - Failure KW - Permeability KW - Properties of materials KW - Shale KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Volume changes UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP79-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372388 AU - Ramsey, W J AU - Wedner, R J AU - Anderson, J E AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT JOINT REPAIR IN NEBRASKA PY - 1982/04 SP - 52 p. AB - The restoration of deteriorated joints on the nation's concrete pavement interstate highways is becoming an ever increasing problem. This report deals with the joint repair techniques employed in Nebraska, and includes details of (1) joint distress ratings, (2) experimental joint repair by Maintenance forces, (3) full depth joint repair techniques, (4) partial depth joint repair techniques, and (5) pressure relief joints. One of the unique features of the full depth repair is the complete removal of the dowel basket assembly so that the patch is "free floating". Nebraska's full depth repair techniques have lengthened the useful life of the interstate concrete pavement. Furthermore, the repair of spalls and blowups has improved the serviceability and safety of the old concrete. (FHWA) KW - Blow up KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371250 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES--REVIEW AND SUMMARY OF IN-HOUSE IMPLEMENTATION PY - 1982/04 SP - n.p. AB - A multi-phase research program performed jointly by the University of California, Berkeley, and the Caltrans Office of Structures Design, Structural Research Unit, resulted in a large number of research reports and computer programs pertinent to analysis, design and behavior of highway bridges. Structural types included cellular (box girder) and open web (girder and slab) structures. Analytical methods employed folded plate, finite strip, finite element, gridwork, and various types of equivalent plate approaches. Programs include analysis and, in some instances, automated design approaches. A brief survey of the developmental work at the University is made and some of the primary, in-house implementation of the methods is discussed. Brief summaries of individual program functions and limitations are given in the appendices. (FHWA) KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Grates KW - Gridworks (Structures) KW - Highway bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370593 AU - BECKER, L D AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS FROM SELECTED DRAINAGE BASINS IN SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1982/04 SP - 94 p. AB - The 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year floods are determined for gaged sites on 120 selected, small drainage basins in South Dakota. These estimates are from the frequency curves defined from the streamflow records. Short-term records for 66 sites were extended on the basis of long-term climatic records and a rainfall-runoff model. These frequency curves may provide the best estimates of floods at these gaged sites. Analyses of flood-frequency information from these gaged sites have been the basis for techniques (published previously) used in estimating flood magnitude and frequency at ungaged sites in South Dakota. This report supplements flood-frequency information published earlier. It presents: Annual peak discharges collected during a 25-year period at 124 crest-stage partial-record stations; maximum observed and unit discharges determined for 124 crest-stage and 120 continuous-record gaging stations; updated flood-frequency curves for 120 crest-stage gages; a documentation of analytical procedures used; and a summary of the small-streams data collection program in the State from 1955 to 1981. Maximum flood peaks determined at 244 partial--and continuous-record gaging stations and at 52 miscellaneous sites are compared with regional flood relationships. (FHWA) KW - Crest KW - Data collection KW - Drainage basins KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Gaging KW - Magnitude KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Models KW - Peak discharge KW - Runoff KW - Streamflow KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365780 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - Samdahl, D R AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITY DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND ENFORCEMENT. VOLUME I PY - 1982/04 SP - 257 p. AB - This report provides guidance on the planning, design, operation, and enforcement of HOV Facilities. The report was prepared in two volumes and both volumes are used as textbooks in a two-day training course. Volume I is a stand-alone document that creates an awareness of the need for HOV projects and depicts various HOV treatments. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Enforcement KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway transportation KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365781 AU - Rothenberg, M J AU - Samdahl, D R AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITY DEVELOPMENT, OPERATION AND ENFORCEMENT. VOLUME II PY - 1982/04 SP - 220 p. AB - This report provides guidance on the planning, design, operation, and enforcement of HOV Facilities. The report was prepared in two volumes and both volumes are used as textbooks in a two-day training course. Volume II is a complementary document that provides warrants for selecting potential HOV treatments. KW - Analysis KW - Automobiles KW - Bus services KW - Bus transit KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Enforcement KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway transportation KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Traffic restraint KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368630 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1982 HIGHWAY SAFETY STEWARDSHIP REPORT PY - 1982/04 SP - v.p. AB - The 1982 Highway Safety Stewardship Report has been prepared in accordance with Section 203 of the 1973 Highway Safety Act and Sections 151 and 152 of Title 23 of the United States Code. It is based upon data obtained from (a) the 50 States plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam; (b) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) fiscal control records; (c) FHWA field offices; and (d) other sources. The report contains current, detailed information relative to: Trends in highway safety; Progress being made by the States to implement the categorical safety improvement programs (i.e., the Rail-Highway Crossings Program, the Hazard Elimination Program, and the Pavement Marking Demonstration Program); The effectiveness of completed highway safety improvement projects in reducing the number and severity of highway accidents; State comments on safety program implementation; The Section 402 safety program; Motor carrier safety; Safety program emphasis areas; Highway safety research and development; and Highway safety training. (Author) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367317 AU - Tiedemann, H R AU - Graver, J AU - Jacobs Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUNDWATER CONTROL IN TUNNELING: VOLUME 2--PREVENTING GROUNDWATER INTRUSION INTO COMPLETED TRANSPORTATION TUNNELS PY - 1982/04 SP - 201 p. AB - This is the second volume of a three-volume report. This Volume 2 describes various groundwater control methods for keeping tunnels dry during the life of the structure. The methods discussed include means employed to provide impervious structural concrete, types of waterproofing membranes, methods used to seal segmented tunnel linings, grouting of soils and rock, and sealing sunken tube tunnels. Problems resulting from inadequate methods or failure of control measures are discussed as well as maintenance programs to maintain the integrity of various groundwater control systems. (FHWA) KW - Concrete KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Grout KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Rocks KW - Sealing compounds KW - Soils KW - Tunnel lining KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367319 AU - Guertin, J D AU - McTigue, W H AU - Tiedemann, H R AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUNDWATER CONTROL IN TUNNELING--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/04 SP - 31 p. AB - This Executive Summary briefly describes a three-volume report on Groundwater Control During Tunneling and in Completed Tunnels. (FHWA) KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Transportation planning KW - Tunnels KW - Turning traffic KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367316 AU - Guertin, J D AU - McTigue, W H AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUNDWATER CONTROL IN TUNNELING: VOLUME 1--GROUNDWATER CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR URBAN TUNNELING PY - 1982/04 SP - 196 p. AB - This volume is a summary of current practice on groundwater control systems used during construction of both cut-and-cover and bored tunnels in urban areas. Eight (8) groundwater control methods are discussed including dewatering, recharge, cutoff walls and trenches, grouting, freezing, compressed air, slurry and earth pressure balance shields and electro-osmosis. Method selection procedures, contractual and risk considerations and cost factors are also discussed. (FHWA) KW - Compressed air KW - Cutoff walls KW - Dewatering KW - Electroosmosis KW - Ground freezing KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Grouting KW - Recharge KW - Shields (Tunneling) KW - Shields (Tunnels) KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Trenches KW - Tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367318 AU - Guertin, J D AU - McTigue, W H AU - Goldberg-Zoino & Associates, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUNDWATER CONTROL IN TUNNELING: VOLUME 3--RECOMMENDED PRACTICE PY - 1982/04 SP - 220 p. AB - This volume summarizes Volumes 1 and 2 and presents guidelines for recommended best practice in a concise format. Design and construction details not included in the more general descriptive nature of Volumes 1 and 2 are included herein. The final chapter of this volume is a discussion and recommendations for possible implementation of innovative methods and for further research. (FHWA) KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Guidelines KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366581 AU - KESSLER, R J AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INTERLABORATORY STUDY OF THE TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING LOW-LEVELS OF CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE AND RAW MATERIALS SN - 82/253 PY - 1982/04 SP - 28 p. AB - An interlaboratory study was conducted among five laboratories which perform the certification testing for chloride content in prestressed concrete. A precision statement regarding the accuracy of the method was developed after repeating the test program at six months. The maximum standard deviation determined in this study was slightly larger than that determined in a previous study. The difference was insignificant and did not require a change in specification for limiting chloride in prestressed concrete. However, a change in specification was recommended for the range of test results from .15 to .08 lb/cy for a valid determination of chloride content of concrete. (FHWA) KW - Certification KW - Chlorine content KW - Concrete tests KW - Deterioration KW - Laboratory studies KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Raw materials KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367083 AU - Sawan, J S AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF PCC SHOULDERS PY - 1982/04 SP - 192 p. AB - A structural evaluation of PCC highway shoulders has been conducted and a comprehensive design procedure for plain jointed concrete shoulders developed. The procedure can be used to provide PCC shoulders either for rehabilitation of existing pavement, or for new pavement construction. All major factors that are known to affect the behavior of PCC shoulders are considered in the mechanistic design approach including: encroaching moving trucks, parked trucks, foundation support, longitudinal joint load transfer, shoulder slab thickness and tapering, width of shoulder, and traffic lane slab. The finite element structural analysis technique was used along with a concrete fatigue damage model to sum damage for both moving encroaching trucks and for parked trucks. A relationship was established between the accumulated fatigue damage and slab cracking. Thus, the shoulder can be designed for an allowable amount of cracking which can vary depending on the performance level desired. Procedures for tieing the PCC shoulder to the mainline PCC slab are recommended to provide adequate load transfer and to avoid joint spalling. Long-term low maintenance performance of the PCC shoulder, along with significant improvement in performance of the traffic lane, can be obtained both for new construction and rehabilitation purposes if the shoulder is designed properly. This report provides documentation of structural design of PCC shoulders as related to subdrainage, shoulder structures, and maintenance of existing pavement systems. Much of the material is applicable to new pavement construction. This report is one of several resulting from this research project. (FHWA) KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Parking KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Slabs KW - Spalling KW - Structural analysis KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365491 AU - Bowlby, W AU - HIGGINS, J AU - Reagan, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOISE BARRIER COST REDUCTION PROCEDURE STAMINA 2.0/OPTIMA: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1982/04 SP - 202 p. AB - This manual presents the operation of the Barrier Cost Reduction (BCR) Procedure. The FHWA Level 2 Noise Prediction Model (STAMINA 1.0) has been modified to calculate the sound energy passing over several barrier segment heights in one run. The information is then used in an interactive program (OPTIMA) which can guide the user to the most efficient noise barrier design. The user is shown, step-by-step, how to input information and to interpret the output results for both STAMINA and OPTIMA. KW - Analysis KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programming KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost engineering KW - Costs KW - Design KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Highways KW - Interactive computing KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Noise KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Structural design KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365543 AU - Noel, E C AU - Gerbig, J AU - Lakew, Mesfin AU - Automated Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE LEFT TURN RED ARROW PY - 1982/04 SP - 54 p. AB - This report focuses on the question whether the use of red turn arrows in lieu of red balls can create a safety hazard because of motorists' misinterpretation of the device. Traffic violations of the red arrow and red ball indications were observed at 15 intersections. Sites were selected from Washington, D.C.; Delaware; Westchester County, New York; Minnesota; and Colorado. Intersection types included the cross, wye, and tee. Violation rates, defined as the number of cycles in which at least one violation (turning on the red) occurred during a cycle divided by the total number of cycles observed, were calculated for both the red arrow and red ball. The study concludes that in those jurisdictions using the red arrow for the first time, the violation rate is 6.5 percent for the red arrow as against 8.2 percent for the red ball. For jurisdictions which had used the red arrow previously, the violation rates are 5.7 and 6.7 percent for the red arrow and red ball, respectively. In both situations, the differences are statistically significant at the 5 percent level. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Perception KW - Red KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362046 AU - Matzkanin, G A AU - DeLosSantos, A AU - Whiting, D A AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE LEVELS IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE USING PULSED NMR PY - 1982/04 SP - 95 p. AB - An investigation has been conducted of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as the basis for nondestructively measuring moisture content in concrete. Results of a laboratory feasibility study conducted on a variety of concrete cylinders showed the NMR signatures to correlate well with evaporable moisture independently of cement type, water/cement ratio or chloride content; however, magnetic minerals contained in certain aggregates affected the correlation. On the basis of the feasibility study, an NMR Moisture Measurement system for nondestructively measuring moisture from one surface of reinforced bridge decks was designed and fabricated. Laboratory evaluations were conducted using concrete specimens of known moisture content and field tests were performed on a bridge deck which was cored for verification of moisture readings. Results of these tests demonstrated the capability of the NMR system to measure the moisture at selected depths in a bridge deck with an accuracy of plus or minus 0.2% moisture from 1.25 in. to 2.75 in. (32 mm to 70 mm) and an accuracy of plus or minus 0.4% moisture from 2.75 in. to 3.75 in. (70 mm to 95 mm). Asphalt overlays up to 2 in. (51 mm) thick have little effect on the NMR-determined moisture values. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete structures KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365375 AU - Charles River Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING TRAVEL VOLUMES FOR HOV PRIORITY TECHNIQUES PY - 1982/04 SP - 86 p. AB - This report describes the research that was undertaken to develop a simple-to-use forecasting procedure for predicting the changes in modal volumes that result from implementing various types of freeway preferential lane projects for buses and/or carpools. First, the results of a review and assessment of existing travel forecasting models are presented. Next, a survey conducted to determine the availability of before and after data from the many high occupancy vehicle (HOV) projects that have been implemented in the United States is described. Demand and supply relationships were developed and incorporated into forecasting procedures. Tests of forecasts obtained and an existing Pivot Point Logit Model are described and evaluated. KW - Buses KW - Demand KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Logits KW - Mathematical models KW - Reserved lanes KW - Strategic planning KW - Supply KW - Supply and demand KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/PTVHPT.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365157 AU - Meyer, J R AU - Reaser, J M AU - KELLER, R AU - Wilson, R A AU - Vadeboncoeur, J R AU - Commonwealth Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY AND CONCEPT SELECTION OF A SAFETY HAZARD ADVANCE WARNING SYSTEM (SHAWS). VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1982/04 SP - 262 p. AB - The document describes alternative approaches to the development of a practical concept for SHAWS and identifies the most appropriate technological and operational form. The document presents the results of the preliminary design and development of the electronic components using pulse position modulation of a carrier signal in the low band of the VHF designation of the communication frequencies. A discussion of the frequency selection considerations of receiver cost and transmitter power requirements is present. System circuit options are included. Considerations of the human factors aspects of driver response and operational effectiveness of SHAWS are addressed. Lastly, a preliminary cost and benefit analysis is presented. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Communication systems KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hazards KW - Highway transportation KW - Human factors KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pulse position modulation KW - Radio KW - Radio frequencies KW - Radio frequency KW - Radio receivers KW - Radio transmitters KW - Response KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic safety KW - Very high frequency KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349489 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Engineers Testing Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY BINDER MATERIALS FROM MODIFIED SULFUR-WATER EMULSIONS PY - 1982/04 SP - 137 p. AB - This project had the objectives of developing and characterizing stable modified-sulfur water emulsions using sulfur-extended-asphalt and Sulphlex as base stocks. Anionic and cationic emulsions which had rapid and slow setting characteristics were studied. Standard asphalt emulsion formulations using base stocks containing sulfur produced unstable emulsions which settled excessively. Reaction of a tall oil with sulfur and asphalt separately, and increased emulsifier concentrations resulted in successful emulsions. Settling characteristics were improved by adding a hydroxyethyl cellulose viscosity builder to the continuous phase. Thirteen sulfur-extended-asphalt emulsions and one Sulphlex emulsion were produced and then characterized using ASTM D244 and several non-standard test procedures. Emulsion properties are compared to ASTM D977 and D2397 requirements. The study concludes that it is possible to formulate and produce stable modified sulfur-water emulsions using sulfur-extended-asphalt or Sulphlex as base stocks. These emulsions have many characteristics which are comparable to standard asphalt emulsions. (FHWA) KW - Binders KW - Dispersers KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Emulsifying agents KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373076 AU - Haviland, J K AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF SIX NOISE BARRIERS ON I-495 PY - 1982/03/31 SP - 42 p. AB - Noise measurements were taken to evaluate the effectiveness of six barriers along I-495. The measurement program was designed so that the effectiveness of the barriers could be correlated with the public's perception of their effectiveness. The drop-off in noise level from a point above the barrier (one microphone) to the measurement site near the home of a respondent (four microphones arranged vertically) was measured. The distance effect between the same two points was modeled. The barrier insertion loss was determined by subtracting the total measured drop-off from the modeled distance effect. It was found that the barriers were performing as they were designed to do. It appears that many individuals may react to non-acoustical factors, such as problems of maintenance of the areas behind barriers. Also, the perception of the barriers' effectiveness tended to be negative when the ear level of a person standing at the door of his house was much closer to the same elevation as the top of the barrier than was the ear level of the person who responded positively. (FHWA) KW - Effectiveness KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Perception KW - Subjective UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36472/82-R50.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547290 AU - Pleimann, Larry G AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Study of Superplasticized Concrete Made With Arkansas Aggregate PY - 1982/03//Final Report SP - 223p AB - This report presents the results of a three and one-half year study of the plastic and hardened behavior of superplasticized Portland cement concrete made with several Arkansas aggregates. The emphasis was on the effects of temperature, superplasticizer dosage, time of addition of the admixtures, agitation time before deposition, and admixture addition sequence on the plastic behavior of the concrete. Tests performed included slump at time intervals, time of set of the mortar fraction, unit weights, air contents before and after admixture additions, bleed water, freeze/thaw durability, and deicer scaling resistance. The examination of the hardened concrete focused on the effects of aggregate type, air content, superplasticizer dosage, and cement factor on the compressive strength at various ages, split cylinder strength, and abrasion resistance. The principal findings with respect to the plastic behavior were the following. The rate of slump loss in superplasticized concrete was significantly higher than in control mixes with the extra workability effectiVely lost within 30 to 60 minutes of addition of the superplasticizer. The loss rate was increased by high concrete temperature. The effectiveness of' the superplasticizer was reduced by both high and low concrete temperature and by delay of superplasticizer addition. Air entrainment and adequate mixing eliminated most problems of bleed water except for "mortar bleed" in some mixes. Adequate freeze/thaw and deicer scaling resistance were achievable but were improved by adding the air entraining agent after the superplasticizer. The results of the hardened specimen tests were consistent with previous work on superplasticizers. Compressive, tensile and abrasion strengths were essentially commensurate with Abrams' law. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Aggregates KW - Air content KW - Air entrainment KW - Arkansas KW - Compressive strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Slump loss KW - Slump test KW - Superplasticizers KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/HRC%2054.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1333155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365560 AU - Trickey, M J AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF MOWING OPERATIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - 34 p. AB - The report includes recommendations in the areas of types of equipment, use of herbicides and enforcement of standards. A combination mowing and herbicide program can result in a substantial reduction in the cost of mowing activities. KW - Cost engineering KW - Cutting KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Highways KW - Maintenance KW - Value engineering KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365494 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE OVERLAY OF EXISTING CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1982/03 SP - 98 p. AB - This report describes the design and construction of a 6-inch thick unbonded continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) overlay of a 20-year old continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) along with crack surveys for the first nine months after construction. This is the first time (to the author's knowledge) a CRC overlay has been placed over an existing CRCP. The existing CRCP was an experimental project when built. It had several features being tried for the first time in Mississippi, one of which led to the need for the overlay. KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Cracking KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Mississippi KW - Quality assurance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365752 AU - Johnson, R N AU - Gard, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR WELDED BRIDGES PY - 1982/03 SP - 204 p. AB - This report is a general survey which evaluates all the pertinent work that has been accomplished in recent years in the area of bridge welding. It includes discussions involving base material selection and weldability studies, specific welding techniques employed, governing codes and specifications, metallurgical aspects including microstructure and mechanical properties, inspection techniques - nondestructive evaluation, weld flaw studies, and examples of successful bridge welding in other countries. This information will aid in determining the most economic and reliable welding process for bridge fabrication. KW - Bridges KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Physical metallurgy KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Structural steel KW - Welded joints KW - Welding KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474929 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Park, W H AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUTOMATED RATING PROCEDURE FOR PAVEMENT SURFACE ROUGHNESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 220 p. AB - The study on the Implementation of a Rating Procedure for Pavement Surface Roughness was divided into three tasks. The first task involved the automation of the collection and processing of roughness data. The task involved using a microprocessor-based data acquisition system, called the Penn State Automatic Road Meter (PSARM), which was developed as a replacement for the Mays Ride Meter currently used by many state highway departments. A second task involved the correlation of the Mays meter and a simple survey profilometer. Both instruments were simultaneously mounted in the same vehicle, and a correlation of the two was run. The last task was a continuing refinement of the Pennsylvania Transportation Department's road rating system. A methodology was developed that uses road profiles and measures seat accelerations of a vehicle to find the transfer functions of that vehicle for the purposes of ride quality studies. The last part of the third phase involved some initial studies into the roughness traction loss on a circular track. KW - Automation KW - Correlation analysis KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Microprocessors KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Ride quality KW - Road raters KW - Roughness KW - Traction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389035 AU - Panak, J J AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMICAL PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1982/03 SP - 34 p. AB - The research completed under this contract has resulted in the development of five different precast structural superstructure types with details completed which are suitable for inclusion in a set of contract plans. The five types are: (1) Precast Concrete Box Beams, (2) Prestressed Concrete PCI Box Beams, (3) Precast Concrete Double Stem Tee Beams, (4) Precast Concrete Solid Slabs, and (5) Precast Concrete Voided Slabs. Bent and abutment details compatible with the developed superstructure details were also prepared. A trial contract was let in April 1981 with two of the developed types allowed as alternates to a regular type of standard structure. Neither of the alternates was the low bid. It was determined that one of the primary reasons that the alternates were not competitive with the standard structure was that the precast producers were not willing to invest in new forms and associated production hardware which might be used for only one job. It is recommended that same means be found to separate this cost from the contract, thus allowing a true comparison of the new bridge types to be made. (FHWA) KW - Bids KW - Box beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Contractors KW - Costs KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377339 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF PIPE-ARCH AND ELLIPTICAL SHAPE CULVERTS USING PROGRAMABLE-CALCULATORS SN - TI-59 PY - 1982/03 SP - v.p. AB - This computer program was developed for the TI-59 programable calculator to provide hydraulic design engineers with a tool to make "desk top" culvert review or design for corrugated metal pipe-arch (CMPA), corrugated metal pipe-elliptical (CMPE), concrete pipe-arch and concrete pipe-elliptical (oval) shape pipes. The CM pipe-arch culvert sizes include 18 inch or less, 31 inch and 47 inch corner radius configuration for both riveted and structural plate culverts and 31.8 inch corner radius for the aluminum structural plate culverts. The concrete pipe-arch culverts include variable corner radii up to 26.875 inches. The long span structures have been accounted for with the 47 inch corner radius CMPA culvert sizes and the CMPE culverts. This program is not limited to the review and design of culvert sizes tabulated in the manual, other available sizes can be analyzed. KW - Analysis KW - Calculators KW - Computer programs KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Pipe culverts KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376779 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Segel, L AU - Ervin, R D AU - Schneider, L W AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CAB VIBRATIONS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY (VOLUME II) PY - 1982/03 SP - 203 p. AB - Exposure to vibration of drivers of trucks and tractor-trailers has often been implicated as a negative influence on driver health and highway safety. This document reports the findings of a research project in which the state-of-knowledge on the links between the truck ride vibration environment and accident involvement was critically reviewed by a panel of experts in an effort to evaluate its significance as a public safety issue. The state-of-knowledge linking the truck vibration environment to effects on driver performance, and ultimately accident involvement, is insufficient to provide direct evidence of the significance at this time. Experimental data obtained in this project demonstrate that truck vibration level is related to road roughness from which it may be inferred that the vibration levels will increase in the future if the highway system continues to deteriorate. The panel of experts recommends the continuation of research in the area of truck ride vibration and its effects on driver performance, and in the area of road roughness as it affects ride, safety, and roadway deterioration. This report consists of Volume II--Technical Report with Appendices. (FHWA) KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Crash exposure KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Roughness KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376778 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Segel, L AU - Ervin, R D AU - Schneider, L W AU - Campbell, K L AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CAB VIBRATIONS AND HIGHWAY SAFETY (VOLUME I) PY - 1982/03 SP - 38 p. AB - Exposure to vibration of drivers of trucks and tractor-trailers has often been implicated as a negative influence on driver health and highway safety. This document reports the findings of reserach project in which the state-of-knowledge on the links between the truck ride vibration environment and accident involvement was critically reviewed by a panel of experts in an effort to evaluate its significance as a public safety issue. The state-of-knowledge linking the truck vibration environment to effects on driver performance, and ultimately accident involvement, is insufficient to provide direct evidence of the significance at this time. Experimental data obtained in this project demonstrate that truck vibration level is related to road roughness from which it may be inferred that the vibrations levels will increase in the future if the highway system continues to deteriorate. The panel of experts recommends the continuation of research in the area of truck ride vibration and its effects on driver performance, and in the area of road roughness as it affects ride, safety, and roadway deterioration. This report consists of Volume I--Summary Report. (FHWA) KW - Cabs (Vehicle compartments) KW - Crash exposure KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Exposure KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Roughness KW - Truck drivers KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373075 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE QUEST FOR PERFORMANCE RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1982/03 SP - 59 p. AB - Problems associated with quality assurance for hydraulic cement concrete are reviewed and the importance of good inspection stressed. It is concluded that acceptance procedures based on statistical probabilities are first step towards attaining specifications optimally related to performance. Report summarizes specifications of several agencies using statistical probabilities and recommends changes in specifications of Virginia Department of Highway and Transportation to implement acceptance of concrete based on a statistical quality level for strengths and entrained air content. (FHWA) KW - Acceptance KW - Air content KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Entrained air KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Performance based specifications KW - Probability theory KW - Quality assurance KW - Specifications KW - Statistical quality control KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36470/82-R40.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369797 AU - Johnson, R N AU - Gard, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY FOR WELDED BRIDGES SN - 001 PY - 1982/03 SP - 201 p. AB - This report is a general survey which evaluates all the pertinent work that has been accomplished in recent years in the area of bridge welding. It includes discussions involving base material selection and weldability studies, specific welding techniques employed, governing codes and specifications, metallurgical aspects including microstructure and mechanical properties, inspection techniques--nondestructive evaluation, weld flaw studies, and examples of successful bridge welding in other countries. This information will aid in determining the most economic and reliable welding process for bridge fabrication. (FHWA) KW - Bridges KW - Coding systems KW - Fabrication KW - Metallurgy KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Specifications KW - Weldability KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369799 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEGREGATION OF ASPHALT MIXES CAUSED BY SURGE SILOS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/03 SP - 12 p. AB - Segregation of asphalt mixes continues to be a problem in Virginia, particularly with base mixes and coarse surface mixes. Although the problem is encountered primarily on jobs using surge silos, it has been related to other factors such as mix design and handling or paving techniques. This report discusses changes in equipment and production procedures that reportedly have alleviated the problem, including specifications devised to eliminate segregation in the surge bin. Also discussed is a field project in which an attempt was made to prevent segregation by changes to the equipment and the production and paving processes. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Equipment KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Mix design KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Production KW - Segregation KW - Silos KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surge bins UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36466/82-R47.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367080 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRC OVERLAY OF EXISTING CRCP PY - 1982/03 SP - 96 p. AB - This report describes the design and construction of a 6-inch thick unbonded continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) overlay of a 20-year old continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) along with crack surveys for the first nine months after construction. This is the first time (to the author's knowledge) a CRC overlay has been placed over an existing CRCP. The existing CRCP was an experimental project when built. It had several features being tried for the first time in Mississippi, one of which led to the need for the overlay. The CRC overlay project had several items new to Mississippi including: (1) A new statistically oriented quality assurance specifications for rigid pavement; (2) The alternative use of either Type I cement, Type IP cement, or a blend of Type I cement with fly ash; and (3) Plain concrete paved shoulders. The report includes discussion of the distress in the 20-year old pavement, design and construction procedures, contract award provisions, traffic control features, post construction evaluation, and some interim recommendations. (FHWA) KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Contracts KW - Cracking KW - Evaluation KW - Fly ash KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Quality assurance KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367571 AU - Trickey, M J AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF MOWING OPERATIONS PY - 1982/03 SP - 33 p. AB - This report is the 11th in a series on Optimizing Maintenance activities. These studies using Value Engineering techniqeus are conducted by teams of maintenance and operations engineers from several State highway agencies. This study was conducted by Alabama, Florida and Georgia. The report includes recommendations in the areas of types of equipment, use of herbicides and enforcement of standards. A combination mowing and herbicide program can result in a substantial reduction in the cost of mowing activities. (FHWA) KW - Enforcement KW - Equipment KW - Herbicides KW - Maintenance management KW - Mowing KW - Standards KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367929 AU - JOHNSON, W A AU - DiMarco, R J AU - Allen, R W AU - Systems Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A PROTOTYPE GRADE SEVERITY RATING SYSTEM PY - 1982/03 SP - 184 p. AB - This report summarizes a study to evaluate techniques for reducing the incidence and severity of truck downgrade accidents. It includes a description of an improved version of a grade severity rating model, and detailed instructions for using it to determine a recommended maximum grade descent speed for each of several truck weight ranges on any given grade. These maximum recommended speeds could be posted on a weight-specific speed (WSS) sign at the beginning of a grade. This would enable truck drivers to descend the grade in a safe manner without guesswork in selecting a speed. Additional driver simulator and field tests of the weight-specific speed signs format will be carried out to determine the most effective WSS sign. Other tasks that were carried out on this study and reported herein are to develop a means for determining the cost-effectiveness of alternative techniques, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative techniques, and to determine criteria for deployment of the techniques. Full-scale field tests as well as a simulation in a fixed-base truck simulator were used in carrying out these tasks. Examples of the techniques considered included several types of signing, a grade severity rating system, and truck escape ramps. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Escape lanes KW - Field tests KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Injury severity KW - Ratings KW - Severity KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Training simulators KW - Trucks KW - Weight specific speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365503 AU - Kuo, W H AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN STATISTICAL METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE ACCURACY OF HIGHWAY LABORATORY AND FIELD DATA - A MANUAL PY - 1982/03 SP - 175 p. AB - Accident rate, traffic count, accident severity index, proportion of wet surface accidents, pavement friction coefficients, highway noise levels, aggregate gradations, etc., are parameters commonly used in the transportation field. The estimated values of these parameters are often the basis of information used in administrative decision making, e.g., the development of effective safety improvement and testing programs. Highway administrators also use parameter estimates to develop effective quality control systems. This report demonstrates that estimation errors significantly affect the accuracy of the developed program guidelines and, consequently, decisions based on these guidelines. KW - Accuracy KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Crash investigation KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Errors KW - Estimates KW - Estimating KW - Field tests KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Laboratory equipment KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pavements KW - Quality control KW - Safety engineering KW - Sound level KW - Statistical quality control KW - Testing equipment KW - Texture KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367907 AU - Seguin, E L AU - Crowley, K W AU - Harrison, P C AU - PERCHONOK, K AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated TI - THE EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE ON DRIVER BEHAVIOR PY - 1982/03 SP - 138 p. AB - This report discusses the effects of truck size on the behavior of drivers who interact with trucks in selected roadway situations. Specifically, truck length/configuration was addressed in a freeway entrance merge, mainline lane change, and narrow bridge situations while truck width was studied in a rural two-lane, two-way passing situation. Field work involved the collection of microscopic traffic measures via the Traffic Evaluator System in addition to abservations of erratic maneuvers and truck type for the length/configuration studies. Length/configuration had little or no effect on interacting drivers as judged from the data available. The truck/width passing study employed an impedance factor to induce passing of an experimentally widened vehicle. Increasing truck width was found to be conducive to increased prepass headways, reduced lateral distance between passers (overtaking and oncoming) and the truck, and reduced lateral distance between oncomers and the road edge. However, no increases in shoulder encroachments by passers or acceptances of small gaps were found. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Headways KW - Lane changing KW - Length KW - Narrow bridges KW - Passing KW - Problem drivers KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reckless drivers KW - Rural highways KW - Trucks KW - Two lane highways KW - Vehicle size KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365422 AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Butler, B C AU - CUNNINGHAM, G AU - Elkins, G E AU - Paggi, M S AU - Texas Research and Development Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS, FUEL CONSUMPTION, AND PAVEMENT TYPE AND CONDITION FACTORS PY - 1982/03 SP - 375 p. AB - This report presents updated vehicle operating cost tables which may be used by a highway agency for estimation of vehicle operating costs as a function of operational and roadway variables. These results, partially based on fuel consumption tests on a group of late model vehicles and on a survey of truck fleet owners, are representative of the advancement in vehicle propulsion technology and increase in unit prices since the last comprehensive study of vehicle operating cost was conducted in the United States. To make the procedure flexible to changes in unit prices, consumption rates of the major vehicle cost components are presented in tables of constant speed on vertical grades, constant speed on horizontal curves, speed change cycles, and idling for each vehicle classification. KW - Evaluation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Speed KW - Statistics KW - Traffic speed KW - Trafficability KW - Velocity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/42000/42200/42239/FHWA-PL-82-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361538 AU - Gress, D L AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New Hampshire Department of Public Works and Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF AGGREGATE ON CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH PY - 1982/03 SP - 39 p. AB - The object of this study was to determine the significance of variation in the plastic properties of concrete as denoted by construction records of the New Hampshire Department of Public Works and Highways; to isolate those variables that also have an affect on the hardened properties of concrete; to determine if rigid control of aggregate gradation could be justified by requiring the aggregate to be separate into several size fractions prior to field batching in order to produce a durable superior concrete; and to evaluate the microwave oven technique of determining the water-cement ratio of plastic concrete. The statistical analysis of ten years of concrete construction data showed that some sources of coarse aggregate had not met their expected strengths and that concretes made of type II cements were found to produce compressive strengths about eight percent higher than concrete made of type I cements. Findings from laboratory testing implied that improved durability may be obtained by requiring tight control on the coarse aggregate gradation by separating it into three size fractions. The microwave technique appears to be a viable method of determining the water cement ratio of plastic concrete. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Microwaves KW - Polymer concrete KW - Statistical analysis KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365372 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF EXCLUSIVE/PERMISSIVE LEFT-TURN SIGNAL PHASING PY - 1982/03 SP - 33 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a study of motorists perceptions of exclusive/permissive (E/P) signal phasing at 10 intersections in Virginia as well as on-site observations at those intersections. For each of the ten sites, traffic volumes, conflict rate, and accident rate were counted. In addition, residences and small businesses located in the vicinity of the signal site were sent questionnaires aimed at determining motorists' opinions and perceptions of E/P signal phasing. The study showed that one-third of the motorists are confused by E/P signals the first time they are encountered, but that this confusion dissipates over time. It appears that advance publicity of an E/P signal modification along with an explanatory sign placed adjacent to the signal head will do much to reduce motorist confusion. KW - Crash rates KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intersections KW - Left turn only KW - Left turns KW - Perception KW - Questionnaires KW - Regulatory signs KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic surveys KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban transportation KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36468/82-R49.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365031 AU - Helms, R N AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING PAVEMENT REFLECTIVITY FOR ROAD LIGHTING DESIGN PY - 1982/03 SP - 56 p. AB - This study reviews existing research and methodology used in pavement reflectance classification systems. The reflectance characteristics of roadway surfaces affect the quantity of light reflected from the roadway at night towards the driver. The variability of reflectance has an impact on the uniformity of luminance of a pavement surface. Uniformity in turn affects driver visibility at night on roadways utilizing fixed lighting systems. This report documents a study which sought to develop new methodology and instrumentation for a pavement reflectance classification system used for roadway luminance calculations. Reflectance characteristics and micro/macro-texture of in situ pavements were measured at five different test sites in the State of Colorado. Instrumentation and methodology that was used to measure the hemispherical reflectance data is described in the report. Sand Patch and British Portable Tester are used to investigate changes in the micro/macro-structure of the pavement as a function of time and wear. KW - Design KW - Equipment tests KW - Highway pavement KW - Luminance KW - Measurement KW - Night visibility KW - Pavements KW - Reflectance KW - Reflectivity KW - Street lighting KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365508 AU - Liang, Y AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana Department of Highways TI - STRENGTH OF FIELD COMPACTED CLAYEY EMBANKMENTS PY - 1982/02/02 SP - 250 p. AB - The shearing behavior of a plastic Indiana clay (St. Croix) was studied for both laboratory and field compaction. This interim report deals with the field compacted phase. The strength tests were performed by unconsolidated-undrained (UU) and saturated consolidated-undrained (CIU) triaxials. These were run at various confining pressures to approximate the end of construction and long term conditions at several embankment depths. KW - Clay KW - Compression tests KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear stress KW - Soil compacting KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373081 AU - Oakland, M W AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLASSIFICATION AND OTHER STANDARD TESTS FOR SHALE EMBANKMENTS PY - 1982/02/02 SP - n.p. AB - Previous research has resulted in eight interim reports. This document summarizes the earlier work and constitutes a final report of the project. It is concluded that the Franklin classification system should henceforth be used for Indiana shales; this system uses the slake durability test, in combination with the Atterberg plasticity index for the softer shales, and in combination with the point load strength for the harder ones. Standard test procedures are written for the above tests, as well as for the five-cycle slaking test, which can be used in place of the slake durability one. The other standard test procedures contained herein are: compacted moisture-density relations; compaction-degradation; compressibility, for prediction of settlement; and saturated consolidated undrained shear tests for estimation of stability. Each test is accompanied by sample data, calculations and plots. (FHWA) KW - Atterberg limits KW - Classification KW - Compaction KW - Compressibility KW - Degradation KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Hand brakes KW - Limits KW - Parking brakes KW - Shale KW - Shear tests KW - Slaking KW - Swelling index KW - Test procedures KW - Ultimate load design KW - Undrained shear tests KW - Undrained tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367323 AU - Liang, Y AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH OF FIELD COMPACTED CLAYEY EMBANKMENTS PY - 1982/02/02 SP - 312 p. AB - The shearing behavior of a plastic Indianc clay (St. Croix) was studied for both laboratory and field compaction. This interim report deals with the field compacted phase. The strength tests were were performed by unconsolidated-undrained (UU) and saturated consolidated -undrained (CIU) triaxials. These were run at various confining pressures to approximate the end of construction and long term conditions at several embankment depths. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the best predictive models for dry density, as-compacted strength, volume change due to saturation and consolidation, Skempton's A parameter at failure and the effective stress strength parameter, in terms of the field compaction variables. Predictions of field compacted relationships from laboratory tests can be accomplished for soils which are somewhat different by appplying a translation factor based upon the ratio of standard Proctor optimum moisture contents. (FHWA) KW - Compacted clays KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Moisture content KW - Percent saturation KW - Shear strength KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Undrained shear tests KW - Undrained tests KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365382 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Roberts, F L AU - LEE, K W AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS FREEZE-THAW PEDESTAL TEST FOR EVALUATING MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1982/02 SP - 39 p. AB - This report describes the Texas Freeze-Thaw Pedestal Test and a preliminary test procedure to distinguish between aggregate-asphalt combinations which are susceptible to moisture damage, such as stripping, and those which are not. The test is basically a modification of the Water Susceptibility Test proposed by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. A guide to the use of this procedure to evaluate both existing and proposed mixtures is included along with the results of a small study to demonstrate the ability of the test to differentiate between known stripping and nonstripping asphalt mixtures. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Damage assessment KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freezing KW - Loss and damage KW - Melting KW - Mixtures KW - Moisture content KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365193 AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Takayanagi, T AU - Russell, H G AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZED SECTIONS FOR MAJOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS PY - 1982/02 SP - 181 p. AB - The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the latest prestressed concrete bridge girder designs being used in the United States and to determine which represent optimum designs that could be promoted as national or regional standards. Bridges built with pretensioned I- and T-sections for spans in excess of 80 ft (24.4 m) and concrete compressive strengths up to 7000 psi (48.3 MPa) were considered. KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - I beams KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural design KW - T beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362024 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF OVERLAID BRIDGE DECKS WITH GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR PY - 1982/02 SP - 55 p. AB - The use of ground-penetrating radar in condition surveys was evaluated on non-overlaid and overlaid bridge decks, with emphasis on the latter type. The findings presented in this report show that the technique is, beyond doubt, relatively effective in locating concrete delaminations, even when they are covered with an overlay, and, with little further work to improve the speed of operations, will constitute a rapid, nondestructive means for surveying the condition of bridge decks. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Delamination KW - Ground KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pendulum tests KW - Radar KW - Radar applications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36469/82-R42.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488154 AU - Phukan, A AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN METHODS FOR MUSKEG AREA ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/02 SP - 120 p. AB - The objective of this report was to produce a design guide related to roadway design and construction in organic terrain referred to as "muskeg". The report covers the latest design and construction principles so that the designers, planners, builders and operators can systematically analyze the available information, assemble required data and design roadways. General aspects of foundation stability, common types of problems which may develop and investigations required to evaluate problems are also outlined. KW - Design methods KW - Foundation engineering KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Muskeg KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_14.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11560/641_ak.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461680 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC PERMANENT DEFORMATION MODEL FOR UNBOUNDED PAVEMENT MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/02 SP - 112 p. AB - The principal objective of any pavement design procedure is to provide a structural system which will be suitable in a specific regional area and be able to sustain the anticipated traffic loading and frequency. The accomplishment of this objective and the utilization of the design procedure, however, is highly dependent on its ability to predict future performance of in-service pavements. A performance prediction at high confidence level, however, using the present state-of-the-art of material characterizations, is questionable. These material characterizations include, among other parameters, the permanent deformation potential of each pavement layer. In this study, the permanent deformation characteristics of five different base, subbase and subgrade materials were evaluated. The results of the investigation led to the development of a normalized predictive model of the plastic deformation. The model was found to be unique for each class of soil and independent of compaction, density, water content and stress-level. A significant finding of this study is that the permanent strain of any class material subjected to cyclic loadings could be predicted with high confidence level using the normalized predictive model. The input parameters of this model consist of the static strength and the corresponding strain of the material in question. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement layers KW - Plastic deformation KW - Repeated loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Subbase materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Unbound pavement courses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373122 AU - Dierstein, P G AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF PCC PAVEMENT TEXTURING CHARACTERISTICS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1982/02 SP - 59 p. AB - Seven textures (transverse tine, transverse broom, artificial turf, transverse roller, artificial-turf/transverse-tine combination, longitudinal tine and longitudinal broom) were formed in the plastic surface of a continuously reinforced concrete pavement. Construction observations indicated that separate machines for texturing and for applying curing compound are preferred since the timing of the two operations is sometimes incompatible. During texturing, care must be taken to avoid overlapping transverse textures, edge damage, and surface deformation caused by the pressure of the device. Friction tests indicated that grooved textures are superior to broom and artificial-turf textures, with the artificial-turf/transverse-tine combination being the best. A Macrotexture Index, based on both treaded-tire and smooth-tire friction numbers, shows promise as a surrogate texture-depth indicator. The index can determine, with a high degree of certainty, whether a surface has a coarse, medium, or a fine texture. Smoothness tests verified that surface texture can influence Roughness Index values, with transverse-grooved textures being rougher than longitudinal textures. Most motorists can easily detect when they are on the transverse-roller texture, because its wider and deeper 2-inch-spaced grooves result in a humming noise like that produced by rumble strips. The transverse roller texture was eliminated as a final finish candidate because of its noise. During winter storms, natural crosswind and vehicle-generated wind caused blowing snow to collect more on longitudinal-tined and artificial-turf textures than the others. (FHWA) KW - Depth KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Pavers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Riding qualities KW - Rollers KW - Roughness KW - Skid resistance KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00371053 AU - Schelling, D R AU - Saklas, J G AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARYLAND COST ALLOCATION STUDY PY - 1982/02 SP - 41 p. AB - The Maryland highway cost allocation study was initiated to evaluate the equity of current state highway user tax payments among the users of Maryland's highway, roads and streets. Two cost allocation methodologies were used, the incremental and the Federal primary methodologies. There were a number of major findings. Automobiles currently pay their share using the incremental method, but are significantly overpaying using the federal primary method. Pickups and vans currently pay almost their share using the incremental method, but overpay using the federal primary method. Single unit trucks are generally shown to be overpaying using the incremental method and significantly underpaying using the federal primary method. This disparity is particularly large for the dump truck under the federal primary method. Truck tractors are significantly underpaying using both methods. The degree of underpayment is much more severe under the federal primary method. KW - Automobile engines KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Highways KW - Methodology KW - Truck tractors KW - Trucks KW - User charges KW - Vehicle power plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/184396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369804 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND PLACEMENT OF CURB RAMPS PY - 1982/02 SP - 52 p. AB - The need for guidelines for the design and placement of curb ramps is evident from the confusing and contradicting standards for these features and the problems with curb ramps that have been constructed. The objective of this research was to develop such guidelines. Information was obtained through surveys of ten state departments of transportation, four large U. S. cities, and eighteen departments of public works in Virginia. A sample inventory of curb ramps was made in 15 municipalities in Virginia. Interviews with representatives of agencies serving the handicapped and with engineers in charge of planning and constructing curb ramps were conducted to identify their problems and experiences. Observations were made of mobility classes for the blind and wheelchair users. From the information obtained, guidelines for the design and placement of curb ramps were developed. It is recommended that these guidelines be adopted by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation and that amendments proposed in the report be made to the Code of Virginia and Section 228 of the Highway Safety Act of 1973 for Federal-Aid Highways. (FHWA) KW - Blindness KW - Curbs KW - Design KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Ramps KW - Wheelchairs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36467/82-R46.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183484 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367328 AU - Nataraja, M S AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE FOUNDATION NEEDS PY - 1982/02 SP - 50 p. AB - Data from Bridge Inventory Statistics, Foundation Management Review and field survey conducted at State, Divisional and Regional offices are utilized to identify bridge foundation types used in different regions of the country and the performance history of different foundation types. Predictions of future bridge construction and rehabilitation activities in the various States of the country are attempted, based upon the above data. Recommendations for future research in the area of Bridge Foundations are made. (FHWA) KW - Bridge foundations KW - Data analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Inventory KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rehabilitation KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367599 AU - McHattie, R L AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF THE ALASKA PAVEMENT RATING PROCEDURE PY - 1982/02 SP - 79 p. AB - This report describes and examines pavement condition rating methods used on Alaska's roadways since 1978. The methods were intended to provide the specific performance data necessary to optimize construction/maintenance planning and the allocation of available funds. Rating elements include simplified measurements of ride roughness, fatigue (alligator) cracking, patching and rut depth. These features are reported individually but are also combined with traffic data to indicate more general roadway serviceability levels. Field evidence shows that a high degree of variability presently exists in the measurement of cracking, patching and rutting. Coefficients of variations above 20% were estimated for each type of rating element from experimentally repeated measurements. On a given road section, estimates of fatigue cracking made by 15 crews, differed by up to twice the calculated average. Rut depth measurements were typified by calculated standard deviations of about half the mean value. Report findings suggest that great care be exercised on future pavement performance inventories. Standardization techniques are suggested which should improve manual rating methods; although mechanized or electronic data acquisition techniques must be developed to eliminate human error. (FHWA) KW - Coefficients KW - Depth KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Patching KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Ride quality KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Serviceability KW - Standardization KW - Variables UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_15a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367337 AU - Schelling, D R AU - Saklas, J G AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARYLAND COST ALLOCATION STUDY PY - 1982/02 SP - p. 1-41 AB - The Maryland highway cost allocation study was initiated to evaluate the equity of current state highway user tax payments among the users of Maryland's highways, roads and streets. All costs associated with the design, construction and maintenance of the highway systems were allocated among the various vehicle classes and weight groups in accordance with how these costs were occasioned. The selection of a cost-occasioned approach for allocating costs among vehicles parallels the current national study being conducted by the Federal Highway Administration. Numerous cost allocation methodologies have been proposed and applied at the national and state levels throughout the years. The cost-occasioned approach was selected for the Maryland study due to its general acceptance and the availability of highway cost and vehicle data required for its application. Since no single methodology is universally accepted as completely equitable, two cost allocation methodologies were selected and applied for this study. The Incremental Methodology which has been utilized for more than 30 years with minor variations in the basic criteria, and The Federal Primary Methodology which represents the methodology being applied in the current national study, that has been selected by the Federal Highway Administration as the best application of a cost occasioned approach. (Author) KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Road construction KW - State departments of transportation KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366579 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Roberts, F L AU - LEE, K W AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS FREEZE-THAW PEDESTAL TEST FOR EVALUATING MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1982/02 SP - 34 p. AB - This report describes the Texas Freeze-Thaw Pedestal Test and a preliminary test procedure to distinguish between aggregate-asphalt combinations which are susceptible to moisture damage, such as stripping, and those which are not. The test is basically a modification of the Water Susceptibility Test proposed by the Laramie Energy Technology Center. A guide to the use of this procedure to evaluate both existing and proposed mixtures is included along with the results of a small study to demonstrate the ability of the test to differentiate between known stripping and nonstripping asphalt mixtures. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Defects KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Moisture content KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365519 AU - Cheng, D H AU - Cheng (David H) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AERODYNAMIC STABILITY OF LONG COLUMNS WITH ELASTIC END CONSTRAINTS PY - 1982/02 SP - 81 p. AB - This report presents a method for calculating fundamental frequencies and predicting wind-induced responses of long, slender bridge members. The method is illustrated through use of practical examples and predictions are compared with field measurements. The report will be of interest to bridge engineers and researchers involved in the analysis, design, and construction of large bridge structures which contain these members. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamics KW - Beams KW - Beams (Support) KW - Bridge members KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Resonance frequency KW - Response KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Vibration KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367665 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. GROVER TRUCKING COMPANY, IDAHO FALLS, IDAHO. RUNAWAY TRUCK ACCIDENT PY - 1982/02 SP - 4 p. AB - This is the investigative report of a runaway truck accident which occurred on July 15, 1981 on U.S. 95 in White Bird, Idaho. A southbound truck-tractor flatbed semitrailer, operated by the Grover Trucking Company, ran out of control on a steep downgrade and overturned. The units separated with the trailer rolling down the canyon and the tractor continuing ahead, striking a concrete bridge abutment and ejecting the truck driver. The truck driver was killed and $50,000 property damage was incurred. The probable cause of this accident was determined to be excessive speed and the over application of brakes resulting in brake fade and loss of control. It was also found that the truck driver was inexperienced in the operation of tractor trailers. KW - Brake fade KW - Braking performance KW - Bridge abutments KW - Crash causes KW - Crash investigation KW - Driver investigation KW - Ejection KW - Fatalities KW - Loss and damage KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Speeding KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361540 AU - Rosner, J C AU - Chehovits, J G AU - Engineers Testing Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULFATE RESISTANCE OF MORTARS USING FLY ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR PORTLAND CEMENT PY - 1982/02 SP - 139 p. AB - This project compared the sulfate resistance of mortars that use fly ash as a partial cement replacement with control mortars that do not contain fly ash. Fly ash from four different sources and at three different replacements, 10%, 15% and 20%, by weight, were evaluated. Three of the fly ashes satisfied ASTM C618, Class F, specifications and one fly ash met all requirements except for the available alkalies. A single portland cement source, meeting the ASTM specifications for Type II, was used. The test procedure followed a recently developed method by K. Mather at the Waterways Experiment Station, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. One by one by eleven inch mortar bars were subjected to a mixed (sodium and magnesium) sulfate solution environment. Physical measurement of mortar bars include length change, weight change, porosity and relative dynamic modulus. The study concluded that improvements in sulfate resistance over that provided by a Type II cement may be obtained through the use of certain fly ashes in portland cement concrete. Three of the ashes studied significantly improved sulfate resistance as indicated by percent expansion while the fourth ash did not. With the three successful ashes, ash replacement percentage (between 10 and 20 percent) did not significantly influence the amount of improvement in sulfate resistance. The ash R Factor predicted that two of the three successful ashes would improve sulfate resistance and that the unsuccessful ash would reduce sulfate resistance. (FHWA) KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Fly ash KW - Mortar KW - Portland cement KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sulfate resisting cement KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349953 AU - Cruise, J AU - Yu, S L AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF RAINFALL LOSSES IN VIRGINIA, PHASE II PY - 1982/02 SP - 54 p. AB - A procedure is presented by which regional unit hydrograph and loss rate parameters are estimated for the generation of design storm hydrographs for watersheds in Virginia. The state is divided into seven hydrologic regions, and unit hydrograph and loss rate parameters are computed for each region and then related to watershed characteristics such as drainage area and channel slope. The Corps of Engineers' HEC-1 computer program was used to obtain optimal estimates of the Clark unit hydrograph and the standardized exponential loss rate function parameters. A total of 28 test watersheds and more than 160 storm events with corresponding streamflow data were analyzed. Parameter selection curves were developed with the results of the HEC-1 analysis. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Design storm KW - Flow KW - Losses KW - Rainfall KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Unit hydrographs KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/82-r39.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349961 AU - Rabbat, B G AU - Takayanagi, T AU - Russell, H G AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZED SECTIONS FOR MAJOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS PY - 1982/02 SP - 178 p. AB - The objectives of this investigation were to evaluate the latest prestressed concrete bridge girder designs being used in the United States and to determine which represent optimum designs that could be promoted as national or regional standards. Bridges built with pretensioned I- and T-sections for spans in excess of 80 ft (24.4 m) and concrete compressive strengths up to 7000 psi (48.3 MPa) were considered. Information on current designs was collected from selected highway agencies and producers throughout the United States. In all states surveyed except California, the most economical bridges for spans of 70 to 130 ft (21.3 to 39.6 m) were constructed with pretensioned bridge girders. Precast prestressed bridge girder sections inventoried were analyzed on three efficiency scales. Bulb-T's, Colorado, and Washington girders were more structurally efficient than AASHTO-PCI girders. A computer program called "BRIDGE" was developed to perform cost analyses. Parameters included girder span, girder spacing, deck thickness and concrete compressive strength. Based on relative unit costs for in-lace materials and labor, cost charts were prepared for existing Bulb-T's, Colorado, Washington and AASHTO girders, and for their modified counterparts with 6-in. (152 mm) thick webs. All girders were compared using optimum cost curves. Bulb-T's were found most cost-effective with estimated cost savings of 17% on the in-place cost of girders and deck compared to the AASHTO girders. Next most cost-effective sections were the Washington Series girders. Modified Bulb-T's are recommended for use as national standards. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Compressive strength KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Design standards KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Spacing KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365192 AU - Wiltshire, D M AU - Schofield, J D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF REGULATING COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS' HOURS OF SERVICE, VOLUME 2 PY - 1982/02 SP - 213 p. AB - Volume 2 of the test program to select driver's log alternatives, contains a list of documentation, and exhibits such as dockets, questionnaires, and charts. KW - Charts KW - Commercial transportation KW - Common carriers KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Drivers KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Highway transportation KW - Hours of labor KW - Level of service KW - Logging (Recording) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Records management KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Reports KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Services KW - Specifications KW - Tests KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365191 AU - Wiltshire, D M AU - Schofield, J D AU - Chilton Company, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF REGULATING COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS' HOURS OF SERVICE. VOLUME 1 PY - 1982/02 SP - 272 p. AB - This report presents the results of a 1 year test program to verify the assumptions and hypothesis that were used in selecting two driver's log alternatives. The alternative methods that were tested were tachograph charts and existing carrier trip reports, both modified to contain the required information. During the test period, 14 fleets with approximately 1,300 participating drivers logged hours of service information on specially designed proprietary driver activity reports, while a second group of 9 fleets, with approximately 190 participating drivers, logged hours of service information on tachograph charts. KW - Charts KW - Commercial transportation KW - Common carriers KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Drivers KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Highway transportation KW - Hours of labor KW - Level of service KW - Logging (Recording) KW - Motor vehicles KW - Records management KW - Regulations KW - Reliability KW - Reports KW - Requirement KW - Safety KW - Services KW - Specifications KW - Tests KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348920 AU - Long, R E AU - Floyd, R W AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF BOTTOM ASH IN HOT MIX ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PY - 1982/02 SP - 28 p. AB - Aggregate shortages and increased transportation costs have greatly increased prices of related construction items in areas of Texas not blessed with natural aggregates. Some natural aggregates are not performing up to expectations as documented by stripping, rutting and other visual signs of pavement distress noted throughout the Department. Because of these spiraling construction costs and need to field evaluate bottom ash, District 1, supported by the Materials and Tests Division, decided to construct three field test pavements substituting bottom ash for part of the natural aggregates in hot mix asphaltic concrete (HMAC). This report contains design and project control test results on material, pictorial presentation of the sites being constructed, and limited skid and traffic data on the bottom ash-gravel HMAC test sections. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bottom ash KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581123 AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - Lincoln, Jeffery A AU - Christensen, Derald C AU - Terrel, Ronald L AU - Cook, John C AU - Garman, Robert L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sulfur Extended Asphalt Pavement Evaluation in the State of Washington: Test Track Pavement Performance Report PY - 1982/01//Final Report SP - 56p AB - This report provides an overview of the performance of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) paving mixtures at the Washington State University (WSU) Test Track (Pullman, WA). A brief description of the mix designs, pavement structural design, test track loading apparatus and test pavement configurations is followed by a description of selected test track data (accelerations, temperatures and strain measurements). Finally, a description of the fatigue relationships developed from the WSU Test Track data is presented. Included are laboratory fatigue results. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Structural design KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Test tracks KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/056.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581045 AU - Chui, Tai Wik David AU - Mar, Brian W AU - Horner, Richard R AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Runoff in Washington State: Model Validation and Statistical Analysis PY - 1982/01 SP - 48p AB - Statewide sampling of highway runoff continued through 1980-81, and the resulting data have been aggregated with that from previous years to further investigate pollutant loadings. Results have validated the solids loading model previously proposed by Asplund (1980) for Western Washington highways and tentatively extended the model to Eastern Washington. Loadings of other pollutants can be predicted from total suspended solids loading using ratios derived from the data. These ratios may be taken as constants at any Washington State location for some pollutants or as linear functions of traffic for other contaminants. Comparison of runoff from a sulfur-extended asphalt pavement with runoff elsewhere indicates higher sulfate loads in the former case. A limited sampling program along an uncurbed highway section observed higher pollutant concentrations from these sections relative to curbed areas. Sampling of solids adhering to the undercarriage of automobiles produced widely varying results but suggested that vehicles traveling on rural or unpaved roads accumulate significant amounts of solids that can be released on highways. The final year of field sampling will concentrate on improving the loading models, especially for Eastern Washington application, and continuing the sulfur-extended asphalt study with a functional control site experiencing the same conditions. KW - Curbs KW - Highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Pollutants KW - Runoff KW - Statistical analysis KW - Sulfates KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Total suspended solids KW - Validation KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581025 AU - Portele, Gerald J AU - Mar, Brian W AU - Horner, Richard R AU - Welch, Eugene B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Seattle Area Highway Stormwater Runoff on Aquatic Biota PY - 1982/01//Interim Report SP - 54p AB - The impacts of stormwater runoff from Washington State freeways on aquatic ecosystems were investigated through a series of bioassays utilizing algae, zooplankton and fish. Algae and zooplankton were adversely affected by the soluble fraction of the runoff, while suspended solids caused high mortalities of rainbow trout fry. In addition, BOD₅ values similar to those reported in the stormwater literature were measured; however, there were indications that results were influenced by toxicity to microbial populations. KW - Aquatic life KW - Biochemical oxygen demand KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freeways KW - Runoff KW - Washington (State) KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455009 AU - Verkade, Stephen Dunning AU - Hamilton, David Foster AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Soil Pasteurization, Fungicide Application, and Temperature on Mycorrhizal Development and Plant Growth : Interim Report PY - 1982/01 SP - 37p AB - Highway construction generally results in a plant environment which creates permanent temperature extremes plus moisture and nutritional stress to plants used for revegetating the highway sites and stabilizing the slopes. Additionally, beneficial soil microorganisms are eliminated, preventing reestablishment of the natural vegetation to the site. The use of mycorrhizal plants or mycorrhizal inoculation of highway plantings may correct the microbial imbalance and reduce the physical stress of the environment through increased moisture and nutrient uptake contributed by fungal hyphae. Although the planting or seeding of mycorrhizal plants during revegetation could improve plant growth and establishment on the harsh highway sites, many cultural techniques currently used in plant production may be reducing or preventing normal mycorrhizal development. Soil pasteurization negates the beneficial effects of mycorrhizal fungi and should be done only before inoculation. Certain fungicides routinely used for pathogen control also reduce mycorrhizal formation. Benlate in particular should not be used following mycorrhizal inoculation. Finally, the high temperatures common in some plant growth environments may promote the activity of pathogens to the extent that they are not balanced by the beneficial effects of mycorrhizae unless the compatibility of the plant and mycorrhizal fungi is very high. The use of mycorrhizal plants for highway site revegetation may result in greater transplanting or seeding success, but production of mycorrhizal plants may require special cultural considerations. KW - Fungal inoculation KW - Fungi KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Pest control KW - Plant growth KW - Revegetation KW - Roadside flora KW - Vegetation control UR - http://archive.org/details/effectsofsoilpas00verk UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2399&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314051 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455008 AU - Morre, D James AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chemical Mowing: A New Maintenance Concept for Indiana Roadsides : Final Summary Report PY - 1982/01 SP - 129p AB - This study was to design a low-cost program of chemical mowing for Indiana roadsides. The principal objective was to develop a single chemical treatment that was inexpensive, effective, long-lasting, environmentally safe, and, except for retardation of growth, not injurious to turf and that would eliminate or substantially reduce the need for mechanical mowing. Independently, and through the assistance of industrial cooperators, a large number of commercially available and experimental materials were examined for growth retardant activity in a series of laboratory, greenhouse and field studies. More than 500 materials were screened. From these, about 20 materials were selected for detailed study. Finally a series of test plots was established under roadside conditions to begin evaluations under field conditions. More than 3,000 test plots were evaluated. A final selection of approximately 5 materials, effective on both bluegrass and fescue, were tested in large plots, primarily along the Interstate System in combination with a second primary agent to control broad leaf weeds. Optimum rate of application at a fixed date and optimum date of application at a fixed rate were established. One of the materials tested over 4 years consistently gave the desired results in a 3-way mixture consisting of Embark (mef luidide) , an additive and 2,4-D salts. A single application gave complete suppression of seed heads and the sprayed roadsides maintained a healthy lawn-type appearance well within current mowing limits. The estimated cost of the application is sufficiently low to be competitive with 2-cycle mowing. KW - Agricultural chemicals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Indiana KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Mowing UR - http://archive.org/details/chemicalmowingne00morr UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2405&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314057 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455006 AU - Masiunas, John B AU - Carpenter, Philip L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Roadside Vegetation Establishment by Seeding of Herbaceous Species under Suboptimal Conditions : Interim Report PY - 1982/01 SP - 348p AB - In seeding trials, fall seedings performed better than spring seedings. Legume establishment was best in the spring, as long as adequate weed control measures were used. The soil temperature of north and south facing slopes was strongly influenced by mulching. Straw mulching reduced surface temperatures by an average of 5°C. The north facing slope averaged 5°C cooler than the south facing slope and temperature differences due to mulching were not as great. Laboratory studies on the effect of temperature on radical (root) growth showed a difference between cool season (C-3) and warm season (C-4) grasses. The optimal temperature for radical growth was lower for C-3 grasses, and no growth occurred at 37°C when compared to C-4 grasses. Alternating temperatures caused a stunting of growth compared to radical growth under constant temperatures. Polyethylene glycol induced moisture stress also caused a decrease in the amount of radical growth. KW - Erosion control KW - Mulching KW - Plant growth KW - Roadside flora KW - Seasons KW - Seeding KW - Temperature UR - http://archive.org/details/roadsidevegetati00masi UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2394&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314046 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455005 AU - Gefell, E M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Clinton County, Indiana PY - 1982/01 SP - 51p AB - This is the 66th county map which has been completed and adds one more to the growing list of counties for which an engineering soils map is available. Mr. Gefell has developed this map and report in an expeditious manner using available information. The map and report are excellent and should be very useful in planning and developing engineering facilities in Clinton County. The engineering soils map of Clinton County, Indiana (see Figure 1) which accompanies this report, was made primarily by interpretation of aerial photographs. Extensive use was made of the U.S.D.A. Soil Survey of Clinton County (1). The U.S.D.A. pedological soil series were grouped according to parent material and these areas delineated on the Soil Survey map sheets. A photomosaic of Clinton County was constructed from aerial photographs and the parent material areas were found on the photomosaic (a 1957 index photomosaic of Clinton Co. is shown in Figure 2). Modifications of the parent material areas were made by the author on the photomosaic according to aerial photographic interpretation of land forms and field sampling information. The aerial photographs used were taken in 1939 for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and were printed at an approximate scale of 1 :20,000. KW - Aerial photography KW - Clinton County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/engineeringsoils8219gefe UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2929&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314580 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455004 AU - Verkade, Stephen Dunning AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effects of Fertilization Practices during Nursery Production on Mycorrhizal Development by Landscape Plants Used for Highway Revegetation : Interim Report PY - 1982/01 SP - 44p AB - Effects of endomycorrhizal inoculation on growth of selected landscape plants fertilized at different nutrient levels were determined. Liriodendron tulipifera, Forsythia x intermedia , Acer platanoides , and Lolium perenne were grown in 3.28 liter containers under greenhouse conditions. Thirty-nine plants of each species were inoculated either with Glomus fasciculatus or Glomus mosseae. For each plant species, inoculated and noninoculated plants were treated with 0, 2, or 4 g/1 Nitrogen of 19N-6P-12K controlled release fertilizer. The optimum fertility level for most plant species studied was 2 g/1 N. Mycorrhizal development increased growth of L. tulipifera infected with G. fasciculatus at both 2 and 4 g/1 N. When no supplemental fertilizer was applied, there was no growth increase of mycorrhizal plants. Growth of A. platanoides and L. perenne was not improved by mycorrhizal association with G. fasciculatus , and growth of A. intermedia was not improved by association with G. mosseae . However, according to other researchers different fungal symbionts may increase growth of these plants. Successful inoculation during production would yield plant material for use on highway sites which already has mycorrhizal development. Results indicate that if the correct combination of plant species and mycorrhizal fungi are selected, mycorrhizal development can be achieved during production despite conditions of high fertility. KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Fungal inoculation KW - Fungi KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Revegetation KW - Roadside flora UR - http://archive.org/details/effectsoffertili00verk UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314047 UR - http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CDoQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2395%26context%3Djtrp&ei=l_MaUfeoHYLA8ASQ1YHwBw&usg=AFQjCNH2nEV7uBKUo4yxyXuNQHH9TVgfkQ&sig2=G5mgug8db0B4zumwO9iCKA&bvm=bv.42261806,d.eWU UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455000 AU - Yeh, P T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Posey County, Indiana PY - 1982/01 SP - 51p AB - The soil map of Posey County was prepared primarily by airphoto interpretation. Test data along interstate 1-64 are included in the report. Generalized soil profiles of the major soils for each landform and parent material area are presented on the engineering soils map. An ozalid print of the engineering soils map of Posey County is included in the report. The engineering soils map of Posey County, Indiana, which accompanies this report, was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs, having an approximate scale of 1:20,000 were taken in August, 1940 for the United States Department of Agriculture and were purchased from that agency. Aerial photographic interpretation of the landforms and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Photointerpretation KW - Posey County (Indiana) KW - Soil mapping UR - http://archive.org/details/engineeringsoils826yehp UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2929&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314579 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454998 AU - Van Wijk, Adriaan J AU - Shanteau, Robert M AU - Stafford, George K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 115 : Interim Report PY - 1982/01 SP - 70p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made during the summer months, viz. June, July, August and September, of 1981 in Indiana. All observations were made of free-flowing vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural and urban highways under favorable conditions. All the observations were made during daylight. This is the first report with exclusively summer observations since 1975. From 1976 until 1980 (Traffic Speed Reports Nos. 95 through 114) 14 primary and secondary stations as well as another 14 randomly selected stations were monitored every quarter. A total of 14 speed monitoring stations were used for the study reported herein. These stations are divided into four categories, including four rural interstate locations, four rural four- lane locations, four rural two-lane locations and two urban interstate locations. These 14 locations are the same as the primary and secondary control stations monitored since 1975 in Indiana. Prior to 1975 only the twelve rural stations were monitored. The locations of the 12 rural stations are essentially the same since 1970 except for stations 4L-32 (old number 6 on US 52) and 2L-54 (old number 11 on US 31), which changed in 1975. KW - Indiana KW - Monitoring KW - Rural highways KW - Spot speed KW - Summer KW - Urban highways UR - http://archive.org/details/trafficspeedrepo115vanw UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2927&context=jtrp UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314578 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365575 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Mace, D J AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME 2: DEVELOPMENT OF SIGNING AND DELINEATION ALTERNATIVES PY - 1982/01 SP - 257 p. AB - The report analyzes reserved lanes across the country and development of initial reserved lane information systems. The systems were evaluated through 13 laboratory and closed field experiments. The laboratory findings and several reserved lane information systems were then verified through operational field studies. This volume, the second in the series, describes the reserved lane inventory, the site visits, information analysis and development of initial signing systems. KW - Evaluation KW - Needs assessment KW - Perception KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365573 AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES PY - 1982/01 SP - 497p-in 3v AB - No abstract available. UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365498 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Luther, M AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ohio Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEM FOR EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE REPAIR NEEDS AND PRIORITIES PY - 1982/01 SP - 162 p. AB - This report presents a system for evaluation and priority of pavement maintenance and repair needs. The system is currently being implemented on a statewide basis by the Ohio Department of Transportation. This report describes the general framework of the system, the development of criteria for monitoring pavement condition, the method and types of data to be collected on a routine basis in order to define pavement condition, suggested computer data systems, and the methodology for establishing project priorities. Demonstration and implementation of the system is also presented. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Damage assessment KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance management KW - Ohio KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365496 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Stokes, R W AU - Mounce, J M AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - THE I-45N CONTRAFLOW LANE, HOUSTON, TEXAS - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL LIFE PY - 1982/01 SP - 108 p. AB - A contraflow lane is in operation on I-45N in Houston during both the morning and afternoon peaks. Operation of that lane requires taking a lane away from the off-peak direction mixed-flow traffic to serve as the contraflow lane. It was recognized at the outset that, at some time, off-peak direction traffic would become sufficiently large to cause continued operation of the contraflow lane to be undesirable; contraflow was never intended as the long-range improvement for the corridor. This report evaluates demand/capacity relationships in the off-peak direction of flow and estimates the year in which it would be desirable to terminate contraflow operation. Alternative actions that could be taken at that time are also evaluated. KW - Highway traffic control KW - Texas KW - Traffic engineering KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365574 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/01 SP - 34 p. AB - The energy shortages of the 1970's brought a proliferation in the number of reserved lanes and considerable variation in the signing and delineation of these lanes could be found among regions, among cities and even within metropolitan areas. Recognizing the need for more uniformity in signing and marking systems, this study determined the information requirements of users and non-users of such lanes; it developed signing and delineation systems to meet the information requirements; and evaluated the efficiency of the developed signing and delineation systems. KW - Evaluation KW - Needs assessment KW - Perception KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365576 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Hanscom, F R AU - BioTechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME 3: FIELD EXPERIMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION SUGGESTIONS PY - 1982/01 SP - 206 p. AB - This volume, the third in the series, describes the six operational evaluations that were conducted at seven east and west coast cities and includes design suggestions for information systems for nine classes of reserved lanes. KW - Evaluation KW - Needs assessment KW - Perception KW - Standards KW - Symbols KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365354 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING SUBDRAINAGE AND SHOULDERS OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS PY - 1982/01 SP - 215 p. AB - Laboratory, test track and field results on channeling and pumping are presented. The influence of water on pumping and erosion of fine material from beneath the pavement surface is clearly shown. Methods for pavement drainage design in expansive soils and to resist the effects of frost action are presented. It is shown that the depth and location of subdrain systems will influence the water flux. Equipment and procedures for the maintenance and cleaning of subdrain pipes are discussed. A hydraulic jet unit for cleaning pipe subdrains has been discussed in detail. KW - Drainage KW - Frost action KW - Hydraulic jets KW - Hydraulic jetting KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Water influx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488155 AU - Phukan, A AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR ROADWAYS ON PERMAFROST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/01 SP - 146 p. AB - Numerous design conceptions and construction techniques regarding roadways on permafrost have been published recently. In addition to varying climatic factors, difficult subsurface conditions are encountered in permafrost environments. This design guide was prepared to include all aspects of permafrost engineering pertinent to roadways, to bridge the gap between the latest works and the design principles used previously. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Pavement design KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391003 AU - Havens, J H AU - Newberry, D C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE SHAPE AND SKID RESISTANCE PY - 1982/01 SP - 113 p. AB - Natural sands and sands manufactured by crushing larger parent materials are characterized and service tested. Singular attributes are usually confounded with other variables in service tests. Dry-bulking tests and photomicrography are used to established qualities. High-stability porous mixtures are achieved in laboratory tests. Crushing some materials to coarse chip sizes leaves many smooth facets on particles that then tend to become oriented horizontally in the pavement surface. Open-graded friction courses and sprinkle treatments are included. Damage by winter freezing of porous courses is illustrated. (Author) KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Bulking KW - Crushed or manufactured sand KW - Fine aggregates KW - Freezing KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Photomicrographs KW - Porous materials KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385315 AU - Nicinski, S A AU - May, R A AU - Rice, M S AU - SEACO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CAVITATING AND CONVENTIONAL WATER JETS ON THE SURFACE PREPARATION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL PRIOR TO REPAINTING. VOLUME II RAW DATA PY - 1982/01 SP - n.p. AB - Raw data in the form of bar graphs and tables is presented within. (FHWA) KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Data collection KW - Oxyacetylene welding KW - Structural steel KW - Waterjets KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381230 AU - Brauer, M G AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE SHELL CREEP TEST PROCEDURE TO PREDICT RUTTING IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS FINAL REPORT ON PHASE II PY - 1982/01 SP - 78 p. AB - This study was initiated because of the inability of the Marshall method to determine if an asphalt mix would have a tendency to rut. Attempts were made to determine the accuracy of this test by coring and testing old pavements. Rut depth predictions were made based on these tests and then these were compared with the actual measured rut depths. Comparisons were unsatisfactory, but it was not concluded from this that the test method is inaccurate, only that the procedure for the evaluation was unacceptable. Creep testing/rut predicting were then performed for 35 paving projects constructed within the last two years in North Dakota. After a sufficient period of time and traffic these data will be compared to the actual measured rut depths to make a determination on the accuracy of the test method. The work done to date has shown that the creep test results do relate to characteristics of an asphalt mix (such as asphalt cement hardness, aggregate gradation as expressed by the VMA, aggregate fines, amount of asphalt cement, aggregate particle angularity) which one would expect to control rut susceptibility. It was found to be much more sensitive and capable in that regard that the Marshall test procedure. The test procedure is therefore being adopted by the Department for routine mix design and evaluation work. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Creep tests KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Forecasting KW - Hardness KW - Particle shapes KW - Particles KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367459 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/01 SP - 30 p. AB - Special usage lanes (SULs) are those roadway lanes dedicated to particular vehicle types or to unique operating characteristics. The most common usage is for high occupancy vehicles (HOVs-buses and carpools). In this report SULs and HOV lanes are used interchangeably and denote the same concept. The energy shortages of the 1970's brought a proliferation in the number of SULs and considerable variation in the signing and delineation of these lanes could be found among regions, among cities and even within metropolitan areas. Recognizing the need for more uniformity in signing and marking systems, this research had as its objectives: Determination of the information requirements of users and non-users of SULs; Development of signing and delineation systems to meet the information requirements; and Evaluation of the efficiency of the developed signing and delineation systems. The objectives were achieved through literature search, analyses of SULs across the country and development of initial SUL information systems. The systems were evaluated through 13 laboratory and closed field experiments. The laboratory findings and several SUL information systems were then verified through operational field studies. This volume, the first in a series, is an executive summary. (FHWA) KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway delineators KW - Reserved lanes KW - Road markings KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367461 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Hanscom, F R AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME 3: FIELD EXPERIMENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION SUGGESTIONS PY - 1982/01 SP - 202 p. AB - Special usage lanes (SULs) are those roadway lanes dedicated to particular vehicle types or to unique operating characteristics. The most common usage is for high occupancy vehicles (HOVs-buses and carpools). In this report SULs and HOV lanes are used interchangeably and denote the same concept. The energy shortages of the 1970's brought a proliferation in the number of SULs and considerable variation in the signing and delineation of these lanes could be found among regions, among cities and even within metropolitan areas. Recognizing the need for more uniformity in signing and marking systems, this research had as its objectives: Determination of the information requirements of users and non-users of SULs; Development of signing and delineation systems to meet the information requirements; and Evaluation of the efficiency of the developed signing and delineation systems. The objectives were achieved through literature search, analyses of SULs across the country and development of initial SUL information systems. The systems were evaluated through 13 laboratory and closed field experiments. The laboratory findings and several SUL information systems were then verified through operational field studies. This volume, the third in the series, describes the six operational evaluations that were conducted at seven east and west coast cities and includes design suggestions for information systems for nine classes of SULs. (FHWA) KW - Buses KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Field studies KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway delineators KW - Implementation KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377224 AU - Lieberman, E AU - Andrews, B AU - Davila, M AU - Yedlin, M AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MACROSCOPIC SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: VOLUME 2: TRAFLO USER'S GUIDE PY - 1982/01 SP - 214 p. AB - This volume presents a guide for the user of the TRAFLO model. It details the following: general model characteristics; input formats; sample output reports; error message identification; computer operations; and computer resources. The other volumes of this report are as follows: Volume 1-Executive Summary, Volume 3-Analytical Developments for TRAFLO, Volume 4-Data Base and Structure Charts of TRAFLO Software, and Volume 5-Data Reduction. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Data reduction KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Output KW - Software KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377223 AU - Berger, R H AU - Stolldorf, D W AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF TRANSVERSE PRESTRESSING FOR BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1982/01 SP - 107 p. AB - Previous research and utilization of transverse prestressed elements was reviewed for the purpose of developing a state-of-the-art report on the concept of transverse prestressing of bridge decks. This material served as the basis for panel discussions among senior engineers to develop new and innovative concepts for design of prestressed decks. The concepts were developed into four design schemes utilizing transversely and longitudinally prestressed precast deck slab modules. Two schemes were prepared for application in bridge deck rehabilitation. The remaining two dealt with precast prestressed deck modules for new construction. Plans, details and design computations were developed for each in sufficient detail to describe the manner in which each would be constructed. A cost-benefit analysis was completed for each concept, comparing it with a conventional cast-in-place deck slab. The Final Report includes a state-of-the-art report and concept design criteria and details. Plans, cost estimates and design computations are given for each of the four design concepts. (FHWA) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Slabs KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373068 AU - Spring, R J AU - Stoker, J R AU - Nordlin, E F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF FIBERGLASS AND STEEL REINFORCED ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARING PADS PY - 1982/01 SP - 74 p. AB - The results of tests conducted on 1-1/2" thick reinforced neoprene bridge bearing pads having shape factors of 3, 6, 9 and 12 are presented herein. The tests included compressive stress versus strain, creep, translation and ultimate compressive strength. Test pads included samples laminated with steel reinforcement and samples laminated with fiberglass reinforcement at 1/2 inch intervals. Test pads fabricated from 50 and 60 durometer neoprene were used. All tests were conducted at room temperature. Compressive stress versus strain data is presented for pads with shape factors of 3, 6, 9 and 12. Shear modulus data are presented for shape factors of 6 and 9. Data from the ultimate compressive strength and translation tests indicate that steel reinforced pads can withstand higher loadings than the fiberglass reinforced pads. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge bearing pads KW - Compressive strength KW - Deformation curve KW - Elastomers KW - Fiberglass KW - Laminates KW - Neoprene KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear modulus KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365776 AU - Banks, R K AU - O'Connor, D L AU - Butler, H D AU - Hustace, D AU - Craig, F S AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - 1982/01 SP - 56 p. AB - This report concerns the status and performance to date of an experimental bridge deck overlay of polymer concrete consisting of 4 courses of polyester-styrene resin and sand aggregate. The primary purpose of such an overlay is to bar against moisture penetrating into the top surface of the concrete and perpetuating corrosion of the reinforcing steel, and also to keep away further chloride contamination. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete construction KW - Construction KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Coverings KW - Mixtures KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polymers KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365734 AU - Brice, J C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY ASSESSMENT PY - 1982/01 SP - 48 p. AB - Channel instability is manifested as lateral bank erosion, progressive degradation of the streambed, or natural scour and fill of the streambed. Lateral stability is related to stream type, and four major stream types having different stability characteristics are distinguished: equiwidth, wide-bend point bar, braided point-bar, and braided. Measurements of bank erosion on a study group of 36 streams indicate that equiwidth streams have the lowest lateral erosion rates and braided point-bar streams the highest. Also, erosion rates increase with stream size. KW - Aerial photography KW - Alluvium KW - Altitude KW - Banks (Waterways) KW - Channel stabilization KW - Degradation KW - Elevation KW - Erosion KW - Film KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Maps KW - Measurement KW - Photographic equipment KW - Photographic projectors KW - Scour KW - Shape KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Streambeds KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369798 AU - Brice, J C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREAM CHANNEL STABILITY ASSESSMENT PY - 1982/01 SP - 45 p. AB - Channel instability is manifested as lateral bank erosion, progressive degradation of the streambed, or natural scour and fill of the streambed. Lateral stability is related to stream type, and four major stream types having different stability characteristics are distinguished: equiwidth, wide-bend point bar, braided point-bar, and braided. Measurements of bank erosion on a study group of 36 streams indicate that equiwidth streams have the lowest lateral erosion rates and braided point-bar streams the highest. Also, erosion rates increase with stream size. Significant degradation of the streambed can usually be detected from indirect field evidence. The sites of greatest potential scour along a channel can be identified from channel configuration. KW - Channel stabilization KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Scour KW - Stream channels KW - Stream stabilization KW - Streambeds KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368243 AU - Lieberman, E AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MACROSCOPIC SIMULATION FOR URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982/01 SP - 25 p. AB - This volume is an Executive Summary describing the TRAFLO macroscopic traffic simulation model which is a system of integrated component traffic simulation submodels and an equilibrium traffic assignment model. Each component model is described. The input requirements for TRAFLO are indicated as are the statistical measures of effectiveness produced as output by the model. These measures describe, in detail, the traffic operation, emissions and energy consumed on a large system of roadways of general configuration. Selected validation results are presented and estimates of computer costs are described. Other volumes of this report are the following: Vol. 2 TRAFLO User's Guide. Vol. 3 Analytical Developments for TRAFLO. Vol. 4 Data Base and Structure Charts of TRAFLO Software. Vol. 5 Data Reduction, Calibration and Validation Study for TRAFLO. (FHWA) KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367460 AU - Pain, R F AU - Knapp, B G AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Mace, D J AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNING AND DELINEATION OF SPECIAL USAGE LANES. VOLUME 2: DEVELOPMENT OF SIGNING AND DELINEATION ALTERNATIVES PY - 1982/01 SP - 253 p. AB - Special usage lanes (SULs) are those roadway lanes dedicated to particular vehicle types or to unique operating characteristics. The most common usage is for high occupancy vehicles (HOVs-buses and carpools). In this report SULs and HOV lanes are used interchangeably and denote the same concept. The energy shortages of the 1970's brought a proliferation in the number of SULs and considerable variation in the signing and delineation of these lanes could be found among regions, among cities and even within metropolitan areas. Recognizing the need for more uniformity in signing and marking systems, this research had as its objectives: Determination of the information requirements of users and non-users of SULs; Development of signing and delineation systems to meet the information requirements; Evaluation of the efficiency of the developed signing and delineation systems. The objectives were achieved through literature search, analyses of SULs across the country and development of initial SUL information systems. The systems were evaluated through 13 laboratory and closed field experiments. The laboratory findings and several SUL information systems were then verified through operational field studies. This volume, the second in the series, describes the SUL inventory, the site visits, information analysis and development of initial signing systems for SULs. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Buses KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway delineators KW - Inventory KW - Reserved lanes KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367079 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Luther, M S AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEM FOR EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR NEEDS AND PRIORITIES PY - 1982/01 SP - 159 p. AB - This report presents a system for evaluation and priority of pavement maintenance and repair needs. The system is currently being implemented on a statewide basis by the Ohio Department of Transportation. This report describes the general framework of the system, the development of criteria for monitoring pavement condition, the method and types of data to be collected on a routine basis in order to define pavement condition, suggested computer data systems, and the methodology for establishing project priorities. Demonstration and implementation of the system is also presented. (FHWA) KW - Criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance management KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365393 AU - Seeds, S B AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DESIGN SYSTEM FOR RIGID PAVEMENT REHABILITATION PY - 1982/01 SP - 332 p. AB - This report describes the development, use, and applicability of a rigid pavement rehabilitation design system, RPRDS, developed for use by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Like other pavement design systems, RPRDS makes use of the systems approach to incorporate a number of pavement design and analytical models into a computer program, RPRDS-1, for the generation, analysis, and comparison of numerous pavement design strategies. Basically, RPRDS generates a number of feasible overlay design strategies based on user inputs, performs a present value cost analysis on each, and then presents those which are optimal. KW - Analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Covering KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flow charts KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Needs assessment KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural design KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362018 AU - Dempsey, B J AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING SUBDRAINAGE AND SHOULDERS OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS--FINAL REPORT PY - 1982/01 SP - 212 p. AB - Laboratory, test track and field results on channeling and pumping are presented. The influence of water on pumping and erosion of fine material from beneath the pavement surface is clearly shown. Methods for pavement drainage design in expansive soils and to resist the effects of frost action are presented. It is shown that the depth and location of subdrain systems will influence the water flux. Equipment and procedures for the maintenance and cleaning of subdrain pipes are discussed. A hydraulic jet unit for cleaning pipe subdrains has been discussed in detail. The influence of curb and gutter on pavement drainage has been briefly discussed. Curb and gutter construction is normally used for roadway erosion control or in urban areas. A drainage design philosophy is presented which explains the importance of predicting and controlling water contents in pavement drainage design. The methods for controlling water contents in design consisted of protecting the pavement structural section, rendering pavement materials insensitive to water or evacuating the water from the pavement section. (FHWA) KW - Channeling KW - Cleaning KW - Curbs KW - Erosion KW - Frost action KW - Highway drainage KW - Highway pavement KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Pumps KW - Road shoulders KW - Subdrains KW - Surface drainage KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362044 AU - Koogle, D R AU - Daedalean Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING DATA FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROLLED CAVITATION BLASTING FOR SURFACE PREPARATION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1982/01 SP - 75 p. AB - The objective of this study was to generate the engineering design data for the development of a prototype field unit. The eventual goal is to develop a technique, based on controlled cavitation, to prepare new and previously coated structural steel surfaces for painting. The major advantage of this system is that environmental impact problems are greatly reduced because abrasive sand or grit is not necessary and the volume of waste is greatly reduced. The following engineering parameters were evaluated in order to design a prototype system, (1) nozzle distance, (2) nozzle design, (3) nozzle pressure, (4) intensity of cavitation erosion, (5) nozzle horsepower, (6) removal rates and profiling rates, (7) accessibility, and (8) paintability. This report addresses the work accomplished which resulted in the recommendations that a prototype unit should be constructed for coating removal in limited access areas. The rates for profiling steel and for zinc removal however are extremely slow and it is not recommended that cavitation blasting be pursued for these applications. The cleaning rates obtained for complete paint removal at 10,000 psi nozzle pressure with the optimum nozzles ranged from about 6 sq. ft./hr. for 3 coat epoxy to about 25 sq. ft./hr. for 3 coat oil-alkyd. Laboratory test data is compiled under separate cover as Report FHWA/RD-82-019. (FHWA) KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Design KW - Distance KW - Environmental impacts KW - Horsepower KW - Nozzles KW - Paint KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Pressure KW - Removal KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349949 AU - Conley, C G AU - Abbott, F P AU - Brinkman, C P AU - Tom, J AU - VERVE AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING SAFETY PROJECTS USING STATE RECORD SYSTEMS PY - 1982/01 SP - 68 p. AB - This study found that national recordkeeping systems do not permit evaluations of countermeaure effectiveness because they are accident oriented rather than site oriented. On the other hand, State recordkeeping systems can provide the data to perform such evaluations. State systems can also provide the means for storing and maintaining the safety project evaluations performed by traffic engineers. The study presents a model system to do the following: 1. Store and maintain safety project evaluations. 2. Match hazardous sites with similar sites where a safety project has been implemented and evaluated. 3. Perform, on request, computer based evaluations of safety projects using existing recordkeeping systems data. (FHWA) KW - Accident record systems KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash records KW - Evaluation KW - High risk locations KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349943 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF OVERLAYS BASED ON PAVEMENT CONDITION, ROUGHNESS, AND DEFLECTIONS PY - 1982/01 SP - 45 p. AB - The report summarized five years of research on the development and use of a pavement maintenance rating system and the development of two procedures for designing the thickness of overlays. The studies showed that objective rating systems can be used to prioritize pavements scheduled for resurfacing and that the procedures for overlay design based on the existing pavement structure and on traffic loadings are practical. (FHWA) KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Resurfacing KW - Roughness KW - Traffic loads UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36463/82-R31.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365104 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Richards, S H AU - Faulkner, MJS AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DURING URBAN FREEWAY MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS PY - 1982/01 SP - 54 p. AB - This report summarizes results of studies conducted to develop better and more specific guidelines for traffic control during urban freeway maintenance activities. The following topic areas are addressed: sight distance, arrowboards, middle lane closure, special traffic management requirements, freeway work zone capacity, moving maintenance operations, real-time displays, and flagger signals and signaling devices. KW - Displays KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information display systems KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance management KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Sight distance KW - Symbols KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365087 AU - Richards, S H AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SPECIAL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR MAINTENANCE WORK ZONES ON URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1982/01 SP - 49 p. AB - This report identifies and describes the special traffic handling requirements for maintenance work zones on urban freeways. These special requirements stem from the high speeds, heavy traffic volumes, and unique design features (e.g., ramps and frontage roads) which characterize urban freeways. This information and guidelines presented herein are based on field studies and interviews conducted at over 50 work zones in six Texas cities. Recommended procedures and devices for managing traffic at entrance and exit ramps and on frontage roads during freeway maintenance activities are presented. Special requirements for traffic control personnel, including Traffic Control Coordinators, Traffic Control Specialists (flagmen), and police, are discussed. The report also discusses the importance of advance public notification of freeway work activities and identifies several effective techniques for advance notification. KW - Access roads KW - Field studies KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Maintenance management KW - Personnel KW - Ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban highways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349933 AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF A SANITARY LANDFILL. PRE-CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1982/01 SP - 37 p. AB - This report consists of background information concerning the Dynamic Compaction of a newly completed sanitary landfill that is to be crossed during the construction and relocation of U.S. 71 near Springdale, Arkansas. Included in the report is a history of the project, location and plans for the proposed highway, geologic survey of the area, information concerning the landfill itself and alternative analysis. Also included are details outlining the method the Department used in determining the specialty contractor to employ on the Project. Follow-up reports will detail actual construction operations and immediate results, and later, long term compaction results. (Author) KW - Compaction KW - Dynamic loads KW - Geological surveying KW - Landfills KW - Road construction KW - Sewerage structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349158 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia General Assembly AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHEM-CRETE PY - 1982/01 SP - 22 p. AB - Two test sections, one on new construction and the other on a maintenance resurfacing project, were installed in the fall of 1980 to evaluate the proprietary asphalt product Chem-Crete. Dynaflect and density measurements were performed on the experimental and control mixes and the performance of the pavements is being evaluated. Raveling was noticed, especially in the Chem-Crete mix, approximately 2 months after paving; however, the deterioration stabilized shortly thereafter. Traffic appeared to heal the control mix; however, some deep raveling and several potholes remain in the Chem-Crete portions. The high-absorption sand used in the mixes might have been partially responsible for the failures. Pavement deflections were not reduced significantly in either of the overlaid sections. Strength did not develop as rapidly in either mix on the pavement as it did in specimens prepared and cured at 140 deg F. (60 deg C) in the laboratory. There was no significant difference between the results of stripping tests on the control mix and those on the Chem-Crete mix prepared in the laboratory. The Chem-Crete mix exhibited superior fatigue characteristics under constant stress tests and the control mix did the same under constant strain tests. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Dynaflect KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36461/82-R30.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349772 AU - STEWART, G R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF RAIL-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1982/01 SP - 79 p. AB - This report discusses the results of a staff study which was performed to identify appropriate methods for evaluating improvements at rail-highway grade crossings. Six statistical concepts were identified for meeting various evaluation needs. Three of the methods provide for summaries and graphical displays of data. The other three methods provide for statistical tests of significance in comparative studies. Data available during the performance of the study included National Grade Crossing Inventory and Accident data for the years 1975-1977. The methods in the report can be used to compare data for the 1975-77 years with the data for the 1978-80 years. (FHWA) KW - Data analysis KW - Improvements KW - Inventory KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Railroad grade crossings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349779 AU - HAMPTON, D AU - Jin, J S AU - Hu, C C AU - Hampton (Delon) and Associates, Chartered AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPRESENTATIVE GROUND PARAMETERS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNELS--VOLUME 4. CASE STUDIES PY - 1982/01 SP - 159 p. AB - This report is the fourth in a series reporting the results of the above titled study. This document, Volume 4, is principally concerned with summarization of published case studies on tunnel design and construction with a view toward highlighting lessons learned and benefits received from a rigorous subsurface investigation for tunnel design and construction. Volume 3 is principally concerned with summarization of currently used analytical design procedures, ascertaining the geotechnical parameters required as input into these design procedures, and assessing the significance of these geotechnical parameters. Volume 2 is principally concerned with in situ site investigation techniques, but also considers the preliminary phases of a site investigation program, classification and correlation systems applicable to underground design and construction, and large-scale field testing procedures. Volume 1 is concerned with the thought processes and considerations related to the planning and implementation of site investigation programs for tunnel design and construction. It is intended that these documents will provide guidance to those engineers responsible for the planning and implementation of site investigation programs related to tunnel design and construction. This report also will be of value to owners, contractors, and others in the underground construction community. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Field tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Site investigation KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514082 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-70-Smithfield bypass improvement : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01514081 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 85, right of way purchase for construction, San Jose to Cupertino : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1298406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512282 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-84, Columbia River Hwy, 117th Ave to 181st Ave, Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507669 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-410 extension, Baltimore-Washington Parkway to Pennsy Drive, Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507667 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - I-195 (MD-166 extension), Baltimore-Washington International Airport to I-95, Anne Arundel/Baltimore/Howard counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01507665 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - CT-34, Richard C. Lee connector to the Boulevard in New Haven : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1291989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161046 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-29 relocation from the I-30-SH-29 junction east to 23rd St and west to SH-29, Hempstead County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161044 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 2 relocation, Greenfield-Gill-Erving-Wendell-Orange : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161043 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - McCall-New Meadows Hwy upgrade on SR-55 (FH-20), Valley County / Adams County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161042 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mondak Bridge replacement, Williams County / McKenzie County (ND) or Roosevelt County / Richland County (MT) : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161041 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Coalbank Slough Bridge replacement, Oregon Coast Hwy, Coos County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161040 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hackett Road bypass construction from Black Hawk Road to junction of Rainbow Drive and I-380, Waterloo : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161039 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - S.W. 185th Ave improvements at Tualatin Valley Hwy, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161038 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Holt Road extension from I-70 north to Lafayette Road, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161037 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cromwell Bridge Road bridge replacement over Gunpowder Falls, Baltimore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161036 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-35E construction from TH-110 to I-94 in St.Paul, Dakota/Ramsey counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: D,Dsup,F,record of decision B1, historic sites assessment report B2, preliminary noise analysis report B3, traffic impact report B4, social impact B5, urban landscape aesthetic analysis B6, hydrology B7, air quality impact report B8, water q KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161035 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 construction, Wallace : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Idaho UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161034 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 98th Ave widening from Nimitz Freeway (SR-17) to MacArthur Freeway (I-580), Oakland : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161033 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alton Parkway-Santa Ana Freeway (I-5) interchange construction and Irvine Center Drive-San Diego Freeway (I-405) interchange, Irvine : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161032 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-951, Isle of Capri Road widening from Marco Island to SR-90 (US-41), Collier County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161031 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-281 bypass relief route construction, Alice : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161028 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East-west thoroughfare construction from US-421 to US-52 and east-west thoroughfare extension from US-52 to I-40, Forsyth/Guilford counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161027 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-370 construction from I-270 to Shady Grove Metro Station, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161025 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pio Nono Ave widening, Bibb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161022 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington and 38th St widening and reconstruction from Lawrence/Larimer St one-way couplet to I-70, Denver : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161021 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hamilton County Bridge #218 reconstruction, Stone Creek at Greenfield Pike, Noblesville : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161020 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-51 construction from Maroa to Bloomington, Macon/DeWitt/McLean counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161019 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North-south Coors connection alignment of Coors Blvd, Albuquerque : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161017 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-12 construction from SR-101 to I-494 and I-394 construction from I-494 to I-94, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161016 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Beaverton-Tigard Hwy interchange reconstruction on Sunset Hwy (US-26), Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161015 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Thomasville bypass construction, Thomas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161014 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Patton Way project construction between Webster St and Lincoln Ave, Alameda : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161013 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-702 extended from Old Eastern Ave to Back River Neck Road, Baltimore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161012 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian corridor G construction from south of Holden to north of Godby Heights, Logan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-277 construction, Jones/Haskell counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161009 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 36 bridge replacement and approach reconstruction from Van Duzen River bridge no.4-93 to .8 mile east of Van Duzen River bridge no.4-94, Humboldt County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161008 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 101 construction (PM 30.8136.1, Forsythe Creek), Mendocino County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161007 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-90, Cochrane Bridge proposed replacement, Mobile : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final; Final section 4(f) statement B1 KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161005 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50-301 (proposed I-97) upgrade from I-95 (Capital Beltway) to east of South River Bridge, Anne Arundel/Prince Georges counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161004 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-88, Belleview Ave improvements, Arapahoe County / Denver County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161003 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seattle Ferry Terminal expansion and traffic revisions : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161002 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 7 reconstruction, Mendocino Pass, Mendocino National Forest : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161001 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Arterial 561 construction, north of Grandview Ave on Kerrigan Road to City Island Bridge at 16th St, Dubuque : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921985 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161000 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-64, Sand Island access road widening and improvements, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160999 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-15-Norco Reach, Magnolia Ave to CA-60 : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160998 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Phenix City north bypass construction, Russel County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160997 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101, Santa Barbara Crosstown Freeway (proposed) : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160996 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 7 construction, South Burlington, Chittendon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160994 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A-C couplet project construction, A St northbound and C St southbound, Anchorage : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160993 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95 upgrading, Yarmouth to Freeport, Cumberland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160992 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-71 upgrading, La Grange, Fayette County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134122 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-29 construction from STH-13 in Abbotsford to USH-51 in Wausau, Marathon County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134120 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northriver Drive project construction, Maple St to Mission Ave, Spokane : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134119 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LA-14 upgrading, LA-14 bypass to LA-676, Iberia Parish : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134117 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Montage access road, Davis St exit, no.51 on I-81, Scranton : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final,Frev(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134116 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Noti-Veneta, Florence-Eugene Hwy 126 replacement, Lane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134115 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-115, Montgomery Village Ave to Norbeck, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134111 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Government Way and Lindeke St corridor, Greenwood Road to 16th Ave (US-195), Spokane : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134110 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-35 improvement, Sims Road to TN-9-I-40 : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894868 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105942 JO - VHTRC ; AU - Chappel, W E AU - Hipkins, Perry Lloyd AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council TI - Multiflora rose control project, extended PY - 1982 SP - 4, 13 p. KW - Control KW - Roadside flora KW - Rosales KW - Roses KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/83-r10.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37600/37633/83-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101151 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-10A, West Valley Hwy reconstruction, Deer Lodge County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101150 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Durham east-west freeway, I-85 to US-70 : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101149 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-74, Independence Blvd corridor upgrading, Charlotte : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101148 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 291, Northwest Expressway extension, Forest Road to Boonesboro Road (Route 221 to 501), Lynchburg : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101147 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-370 Bellevue interchange, Papillon to Bellevue, Sarpy County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101146 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mar Vista St upgrading, Whittier Blvd to College Ave, Whittier : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101144 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-4 extension from South County Trail (SR-2), East Greenwich to Colonel Rodman Hwy (SR-4) at Lafayette Road, North Kingston, Kent/Washington counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Rhode Island UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073557 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Environmental impact statement. Project M-B 209 (2) PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/832949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062000 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-214 from west of I-95 to west of US-301, additional ramps at the I-95/MD-202 interchange, Prince George's County, EA PY - 1982///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061630 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR 49 from intersection with US 85 to SR 47, Valencia County Environmental assessment (EA) PY - 1982///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061511 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-22 bypass construction from east of Weirton to Weirton-Steubenville bridge, Brooke/Hancock counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061504 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 26 (SR-7) reconstruction from Meeker Park to US-36 in Estes Park, Boulder County / Larimer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061500 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Spring-Sandusky interchange construction, Columbus : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061490 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-95, Isle of Capri Road widening from Marco Island to SR-90 (US-41), Collier County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061488 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ventura Freeway (Route 101), San Diego Freeway (Route 405) to Santa Clara River, Operational study, Ventura County / Los Angeles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061487 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NH-101 improvements, Dublin to Harrisville : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820975 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061485 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 5S relocation, Herkimer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061483 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-284 construction from I-84 in East Hartford to I-291 in South Windsor : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061481 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-2 reconstruction, Hungry Horse to West Glacier : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Public comments B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061479 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-287 completion from US-202 in Montville to New York Thruway in Suffern, Bergen County / Morris County / Passaic County (NJ), Rockland County (NY) : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final,Frev KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061471 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sterling Hwy reconstruction, Skilak Lake Road to Seward Hwy junction : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061469 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - White Marsh Island 4-lane road construction from US-80 to Island Road (SR-367) and widening Island Road from new intersection to S-1132 on Wilmington Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061468 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Potomac Yards bridge replacement, Bashford Lane to Custis Ave, Alexandria : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061464 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1071, section 50 (I-70) reconstruction, Washington/Fayette/Westmoreland counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061458 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NJ-152 reconstruction, Bay Ave to JFK Bridge, Atlantic County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final; Technical support document (1977) B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061457 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - County Route 522 realignment, US-1 to US130, South Brunswick Township : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061454 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-14 improvement, Superior and South, Nuckolls County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061452 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Seaboard Coast Line Railroad at-grade St and hwy crossings removal, Augusta railroad demonstration project, Richmond County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Final(2v), Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061449 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lakewood Freeway extension from I-75-I-85 interchange to I-20, Fulton County / DeKalb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061444 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 7 reconstruction in Lenox, Pittsfield and Lanesborough, Berkshire County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061437 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-40 interchange construction at John Sevier Parkway or Hammer Road, Knox County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061435 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-22 relocation, Steubenville urban area : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061425 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State Hwy 500, IA-5 to I-80, Polk County : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061413 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - McLoughlin Blvd, Pacific Coast Hwy east widening from the Union-Grand Viaduct to S.E. River Road, Multnomah/Clackamas counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1982///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381011 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OUR NATION'S HIGHWAYS. SELECTED FACTS AND FIGURES, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 23 p. AB - Contents: The Highway System; Condition and Performance; The Vehicle Fleet; Licensed Drivers; Motor-Fuel Use; Travel; and Financing our Highways. The data in this publication are for calendar year 1981, unless otherwise stated. KW - Bridges KW - Driver licenses KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488150 AU - Kawasaki, Kunihiro AU - Osterkamp, T E AU - Kienle, J AU - Jurick, R W AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS IN PERMAFROST TERRAIN CONTAINING MASSIVE GROUND ICE PY - 1982 SP - 34 p. AB - Gravity measurements were made with a very sensitive gravimeter in permafrost terrain containing massive ground ice and other segregated ice. Measurements were first taken along a line over undisturbed terrain where a road cut was to be made; a second set of measurements was subsequently made along the edge of the roadbed after road construction. Data from pre-construction borings and a profile of subsurface soil and ice conditions, synthesized from information obtained during cutting, were used for ground truth information and compared with the gravity measurements. The horizontal dimensions and locations of the ground ice deposits embedded in the soil layer correlated reasonably well with the dimensions and locations of the lows in the gravity profile. However, the second profile, taken along the roadbed, also showed significant variation even after the usual types of gravity corrections were applied suggesting there are significant horizontal variations in the density of the topmost laters of the underlying bedrock (schist) through which the cut was made. The density contrast of the undisturbed ice-rich soil beneath the first profile was estimated assuming the contrast was produced by infinitely long, rectangular blocks of given dimensions but unknown density. A set of equations dependent (to a first approximation) only on the unknown block densities was constructed from the corrected gravity data (free air and latitude) and solved by the Gauss-Seidel method. The maximum contrast for one block was found to be about 0.4 Mg/cu m which gives a volumetric ice content of about 80% for the block, if the mean density for all the blocks is taken to be 1.45 Mg/cu m. KW - Density KW - Equations KW - Gravity KW - Ice KW - Measurement KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_83_07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488138 AU - Rezek, J AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GASOHOL AS A VEHICLE FUEL IN AUBARCTIC CLIMATES PY - 1982 SP - 26 p. AB - A field demonstration of gasohol as a vehicle fuel substitute was conducted in Fairbanks, Alaska from March 1980 through March 1981. It was found that light duty vehicles operated on gasohol experienced no problems with engine starting, running or shutdown beyond the normal problems experienced with those same vehicles when operated on gasoline in subarctic conditions. No perceptible change in vehicle performance was found when the fuel was switched back and forth from gasohol to gasoline. No significant change in vehicle fuel mileage could be determined between the use of gasohol and gasoline. Phase separation of the gasohol mix in the vehicle fuel tanks was not apparent and had no discernible effect on performance. Cold start and warm idle carbon monoxide emissions were generally found to be slightly reduced by use of gasohol. The study concludes that gasohol is an acceptable alternative to gasoline as a motor fuel for light duty vehicles in a cold climate such as Fairbanks, Alaska. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - Frigid regions KW - Fuel conservation KW - Gasohol KW - Gasoline KW - Light duty vehicles KW - Light vehicles KW - Mileage KW - Performance evaluations KW - Vehicle performance UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488123 AU - McHattie, R L AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE IN ALASKA. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1982 SP - 15 p. AB - A major study of asphalt concrete properties and performance of Alaska's highways was completed in 1982. The project data base was obtained from 117 statewide pavement sections through numerous core samples and measurements of cracking, patching and rutting. Primary research objectives were to: 1) provide an idea of the in-service composition of asphalt concrete, and 2) determine composition variations which produce the best performance. Because of the apparent rapidity of asphalt age hardening, performance relationships were derived using aged properties. Results indicate that best long-term performance is obtained from asphaltic materials which retain softness and relatively low tensile strengths throughout the pavement's service life. Aged materials specifications are presented which have provided optimum performance. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Long term KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Physical properties KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Specifications KW - Tensile strength KW - Time duration UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_82_02a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369678 AU - Coleman, S E AU - Maage, M AU - Diamond, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana State Highway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW POROSITY HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE DECKS DECKS PY - 1982 SP - 306 p. AB - Premature failure of concrete bridge decks stemming from chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel constitutes a major problem. This study relates to the possibility of substituting "low porosity" concrete (made with gypsum-free portland cement) for conventional concrete on bridge decks. Relevant properties of certain experimental low-porosity concretes, formulated with and without flyash, were determined experimentally and compared with the corresponding properties of conventional bridge deck concrete formulations and also with those of Iowa-type dense concrete mixtures. Conventional concrete was shown to be deficient in terms of long-term resistance to the penetration of chloride ions, and in terms of maintaining steel passivation once the chloride had penetrated. Measured characteristics of the dense concretes were generally superior to the conventional bridge deck mixes, but grossly inferior to the low porosity concretes. Low porosity concrete could be formulated to produce flowing concrete of good workability at w:c 0.28. Strengths developed were in the range 10,000-13,000 psi, and these concretes showed excellent freezing resistance, reduced drying shrinkage, reduced carbonation, and a tight pore structure. The resistance to penetration of chloride was good. Equally important, because of the high inherent alkalinity of the concrete pore solutions of low porosity concrete, passivation appeared to be maintained throughout the monitoring period, even in the presence of large chloride concentrations. Low porosity concrete showed the brittle behavior expected of any high strength concrete, but this should be no practical problem in view of the ductility provided by the considerable percentage of steel in most bridge deck designs. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Carbonation KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Corrosion protection KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Gypsum KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Porosity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistance KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Substitutes KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390458 AU - Governor's Highway Safety Office AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALCOHOL-RELATED FATAL CRASH STUDY: IOWA, 1981 PY - 1982 SP - 18 p. AB - This report is a continuing yearly study of alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes in the State of Iowa. The primary objective is to ascertain and evaluate the number and proportion of statewide alcohol-related fatal crashes. The secondary objectives are to present information on the characteristics of alcohol-related fatal crashes as well as to examine the extent of drinking pedestrian involvement. In this study, the types of roads where alcohol-related crashes occurred and those counties where the involvement was higher were identified to aid with planning effective countermeasure programs. Data were collected from reports furnished by the Department of Public Safety and by the Department of Transportation. A fatal crash was alcohol-related if the investigating officer reported that the driver or the pedestrian had been drinking. The degree of drinking was classified under three categories and was possibly verified by a blood test. A blood test greater than 0.000 percent alcohol resulted in the "drinking" pedestrian classification. KW - Alcoholic beverages KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Pedestrians UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387356 AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Institute for Bridge Integrity & Safety AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Painting and Decorating Contractors of America TI - PROCEEDINGS 2ND WORLD CONGRESS--COATINGS SYSTEMS FOR BRIDGES PY - 1982 SP - 217 p. AB - This volume contains the following papers: Relation Between Surface Cleanliness and Durability of Anti-Corrosive Paint Systems on Structural Steel, L. Igetaft; Factors in Selection of Anti-Corrosive Coating Ssytems for Bridge Maintenance, C. Hare; Corrosion Protection for Thames Barrier, A. K. Kidds; Coatings for Hand-Cleaned Structural Steel, R. Deanin; Specifications and Other Problems in Shop Painting, R. Kase and R. Hess; Effectiveness of New Power Tool Cleaning Methods, J. Claus; Unsaturated Polyester Coatings for Bridges, N. Estrada; New Alternatives in Surface Preparation, Solvents and Pigmentation in Corrosion-Inhibitive Coatings for Steel, J. Keane and J. Bruno; Bridge Painting in Britain, H.A.C. Reid; Corrosion of Unpainted Weathering Steel: Causes & Cures, G. Tinklenberg; Problems in Disposing of Lead-Based Bridge Paints, L. Stevens; Waterborne Maintenance Coatings: Formulation, Application and Film-Forming, R. Wasburne; Experiences in Railroad Bridge Painting, H. S. Bennett; A Comparison of New and Conventional Bridge Paint systems used by Maine DOT, D. Leyland, and MIOX sup R 316, A Micaceaus Iron Oxide, C. Fuller. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Carburetion KW - Cleaning KW - Cleaning procedures KW - Coatings KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Iron oxides KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Painting KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381235 AU - Henslin, J W AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW TURFGRASS SELECTIONS PY - 1982 IS - 635 SP - 110 p. AB - The more superior turfgrass selections from an earlier collection--selection study were planted at 12 roadside sites throughout the state. Planting utilized both sod and seed. The sites included a variety of climatic and soils conditions. Evaluation was by visual rating and ground cover measurements along a line transect. (Author) KW - Field performance KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Performance KW - Planting KW - Roadside KW - Selecting KW - Turf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380599 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTIES, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 181 p. AB - This publication brings together annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in three major areas: (1) Highway use--the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finance--the receipts and expenditures for highways by public agencies; and (3) the highway plant--the extent, characteristics, and performance of the public highways, roads and streets in the Nation. The arrangement of contents follows this general order, with the first three sections devoted to motor-fuel consumption and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highways by all government agencies; the fifth section provides data on highway mileages and performance; and the sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Statistics in this publication have been analyzed and reported on a calendar-year basis for the most part, using procedures that provide comparability of values among States. Therefore, some values reported here may differ from values reported by other agencies for similar items. KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377988 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING AUTOMOBILES AND VANS PY - 1982 SP - 20 p. AB - The cost of owning and operating a motor vehicle is of major significance, as Americans experience increasing demands on their incomes. It costs more than $9,000 to purchase a large-size American car. If it is driven 120,000 miles over a period of 12 years, the total cost to the owner will be $32,017. During that time it will cost about $8,604 (excluding taxes) for some 7,059 gallons of gasoline, about $6,232 for maintenance and repair work, $3,991 to insure the vehicle, $939 for parking and tolls, and $1,787 in taxes. This last item is used primarily for roads on which the vehicle is driven and accounts for only 5.6 percent of the total costs. This report updates The Cost of Owning and Operation Automobiles and Vans-1979. It traces selected vehicles in personal use and their costs through a 12-year lifetime of 120,000 miles using mid-1981 data. The user is cautioned against making direct cost comparisons between the costs in this and previous issues. Both methodology changes (detailed below) and improved data (especially insurance costs) will make such comparisons misleading. As with earlier reports, costs are based on operation of typical vehicles in the Baltimore, Maryland suburbs. Although a vehicle will usually pass through three or more owners during its life, the costs resulting from transfer of ownership are not included in this report. (Author) KW - Automobile ownership KW - Gasoline KW - Insurance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Operating costs KW - Parking KW - Service life KW - Taxation KW - Tolls KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376818 AU - Lovelace, A D AU - Bennett, W T AU - Lueck, R D AU - New Mexico State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TEST SECTION FOR THE STABILIZATION OF COLLAPSIBLE SOILS ON INTERSTATE 25 PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - The experiment on four techniques for stabilizing collapsible soils was successfully completed in the Algodones, N.M., area in 1981. The four methods used in the experiment and the order in which they were built were: deep plowing, watering and rolling (test plot 4); pre-wetting, by use of reverse gravel drains and rolling with a heavy steel-drum, vibratory roller (test plot 3); vibroflot compaction, vibro-replacement of the soils creating stone or gravel columns (test plot 2); and dynamic compaction, densifying soils by dropping a heavy steel weight (test plot 1). The data produced will be of interest to contractors and engineers in estimating costs and selecting the most desirable and economical method for densifying soils to depths below the capabilities of conventional equipment. Some of the test plots will need further observation and possibly more testing for some time before final conclusions can be drawn, possibly for as long as 3 to 5 years. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Collapsible soils KW - Columns KW - Compaction KW - Dynamic compaction KW - Plowing KW - Prewetting KW - Rollers KW - Rolling KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplows KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stone KW - Stone columns KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Vibratory rollers KW - Vibroflotation KW - Watering KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373128 AU - Murphy, L M AU - Walvatne, PGA AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING GROUND COVERS FOR MINNESOTA ROADSIDES PY - 1982 SP - 46 p. AB - This research effort is a sequel to the ground cover study (Investigation 615) that was initiated on Minnesota roadsides. in 1962. Thirty-one taxa were evaluated to determine their suitability for planting on Minnesota roadside. The plants were tested at four locations throughout the State of Minnesota, including southeast, Twin Cities metropolitan area, west central and northeast locations. Groundcovers were rated according to attractiveness and vigor. Top ten groundcover lists were prepared for each slope aspect and rating attribute at all four locations. The overall top ten ground covers, as determined by averaging attractiveness and vigor ratings, are dwarf bush honeysuckle, Hansen's hedge rose, Jackman potentilla, Kamchatka rose, zigzag clover, Hughes juniper, Pfitzer juniper, "Isanti" dogwood, oldfield juniper and wolfberry. Most of the top ten taxa performed well at all geographic locations and both slope aspects. Ground closure occurred fastest in southern locations and on northeast facing slopes. (FHWA) KW - Aesthetics KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Ground cover KW - Landscape KW - Landscape design KW - Plants KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00372482 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD USER AND PROPERTY TAXES ON SELECTED MOTOR VEHICLES PY - 1982 SP - 75 p. AB - This report provides basic information for 1982 from each State on road-user taxes and property taxes levied on a selected group of vehicles. The intent is neither to weigh the merits of any of the taxes being reviewed nor to recommend any tax policy, but to supply the means to measure and compare the annual payments that would be made for each of 15 carefully selected vehicles in each State. By arranging these payments in a uniform manner, a useful research and planning tool is made available to highway administrators, legislators, and other who are concerned with highways and with vehicles and their use. The taxation information included for the vehicles, which range from a motorcycle to an 80,000 pound truck-trailer combination, is contained in the following: 1. Tables that show highway user and total taxes paid to each State; 2. Bar charts in which States are ranked by highway-user and total taxes paid; and 3. Maps that show ranges of highway-user and total taxes paid to each State. (Author) KW - Costs KW - Motor vehicles KW - Property taxes KW - Road user costs KW - Travel budgets KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185417 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372075 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lee, Douglass AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AN OUTLINE OF THE EMERGING URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 35-38 AB - The paper notes that an essential feature of a suitable planning process is the integration of the political and technical aspects of planning. Comments are made on the nature of the political decision process. The components of planning are identified as the following: generation of alternatives for consideration; the estimation of impacts for each alternative; and the evaluation of which alternative to select. Inputs to the technical side of evaluation are noted. Evaluation criteria are discussed and a framework for evaluation is presented. While the new planning process retains most of the procedures of current practice, there is a shift in emphasis toward evaluation. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Criteria KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Politics KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188679 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372082 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN THE 1980S PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - 52 p. AB - These are the proceedings of a conference in which government officials, transportation planners, consultants and academic experts considered emerging problems and recommended appropriate technical and institutional responses. The conference participants identified and discussed the following: new requirements for urban transportation planning in light of shifting federal, state, and local needs and responsibilities; technical procedures and methods that have proven appropriate in meeting emerging requirements; and research needs in light of the new requirements for transportation planning. A wide varying panel discussion covered the evolving relationships among federal, state and local governments and their implications for future urban transportation planning. Presentations were made by panelists. Resource papers by technical experts stressed the basic strength and continued relevance of existing urban transportation models, another emphasized planning based on analysis of past experience, and a third considered ways to make planning more responsive recent social and economic trends. The central themes of the conference were addressed in 5 workshops which considered the following: long-range regional transportation planning; project planning--evaluation of alternatives and impacts; planning for transportation management and operations; planning for financing, implementation and evaluation; and the future of the urban transportation planning process. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Future policies KW - Local government KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Policy KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Regional transportation KW - Research KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - Transportation administration KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - United States KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188686 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372071 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heathington, Kenneth W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PLANNING FOR TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 18-24 AB - The workshop on planning for transportation management and operations took note of the changing environment in the transportation field that has greatly altered the needs of decisionmakers. With the shifting of the majority of public transportation services in the 1960s into the public sector and with the reduction of the large construction programs in the highway field, individuals responsible for transportation activities at the state and local levels of government find themselves facing a different set of issues. Prior management requirements were oriented toward facility planning, but future requirements will be directed toward the efficient, effective, and economical management of existing systems, both physical and operational. Most likely there will be a continual merging of public transportation operations and traffic engineering activities over the next decade, even though the amount of funds allocated for each of these areas may be substantially reduced. As the emphasis is changed in the transportation field, new or different skills will be required for managing resources. Since the emphasis will change from design construction, and acquisition of transit operating properties, the skills needed for day-to-day management will be quite different. Thus, transportation personnel, both academic and field practitioners, must reorient their thinking and their training programs in order to perform successfully in this new environment. Individuals coming into the transportation field must be provided with an appropriate mix of new skills to operate in this new environment. In addition, there is a need for the reorientation and retraining of individuals already in the field to meet the challenges of the different environment. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Training KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188675 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372076 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wachs, Martin AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SOCIAL TRENDS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING METHODS PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 39-47 AB - Major social changes now underway are summarized and their implications for travel and transportation are discussed. The changes which are all interdependent are identified as follows: changes in the American household; transition to the post-industrial society; and changes in price structure of transportation and housing. Demographic and functional changes in American households are leading to the possibility that travel will no longer be statistically associated with traditional predictive variables. More complex life style variables hold promise as ways of explaining and predicting travel in relation to household structure. Urban economies are changing and, the transition to the post-industrial metropolis is transforming the nature of the labor markets and urban form from which travel patterns are also drawn. Also, the price structure of housing and public transportation is also changing in ways that have not yet been fully understood but are causing shifts in travel patterns. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Forecasting KW - Households KW - Housings KW - Labor market KW - Prices KW - Social factors KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188680 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372078 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Torp, Kenneth AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVOLVING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS: THE FUTURE OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. REMARKS BY KENNETH TORP PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - p 8 AB - The key to good planning is the establishing of a good rapport among the participating agencies. Unnecessary red tape, detailed prescriptive regulations, and the imposition of undue emphasis on federal policies not directly related to transportation must be eliminated. Three fundamental questions facing planners are noted: What should be the scope of urban transportation planning; What should be the appropriate level of transportation planning; and What are the possible outcomes of a reduced federal role in transportation? There is a need for transportation plans that mesh with land use--with economic, environmental and then functional plans. Various transportation modes should be broadly and cooperatively planned, and include capital investment, operations, and transportation system management techniques that should be carried out in concert. Also, state and local officials should plan in concert with citizen input. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Capital KW - Federal government KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Land use KW - Local government KW - Public participation KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - United States KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372072 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bay, Paul N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PLANNING FOR FINANCING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 24-27 AB - The overall objectives of the workshop on planning for financing, implementation, and evaluation were (a) to define the major planning needs of the 1980s in planning, programming, budgeting, and implementing projects or services; (b) to define the tools or methods needed for financial planning, implementation, and ongoing evaluation; and (c) to recommend changes in the federal regulations that would improve the processes of financial planning, programming, budgeting, implementation, and evaluation. This workshop as a whole reviewed and determined the general findings and major planning needs of the 1980s. However, two subcommittees or task forces were formed to separately address tools and methods and federal regulations. The recommendations of these two task forces were then reviewed, modified, and adopted by the workshop as a whole. In addition, the workshop identified nine issue areas during the course of discussion, and these are summarized below. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programming KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Implementation KW - Programming KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188676 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372074 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hamburg, John R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: A UNIFIED APPROACH PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 32-35 AB - The point is made that a regional transportation plan must evolve through a synthesis and integration of local plans which consider regional demand as well as local supply. This is possible through use of simulation software which permits focusing on an area of interest while simultaneously dealing with the remainder of the region. The simulation software can handle finely detailed networks and very small zones at a subarea level so that impacts which might be lost in the regional approach may be simulated and evaluated. It is also noted that simulation is essential to estimating the traffic performance impacts of one or more actions, whatever the scale, time frame, or capital costs of the actions. The ingredients for unifying all the different planning actions, it is suggested, are now available. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Regional transportation KW - Software KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188678 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372069 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shunk, Gordon A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LONG-RANGE REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 12-16 AB - The workshop on long-range regional transportation planning in the 1980s considered the time frame of regional transportation planning and prepared a list of recommended improvements in transportation analysis methodology to meet the anticipated needs. Discussions were organized to define the most important functions of a long-range or regional nature. Significant issues to be addressed by those functions were then identified, and important considerations and products for those planning efforts were specified. Needed improvements in current methods were then proposed along with necessary research and development. The proposals of this workshop are especially important because of the broad constituency that is represented by agreement among the participants. Six each were from state departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations. Most of these agencies have been active leaders in long-range regional transportation planning. The other participants represented a nearly complete spectrum of other interested groups: cities, associations, consultants, universities, and the federal government. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Long term KW - Needs assessment KW - Regional transportation KW - Time duration KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188673 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372070 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kassoff, Hal AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROJECT PLANNING: EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES AND IMPACTS PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 16-18 AB - The objectives of the workshop on project planning were (a) to assess current practices in this area; (b) to identify strengths and weaknesses in planning methods and requirements; and (c) to recommend improvements in the process. First, the workshop defined project planning as the process of developing sufficient information about the feasibility, costs, benefits, and environmental effects of alternative transportation improvements and of making an informed decision about whether and how to proceed with implementation. The workshop maintained that the process and act of decisionmaking are the culmination of project planning. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Impacts KW - Programming (Planning) KW - State of the art studies KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188674 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372073 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schofer, Joseph L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE OF THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 27-30 AB - The workshop on the future of the urban transportation planning process explored the general attributes of the urban transportation process as it is most likely to, and as it should most desirably, evolve in the coming decades. Particular concern was devoted to the broad issues and problems associated with the process today. These include apparent mismatches between planning products and decisionmaker needs, deficiencies in planning methods and the uncertainty associated with future transportation system requirements and performance (and forecasts of that performance), characteristics of the emerging market for planning products, and appropriate styles and modes of behavior for transportation planners. Because of the size of this workshop and the complexity of issues it faced, the group first met as a whole to refine its objectives and then reassembled into three smaller workshops with the following discussion topics: Future Institutional Responsibilities for Transportation Planning, Including the Federal Role (Robert E. Paaswell, Chairman); Emerging Clients, Markets, Strategies, Tactics, and Products of Transportation Planning (David F. Schulz, Chairman); and Role of Methods and Models in Future Urban Transportation Planning Activities (Joel Horowitz, Chairman). The small group discussions focused initially on matching clients with existing and future planning products as a function of the level and scale of planning; exploration of potential roles and styles for planning professionals; and assessment of the current and potential applications of quantitative models and other tools and methods in transportation planning. These discussions broadened in scope as the conference proceeded. The results of the small group deliberations were brought back to the entire workshop for discussion, refinement, and consensus. This report presents the integrated recommendations and observations of the full workshop. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Behavior KW - Decision making KW - Future policies KW - Markets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Performance KW - Policy KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188677 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372080 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ringo, Philip J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVOLVING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS: THE FUTURE OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. REMARKS BY PHILIP J. RINGO PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 9-10 AB - Compelling facts faced today by the transit operator are noted. These include the necessity for reduction in service from 10 to 50 percent, fare restructuring, and for considering alternative to the traditional fixed-route transit. This has led to the identification of four major areas of immediate planning needs: fare policy and user charges; service design and evaluation; combination of the first two; and the necessity to understand and develop a more cohesive network of transportation services. Comments are made on each of these areas. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Fares KW - Federal government KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - State government KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - United States KW - Urban transportation KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188684 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372077 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barnhart, Ray A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVOLVING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS: THE FUTURE OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. REMARKS BY RAY A. BARNHART PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 7-8 AB - National significance and congressional direction will be the criteria used to determine the extent of Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) involvement. FHWA is now seeking to return authority and responsibility to state and local governments in those matters that are of predominantly of local interest. FHWA is also helping to minimize the delay that state and local agencies have in implementing transportation improvements. There will be continued FHWA involvement in the primary system, bridge programs, and in planning assistance to state and local agencies. Legislation for $46 billion for the Federal Highway Aid Program has been passed. This paper also comments on the impact of the shift of responsibility back to the state and local governments. Support for untraditional transportation services such as ridesharing and paratransit programs will become part of the FHWA program. The importance of working together in a cooperative atmosphere is emphasized. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Federal aid KW - Federal aid highways KW - Federal government KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Improvements KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Paratransit services KW - Ridesharing KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188681 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372079 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Downs, Thomas M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVOLVING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS: THE FUTURE OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. REMARKS BY THOMAS M. DOWNS PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 8-9 AB - It has been suggested that there ought to be a revised formula on PRPL money which would emphasize the person miles of travel in the area. It has also been suggested that planning research and systems management activities be eligible for funding from the entire federal aid highway program at state and local government discretion, including the interstate system. The suggestions made could lead to states and counties making tradeoffs for allocating limited funds among planning management and capital projects, rather that these projects be dictated by federal formulas in conflict with federal statutes and policies. It is necessary that there be an urban transportation planning process in urban areas with a population of more than 250,000. In complex urban areas lke the Washington Metropolitan Area, there is a need for a common data base on growth, land use, and patterns of travel and a forum to debate common local finance needs. The urban planning process will provide specialized technologies and technicians that local jurisdictions or the state cannot afford to provide. Federal responsibilities which go with a federal revenue source are noted. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Databases KW - Federal government KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Finance KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Land use KW - Local government KW - Metropolitan areas KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel patterns KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188683 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00372081 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hanson, Royce E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVOLVING FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL RELATIONSHIPS: THE FUTURE OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. REMARKS BY ROYCE E. HANSON PY - 1982 IS - 196 SP - pp 10-11 AB - If the validity of comprehensive planning where it meets the federal planning requirements is recognized, wasted time and money would be eliminated. Where possible, state and federal planning processes should be consolidated with the local process. If this is not possible and the planning process meets the necessary federal procedural requirements, it should be allowed to substitute for that process. It is noted that it might be practical to preclude new locational studies where there is an adopted master plan that meets federal process requirements. The change is political perceptions is noted. There is a need to rethink the transportation financing process and long-term capital financing schemes should include a depreciation system so that a way of replacing the system and keeping it in good repair is built into the financing network. Planning at the local level has today become more complicated and sophisticated and there has been a change in the character of cities. These factors make it imperative that transportation planning be looked at within the broader planning and development context. U1 - Conference on Urban Transportation Planning in the 1980sUrban Mass Transportation AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationWarrenton,Virginia,United States StartDate:19811109 EndDate:19811102 Sponsors:Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Comprehensive planning KW - Depreciation KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Local government KW - Master plans KW - Planning KW - State government KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - United States KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00370811 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GUIDE TO REPORTING HIGHWAY STATISTICS PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - This Guide was first issued in 1979 to organize into one volume the instructions for 16 separate reporting forms and other related data needs that had been issued over a period of several years. This complete reissuance of the Guide reflects a concerted effort by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to reduce the burden of reporting highway statistics. This 1982 version of the Guide includes all modifications to instructions issued since 1979 and eliminates a number of forms. It also reflects a number of modifications to ease the reporting burden that were suggested by the States in FHWA's and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' solicitation of comments in November 1981 and January 1982. This guide has two objectives: (1) It will serve as a reference to the reporting system that the Federal Highway Administration desires the States to use in submitting State and local highway statistical data to the Washington office; and (2) It should foster a working understanding of the unified concept behind the national reporting system for highway statistics and of the interrelations among different reporting areas. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway statistics KW - Highways KW - Reporting KW - Reports KW - Statistics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17373/PB2001101154.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7100/7182/ghwystat.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369223 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Prestressed Concrete Institute TI - SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BRIDGE CONFERENCE MARCH 9-10, 1982 PY - 1982 SP - v.p. AB - This volume of preprints contains the following papers: I-205 Columbia River Bridge Design and Construction, by A. C. Harwood; Ontario Segmental Bridges: A Contractor's Viewpoint, by J. Otter; What We Have Learned from Box-Girder Bridges, by H. G. Russell; Milwaukee Bridge Construction, by G. J. Casey; Construction Problems and Solutions: I-205 Columbia River Bridge, by B. C. Gerwick, Jr.; Construction of the Houston Ship Channel Bridge, by S. B. Quinn; Bidding Practices for Major Bridges, by M. N. Kelley; Bidding Procedures for Highway Bridges, by W. Podolny, Jr.; Development of the Concrete Technology for a Precast, Segmental, Prestressed Concrete Bridge; by D. W. Pfeifer; Geometry Control During Construction, by B. F. Bender; Epoxies for Segmental Construction, by H. Graham; and Some Design Issues for American Constructors, by T. Y. Lin. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction problems KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Highway bridges KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368366 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING AUTOMOBILES AND VANS 1982 PY - 1982 SP - 20 p. AB - This report updates "The Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles and Vans--1979." It traces selected vehicles in personal use and their costs through a 12-year lifetime of 120,000 miles using mid-1981 data. The basic methodology is similar to that used in the earlier study with a few exceptions. The weight classes reflect the trend toward down-sizing in all size cars. Large, mid-size, compact and subcompact American cars have been studied. The vehicles, repair and maintenance operations, replacement items, insurance, fuel and oil consumption, taxes, and other costs included in the study and the values of the factors used to compute these costs are tabulated. Comparisons are made of the costs incurred by each automobile size class and one passenger van. This shows the costs in relation to the highway user taxes. The areas covered here include vehicle life and types of costs. Ownership costs include depreciation, insurance, registration or titling and sales taxes, scheduled maintenance, accessory costs, and finance charges. Operating costs include unscheduled repairs, gasoline, oil, tires, parking, tolls, and taxes. Adjustment of costs to other localities, applications for the study data, and opportunities for cost savings are also discussed. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Compact automobiles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway user taxation KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Mid-size cars KW - Midsize automobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Service life KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365163 AU - Michael, H L AU - Sinha, K C AU - Fletcher, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Indiana State Highway Commission TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN AND CONTROL ALTERNATIVES TO IMPROVE SAFETY OF INTERSECTIONS OF MULTI-LANE HIGHWAYS WITH OTHER HIGHWAYS PY - 1981/12/28 SP - 232 p. AB - The important results of earlier phases of this research - (1) correlation of accident rates and selected roadway design and traffic engineering factors; (2) utilization of a team approach to field evaluation of accident types, causal factors and countermeasures at high accident sites and (3) the use of a simulation program to analyze possible countermeasures for high accident locations - are summarized in this report. In addition 18 high accident intersections in Indiana selected by the Indiana State Highway Commission are individually analyzed using the results of the earlier phases of this Study, and recommended countermeasures for reduction of the accidents at these sites are presented. KW - Crash investigation KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Indiana KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00975054 AU - Post, T J AU - Alexander, G J AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A USER'S GUIDE TO POSITIVE GUIDANCE. 2ND EDITION PY - 1981/12 SP - 198 p. AB - The second edition of the User's Guide to Positive Guidance consists of two parts. Part 1 describes the Positive Guidance concept and provides an overview of the entire process. Part 2 details the heart of the process, the engineering and human factors procedure. The intent of the second edition is to provide users detailed information to apply the procedure and develop a Positive Guidance information system improvement tailored to their problem location. Included are discussions, "how to" information and examples for each step in the procedure. The procedure consists of 12 steps: (1) identify hazards; (2) determine information handling zones; (3) analyze speeds and paths; (4) analyze expectancy violations; (5) assess hazard detection and recognition; (6) perform information load analysis; (7) determine information needs and assign primacies; (8) assess current information system; (9) identify applicable devices; (10) select devices; (11) develop positive guidance plan: and (12) review the positive guidance design. KW - Hazard analysis KW - Highway engineering KW - Human factors KW - Positive guidance KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/698330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365509 AU - Terrel, R L AU - Lee, T C AU - Mahoney, J P AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIXING EFFICIENCY OF RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1981/12 SP - 241 p. AB - This report covers an extensive evaluation of a range of ideas for measuring the degree of mixing during the recycling of old asphalt pavements. The practice of using small amounts of rejuvenating or recycling agents is coupled with the problem of quality control. No suitable method exists that permits detecting how well the recycling agent (or, in some cases, virgin asphalt) mixes with the aged pavement materials. Usual quality control tests such as extracting and measuring the binder content and properties are not appropriate since these tests made the presence of recycling agents and extent of mixing. The project was aimed at development of a test method that could be conducted in the field with a minimum of equipment and training. Among the more traditional tests, the resilient modulus (MR) was found to be most suitable for physical testing of the recycled mixtures. The method might be used to determine the relative quantity of recycling agent used, since it is sensitive to small changes. However, a quick test for measuring the efficiency of mixing, it shows little promise. KW - Dyeing KW - Dyes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mixtures KW - Nondestructive tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365557 AU - Abrams, C M AU - DiRenzo, J F AU - SMITH, S A AU - Ferilis, R A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS FOR ISM STRATEGIES PY - 1981/12 SP - 269 p. AB - This three-phase study has developed measures of effectiveness (MOE'S) for Transportation Systems Management (TSM) strategies. In Phase I, hierachical schemes of TSM strategies and tactics and comprehensive goals and objectives were developed. MOE'S were then identified which could measure the degree of attainment of each related objective through the implementation of a given tactic. Data sources, field measurement procedures and modelling techniqUes were then identified for measuring or estimating each MOE. In Phase II four case studies were conducted to test and illustrate the methodology and to demonstrate the effectiveness of a variety of TSM strategies. In Phase III sampling and data collection procedures for some of the most commonly used MOE'S were developed. Also, manual and computer modelling procedures for modal split and network analysis were studied and recommendations on their applicability to TSM analyses were developed. KW - Central business districts KW - Central city KW - Effectiveness KW - Estimates KW - Freeways KW - Management KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Strategic planning KW - Suburbs KW - Systems management KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365511 AU - Osborn, S W AU - Colburn, G AU - Landau, P A AU - Good, J M AU - Franklin Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREPARATION OF AN EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC MARKING MATERIAL ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE PY - 1981/12 SP - 65 p. AB - An Epoxy Thermoplastic (ETP) Pavement Marking Material has been manufactured on both pilot and semi-commercial scales using formulations provided by the Federal Highway Administration project monitors. A total of 3752 gallons (14,260 liters) of two white formulations and 250 gallons (950 liters) of a yellow formulation were prepared using standard batch mixing techniques. To minimize hot mixing time for the epoxy resins, solid components were preheated prior to addition to each batch. The product was cast into open-top silicone coated fiber boxes containing approximately 2 gallons (7.6 liters) each for shipment. Physical and chemical properties of the ETP materials were measured and found to fall within anticipated limits except for product viscosities, which were in some instances higher than expected. Present pigments used for the yellow formulation must be handled with all due attention to current industrial hygiene standards. Using the manufacturing process described herein, including the batch time-cycles described, no difficulty in the manufacture of ETP materials by simple mixing procedures is anticipated. KW - Epoxy resins KW - Highways KW - Manufacturing KW - Marking KW - Pavements KW - Thermosetting resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365164 AU - Yura, J A AU - Frank, K H AU - Cayes, L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTION-TYPE BOLTED CONNECTIONS WITH A588 WEATHERING STEEL PY - 1981/12 SP - 32 p. AB - One hundred twenty-six slip tests were conducted on friction-type bolted connections fabricated from A588 weathering steel. The tests were conducted mainly on specimens with mill scale or blasted surfaces which were exposed to the atmosphere for periods up to one year. The test results indicate that A588 mill scale surface has a 33 percent lower slip resistance than those reported for other steels. Suggested revisions to the AASHTO Bridge Specifications based on this behavior are presented. KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Construction KW - Construction joints KW - Creep KW - Creep rate KW - Highway bridges KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Specifications KW - Steel KW - Steel construction KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365160 AU - Moses, F AU - Ghosn, M AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGHING TRUCKS-IN-MOTION USING INSTRUMENTED HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1981/12 SP - 111 p. AB - An in-motion weighing system is described. It used instrumented highway bridge girders to act as equivalent static scales to obtain truck gross and axle weights, dimensions and speed. The weighing equipment is portable and easy to install. The weighing operation is undetected by passing trucks so an unbiased sample is obtained. A weighing system has been built and transferred to ODOT as part of this project. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Highway bridges KW - Measuring instruments KW - Trucks KW - Weight indicators KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365190 AU - Steere, L B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOVEMENT OF SLAB REINFORCEMENTS DURING BRIDGE DECK CONSTRUCTION PY - 1981/12 SP - 91 p. AB - The Colorado Department of Highways and others have experienced for several years the problem of bridge deck reinforcing steel finally positioned as little as 1/2 inch below the deck surface although planned depth was 1 1/2 inch or more. Floating or climbing of the steel during the deck pour phase was frequently discussed by design and construction personnel as the probable cause. The research reported was undertaken to establish the factor(s) contributing to this undesirable condition. KW - Bridge decks KW - Colorado KW - Concrete construction KW - Highway bridges KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365145 AU - Frank, K H AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTIONS PY - 1981/12 SP - 246 p. AB - A large experimental program which involved approximately 700 tests was used to develop statistically reliable slip loads for bolted shear connections with coated contact surfaces. Four different painting systems were evaluated for use in friction-type connections. Variables included in the study were paint thickness, size of hole, type of steel, and magnitude of clamping force. An efficient and reliable slip test setup was developed to complete the research. Additional creep and fatigue tests on bolted butt splices were used to evaluate the suitability of the painting systems for bridges. Some large bolted connections were tested to evaluate the applicability of the single fastener slip test to multi-bolt connections. Ultimate load tests to determine the effect of undeveloped fillers on bolt shear strength and the interaction between bolt shearing stress and plate tensile stress are reported. KW - Bolted joints KW - Bolts KW - Butt joints KW - Coatings KW - Creep tests KW - Fatigue tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Shear stress KW - Splice plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364979 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Earthquake Engineering Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STRUCTURE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE TRINIDAD-OFFSHORE, CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE OF NOVEMBER 8, L980 PY - 1981/12 SP - 35 p. AB - The moderate to severe (Richter magnitude 6.6 to 7.1) earthquake that occurred on November 8, 1980 approximately 40 km offshore of the Coast of Trinidad, California, having a focal depth of about 20 km, generally caused only superficial damage to a few structures but caused the collapse of a single freeway bridge. The report describes the estimated ground motion at the site of the collapsed bridge, details the extent and cause of the bridge collapse and describes the lack of damage to other nearby highway structures. KW - Bearing properties KW - Bridge abutments KW - California KW - Damage assessment KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Earth movements KW - Earth movements (Geophysics) KW - Earthquakes KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Renovating KW - Structures KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177197 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924118 AU - Knutson, M J AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IOWA'S BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 118-127 AB - Bonded concrete overlays on bridge decks have been placed successfully in Iowa since their inception in 1965 by the Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT). Within the past five years new equipment has been developed which has made the construction of bonded overlays on highways, airports and streets economically feasible. This equipment includes high production milling machines, sandblasters, waterblasters, shot blasting machines for surface preparation and grout pumps and sprayers for applying grout. In addition, standard mixing equipment, form and slipform pavers, texturing and curing machines can be utilized for construction. For the past 17 years the Materials Department of IDOT has investigated various methods and materials for bonding a relatively thin layer of new concrete to bridge decks and concrete paving slabs. Many tests have been made of the effectiveness of bond measured by the load required to shear the concrete along the interface of the two layers of the concrete. These tests indicate that two factors are essential: (1) cleanliness of existing slab, and (2) application of grout to a dry surface. Since 1976, demonstration projects of bonded overlays have been constructed by IDOT, Clayton County, the cities of Waterloo, Indianola, and West Des Moines, and the Iowa Concrete Paving Association. Objectives of these projects were to investigate various types of surface preparation mix design, grout mix design and application methods, construction techniques, curing methods, jointing details, bond strengths, performance and economics. This paper summarizes Iowa's experience to date. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Airports KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction equipment KW - Demonstration projects KW - Economics KW - Grouting KW - Iowa KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Performance KW - Surface preparation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711218 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924125 AU - Schroeder, C J AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BREAKING, REMOVAL AND CRUSHING OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE FOR RECYCLING ON AIRPORTS AND RURAL HIGHWAYS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 170-171 AB - The natural aggregates traditionally used in highway construction are becoming more difficult and expensive to obtain. Depletion of local sources plus zoning and environmental restrictions on developing new sources often necessitates transporting new materials great distances from supplier to construction site. As more and more pavements and airports are replaced, it is only prudent that technology be developed to reuse the materials originally incorporated in these projects. The technology has to be twofold. First, the ability to economically remove and reprocess the materials has to be developed. Second, a method has to be developed to incorporate the reprocessed materials into the new construction. This paper deals with the removal and reprocessing technology as it applies to reconstruction of rural highways and airports. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crushing KW - Economics KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711225 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924121 AU - Huisman, C L AU - Britson, R A AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE "SPECIFICATIONS AND QUALITY CONTROL" PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 140-143 AB - In some areas of the country, rapid depletion of the supply of quality aggregate for use in highway construction is becoming a major concern. The State of Iowa is one of those areas. sizeable deposits of good material still exist in Iowa, but they often are not in the right locations and costs of moving them any appreciable distance are prohibitive. Many of the remaining deposits are covered with heavy overburden, making it impractical to mine them because of costs. In an effort to offset this shortage of aggregate, engineers have been searching for materials to replace those diminishing supplies. One solution is to recycle those pavements which have become obsolete and reuse the material in constructing a new pavement. Since 1976, Iowa has completed three concrete recycling projects. The largest, paved in 1978, was 15 miles in length. These projects have been and are continuing to perform very well. A thorough study of the existing pavement must be made so as to determine its suitability for recycling. Breaking and removal of the old pavement requires some special equipment and handling. Unless the old concrete contains reinforcing steel, crushing is similar to any other crushing operation. Trial mixes should be made in the laboratory and a mix design established. The resulting concrete will generally be a little harsh, but this can be corrected by the addition of about 25% natural sand. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction equipment KW - Crushing KW - Handling and conveying equipment KW - Iowa KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Recycling KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711221 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924122 AU - Fergus, J S AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION AND MIX PROPORTIONS FOR UTILIZING RECYCLED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE AS AGGREGATE PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 144-160 AB - The main emphasis of the research was to investigate the variables connected with completely recycling existing portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement materials and to apply the results to the design of PCC pavement. Resulting information indicated that crushing these pavements will provide an aggregate which can be used on a design basis equal to a concrete design utilizing conventional aggregates. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crushing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711222 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924129 AU - Ray, G K AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USES OF RECYCLED PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 191-194 AB - In 1981 two large concrete recycling projects were started on airports in Oklahoma and Texas. At Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City 148,000 sq yd (124,000 sq m) of the terminal apron is being reconstructed. This two-year project is divided into four phases to minimize interruption of traffic. The existing concrete pavement is broken, crushed and used as the aggregate in a cement treated subbase for a new 16 in. pavement. At the old Greater Southwest Airport near Fort Worth, Texas the 28-year-old pavement is being removed to make way for a new industrial park. The concrete is being crushed to make aggregate, some of which will be used in new concrete streets in the development and some sold by the contractor doing the breaking and crushing. The paper and illustrations describe the methods and equipment used for pavement recycling at the two airports. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Aprons (Airports) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction equipment KW - Crushing KW - Greater Southwest Airport (Fort Worth, Texas) KW - Industrial areas KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Will Rogers World Airport UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711229 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924117 AU - Treybig, H J AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREPARATION OF PCC PAVEMENT FOR OVERLAY PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 107-117 AB - This paper examines repair of portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement by overlay. Condition inventory and the several overlay techniques available now and under development are reviewed. Inventory treatment includes structural condition, vertical alignment or roughness, evaluation of subsurfaces, drainage, and relation of condition to overlay design. Existing and developmental pavement treatments are reviewed; discussion includes preparation, structural treatment, retarding reflection cracking, treatment of existing PCC pavement, interlayers, cushion courses, and planing and milling. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Drainage KW - Interlayers KW - Milling KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Planing KW - Reflection cracking KW - Roughness KW - Surface preparation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711217 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924119 AU - Yrjanson, W A AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 128-133 AB - Concrete recycling is a technology that is getting increased attention in many areas of the country and can result in significant benefits to specifying agencies. The momentum for recycling has been primarily generated in areas where there is a shortage of, or a complete lack of, supplies of aggregates meeting present day quality standards. Another equally important factor is the problem of solid waste disposal, particularly in urban areas. A reduction in construction costs and conservation of energy have also sparked interest in recycling. Under the recycling concept, existing roadways, airport pavements or any suitable waste concrete becomes a readily available source for producing aggregates. Laboratory research and field experience at several recent projects have shown that recycling concrete to produce aggregate for concrete, base courses - both stabilized and unstabilized, bituminous concrete, econocrete (lean mix) subbases, shoulders, and drainage materials is feasible and should be considered whenever reconstruction of a highway or airport facility is undertaken. Giving the contractors the option to recycle the existing pavement will determine the economic feasibility of this operation. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Airports KW - Concrete pavements KW - Highways KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711219 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924126 AU - Dierkes, J H AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN RECYCLING OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT, EDENS EXPRESSWAY, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 172-175 AB - The reconstruction of an expressway in an urban area provides a ready source of materials that can be recycled for construction, conserving good quality aggregate reserves and reducing the consumption of energy. On-site processing can reduce the impact on area highways by keeping heavy hauling units off already deteriorating pavements. Construction noise must be monitored, particularly in residential neighborhoods to reduce residential discomfort during nighttime operations. Traffic control and surveillance will be one of the major costs of reconstruction. The reconstruction of the Edens Expressway has shown that reconstruction in high density traffic and population areas can be accomplished in a restricted time limit and result in a quality end product at a reasonable cost. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Expressways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Night KW - Noise KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Residential areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711226 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924128 AU - Dresser, J G AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF RUNWAY 13-31 JACKSONVILLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 186-190 AB - A source of aggregate is portland cement concrete scheduled for removal during a rehabilitation project of airport runways. Reuse of this aggregate can significantly reduce construction costs, preserve land for uses other than disposal sites and conserve resources. This project, in conjunction with Southern Region FAA, was undertaken to provide the most economical method of reconstruction of approximately 36,100 sq yd of a failed runway system. The project incorporated several new materials and ideas which contributed to both an economical project and a pavement capable of supporting modern aircraft. Construction began on January 2, 1976 and the pavement was put in service on May 1, 1976. The pavement has not shown any failures five years later. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Conservation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Jacksonville International Airport KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711228 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924115 AU - Dougan, C E AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PATCHING MATERIALS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 80-85 AB - Materials and methods for patching portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements are discussed. Distinction is made between full-depth patches and the more common "pothole"-type patch. The evaluation of five materials to be used for pothole patching in PCC pavements are presented and discussed in terms of projected durability and cost effectiveness. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Materials KW - Patching KW - Potholes (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711215 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924116 AU - Ames, W H AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROFILE CORRECTION AND SURFACE RETEXTURING PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 86-106 AB - The California Department of Transportation has constructed some 22,530 lane kilometers (14,000 lane miles) of plain jointed portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP), with variable spaced weakened plane joints at an average of 4.6 m (15 ft), on State highways. Much of this pavement has developed varying degrees of slab faulting in the truck lanes and surface wear or attrition and a varying reduction of skid resistance in all lanes. Diamond grinding has been used increasingly to correct faulting, since the first such experimental project in California in 1963. Other methods used that correct structural deficiencies and surface profile both include a thick asphalt concrete or portland cement concrete overlay or a thin to medium thickness asphalt concrete overlay which incorporates a reinforcing fabric interlayer. Profile correction with milling type equipment, now commonly used on asphalt pavement, has not been found to be acceptable on PCCP. The loss of a skid resistant surface texture on PCCP has been due primarily to surface abrasion from heavy traffic and resulting attrition of the burlap-drag textured surface mortar. California has done much experimentation with a wide variety of treatments to restore PCCP skid resistance. Based on these studies diamond blade longitudinal grooving has been adopted as the primary method to restore the PCCP surface to a condition that will prevent hydroplaning and minimize skidding type accidents. Grinding and grooving of PCCP in California, combined with other corrective and preventive measures, are doing much to improve riding quality and safety and to extend the service life of PCCP on California freeways. This paper is a discussion of methods used on State highways in California to correct the surface profile of rough or step-faulted PCCP and to restore skid resistant textures to deteriorated PCCP surfaces. A brief history of PCCP problems, in general, and rehabilitation strategies is also included. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Bituminous overlays KW - California KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Diamond grinding KW - Longitudinal grooving KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Ride quality KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance KW - Slab faulting KW - State highways KW - Thickness KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711216 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924127 AU - Nelson, L A AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL RECYCLING PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 176-185 AB - In existing portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement a source of aggregate is available which may be utilized in reconstruction. Reusing this aggregate conserves natural resources, saves aggregate in areas experiencing shortages, conserves energy (as fuel), saves wetlands and farm land, and does not take more land for highway purposes. Undertaken as a research project was the rural recycling of a 16-mi (25.7-km) segment of U.S. 59 from Worthington to Fulda in southwestern Minnesota. The roadway was constructed in 1955 as a 24-ft (7.3-m) wide, 9-7-9 in. (22.9-17.9-22.9 cm) thick concrete pavement with soil and aggregate shoulders. The concrete pavement exhibited severe D-cracking. Recycling of D-cracked concrete pavement has never before been attempted. The research project was undertaken to determine the feasibility of recycling D-cracked concrete pavement, evaluate the new recycled pavement, determine the cost effectiveness of recycling versus conventional paving, and determine the amount of energy and natural resources conserved. All the material in the old pavement was used as base stabilization shoulder aggregate and as coarse aggregate for concrete pavement. Pavement removal began May 15, 1980, and the concrete pavement was completed September 24, 1980. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conservation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - D cracking KW - Energy conservation KW - Minnesota KW - Natural resources KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711227 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924120 AU - Copple, F AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COSTS AND ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 134-139 AB - If a decision is made to reconstruct a rigid pavement, both money and energy can be saved by recycling. Amounts of savings depend primarily on costs of aggregates delivered to the job site and difficulty in disposing of the old concrete. Both are increasingly related to haul distances and urbanization. Costs for recycling concrete vary considerably due in large part to the inexperience of both the contractor and the contracting agency. Concrete recycling may well offer the most cost-effective means of rehabilitating the miles of roadway that lie begging for treatment. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711220 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924123 AU - Munro, R R AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN RECYCLING PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 161-164 AB - Recycling portland cement concrete presents both environmental advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are reuse of what would otherwise be classed as waste, reduction of fuel use, reduction of trucking and reducing the use of non-renewable resources. The disadvantages include the intrusion of trucking into different locations, aesthetic concerns, potential noise and dust control problems. The problems can be resolved, but concerns of the public must be recognized and addressed. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Aesthetics KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dust control KW - Environmental impacts KW - Noise KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711223 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924124 AU - Krueger, O AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EDENS EXPRESSWAY PAVEMENT RECYCLING-URBAN PAVEMENT BREAKUP, REMOVAL AND PROCESSING PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 165-169 AB - This presentation relates to the Edens Expressway reconstruction project on I 94. This is a six lane urban expressway that is located on the north side of Chicago, Illinois and courses through 10 suburbs on the way from the Loop to Milwaukee. There are 14 interchanges on this project serving residential neighborhoods, office buildings and shopping centers. The Edens Expressway had a 25.4 cm (10 in.) pavement with mesh reinforcement with 7.6 cm (3 in.) asphalt overlay. Also there were 26 (crossroad) bridges over the Edens Expressway and 14 bridges that were part of the Expressway. These had to be reconstructed and were a part of the 24.3 km (15.1 mi) project. It was vital to the commerce of the cities that this road be kept open to traffic while being reconstructed. To make the reconstruction timetable effective, the contract required a payment of $56,000 each calendar day of noncompletion after October 31 of 1979 for the northbound lanes and the same penalty was in effect if the southbound lanes were not completed by October 31, 1980. If finished 30 days early of either season, a $56,000 a day reward was also offered to the contractor. Recycling was the best alternative to get the job done within the schedule. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction scheduling KW - Expressways KW - Highway bridges KW - Interstate highways KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711224 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924109 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS - AN OVERVIEW PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 14-29 AB - Rehabilitation of portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements is defined as those repair activities required to bring the pavement to a serviceable condition or to improve the structural capacity preparatory to overlays. Overlays per se are not considered as part of the pavement rehabilitation for this presentation. The common types of distress in jointed and continuously reinforced concrete pavements are listed. Rehabilitation procedures commonly applied to PCC pavements with the different types of distress are also listed. These rehabilitation procedures can be corrective, such as patching, or preventive, such as sealing of cracks and joints. The rehabilitation procedures commonly used are discussed along with the expected performance of the rehabilitated pavements. The major problems associated with the rehabilitation procedures are also discussed. Special equipment and trained personnel required to perform the rehabilitation activities are noted. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Joint sealing KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Patching KW - Pavement distress KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711209 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924113 AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW CONCEPTS IN THE STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF JOINTS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 64-74 AB - From a modest beginning almost 100 years ago, concrete pavement design, construction and maintenance has been a story involving innovation, improvement and widespread use. Unfortunately, the story also includes many problems which, to date, have not been solved. Since concrete is volume-unstable-material which is relatively weak in tension, it will always crack. This forces engineers to design joints, which do not always perform as intended. This paper discusses five new concepts in the repair of pavement joints: (1) use of improved sealants, (2) the horizontally bored sleeper slab, (3) undersealing, (4) the figure eight load transfer device, and (5) precast joint assemblies. Following the discussion, the overall utility of these new concepts are presented. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking of concrete pavements KW - Joint sealing KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement joints KW - Precast concrete KW - Repairing KW - Sealing compounds KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711213 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924112 AU - Moore, L H AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE CONSIDERATION FOR REHABILITATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 55-63 AB - The accumulation of water in the pavement structure and the lack of effective internal drainage has been an important factor contributing to pavement deterioration and the current needs for rehabilitation. Presently the emphasis in highway design is shifting from new location to major rehabilitation projects for the Interstate and expressway systems. This paper is intended to provide information and guidelines to the highway designer undertaking major rehabilitation programs. An overview summary of the extensive portland cement concrete pavement drainage research, investigation, and transportation agency experiences over the last ten years is provided as background information. Guidelines for field investigations and developing pavement drainage policy are presented and design considerations for pavement edge drainage are included in the paper. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drainage KW - Drainage practices KW - Edge drains KW - Guidelines KW - Policy KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - State of the practice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711212 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924114 AU - Ramsey, W J AU - Wedner, R J AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JOINT REPAIR IN NEBRASKA PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 75-79 AB - The restoration of deteriorated joints on the nation's concrete pavement interstate highways is becoming an ever increasing problem. This paper deals with the joint repair techniques employed in Nebraska, and includes details of (1) joint distress, (2) full depth joint repair techniques, (3) partial depth joint repair techniques, and (4) pressure relief joints. One of the unique features of the full depth repair is the complete removal of the dowel basket assembly so that the patch is "free-floating". Nebraska's full depth repair techniques have lengthened the useful life of the interstate concrete pavement. Furthermore, the repair of spalls and blow-ups has improved the serviceability and safety of the old concrete. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Blowup (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Interstate highways KW - Nebraska KW - Partial depth repair KW - Pavement joints KW - Pressure relief joints KW - Repairing KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711214 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924108 AU - Darter, M I AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT CONDITION SURVEY AND CRITERIA FOR METHOD SELECTION PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 4-13 AB - This paper provides an overview of concrete pavement condition survey and criteria for the selection of rehabilitation and recycling methods. The determination of the optimum method which should be utilized to improve the condition of deteriorated concrete pavement requires the careful consideration and evaluation of alternative rehabilitation and recycling methods. This requires the collection and evaluation of a considerable amount of important information about the condition of the existing pavement. An overview of this collection process is provided, along with a rational procedure to select feasible alternatives. Rehabilitation and recycling methods are selected that repair and prevent the reoccurrence of the existing distress. A feasible alternative usually requires a combination of repair and preventative methods that provide an improved pavement with a substantial service life. The final preferred design alternative is then selected considering the life cycle costs as well as other factors. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Life cycle costing KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711208 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924110 AU - Tyner, H L AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION - GEORGIA METHODOLOGY PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 30-52 AB - This paper discusses the approach used by the Georgia Department of Transportation to address the problem of rehabilitation of plain jointed concrete pavements. The major topics discussed are (1) Pavement Evaluation and Project Selection Procedures, (2) Rehabilitation Techniques, and (3) Overlays. Special emphasis is given to the various techniques that may be required to upgrade the pavement prior to surface grinding or overlay. Emphasis is also given to concrete and asphalt overlay research in Georgia. This paper points out the need for pavement evaluation to establish necessary levels of rehabilitation effort. It also points out the need for proper construction techniques, materials and adequate construction control in any rehabilitation effort. The material presented in this paper is based on the experience obtained by the Georgia Department of Transportation in rehabilitating jointed concrete pavements. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Concrete pavements KW - Georgia KW - Maintenance practices KW - Methodology KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711210 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924111 AU - Martin, R G AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT JACKING AND PRESSURE GROUTING OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 53-54 AB - This paper presents an overview of past and current practice of pavement jacking including a discussion on pressure grouting and asphalt undersealing of concrete pavements. The paper covers materials, equipment, and the current methods being used on highways and airports. U1 - National Seminar on PCC Pavement Recycling and RehabilitationTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway AdministrationSt. Louis, Missouri StartDate:19810927 EndDate:19810930 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration KW - Airports KW - Concrete pavements KW - Grouting KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance practices KW - Materials KW - Pavement jacking KW - Pressure grouting KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475022 AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL SEMINAR ON PCC PAVEMENT RECYCLING AND REHABILITATION PY - 1981/12 SP - 201 p. AB - The 25 papers presented at the National Seminar on Portland Cement (PCC) Pavement Recycling and Rehabilitation are reproduced in this report. The seminar was held in St. Louis, Missouri, September 27-30, 1981, and was attended by 219 people from national, state, and local governments, as well as industry and academia. These proceedings cover all aspects of PCC pavement recycling and rehabilitation, including condition surveys, jacking, drainage, joint repair, profile correction, bonded overlays, and load transfer restoration for both urban and rural situations. Cost and energy considerations, specifications, quality control, and environmental considerations were addressed. Equipment of all types was discussed and research currently underway was reviewed. KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Construction joints KW - Costs KW - Drainage KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Research KW - Restoration KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399279 AU - HSU, S-Y AU - VINSON, T S AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF UNBOUND MATERIALS WITH REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL AND DIAMETRAL TEST SYSTEMS PY - 1981/12 SP - 160 p. AB - Repeated load diametral test systems are experiencing increased use to determine resilient properties of asphalt concrete and admixture stabilized materials; they have not been used extensively to determine the resilient properties of unbound materials. This is due in part to the fact that comparative studies between the properties obtained with the diametral test system and the repeated load triaxial test system have not been made. In response to the need to establish a correlative data base between resilient properties determined with diametral and repeated load triaxial test systems, a laboratory test program was conducted. Specifically, resilient properties of two-base course and two subgrade materials were determined using both repeated load triaxial and diametral test systems. The resilient properties of duplicate specimens (with respect to water content, dry density, method of compaction) were compared over the range of material conditions considered. The resilient properties determined with either the repeated load diametral or triaxial test systems were aproximately equivalent. The differences between resilient moduli for comparable states of stress were + 80%. Correlations between resilient moduli can only be made for a specific material at a given water content, dry density, and method of compaction. It is not possible with the data set developed in the study to establish general correlation factors between resilient properties determined with diametral or triaxial test systems with those of the conventional R-value test. The differences between resilient moduli determined with either the diametral or triaxial test system led to negligible differences in the design thickness of materials in representative pavement structures. (Author) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Compression tests KW - Correlation analysis KW - Diametric compression tests KW - Dry density KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement layers KW - Plastic analysis KW - Plastic analysis (Structural) KW - Repeated loads KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Unbound pavement courses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377247 AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS, VOLUME 4: GALVANIZED REINFORCING STEEL PY - 1981/12 SP - 38 p. AB - Four-ft. by 5-ft. by 6-inch (1.2m X 1.5m X 0.15m) reinforced concrete slabs were fabricated, cured and subjected to 7 years of daily salting at an outdoor exposure yard. Subsequently, the slabs were modified and instrumented to allow direct measurement of the corrosion current flowing between the top and bottom mats of reinforcing steel and other characteristics of the corrosion process. Comparison of the performance of galvanized reinforcing steel and conventional black steel in the slabs indicated the following: 1. Galvanized reinforcing steel is subject to the same type of macroscopic (galvanic) corrosion in salt-contaminated concrete, as black steel. 2. There was no benefit from the use of all galvanized reinforcing steel in a 0.40 water-cement ratio concrete. 3. Galvanizing all the reinforcing steel in a 0.50 water-cement ratio concrete resulted in a slightly lower corrosion rates, whereas galvanizing only the top mat reinforcing steel was very detrimental, resulting in corrosion rates twice as high as those for all black steel. 4. The lowest corrosion rates measured in this comparative study of black and galvanized steel were those for the slab containing all black steel and a 0.40 water-cement ratio concrete. (FHWA) KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Corrosion KW - Galvanized metals KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slabs KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium chloride KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376809 AU - McCuen, R H AU - Donahue, J R AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS POLICY MANUAL AND OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES PY - 1981/12 SP - 208 p. AB - The objectives of the study were: (1) to reformulate the ILLUDAS program so that it uses data that are readily available in Maryland and that is compatible with other elements of the SHA policy; (2) to calibrate the modified program for use in Maryland; (3) to compare the program with the modified rational formula procedure currently in use by SHA and with TR-20 at drainage areas near 200 acres; and (4) to develop a user's manual that completely documents the program. The ILLUDAS model was reformulated for use in Maryland; the revised model was called INDRA. INDRA is a deterministic computerized method of developing a runoff hydrograph from small drainage areas for the design or evaluation of closed drainage networks. INDRA was tested for accuracy using measured data from one urban drainage area of 23 acres and three agricultural watersheds of 17.6, 75.6 and 182 acres. For nine storm events on the urban watershed, a mean absolute error of 17.1 percent for runoff peak and 16.4 percent for runoff volume was determined. For the nine storm events on the 3 agricultural areas, the mean absolute errors for peak runoff rate and runoff volume were 30.6 and 48.7 percent, respectivley. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Change KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrographs KW - Hydrology KW - Peak discharge KW - Runoff KW - Volume KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373066 AU - Denson, K H AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESSURES ON COASTAL BRIDGES DUE TO NORMAL INCIDENCE WAVES PY - 1981/12 SP - n.p. AB - Local pressures due to water waves were measured at discrete points along the underside of two 1:24 scale model bridges for various water depths and wave heights. One model was of a four-lane slab and beam bridge carrying traffic along two structurally separated lane pairs supported by a common pile bent. The other model was of a trapezoidal box girder bridge with superelevation to seaward. The slab/beam model was geometrically similar to the Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, bridge which was heavily damaged by Hurricane Camille in 1969. The second model was of a proposed interstate connector at Biloxi, Mississippi. Results of the research are presented in dimensionless form for use on geometrically similar bridges. (FHWA) KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Hurricanes KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pressure KW - Slabs KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/186298 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00372479 JO - Publication of: Lehigh University PB - Lehigh University AU - Fisher, J W AU - SLUTTER, R G AU - MIKI, C AU - Lehigh University AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF STEEL LIGHT POLES PY - 1981/12 SP - 76 p. AB - Standard light poles fabricated to California Department of Transportation standards were tested in fatigue. Comparative results were obtained from testing eight poles fabricated of ASTM A283 Grade D steel and six poles fabricated of ASTM A595 Grade A steel. The first six specimens of ASTM A283 had 45 deg fillet welds at the base of the arm and base of the pole while the ASTM A595 poles had unequal leg fillet welds. Since this difference in geometry affected the fatigue test results, two additional poles were fabricated and tested of ASTM A283 steel with unequal leg welds. The fatigue strength of the ASTM A283 poles with 45 deg fillet welds was below Category E' while the fatigue strength of ASTM A595 poles with unequal leg weld was equal to Category E'. The two ASTM A283 poles with unequal leg weld had a fatigue strength equal to Category E'. Fatigue cracks appeared at the toe of the weld at the base of the arm and at the base of the pole at approximately the same number of cycles. Cracks were very difficult to detect because of the galvanized coating. (FHWA) KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fillet welds KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Steel structures KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/188906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367326 AU - Osborn, S W AU - Colburn, G AU - Landau, P A AU - Good, J M AU - Franklin Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREPARATION OF AN EPOXY THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC MARKING MATERIAL ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE PY - 1981/12 SP - 55 p. AB - An Epoxy Thermoplastic (ETP) Pavement Marking Material has been manufactured on both pilot and semi-commercial scales using formulations provided by the Federal Highway Administration project monitors. A total of 3752 gallons (14,260 liters) of two white formulations and 250 gallons (950 liters) of a yellow formulation were prepared using standard batch mixing techniques. To minimize hot mixing time for the epoxy resins, solid components were preheated prior to addition to each batch. The product was cast into open-top silicone coated fiber boxes containing approximately 2 gallons (7.6 liters) each for shipment. Physical and chemical properties of the ETP materials were measured and found to fall within anticipated limits except for product viscosities, which were in some instances higher than expected. Present pigments used for the yellow formulation must be handled with all due attention to current industrial hygiene standards. Using the manufacturing process described herein, including the batch time-cycles described, on difficulty in the manufacture of ETP materials by simple mixing procedures is anticipated. (FHWA) KW - Chemical properties KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Mass production KW - Physical properties KW - Production KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367327 AU - Terrel, R L AU - Lee, T-C AU - Mahoney, J P AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIXING EFFICIENCY OF RECYCLED ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1981/12 SP - 240 p. AB - This report covers an extensive evaluation of a range of ideas for measuring the degree of mixing during the recycling of old asphalt pavements. The practice of using small amounts of rejuvenating or recycling agents is coupled with the problem of quality control. No suitable method exists that permits detecting how well the recycling agent (or, in some cases, virgin asphalt) mixes with the aged pavement materials. Usual quality control tests such as extracting and measuring the binder content and properties are not appropriate since these tests made the presence of recycling agents and extent of mixing. The project was aimed at development of a test method that could be conducted in the field with a minimum of equipment and training. Among the more traditional tests, the resilient modulus was found to be most suitable for physical testing of the recycled mixtures. The method might be used to determine the relative quantity of recycling agent used, since it is sensitive to small changes. However, a quick test for measuring the efficiency of mixing, it shows little promise. The dye chemistry technique was found best among those non-classical methods used by Civil Engineers. After investigating many variables, the dye print technique was optimized. A small amount of dye chemical is incorporated into the recycling agent, and then combined in the complete mixture as it passes through the asphalt mixing plant. By placing a sawed face of an asphalt concrete briquet against a chemically treated piece of fabric, a dye print showing spots where the dye chemical (and hence, recycling agent) are located in the mixture is developed. Differences of various mixing patterns are readily observed. The resulting dye prints can then be evaluated by a visual examination or by using densitometer scanning and statistical analysts techniques. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Dyes KW - Mobility KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Recycled materials KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367458 AU - Jurach, P J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION ON SEVEN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/12 SP - n.p. AB - This report evaluates installations of cathodic protection systems on seven bridge decks. The equipment, technique, and controls developed for the two types of systems used at the seven installations, clearly show that it is possible to design, construct, and operate a cathodic protection bridge deck system to any reasonable degree of desired input power. Two of the installations are now considered fully satisfactory under conservative evaluative criteria after rectifier upgrading. Four of the remaining five can be made fully satisfactory with larger rectifiers. The last structure is unusually long and cannot be made satisfactory wiithout excessive cost. The lightweight overlays at four installations were satisfactory but the plate anodes caused local overlay failures. Because of this problem, lightweight cathodic protection was not recommended for Pit River. (FHWA) KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rectifiers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367462 AU - Abrams, C M AU - DiRenzo, J F AU - SMITH, S A AU - Ferlis, R A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS FOR TSM STRATEGIES PY - 1981/12 SP - 266 p. AB - This three-phase study has developed measures of effectiveness (MOE'S) for Transportation Systems Management (TSM) strategies. In Phase I, hierarchical schemes of TSM strategies and tactics and comprehensive goals and objectives were developed. MOE'S were then identified which could measure the degree of attainment of each related objective through the implementation of a given tactic. Data sources, field measurement procedures and modelling techniques were then identified for measuring or estimating each MOE. In Phase II four case studies were conducted to test and illustrate the methodology and to demonstrate the effectiveness of a variety of TSM strategies. In Phase III sampling and data collection procedures for some of the most commonly used MOE'S were developed. Also, manual and computer modelling procedures for modal split and network analysis were studied and recommendations on their applicability to TSM analyses were developed. This report comprehensively documents the research results and describes the methodology employed in the study. In addition, a wealth of information is provided, both in the main body of the report and in the technical appendices, which will be of practical use in the development and evaluation of TSM strategies for urban areas. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modal split KW - Networks KW - Sampling KW - Strategic planning KW - Strategy KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366847 AU - Bruno, J A AU - Keane, J D AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Carnegie Mellon University TI - EVALUATION OF LOW SOLVENT MAINTENANCE COATINGS FOR HIGHWAY STRUCTURAL STEEL PY - 1981/12 SP - p. 92 AB - Organic solvents released from maintenance coatings for structural steel contribute to air pollution and are increasingly subject to environmental restrictions. Current and anticipated coatings technologies and regulations were therefore evaluated to determine their probable impact upon highway bridge painting practices. The industry has diverted major research efforts toward developing of coatings having low solvent content and freedom from lead, chromate, carcinogens and other suspect materials. Most promising technologies include water-borne solutions and latices as well as re-formulations with chlorinated solvents for mild and moderate environments; water thinned-zinc-rich paints, water-borne and high-solid epoxies for more severe environments. Water-borne systems are being evaluated on more than 25 bridges, principally in California and Florida. Although new technology is rapidly emerging there is still no viable, safe and practical low solvent alternative now available for use on structural steel in most environments. It was concluded that at least two years are required before low solvent coatings can be proven for use in mild environments, five years for moderate environment, and longer for severe, heavy-duty exposures. Procurement of low solvent bridge paints and painting will require adoption of performance criteria; coordinated highway coatings evaluations (including proprietaries); and recognition of the concept of zones of defense. Higher costs may be expected in more complicated points, in alternate surface preparation, in more difficult application, in closer inspection and probably in shorter painting cycles. The annotated bibliography (Appendices D to J) is compiled under separate cover as report FHWA/RD-81/190. (FHWA) KW - Chlorine compounds KW - Organic coatings KW - Paint KW - Protective coatings KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Solvents KW - Structural steel KW - Technology assessment KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00366747 AU - Abrams, C M AU - Di Renzo, J F AU - SMITH, S A AU - Ferlis, R A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS FOR TSM SRATEGIES PY - 1981/12 SP - 266 p. AB - This three-phase study has developed measures of effectiveness (MOE'S) for Transportation Systems Management (TSM) strategies. In Phase I, hierarchical schemes of TSM strategies and tactics and comprehensive goals and objectives were developed. MOE'S were then identified which could measure the degree of attainment of each related objective through the implementation of a given tactic. Data sources, field measurement procedures and modelling techniques were then identified for measuring or estimating each MOE. In Phase II four case studies were conducted to test and illustrate the methodology and to demonstrate the effectiveness of a variety of TSM strategies. In Phase III sampling and data collection procedures for some of the most commonly used MOE'S were developed. Also manual and computer modelling procedures for modal split and network analysis were studied and recommendations on their applicability to TSM analyses were developed. This report comprehensively documents the research results and describes the methodology employed in the study. In addition, a wealth of information is provided, both in the main body of the report and in the technical appendices, which will be of practical use in the development and evaluation of TSM strategies for urban areas. KW - Data collection KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modal split KW - Models KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Simulation KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00361537 AU - White, R M AU - TAYLOR, M A AU - Haxo, H E AU - Matrecon, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MORE ECONOMICAL BUT EQUALLY EFFECTIVE INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE--FINAL REPORT PY - 1981/12 SP - 147 p. AB - Wax beads of several lower melting, lower cost wax blends can seal concrete as effectively as the paraffin-montan wax beads currently used in internally sealed concrete bridge decks, without affecting other important properties of the concrete. Savings of 5 to 25% in raw material costs can be expected to lower the cost of wax beads by approximately 5 to 20%. Since the minimum temperature required for melting the wax beads is about 25 deg F (14 deg C) lower than for the current beads, the cost of heating a bridge deck to achieve effective sealing should be reduced by approximately 15%. Beads of two formulations: 10% montan wax, 15% firbark wax, 75% paraffin 140/142 (FMP), and 5% stearic acid, 20% hydrogenated tallow, 75% paraffin 150/152 (STP), were produced in pilot plant quantities and were evaluated on two field tests. Damage to the beads during extended mixing of the concrete was suspected to be one of the causes of low strength and poor resistance to scaling of the test slabs in the first test. Some blocking of the lower melting beads at temperatures between 100 and 110 deg F (38 and 43 deg C) occurred during production in hot weather or storage for long times in warm locations. Coating the beads with 10% cement restored them to a free-flowing condition. Chlorides permeability of the slab containing STP beads was very low, equivalent to that of the best laboratory batches, even though wax content was reduced from 3% to 2% by weight. Chlorides permeability of the slab containing 2% of FMP wax beads was approximately equivalent to that of laboratory batches containing 1.5 to 3% of the current paraffin-montan wax beads, but not as low as for the slab containing STP beads. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Savings KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Waxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349941 AU - Yura, J A AU - Frank, K H AU - Cayes, L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTION-TYPE BOLTED CONNECTIONS WITH A588 WEATHERING STEEL PY - 1981/12 SP - 32 p. AB - One hundred twenty-six slip tests were conducted on friction-type bolted connections fabricated from A588 weathering steel. The tests were conducted mainly on specimens with mill scale or blasted surfaces which were exposed to the atmosphere for periods up to one year. The test results indicate that A588 mill scale surface has a 33 percent lower slip resistance than those reported for other steels. Suggested revisions to the AASHTO Bridge Specifications based on this behavior are presented. (FHWA) KW - Bolted connectors KW - Bolts KW - Friction bolt KW - Hot rolling KW - Mill scale KW - Slip resistance KW - Specifications KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362021 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Lin, C-C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OFF THE ASPHALTENE SETTLING TEST PY - 1981/12 SP - 71 p. AB - This report describes a study which was undertaken to evaluate the asphaltene settling test, to investigate the possible relationships between settling time and physical properties of asphalt, and to determine the effect of asphalt modifiers and additives. Two hundred and sixty-two virgin asphalt cements, 5 samples of extracted asphalts, 14 different anti-stripping agents, and 5 different asphalt softening agents were included in this study. Results of this study, along with previous findings at the Laramie Energy Technology Center, indicate that a great deal of additional work is required if the test is to have practical value and significance. Nevertheless the findings of this study indicate that the test has fair repeatability but is sensitive to test temperature. Settling times were very dependent on the producer; however, no relationships were found between test results and specification type asphalt characteristics. The addition of anti-stripping and softening agents tended to reduce settling times with respect to virgin asphalts. A modified test procedure is recommended in order to simplify the procedure, to reduce time and cost of performing the test, and to improve the repeatability of the test. (FHWA) KW - Additives KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphaltene KW - Grasses KW - Physical properties KW - Reproducibility KW - Sensitivity KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Sod KW - Softening point KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349936 AU - Frank, K H AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BOLTED SHEAR CONNECTIONS PY - 1981/12 SP - 242 p. AB - A large experimental program which involved approximately 700 tests was used to develop statisticaly reliable slip loads for bolted shear connections with coated contact surfaces. Four different painting systems were evaluated for use in friction-type connections. Variables included in the study were paint thickness, sizes of hole, type of steel, and magnitude of clamping force. An efficient and reliable slip test setup was developed to complete the research. Additional creep and fatigue tests on bolted butt splices were used to evaluate the suitability of the painting systems for bridges. Some large bolted connections were tested to evaluate the applicability of the single fastener slip test to multibolt connections. Ultimate load tests to determine the effect of undeveloped fillers on bolt shear strength and the interaction between bolt shearing stress and plate tensile stress are reported. The test program is used to develop design recommendations for friction connections for the AASHTO Bridge Specifications with coated faying surfaces. Vinyl paints were found unsatisfactory for the contact surfaces because of creep. Current provisons for undeveloped fillers are justified but current bearing stresses should be reduced when high tensile stresses are present. (FHWA) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bolted connectors KW - Creep KW - Experiments KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Live loads KW - Paint KW - Paint system KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear strength KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slip loads KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349948 AU - Moses, F AU - Ghosn, M AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGHING TRUCKS-IN-MOTION USING INSTRUMENTED HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1981/12 SP - 103 p. AB - The acquisition of truck axle and gross weight information has received considerable attention from highway planners. Truck data is important for design and maintenance of bridges and pavements and for planning, economic and enforcement evaluation surveys. An in-motion weighing system is described. It used instrumented highway bridge girders to act as equivalent static scales to obtain truck gross and axle weights, dimensions and speed. The weighing equipment is portable and easy to install. The weighing operation is undetected by passing trucks so an unbiased sample is obtained. A weighing system has been built and transfered to ODOT as part of this project. This equipment is now in routine use by ODOT's Bureau of Transportation Technical Services. Thousands of trucks have been weighed by both Case and ODOT personnel. Tests at 10 sites are described in detail in the report including steel and concrete girders and simple and continuous span bridges. The accuracy of the in-motion weighing is established by repeatability tests which show standard errors less than 3% for gross weight and also by one-to-one comparisons with static scale weights. The accuracy is better for gross weight than axle weights. The training of personnel for in-motion weighing and the criteria for good site location is discussed in detail. The system's capability and the economics of weigh in motion is presented. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Girders KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Portable equipment KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Training KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175861 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361531 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - WHITING, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID MEASUREMENT OF THE CHLORIDE PERMEABILITY OF CONCRETE PY - 1981/12 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - p. 101-112 AB - The paper deals with the deterioration of concrete bridge decks and discusses the methods of restoration of highway system bridge decks. This article describes the development of a device and test procedure that can assess rapidly the permeability of various kinds of concretes to chloride ions. The method consists of monitoring the amount of electrical current passed through a concrete specimen when a potential difference of 60 to 80 volts dc is maintained across the specimen for 6 hours. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete tests KW - Decks KW - Electric current KW - Highway bridges KW - Ions KW - Measurement KW - Permeability KW - Rapid methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180566 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361532 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cooper, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MITIGATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE ON EASTERN HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1981/12 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - p. 113-123 AB - This article reviews highway bridge damage caused by a major earthquake in the Eastern United States. Past earthquake-induced failures to the highway network are reviewed to show the vulnerable components of the highway system. Major obstructions in the implementation of existing technology in the United States is discussed along with research recommended to improve earthquake-resistant highway bridge design and construction. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake damage KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Loss and damage KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180567 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00361530 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Thompson, H A AU - Bruce, R N AU - Drake, R L AU - Sperry, C J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED PLANS FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE AERODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE LULING, LOUISIANA CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE PY - 1981/12 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - p. 95-100 AB - This article describes current plans to characterize the wind climate and associated structural response of the new cable-stayed girder bridge over the Mississippi River at Luling, La. The three major wind interactions of interest in the investigation - vibratory motion of stays, vibratory motion of the bridge deck, and extreme wind response - are discussed. The instrumentation and analytical techniques to be used in quantifying the wind climate and bridge reactions are described as are the preparatory tasks for this investigation. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge decks KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Louisiana KW - Response KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/180565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349166 AU - Yura, J A AU - Frank, K H AU - Gupto, A K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTS OF A CONTINUOUS TWIN GIRDER STEEL BRIDGE PY - 1981/12 SP - 126 p. AB - The structural behavior of a twin girder continuous steel bridge was studied in the field to provide data for a fatigue evaluation of the structure. Girder strains and deflections were measured under normal traffic and with a 52,000-lb test truck traveling at various speeds up to 50 mph using high-speed data acquisition equipment. An analysis of the data showed a maximum flange stress range of 3.1 ksi due to the test truck. A structural analysis of the bridge gave theoretical results which were within 10 percent of the measured flange stresses. Experimental data with the truck at high speed were more reliable than data with the truck stationary. (FHWA) KW - Continuous structures KW - Deflection KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Field tests KW - Flanges KW - Girder bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Traffic KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364946 AU - PERCHONOK, K AU - Pollack, L AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINOUS REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNS: A COMPARISON OF SIGN PERFORMANCE AND REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/12 SP - 40 p. AB - Eleven traffic control signs were studied to determine several visibility thresholds in uncluttered, nighttime conditions with alerted subjects. Initial detection and sign comprehension thresholds were compared, respectively, to analytically determined driver detection and recognition requirements. All signs met the detection requirements. Regarding recognition, inadequacy of certain signs was indicated; they were the WRONG WAY and STOP signs for higher speed traffic and the School Crossing sign even at urban speeds. Certain other sign weaknesses were identified. KW - Brightness KW - Color KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Luminous intensity KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Perception KW - Performance tests KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177175 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349163 AU - Embler, P F AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON STREAM STREAM TURBIDITY AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS: A CASE STUDY PY - 1981/12 SP - 69 p. AB - This document entails a case study of highway and to a lesser extent commercial construction activities and their effect on stream turbidity and suspended solids. Prinicpal technique used was the monitoring of the runoff withing the stream with the use of automatic samplers upstream and downstream from the construction site. Sample values obtained from automatic monitoring were adjusted from integrated hand samples taken over a variety of stage heights. Information contained in the report include background samples, rainfall samples, rainfall amounts and identification of principal construction activities that resulted in a temporary degredation of stream water quality with respect to turbidity and suspended solids. Study was undertaken to document the effectiveness of the Department's best management practices designed to minimize soil runoff as well as to obtain a better general understanding of the relationship between highway construction in South Carolina and its effect on water quality. (FHWA) KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Monitoring KW - Rainfall KW - Road construction KW - Runoff KW - Samples KW - Solids KW - Streams KW - Turbidity KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349172 AU - Ragsdale, J T AU - McJunkin, R D AU - California Division of Mines and Geology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC INSTRUMENTATION OF CALDECOTT TUNNEL PY - 1981/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The work reported herein was a task in the program to measure the response of tunnels to earthquakes. The objective was to install digital recording strongmotion instrumentation at the Caldecott Tunnel in Oakland, California. The report includes a description of the tunnel, the geologic setting of the region and geology at the subsurface instrument site, instrument locations and descriptions, and specifications, and details of the digital recording system. The installation procedure as well as problems encountered during installation are summarized in the final portions of the report. (FHWA) KW - Building KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Earthquakes KW - Facilities KW - Geology KW - Installation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural analysis KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348927 AU - Chamberlain, E J AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROST SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOIL (REVIEW OF INDEX TESTS) PY - 1981/12 SP - 110 p. AB - Methods of determining the frost susceptibility of soils are identified and presented in this report. More than one hundred criteria were found, the most common based on particle size characteristics. These particle size criteria are frequently augmented by information such as grain size distribution, uniformity coefficients and Atterberg limits. Information on permeability, mineralogy and soil classification has also been used. More complex methods requiring pore size distribution, moisture-tension, hydraulic-conductivity, heave-stress, and frost-heave tests have also been proposed. However, none has proven to be the universal test for determining the frost susceptibility of soils. Based on this survey, four methods are proposed for further study. They are the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Frost Susceptibility Classification System, the moisture-tension hydraulic-conductivity test, a new frost-heave test, and the CBR-after-thaw test. (FAA) KW - Criteria KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Frost susceptible soil KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Mineralogy KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture tension KW - Permeability KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348641 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Earthquake Engineering Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STRUCTURE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE TRINIDAD-OFFSHORE, CALIFORNIA EARTHQUAKE OF NOVEMBER 8, 1980 PY - 1981/12 SP - 31 p. AB - The moderate to severe (Richter magnitude 6.6 to 7.1) earthquake that occurred on November 8, 1980 approximately 40 km offshore of the Coast of Trinidad, California, having a focal depth of about 20 km, generally caused only superficial damage to a few structures but caused the collapse of a single freeway bridge. The report describes the estimated ground motion at the site of the collapsed bridge, details the extent and cause of the bridge collapse and describes the lack of damage to other nearby highway structures. It was concluded that the collapse resulted from inadequate beam-bearing support of simply supported spans at both a pier and an abutment, and that the inadequate support was aggravated by the significant bridge skew. This bridge collapse is consistent with previous similar earthquake failures of bridges and further underscores the need to strengthen older bridges in seismically active regions. (FHWA) KW - Beams KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Defects KW - Earthquakes KW - Failure KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Skew bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348640 AU - Rojahn, C AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR STRONG-MOTION INSTRUMENTATION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1981/12 SP - 122 p. AB - This report suggests guidelines for the strong-motion instrumentation of highway grade separation bridges. It has been written for the civil or structural engineer who is not familiar with the objectives of strong-motion instrumentation programs, the instrumentation utilized in such programs, and where and how to install that instrumentation. It is designed to supplement a previously published companion report entitled "Use and interpretation of strong-motion records from highway bridges" (Raggett and Rojahn, 1978), Report No. FHWA/RD-78/158. The report is divided into ten principal sections. The first section is a general discussion on strong-motion instrumentation and records. In the second and third sections, instrumentation program objectives and criteria for selecting a bridge for strong-motion instrumentation are introduced. The fourth section is a discussion on the linear dynamic behavior of bridges that is designed to familiarize the reader with the theoretical aspects of bridge response. In the fifth section, the failure of highway bridges during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake is discussed and in the sixth section, recommended guidelines for instrument placement on and adjacent to bridge structures are presented. The seventh and eighth sections describe recommended instrumentation type, installation techniques, and maintenance requirements, and the ninth contains a complete description of an actual strong-motion instrumentation scheme installed on a continuous two-span bridge near El Centro, California. The last (tenth) section contains concluding remarks, followed by a list of references and an appendix containing a discussion on the positive and negative aspects of recording various quantities of motion. (FHWA) KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Highway bridges KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347912 AU - International Road Federation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORLD SURVEY OF CURRENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT, 1981 PY - 1981/12 SP - 525 p. AB - The report is the 16th in a series of annual reports on inventories of research and development projects conducted by governmental, academic and commercial research organizations in 54 countries, as reported by surveyors of the International Road Federation, the International Road Research Documentation program of the OECD, and the HRIS. It is the only publication that reports world-wide information on current research activities in the highway field. The report lists 4,988 projects, classified in accordance with the subject area classification system of the Transportation Research Board. KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Directories KW - Foreign KW - Highway planning KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - International transportation KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research projects KW - Surveys KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation research KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00347798 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS, 1980 PY - 1981/12 SP - 175 p. AB - This publication was prepared by the Highway Statistics Division, Office of Highway Planning, Federal Highway Administration. The 36th of an annual series, it presents the 1980 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1979 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. A listing of the data is given in the table of contents and a brief description is given in the text accompanying each section. KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Financing KW - Highway transportation KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Roads KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345754 AU - Waitkus, R A AU - Burgin, C R AU - Smith, R E AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSING SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN GROUND MASSES: VOLUME 5, SUBTITLE: DUTCH CONE PENETROMETER TESTS--CASE HISTORIES PY - 1981/12 SP - 45 p. AB - This report provides case history and applied research information relative to the use of the Dutch Cone penetrometer in the practice of geotechnical engineering. Five case histories are cited that demonstrate the usefulness and possible limitations of the Dutch Cone. Comparisons and correlations are made between the cone and other field and/or laboratory tests. Additionally, the results of analysis involving Dutch Cone data are compared to other analysis methods and in some cases observed behavior. This is the second volume of the series to be published. The other four volumes are: Volume 1, FHWA/RD-81/109, Subtitle: "Bore Hole Shear, Earth Settlement and Earth Penetrometer Probes;" Volume 2, FHWA/RD-81/110, Subtitle: "Pressuremeter;" Volume 3, FHWA/RD-81/111, Subtitle: "Vane Shear and Cone Piezometer;" Volume 4, FHWA/RD-81/112, "Static Penetrometers." (FHWA) KW - Boreholes KW - Case studies KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Field tests KW - Ground settlement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical properties KW - Penetrometers KW - Piezometers KW - Pressure gages KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Sensors KW - Shear strength KW - Static tests KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581033 AU - Eagen, Patrick D AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Views of Risk and Highway Transportation of Hazardous Materials - A Case Study in Gasoline PY - 1981/11//Interim Report SP - 50p AB - While gasoline represents one-third of all hazardous materials transported in the country by trucks, the risk associated with gas transportation, as viewed by the private sector, is small. Public perceptions of risk are much greater due to lack of knowledge of probabilities and consequences of spills. Methods to improve knowledge available to the public on gasoline spills is presented. Generalization of methodologies to hazardous materials in general are discussed. KW - Case studies KW - Environmental impacts KW - Gasoline KW - Hazardous materials KW - Highway transportation KW - Risk analysis KW - Spills (Pollution) KW - Trucking UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/039.8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01359663 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Safety Engineering Studies. Procedural Guide PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains detailed guidelines for the planning, conduct, and use of safety engineering studies at identified hazardous locations. The publication should be beneficial to highway engineers and other professionals involved in highway safety and/or traffic operations. The objectives of this publication are to: (1) plan an effective highway safety engineering investigation of an identified hazardous location; (2) perform a highway safety engineering investigation of an identified hazardous location, using appropriate procedures and techniques; (3) select the most appropriate procedures and techniques required for safety engineering studies, considering agency size and type; (4) identify safety deficiencies and feasible countermeasures that are necessary to alleviate the hazardous situation; and (5) select a safety project based on safety objectives. KW - Countermeasures KW - Guidelines KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Safety engineering KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1125679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365502 AU - Jorgenson, J L AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - North Dakota State Highway Department TI - BEHAVIOR OF ABUTMENT PILES IN AN INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGE PY - 1981/11 SP - 77 p. AB - This is a report on the field study of the behavior of abutment piles in an integral abutment bridge. The bridge studied has integral: abutments, piers, concrete box girders and concrete deck. The 450 foot length is made up of six 75 foot spans. To compensate for the anticipated thermal movements, two unique features were built into the bridge. First, expansion joint material was placed between the backside of the abutment and the soil backfill and second, compressible material was placed on the webs of the abutment piles creating low soil resistance to pile movement. Over a one year period, monthly readings were taken on the following: length of bridge by steel tape, gap between soil backfill and backside of abutment, openings in the expansion joints on the concrete approach slabs, vertical elevation of abutments and piers, slope indicator readings on the four corner abutment piles to a depth of 35 feet, and temperatures of concrete deck and air. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bridge abutments KW - Construction joints KW - Dynamics KW - Expansion joints KW - Field tests KW - North Dakota KW - Pile foundations KW - Soil dynamics KW - Soils KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365147 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE FIELD USE OF HIGH-RANGE, WATER-REDUCED CONCRETE PY - 1981/11 SP - 96 p. AB - This report describes the experience of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation with the use of high range water reduced (HRWR) concrete. A description of the installation of the HRWR concrete in two pavements and four bridge decks along with the results of evaluative tests is given in Appendix A. Appendix B details the evaluations of HRWR concrete prepared in the laboratory at the Research Council. Based on the field and laboratory experience recommendations concerning the further use of HRWR concrete by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation were formulated. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Pumped concrete KW - Slump test KW - Slumping KW - Specifications KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36465/82-R24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364812 AU - Chi, M AU - DENNIS, B AU - Basci, M AU - Chi Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SLURRY WALLS AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES PY - 1981/11 SP - 175 p. AB - The preliminary objective of this study was to determine the advantages of using slurry walls as a permanent part of underground transportation structures. This report presents a summary of advantages, disadvantages, and design problems most often encountered with slurry walls. Design alternatives and solutions to common problems are developed. Parametric studies allow easy comparison of various design approches for underground transportation structures. New design concepts are presented which take advantage of station geometry and material properties. An alternate design is developed using the new concepts and compared with an existing subway station in Washington, D.C. In a cost comparison between the alternate designs, it is shown that integrating slurry wall as a part of the permanent structure could have resulted in a $2 million savings. This is in addition to the savings already realized through the use of surry wall as temporary earth support during the excavation, in lieu of the flexible system. Thus, the potential combined savings attributable to the adaptation of slurry walls in the overall project would be quite significant. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Lining processes KW - Linings KW - Production methods KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Underground structures KW - Underground supporting KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364856 AU - Herzog, S L AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION - PREDICTING MOISTURE INDUCED DAMAGE TO ASPHALT CONCRETE DESIGN MIXES PY - 1981/11 SP - 54 p. AB - Six aggregate sources from around the State of Montana were selected to represent various qualities of aggregate and asphaltic concrete. Resilient ('R') Modulus tests, maximum tensile split tests and immersion compression tests were performed on each source and compared for correlation. Specimens used for the resilient modulus and the maximum tensile split tests were subjected to severe temperature conditioning, representing several years of natural exposure. The resultant data indicates that the use of the maximum tensile split tests and the 'R' modulus test are not appropriate for use on a routine basis. The Montana Department will continue to use the immersion compression test for moisture susceptibility prediction. KW - Additives KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Environmental tests KW - Moisture content KW - Montana KW - Pavements KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365347 AU - Taute, A AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS TO THE MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION AND FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION METHODS OF THE TEXAS RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1981/11 SP - 320 p. AB - This report presents certain improvements to the Texas Rigid Pavement Overlay Procedure (RPOD2) with regard to materials characterization and fatigue life predictions. Suggestions are made for characterizing rigid pavement layers from Dynaflect deflections and material tests, and some guidelines for selecting design sections along the length of a road are presented. Finite element analysis is used to quantify the effect of pavement discontinuities on the stresses obtained from layered theory. Further finite element analysis is used in an attempt to relate the critical reflection stresses in an AC overlay to deflection measurements obtained before overlaying. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Covering KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Maintenance KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488132 AU - Gruol, V AU - Kawasaki, K AU - Osterkamp, T E AU - University of Alaska, College AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION SITE FOR GROUND ICE DETECTION. PART I - CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF AN ARTIFICIAL ICE MASS. PY - 1981/11 SP - 30 p. AB - An artificial ice mass of known size, shape and depth was fabricated during the winter of 1981-82 near Fairbanks, Alaska. This report primarily concerns itself with the details associated with the construction of the ice mass. However, some initial electromagnetic ground resistivity and subsurface radar site surveys are also included. KW - Alaska KW - Construction KW - Geological surveying KW - Geophysical measurements KW - Geophysics KW - Ice mass KW - Measurement KW - Permafrost KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Resistivity method KW - Subsurface explorations KW - Surveying KW - Surveying UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_82_13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362047 AU - Temple, W H AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Gueho, B J AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE PIPE BY FIELD EXPERIMENTATION AND SUPPLEMENTAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION (INTERIM REPORT NO. 3) PY - 1981/11 SP - 52 p. AB - This study represents an investigation of the durability properties of coated and uncoated, corrugated, galvanized steel and aluminum drainage pipe in Louisiana. The highly corrosive environments in some areas of the state make durability requirements of metal pipe as critical as strength requirements. Research and maintenance personnel of the Department installed ten types of metal drainage pipes at each of ten locations in 1973. An eleventh type of drainage pipe was added to each location for evaluation in 1975. In 1977 the investigators installed the battery of test culverts at another test site where the environment differed from that of the previous ten locations. Research personnel selected the test sites based on geographical location and on the pH and electrical resistivity values of the soil and effluent. The type of culvert providing the best resistance to corrosion after six years of field exposure at 10 sites is the asbestos-bonded, asphalt-coated, galvanized steel pipe. This is the concensus of a panel which inspected the test culverts in the field and of a laboratory evaluation. Aluminum alloy culverts have shown significant pitting in the environment with pH less than 5 as well as environments with resistivity less than 1000 ohm-cm after six years of service. All of the coatings are exhibiting one degree or another of distress in highly corrosive areas of the state. (FHWA) KW - Aluminum alloys KW - Asbestos KW - Coatings KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Culverts KW - Drainage KW - Galvanized metals KW - pH value KW - Resistance (Electricity) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20154.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365721 AU - Adams, L W AU - Geis, A D AU - Urban Wildlife Research Center, Incorporated AU - Fish and Wildlife Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS ON WILDLIFE PY - 1981/11 SP - 152 p. AB - Effects of highways on the diversity and spatial distribution of wildlife were studied in the southern Piedmont of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; the Midwest Tillplain of Illinois; the valley region of Oregon between the Cascade and Coastal ranges; and the central portion of northern California. Sample plots were distributed in relation to interstate highways and county roads and extended perpendicularly from roadside edges to 400 m from each road type. Nine bird species were positively influenced and nine species negatively influenced by one or both road types during either the breeding or winter season. Small mammal community structure and abundance were influenced by roads. Grassland species generally preferred right-of-way (ROW) habitat and many less-habitat-specific species were distributed in ROW and adjacent habitat. Seventy-six percent of the road wildlife mortality was on interstate highways. KW - Birds KW - Breeding KW - California KW - Deer KW - Distribution property KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fatalities KW - Grasses KW - Grasslands KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Highways KW - Illinois KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mammals KW - Mortality KW - North Carolina KW - Oregon KW - Physical distribution KW - Property acquisition KW - Rabbits KW - Right of way KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roads KW - South Carolina KW - Virginia KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177652 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00377983 JO - Statewide Transportation Planning & Management Ser PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DIGEST OF STATEWIDE PLANNING ACTIVITIES PY - 1981/11 SP - 27 p. AB - The first digest of statewide planning activities was distributed in January 1979 and was based primarily on discussions at Statewide Highway Planning Seminars held during the period September 1977 to June 1978. This revised digest provides an updated summary of statewide planning activities of possible current interest to State highway and transportation agencies. Information was obtained from State planning reports, papers, etc., and by input from the State highway and transportation agencies and the FHWA field offices. The revised digest retains the organization, format, and subject areas of the first digest. Information is again presented in two sections: (1) broad highway planning activities and (2) key highway issues. The broad statewide planning activities include jurisdictional responsibility for highway systems, financial plans, long-range system plans, short-range programs, and surveillance and evaluation. The key issues section focuses on intermodal relationships, energy, and public involvement. State contact personnel are identified for those desiring further information on individual State activities. (Author) KW - Financing KW - Highway planning KW - Long term KW - Short term KW - State departments of transportation KW - Time duration KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/195270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377338 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK SLOPES PY - 1981/11 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is concerned with the stability of rock slopes, with methods for assessing this stability and with techniques for improving the stability of slopes which are potentially hazardous. It is intended that it serve as both an instruction manual for engineers carrying out slope stability investigations and designing rock slopes, and a guide for construction engineers involved with excavation and stabilization. With this purpose in mind, the manual contains sections on methods of rock slope design, practical exercises demonstrating the application of these methods, sections on blasting, slope stabilization, contracts and contract management. (Author) KW - Contract administration KW - Excavations KW - Manuals KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Rocks KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377245 AU - Brown, D B AU - McCarthy, J AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE SAFETY BENEFITS FOR ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY AND/OR OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS. VOLUME III: USERS MANUAL PY - 1981/11 SP - 73 p. AB - The objectives of this research project included the specific evaluation of a variety of design improvements for safety as well as the development of estimation techniques by which accident frequency and severity could be predicted and used for allocation of safety improvement funds. The former objective was achieved by studying 326 sites in Alabama, both test and control, to determine the effect of 14 different types of improvements. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were applied, resulting in estimates of accident frequency and severity reduction. The ratio of PDO to total accidents, defined in this project as the severity ratio, was used for the latter estimate. Generally, the confidence intervals for these estimates were quite wide. A procedure was developed to translate such estimates into budget allocation policy by the use of dynamic programming. This volume is the third of a three-volume final report. It contains a detailed step-by-step procedure for implementing the results of the research. (FHWA) KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Research KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377244 AU - Scruggs, J C AU - McCarthy, J AU - Brown, D B AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE SAFETY BENEFITS FOR ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY AND/OR OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS--VOLUME II: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1981/11 SP - 98 p. AB - The objectives of this research project included the specific evaluation of a variety of design improvements for safety as well as the development of estimation techniques by which accident frequency and severity could be predicted and used for allocation of safety improvement funds. The former objective was achieved by studying 326 sites in Alabama, both test and control, to determine the effect of 14 different types of improvements. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were applied, resulting in estimates of accident frequency and severity reduction. The ratio of PDO to total accidents, defined in this project as the severity ratio, was used for the latter estimate. Generally, the confidence intervals for these estimates were quite wide. A procedure was developed to translate such estimates into budget allocation policy by the use of dynamic programming. This volume is the second of a three-volume final report. It contains the details of the research methodology and its findings. (FHWA) KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Research KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377243 AU - McCarthy, J AU - Scruggs, J C AU - Brown, D B AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE SAFETY BENEFITS FOR ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY AND/OR OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS. VOLUME I: RESEARCH SUMMARY PY - 1981/11 SP - 24 p. AB - The objectives of this research project included the specific evaluation of a variety of design improvements for safety as well as the development of estimation techniques by which accident frequency and severity could be predicted and used for allocation of safety improvement funds. The former objective was achieved by studying 326 sites in Alabama, both test and control, to determine the effect of 14 different types of improvements. Both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were applied, resulting in estimates of accident frequency and severity reduction. The ratio of PDO to total accidents, defined in this project as the severity ratio, was used for the latter estimate. Generally, the confidence intervals for these estimates were quite wide. A procedure was developed to translate such estimates into budget allocation policy by the use of dynamic programming. This volume is the first of a three-volume final report. It contains a summary of the research methodology and the essence of the findings. (FHWA) KW - Crash severity KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Research KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/190938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00376385 AU - Lea, J AU - Davis, R E AU - Bacher, A E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROOFTESTING OF A STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE WITH VARYING BEDDING AND BACKFILL PARAMETERS: SECTION VII (VOLUME 2): FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF ZONES 5 AND 8 PY - 1981/11 SP - n.p. AB - The finite element analysis of Zone 2, the DB Culvert, described in Section VII, Volume 1, was followed by similar analyses for Zones 5 and 8, fully projecting with polyurethane overlayment, and entrenched, respectively. Some difficulties arose during the analysis of Zone 5 because the laboratory tests of the soft inclusion failed to measure volume changes, and it was not possible to assess Poisson's Ratio accurately. Analyses were made for relatively low and high values and varying values of this parameter. A curved bending element was developed and introduced in the analysis of entrenched Zone 8. Comparison of finite element results and field measurements for several parameters for these two zones provide information pertinent to effects of variations in Poisson's Ratio, slip, modeling of compaction equipment, the curved bending element, etc. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bedding KW - Bending KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pipe KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Proof tests KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural materials KW - Structural plate pipes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193954 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00376901 JO - Sprinkle Treatment Asphalt Surfaces, Demo Proj 50 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Underwood, J P AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - SPRINKLE TREATMENT PLACEMENT--US 59--LUFKIN, TEXAS PY - 1981/11 SP - 32 p. AB - A series of sprinkle treatment sections were placed on US 59 in Lufkin, Texas. The materials placed were: 1) precoated rhyolite, 2) non-precoated rhyolite, 3) precoated sandstone, and 4) precoated lightweight. The study monitored the performance of both hot and cold ambient air temperature, placement of the various aggregates by the sprinkle treatment procedure, and assessed the use of non-precoated sprinkle aggregate. The surfaces were evaluated over a 3-year period by skid tests and visual evaluations. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Irrigation KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Rhyolite KW - Sandstones KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Sprinkling KW - Surface treating KW - Temperature KW - Watering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00373164 AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF CASTING POSITION AND SHEAR ON DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICE LENGTH--DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1981/11 SP - 54 p. AB - In Report 242-1, "The Influence of Casting Position on Development and Splice Length of Reinforcing Bars," and Report 242-2, "The Influence of Shear on Lapped Splices in Reinforced Concrete," the details and results of the experimental invesitgation on the influence of casting position and shear on splice and development length were presented. Based on the test results, suggestions are made for revising specifications for "top reinforcement" development and splice length as a function of casting position and concrete slump characteristics. The influence of shear and transverse reinforcement geometry is discussed and suggestions made for design applications. (FHWA) KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Casting KW - Length KW - Location KW - Position fixing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Splicing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/185748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365831 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FOR HIGHWAY SNOW AND ICE CONTROL PY - 1981/11 SP - 28 p. AB - The feasibility of using geothermal water to maintain ice and snow-free structures in the Glenwood Canyon area has been investigated. Structures incorporating this feature would be located in high hazard locations as a result of structure alignment, lack of exposure to sunlight, or a rapid change in environment (i.e. in and out of tunnels). Two technical reports have been published on the subject. The first dealt with the environment and natural resources within the canyon as well as various deicing alternatives. The second publication provided a technical evaluation of a prototype bridge deck heating system. This report provides a brief overall description of the study as well as a non-technical summary of the two published reports. KW - Bridge decks KW - Colorado KW - Deicing KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geothermal resources KW - Highways KW - Ice prevention KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00369338 AU - Griffin, R G AU - Hutter, W AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEICING OF UNDERPASS USING GROUND WATER AND HEAT PIPES PY - 1981/11 SP - 21 p. AB - This report examines the feasibility of using ground water and heat pipes for deicing an enclosed roadway underpass. Solar, electrical, and earth-heat systems were also studied. (FHWA) KW - Deicing KW - Electric heating KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geothermal resources KW - Groundwater KW - Heat pipes KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Underpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/183063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367324 AU - Jorgenson, J L AU - North Dakota State University, Fargo AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF ABUTMENT PILES IN AN INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGE PY - 1981/11 SP - 67 p. AB - This is a report on the field study of the behavior of abutment piles in an integral abutment bridge. The bridge studied has integral: abutments, piers, concrete box girders and concrete deck. The 450 foot length is made up of six 75 foot spans. To compensate for the anticipated thermal movements, two unique features were built into the bridge. First, expansion joint material was placed between the backside of the abutment and the soil backfill and second, compressible material was placed on the webs of the abutment piles creating low soil resistance to pile movement. Over a one year period, monthly readings were taken on the following: length of bridge by steel tape, gap between soil backfill and backside of abutment, openings in the expansion joints on the concrete approach slabs, vertical elevation of abutments and piers, slope indicator readings on the four corner abutment piles to a depth of 35 feet, and temperatures of concrete deck and air. Conclusions from the study are as follows: (1) A formula involving air temperatures was developed to estimate the maximum change in bridge length due to thermal changes. These length changes agree with changes measured from steel tape and expansion joint openings, (2) The change in bridge length did not result in equal abutment movements at each end of the bridge, and (3) The maximum abutment movement resulted in stresses at the ton of the pile to the vield stress but not sufficient to form a plastic hinge. (FHWA) KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Box girders KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Expansion joints KW - Loads KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Stresses KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368248 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY EVALUATION PROCEDURAL GUIDE PY - 1981/11 SP - 404 p. AB - This book which provides guidelines for evaluating ongoing and completed safety improvement projects and programs, describes the history and framework of the highway safety improvement program, discusses management issues and the need for evaluation. Four evaluation subprocesses are detailed. The accident-based project evaluation subprocess assesses the value of a completed highway safety project. The non-accident-based subprocess assesses the intermediate effectiveness of a completed safety project prior to the accident-based evaluation. This subprocess maybe used when accident data are not available, insufficient, or when an indication of project effectiveness is desired sooner. The program evaluation subprocess assesses the value of an ongoing or completed safety program. The administrative evaluation subprocess helps determine the manpower, time, money and material used, the difference between planned and actual resource expenditures, and the implementation of outputs obtained per unit of input associated with implementing highway safety projects and programs. KW - Costs KW - Deployment KW - Evaluation KW - Expenditures KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Management KW - Programs KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/81219/81219.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00367085 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SIGNALIZED LEFT-TURN TREATMENTS PY - 1981/11 SP - 37 p. AB - This project develops and presents easy-to-use guidelines for selecting the "best" left-turn treatment to implement at a signalized intersection. The information contained in this report is based on a synthesis of current research and the operational experiences of over 200 practicing traffic engineers. Alternative left-turn treatments range from separate turning lanes to complex signal phasing schemes. This Implementation Package will aid in the design and application of these treatments. Widespread use of its contents will significantly improve both operation and safety aspects at signalized intersections. The traffic signal engineer can use these guidelines to either justify or deny the request for a left-turn treatment at a signalized intersection. For some cases, no firm indication of need may be present and the decision maker will still have to use engineering judgement. The traffic engineer should remember that these guidelines are an aid for decision making--not the decision. The guidelines include various types of left-turn phases. The considerations (including advantages and disadvantages) of a number of phasing schemes are covered. Signal displays are also discussed. Attention is given to the capacity, fuel consumption, operational, and safety trade-offs of the types of left-turn treatments. Finally a specific set of guidelines are presented for day-to-day use by the traffic engineer. The guidelines are not intended to encourage left-turn phases but only to discuss considerations and options where their use is being considered. (Authors) KW - Decision making KW - Fuel consumption KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Turn signals KW - Turning lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/178219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362026 AU - Taute, A AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS TO THE MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION AND FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION METHODS OF THE TEXAS RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1981/11 SP - 328 p. AB - This report presents certain improvements to the Texas Rigid Pavement Overlay Procedure (RPOD2) with regard to materials characterization and fatigue life predictions. Suggestions are made for characterizing rigid pavement layers from Dynaflect deflections and material tests, and some guidelines for selecting design sections along the length of a road are presented. Finite element analysis is used to quantify the effect of pavement discontinuities on the stresses obtained from layered theory. Further finite element analysis is used in an attempt to relate the critical reflection stresses in an AC overlay to deflection measurements obtained before overlaying. A fatigue equation is derived from AASHO Road Test data on rigid pavements in a mechanistic manner, using few simplifying assumptions. Failure of CRC pavements is defined using condition survey data in terms of a rate of defect (punchout and patch) occurrence, and the predictions of the above fatigue equations are compared to the lives of inservice CRC pavements. The predictions made by RPOD2 of the fatigue lives of asphalt overlaid rigid pavements are compared to existing condition survey data of these pavements, and improvements are suggested. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Forecasting KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365229 AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC AUDIO SIGNING, VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1981/11 SP - 26 p. AB - A brief summary is provided of the activities findings, conclusions and recommendations of the first of three phases of a project directed toward the development of an automatic audio signing system. Also referred to as "automatic highway advisory radio" (AHAR), its objective is to facilitate aural roadside-to-motorist communications without diverting the motorist from the task of driving. The principal tasks performed in Phase I were: (1) review of prior and ongoing audio signing systems, (2) development of functional specifications, (3) conceptual design, (4) analysis of conceptual design, and (5) system design. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Performance based specifications KW - Radio KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365230 AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC AUDIO SIGNING VOLUME II. REVIEW ANALYSIS AND DESIGN, PHASE I PY - 1981/11 SP - 139 p. AB - This report documents the activities, findings, conclusions and recommendations of the first of three phases of a project directed toward the development of an automatic audio signing system. Also referred to as "automatic highway advisory radio" (AHAR), its objective is to facilitate aural roadside-to-motorist communications without diverting the motorist from the task of driving. The report summarizes the results of the principal tasks performed, which were: (1) review of prior and ongoing audio signing systems, (2) development of functional specifications, (3) conceptual design (4) analysis of conceptual design, and (5) system design. The research approach, findings and key task outputs are discussed. KW - Audible warning devices KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory KW - Highways KW - Information systems KW - Performance based specifications KW - Radio KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349931 AU - Korbus, L AU - Barenberg, E J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Aviation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT SYSTEMS IN SLIP-FORMED RIGID PAVEMENTS. VOLUME IV--RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALTERNATE JOINT SYSTEMS AND FOR STRENGTHENING EXISTING JOINTS PY - 1981/11 SP - 65 p. AB - Load transfer across joints is a key factor in the performance of PCC pavements. The common load transfer devices in longitudinal joints for airport pavements have for many years been concrete keyways. Many of these keyways fail under heavy aircraft loads and are very difficult to construct using slip-formed pavers. Alternate joint systems which are potentially more reliable than keyways and which can be constructed using slip-formed pavers are presented in the report. Also, procedures are described for retrofitting existing slabs with devices to provide load transfer across joints or cracks. Laboratory and field tests with these load transfer devices are described, and data on their performance are presented. Recommendations for joint designs for PCC airport pavements are given based on the level of traffic anticipated. (Author) KW - Airport runways KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Retrofitting KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Slip form paving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349484 AU - Pourkhosrow, G AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EPOXY COATED REINFORCING STEEL IN BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1981/11 SP - 55 p. AB - The objective of this project is to study the application of fusion-bonded epoxy coatings of rebars in bridge decks. A thin film of epoxy resin is fusion bonded to the reinforcing steel as a prevention against corrosion. A monitoring system was established to measure electrical resistance for several years after installation. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Epoxy resins KW - Monitoring KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resistance (Electricity) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349487 AU - Lane, P E AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL HEATER-SCARIFIED IN-PLACE RECYCLED PAVEMENT PY - 1981/11 SP - n.p. AB - An in-place, heater-scarified, recycled bituminous pavement was constructed on a section of Route 15, Westport, Connecticut. This report describes the construction activities. Also addressed are environmental and economical analyses for this process compared to the conventional method. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Heaters KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Placing KW - Recycling KW - Scarifying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00345757 AU - McGrath, M A AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABLE PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. SUMMARY REPORT OF 1981 WORKSHOPS PY - 1981/11 SP - 21 p. AB - This publication summarizes presentations on the evaluations of six durable pavement marking materials as reported at 1981 workshops. Each material is discussed separately regarding its characteristics, application technique(s), and performance. Their advantages, disadvantages, and ranges of costs are also reviewed. The information presented at these five workshops was based on field testing of the materials in several States. (FHWA) KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Performance KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348035 AU - Montana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION--PREDICTING MOISTURE INDUCED DAMAGE TO ASPHALTIC CONCRETE DESIGN MIXES PY - 1981/11 SP - n.p. AB - Six aggregate sources from around the State of Montana were selected to represent various qualities of aggregate and asphaltic concrete. Resilient ("R") Modulus tests, maximum tensile split tests and immersion compression tests were performed on each source and compared for correlation. Specimens used for the resilient modulus and the maximum tensile split tests were subjected to severe temperature conditioning, representing several years of natural exposure. The resultant data indicates that the use of the maximum tensile split tests and the "R" modulus test are not appropriate for use on a routine basis. The Montana Department will continue to use the immersion compression test for moisture susceptibility prediction. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Forecasting KW - Immersion compression test KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Tensile splitting tests KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348026 AU - NARA, H AU - Gasparini, D AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE RESISTANCE OF ADHESIVELY BONDED STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS PY - 1981/11 SP - 130 p. AB - It is known that certain welded details adversely affect the fatigue life of bridge members. The utility and feasibility of steel to steel adhesive bonded connections as substitutes for such details is evaluated. Large scale fatigue tests indicated that adhesives can perform structural functions equal to those of welds without decreasing the fatigue life of beams. Representative adhesive connections on bridges and their performance criteria are broadly defined. Available structural adhesives which satisfy the design criteria are examined. Modified epoxies and acrylics are the structural adhesives most promising for bridge applications. Alternate adhesive constitutive equations and bond strength theories are reviewed. Simple linear elastic adhesive models are not sufficient to explain fully the behavior of bonded joints. Design procedures and experience which may be pertinent for the design of connections on bridges are summarized. Tests on representative epoxy and acrylic bonded joints, conducted for determining stress-strain properties, tensile, shear, bending and creep-rupture strengths, are reported. Experimental verification of the performance and durability of bonds will be required before an adhesive is used on bridges. (FHWA) KW - Acrylic resins KW - Adhesives KW - Bonded construction joints KW - Bridge members KW - Construction joints KW - Creep KW - Deformation curve KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexural strength KW - Rock fracture KW - Shear strength KW - Steel beams KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/171751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349955 AU - Haviland, J K AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ARMCO SOUND BARRIERS ON TWO BRIDGES ON I-495 PY - 1981/10/30 SP - 18 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ARMCO double-wall, steel noise barriers attached to bridge parapets so as to provide continuity for roadside barriers. Measurements were taken opposite the sites of the discontinuities on two bridges before and after the gaps were filled. The measurements were recorded in both the analog and digital modes using the technique described in reference 2 of this report. It was concluded that the bridge barriers significantly contributed to lessening the impact of traffic noise on the adjacent communities. It was also concluded that the expansion joints used in the bridge decks created an annoying noise when crossed by traffic, and that such noise should be ameliorated where it occurs. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion joints KW - Noise barriers KW - Parapets KW - Steel KW - Traffic noise UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36456/82-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349958 AU - Washburn, J AU - Frankie, G AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ICEPLANT SCALE, PULVINARIA, IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1981/10/30 SP - 36 p. AB - The iceplant scales, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi and Pulvinaria delottoi, have spread rapidly throughout California in the past decade. Dispersal has been primarily by wind though inadvertant transport by infested cuttings has probably been important. Growth and development of the scales is strongly temperature dependent. In Northern and Central California. P. mesembryanthemi undergoes two complete generations per year with reproductive peaks during the spring and fall months. Pulvinaria delottoi which is currently restricted to counties near San Francisco Bay has a single generation per year and has a prolonged reproductive period during the winter months. In Southern California P. mesembryanthemi has three or four generations per year and reproduction occurs during all months of the year. Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi attacks a wide range of native and ornamental plant species in the Crassulacese and the Aizoaceae. To date no immune or resistant races of Carpobrotus the primary landscape host, have been found. Further spread of both species is almost certain, and eventually we can except both species to occur throughout the areas of the state where iceplant is maintained as a ground cover. Experiments in progress suggest that host plant nutrition may be used to lessen the severity of attack until the pests can be controlled by chemical or biological control agents. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Ecology KW - Insects KW - Pest control KW - Plants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382207 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIERS SAFETY REGULATIONS & NOISE EMISSION REQUIREMENTS PY - 1981/10/01 SP - 189 p. AB - Presented here are the Federal Motor Carrier Safety regulations and the interstate motor carrier noise emission compliance regulations applicable to the following operations when transporting property or persons in interstate or foreign commerce: motor common carriers; motor contact carriers; private motor carriers of property; owner-operators transporting exempt commodities; interstate transportation of hazardous materials by an interstate motor carrier; motor carriers transporting exempt commodities; contract main carriers operating vehicles in excess of 10,000 pounds GVWR; and transportation of migrant workers. The regulations are designed to reduce commercial motor vehicle accidents, to decrease fatalities, injuries, and property loss to reduce casualties and economic loss, and to improve employee safety and health. KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Noise control KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365158 AU - Forster, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE MICROTEXTURE: PROFILE MEASUREMENT AND RELATED FRICTIONAL LEVELS PY - 1981/10 SP - 40 p. AB - In this study microtextural profiles were measured using an optical image analysis system. The profiles were characterized by three parameters: average asperity (peak) height, average asperity density (peaks per unit length of profile), average asperity shape factor (peak height to width ratio). These measurements were correlated with test results (polish values or PVs) using the British Pendulum Tester, which measures the friction of a pavement surface mainly due to microtexture. The resulting correlation coefficients indicate that the shape factor measurement correlates the best with the British Pendulum Tester. Optimal (highest corresponding PVs) asperity shape factor values appear to be in the range of 0.6 - 0.20. Aggregate types measured included both natural and synthetic material, as well as natural aggregate treated with an impregnant. KW - Aggregates KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Size KW - Sizing apparatus KW - Skid resistance KW - Sliding friction KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365162 AU - Haviland, J K AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ARMCO SOUND BARRIERS ON TWO BRIDGES ON I-495 PY - 1981/10 SP - 21 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ARMCO double-wall, steel noise barriers attached to bridge parapets so as to provide continuity for roadside barriers. Measurements were taken opposite the sites of the discontinuities on two bridges before and after the gaps were filled. The measurements were recorded in both the analog and digital modes using the technique described in reference 2 of this report. It was concluded that the bridge barriers significantly contributed to lessening the impact of traffic noise on the adjacent communities. It was also concluded that the expansion joints used in the bridge decks created an annoying noise when crossed by traffic, and that such noise should be ameliorated where it occurs. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Beltways KW - Construction joints KW - Data collection KW - Highway bridges KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Transportation KW - Transportation noise KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36456/82-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00364982 AU - Mayes, R L AU - Sharpe, R L AU - Applied Technology Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1981/10 SP - 216 p. AB - This document contains Guidelines for the seismic design of highway bridges. The Guidelines are the recommendations of a team of nationally recognized experts which included consulting engineers, academicians, State highway, and Federal agency representatives from throughout the United States. The Guidelines are comprehensive in nature and they embody several new concepts which are significant departures from existing design provisions. An extensive commentary documenting the basis for the Guidelines and an example demonstrating their use are included. A draft of the Guidelines was used to seismically redesign twenty-one bridges. Significant changes resulted from the redesigns and are reflected in this report. A summary of the redesigns is included. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge foundations KW - Construction joints KW - Earthquakes KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Quality assurance KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Structural design KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452005 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport AU - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PY - 1981/10 SP - 604 p. AB - The International Symposium on Surface Transportation System Performance was a three-day meeting consisting of general and focused discussions of the state-of-the-art, policy issues, and concepts and definitions used in the evaluation of the performance of transportation systems. The overall motivation for the Symposium was to provide a forum in which transportation officials, policymakers and technical experts could explore the techniques and programs used by other countries to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of their transit systems. Specifically, five topics were chosen which focused the workshop session discussions on those areas which were and are of prime importance in the complex area of evaluating performance: energy conservation, economic development, urban form, impact of the transportation system on the environment, and safety. The organization of these Proceedings follows generally the organization of the Symposium. The keynote speeches presented at the plenary sessions are provided in Volume I, together with summaries of the content of each of the fifteen workshop sessions, and a list of the Symposium participants. In Volume II, the complete texts of the fifty technical papers presented at the workshop sessions are recorded. KW - Conferences KW - Economic development KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ground transportation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Transportation policy KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386400 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport AU - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME I PY - 1981/10 SP - 95 p. AB - The Symposium, a 3-day meeting, produced this proceedings which consists of general and focused discussion of the state-of-the-art, policy issues, and concepts and definitions used in evaluation of the performance of transportation systems. Volume I includes 7 keynote speeches and summaries of the workshop sessions. The Symposium was for exchange of information on common approaches to policy analysis in transportation system performance. The agenda dealt with 5 specific topics of major importance and interest. For each topic 3 workshops were scheduled with presentations of technical papers preceding general discussion. The 3 subtopics focused on: State of the art; examination of performance concepts and indicators, and Policy issues and implications with identification of research needs. The 5 major topics were: Energy Conservation and the Transportation System; The Impact of the Transportation System on the Environment; Transportation and Urban Form; The Role of Transportation in Economic Development; and Transportation System Safety. KW - City planning KW - Economic development KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Public transit KW - Safety KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386401 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - European Conference of Ministers of Transport AU - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE. PROCEEDINGS VOLUME II PY - 1981/10 SP - 95 p. AB - This Symposium, a 3-day meeting, produced this proceedings which consists of general and focused discussion of the state-of-the-art, policy issues, and concepts and definitions used in evaluation of the performance of transportation systems. Volume II includes the 50 technical papers presented at workshop sessions, and divided into the 5 general topics of major importance and interest: Energy Conservation and the Transportation System; The Impact of the Transportation System on Environment; Transportation and Urban Form; The Role of Transportation in Economic Development; and Transportation Safety. KW - City planning KW - Economic development KW - Energy conservation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Public transit KW - Safety KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379329 AU - Opland, W H AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF POSITIVE GUIDANCE AT A FREEWAY SPLIT IN MICHIGAN (DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 48) PY - 1981/10 SP - 49 p. AB - The State of Michigan Department of Transportation conducted a Positive Guidance Demonstration project on the eastbound I-96 approach to the I-96/US-131 freeway split in the City of Walker, Michigan. The site expepienced a high accident rate as well as a high incidence of erratic maneuvers and lane changes. As a result of an implementation of the Positive Guidance procedure, changes were made to the information system. The major feature of the change was a diagrammatic treatment. A "Before/After" evaluation showed statistically significant reduction of two of the four measures of effectiveness used; erratic maneuvers and brake applications. The time duration of the project did not permit a valid accident evaluation although initial accident reduction results were encouraging. It was concluded that the Positive Guidance principles and the diagrammatic treatment were promising. (Author) KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379570 AU - Yaniv, S L AU - Bauer, J W AU - Danner, W F AU - Flynn, D R AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF TIME-VARYING NOISE ON ANNOYANCE: A REVIEW PY - 1981/10 SP - 56 p. AB - This report summarizes the literature dealing with the adverse response of people to time-varying noise, and identifies both the acoustical and non-acoustical factors that influence the relationship between time-varying noise and annoyance. An examination of the laboratory research concerned with the functional relationship between annoyance and the temporal and acoustic parameters of noise shows the tenuousness of such relationships. The adequacy of currently used and/or proposed rating procedures for predicting subjective response to time-varying noise is examined. Critical gaps in current knowledge are identified. KW - Acoustics KW - Annoyance KW - Noise KW - Ratings KW - Subjective analysis KW - Time KW - Variance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00377328 AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates TI - NATIONAL SEMINAR ON ASPHALT--RUBBER PY - 1981/10 SP - v.p. AB - This seminar was sponsored by the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and hosted by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. It was held October 27-29, 1981, at the El Tropicano Hotel in San Antonio, Texas. Topics covered at the seminar included a history of the development of asphalt-rubber, performance of completed projects, cost and energy considerations, construction guidelines and quality control, and required design/specification changes. This publication contains the papers prepared for this seminar. (Author) KW - Change KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Energy KW - Guidelines KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Quality control KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/194039 ER - TY - SER AN - 00376899 JO - Asphalt Emulsions for Highway Constr, Demo Proj 55 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Erickson, K L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT EMULSIONS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. RICE HILL ESTATES PROJECT PY - 1981/10 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this report is to present information obtained during and since the "Rice Hill Estates" project was constructed in Douglas County, Oregon. Data regarding pavement deflections, rideability and roughness are included. Based on this information, conclusions have been drawn regarding the overall performance of the project and the effectiveness of the method of construction using emulsified asphalt in a modified macadam procedure. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - County roads KW - Demonstration projects KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Low volume roads KW - Rural highways KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193750 ER - TY - SER AN - 00376900 JO - Asphalt Emulsions for Highway Constr, Demo Proj 55 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ubben, I E AU - Floersch, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREET SURFACE TREATMENT PROJECT. PECULIAR, MISSOURI PY - 1981/10 SP - n.p. AB - The objective of this report is to relate information collected on the design, construction, and performance of streets in Peculiar, Missouri, which were surface treated with a seal coat using asphalt emulsions. The surface treatment was a success using asphalt emulsions except for the prime coat. The prime coat would pick up on car tires even after a waiting period of four hours before applying the surface coat. The prime coat should probably not be used unless the underlying aggregate surface is slightly scarified to get penetration of the prime coat. (Author) KW - Demonstration projects KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Experimental roads KW - Prime coats KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Seal coats KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00368299 AU - Clement, K A AU - Azar, D G AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF SALT FOG CONDITIONS FOR ORGANIC ZINC PAINTS PY - 1981/10 SP - 28 p. AB - Although Louisiana has been testing and using organic zinc coatings since 1963, premature failures have occurred on bridges within the state recently. These failures were not predicted by accelerated testing which included salt fog exposure. The results of this project show that while salt fog testing cannot directly predict the longevity of field performance, it is an excellent tool which should be used in accelerated testing. Time lapses between coats of paint do occur on new construction projects; therefore, it was also an objective of this study to evaluate the overall performance of coating systems after primers were allowed to weather. Although adhesion testing did not correlate to primer weathering, visual inspection did show primer degradation on topcoated panels. Therefore, it is recommended that the topcoat be applied to all paint systems immediately after the primer has cured sufficiently. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Adhesion KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Fog KW - Organic coatings KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium chloride KW - Zinc rich paint UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20153.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00365384 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORIST UNDERSTANDING OF DIRECTIONAL MESSAGES PY - 1981/10 SP - 29 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a study of motorists' perceptions of messages on interstate advance and supplemental guide signs. Approximately 5,100 questionnaires were distributed to motorists at eight rest areas on interstate highways in Virginia to determine the degree to which they are confused by or misunderstand messages on guide signs. The study showed that motorists are somewhat confused by some messages on guide signs. The difficulty of interpreting the messages was found to be inversely related to driving experience. Wording of the messages on certain guide signs was determined to be the most important element relating to driver confusion. The messages most frequently misunderstood were those containing the word "next". The sign containing the term "this exit" was favored by motorists for an exit ramp in full view. For references to two ramps, they favored the wording "first" and "second"; they decried the use of "next" for these situations. Almost three-fourths favored the numbering of exits. Deficiencies in signing for exits from the left side of the road were also noted. KW - Clarity KW - Comprehension KW - Direction signs KW - Directional sign KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Guide signs KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Intersection elements KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Perception KW - Questionnaires KW - Social-economic studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic surveys KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36400/36459/82-R20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/177445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362027 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Bullard, D L AU - Peterson, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOUSTON PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITES: AN ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA PY - 1981/10 SP - 82 p. AB - This report presents the results of park-and-ride user surveys, non-user surveys, and traffic surveys performed in the Houston metropolitan area and compares those results to similar surveys performed in the Dallas area as part of previous studies. In addition to obtaining socioeconomic, demographic, and travel information, the surveys were designed to: 1) identify the features of the existing service that are most important in generating ridership; and 2) identify what additional features could be added to the existing service and be most effective in increasing ridership. The findings are intended to be of value both in planning and operating park-and-ride facilities. (FHWA) KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Park and ride KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic surveys KW - Travel patterns KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00362030 AU - Busch, R V AU - Korfhage, G R AU - Robinson, T D AU - Strand, L L AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SALT BRINE SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL SYSTEM PY - 1981/10 SP - 11 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation under a study funded by the Federal Highway Administration has developed a method of applying salt brine as a high pressure spray for the purpose of removing ice and snow from the roadway. After two years of trials, the results were quite promising. In response to a prospectus from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Minnesota Department of Transportation entered into an agreement with FHWA to field test and evaluate the system in Minnesota. Although only limited data were obtained because of abnormally mild winters, results from Minnesota indicate the salt-brine method to be not as effective as applying a sand-salt mixture. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brines KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field tests KW - Mixtures KW - Sand KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/176696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349947 AU - Forster, S W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AGGREGATE MICROTEXTURE: PROFILE MEASUREMENT AND RELATED FRICTIONAL LEVELS PY - 1981/10 SP - 36 p. AB - Reduction of skidding accidents is an ongoing objective of the highway community. Since skid resistance depends, in part, on the frictional characteristics of the pavements surface, improvements in pavement friction are constantly sought. In order to have adequate wet-weather friction, a pavement must have surface relief or texture. This texture may be divided into two size ranges: macrotexture, those features over 0.5mm in size; and microtexture, those features less than 0.5mm in size. In this study microtextural profiles were measured using an optical image analysis system. The profiles were characterized by three parameters: average asperity (peak) height, average asperity density (peaks per unit length of profile), average asperity shape factor (peak height to width ratio). These measurements were correlated with test results (polish values or PVs) using the British Pendulum Tester, which measures the friction of a pavement surface mainly due to microtexture. The resulting correlation coefficients indicate that the shape factor measurement correlates the best with the British Pendulum Tester. Optimal (highest corresponding PVs) asperity shape factor values appear to be in the range of 0.16-0.20. Aggregate types measured included both natural and synthetic material, as well as natural aggregate treated with an impregnant. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Measurement KW - Microtexture KW - Optical measurement KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Profiles KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349483 AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Teague, D J AU - Long, R L AU - Banister, B N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF FLY ASH TESTING SITES AND GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION PY - 1981/10 SP - 111 p. AB - This report summarizes the construction and initial evaluation of 12 full-scale test sites incorporating fly ash as a partial replacement for a) lime in subgrades and bases (8 sites), b) portland cement in concrete pavements (3 sites) and c) portland cement in a concrete box culvert (1 site). Each site consisted of several test sections of differing designs. Conclusions reached included 1) lime-fly ash stabilization of clay type soils is effective and easily constructed, 2) replacing up to 25 percent of portland cement with high lime fly ash on a 1:1 basis resulted in no loss of strength nor any construction problems. In addition to summarizing the construction and evaluation of the test sites, specific guidelines for construction of highways using fly ash are given. (FHWA) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Box culverts KW - Clay KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Fly ash KW - Guidelines KW - Lime fly ash KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349485 AU - Kasinskas AU - LaChance AU - Nashold AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEA PAVEMENT USING SULFUR OBTAINED FROM COAL GASIFICATION PY - 1981/10 SP - n.p. AB - A sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavement using sulfur obtained from a coal gasification process was placed in a commuter parking lot. This report covers the design, mixing and placement of the SEA material and associated problems. (FHWA) KW - Coal KW - Gasification KW - Mix design KW - Parking lots KW - Placing KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/179277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349171 AU - Fox, N S AU - Soil Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSING SYSTEMS FOR MEASURING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN GROUND MASSES: VOLUME I, BORE HOLE SHEAR, EARTH SETTLEMENT, AND EARTH PENETROMETER PROBES PY - 1981/10 SP - 164 p. AB - This research involves an analysis of three in situ testing methods for possible use in tunnel design in soft ground. These three in situ testing methods, the Bore Hole Shear (BHS), Bore Hole Earth Settlement (BESA) and Bore Hole Electronic Earth Penetrometer (BEEP) are in various stages of refinement. All show promise as practical methods of obtaining soil engineering data in a bored hole. The BHS is presently in commercial production. The BEEP requires only additional instrument research design to become manufacturable, and the BESA requires additional applied research and correlation testing prior to final design and manufacture. This is the first of five volumes. Volume 2, FHWA/RD-81/110, Subtitle: "Pressuremeter;" Volume 3, FHWA/RD-81/111, Subtitle: "Vane Shear and Cone Piezometer;" Volume 4, FHWA/RD-91/112, Subtitle: "Static Penetrometers;" and Volume 5, FHWA/RD-81/113, Subtitle: "Dutch Cone Penetrometer;" will be published when they become available by the end of 1982. (FHWA) KW - Boreholes KW - Field tests KW - Ground KW - Ground settlement KW - Insitu methods KW - Mechanical properties KW - Penetrometers KW - Sensors KW - Shear strength KW - Soft soils KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00349783 AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY DUTY MEMBRANES FOR THE REDUCTION OF REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OVERLAYS (CONSTRUCTION REPORT) PY - 1981/10 SP - 54 p. AB - The prevalence of reflective cracking in asphaltic concrete overlays is a major factor contributing to the premature failure of the pavement system. This reflective cracking is caused by cyclic stress induced in the overlay by movements in the underlying pavement. Recent work done with heavy-duty membranes has shown that they may be useful in retarding this reflective crack formation. Seven different types of heavy-duty membranes were placed over Portland Cement Concrete pavement joints at one site in Pennsylvania before the roadway was overlayed with asphaltic concrete. Control sections, without any membranes, were also built into the project for comparison purposes. This work will evaluate the ability of these membranes to reduce the occurence of reflective cracking over transverse and longitudinal joints and to function as a waterstop once cracking has occurred. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/175730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348647 AU - Marshall, V AU - Gamble, W L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-DEPENDENT DEFORMATION IN SEGMENTAL PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES PY - 1981/10 SP - 251 p. AB - A rational analytical procedure for estimating the time-dependent behavior of segmental prestressed concrete bridges built by the cantilever method is presented. It is based on a step-by-step numerical procedure which attempts to account for most of the important parameters that influence the time-dependent behavior of such structures, and the procedure was incorporated in a computer program. Comparisons were made between computed strains and those measured in the Kishwaukee River Bridge at Rockford, Illinois. Good agreement between the two sets of values was obtained as long as the computations were based on the creep properties of samples of concrete from the bridge, for the particular case where the creep specimens were stored outdoors in the same environment that the structure experienced. In this particular structure shrinkage strains in the concrete dominated the time-dependent response. Creep deformations were relatively small because most of the precast segments were old when they were erected, and relaxation of steel stress was small because of the type of post-tensioned bar reinforcement used in the structure. (FHWA) KW - Cantilevers KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Creep KW - Performance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Shrinkage KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Time KW - Time effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00348644 AU - Mayes, R L AU - Sharpe, R L AU - Applied Technology Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1981/10 SP - 207 p. AB - This document contains Guidelines for the seismic design of highway bridges. The Guidelines are the recommendations of a team of nationally recognized experts which included consulting engineers, academicians, State highway, and Federal agency representatives from throughout the United States. The Guidelines are comprehensive in nature and they embody several new concepts which are significant departures from existing design provisions. An extensive commentary documenting the basis for the Guidelines and an example demonstrating their use are included. A draft of the Guidelines was used to seismically redesign twenty-one bridges. Significant changes resulted from the redesigns and are reflected in this report. A summary of the redesigns is included. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Guidelines KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/172123 ER -