TY - RPRT AN - 00451792 AU - Fisher, T W AU - University of California, Riverside AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BROWN GARDEN SNAIL IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1984/08 SP - 46 p. AB - A snail of Mediterranean origin, Rumina has been in the USA since the 1820's and in California since the 1950's. Considered a nuisance and a pest by some homeowners, the decollate snail is nonetheless the only natural enemy that has proved effective against the brown garden snail (BGS) in 50,000 acres of commercial citrus and several hundred experimental acres in the aggregate of stable public and private landscaping programs. With adequate soil moisture and rodent control the decollate snail can displace BGS in three to six years. Implementation of a cost effective snail control program for freeway plantings is highly feasible. Although the temperatature threshold of optimum growth and reproduction appears to be higher for Rumina than for Helix, both snails have similar habitat and temperature requirements, but cannot flourish in California unless aided by man's irrigation practices. These parameters plus predator pressure, as from rats, serve as strong restraints to the spreading of these snails beyond the confines of irrigated areas. For those reasons and because native snails tend to leave and /or avoid disturbed habitats, i.e., land cleared for agriculture, highways, or residences, it seems unlikely that Rumina would present a significant threat to endangered native snails in California. If transported into habitats which provide ground cover, such as leaf detritus, and supplemental water, both can survive and reproduce at elevations from below sea level to over 5,500 feet at ambient temperature extremes of 120 degrees F to 10 degree F. (Author) degree F. (Author) KW - Biological control KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Pest control KW - Roadside KW - Snails UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481024 AU - Ramey, G E AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF A CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDER REPAIR PROCEDURE AND THE DURABILITY OF EPOXY CONCRETE REPAIRS. SUMMARY PY - 1984/08 SP - 13 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the soundness and adequacy of a rebar splice weldment/epoxy injection repair technique used in repairing ruptured concrete bridge girders; and (2) evaluate the long-term durability of epoxy/concrete repairs. The study used a continuous three span (44-55-44) haunched girder reinforced bridge of standard design. This test bridge is not subjected to any traffic loading. Bridge reactions and movements were measusred before and after the repair procedure. It was determined that the bridge responses before and after the repair were almost identical. There was no evidence of bridge response changes or deterioration due to the 1-year weathering following the repair. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridge girders KW - Concrete bridges KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Girders KW - Maintenance KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481026 AU - Ramey, G E AU - Strickland, A M AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF RAPID-SETTING PATCHING MATERIALS USED IN THE REPAIR OF CONCRETE BRIDGES AND PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 147 p. AB - The major objective of this investigation was to experimentally evaluate the performance of some commonly used rapid-setting concrete pavement and bridge patching materials. The materials were incorporated into a laboratory testing program designed to evaluate the physical properties relevant to patch placement and performance. Specimens were subjected to a series of tests to measure their strength at early age, after final curing, and after simulated weathering. A mechanical anchorage system was also incorporated into the testing program to evaluate patch performance that this type system could provide. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rapid set KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394755 AU - Shah, S C AU - Hirschmnann, J J AU - McGee, E O AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INTEGRATED PAVEMENT DATA MANAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK SYSTEM (PAMS) - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT CONDITION RATING PY - 1984/08 SP - 24 p. AB - This report described an evaluation of a method for use in the Highway Needs Study pavement condition rating. The methods by which the Department generates and manages pavement condition data in the overall process of providing a network of highways for the traveling public were reviewed. Eighteen projects were selected from a three-district area for rating purposes. The projects selected consisted of six rigid (joint concrete) pavements, six composite pavements and six flexible (asphalt-surfaced) pavements. The various projects were rated by conducting Mays Ride Meter tests and by subjective evaluation of pavement distress. The evaluation, through visual inspection, included the notation of distress type, severity and extent. The report relates that the method evaluated is valid, practical, quick and safe for use in an inventory mode. (Author) KW - Composite pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Data management KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468638 AU - Dierstein, P G AU - LaCroix, J E AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE ILLINOIS SKID-ACCIDENT REDUCTION PROGRAM: MARCH 1980-MARCH 1984. PHYSICAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 141 p. AB - The report summaries the activities of the Illinois Skid-Accident Reduction Program from March 1980 through March 1984. Major policy advancements during the period covered by this report were the enactment of Illinois Department of Transportation Policy TRA-15, Safety Improvement Construction Program and TRA-16, Skid-Accident Reduction Program. Accomplishments were discussed, including the development of present field test programs and data base, results of findings from experimental projects and studies, results of laboratory coarse aggregate evaluations, changes in practice, and a list of future work. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Databases KW - Experimental data KW - Field tests KW - Illinois KW - Laboratory tests KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Skidding KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450918 AU - Allen, D L AU - Meade, B W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF LOADS AND SETTLEMENTS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERTS PY - 1984/08 SP - 154 p. AB - Three primary factors in considering the loads on, and therefore the design of, underground conduits are: bedding conditions, trench configuration, and use of the "imperfect trench." Models of varied conditions are analyzed using a finite element program and the results compared to data obtained at instrumented sites of similar conditions. Presented herein are charts developed from these analyses which will facilitate future design of culverts. Also presented are recommendations for design criteria and construction procedures. (Author) KW - Bedding KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Finite element method KW - Loads KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Trenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393781 AU - Hopkins, T C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KENTUCKY CBR AND SLAKE DURABILITY PY - 1984/08 SP - 80 p. AB - The design of pavements requires a knowledge of the relative strength and durability of subgrade materials. In Kentucky, the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) test is used to define the relative bearing strength of subgrade materials. Pavement thickness can be obtained if traffic loadings and CBR values are known. Durability of subgrade materials can be characterized using the slake-durability test. The purposes of this study were to correlate values of (soaked) KYCBR and slake-durability indices and examine the swell potential of compacted shales. Correlations were developed between soaked KYCBRs and slake-durability indices obtained from three different slake-durability testing procedures. The first correlation used slake-durability indices from a testing procedure devised and proposed initially by Frnaklin and Chandra and modified by Gamble. The second and third correlations use slake-durability indices obtained from testing procedures proposed by contents of unweathered shale and clay contents of shales are also presented. Based on these correlations, estimates of soaked values of KYCBRs of shales can be obtained. Consequently, the desirability or suitability of certain types of shales for use in pavement subgrades can be quickly estimated. (Author) KW - California bearing ratio KW - Clay KW - Content KW - Durability KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Shale KW - Slaking KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test procedures KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468730 AU - Belangie, M C AU - Anderson, D I AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE SALT BRINE DEICING UNIT FOR SNOW AND ICE REMOVAL IN UTAH PY - 1984/08 SP - 58 p. AB - In 1974 the Office of Research of the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) addressed the problem of snow and ice removal by use of a high pressure brine spray. In 1979, the FHWA let two contracts (one to Minnesota, the other to Utah) to further evaluate this procedure. The primary purpose of the study was to field test and evaluate the "Salt Brine Deicing Unit", its snow and ice removal performance, and its operation cost, and compare this information to a standard salting operation. Factors such as air temperature, ground temperature, solar radiation, the amount of traffic, and the type of snow all influenced the performance of either granular salt or the salt brine spray procedure. KW - Brines KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field tests KW - High pressure KW - Methodology KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pressure KW - Snow and ice control KW - Sprayers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395175 AU - Kuo, N W AU - Peterson, R L AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE PRIORITY TREATMENT PROJECTS: FIRST YEAR'S ANALYSIS PY - 1984/08 SP - 72 p. AB - This report presents an overview of the study plan for the evaluation of three high-occupancy vehicle facilities currently being constructed in Houston, Texas. Preliminary analyses of data from the first 12 months of the study are presented. These data include park-and-ride demands, travel times and speeds, vehicle and person demands, plus limited accident experience within the three freeway corridors under investigation. Operational data will continue to be collected within the study corridors, both monthly and quarterly, throughout a 5-year evaluation period. The collection, and subsequent analysis, of data will allow a before, during and after comparison of freeway operations. (Author) KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Park and ride KW - Travel demand KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394749 AU - Calabrese, C B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORECASTS OF PASSENGER AND FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION EXPENDITURES IN TEXAS; 1983-2005 PY - 1984/08 SP - 39 p. AB - This study presents estimates of the Texas transportation bill from 1970 through 1982 and forecasts of the transportation bill from 1983 to 2004. The transportation bill is all expenditures for transportation by the private sector in Texas. The historical data were divided into passenger and freight exenditures and subdivided by transportation mode to establish the relationships between modes and between each mode and the total transportation bill. Mathematical equations were developed from the historical data and utilized to forecast future trends in the transportation bill. Transportation is forecasted to play a vital role in the Texas economy, constituting approximately one-quarter of the Gross Texas Produce through 2005. (Author) KW - Equations KW - Expenditures KW - Forecasting KW - Freight transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Private enterprise KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393798 AU - Hilton, M H AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR HEATING AN ASPHALT STORAGE TANK PY - 1984/08 SP - 60 p. AB - A 10,000 gal. asphalt storage tank was equipped with a solar heating system and instrumented to determine its effectiveness over a 12.5-month period. An evaluation of the data indicated that the solar system conserved 25,126 kWh for power, savings of $972.24 were realized. A present value analysis of the data indicated that an investment in solar energy systems to assist in heating asphalt is a favorable alternative to the conventional electrical heating system used by the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. (Author) KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt storage KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Energy conservation KW - Savings KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Storage facilities KW - Storage tanks UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36577/85-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393878 AU - Kahng, S J AU - Jeng, C-Y AU - Campbell, J F AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEGMENTWIDE TRAFFIC RESPONSIVE FREEWAY ENTRY CONTROL: FREEWAY CORRIDOR MODELINE, CONTROL STRATEGY, AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN PY - 1984/08 SP - 171 p. AB - Major outcomes of this research are threefold: development of a macroscopic freeway corridor simulation model (FRECON2); development and evaluation, by simulation, of a segmentwide traffic responsive freeway entry control strategy (ELT control); and development of field implementation guidelines. The macroscopic freeway corridor model, FRECON2, was developed by extending an existing macroscopic dynamic freeway model, FRECON, in the following three areas: priority entry treatment, drivers' spatial diversion, and alternative surface streets with flow-dependent travel costs. Then, FRECON2 was calibrated using two days' data from the Santa Monica Freeway Corridor in Los Angeles, California. As a new segmentwide control strategy, extended local traffic responsive (ELT) control was developed. ELT control has been applied, by simulation, to freeway corridors with different operating environments. When its performance was evaluated, ELT control achieved a three to eleven percent net savings in total corridor travel time. Based on the above results, guidelines for field implementation have been prepared, including development of software for the central computer and 170 type controllers, and a before and after study plan. (Author) KW - Access KW - Calibration KW - Entry control KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Savings KW - Strategy KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450110 AU - Wunderlick, R C AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR SHORT-TERM TOTAL FREEWAY CLOSURES PY - 1984/08 SP - 21 p. AB - Maintenance or construction work which requires closing all the main lanes of an urban freeway creates a need for special traffic management techniques. Field studies were conducted at three freeway closures in Houston to observe traffic operations and identify problem areas and successful management strategies: 1) IH-610 (East Loop) at SH-225 was closed on a Saturday for repair work on the bridge connecting SH-225 West with IH-610 South. The bridge required reconstruction as a result of damage sustained during a severe truck accident and fire. 2) The northbound lanes of IH-45 (Gulf Freeway) was closed between IH-610 (South Loop) and downtown Houston on a Saturday to move portable concrete barriers. 3) The construction of a "flyover" ramp for an Authorized Vehicle Lane necessitated the closure of westbound IH-10 (Katy Freeway) at IH-610 (West Loop) during a weekend. All three closures were done as part of the sequence of work oon construction projects. This report presents general oprational guidelines and recommendations based on the findings of the three field studies. The guidelines are not intended to provide information on all aspects of traffic control at freeway closure work zones. Rather, they were intended to supplement standard work zone traffic control procedures. The guidelines are organized into four broad categories: Advance Planning; Advance Notification; Traffic Management; and Law Enforcement. (Author) KW - Field studies KW - Freeway operations KW - Guidelines KW - Road closings KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396676 AU - Mounce, J M AU - Stokes, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF TRANSITWAYS: REVIEW OF CURRENT PRACTICE PY - 1984/08 SP - 108 p. AB - The concept of exclusive high-occupancy vehicle priority treatment facilities (transiteways) has been strongly endorsed by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT). There currently exists no unified set of accepted standards for the design of transitway facilities. The overall objective of this study is to develop a Texas manual of design guidelines for transitway facilities based upon a review of standards and operation of existing and proposed projects nationwide and in Texas. This report presents the details and summary of this information to be assess subsquently for technical adequacy and applicability in Texas. Recommendations for the Transitway Design Manual will be forthcoming to be considered by both SDHPT and transit authority officials. (Author) KW - Bus lanes KW - Guidelines KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway design KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399493 AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIDAQS DATA PROCESSING PROGRAMS - WYLBUR COMMANDS AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS PY - 1984/08 SP - 43 p. AB - The B-2 TRIDAQS (Travel Information Data Acquisition System) is a unit for recording travel time information in a floating vehicle. The unit is highly portable, with easy transfer from vehicle-to-vehicle, and virtually independent of any special vehicle. The unit is operating by the driver, with the acquired data recorded on cassette tape. A playback arrangement within the unit permits recorded data to be transmitted directly to the computer for processing, utilizing an acoustic coupler and telephone hookup. The battery of data processing programs (for processing field data acquired by the TRIDAQS unit) is written in Fortran 77. The programs operate in a batch mode and imputs are supplied through the standard Fortran logical unit 5. In a terminal environment, the preparation of data cards in an 80 column format is difficult. This report describes a series of WYLBUR terminal programs that were written to interact with the user through a question/answer dialogue, and prepare the necessary data cards for a SYNSIN file. At the end of the individual dialogue, the batch program execution is invoked. Sample program outputs are included in this report as a guide for program selection, and the error messages generated during batch execution are listed and discussed. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Data recorders KW - Information processing KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396360 AU - Bieber, D A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL TIED BACK CRIB WALL WITH SALVAGED GUARDRAIL FACING PY - 1984/08 SP - 43 p. AB - In order to implement Caltrans' recycling program, Transportation Laboratory Engineers designed a tied back crib wall utilizing salvaged steel guardrail. An experimental wall constructed using this design was built in District 7 on Highway 101. Caltrans' Laboratory and District personnel monitored the instrumentation incorporated within the wall. The wall monitoring system consisted of strain gages attached to steel posts embedded in the backfill. Details of construction are presented in this report. Wall performance was monitored for three years as outlined in the original research proposal. The cost effectiveness of the project and potential for use in other Districts throughout the state is summarized in the concluding remarks. Due to favorable results on the project, the TransLab expects to implement more projects that uttilize salvaged guardrail. This report serves as a guide for the design and construction of tied back steel crib walls using salvaged materials. (Author) KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crib walls KW - Design KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Recycling KW - Steel KW - Strain gages KW - Tiebacks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462307 AU - Jabri, M AU - Tabbarah, A AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE CHACE AIR INDICATOR. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 178 p. AB - This study evaluated the Chace Air Indicator (CAI) using sixteen concrete mix variables and has provided results conforming with the findings of previous research. The CAI indicated higher values than the pressure method at low air contents and lower values at high air contents. However, mortar-corrected CAI readings, using the proper Chace factor, gave values typically 15 percent higher than the pressure method over all ranges of air contents. A set of curve correction equations with confidence intervals indicating the reliability of results was suggested to adjust for deviations with results based on the average of one, two or three readings per test sample. It is concluded that the performance of the CAI improves with increased number of readings per test sample and proper training of operators. It is recommended that the CAI be used with care in testing concretes with high range water reducer at high air contents because of the variation of readings with time. KW - Accuracy KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Equations KW - Measuring instruments KW - Reliability KW - Values in measurement KW - Variables KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462302 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Huber, G A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF MIXING TEMPERATURE AND STOCKPILE MOISTURE ON ASPHALT MIXTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 140 p. AB - This report summarizes the effects of various mixing temperatures and stockpile moisture contents on asphalt mixtures produced by conventional and drum mix plants. Asphalt mixtures were produced and placed on the road with water contents ranging from zero to saturated and at temperatures ranging from 175 deg F to 325 deg F at three different sites with different absorptive aggregates. Laboratory specimens as well as field specimens were made in order to evaluate various engineering properties. While some variation in tensile strength, tensile strength ratio, and boiling test results was observed, no significant difference was identified between mixtures produced in the batch plant and the drum plant for all conditions of stockpile moisture and mixing temperature. Both types of asphalt plants were able to remove most or all of the moisture from the stockpile aggregate though they were penalized with higher fuel costs and lower production. Several uncontrolled variables encountered during the experiments (moisture content of asphalt mixture, voids in the mineral aggregate, air voids, asphalt content and asphalt penetration) caused some variability in the results; however, they did not mask the effects of the controlled variables completely. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt plants KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Mixers KW - Mixing KW - Mixing plants KW - Mixing temperature KW - Moisture content KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391060 AU - Rutherford, N F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT AND SHOULDER MAINTENANCE PERFORMANCE GUIDES PY - 1984/08 SP - 42 p. AB - This project consists of a study of seven pavement and shoulder maintenance activities. The participating States exchanged information on each activity and prepared a series of Performance Guides based on the information exchange and the one year evaluation period. These guides were field tested over a 12-month period and final revisions made based on the testing. The Performance Guide for each topic is considered to be the State-of-the-Art on existing materials, equipment and procedures. (Author) KW - Guidelines KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Road shoulders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206475 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00395681 JO - Transportation Analysis Report PB - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Brunso, J M AU - Hartgen, D T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSUMER TRADE-OFFS BETWEEN MOBILITY AND GASOLINE SAVINGS PY - 1984/08 SP - 23 p. AB - Since 1978 gasoline use in New York State has steadily declined. On the other hand NYS travel has increased steadily since 1968, set back only twice by the oil crises of 1973 and 1978. This study examines this phenomenon through two analyses: first, aggregate trends in travel, fuel use, price, and efficiency are used to determine the general nature of the trade-offs that consumers have been making. Second, 3 statewide surveys of consumer response to energy conservation were examined for their impact on work, non-work, and other travel in 1979, 1980, and 1982, the years in which the surveys were conducted. By relating conservation impacts to changes in energy use and vehicle modess of travel, the trade-offs consumers are making to cope with changes in energy supply and price are developed. The study found that shifts to more fuel-efficient automobiles have helped consumers save significant amounts of gasoline. However, consumers are reinvesting some of these savings in additional travel. An examination of the trned of responses to the conservation survey indicates that consumers understand how to conserve gasoline. They claim increasingly to take actions to conserve non-work travel. However when actual trip rates, trip distances, and incidence factors were applied to the survey responses it became apparent that the major conservation strategies were work and car related. The study concludes that after an initial reduction in travel in response to gasoline shortages in 1979, consumers have chosen to reinvest the savings made possible by more fuel efficient automobiles in additional non-work travel in order to retain household travel patterns which are most satisfying to them. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data collection KW - Fuel consumption KW - Gasoline KW - Mobility KW - Savings KW - Surveys KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Trip rate KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/217209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396361 AU - HANNON, J B AU - Chang, J C AU - Cornelius, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL PRESSURE AND STRESSES ON WOOD FACED RETAINING WALL WITH BAR-MAT ANCHORS PY - 1984/08 SP - 97 p. AB - This report presents the results of laboratory testing and short-term field monitoring of an instrumented wood-faced mechanically stabilized embankment constructed with steel bar-mat reinforcement. This retaining wall supported an embankment, allowed traffic through construction, and eliminated a costly detour. Wall construction was rapid, economical and provided good performance. Strain gage measurements on plywood face panels from laboratory vacuum test loadings and under actual overburden conditions provided good correlation for estimating lateral soil pressures. These estimated values were confirmed by strain gage measurements on steel bar-mat reinforcement. Pressure cells were unreliable in measuring lateral soil pressures. The resluts of instrumentation suggest a uniform lateral oil pressure distribution behind the wall face. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Earth pressure KW - Face KW - Load cells KW - Plywood KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Retaining walls KW - Strain gages KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399302 AU - Winn, D P AU - Olsen, MPJ AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSOLIDATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 183 p. AB - An extensive literature review of current consolidation practices and a laboratory investigation to determine the effects of coarse aggregate factor, maximum aggregate size, vibrator spacing, the method of vibrator mounting, and the use of superplasticizers with and without set retarders on the achieved consolidation of continously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) were performed. Also studied were variations in consolidation throughout the depth of CRCP slabs and a new technique utilizing acceleration as a method of monitoring the consolidation progress in the fresh concrete. The consolidation varies throughout the depth of concrete slabs with the greatest density existing in the bottom. For the aggregate gradations used, a maximum coarse aggregate factor of 0.80 and a maximum aggregate size of 1-1/2 inch yielded the best consolidation. Mounting vibrators perpendicular to the direction of travel was fouund to be as effective as a parallel mounting method and superplasticizers were foond to have detrimental effects on consolidation of stiff concrete. The measurements of acceleration were found to be a viable method of monitoring the consolidation process of fresh concrete. (Author) KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Consolidations KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395179 AU - Gomez, M AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR FULL-DEPTH ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/08 SP - 229 p. AB - A mechanistic design procedure for Full-Depth asphalt concrete AC pavements for highways is proposed and validated. The procedure is based on ILLI-PAVE, a stress dependent finite element computer program, coupled with appropriate transfer functions. Two material design criteria are considered: AC flexural fatigue cracking and subgrade rutting. Fatigue cracking is controlled by limiting the tensile strain at the bottom of the AC-subgrade interface. Algorithms were developed relating pavement response parameters (stresses, strain, deflections) to AC thickness, AC moduli, and subgrade moduli. Two fatigue equations were calibrated with ILLI-PAVE algorithms and data from the AASHO Road Test bituminous wedge sections. Weighting factors are developed and validated. Relationships between weighing factors and mean monthly air temperatures are established. From the WF-MMAT relationship a "design season condition" is determined. The design season condition is represented by the effective AC dynamic modulus and the subgrade resilient modulus corresponding to late spring or early summer. The proposed mechanistic design procedure requires AC thicknesses less than those required by IDOT, The Asphalt Institute, and the Shell procedures. The thickness discrepancies vary depending on traffic and subgrade support. (Author) KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design methods KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement layers KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stress ratio KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-041.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390388 AU - Richter, R A AU - King, C L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR MAKING PEDESTRIAN CROSSING STRUCTURES PY - 1984/08 SP - 31 p. AB - In designing and locating pedestrian over- and undercrossing structures, accessibility for handicapped persons is an important consideration. Features needed to provide accessibility should be incorporated into the structures unless it is shown that it is impractical to do so. Even when full accessibility is not provided, as many of the handicapped population as possible should be accommodated on the pedestrian structure. The types of features used most commonly on over-and undercrossing structures are determined by the needs of two major groups of handicapped users--those who use wheelchairs and those who are visually impaired. This latter group can be divided into those with limited vision and those who cannot see at all. Completed research provides an indication of the accessibility requirements of handicapped persons who use wheelchairs or are visually impaired. The maximum ramp grades and distances between resting places needed by persons in wheel chairs are provided. Design requirements necessary to accommodate persons with other types of ambulatory disabilities are also described. Features necessary to accommodate both persons with limited vision and those who cannot see at all are detailed. The necessity of considering the pedestrian overpass or underpass as a part of a broader network of accessible routes is outlined. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Crosswalks KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Grades KW - Guidelines KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Rest stops KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Slopes KW - Spacing KW - Visually impaired persons KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395180 AU - Scullion, T AU - Lux, S M AU - Holland, C N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST PROCEDURES, SPECIFICATIONS, AND APPLICATIONS FOR GEOFABRICS IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/08 SP - 106 p. AB - This report summarizes the literature available on testing and specifications for geofabrics to be used in highway pavement applications. The applications considered are: drainage separation, reinforcement, silt fencing, and impermeable barriers. Based on this survey, a testing program and tentative specifications are presented. In addition, this report summarizes the Texas Highway Department's experience with geofabrics. It recommends areas in which geofabrics appear cost-effective, makes recommendations for future experimental work, and presents an analytical procedure by which the strengthening effect of geofabrics under base courses can be modeled. (Author) KW - Geotextiles KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavements KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394752 AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT PAVEMENTS MODIFIED WITH COARSE RUBBER PARTICLES-DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND ICE CONTROL OBSERVATIONS PY - 1984/08 SP - 50 p. AB - A paving system was developed in Sweden in the 1960's in which relatively large rubber particles are incorporated into asphalt concrete pavements. The original purpose was to increase skid resistance and durability. This system, distributed under the trade names "Skega Asphalt" or "Rubit" in Scandinavia and "PlusRide" in the U.S.A. was also found to provide a new form of wintertime ice control because of the increased flexibility and the action of protruding rubber particles. The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) installed six experimental pavement sections using the PlusRide system between 1979 and 1983. Major modifications to normal asphalt pavement aggregate gradations, adphalt contents, and mix design procedures are considered essential to achieve durable non-ravelling rubber-asphalt pavements. Laboratory tests of PlusRide paving mixes also indicated a potential for greatly increased pavement fatigue life as a result of the elasticity of this material, particularly when finely ground rubber is added to the mix and the mix cured at a temperature for about one hour prior to compaction. The attainment of low voids in the pavement is the primary design and construction objective, and mix design and construction activities are discussed in this report. Observations of the skid reduction benefits under icy road conditions have been made with a British Pendulum Tester and a vehicle equipped with a Tapley Brake Meter. Tests indicate that significant reductions in city road stopping distance nearly always resulted from the use of the PlusRide paving system. For 21 testing dates over three winters, stopping distances were reduced by an average of 25 percent, with reductions on specific dates ranging from 3 to 50 percent. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deicing KW - Flexibility KW - Mix design KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Skid resistance KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Void ratios UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_07.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394744 AU - Richter, R A AU - King, C L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR MAKING PEDESTRIAN CROSSING STRUCTURES ACCESSIBLE PY - 1984/08 SP - 31 p. AB - Accessibility for handicapped persons is an important consideration when designing and locating pedestrian over-and undercrossing structures. This manual provides recommendations and design criteria for pedestrian over- and undercrossing structures for elderly and handicapped pedestrians. Maximum ramp grades and distances between resting places needed by persons in wheelchairs are described along with design requirements to accommodate persons with limited vision and those unable to see at all are detailed. In addition, the necessity to consider these strutures as a part of a broader network of accessible routes is outlined in this manual. (A more extensive treatment of design features which aid elderly and handicapped pedestrians can be found in the report titled Development of Priority Accessible Networks: An Implementation Manual, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA-IP-80-8), (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1980).) The guidelines in this report are not intended as standards; they describe good practices which should be applied by designers as appropriate for each structure. The provisions in this manual are directly related to research work performed at the Pedestrian Research Laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. (FHWA). KW - Accessibility KW - Crosswalks KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Overpasses KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Underpasses KW - Visually impaired persons KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393973 AU - Carpenter, W A AU - Hendricks, W J AU - Belli, D M AU - Davis, S R AU - Hudson, J L AU - Sabadell, Y P AU - Yu, S B AU - Inco Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROBAQM--A PROBABILISTIC AIR QUALITY MODEL FOR HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/08 SP - 162 p. AB - The Probabilistic Air Quality Model (PROBAQM) provides realistic and easily interpreted estimates of air quality impacts in the microregion of one or more highways. The model has been designed to enable environmental analysts and highway design engineers who may have little or no computer experience to perform detailed and realistic analyses of the impacts of existing or proposed highway facilities. It incorporates many advanced computational and modeling features specifically designed to give the user a great deal of power without a great deal of complexity. The model is also very flexible. It will easily accommodate new air quality standards and can address single-hour and multiple-hour air quality standards up to 24 hours. In addition, it can address standards which either count or do not count overlapping multiple-hour violations. It can model up to thirteen line sources with completely independent variations in source characteristics. PROBAQM also provides a complete range of informative output. The user's guide in this report describes both data sources and methods for acquiring PROBAQM input data. Alternatively, the user can choose to use some of the program's defaults for many of the model's input traffic parameters. The user's guide also provides detailed descriptions of the input procedures, as well as a presentation of the mathematical and probabilistic concepts upon which PROBAQM is built. The PROBAQM source code is available on tape together with sample data and the source code for PWTHRDCT and PWCLASS, two programs for performing a required one-time preprocessing of PROBAQM meteorological data. KW - Air pollution KW - Computer programs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway design KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393770 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF A ROUGHNESS METER PY - 1984/08 SP - 14 p. AB - This publication addresses the problem of calibration of a May's Ride Meter. A limited amount of roughness data were obtained with a CHLOE Profilometer and level survey. This information was compared to values obtained with May's Ride Meter over the same sections. Regression analyses indicated that the Mays-CHLOE correlation was the most acceptable. (Author) KW - Calibration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455972 AU - Frey, Leo J AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Brown County, Indiana PY - 1984/07/03 SP - 150p AB - The following report entitled, "Engineering Soils Map of Brown County, Indiana," contains very useful information for the planning and design of engineering facilities. The attached map depicts the locations of the engineering soil-parent material associations. The first part of the report gives general geologic, drainage, and topographic data concerning Brown County. The engineering properties and descriptions of the soils formed over their respective landform is given (e.g., seasonal groundwater table depths, AASHTO classification of soil texture, liquid and plastic limits, etc). The second portion of this report describes many of the geotechnical problems found in Brown County. Based upon data from the preceding section and field investigations, the problems are identified and examined for cause of origin. This report represents an effort to alert the field engineer who is not familiar with the area to actual field conditions and potential hazards . KW - Aerial photography KW - Brown County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314592 UR - http://ia700402.us.archive.org/8/items/engineeringsoils00frey/engineeringsoils00frey_bw.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321168 AU - Technology Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warrants for Pedestrian Over and Underpasses PY - 1984/07//Final Report SP - 152p AB - The purpose of this research was to develop warrants for pedestrian over and underpasses or grade separated pedestrian crossings (GSPCs). Currently there are no established nationally acceptable warrants to serve as standards in deciding whether or not to build a GSPC. This research was conducted by first performing a literature review of existing practices and assessment of the state-of-the-practice to identify general types of warrants and existing warrants. A panel of advisors was formed to evaluate the practicality of the existing and candidate warrants. A behavioral study was conducted to ascertain pedestrians' perceptions of risks and inconvenience associated with use of sample GSPCs. Candidate warrants were developed and validated by contigency table and chi-square analyses of site characteristics of sample GSPCs. Proposed warrants, were developed from the candidate warrants consisting of threshold warrants "for pedestrian volume. vehicle volume. and distance to nearest "safe" alternative crossing. In addition. requirements for at-grade roadway crossing barriers, .artificial lighting. site topography to minimize elevation changes. nearby pedestrian-generating land use(s) and available funding were included. Seattle's priority ranking system (warrant) was proposed as a tool to prioritize potential GSPC sites for planning purposes based on pedestrian and vehicle volume, accidents, and other site characteristics. KW - Crosswalks KW - Footbridges KW - Overpasses KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - State of the practice KW - Underpasses KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34069/FHWA-RD-84-082.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1082079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389942 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Boulder, City of, Colorado AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - PROCEEDINGS--FOURTH ANNUAL PEDESTRIAN CONFERENCE, PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MEETING SEPTEMBER 20-21, PEDESTRIAN DESIGN MEETING SEPTEMBER 22-23, 1983 PY - 1984/07 SP - 341 p. AB - Pedestrian safety and design issues were the subjects jointly discussed at the Fourth Annual Pedestrian Conference held in Boulder, Colorado, September 20-23, 1983. The conference was divided into two 2-day meetings. The Pedestrian Safety Meeting was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and coordinated by Public Technology, Inc., an international information transfer and technology exchange organization. The Pedestrian Design Meeting was sponsored by the City of Boulder's Transportation Division and co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation and the College of Design and Planning, University of Colorado. The conference had two basic objectives: to disseminate tested engineering, education, and enforcement techniques to reduce the incidence of pedestrian accidents, and to present a variety of approaches utilized in the United States, Canada and Europe to create visually attractive, functional, and highly used urban pedestrian spaces. These proceedings present the findings, workshop presentations, case studies, design techniques and overall summaries of the meetings. (Author) KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Information dissemination KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622320 AU - Bellomo, S J AU - Liff, S D AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTALS OF AIR QUALITY FOR HIGHWAY PLANNING AND PROJECT DEVELOPMENT. TRAINING MANUAL PY - 1984/07 SP - 238 p. AB - As a support document for a training course given by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) this handbook provides basic information on all elements of the transportation/air quality analysis process. Each aspect of the process, including the legal, technical and procedural issues, is discussed and the sequence of events is described. A distinction is made between systems level (mesoscale) analysis and project level (microscale) analysis, the text is presented in a manner to demonstrate the interaction of the two analysis scales. First, the air pollutant emissions, their effects, and methods for controlling them are explained, as are the Federal emission standards and ambient air quality standards. The transportation planning process, including sketch planning techniques, are described, followed by methodologies for linking transportation information to mobile source pollutant emissions. The user is then given complete information on how to use the relevant air quality dispersion models which are in current use and accepted by FHWA and the Environmental Protection Agency. The general characteristics of the models, the required inputs, the resultant outputs, limitations on use of the models, and sources for more information are presented. Finally, the handbook provides the user with guidance for preparing environmental impact statements (EIS) and for responding to the Federally mandated requirements for conforming to air quality and transportation planning procedures. This text is supplemented by appendices which describe in detail special subjects, such as air quality monitoring and meteorology. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Dispersion models KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Exhaust gases KW - Handbooks KW - Highway planning KW - Manuals KW - Project development KW - Project management KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Standards KW - Training KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477364 AU - Habib, P AU - Thornhill, W AU - Kaplan, W AU - Polytechnic Institute of New York AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF PROHIBITING LEFT-TURNS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 54 p. AB - This report presents the results of analyses conducted to determine the effects of prohibiting of left-turns at intersections on two-way streets without turning bays. The principal focus of the project was the development of a delay-prediction tool to describe the effect of left turns on through and right turn traffic. This required field measurements to calibrate NETSIM, the traffic simulation model, which was then used to generate results for a variety of traffic volumes, approach widths and other traffic variables. The report contains an assessment of the safety value of turn prohibitions as well as the best methods to control the prohibited turn under a variety of physical conditions. KW - Left turns KW - Legislation KW - Prohibitions KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395913 AU - Schmitt, R P AU - Beimborn, E A AU - Mulroy, M J AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS OF EFFECTIVE TRANSFER AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1984/07 SP - 93 p. AB - This report describes a study funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) that examined the process of technology transfer in highway maintenance. The study conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Extension and University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, had as its major focus the analysis of effective methods for the transfer of highway maintenance information and technology. Included is an analysis of selected models of technology transfer, a description of current efforts of FHWA, an analysis of the following specific techniques; circuit riders, conferences/short courses, slide-tapes, state- of-the-art reports, technical notices, trade publications, and changeable add-on notebooks. The report recommends; (1) technology transfer efforts, whre possible, should be carried out by full-time specialists who emphasize face-to-face communication and local feedback; (2) that a training program should be developed for technology transfer specialists who work with state and local officials on highway-related problems; (3) that there be a mechanism developed to improve the quality and user utility of written materiwals, as well as an effort to control the amount of information which is disseminated to local agencies; (4) that FHWA should try to get involved with local user networks like like professional and trade associations in order to foster increased peer-to-peer communications; (5) that the market for maintenance information should be viewed on a segmented basis; and (6) that research use should be viewed as an essential component of all stages of the research process. (Author) KW - Highway maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450109 AU - Shinsel, V AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL BLOWING DUST ALARM SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAYS PY - 1984/07 SP - 34 p. AB - Blowing dust storms pose a visibility hazard motorists. An experimental alarm which senses electrification of a metal antenna by blowing dust particles is described. The metal antenna can be an ordinary radio whip antenna or an insulated top strand of barbed-wire right of way fence to monitor a greater area. The sensor responded favorably under conditions of half mile visibility and 20 mph winds. Field tests were conducted by telemetry to an office microcomputer. Dust related radio noise which blanks out broadcast reception is attributed to electrification of metallic objects and subsequent corona or spark discharge. An experimental acoustic sensor for blowing sand is also described, along with comment on application of an ionization chamber to detect motionless dust. (Author) (Author) KW - Alarm systems KW - Antennas KW - Dust KW - Dust storms KW - Sensors KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/265873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399510 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Anderson, M AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FULL-DEPTH ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/07 SP - 45 p. AB - This study was initiated to verify a newly-developed set of design curves for full-depth asphaltic concrete pavements. Quality control during construction was checked using nuclear density testers, Benkelman beams, and a Road Rater. During the couse of this study, an analysis system was developed to interpret the dynamic deflections as measured by the Road Rater and was confirmed by elastic theory. The thickness design curves were verified within the accuracy of construction variations. Rut depths measured in 1979 were analyzed in terms of potential rut depths resulting from consolidation under traffic due to lack of obtaining 100-percent of Marshall density during compaction immediately after paving. Potential rutting was calculated as the decimal equivalent of the quantity of 100 percent minus percent compaction times the layer thickness and the results accumulated from the surface downward. Advances in technology under this study have led to greater advances under succeeding studies. Traffic was monitored using automatic traffic counters, manual classification/volume counts, and weigh-in-motion scales installed in the pavement. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Depth KW - Design curves KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474943 AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF PAVEMENT MILLINGS IN COLD MIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 41 p. AB - Thirteen recycling agents were tested with ten stockpiles of asphalt concrete pavement millings for use in cold mix recycling. Six of the thirteen agents were emulsions and the rest were classified as rejuvenators. The aggregates in the ten stockpiles were limestone, novaculite, syenite, gravel, and sandstone. The physical properties of the asphalt cement in the pavement millings were investigated. The recycling agents and pavement millings were tested by a modified Marshall mix design procedure plus a visual rating system. Some mixes were tested for retained strength by immersion-compression testing. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cold weather KW - Compression tests KW - Emulsions KW - Immersion compression test KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement millings KW - Physical properties KW - Recycling KW - Rejuvenating agent UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2063.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395903 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTABLE CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS AT WORK ZONES PY - 1984/07 SP - 16 p. AB - This report contains several guidelines concerning the use and operation of changeable message signs at highway construction and maintenance work zones. Operational, design, and message considerations are summarized. The report is intended as a quick reference for individuals responsible for the installation and operation of changeable message signs at work zones. (Author) KW - Guidelines KW - Portable equipment KW - Utilization KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474944 AU - Blacklock, J R AU - University of Arkansas, Little Rock AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL PROPERTIES WHICH INFLUENCE THE UTILIZATION OF MARGINAL AGGREGATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 97 p. AB - The report contains chapters dealing with the technology of cyclic triaxial testing of typical Arkansas marginal aggregate base materials. Aggregate samples from three highway districts of the state were tested during the term of the research project to determine their engineering properties and those findings are presented and compared to newly developed GB-4 "low" and GB-4 "middle" resilient modulus properties. The aggregate cyclic triaxial test method developed is presented and offered for adaption of other testing laboratories for evaluation of both marginal and non-marginal base and subbase aggregates. The improvement of marginal aggregates with lime, lime/fly ash, Donna Fill, calcium chloride and sodium chloride was studied and those results are presented. Recommendations for partial selection criteria and specifications of treated, modified and plain marginal aggregates for low volume highways are presented. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by gradation KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cyclic triaxial testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lime fly ash KW - Low volume roads KW - Marginal aggregates KW - Materials tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Properties of materials KW - Sodium chloride KW - Specifications UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2069.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472186 AU - Farr, E H AU - HITZ, J S AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - ACCIDENT SEVERITY PREDICTION FORMULA FOR RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 52 p. AB - This report describes the development of formulas which predict the severity of accidents at public rail-highway crossings. They employ the previously developed DOT accident prediction formula, U.S. DOT-AAR National Rail-Highway Crossing Inventory, and the FRA accident files. With these new formulas used in the DOT Resource Allocation Procedure, information will be available to assist in making better decisions about where to install motorist warning devices to further increase crossing safety for a given level of funding. Established statistical techniques are used to develop two formulas: one that estimates the number of fatal accidents per year at a crossing and one that estimates the number of injury accidents per year at a crossing. It was found that the factors in the inventory that significantly influence fatal accident severity, given that an accident occurred, were maximum timetable train speed, the number of through trains per day, the number of switch trains per day, and the urban-rural location. For injury accident severity, given that an accident occurred, the significant factors were maximum timetable train speed, the number of tracks, and the urban-rural location. The performance of these severity formulas is discussed and calculated results are presented. KW - Crash severity KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Operating speed KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Railroad trains KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Train operations KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399308 AU - Tucker, K L AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF BENTONITIC SLURRY ON DRILLED SHAFTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 85 p. AB - A series of laboratory and field studies were performed to determine the effect of bentonitic slurry on drilled shafts. Suggestions for construction procedures and slurry specifications are made. When such procedures were followed, no adverse effects have resulted. (Author) KW - Bentonite slurry KW - Bentonite-cement slurry KW - Construction management KW - Drilled shafts KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399309 AU - Smith, K G AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF RAPID SETTING MATERIALS USED FOR REPAIR OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/07 SP - 105 p. AB - Minimizing lane down-time is of key importance when repairing concrete pavements in high traffic volume areas. As a result, rapid setting repair materials are in great demand. Many such products are available, however, they differ widely in chemical composition, workability, durability, and cost. The following four proprietary rapid setting materials were chosen for laboratory and field evaluation: (1) Duracal (a water-activated blend of portland cement and gypsum); (2) Set-45 (a water-activated magnesia phosphate); (3) Gilco Highway Patch (a water-activated modified portland cement); and (4) Neco-crete (a magnesia powder which is activated by an ammonium phosphate solution). The repair mixes contained both fine and coarse aggregate. Techniques used to place and finish the repairs were similar to those used with conventional portland cement concrete. Laboratory results include thee following: (1) compressive strengths, flexural strengths and Gilmore Needle set times of materials mixed and air-cured at 40, 72, and 110 degree F (4, 22, and 43 degree C); (2) change in length of air-cured specimens; and (3) resistance of specimens to freeze-thaw cycles. Field repairs were made in the Waco, Amarillo, Dallas, and Houston districts. Several small full-depth punchouts were repaired in each of these districts using the rapid setting materials. (Author) KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field performance KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Gypsum KW - Laboratory tests KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance KW - Phosphates KW - Portland cement KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Setting (Concrete) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461777 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Henry, J J AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE: SIGNIFICANCE AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES. VOLUME II: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 271 p. AB - It is generally agreed that the skid resistance of a pavement is controlled by the surface texture characteristics. Therefore, by measuring the relevant parameters describing texture, or by measuring a physical process dependent on texture, regression techniques can be used to relate skid resistance to the chosen texture parameter or process. Two scales of texture are of particular importance: microtexture (small-scale asperities) and macrotexture (large-scale asperities). This report describes work performed to: (1) review candidate macrotexture and microtexture measurement methods that can be made at highway speeds (at or above 40 mph), which are presently used or have potential for use in pavement texture measurement; (2) design and build a prototype of the most promising method; (3) evaluate the effects of pavement surface texture on skid resistance; and (4) investigate non-friction-related effects of pavement surface texture. A prototype noncontact vision system which takes texture measurements at highway speeds was developed, and several improvements were made to upgrade the system to provide an improved prototype. Both hardware and software enhancements have yielded a texture measurement system that is a fast, efficient, and reliable way of obtaining pavement macrotexture data. KW - Digital displays KW - Digital video KW - Hardware KW - Macrotexture KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microtexture KW - Pavements KW - Prototypes KW - Skid resistance KW - Software KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461776 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Henry, J J AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE: SIGNIFICANCE AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 47 p. AB - It is generally agreed that the skid resistance of a pavement is controlled by the surface texture characteristics. Therefore, by measuring the relevant parameters describing texture, or by measuring a physical process dependent on texture, regression techniques can be used to relate skid resistance to the chosen texture parameter or process. Two scales of texture are of particular importance: microtexture (small-scale asperities) and macrotexture (large-scale asperities). This report describes work performed to: (1) review candidate macrotexture and microtexture measurement methods that can be made at highway speeds (at or above 40 mph), which are presently used or have potential for use in pavement texture measurement; (2) design and build a prototype of the most promising method; (3) evaluate the effects of pavement surface texture on skid resistance; and (4) investigate non-friction-related effects of pavement surface texture. A prototype noncontact vision system which takes texture measurements at highway speeds was developed, and several improvements were made to upgrade the system to provide an improved prototype. Both hardware and software enhancements have yielded a texture measurement system that is a fast, efficient, and reliable way of obtaining pavement macrotexture data. KW - Digital displays KW - Digital video KW - Hardware KW - Macrotexture KW - Measuring instruments KW - Microtexture KW - Pavements KW - Prototypes KW - Skid resistance KW - Software KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460304 AU - Stephens, L B AU - Rissel, M H AU - Potter, G AU - JACKSON, W H AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR LOCAL ROADS. AN OVERVIEW FOR ELECTED OFFICIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 205 p. AB - This manual is one of a series of four manuals designed to aid municipalities in Pennsylvania to administer, manage, and conduct road maintenance activities. The objectives of this manual are to help municipal elected officials to: 1) understand and appreciate the full range of management-related road maintenance issues; 2) make well-informed decisions concerning the allocation of resources for road maintenance; 3) provide effective oversight and control over road maintenance activities; and 4) find sources of more detailed information and training. The manual contains chapters on political factors, organization, finance, cost control, contracting, program management, maintenance techniques, and personnel supervision. KW - Contracting KW - Cost control KW - Decision making KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway maintenance KW - Local government KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Personnel management KW - Politics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460307 AU - Stephens, L B AU - Rissel, M H AU - Rissel, M C AU - Potter, G AU - Arnoult, J AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR LOCAL ROADS. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 268 p. AB - This manual is one of a series of four manuals designed to aid municipalities in Pennsylvania to administer, manage, and conduct road maintenance activities. The objectives of this manual are to help municipal administrators and engineers to: understand and appreciate the full range of management related road maintenance issues; manage deteriorating road systems with limited funds; determine needs, priorities, and work programs in orderly fashion; exercise preventive maintenance rather than crisis-response management; obtain funds, manage expenditures, and cut costs; and find sources of more detailed information and training. The manual contains chapters on political factors, organization, finance, cost control, contracting, pavement management, maintenance management, equipment management, and computers as a management tool. KW - Administration KW - Contracting KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Financing KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway maintenance KW - Local government KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Pavement management systems KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454359 AU - Mellott, D B AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL SULPHLEX PAVEMENT IN PENNSYLVANIA - FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/07 SP - 50 p. AB - This report covers the design and construction of a Sulphlex Pavement in Pennsylvania. The project consisted of a control material, ID-2 wearing surface course material and the experimental material, Sulphlex wearing surface course material placed in a checkerboard on an existing flexible pavement section. Both materials were placed one and one-half inches in depth on a conditioned existing dense-graded bituminous pavement. The conditioning consisted of repairs to correct base failures and preparation of reflective cracks. A leveling or scratch course of ID-2 wearing course was placed to correct irregularities and two inches of ID-2 binder course material was placed to complete the preparation. (Author) KW - Binder course KW - Experimental roads KW - Reflection cracking KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395951 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - PROCEEDINGS--FOURTH ANNUAL PEDESTRIAN CONFERENCE, PART 1-PEDESTRIAN SAFETY MEETING, SEPTEMBER 20-21, 1983 PY - 1984/07 SP - 119 p. AB - This conference was designed to disseminate information on tested engineering, education and enforcement techniques to reduce the incidence of pedestrian accidents, and to present a variety of approaches utilized in the U.S., Canada and Europe to create visually attractive, functional, and highly used urban pedestrian spaces. This publication presents the findings, workshop presentations, case studies, design techniques and overall summaries of the meetings. The conference was divided into two 2-day meetings: The Pedestrian Safety Meeting, and The Pedestrian Design Meeting. The Pedestrian Safety Meeting covered guidelines for successful pedestrian safety programs and included workshop summaries of manual and computer accident typing (MAT and CAT), street crossing education programs, priority accessible networks (accessibility for the elderly and handicapped), education and engineering initiatives for school area safety programs, and childhood safety education. Special topics covered included safety belts, and pedestrian/alcohol programs. Case studies of comprehensive programs at the local level were also covered. The keynote address was on public liability implications of pedestrian accidents. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Child safety KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Law enforcement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Safety education KW - Safety engineering KW - Safety programs KW - School children KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393819 AU - Sanderson, V A AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PY - 1984/07 SP - 278 p. AB - This report presents the development of a monitoring procedure that can provide the maintenance managers of the Indiana Department of Highways with a relatively simple and straight-forward base for evaluating and improving productivity of maintenance operations. The procedure involves calculation of average cost of performing a given maintenance activity to identify "deviate" subdistricts (those with very high or low costs), analysis of labor and material use information, review of equipment records, and field observations of crews at work in order to determine the reasons for the deviate cost. (Author) KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Monitoring KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391656 AU - Petersen, J C AU - Western Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASPHALT AS RELATED TO ASPHALT DURABILITY-STATE OF THE ART PY - 1984/07 SP - 46 p. AB - The literature relating asphalt chemical composition and asphalt durability was reviewed and interpreted. Two major chemical factors affecting asphalt durability are 1) compatibility of the interacting asphalt components and 2) resistance to change from oxidative aging. Historically, studies of asphalt have been facilitated by separation of asphalt into component fractions; however, these fractions are complex mixtures whose composition varies significantly among different asphalts. Reaction of asphalt with atmospheric oxygen leads to its hardening and embrittlement. The hardening phenomenon results primarily from the formation of polar, oxygen-containing functional groups that increase asphalt consistency through strong molecular interaction forces. The identification and characterization of the interacting chemical functional types normally present in asphalt or formed on oxidative aging affords a fundamental approach to composition-property-performance relationships of both asphalts and asphalt-aggregate mixtures. In addition to chemical functionality formed on oxidation, asphalt properties are significantly altered by molecular structuring--sometimes called steric hardening. This phenomenon, although highly elusive and difficult to quantify, may also be a major factor contributing to pavement embrittlement. (Author) KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical composition KW - Concrete hardening KW - Durability KW - Embrittlement KW - Hardness KW - Molecular structure KW - Oxidation KW - Resistance KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391658 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNITED STATES STEEL-STEEL SHEET PILING DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1984/07 SP - 132 p. AB - This manual is directed to the practicing engineer concerned with safe, economical designs of steel sheet pile retaining structures. The content is directed basically toward the designer's two primary objectives: overall stability of the structural system and the integrity of its various components. Emphasis is placed on step-by-step procedures for estimating the external forces on the structure, evaluating the overall stability, and sizing the sheet piling and other structural elements. Graphs and tables are included to aid the designer in arriving at quick solutions. Three basic types of sheet pile structures are considered: (1) cantilevered and anchored retaining walls, (2) braced cofferdams and (3) cellular cofferdams. Consideration is also given to the design of anchorage systems for walls and bracing systems for cofferdams. The design procedures included in this manual are in common use today by most engineers involved in the design of sheet pile retaining structures. These methods have consistently provided successful retaining structures that have performed well in service. However, in using these procedures, one should not be lulled into a false sense of security about the accuracy of the computed results. This is especially true with regard to lateral earth pressures on retaining structures. The simplifying assumptions inherent in any of these procedures and their dependence on the strength properties of the soil provide only approximations to reality. It is assumed throughout that the reader has a fundamental knowledge of soil mechanics and a working knowledge of structural steel design. It is further assumed that the subsurface conditions and soil properties at the site of the proposed construction have been satisfactorily established and the designer has chosen the type of sheet pile structure best suited to the site. (Author) KW - Anchor walls KW - Cantilevers KW - Cellular structures KW - Cofferdams KW - Design KW - Manuals KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Retaining walls KW - Sheet metal KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Steel KW - Steel piling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391657 AU - Welborn, J Y AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1984/07 SP - 180 p. AB - The great increase in highway construction beginning in the 1950's made evident the need for better control of materials and construction. A comprehensive research and development program was begun to use statistical methods for quality assurance in highway construction. The effort since has resulted in quality control and acceptance plans which are used in specifications to somm degree by more than 30 states. The quality assurance specifications usually assign the responsibility for control of materials and construction to thee contractor. Acceptance and method for pay adjustment for non-compliance are highway agency responsibilities; surveys show a wide disparity in pay adjustment factors. Performance-related specifications based on distress modes and contributing factors are also described. Studies indicate that the most predominant forms of distress are cracking (load and non-load), distortion, disintegration, roughness and reduced skid resistance. Contributing material factors and evaluation methods are outlined for each of the performance-related distress modes. The report also summarizes the problem of reflection cracking, its contributing factors, and methods of overlay design and special treatments to prevent or minimize this form of distress condition. Recommendations are to encourage the effort to continue development of quality assurance specifications based on sound engineering judgment and to develop detailed performance-related specifications with optimum mix-design requirements to meet the need for structural capacity, rideability and skid resistance. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Defects KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34070/FHWA-RD-84-075.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390275 AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK ON DESIGN OF PILES AND DRILLED SHAFTS UNDER LATERAL LOAD PY - 1984/07 SP - 386 p. AB - This Handbook is specifically designed as a guide to highway engineers. It was used as a textbook for the FHWA training courses on the above title. Several methods of analysis and design of piles under lateral loading are in use. Two methods are presented: the method of Broms, and the method where nonlinear soil-response curves, p-y curves, are employed. The latter method is given prominence because of its versatility. A computer program is presented for solving the equations giving pile deflection, rotation, bending moment, and shear. An iterative procedure is employed internally in the computer program because of the nonlinear response of the soil. Nondimensional curves are presented that can be used for "hand" solution of the differential equation. Nondimensional solutions are useful as a means of checking computer output and to provide insight into the nature of the problem. Several examples are solved and the material is presented in a manner to simplify the necessary comoputations, with step-by-step procedures given where appropriate. The Handbook is related to a research document with the same title submitted to the Office of Research and Development of the Federal Highway Administration dated July, 1983. (Author) KW - Bending moments KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Drilled shafts KW - Equations KW - Handbooks KW - Loads KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Rotation KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390952 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY 1981 PY - 1984/07 SP - v.p. AB - This publication is a report on activities under the Highway Safety Act of 1966. It covers the period January 1 through December 31, 1981. The contents are presented under the following headings: Introduction; Highway safety program activities; Support for motor vehicle safety; Highway safety within the Federal Highway Administration; FHWA Section 402 program accomplishment; Highway related standards and federal agency roads; and Section 403 accomplishments. KW - Development KW - Highway safety KW - Highway Safety act KW - Improvements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420416 AU - Hinch, J A AU - Owings, R P AU - Manhard, G A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety modifications of turned down guardrail terminals - final report, volume 2: technical report PY - 1984/06 IS - FHWA/RD-84-035 SP - 148P KW - Crash test KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Safety fence KW - Structural design KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420385 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office Of Highway Safety TI - Highway safety overviews: highlights of recent publications and studies PY - 1984/06 SP - 75P KW - Accident KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Bicycle KW - Bicycles KW - Communication KW - Communication KW - Crashes KW - Crossing the road KW - Crosswalks KW - Disabled person KW - Driver KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - Education KW - Highway traffic control KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian crossing KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Planning KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic safety KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419653 AU - Buth, E AU - Arnold, A AU - Campise, W L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Ivey, D L AU - Noel, J S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safer bridge railings: volume 1 - summary report PY - 1984/06 IS - FHWA/RD-82-072 SP - 161P KW - Bridge KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Crash test KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Frangible joint KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Safety fence KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419555 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Pavement damage functions for cost allocation, vol 3, flexible pavement damage functions developed from AASHO road test data PY - 1984/06 IS - FHWA/RD-84-020 SP - 182P KW - AASHO road test KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Damage KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing cycle KW - Highways KW - Material fatigue KW - Mathematical models KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Road costs KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419554 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Pavement damage functions for cost allocation, vol 2: descriptions of detailed studies PY - 1984/06 IS - FHWA/RD-84-019 SP - 228P KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Damage KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Highways KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Material fatigue KW - Material properties KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Properties of materials KW - Repeated loads KW - Repetitive loading KW - Road costs KW - Stiffness KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic distribution KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419553 AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Pavement damage functions for cost allocation. vol 1: damage functions and load equivalence factors PY - 1984/06 IS - FHWA/RD-84-018 SP - 310P KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Load damage relationship KW - Material fatigue KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Road costs KW - Usa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419533 AU - Hinch, J A AU - Owings, R P AU - Manhard, G A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety modifications of turned down guardrail terminals - final report, volume 1: executive summary PY - 1984/06 IS - FHWA/RD-84-034 SP - 38P KW - Crash test KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Overturning KW - Overturning KW - Safety fence KW - Structural design KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457017 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - Creasey, T AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CRASH CUSHIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report is an analysis of 127 accidents involving crash cushions in Kentucky. The primary data base was for the period 1980-82, with some additional data before and after this period. An attempt was made to document each accident with a police report, photographs, and a repair form. The largest number of accidents (63) involved a Hi-Dro cell cushion or cluster, followed by 33 accidents involving a G.R.E.A.T. crash cushion, 19 with a temporary G.R.E.A.T., 10 with sand barrels, and 2 with steel drums. Average repair cost was lowest for the Hi-Dro cell cushion ($392) and highest for the Hi-Dro cell cluster ($2,839). Other repair costs were $1,886 for the G.R.E.A.T. system, $887 for sand barrell installations, and $1,760 for steel drum installation. For those accidents in which performance was noted, crash cushions performed properly 85 percent of the time. Instances of improper performance generally involved either a vehicle rebounding into or across the adjacent roadway or a vehicle overturning. All of the various types performed well. Results from the cost-effectiveness analysis show that crash cushion installations produce a benefit-cost ratio in the range of 1.0 - 2.0. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash cushions KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457085 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - A REVIEW OF TINES TEXTURING OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVING PY - 1984/06 SP - 34 p. AB - This report describes the tests conducted by the Transportation Planning Division, Research Section of the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation to review the methods and effectiveness of Tines Texturing of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements in Texas. It includes average texture values, percent by texture groups, wear measurements, operator variations and surface variations within a project. Also, the opinions, concerns and comments of several engineers in various Districts were discussed. It was concluded that the majority of the Districts have experienced trouble in obtaining the required Tines Texture levels, are concerned with the damage and possibility of structural strength loss caused by tining and do not believe the possible reduction in wet weather accidents achieved by tines is worth the possible reduced loss in structural life caused by tining. Recommendations were made to reduce the average texture depth requirements and delete the minimum texture depth requirement. Minimum cross slope requirements and alternate methods of finishing were suggested. Also, revision of the roughness requirements were suggested as well as additional study of concrete finishing techniques. KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cross-slope KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Roughness KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Slopes KW - Texture KW - Traffic safety KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00621707 AU - DeFoe, J H AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE AS AN ICE CONTROL AGENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 30 p. AB - Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) was evaluated by the Michigan Department of Transportation as an alternate to sodium chloride as an ice control agent. This field evaluation was conducted as part of a Pooled Fund Study involving 22 other state agencies and administered by the Federal Highway Administration. The study consisted of comparative applications of CMA and rock salt on two 6-1/2 mile sections of I96 during winter storm conditions. A total of 98 tons of CMA was applied using conventional salt spreading equipment during 22 storms in the 1983 and 1984 winter seasons. Results of this evaluation indicate that CMA is effective in melting ice and snow but reacts more slowly than rock salt. It was concluded that CMA could be effective for ice control and snow removal on critical structures where chlorides should not be used. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Snow and ice control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619188 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Dean, A G AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE STUDY, I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 127 p. AB - A procedure was developed that can be used to estimate vehicle mix and volumes on county roads in Arizona. The methdology involves short visual sampling periods for rapid and economical estimates. Included are recommendations for updating and maintaining the data base. Expansion factors were developed from field data collections and the data base provided by the Automatic Traffic Recorders located on elements of the State Highway Systems. Results show that a great deal of consistency exists on roads regardless of classification relative to hourly, weekly, and monthly factors. Vehicle mix, as a percentage of volume, is independent of volume and road classification. KW - Arizona KW - County roads KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Sampling KW - Surveying KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle mix KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619187 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Dean, A G AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE STUDY PY - 1984/06 SP - 38 p. AB - A procedure was developed that can be used to estimate vehicle mix and volumes on county roads in Arizona. The methdology involves short visual sampling periods for rapid and economical estimates. Included are recommendations for updating and maintaining the data base. Expansion factors were developed from field data collections and the data base provided by the Automatic Traffic Recorders located on elements of the State Highway Systems. Results show that a great deal of consistency exists on roads regardless of classification relative to hourly, weekly, and monthly factors. Vehicle mix, as a percentage of volume, is independent of volume and road classification. KW - Arizona KW - County roads KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Sampling KW - Surveying KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle mix KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395190 AU - Szalaj, W M AU - Hollinger, R L AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NJ BREAKAWAY SIGN TESTING PY - 1984/06 SP - 72 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a series of simulated and impact tests conducted on a NJ Breakaway Sign structure. The tests were aimed at isolating and modifying those aspects of the system which were causing excessive damage to components as a result of vehicular impacts in the field. This made it necessary to return the entire sign structure to the shop for repairs in liew of re-erecting it with a few parts changed. Prior to incorporating beneficial modifications into a standard specifications, full scale instrumented vehiclular crash tests were also conducted. These tests confirmed that the modified system functions well and demonstrated compliance with the latest (NCHRP 230) safety standards. (Author) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Modifications KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394756 AU - Perry, D L AU - Germany, R D AU - Flournoy, R W AU - Enviro-Med Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF MSMA APPLICATION ALONG LOUISIANA HIGHWAYS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/06 SP - 26 p. AB - The use of MSMA as a grass control herbicide along Louisiana highway's rights-of-way is desirable because of its economic advantage in chemical mowing and Johnson grass control. Since MSMA contains arsenic, there has been some public concern over MSMA's possible adverse environmental and health effects due to the buildup of arsenic residues in soil, water and biota. The objective of this project was to obtain baseline arsenic residue data along the highway rights-of-way of five selected highways in Louisiana: LA 7/and US 171/Calcasieu Parish. In summary, 432 or 77.3% of all surface-soil samples collected contained from 0 to 50ppm of arsenic-residues while 127 or 22.7% contained over 50ppm. Most, 14 of 18, water samples contained arsenic residues below 50ppb which is the EPA Primary Drinking Water Standards. The background (baseline) arsenic-residue concentrations in in surface soil samples ranged from 3.72ppm to 13.9ppm of arsenic. The environmental and health risks due to the accumulation of arsenic residues in soil and water appear to be minimal. It was recommended that DOTD continue this monitoring program to maintain a current assessment of the environmental and health risks of MSMA application. (Author) KW - Arsenates KW - Environmental impacts KW - Health KW - Herbicides KW - Right of way KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392224 AU - Brent Rauhut, J AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - Brent Rauhut Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DAMAGE FUNCTIONS FOR COST ALLOCATION VOLUME 1 DAMAGE FUNCTIONS AND LOAD EQUIVALENCE FACTORS PY - 1984/06 VL - 1 SP - 310 p. AB - Pavement damage functions were developed for both flexible and rigid pavement distresses that were considered significant as generators of major repair or rehabilitation. These damage functions were then used to develop load equivalence factors for each of these significant distresses. The result of this is a family of damage functions or distress models for broad application for pavement management and other uses as well as for cost allocations. Two classes of damage functions were produced, those that predict load-induced damage and those that predict damage caused by the environment with general independence of axle loads. A computer program called program DAMAGE was developed to use these damage functions in the calculation of load equivalence factors, and the distribution of the various types of damage to specific axle load classes. Deduct points are used to weigh the damage in terms of their relative importance and to thus generate distributions of overall responsibility to be ascribed to the various axle load classes. All the damage functions and performance models used in this work effort were either developed during this work effort or have resulted from improvements to existing models. See also: Pavement Damage Functions for Cost Allocation, Executive Summary, FHWA/RD-84/017, and Volume 2. Descriptions of Detailed Studies, FHWA/RD-84/019. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Cost allocation KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392226 AU - Brent Rauhut, J AU - JORDAHL, P AU - Brent Rauhut Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DAMAGE FUNCTIONS FOR COST ALLOCATION, VOLUME 3 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DAMAGE FUNCTIONS DEVELOPED FROM AASHO ROAD TEST DATA PY - 1984/06 VL - 3 SP - 182 p. AB - Flexible pavement damage functions for rutting and serviceability loss were developed from a representative subset of AASHO Road Test data consisting of 76 test sections. The primary purpose of this limited project was to check out and validate the use of a combined mehcanistic and empirical modeling approach to develop damage functions that were used in the recent cost allocations studies. As the damage functions developed from AASHO Road Test data predicted the measured data from the AASHO Road Test reasonably well, the procedures used are considered to be valid. Attempts to develop a damage function for fatigue cracking were frustrated by the nature of the data. Virtually all cracking failures occurred during spring thaw periods, resulting in clustered data for which meaningful regression analyses are not possible. Load equivalence factors were also developed from the damage functions and compared to other LEF's from previous studies. The LEF's vary grossly for equations with essentially equal predictive capabilities for the AASHO Road Test data. The implications from this are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Cost allocation KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Losses KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392225 AU - Brent Rauhut, J AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - Brent Rauhut Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DAMAGE FUNCTIONS FOR COST ALLOCATION VOLUME 2 DESCRIPTIONS OF DETAILED STUDIES PY - 1984/06 VL - 2 SP - 228 p. AB - Pavement damage functions were developed for both flexible and rigid pavement distresses that were considered significant as generators of major repair or rehabilitation. These damage functions were then used to develop load equivalence factors for each of these significant distresses. The result of this is a family of damage functions or distress models for broad application for pavement management and other uses as well as for cost allocations. These were discussed in Volume 1 of this report. Volume 2 provides descriptions and details of studies conducted in support of the developments reported in Volume 1. The majority of Volume 2 reports the results of laboratory testing of material samples from flexible pavement test sections in New York, Texas, Florida, Louisiana and Colorado, and the characterization of material properties for the VESYS III-B flexible pavement model. The testing included repetitive load testing and indirect tensile tests, as well as conventional material testing. The materials characterizations included fatigue life potential for asphalt concrete, stiffnesses of the component layers of the pavement structure, and permanent deformation potential for the component layers. Other detailed studies discussed were development of traffic and axle-load distribution data for flexible pavement test section studies, improvements to the VESYS model, and development of damage models for jointed plain and jointed reinforced concrete pavements. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Cost allocation KW - Defects KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Repeated loads KW - Rigid pavements KW - Stiffness KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390270 AU - Larsen, C A AU - Seattle, City of AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY ACCESSIBLE NETWORK FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED IN SEATTLE PY - 1984/06 SP - 91 p. AB - This document presents Seattle's experience with priority accessible network (PAN) planning for elderly and handicapped pedestrians. The planning process included a city-wide assessment of land use and transportation related to elderly and handicapped pedestrian access needs. Mobility improvements such as sidewalks, curb ramps, and bus pullouts were identified along 12 selected priority access routes. Plans were also made for implementing and evaluating the identified improvement needs. The priority accessible network guidelines were critiqued following practical application of the planning techniques. (Author) KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Crosswalks KW - Curbs KW - Guidelines KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Ramps KW - Sidewalks KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205978 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474938 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEWED, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, RAILROAD TROUGH STRUCTURE - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF AN ALTERNATIVE DESIGN (PART 1). FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 342 p. AB - Prestressed concrete, trough-shaped railroad structures built in California have manifested a propensity for extensive, early age cracking. Field and analytical studies of the Land Park Underpass have suggested confinement of exothermic heat of hydration in the massive elements as a primary cause. One suggested alternative design solution would employ open, cellular sections in lieu of the massive, solid sections previously used. A finite element analysis of such a structure, the South L.A. Underpass, has been performed as part of the design process. The report furnishes a step-by-step description of the procedures used as a pattern for future analyses with the program FINPLA. KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Railroad trough structures KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Underpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474934 AU - Smith, R D AU - Forsyth, R A AU - Doty, R N AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF FABRIC INTERLAYERS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 119 p. AB - Because of the proliferation of paving products being presented as reflection crack retarders, the need developed for laboratory tests that can be used as a screening device to avoid the extensive costs and delays associated with full-scale field tests. This resulted in an FHWA-financed research project to generate laboratory tests for estimating the effect of various interlayers on AC overlay properties. Testing was also done to characterize popular fabrics in terms of physical/mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, modulus, weight, thickness, and heat resistance. Possible correlation between these fabric properties and the above four overlay properties was investigated. In addition, methods of estimating a fabric's optimum asphalt tack coat application rate were developed. As a subproject to this research, a finite element analysis of fabric interlayers was also conducted, and is summarized in the appendix. KW - Application rate KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Elongation KW - Fabrics KW - Finite element method KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Modulus KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Tack coats KW - Tensile strength KW - Thermal resistance KW - Thickness KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474939 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEWED, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, RAILROAD TROUGH STRUCTURE - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF AN ALTERNATIVE DESIGN (PART 2). FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 251 p. AB - Prestressed concrete, trough-shaped railroad structures built in California have manifested a propensity for extensive, early age cracking. Field and analytical studies of the Land Park Underpass have suggested confinement of exothermic heat of hydration in the massive elements as a primary cause. One suggested alternative design solution would employ open, cellular sections in lieu of the massive, solid sections previously used. A finite element analysis of such a structure, the South L.A. Underpass, has been performed as part of the design process. The report furnishes a step-by-step description of the procedures used as a pattern for future analyses with the program FINPLA. KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Railroad trough structures KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Underpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392131 AU - Buth, E AU - Arnold, A AU - Camprise, W L AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Ivey, D L AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER BRIDGE RAILINGS VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 161 p. AB - This study consisted of strength analyses of five in-service bridge railing systems, thirty full-scale vehicle crash tests on those railing systems and on a load measuring wall, the development of recommended design guidelines and development of recommended performance standards. The spectrum of vehicles addressed ranged from an 1,800 lb Honda sedan to a 32,000 lb intercity bus. Some of the in-service railings were found to have poor performance in full-scale crash tests. This was primarily due to geometry of the railing; however, deficiencies in strength were also discovered. This report consists of four volumes. (Volume 1: Summary Report FHWA/RD-82/072; Volume 2: Appendices A, B, D and E FHWA/RD-82/073; Volume 3: Appendix C, Part I FHWA/RD-82/074.1; and Volume 4: Appendix C, Part II FHWA/RD-82/074.2.) (Author) KW - Analysis KW - Bridge railings KW - Design KW - Geometry KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Strength of materials KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462228 AU - Perry, D L AU - Germany, R D AU - Flournoy, R W AU - Enviro-Med Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF MSMA APPLICATION ALONG LOUISIANA HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 106 p. AB - The use of MSMA as a grass control herbicide along Louisiana highway rights-of-way is desirable because of its economic advantage in chemical mowing and Johnson grass control. Since MSMA contains arsenic, there has been some public concern over MSMA's possible adverse environmental and health effects due to the buildup of arsenic residues in soil, water and biota. The objective of this project was to obtain baseline arsenic residue data along the highway rights-of-way of five selected highways in Louisiana: LA 7/Webster Parish; LA 15/Catahoula Parish; LA 496/Rapides Parish; LA 42/Ascension Parish; and US 171/Calcasieu Parish. In summary, 432 or 77.3% of all surface-soil samples collected contained from 0 to 50 ppm of arsenic residues while 127 or 22.7% contained over 50 ppm. Most, 14 of 18, water samples contained arsenic residues below 50 ppb which is the EPA Primary Drinking Water Standard. The background (baseline) arsenic-residue concentrations in surface-soil samples ranged from 3.72 ppm to 13.9 ppm of arsenic. The environmental and health risks due to the accumulation of arsenic residues in soil and water appear to be minimal. It was recommended that DOTD continue this monitoring program to maintain a current assessment of the environmental and health risks of MSMA application. KW - Arsenates KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Herbicides KW - Right of way KW - Risk assessment KW - Sampling KW - Soil sampling KW - Soils KW - Waste products KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462207 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - Creasey, T AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING BREAKAWAY-CABLE-TERMINAL END TREATMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - n.p. AB - This report included an analysis of 50 accidents involving breakaway-cable-terminal (BCT) end treatments and 19 accidents involving median-breakaway-cable-terminal (MBCT) end treatments. The primary data base consisted of Kentucky accident records for the years 1980-82, with selected accidents included before 1980 and after 1982. An attempt was made to document each accident with a police report, photographs, and a maintenance repair form. Results showed that the breakaway-cable-terminal end treatment performed properly in most accidents (72 percent); that is, the end treatment performed as it was designed with the wooden posts breaking away or the guardrail redirecting the vehicle. Only four impacts were known to involve small cars and the BCT performed properly in three of those accidents. If trucks are excluded from the analysis, the BCT performed properly in 63 percent of the collisions. The MBCT end treatment performed properly in 50 percent of the accidents. Problems related to stiffness of the end treatment are most apparent when impact angles are shallow. A recommendation was made to remove any existing MBCT designs from gore area locations and replace them with a crash cushion. A new turned-down end treatment design was proposed for consideration at median installations. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cables KW - Crash analysis KW - Field performance KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Median barriers KW - Performance KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399280 AU - Bressette, T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USED TIRE MATERIAL AS AN ALTERNATE PERMEABLE AGGREGATE PY - 1984/06 SP - 26 p. AB - Chopped used tire material (approximately 2-inch squares) and shredded used tire material (100% passing the 2-inch sieve size) were tested to determine permeability values for compacted and uncompacted conditions and physical properties. These results were compared to permeability values and properties of Class 3 coarse aggregate. The used tire materials produced permeability values equivalent to the aggregate under conditions tested. Investigation was done into the future availability of used tire by-products. Discussions with industry sources suggest that trends in the market will make used tire by-products either too costly to consider or unavailable for this application due to commitments to other uses. (Author) KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Permeability KW - Recycled materials KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462208 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - Creasey, T AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING CRASH CUSHIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - n.p. AB - This report is an analysis of 127 accidents involving crash cushions in Kentucky. The primary data base was for the period 1980-82, with some additional data before and after this period. An attempt was made to document each accident with a police report, photographs, and a repair form. The number of accidents (63) involved a Hi-Dro cell cushion or cluster, followed by 33 accidents involving a G.R.E.A.T crash cushion, 19 with a temporary G.R.E.A.T., 10 with sand barrels, and 2 with steel drums. Average repair cost was lowest for the Hi-Dro cell cushion ($392) and highest for the Hi-Dro cell cluster ($2,839). Other repair costs were $1,886 for the G.R.E.A.T. system, $887 for sand barrel installations, and $1,760 for steel drum installations. For those accidents in which performance was noted, crash cushions performed properly 85 percent of the time. Instances of improper performance generally involved either a vehicle rebounding into or across the adjacent roadway or a vehicle overturning. All of the various types performed well. Results from the cost-effectiveness analysis show that crash cushion installations produce a benefit-cost ratio in the range of 1.0 - 2.0. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash cushions KW - Field performance KW - Hi-dro cushion cell KW - Performance KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395668 AU - Richardson, J E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD-MEASURED POST-TENSION PRESTRESS LOSS IN STRESS-RELIEVED STRANDS PY - 1984/06 SP - 156 p. AB - Four 1/2 inch stress-relieved prestress strands were installed and stressed in an interior bay of each of six post-tensioned box girder highway bridges. The test strands are linearly continuous, unsupported, and ungrouted between the bridge abutments. At each site two were stressed before the structure was stressed and the other two were stressed after. Five of the structures are two-span continuous and one is a single span. The average apparent representative prestress loss after ten years for the 16 two-span test strands jacked to about 70% of 270 ksi and anchored at about was 39 ksi. The projected loss for these strands at 50 years is about 45 ksi. The data pltos show an appreciable amount of scatter, which an only partly be explained by seasonal temperature and humidity variations at the test sites. An additional analysis was made which compares the difference between the apparent and estimated "test strands" losses with the controlling estimated loss for the "working strand" of each structure. The analysis indicates that the minimum single "lump sum" prestress loss value for a current design of these structures would be, on the average, about 34 ksi for a design conservative to ten years and about 40 ksi for a design conservative to 50 years, excluding friction and anchorage. (Author) KW - Box girders KW - Data analysis KW - Deflection KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462246 AU - Abdelghani, A A AU - Anderson, A C AU - Jaghabir, M AU - Mather, F AU - Palmgren, M AU - White, L AU - Englande, A J AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPTAKE AND EXCRETION OF MSMA IN WORKERS APPLYING THE HERBICIDE TO HIGHWAY RIGHTS OF WAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 44 p. AB - This study followed uptake and excretion of total arsenic from MSMA in workers applying the herbicide during the spraying season. Urine, blood and hair samples were collected from workers as well as air samples taken from the workers' breathing zone. Arsenic concentrations in air samples ranged from 0.001 - 1.086 microgram/cu m with no significant difference in air arsenic concentrations over time. Blood arsenic values ranged from 0.0 - 0.2 mg/l, well within the limits considered normal. Arsenic urine values ranged from 0.002 - 1.725 mg/l. This is above the normal value range but is consistent with arsenic levels in urine following a seafood meal. Geometric mean arsenic concentration in urine increased during the week but returned to low levels on weekends. There was no accumulation of arsenic in urine over time. Hair arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.02 - 358.0 mg/kg. Arsenic concentrations increased during the spraying season but returned to preseason levels once herbicide application ceased. Three workers had pre-exposure values above the range considered normal for arsenic content of hair. However, only one of the three workers was consistently above normal values throughout the study period. KW - Air pollution KW - Arsenates KW - Blood KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Health KW - Herbicides KW - Occupational safety KW - Sprayers KW - Spraying KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396362 AU - Parks, D M AU - Nguyen, M X AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVEGETATION OF PROBLEM SOILS ON ROAD SLOPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 94 p. AB - A study of the techniques used to revegetate problem soils at three highway cut slopes was made. Topsoil, lime and revegetation treatments were used to neutralize the acidic leachate at two of these sites. The third site contained serpentine soil. This report describes these mitigation measures and evaluates their effectiveness. (Author) KW - Embankments KW - Leachate KW - Liming of soils KW - Serpentine KW - Silicates KW - Slope stability KW - Topsoil KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396354 AU - Vrymoed, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC APPROACH TO EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION CONTROL PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - A research proposal was written in March 1972 to investigate a dynamic approach to embankment compaction control. The research objective was to determine a soil's elastic parameters by geophysical means and incorporate these parameters in a static finite element analysis. The information gained from this could then lead to an understanding of embankment performance relative to the measured elastic parameters. The research was not completed due to higher priority assignments. The information contained in this report puts the concepts stated in the research proposal in perspective with the current state of the art in geotechnical engineering. The results of a finite element analysis are reported relating embankment stresses andd movements to compactive effort and moisture content. Conclusions and recommendations are made regarding further research in the area of compaction and embankment performance. (Author) KW - Compaction KW - Control KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Geophysics KW - Moisture content KW - Motion KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215969 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454344 AU - Nihan, N L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK: TRAFFIC SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT CENTER AND UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 70 p. AB - This report describes a newly established telecommunications link between Seattle's Traffic System Management Center (TSMC) and the University of Washington's (UW) Information Retrieval System. Volume data in five-minute intervals collected by the TSMC is transferred to the UW computer system. The reports contains a description of this link and a User's Guide for those who wish to access the data. (Author) KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Information retrieval KW - Links KW - Links (Networks) KW - Telecommunications KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation system management KW - Universities and colleges UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/063.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451992 AU - Abdelghani, A A AU - Anderson, A C AU - Jaghabir, M AU - Mather, F AU - Palmgren, M AU - White, L AU - Englande, A J AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPTAKE AND EXCRETION OF MSMA IN WORKERS APPLYING THE HERBICIDE TO HIGHWAY RIGHTS OF WAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - 44 p. AB - This study followed uptake and excretion of total arsenic from MSMA in workers applying the herbicide during the spraying season. Urine, blood and hair samples were collected from workers as well as air samples taken from the workers breathing zone. Arsenic concentrations in air samples ranged from 0.001 - 1.086 mug/m cubic meters with no significant difference in air arsenic concentrations over time. Blood arsenic values ranged from 0.0 - 0.2 mg/1, well within the limits considered normal. Arsenic urine values ranged from 0.002 - 1.725 mg/1. This is above the normal value range but is consistent with arsenic levels in urine following a seafood meal. Geometric mean arsenic concentration in urine increased during the week but returned to low levels on weekends. There was no accumulation of arsenic in urine over time. Hair arsenic concentrations ranged from 0.02 - 358.0 mg/kg. Arsenic concentrations increased during the spraying season but returned to preseason levels once herbicide application ceased. Three workers had pre-exposure values above the range considered normal for arsenic content of hair. However, only on of the three workers was consistently above normal values throughout the study period. KW - Arsenic KW - Blood analysis KW - Blood tests KW - Herbicides KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Occupational diseases KW - Physiological aspects KW - Right of way KW - Urine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395927 AU - Smith, R D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTING OF FABRIC INTERLAYERS FOR ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - Because of the proliferation of paving products being presented as reflection crack retarders, the need developed for laboratory tests that can be used as a screening device to avoid the extensive costs and delays associated with full-scale field tests. This resulted in an FHWA-financed research project to generate laboratory tests for estimating the effect of various fabric interlayers on AC overlay properties such as: 1. water permeability; 2. susceptibility to flexural fatigue reflection cracking; 3. susceptibility to vertical shear fatgue reflection cracking; 4. susceptibility to horizontal shear failure (slipping). Testing was also done to characterize popular fabrics in terms of physical/mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, modulus, weight, thickness, and heat resistance. Possible correlation between these fabric properties and the above four overlay properties was investigated. In addition, methods of estimating a fabric's optimum asphalt tack coat application rate were developed. As a subproject to this research, a finite element analysis of fabric interlayers was also conducted, and is summarized in the appendix. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Fabrics KW - Failure KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Permeability KW - Reflection cracking KW - Shear failures KW - Tensile strength KW - Thermal resistance KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393941 AU - Lewis, R A AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTROOSMOTIC STABILIZATION OF SOILS EVALUATION OF THE PETERSON METHOD PY - 1984/06 SP - 10 p. AB - This report is a field and laboratory evaluation of the Peterson Electroosmosis method for heave reduction in highway pavements. Subsurface cells primarily containing petroleum derived breeze coke were employed at two interstate highway test sites in Wyoming. Electrical activity measured at the coke cell sites is apparently not associated with the electroosmosis process. Laboratory testing was conducted to define the source of electrical activity. It was concluded that in Wyoming the process is unsuitable for reducing subsurface moisture and associated pavement heaving. (Author) KW - Coke KW - Electroosmosis KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subsoil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393872 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Gurney, G F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LONG-LIFE PAVEMENT MARKINGS PY - 1984/06 IS - 114 SP - 55 p. AB - This report describes installation and performance of several large installations of durable pavement markings. Thermoplastic, two-component epoxy, and one brand of performed-tape marking materials provided 4 or more years of service in longitudinal applications. Heavy snowplow damage reduced the ultimate service life of 125-mil extruded thermoplastic markings in some cases. Some premature failure resulted on the first New York State installation of two-component epoxy, and on one brand of preformed tape installed on tine-textured concrete pavement. Most installations of two-component epoxy provided good reflectivity throughout their lives. Preformed tape and thermoplastic provided good initial reflectivity, but night visibility dropped as surface beads were lost. It appears that insufficient matrix beads were included to provide good reflectivity throughout the service life of these preformed-tape and thermoplastic markings. (Author) KW - Beading KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Loss and damage KW - Night visibility KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking tapes KW - Road markings KW - Service life KW - Snowplows KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking tapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395192 AU - Wallace, C E AU - Courage, K G AU - Reaves, D P AU - Schoene, G W AU - EULER, G W AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSYT-7F USER'S MANUAL PY - 1984/06 SP - 510 p. AB - This document is the User's Manual for the computer program TRANSYT-7F (Traffic Network Study Tool, version 7F). TRANSYT is a traffic signal optimization model originally written in Great Britain by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory. Version 7 of the model was modified by the TRC to improve its utility in this country. Modifications included reorganized inputs, U.S. signal timing conventions, improved output formats, estimates of fuel consumption and the provision of time-space diagrams. TRANSYT-7F has proven far easier to use than earlier versions. Field implementation in a number of cities has demonstrated the model's usefulness in retiming traffic signal networks. TRANSYT-7F was developed under FHWA's National Signal Timing Optimization Project. Distribution of Release 4 of the TRANSYT-7F program began in June 1984. The revised version of the User's Mnaual is being distributed along with the Release 4 version of the program. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393377 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A AU - McGee, H W AU - Hooper, K G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS IMPACTING HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATIONS PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - Highway design standards are periodically modified to reflect changing highway conditions. Smaller and lighter automobiles have become prevalent on the road. Female driver comprise 50 percent of licensed drivers, and because they are shorter than men, the change in the composite eye height distribution may effect highway design standards. Older drivers have poor night vision, and require a need for better night luminance of overhead guide signs. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Automobile drivers KW - Automobiles by type KW - Behavior KW - Change KW - Compact automobiles KW - Design standards KW - Driver age KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Females KW - Guide signs KW - Height KW - Highway design KW - Highway signs (Signals and markings) KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Indirect benefits KW - Night vision KW - Roads KW - Small automobiles KW - Standards KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Traffic control devices KW - Vehicle size KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392132 AU - Reed, F O AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR BENDING AND SPICING REBAR PY - 1984/06 SP - 39 p. AB - The properties of rebars were measured after they had been bent and straightened both hot and cold. Various direct and indirect bar splices were welded and tested. Bars with thermocouples were set in concrete with 1-1/2" to 6" sticking out. Bars were welded onto these ends while the temperatures of the embedded bar were recorded at depths of 1/4", 1/2", 1", 1-1/2", 2", 2-1/2", 4" and 6". The concrete was sectioned to measure the depth of any heat cracks noted. Test results indicate that: 1) Bars should not be bent and straightened cold more than once. 2) No. 8 and larger bars should not be cold bent and cold straightened. 3) Hot bending and straightening should be done between 1400 deg and 1500 deg. 4) Direct splices on embedded bars should be at least 2" from the concrete. 5) Indirect splices may be made with the lap bar touching the concrete. 6) Bars of any size may be spliced successfully by using 100% butt welds or threaded, filler metal, and swaged sleeve couplers. No. 8 and smaller bars may also be spliced successfully by using a 75% butt weld backed with a flare weld lap splice or a flare weld double lap splice. (Author) KW - Bending KW - Guidelines KW - Heating KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Splicing KW - Straightening KW - Temperature KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207235 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393376 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Leifer, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMBINATION PROBE - A NEW INSTRUMENT FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-11 AB - As part of its highway transportation research program, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has investigated tunneling technology extensively to reduce the engineering risks, and therefore the costs, associated with highway tunnel construction. Experience has shown that attempts to reduce engineering costs by minimizing investigation of a proposed tunnel site often are counterproductive. Misjudging underground structure may result in selecting the wrong tunnel excavation technique or under- or overdesigning the tunnel supports. Present methods for obtaining pertinent information for the design and construction of a highway tunnel include assembling geophysical and geotechnical information from other nearby projects. The combination probe system promises to be a powerful tool for reducing tunnel constructions costs by interpreting the geophysical data of the given tunnel site. KW - Boreholes KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Core sampling KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Costs KW - Earth KW - Earth resistivity KW - Engineering KW - Geophysical explorations KW - Geophysical prospecting KW - Geophysics KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Logging KW - Physical properties KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Rock properties KW - Rocks KW - Sampling KW - Site investigation KW - Structural design KW - Sursurface exploration KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunneling KW - Tunnels KW - Tunnels and tunneling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211527 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00393378 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION ENGINEERING RESEARCH: PART 2 - PILE FOUNDATIONS PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 17-24 AB - In the United States, pile foundations are used to support highway bridges nearly three times as often as spread footings. This second article includes current efforts to improve pile design and installation methods. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Driving KW - Facilities KW - Failure KW - Footings KW - Foundations KW - Highway bridges KW - Installation KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil failure KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/211529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392223 AU - Brent Rauhut, J AU - Lytton, R L AU - Darter, M I AU - Brent Rauhut Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DAMAGE FUNCTIONS FOR COST ALLOCATION--EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/06 SP - 37 p. AB - Pavement damage functions were developed for both flexible and rigid pavement distresses that were considered significant as generators of major repair or rehabilitation. These damage functions were then used to develop load equivalence factors for each of these significant distresses. The result of this is a family of damage functions or distress models for broad application for pavement management and other uses as well as for cost allocations. Two classes of damage functions were produced, those that predict load-induced damage and those that predict damage caused by the environment with general independence of axle loads. A computer program called program DAMAGE was developed to use these damage functions in the calculation of load equivalence factors, and the distribution of the various types of damage to specific axle load classes. Deduct points are used to weigh the damage in terms of their relative importance and to thus generate distributions of overall responsibility to be ascribed to the various axle load classes. All the damage functions and performance models used in this work effort were either developed during this work effort or have resulted from improvements to existing models. This Executive Summary briefly describes this study and its results. Detailed descriptions are to be found in: Vol. 1. Damage Functions and Load Equivalence Factors, FHWA/RD-84/018, and Vol. 2. Descriptions of Detailed Studies, FHWA/RD-84/019. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Cost allocation KW - Defects KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207309 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00392230 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gordon, D A AU - McGee, H W AU - Hooper, K G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS IMPACTING HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATIONS PY - 1984/06 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-16 AB - Highway design standards should be reviewed periodically and modified as necessary to reflect changing highway conditions and findings from research on driver behavior. Recently, smaller and lighter vehicles have become prevalent on the road. Also, a larger proportion of women and older persons are driving. Female drivers now comprise approximately 50 percent of licensed drivers, and because women generally are shorter than men, the change in the composite eye height distribution may affect highway design standards. The percentage of drivers 60 years and older has increased during the past 40 years from 5 to over 15 percent. Because older drivers, tend to react more slowly than younger drivers, requirements for sight distance at intersections and railroad crossings may have to be increased. Older drivers also tend to have poor night vision, implying a need for increased night luminance of overhead guide signs. This article discusses the findings and recommendations of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study to analyze the driver components of highway design standards. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Behavior KW - Design standards KW - Driver age KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Female drivers KW - Females KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human characteristics KW - Night vision KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/210861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391063 AU - Yuce, R AU - SEDDON, P A AU - Monismith, C L AU - Markevitch, N AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FABRIC INTERLAYER EFFECTS PY - 1984/06 SP - v.p. AB - An analytical study of asphalt concrete (AC) overlays (with fabric interlayers) of portland cement concrete (PCCP) is presented. The study employes special finnite element analysis, suitable for microcomputers, to evaluate the effect of fabric interlayers on stresses and strains in an AC overlay. The influence of fabric location and fabric properties such as thickness, modulus, and Poisson's ratio is investigated. Another phase of this study determined the tensile properties of various paving fabrics using a special "high aspect ratio" tensile test. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deformation curve KW - Fabrics KW - Finite element method KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Modulus KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390272 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Hawthorne, R C AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC AUDIO SIGNING VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/06 SP - 26 p. AB - This report summarizes the activities findings and recommendations of the third of three phases of a project directed toward the development of an automatic audio signing system. Also referred to as "Automatic Highway Advisory Radio" (AHAR), its objective is to facilitate aural roadside-to-motorist communications without diverting the motorist's attention from the task of driving. The prototype equipment developed and produced for a pilot demonstration of the concept is briefly described. Planning for the demonstration and the results of the actual demonstration conducted in the Tampa/St. Petersburg area of Florida are covered. Results, conclusions and recommendations are discussed in the final section. It is noted that a majority of participants in the demonstration approve of the concept and, if such a system were established on a widespread permanent basis, would like to participate provided the cost to the motorist is less than $100. (Author) KW - Communication systems KW - Demonstration projects KW - Development KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory KW - Prototypes KW - Radio KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390274 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Hawthorne, R C AU - Birdseye, C L AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC AUDIO SIGNING VOLUME II PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT AND PROTOTYPE PILOT DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PY - 1984/06 SP - 90 p. AB - This report documents the activities, findings and recommendations of the third of three phases of a project directed toward the development of an automatic audio signing system. Also referred to as "Automatic Highway Advisory Radio" (AHAR), its objective is to facilitate aural roadside-to-motorist communications without diverting the motorist's attention from the task of driving. The prototype hardware and softward developed for a pilot demonstartion is described. The demonstration planning is covered and the reasons for choosing the Tampa/St. Petersburg area of Florida are given. The process of finding and recruiting demonstration participants is discussed in some detail. The conduct of the pilot demonstration is described and in a final chapter, the results, conclusions and recommendations are discussed. It is noted that a majority of participants approve of the concept and, if such a system were established on a widespread permanent basis, would like to participate provided the cost to the motorist is less than $100. (Author) KW - Communication systems KW - Demonstration projects KW - Development KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory KW - Prototypes KW - Radio KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390391 AU - KULKARNI, R AU - Fin, F AU - Lamot, A AU - Thurston County, Department of Public Works AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR WASHINGTON COUNTIES PY - 1984/06 SP - 134 p. AB - The feasibility of adopting the Washington State Pavement Management System (WSPMS) for use by Washington counties was established. The WSPMS design offers a great deal of flexibility for adjusting the system to satisfy the counties needs. Some modifications to computer programs will be necessary and can be accomplished with relatively modest effort. The major adjustments will be in those counties input data. The only data that are absolutely essential are those for determining and evaluating pavement condition and the most cost effective rehabilitation strategies. The state computer system has an adequate storage capacity to support usage of the WSPMS by a large number of counties. Dial-up capability is available for use of WSPMS from remote terminals. Data processing hardware options available to counties range from no data processing equipment to stand alone computer system. A trial demonstration is recommended. Two counties, one large with in-house computer facilities and one small with no or minimal facilities would be chosen to test the system. Significant benefits are anticipated from the use of WSPMS. Washington counties desiring to improve the process of pavement management may find adopting and operating the WSPMS to feasible and desirable. (Author) KW - Cooperation KW - Covariance KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Information processing KW - Pavement management systems KW - State government UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/062.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388826 AU - Jordahl, P R AU - Brent Rauhut, J AU - Brent Rauhut Engineering Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MODEL VESYS IV-B PY - 1984/06 SP - 40 p. AB - Various capabilities of several versions of the VESYS flexible pavement model have been combined into a single computer program called VESYS IV-B. The resulting computer program was also edited and modularized to make it more convenient to use and to modify in the future. VESYS IV-B now models an n-layer flexible pavement structure using resilient moduli, creep compliance, or a combination of these for specifying layer stiffnesses, which may be varied seasonally. Both single and tandem axles are considered. Both fatigue and permanent deformation material properties may be varied seasonally, and permanent deformation properties and layer moduli may be varied with magnitude of loads as well. Seasonal variations in the fatigue constants K1 and K2 may be generated internally on the basis of seasonal pavement surface temperatures or stiffnesses. This state of the art model predicts fatigue cracking, rutting, and serviceability loss. These revisions and improvements are described in the report, and a combined keyword dictionary and input guide is included. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Creep KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement layers KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Serviceability KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388827 AU - Garrett, B D AU - Shanmugham, C V AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRAM DAMAGE USERS MANUAL PY - 1984/06 SP - 165 p. AB - This Users Manual provides guidance and specific directions for use of Program DAMAGE, a computer program developed to use mathematical "damage functions" for various highway distress and performance measures in order to calculate load equivalence factors. These load equivalence factors for the various distress types are then used to distribute damage responsibility to specific axle load classes. (FHWA) KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Loads KW - Manuals KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386904 AU - Rice Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - FINANCING URBAN TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS REPORT 3: A GUIDE TO ALTERNATIVE FINANCING MECHANISMS FOR URBAN HIGHWAYS PY - 1984/06 SP - 117 p. AB - This report examines four techniques for generating revenues for the construction and maintenance of urban highways: toll financing, local option motor-fuel taxes, private development related measures, and utilization of airspace. It is designed as a guide for State and local officials who are interested in evaluating the use of these techniques for meeting their area's highway financing needs, and includes a description of each technique, the best conditions for use, and a selection of experiences. Contacts and references also are provided. The four techniques are evaluated by their revenue potential, sensitivity to inflation, administrative and legal feasibility, efficiency, public acceptability, and equity. (Author) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Joint development KW - Private enterprise KW - Taxation KW - Tolls KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455974 AU - Adams, Francis T AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Lawrence County, Indiana PY - 1984/05/01 SP - 82p AB - The engineering soils map of Lawrence County, Indiana, which accompanies this report, was prepared primarily by interpretation of aerial photographs. Additional information was obtained from the bedrock geology map of the Vincennes Quadrangle. A recently published agricultural soil survey for the county was unavailable, but the 1928 county soil report was consulted. Unpublished material for an up-to-date agricultural survey was provided by the Soil Conservation Service office in Indianapolis and was used to compile the subsurface profiles. A reconnaissance trip clarified soil boundaries that were difficult to identify from the airphotos. The aerial photographs were taken in December 1976 for the U. S. Department of Agriculture and have an approximate scale of 1:24,000. Aerial photographic interpretation of the landforms, parent materials, and soil textures was done according to accepted principles of observation. Difficulty in delineating the boundaries of residual soil derived from the various bedrock types in the county required use of the geologic map in conjunction with the airphotos. The engineering soils map identifies physiographic landforms, and groups the soils according to parent material, which correlates with general engineering behavior. Standard symbols were used to identify landform-parent material associations and soil textures on the engineering soils map. This report elaborates on the soil conditions encountered in the county as presented on the accompanying map, and attempts to overcome the limitations imposed by strict adherence to a standard map symbolism. The map and report are part of a continuing effort to complete a comprehensive engineering soil survey for each county in Indiana. A consistent mapping of soil units at the boundaries with previously mapped Monroe and Jackson Counties is attempted. Some small areas are not reconciled, but the discrepancies are minor. Also included on the map is a set of subsurface profiles for each engineering soil unit. They show approximate variations that are expected in the general soil profile, and are compiled from the Soil Conservation Service information for Lawrence County and from the Monroe County Soil Survey report. Extensive boring information is available from the Indiana Geotechnical Data Bank for site investigations conducted along highways S.R. 37, S.R. 446, S.R. 158, S.R. 54, S.R. 450, and U.S. 50, and is presented in Appendices A and B. Boring locations are shown on the map. The predominant agricultural soils associated with each landform-parent material class are included in the discussion of the engineering soil units of the county. General engineering data for each of these soil series is listed in Appendix C. This report is in the standard format as previous county soils reports. Additional investigation into special problems encountered in limestone regions, using Lawrence County as a study area, is being conducted, and will be incorporated into a second report KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Lawrence County (Indiana) KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314591 UR - http://ia600401.us.archive.org/29/items/engineeringsoils00adam/engineeringsoils00adam_bw.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419480 AU - Bankard, M G AU - Mayhall, R H AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Redesign and field operation of self propelled cavitating concrete removal system PY - 1984/05 IS - FHWA/TS-84-207 SP - 48P KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Damage KW - Design KW - Design KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Removal KW - Water KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417984 AU - Kobriger, N K AU - Geinopolos, A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Sources and migration of highway runoff pollutants, volume 3: research report PY - 1984/05 IS - FHWA/RD-84-059 SP - 358P AB - The overall objectives of this research were to identify the sources of highway pollutants, and to determine their deposition and accumulation within the highway system and subsequent removal from the highway system to the surrounding environment. The purpose of this research was to identify opportunities to practice pollution mitigation. Data collected at four sites included atmospheric deposition and removal, saltation, highway surface loads, runoff quantity and quality, groundwater percolation, soil and vegetation, traffic characteristics, highway maintenance, climatological data and source investigative studies. KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Pollution KW - Pollution KW - Run off KW - Runoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451656 AU - Adams, R D AU - LUND, A E AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF LAKE STATES TIMBER SPECIES FOR GUARDRAIL POSTS: PHASE I. SPECIFICATION FOR LAKE STATES GUARDRAIL POSTS PY - 1984/05 SP - 33 p. AB - Wood has a number of properties which make it suitable for guardrail posts and blocks, one of the most important being its reaction to dyanamic loads such as a guardrail post may experience. The major factor in the use of a certain material for guardrail posts will be economics, or the cost of the post. In order that the wooden post provide the function that it was intended for, it is necessary to use high quality material and high quality preservative treament. The specification requires the use of grade stamped posts indicating grade and species requirements have been met, and the use of brands to indicate treating requirements have been met. The new MDOT specification allows the use of a number of Lake States species at high quality levels, as well as Douglas-fir and southern pine. Because the specifications are quite comprehensive both for the wood and for the preservative treatment it is felt that the new document will do much to improve the quality of guardrail posts in the State of Michigan and increase driver safety. The specification could act as a model for other states. (Author) KW - Coatings, fillers and paints KW - Guardrails KW - Posts KW - Preservation KW - Preservatives KW - Specifications KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450618 AU - Ehsani, M R AU - Chakrabarti, S K AU - Bjorhovde, R AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MONOTUBE SPAN-TYPE SIGN STRUCTURES. VOLUME II - APPENDICES PY - 1984/05 SP - 70 p. AB - The report presents the results of the first major investigation into the static and dynamic behavior characteristics of monotube span-type sign structures. Detailed static and dynamic stresses and deflections have been determined fo an actual 100 ft span sign structure, utilizing 2- and 3-dimensional finite element modeling. Parametric studies have also been made, where the effects of column stiffness, beam stiffness, span, and sign location an size were examined. It is shown that in-plane and out-of-plane analyses can be conducted independently, and that stresses for tubular members can be determined by vector addition. Static in-plane deflections generally govern the design, but do not satisfy the current AASHTO requirement of d squared /400, where d equals depth of sign in feet. Structural resonance is found for a very narrow range of wind speeds, assuming no damping and sustained wind over a prolonged period. Design recommendations are made on the basis of stress and deflection computations for simple planar frames. Cambering is recommended for structures where gravity load deflections may be aesthetically undesirable. (Author) KW - Beams KW - Columns KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Resonance KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Static response KW - Statics KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450617 AU - Ehsani, M R AU - Chakrabarti, S K AU - Bjorhovde, R AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATIC AND DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF MONOTUBE SPAN-TYPE SIGN STRUCTURES. VOLUME I-FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 99 p. AB - The report presents the results of the first major investigation into the static and dynamic behavior characteristics of nontube span-type sign structures. Detailed static and dynamic stresses and deflections have been determined for an actual 100 ft span sign structure, utilizing 2- and 3-dimensional finite element modeling. Parametric studies have also been made, where the effects of column stiffness, beam stiffness, span, and sign location and size were examined. It is shown that in-plane and out-of-plane analyses can be conducted independently, and stresses for tubular members can be determined by vector addition. Static in-plane deflections generally govern the design, but do not satisfy the current AASHTO requirement of d squared/400, where d equals depth of sign in feet. Structural resonance is found for a very narrow range of wind speeds, assuming no damping and sustained wind over a prolonged period. Design recommendations are made on the basis of stress and deflection computations for simple planar frames. Cambering is recommended for structures where gravity load deflections may be aesthetically undesirable. (Author) KW - Beams KW - Columns KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Resonance KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Static response KW - Statics KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399301 AU - Lary, J A AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Sharma, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FROST RELATED EFFECTS ON PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/05 SP - 332 p. AB - This report describes the field data and analysis techniques used to evaluate the effect of winter ground freezing on WSDOT pavement structures during two thaw periods. Six field test sites were selected in District 2 for deflection testing and in situ instumentation as well as materials sampling. The results show that a principal mechanism which necessitates load restrictions for some of the WSDOT pavement structures is the weakened condition of the base course during thawing periods. Presented in the report is a single revised load restriction table and a criterion to use in determining the time that load restrictions should be established. (Author) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Frost effects KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Load limits KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/067.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396674 AU - Hankins, K D AU - Craig, F S AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION OF A SWECS AT THE WICHITA FALLS DISTRICT OFFICE OFFICE PY - 1984/05 SP - 42 p. AB - This report describes the site selection initial cost and installation of a Small Wind Energy Conversion System. A description of the first two years of operation is also included. A 25 kwh system was selected and installed at Wichita Falls on the grounds of the District Office. The system operated trouble free for the first two years and produced approximately 40,000 kwh of electrical energy. (Author) KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Electric power supply KW - Energy conversion KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Meteorological instruments KW - Wind KW - Wind vanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452006 AU - Egilsrud, P E AU - Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HIGHWAY TUNNEL FIRES PY - 1984/05 SP - 136 p. AB - This study investigates steps that can be taken to reduce the risk, damage, and fatalities from fires in existing and future highway tunnels and the effect of unrestricted transit of hazardous materials through them. The history of highway tunnel fires is examined to discover the design and operating features bearing on ignition, spread, detection, alarm transmission, response, control, resulting damage, and survivability aspects. Major domestic highway tunnel operators are interviewed concerning tunnel fires and their responses tabulated and compared. The procedures and results of several tunnel fire tests are examined and their recommendations evaluated in light of historical evidence and operating experience concerning tunnel fires. A risk analysis for unrestricted transit of hazardous materials through a reference tunnel is performed and applied to 35 tunnels included in the study. Qualitative assessments of the effects of traffic, tunnel design, and operations on this risk are made. Comprehensive design and operating recommendations for prevention, detection, alarm, notification, control, extinguishment, suppression, and survival are developed. A ventilation system with a fire/emergency operating mode designed to provide motorists trapped in a tunnel fire with optimal escape potential is described and its inclusion in future vehicular tunnels recommended. KW - Fatalities KW - Fire fighting KW - Fires KW - Hazardous materials KW - Loss and damage KW - Risk analysis KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnel fire control KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393971 AU - McManis, K L AU - Jolissaint, R AU - Sayed, S M AU - University of New Orleans AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS WITH INCREMENTAL, CONTROLLED GRADIENT AND CONSTANT RATE OF STRAIN LOAD TESTS PY - 1984/05 SP - 157 p. AB - A comparative analysis of one dimensional consolidation tests including incremental, controlled gradient and constant rate of strain loading is made. The material tested consisted of an overconsolidated recent alluvial soil. Test results of the controlled-gradient and constant rate of strain tests were compatible with the curve fitting methods, log time and square root of time, of the incremental test. Short comings in the testing techniques and equipment are discussed. The constant rate of strain test is recommended for further consideration. Settlement analyses using the Terzaghi, Janbu and elastic theories are presented. Settlement computations for a bridge embankment using the test results are included for comparison. KW - Alluvium KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Calculation KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computation KW - Consolidation KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Highway grades KW - Load tests KW - One dimensional consolidation KW - Overconsolidation KW - Slopes KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Testing equipment KW - Three lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453702 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Havens, J H AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION OF CABLE SUSPENSION BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 70 p. AB - This report discusses corrosion problems encountered on the cables of suspension bridges. A historical review is given of past cable suspension bridge corrosion and related laboratory work. Findings of inspections of suspension bridges at Maysville, KY, Covington, KY, and Portsmouth, OH, are discussed. Recommendations are presented. KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Inspection KW - Recommendations KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469218 AU - Kobriger, N K AU - Geinopolos, A AU - Rexnord Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES AND MIGRATION OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTANTS. VOLUME III: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 358 p. AB - The overall objectives of this research were to identify the sources of highway pollutants, and to determine their deposition and accumulation within the highway system and subsequent removal from the highway system to the surrounding environment. The purpose of this research was to identify opportunities to practice pollution mitigation. Data collected at four sites included atmospheric deposition and removal, saltation, highway surface loads, runoff quantity and quality, groundwater percolation, soil and vegetation, traffic characteristics, highway maintenance, climatological data and source investigative studies. KW - Migration KW - Mitigation KW - Pollutants KW - Pollution KW - Runoff KW - Sources KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453738 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Havens, J H AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSPECTION, PREVENTION AND REMEDY OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE CABLE CORROSION PROBLEMS PY - 1984/05 SP - 30 p. AB - This report discusses methods for visually inspecting cable suspension bridges for corrosion damage. The report discusses how to plan and perform such work, including the locations on cables where corrosion damage is likely detected. The report also provides recommendations for assessing the condition of suspension bridge wire. Recommendations also are included for remedial cable repair work should corrosion damage be detected. KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Inspection KW - Prevention KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Suspension bridges KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267801 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468648 AU - Proctor, J AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARGINAL AND LOW QUALITY MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBLE AGGREGATES IN BITUMINOUS MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 52 p. AB - The effectiveness of commercial anit-stripping additives, quick lime, and hydrated lime were evaluated. Various amounts of these anti-stripping agents were introduced into laboratory design mixes and various tests were conducted on these samples. Hveem stabilometer tests, immersion-compression tests, and vacuum-freeze immersion tests were conducted on these samples. In addition, penetration viscosity, and heat stability tests were conducted on the asphalt cement after addition of commercial agents. KW - Aggregates KW - Antistrip additives KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Compression tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Heat stability, additive KW - Hveem test KW - Immersion compression test KW - Immersion tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Quicklimes KW - Vacuum-freeze immersion test KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453739 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Havens, J H AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTRODUCTION TO CABLE SUSPENSION BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 37 p. AB - This report is an overview of suspension bridges. A historical perspective of bridge construction design and materials is included, focusing on bridges of interest to the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. The report is intended to provide background information on suspension bridges to those not well acquainted with the structures. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Building materials KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Construction KW - Structural design KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395910 AU - Spero, PAC AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURVEY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC INVENTORY OF CONCRETE AND MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES IN VIRGINIA PY - 1984/05 SP - 182 p. AB - In 1974 the Research Council initiated a statewide survey of mental truss bridges to identify any with historic significance. This pioneering effort was financed with state research funds, as it was intended to aid the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation in meeting its obligations mandated by various requirements of the environmental review process. Reports on the surveys of the Department's eight construction districts have been published. As the work in Virginia proceeded, interest in the historic significance of bridges developed nationwide and warranted funding of the research under Highway Planning and Research funds administered by the Federal Highway Administration. A working plan for the development of criteria for the preservation or adaptive use of bridges was approved, and this work included surveys of metal truss bridges in the Lynchburg and Bristol districts and a statewide survey of concrete and masonry bridges. An interim report entitled "Criteria For Preservation and Adaptive Use of Historic Highway Structures - A Trail Rating System for Truss Bridges" was issued in January 1978. This present report presents the results of the statewide survey of concrete and masonry bridges in Virginia completed by the author in 1981. The issuance of this report has been delayed because of the resignation of the author. (Author) KW - Arch bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Data collection KW - Historic preservation KW - Inventory KW - Masonry construction KW - Surveys KW - Truss bridges UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36615/84-R42.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454797 AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATION OF ASPHALT CHEMISTRY TO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1984/05 SP - n.p. AB - This report constitutes a synthesis of published information concerning the chemical composition and characteristics of asphalt cements used in highway construction. The general relations between chemical composition and physical properties and specifications are discussed from an engineering viewpoint. It is shown that asphalts are composed of so many complex molecules that no serious attempt has been made to identify specific compounds. Analytical methods are generally devised to define "generic" types but each generic type is of itself a combination of many compounds and the composition varies significantly with the source of the crude petroleum from which the asphalt is attained. The physical and engineering properties of asphalt depend not only on the chemical characteristics of the generic groups but also on the quantitative relations among the groups present. Functional groups and their relative position in the asphalt molecule also greatly affect physical behavior. It is evident from this synthesis that asphalts differing greatly in composition perform satisfactorily as a highway binder. Thus, control on asphalt composition does not appear feasible as a specification requirement. Specification changes, however, should be made to eliminate from the market materials having appreciable amounts of alkalies (sodium, potassium, or both). This can be accomplished by the addition of a maximum requirement of 0.40 percent ash to the specifications for asphalt cement. KW - Ashes KW - Asphalt cement KW - Chemical composition KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36563/84-R45.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393801 AU - Beason, W L AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUCK-MOUNTED PORTABLE MAINTENANCE BARRIER PY - 1984/05 SP - 80 p. AB - A truck-mounted portable maintenance barrier is described in this report. The barrier is designed to provide a reasonable degree of positive protection in short duration work zones where it is not practical to use conventional barriers. The barrier consists of a steel barrier section which is supported between two maintenance trucks. The barrier section is towed to the work zone on a specially fabricated transport dolly. On-site deployment can be accomplished by a crew of two men in 15 minutes or less. The barrier is highly maneuverable in the deployed configuration so that it can be easily repositioned as the work progresses. Three full-scale tests were conducted to demonstrate the impact performance of the barrier. (Author) KW - Barricades KW - Highway maintenance KW - Impact tests KW - Maintenance facilities KW - Portable equipment KW - Temporary barriers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392133 AU - Betenson, W B AU - Hanson, D I AU - Jones, W C AU - Mayruth, J J AU - Rask, R T AU - Tea, R D AU - Warburton, R G AU - Western Association of State Highway & Transp Off AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT PAVEMENT RUTTING-WESTERN STATES PY - 1984/05 SP - 79 p. AB - A series of workshops were conducted to develope guidelines to assist the WASHTO States in preventing or reducing rutting in asphalt pavements. The asphalt pavement design and construction practices used by the Western States were collected and analyzed. A series of recommendations for immediate implementation and a list of recommended areas for future research are provided. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461730 AU - Kobriger, N AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES AND MIGRATION OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTANTS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/05 SP - 28 p. AB - This volume, 1st of 4, summarizes the research undertaken to identify the sources of highway pollutants, and to determine their deposition and accumulation within the highway system and subsequent removal from the highway system to the surrounding environment. The purpose of this research was to identify opportunities to practice pollution mitigation. Research efforts included a literature review and field monitoring activities to determine and quantify wherever possible: sources of highway pollutants, atmospheric deposition and removal, saltation, highway surface loads, runoff quantity and quality, groundwater percolation, accumulation of pollutants in soil and vegetation and the variables which affect the process of pollutant deposition, accumulation and removal. KW - Accumulation KW - Deposition KW - Deposition (Materials and soils) KW - Groundwater KW - Highway drainage KW - Monitoring KW - Percolation KW - Pollutants KW - Removal KW - Reviews KW - Runoff KW - Soils KW - Sources KW - Surface drainage KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461731 AU - Kobriger, N AU - Gupta, M K AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES AND MIGRATION OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTANTS. VOLUME II: METHODS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 80 p. AB - The overall objectives of this research were to identify the sources of highway pollutants, and to determine their deposition and accumulation within the highway system and subsequent removal from the highway system to the surrounding environment. Included in this volume, the 2nd of 4, are the details of monitoring site selection and field monitoring procedures. Data collected at 4 sites included atmospheric deposition and removal, saltation, highway surface loads, runoff quantity and quality, groundwater percolation, soil and vegetation, traffic characteristics, highway maintenance, climatological data and source investigative studies. KW - Accumulation KW - Building sites KW - Climatology KW - Deposition KW - Deposition (Materials and soils) KW - Groundwater KW - Highway drainage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Location KW - Monitoring KW - Percolation KW - Pollutants KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Selecting KW - Soils KW - Sources KW - Surface drainage KW - Traffic flow KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461733 AU - Kobriger, N AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES AND MIGRATION OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTANTS. VOLUME IV: APPENDIX PY - 1984/05 SP - 127 p. AB - The overall objectives of this research were to identify the sources of highway pollutants, and to determine their deposition and accumulation within the highway system and subsequent removal from the highway system to the surrounding environment. This volume, 4th of 4, is the appendix to the research report and contains the detailed monitoring data for rainfall quality, paved and unpaved runoff quality, highway surface loads and surface load removal through highway sweeping. Data for a total solids mass balance, including the deposition, accumulation and removal processes, are also presented. KW - Accumulation KW - Deposition KW - Deposition (Materials and soils) KW - Highway drainage KW - Monitoring KW - Pollutants KW - Rainfall KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Sources KW - Surface drainage KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461732 AU - Kobriger, N AU - Geinopolos, A AU - Rexnord AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOURCES AND MIGRATION OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF POLLUTANTS. VOLUME III: RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 358 p. AB - The overall objectives of this research were to identify the sources of highway pollutants, and to determine their deposition and accumulation within the highway system and subsequent removal from the highway system to the surrounding environment. The purpose of this research was to identify opportunities to practice pollution mitigation. Data collected at 4 sites included atmospheric deposition and removal, saltation, highway surface loads, runoff quantity and quality, groundwater percolation, soil and vegetation, traffic characteristics, highway maintenance, climatological data and source investigative studies. This document is the 3rd volume of 4. KW - Accumulation KW - Climatology KW - Deposition KW - Deposition (Materials and soils) KW - Groundwater KW - Highway drainage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Percolation KW - Pollutants KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Soils KW - Sources KW - Surface drainage KW - Traffic flow KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273686 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00454364 AU - Zahn, P A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF COLD LAID LATEX MODIFIED EMULSION PAVING COURSE (RALUMAC) ON BRIDGE DECK AND ROADWAY RESTORATION PY - 1984/05 SP - 35 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sealing cracks in a bridge deck with a fiberized AC-20 and cold laid latex modified emulsion pavement (Ralumac) courses and the use of Ralumac to fill ruts and overlay a 20-year old cement concrete pavement on a high ADT urban expressway. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Emulsions KW - Field studies KW - Highway maintenance KW - Latex KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387779 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1983 FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY PY - 1984/05 SP - 44 p. AB - This report briefly describes the framework, goals, and programs of the FCP as well as FCP accomplishments in highway research, development, and technology transfer during Fiscal Year 1983. Specific accomplishments in safety, traffic control and management, highway operations, pavement design, construction and management, and structural design and hydraulics are cited. Also highlighted are other RD&T activities, the organizational structure of the Offices of RD&T, RD&T funding and support, and the expanded research facility in McLean, Virginia. The report is prefaced by a message from the Federal Highway Administrator, Mr. R. A. Barnhart. The report also covers activities under the FCP financed with Federal-aid highway funds, such as that conducted under the Highway Planning and Research (HP&R) Program and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), as well as research and development efforts conducted by contractors and FHWA staff. KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Paving KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural design KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396524 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ON UTAH HIGHWAYS 1983 PY - 1984/05 SP - v.p. AB - Tables are presented of the data collected of the annual average daily traffic volumes on road sections of varying lengths on State Highways, Federal-Aid Primary Highways not on the State System, Federal-Aid Urban Local Highways, and Federal-Aid Secondary Local Highways. The data were collected by the following: continuously operated permanent automatic traffic recording stations; permanent urban control stations counted one week per month; seasonal control stations counted for a one week period four times per year; approximately 1,000 short-time counts for HPMS (Highway Performance Monitoring Systems); traffic counting machines; and manual vehicle classification counts. The publication also includes a tabulation of automatic recorder data by months which shows data from all permanently located traffic machines: average traffic by day of week for each month; average weekday traffic by months; average day of week traffic by months; percentage the average day is of the average weekday; and percentage the monthly daily average is of the yearly daily average. KW - Analysis KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Automatic traffic recording KW - Federal aid highways KW - Seasonal traffic pattern KW - Seasons KW - Secondary roads KW - State highways KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393972 AU - Szabelak, S A AU - Griffin, R G AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVEN ANCHORS TO STABILIZE COLLUVIAL SLOPES PY - 1984/05 SP - 57 p. AB - The experimental research with soil anchors consisted of emplacing into and removing from the ground different sizes of rebar to determine pull-out loads and thereby anchorage strength. Driven soil nails to stabilize shallow seated slope failures appears feasible in terms of the drive process. Medium talus slopes, debris cones and slopes of colluvium are possible locations into which soil nails could be driven. A high concentration of boulders would prevent the drive process and, therefore, reduce the nail's feasibility. The experimental maximum pull-out force was between 4,000 and 6,000 lbs. This value is less than the typical commercial minimum. Therefore, the feasibility of using only soil nails without tip anchor modifications is low. However, if deep drives are achieved or if multiple nails are used, then greater anchor forces may be obtained. In that case, the feasibility of major short term applications would be better. The feasibility of long term use is low because of the inability to protect the nail from corrosion. KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Boulders KW - Colluvium KW - Corrosion KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Pull out test KW - Pullout KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Slope stability KW - Soil anchors KW - Talus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392118 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS FOR THE TRI-REGIONAL PAVEMENT REHABILITATION CONFERENCE, MAY 14-17, 1984, OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA PY - 1984/05 SP - 905 p. AB - On May 14-17, a Tri-Regional Pavement Rehabilitation/Automated Data Collection Equipment Workshop and Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation Demonstration was held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This workshop covered the 17 States in FHWA Regions 4, 6 and 7. The subject proceedings include only the presentations made during the Tri-Regional Pavement Rehabilitation Workshop portion of the program. Formal written papers were not prepared for the Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation (CPR) Demonstration or the Automated Data Collection Equipment Workshop. The pavement rehabilitation/automated equipment workshops were sponsored by the Office of Implementation and the CPR Demonstration by the Office of Highway Operations. This conference provided a forum for practicing engineers, administrators, and industry representatives to discuss and demonstrate both proven and the most promising technology available for the evaluation and rehabilitation of our Nation's pavement system. The 3-1/2 day program provided an excellent opportunity for engineers and administrators responsible for rehabilitation of our Nation's highways and streets to learn the latest state-of-the-art in pavement rehabilitation and evaluation technology. The agenda featured speakers and other participants from 17 States, three leading universities, the construction industry and representatives of companies that manufacture state-of-the-art automated pavement data collection systems, including equipment from other countries. There was an onsite demonstration of the latest concrete pavement rehabilitation techniques. Several of the latest high-tech automated data collection systems were demonstrated and displayed. KW - Automation KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391062 AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF HOT SAND FOR WINTER ICE CONTROL. LABORATORY PHASE PY - 1984/05 SP - 48 p. AB - From a series of laboratory tests run in a cold room with a full-size test wheel, it has been demonstrated that the skid resistance of ice surfaces treated with anti-skid sands can be increased significantly by heating the sand prior to application. The tests included a trafficking period between sand application and skid testing, and therefore approximated conditiosn likely to be met in the field. Three aspects of the tests which may cause differences to occur between the measured test results and field expeience are: (1) the sand was thoroughly washed and dried before application, (2) ice thickness was large compared to the size of the stones, and (3) the sands were applied by hand at slow speed and little heat was lost from the stones between leaving the container and coming to rest on the ice surface. The highest application temperatures (180 deg F) used in the tests gave the best performance for all sand grades at all ice temperatures. Large grade sands tend to be the most effective at ice temperatures below 0 deg F. (Author) KW - Deicing KW - Heating KW - Improvements KW - Laminates KW - Sand KW - Skid resistance UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206477 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391065 AU - Imada, T AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING SIGNAL TIMING, VOLUME I: ISOLATED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 105 p. AB - The objective of this research was to test three different strategies for timing isolated, fully actuated intersections: with type III detectors, without type III detectors and with the optimized parameters from the Penn-DOT computer program. Three field experiments were designed and carried out on an intersection in Modesto, CA. The total system delay was used as the primary performance measure. The companion report for this project is "Improving Signal Timing, Volume 2: Pretimed Arterial Roadways." (Author) KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206479 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391061 AU - Hassiotis, S AU - Chameau AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILIZATION OF SLOPES USING PILES PY - 1984/05 SP - 181 p. AB - The report presents a methodology for the design of piles or piers used to improve the stability of a slope. A step-by-step procedure is proposed to select design parameters such as pile diameter, spacing, and location which will provide an appropriate factor of safety for the slope and insure the integrity of the piles. Two computer programs are provided to perform the necessary operations. The first computer program calculates the factor of safety of the reinforced slope; the second program determines shear force, bending moment, and displacement profiles along the pile. These programs can be used iteratively to achieve an optimum design solution. (Author) KW - Bending moments KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Safety factors KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391066 AU - Vermeulen, M J AU - Lermant, N P AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING SIGNAL TIMING VOLUME 2: PRETIMED ARTERIAL ROADWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 193 p. AB - The objective of this part of the research was to develop manual guidelines for pretimed arterial streets. Manual guidelines were first developed and tested in the laboratory. The TRANSYT simulation model was used for this purpose. Modifications were made to the model to facilitate the use of different cycle lengths within the same system. Next, the performance of the guidelines was evaluated in a detailed before-and-after field experiment involving 11 signals along State Highway 123 (a section of San Pablo Avenus in Berkeley and Oakland). The total system delay was used as the primary performance measure. The other companion report for this project is "Improving Signal Timing, Volume I: Isolated Intersections." (Author) KW - Arterial highways KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Field performance KW - Guided vehicles KW - Performance KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391662 AU - Maurer, D A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PADDLE-TYPE GLARE SCREEN. FINAL EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1984/05 SP - 44 p. AB - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PADOT) discontinued the use of its standard glare control metal mesh screen, in 1976, based on the maintenance fifficulties encountered. Investigation of alternative systems was recommended. One system, consisting of plastic airfoil-shaped paddles, which when mounted resembles a picket fence, was installed on a bridge reconstruction project in 1977-78 as an experimental feature. This report summarizes the applications investigated, the details of installation and performance monitored during 5 years of service. It is concluded that the paddle-type system reduces headlight glare satisfactorily and is more cost-effective than metal mesh screen relative to both installation and maintenance. Use as a temporary control for channelized traffic around a construction work zone was demonstrated to be beneficial when screening was placed at the transition or the taper zone at ends of the work zone. However, placement of screening between traffic and the work zone to prevent gawking or rubberneckig of drivers could not be verified. Although the initial permanent installation failed under traffic due to shearing of the mounting anchors, the glare screen manufacturer's revised mounting bracket and hardware used for replacement has provided satisfactory performance at the evaluation site. Less than 5 percent replacement was required after 5 years without maintenance. (Author) KW - Anti glare screens KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390273 AU - Bankard, M G AU - Mayhall, R H AU - Daedalean Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDESIGN AND FIELD OPERATION OF A SELF-PROPELLED CAVITATING CONCRETE REMOVAL SYSTEM PY - 1984/05 SP - 48 p. AB - The objective of this program was to redesign, build and demonstrate a self-propelled CONCAVER concrete removal system that utilized water cavitation erosion technology to accomplish the work. This final report presents an in-depth discussion of the significant elements of the program; specifically the design considerations, the fabrication and laboratory testing and finally the field demonstration. In addition, there are separate sections which include a cost analysis and system comparison and the conclusions and recommendations that resulted from this program. This program has promoted the advancement of water cavitation technology and has demonstrated its cost effectiveness and feasibility to be employed in large scale systems for concrete removal. (FHWA) KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Concrete KW - Equipment KW - Field performance KW - High pressure KW - Performance KW - Pressure KW - Removal KW - Waterjets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205981 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388818 AU - Hauskins, J B AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SATURATED SURFACE DRY TESTING MACHINE PY - 1984/05 SP - 24 p. AB - The purpose of this project is directed towards developing a test method to replace the cone test CASTM (128-73) which is used to determine the bulk specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate in the Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) state. A machine, was designed and built to have good control over process parameters and to use a parameter to measure the SSD state which would be highly sensitive to changes in moisture content on the surface of the particle. After the machine was designed and built, certain process parameters were varied and evaluated. In the final phase of the project approximately 200 tests were performed with the SSD machine and the cone test in order to make a statistically significant comparison between the two methods. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Fine aggregates KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Saturated surface dry state KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity tests KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387063 AU - Hauskins, J B AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SATURATED SURFACE DRY TESTING MACHINE PY - 1984/05 SP - 20 p. AB - The purpose of this project is directed towards developing a test method to replace the cone test CASTM (128-73) which is used to determine the bulk specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate in the Saturated Surface Dry (SSD) state. A machine, was designed and built to have good control over process parameters and to use a parameter to measure the SSD state which would be highly sensitive to changes in moisture content on the surface of the particle. After the machine was designed and built, certain process parameters were varied and evaluated. In the final phase of the project approximately 200 tests were performed with the SSD machine and the cone test in order to make a statistically significant comparison between the two methods. (Author) KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Highway design KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture content KW - Specific gravity KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387385 AU - Escalanta, E AU - Cohen, M AU - Kahn, A H AU - National Bureau of Standards AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING THE CORROSION RATE OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 86 p. AB - The progress on a research program directed at developing a nondestructive method for measuring the corrosion of steel in concrete as related to bridge deck deterioration is reported. This report summarizes the past work and describes the new developments on this project. The five phases described are; (1) a literature review, (2) preliminary studies, (3) measuremnts in concrete, (4) field measuremnets, and (5) development of a microprocessor system. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Measurement KW - Microprocessors KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453209 AU - DeLaski, A B AU - Parsonson, P S AU - Diaz, Seckinger and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC DETECTOR HANDBOOK TECHNICAL APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF REFERENCES PY - 1984/04 SP - 111 p. AB - This document presents a synopsis of 174 references which pertain to traffic detectors. All types of detectors were included, however the majority of the references concern the use of inductive loop detectors which is the most popular type of detector. Part I describes the history of traffic detectors and their purpose. Part II provides a brief summary of the references which describe detector applications. The applications which are discussed include detectors at isolated intersections, for system control and for freeway surveillance and control. Part III includes references on installation, testing and maintenance of detectors. Part IV is a summary of some user's experience that was identified during field trips. (Author) KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Bibliographies KW - Building KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Facilities KW - Freeways KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Reviews KW - Right of way (Traffic) KW - Testing KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495565 AU - Mullowney, W L AU - Davis, T D AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF RIGHT TURN ON RED IN NEW JERSEY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 71 p. AB - This study was conducted to measure the effects Right Turn on Red (RTOR) had on delay and accidents at signalized intersections in New Jersey. Since its implementation in January 1977, stopped vehicles saved an average of 3.0 seconds/vehicle and approach vehicles saved an average of 1.4 seconds/vehicle. Five percent of the pedestrians were delayed in some manner by RTOR vehicles. The accidents were studied by comparing the change in accidents at test intersections which allowed RTOR at all approaches with the change in accidents at control intersections which prohibited RTOR. RTOR caused a significant increase in accidents at intersections which involved a state highway. During the period 1978-1981, approximately 3,000 accidents/year were caused by the allowance of RTOR. No change in accidents was found at intersections involving only county and/or local roads over the same time period. KW - Costs KW - Local street KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Right turn on red KW - Road user costs KW - Signalized intersections KW - State highways KW - Streets KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel budgets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395689 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIATIONS OF FATIGUE DUE TO UNEVENLY LOADED AXLES WITHIN TRIDEM GROUPS PY - 1984/04 SP - v.p. AB - The effect of unevenly distributed loads on the axles within a tridem has been shown to be very significant. Equations are presented that enable the equivalent load effect for equal load distribution to be adjusted for uneven loading. Considering the relative increase and the relatively small volume of trucks currently using tridems, the equation for all tridems without regard to locations on the vehicle is recommended at this time. Consideration should be give to using equations for individual load patterns as the volume of trucks using tridems increases and more weight data become available. (Author) KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Load transfer KW - Tridem axles KW - Variables KW - Variations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453740 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Havens, J H AU - Sharpe, G W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED BRIDGES: ACTIVITIES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1983. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 52 p. AB - The field performance of bridge features including masonry coatings, galvanized steel, weathering steel, conventional deck reinforcing steel, and epoxy-coated reinforcing steel were examined either visually or nondestructively on various pre-selected bridges throughout Kentucky. Additionally, a nationwide survey of state highway authorities was conducted on the application and service performance of stay-in-place forms. All of the bridge features inspected appeared to be performing satisfactorily, except for the masonry coating failure on the I-471 twin bridges over the Ohio River at Newport. Results of the stay-in-place form survey support their application as a cost-saving feature. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Coatings KW - Galvanized metals KW - Inspection KW - Masonry construction KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Savings KW - Vision KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391647 AU - Miller, J F AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HERBICIDE DEVELOPMENT AND USAGE FOR HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT ON PHASE 2 PY - 1984/04 SP - 52 p. AB - Fourteen separate trial sites were established in Georgia during a three-year period (1981-1983). The purpose of various trials ranged from a search for herbicides which could be substituted for MSMA for bahiagrass suppression, to fescue seedhead suppression, to annual grass and broadleaf weed control, to johnsongrass control, and to testing of new application technology with controlled droplet applicators. Glyphosate (Roundup) was found to be a good substitute for paraquat in tank mixture with hexainone (Velpar) or bromacil (Hyvar) for weed control in cracks of aged asphalt surfaces. Glyphosate (Roundup) at 0.25 lb. ai/A was proven to be equivalent to MSMA at 2 lbs. ai/A for bahiagrass suppression, with good tolerance in common and Coastal bermudagrass. Sethoxydim (Poast) also was found to have good potential for bahiagrass suppression at rates between 0.22 lb. ai/A and 0.37 lb. ai/A, varying from minor to major injury to common or Coastal bermudagrass. Centipedegrass was also found to be tolerant to sethoxydim, sulfometuron (Oust), and DPX-6206. Several large and small trials were conducted on fescue and bahiagrass for seedhead supression and other effects. EPTC (Eptam), mefluidide (Embark), sulfometuron (Oust), DPX-6206 and DPX-T6376-21 gave good to excellent suppression of fescue seedheads. Sulfometuron, DPX-T6376-21, and DPX-6206 gave excellent suppression of bahiagrass seedheads. Extensive trials in two locations with sulfometuron (Oust) for winter annual grass and broadleaf control, bahiagrass suppression and johnsongrass control indicated time of application was critical. Several winter annual and summer perennial species are tolerant to sulfometuron. Test runs with Controlled Droplet Applicator (CDA) nozzles compared with flood nozzles and off-center (OC) nozzles indicated a significant reduction of spray drift potential with CDA nozzles. Several herbicides not presently labelled exhibited potential for use on highway rights-of-way, including DPX-6206, DPX-T6376-21, Dowco 453, triclopyr (Garlon), and sethoxydim (Poast). (Author) KW - Effectiveness KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Highway maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadside KW - Sprays (Materials) KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474847 AU - Sheffield, J P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF ACTIVE CLAYS AS RELATED TO HIGHWAY DESIGN. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 37 p. AB - This report describes several treatments employed in attempts to construct stable subgrades in highly expansive clays. It also describes the effectiveness of these treatments after up to four years observation. All of the treatments described are variations of constructing false fills in cut sections. After four years observation, it can be concluded that undercutting the highly expansive clay in cut sections and replacing with impervious, low volume change borrow material is effective for reducing differential swelling. The report also points out that the cost of this type of treatment can be offset by a reduction in the thickness of the base and pavement structure. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Expansive clays KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472187 AU - Munshi, S AU - Millstein, L AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW COST BRIDGE DECK SURFACE TREATMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 70 p. AB - Low cost sealers and penetrants were investigated to evaluate materials which would reduce water penetration into concrete bridge decks to be overlaid with asphaltic concrete. A literature search and numerous letters to manufacturers resulted in 110 products for consideration. Follow-up letters and review of available laboratory and field data on the various materials reduced the list of candidates to 32 and subsequently to six materials. The six materials were subjected to a rigorous laboratory test program to define the ability of each material to: (a) Greatly reduce water absorption into concrete; (b) not adversely affect bond of asphaltic concrete to the treated portland cement concrete surface; (c) greatly increase the deicer scaling resistance of non-air entrained portland cement concrete; (d) not be adversely affected by the placement of hot asphaltic concrete; and (e) not lose effectiveness as a result of concrete outgassing shortly after application. Three materials, Hydrozo 56, Pen Seal 50 and Radcon Formula #7, best met these criteria. These three materials were then evaluated in outdoor exposure tests. Large slabs were fabricated, cured, and treated with the sealers and then overlaid with asphaltic concrete and subjected to 5 months of outdoor exposure and salting. Companion slabs without sealers, both with and without asphalt overlays, were included as controls. Corrosion monitoring throughout the test period and chloride analysis after 158 days of exposure showed: (a) Salt penetrated deeper into the untreated slabs with asphalt overlays than into untreated slabs without asphalt; and (b) more top mat steel corrosion occurred on untreated slabs than on companion slabs treated with the sealers. Guidelines for the use of the three materials evaluated in laboratory and outdoor testing were prepared and are contained in this report. KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low costs KW - Sealing compounds KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396677 AU - Chang, E C AU - Messer, C J AU - Marsden, B G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF REDUCED DELAY AND OTHER ENHANCEMENTS TO PASSER II-80--PASSER II-84--FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 120 p. AB - This report represents the development and findings of a research project conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute entitled "Reduced-Delay Optimization and Other Enhancements to PASSER II-80." The research was sponsored by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The brief six-month research ffort was directed toward several topic areas which included: development of a practical procedure which could be used to fine-tune thee offsets of traffic signals to minimize total delay and maximizw progression of traffic in a progression system, development of methods that can better estimate delay to travel in a nearly saturated traffic system, and development of methods to estimate fuel consumption associated with arterial travel movements in an urban network. An enhanced version of the popularly used PASSER II program - PASSER II-84, which deals with the design and operation of signalized intersections, was programmed on SDHPT's computer system. Program documentation and revised data coding instructions were also prepared. (Author) KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Estimating KW - Fuel consumption KW - Optimization KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395926 AU - Racin, J A AU - Parks, D M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETENTION BASINS AT TWO SNOW REMOVAL MAINTENANCE STATIONS: AN EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 79 p. AB - The evaluation of two detention basin systems at snow removal maintenance stations is documented. The basins were built as mitigation measures to clarify storm runoff or wash water from maintenance activities that enters nearby streams. The three basin system at the Echo Summit Maintenance Station removed sediment and was effective in reducing turbidity, floatables (oil and grease), and to a lesser extent, chloride. The system has a capacity of approximately 10,000 cubic feet. The riser outlets are fitted with grease rings. The three basin system at the Truckee Maintenance Station did not fill with water during the study. The basins were filled witth sand, and they performed more like a sand filter trap than a detention basin. The capacity of the three basin system is 3600 cubic feet, and there are no grease rings. The water volume from washing trucks does not produce runoff to cause the basins to overflow. (Author) KW - Basins KW - Chlorides KW - Grease KW - Oils KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Runoff KW - Turbidimeters KW - Turbidity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394750 AU - Macadam, D S AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ACCELERATED CONCRETE AS A RAPID SETTING HIGHWAY REPAIR MATERIAL PY - 1984/04 SP - 116 p. AB - Accelerating admixtures used in combination with portland cement concrete are widely used as rapid setting highway repair materials. There are a wide variety of accelerators available, most of which contain calcium chloride. Several non-chloride type accelerators have recently become available due to corrosin problems which have been associated with the use of calcium chloride accelerators. The behavior of these accelerators is not as well known. This report provides an evaluation of the performance of five different types of accelerators. Four of these are non-chloride type accelerators. Both laboratory tests and actual field repairs were used to evaluate the performance of these accelerators as rapid setting highway repair materials. The effect of temperature and brand of cement on the effectiveness of the accelerators was also investigated. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Cement KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393976 AU - Mullowney, W L AU - Davis, T D AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL EFFECTS OF RIGHT TURN ON RED IN NEW JERSEY PY - 1984/04 SP - 65 p. AB - This study was conducted to measure the effects Right Turn on Red (RTOR) had on delay and accidents at signalized intersections in New Jersey. Since its implementation in January 1977, stopped vehicles saved an average of 3.0 seconds/vehicle and approach vehicles saved an average of 1.4 seconds/vehicle. Five percent of the pedestrians were delayed in some manner by RTOR vehicles. The accidents were studied by comparing the change in accidents at test intersections which allowed RTOR at all approaches with the change in accidents at control intersections which prohibited RTOR. RTOR caused a significant increase in accidents at intersections which involved a state highway. During the period 1978-1981, approximately 3,000 accidents/year were caused by the allowance of RTOR. No change in accidents was found at intersections involving only county and/or local roads over the same time period. KW - Highway operations KW - Impact studies KW - Intersections KW - Right turn on red KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385330 AU - Henry, J J AU - Saito, K AU - Blackburn, R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTOR MODEL FOR SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SKID RESISTANCE, VOLUME II: COMPREHENSIVE REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 121 p. AB - Two models, utilizing data collected in 1979 and 1980, were developed to predict variations in skid resistance due to rainfall conditions, temperature effects, and time of the year. A generalized predictor model was developed from purely statistical considerations and a mechanistic model was developed from hypothesized mechanisms. This model may be utilized to estimate the skid resistance at any time in the season from a measurement made during the same season, or to adjust skid-resistance measurement made at any time during the season to the end-of-season level. For the purpose of these estimates it is necessary only to know the length of time since the last rainfall, the 30-day temperature history from a nearby weather recording station, the average daily traffic, and a skid-resistance measurement and the date on which it was made. The mechanistic model requires, in addition to the above inputs, two pavement properties describing the polishing characteristics of the aggregate and an estimate of the percent normalized gradient of the skid resistance. Although this model produces somewhat better estimates than does the generalized model, it is not considered appropriate for routine use in estimating the level of skid resistance at the end of the season. However, its use is recommended for the prediction of a skid-resistance value at an earlier date for a particular location, when it is practical to determine the polishing properties of the aggregate. (FHWA) KW - Average daily traffic KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Rainfall KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385329 AU - Henry, J J AU - Saito, K AU - Blackburn, R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTOR MODEL FOR SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SKID RESISTANCE, VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 21 p. AB - Two models, utilizing data collected in 1979 and 1980, were developed to predict variations in skid resistance due to rainfall conditions, temperature effects, and time of the year. A generalized predictor model was developed from purely statistical considerations and a mechanistic model was developed from hypothesized mechanisms. This model may be utilized to estimate the skid resistance at any time in the season from a measurement made during the same season, or to adjust skid-resistance measurement made at any time during the season to the end-of-season level. For the purpose of these estimates it is necessary only to know the length of time since the last rainfall, the 30-day temperature history from a nearby weather recording station, the average daily traffic, and a skid-resistance measurement and the date on which it was made. The mechanistic model requires, in addition to the above inputs, two pavement properties describing the polishing characteristics of the aggregate and an estimate of the percent normalized gradient of the skid resistance. Although this model produces somewhat better estimates than does the generalized model, it is not considered appropriate for routine use in estimating the level of skid resistance at the end of the season. However, its use is recommended for the prediction of a skid-resistance value at an earlier date for a particular location, when it is practical to determine the polishing properties of the aggregate. The application of these models is summarized in this report. Their development is given in Vol. II: Comprehensive Report, FHWA/RD-83/005. (Author) KW - Average daily traffic KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Rainfall KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Skid resistance KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392215 AU - Frederick, D A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRESS-RELIEVING INTERLAYERS FOR BITUMINOUS RESURFACINGS PY - 1984/04 SP - 42 p. AB - The study reported was initiated to determine the effectiveness of stress-relieving interlayers (SRIs) in reducing reflective cracking in bituminous overlays on flexible pavements. SRI test sections were installed in 1980 and 1981 at five locations comprised of both 1- and 2-1/2-in. overlays. Before construction, cracks were mapped in detail and deflection was measured to determine causes of cracking. SRIs tested included full-width nonwoven and woven fabrics, rubberized-asphalt surface treatments, reinforced rubberized-asphalt strips, and composite fiberglass-asphalt binder systems. Construction of these test installations is summarized. Results of annual surveys have yet to prove conclusively the value of using these materials or their comparative effectiveness. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Binders KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Causes KW - Composite materials KW - Deflection KW - Effectiveness KW - Fiberglass KW - Geotextiles KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Resurfacing KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Stress relieving KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391660 AU - Mageau, D W AU - Rooney, J W AU - R&M Consultants, Incorporated AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THERMAL EROSION OF CUT SLOPES IN ICE-RICH SOIL PY - 1984/04 SP - 94 p. AB - Experience with cuts in ice-rich soil has shown that significant slope deformation and down-slope movement of soil can result as the frozen material along the slope face thaws. This report presents data from a test site constructed by Alyeska Pipeline Service Company in 1973 to evaluate the effect of various types of surface treatments on the performance of ice-rich cut slopes. The test site, located near Hess Creek, Alaska (approximately 5 miles north of Fairbanks), consisted of five test sections with the following surface treatments: 1) urea formaldehyde foam (4") over excelsior mulch, 2) two layers of excelsior mulch, 3) two layers of excelsior mulch over burlap or Dynel nylon fabric, 4) urea formaldehyde foam (2") or Dynel nylon fabric over sand, 5) untreated (bare soil). The test sections were monitored during the 1973 and 1974 summer seasons. Longer term performance of the test sections was evaluated during two field investigations conducted during the 1983 summer season. Results from these two investigations and from 1973 and 1974 observations indicate that surface treatments with higher insulative properties (i.e., foam insulation) can reduce thermal erosion in ice-rich soil forr a limited number of thaw seasons. Other surface treatments were relatively ineffective in reducing thermal erosion even during the first thaw season. Longer term stability in terms of soil displacement appears to be related to initial ice content of the frozen soil and shear strength of the thawing soil. All slopes at the Hess Creek test site appeared to have been stable in 1983. Vegetation was well established in most of the test sections. (Author) KW - Burlap KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Formaldehyde KW - Geotextiles KW - Mulches KW - Nylon KW - Permafrost KW - Prevention KW - Slope stability KW - Surface treating KW - Thaw KW - Urea UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391005 AU - Chang, EC-P AU - Messer, C J AU - Marsden, B G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF REDUCED DELAY AND OTHER ENHANCEMENTS TO PASSER II 80 PASSER II 84 FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 120 p. AB - This report represents the development and findings of a research project conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute entitled "Reduced-Delay Optimization and Other Enchancements to PASSER II-80." The research was sponsored by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The brief six-month research effort was directed toward several topic areas which included: development of a practical procedure which could be used to fine-tune the offsets of traffic signals to minimize total delay and maximize progression of traffic in a progression system, development of methods that can better estimate delay to travel in a nearly saturated traffic system, and development of methods to estimate fuel consumption associated with arterial travel movements in an urban network. An enhanced version of the popularly used PASSER II program--PASSER II-84, which deals with the design and operation of signalized intersections, was programmed on SDHPT's computer system. Program documentation and revised data coding instructions were also prepared. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Optimization KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391347 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Mellott, D B AU - Basso, H R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY STUDY OF VISCOSITY GRADED AC-20 ASPHALTS IN PENNSYLVANIA PY - 1984/04 SP - 76 p. AB - This long term asphalt durability project was constructed in September 1976 using six AC-20 asphalts from different sources with the following objectives: (a) to study the changing asphalt properties on aging, (b) to determine the effect of rheological properties of asphalts on the pavement performance and durability especially at low temperatures, and (c) to develop suitable specifications for AC-20 asphalt cements to insure durable pavements. Two test pavements developed extensive low temperature non-load associated transverse cracking during the first severe winter of 1976-1977. This was attributed to high stiffness moduli of asphalts used in those pavements. A maximum permissible stiffness modulus of 275 kg/cm square (26.9 MPa) at -10F (123C) was selected to develop AC-20 asphalt specifications for the cold regions of Pennsylvania. This specification was adopted in 1977 to minimize low temperature cracking. Load associated longitudinal cracking of the pavements was attributed to low ductility values at 60F (15.6C) of the aged asphalts. It has been recommended that the minimum requirements of 15 cm ductility at 60F (15.6C) on the TFO (thin film oven) residue of the AC-20 asphalts be increased to 30 cm. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Loads KW - Low temperature KW - Oven tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Rheological properties KW - Specifications KW - Stiffness KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Transverse cracking KW - Viscosity KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388784 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Gurney, G F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS: NEW YORK'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1984/04 SP - 26 p. AB - A wide range of striping materials is available for pavement-marking programs. The four basic systems--traffic paint, thermoplastic, preformed tape, and field-reacted materials--are described, as well as the various materials used in each system. Important material properties are discussed, including cost, durability, methods of installation and maintenance, visibility, and handling safety. New York State's pavement marking policies are described. Information on striping costs, material usage, and results of durability studies is provided, based on New York's experience with most currently available marking materials. (FHWA) KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Policy KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387783 AU - Ramamurti, K AU - Jayaprakash, G P AU - Crumpton, C F AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROBIAL BIODETERIORATION OF ASPHALT AND RELATED HYDROCARBONS--A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1984/04 SP - 46 p. AB - A survey of the literature related to microbial biodeterioration of asphalt and related hydrocarbons revealed European reports as early as 1895. U.S. studies related to microbial utilization of hydrocarbons date back to about 1940. Later many studies demonstrated microbial utilization of asphalt and related hydrocarbons, particularly the petroleum hydrocarbons. These studies show a fairly large number of microorganisms capable of utilizing asphalt and related hydrocarbons. The microorganisms are normal inhabitants of the soil and often belong to the following genera: Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, etc. Many studies indicate that the microorganisms prefer low molecular paraffinic hycrocarbons for their growth and activity. Most of the asphalt used in the U.S. is of petroleum origin with greater amounts of paraffins than natural asphalts. This increases their vulnerability to microbial attack. The intensity of microbial attack depends on the types of microorganisms, moisture, temperature, oxygen, pH, composition of asphalt, etc. Under favorable conditions, microbial activity could cause rapid oxidation of hydrocarbons but usually any effect on roads would take decades. Several investigators gave specificities relating to bacterial types and described the type of asphalt used in the study. There is some indication that microbial activity can cause changes in the rheological characteristics of asphalt. Bacteria are adaptive, hence bacterial infestations are hard to suppress. The literature surveyed did not reveal any universal panacea for suppression. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Bacteria KW - Biodegradability KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Microorganisms KW - Paraffin KW - Petroleum KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387777 AU - Ozyildirim, H C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETES CONTAINING SLAG ADDED AT THE MIXER PY - 1984/04 SP - 29 p. AB - The study evaluated the effect of ground-granulated, iron blast-furnace slags on the properties of hydraulic cement concretes such as normally used in highway construction. Two cements with different alkali contents and two slags with different activity indices were used. Slags were used as replacements for portions of portland cement at 40%, 50%, and 65% by weight. This interim report presents the data on the properties of the freshly mixed concrete and the test results on time of set, heat of hydration, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, resistance to freezing and thawing, air void system of the hardened concrete, and the length change values for 32 weeks. Results of the studies on carbonation and hydration and the additional length change data will be included in the final report. It is concluded from this study that concretes in which up to 50% by weight of the cement has been replaced with a slag meeting the requirements of ASTM C989 and having a minimum activity index of 100 are satisfactory for highway construction. (FHWA) KW - Activity KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alkali KW - Alkalies KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Hardened concrete KW - Heat of hydration KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Mixers KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Slag UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387115 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF GENERIC THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIAL PY - 1984/04 SP - 22 p. AB - A generic formulation of a hydrocarbon-based thermoplastic was tested in New York, Oklahoma and Virginia. Striping was placed on both bituminous and portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements in all three States. Overall, the performance of the thermoplastic primer systems was very good except for the PCC test section in New York. This section was considered marginal in terms of delineation value. On asphalt pavement, stripes performed equally well on both epoxy and linseed oil primers, and on bare pavement. On concrete pavement, stripes placed over the epoxy primer performed better than those over linseed oil. Initial nighttime visibility was greatly influenced by the concentration of surface beads. The spepcified density of 1.0 lb. of beads per 100 ft. (0.5kg/30.5m) of line gave poor nighttime visibility. Not until the bead concentration increased to 1.8 lb./100 ft. (0.8kg/30.5m) did nighttime visibility become good. After the drop-on beads eroded, the underlyinmg matrix beads presented a bright and even appearance. No distinctive difference between the glass beads with 1.65 refractive index and the beads with 1.50 refractive index has been observed. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field performance KW - Glass beads KW - Linseed oil KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflective beads KW - Refractivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387681 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VANPOOL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT (UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY) PY - 1984/04 SP - n.p. AB - A vanpool demonstration project was operated at the University of Kentucky for the period May 2, 1983, through March 31, 1984. One van originated in Berea (roundtrip 90 miles) and another in Richmond (roundtrip 60 miles). Many problems associated with a vanpool operation were minimized because the riders were University employees and van ownership remained with the University. It was found that personal contact with potential vanpool riders was much more effective then letters and questionnaires in the effort to generate initial ridership. Because vanpools had not previously been operated extensively in this area, it was difficult to convince potential riders of their cost-effectiveness. For this reason, the fare was set at a low rate initially and increased later in an attempt to recover full costs. As an indirect result of the success of the University vanpool program, the Transit Authority of Lexington--Fayette Urban County Government began operating two additional vanpools for University employees. Because the Transit Authority has capabilities to operate a vanpool program, a decision was made to transfer the University's program to that agency at the end of the demonstration project. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fares KW - Kentucky KW - Paratransit services KW - Promotion KW - Ridesharing KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Universities and colleges KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385360 AU - Arcement, G J AU - Schneider, V R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE FOR SELECTING MANNING'S ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR NATURAL CHANNELS AND FLOOD PLAINS PY - 1984/04 SP - 68 p. AB - Although much research has been done on Manning's roughness coefficients for stream channels, very little has been done on the selection of roughness values for densely vegetated flood plains. A procedure for the determination of Manning's roughness coefficient (n) for channels and flood plains analyzes the different roughness factors that affect the roughness coefficients for channels and flood plains. By determining the value of each factor and combining those values, the n value can be determined. Another procedure deals with densely vegetated flood plains where the major roughness is caused by trees, vines, and brush. The n value for this type of flood plain can be determined by measuring the "vegetation density" of the flood plain. Photographs of flood plain segments where n values have been verified are presented as a comparison standard to aid in assigning n values to similar flood plains. (FHWA) KW - Ditches KW - Flood plains KW - Roughness coefficient KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386715 AU - Marynowski, C W AU - Jones, J L AU - Gunderson, E C AU - SRI International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE (CMA) FOR FIELD TRIALS PY - 1984/04 SP - 53 p. AB - In Phase II, 200 tons (181.4 tonnes) of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) were produced by the Bowling Green, KY, plant of RAD Chemicals Division of RAD Services, Inc., under subcontract to SRI International. Most of this material was shipped to selected State Departments of Transportation, for deicing field trials. The rest of the material will be used in other FHWA-sponsored research studies that will evaluate the technical merits and corrosivity of the CMA. The Phase II production used purchased acetic acid and dolomitic lime as raw materials. This was a backup option, selected because the preferred fermentation process studied in Phase I was not yet ready for scale-up. SRI International prepared a complete process description, monitored the production runs, sampled and analyzed the product, and prepared an Interim Manufacturing Guide. (FHWA) KW - Acetic acid KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Calcium oxide KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Dolomite KW - Dolomitic quicklime KW - Field tests KW - Manufacturing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385354 AU - Smith, R E AU - Lytton, R L AU - ERES Consultants Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS STUDY OF NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING DEVICES FOR USE IN OVERLAY THICKNESS DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/04 SP - 133 p. AB - This report is prepared to provide a ready reference for highway engineers who are interested in purchasing nondestructive testing (NDT) equipment for use in designing overlays for flexible pavements. All commercially available equipment is described in the report. Information includes basic descriptions plus current prices quoted by the manufacturers/distributors. To determine user comments, a questionnaire was sent to nine State agencies, and one Federal agency. The responses to these questionnaires are summarized. The questionnaire was developed to address items which were thought to be decision criteria for selecting an NDT device. Overlay thickness design procedures for flexible pavements are reviewed. Important components related to the use of NDT deflection measurements in overlay design are identified and addressed. Summary tables of equipment characteristics and overlay design procedures are presented. The equipment described includes the Benkelman Beam, the Dynaflect, the Dynatest Falling Weight Deflectometer, the KUAB Falling Weight Deflectometer, the La Croix Deflectograph, the Phoenix Falling Weight Deflectometer, and the Road Rater (models 400B, 2000 and 2008). The overlay design procedures include the FHWA-ARE, FHWA-RII, Asphalt Institute, Shell, California, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Texas, Utah, Virginia, University of Illinois, and NCHRP-Texas Transportation Institute. (FHWA) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Prices KW - Testing equipment KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385318 AU - Brademeyer, B D AU - CMT Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EAROMAR VERSION 2 USERS MANUAL PY - 1984/04 SP - 143 p. AB - Decisions among competing pavement investment and maintenance strategies must be based upon economic analyses considering both the costs and impacts of each strategy. Such analyses are sensitive to several local factors, including initial pavement design and construction, traffic loads, climate, maintenance and rehabilitation policy, maintenance technology and unit costs. Of particular importance here are maintenance and rehabilitation actions, whose effects on pavement performance have not been studied extensively or quantified in the past. To enable highway administrators and engineers to account better for the interactions among the several factors above in influencing strategy selection, FHWA's EAROMAR system has been redesigned and recoded to produce a second version of this produce. EAROMAR simulates freeway operational and structural performances to predict life-cycle roadway costs. These costs include highway agency expenditures for roadway reconstruction, rehabilitation and maintenance, and user costs of vehicle operation, travel time (including congestion) and accidents. This manual describes how to prepare data and submit runs using Version 2 of EAROMAR. It includes descriptions of the syntax of the free-format input, error messages, input and output files, and examples of prepared data and run controls. (FHWA) KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Highway user costs KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Manuals KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Simulation KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385317 AU - Markow, M J AU - Brademeyer, B D AU - CMT Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EAROMAR VERSION 2. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1984/04 SP - 393 p. AB - Decisions among competing pavement investment and maintenance strategies must be based upon economic analyses considering both the costs and impacts of each strategy. Such analyses are sensitive to several local factors, including initial pavement design and construction, traffic loads, climate, maintenance and rehabilitation policy, maintenance technology, and unit costs. Of particular importance here are maintenance and rehabilitation actions, whose effects on pavement performance have not been studied extensively or quantified in the past. To enable highway administrators and engineers to account better for the interactions among the several factors above in influencing strategy selection, FHWA's EAROMAR system has been redesigned and recoded to produce a second version of this product. EAROMAR simulates freeway operational and structural performances to predict life-cycle roadway costs. These costs include highway agency expenditures for roadway reconstruction, rehabilitation and maintenance, and user costs of vehicle operation, travel time, (including congestion), and accidents. This report details the design concepts and technical relationships built into the modified EAROMAR system. Innovative features include prediction of maintenance and rehabilitation requirements based upon the damage occurring in the pavement, and detailed treatments of maintenance policy, maintenance technology, and traffic flow and congestion. (FHWA) KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Highway user costs KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385316 AU - Markow, M J AU - CMT Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EAROMAR VERSION 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/04 SP - 35 p. AB - Decisions among competing pavement investment and maintenance strategies must be based upon economic analyses considering both the costs and impacts of each strategy. Such analyses are sensitive to several local factors, including initial pavement design and construction, traffic loads, climate, maintenance and rehabilitation policy, maintenance technology, and unit costs. Of particular importance here are maintenance and rehabilitation actions, whose effects on pavement performance have not been studied extensively or quantified in the past. To enable highway administrators and engineers to account better for the interactions among the several factors above in influencing strategy selection, FHWA's EAROMAR system has been redesigned and recorded to produce a second version of this product. EAROMAR simulates freeway operational and structural performance to predict life-cycle roadway costs. These costs include highway agency expenditures for roadway reconstruction, rehabilitation and maintenance, and user costs of vehicle operation, travel time (including congestion), and accidents. This report presents an overview of system design concepts, approaches, and technical factors considered. Several examples of reports produced by the system are also included. (FHWA) KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Highway user costs KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Simulation KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385319 AU - Brademeyer, B D AU - CMT Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EAROMAR VERSION 2. PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1984/04 SP - 116 p. AB - Decisions among competing pavement investment and maintenance strategies must be based upon economic analyses considering both the costs and impacts of each strategy. Such analyses are sensitive to several local factors, including initial pavement design and construction, traffic loads, climate, maintenance and rehabilitation policy, maintenance technology and unit costs. Of particular importance here are maintenance and rehabilitation actions, whose effects on pavement performance have not been studied extensively or quantified in the past. To enable highway administrators and engineers to account better for the interactions among the several factors above in influencing strategy selection, FHWA's EAROMAR system has been redesigned and recoded to produce a second version of this product. EAROMAR simulates freeway operational and structural performances to predict life-cycle roadway costs. These costs include highway agency expenditures for roadway reconstruction, rehabilitation and maintenance, and user costs of vehicle operation, travel time (including congestion) and accidents. This volume documents general program structure and operation. It includes descriptions of the dynamic storage mechanism, processing of free-format input, procedures for error recovery, subroutines, and data structures. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Highway planning KW - Highway user costs KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Simulation KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455970 AU - Wood, Leonard E AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Beaudoin, Christine Marie AU - Castedo, Franco Luis AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Foamed Asphalt in Bituminous Stabilization of Base and Sub-base Materials and Recycled Pavement Layers PY - 1984/03/14 SP - 202p AB - Part I of this report is an overview of this project. It summarizes the task findings. The foaming characteristics of asphalt must be established by tests for foaming volume and foam life in order to find that optimum asphalt for use. With recycled material, excellent Marshall stabilities were obtained. Detailed mix design procedures were created for foamed mixtures, and these are contained herein. Somewhat lower asphalt contents were required with foamed mixtures, but water-sensitivity durability appeared to be low. Part II represents the detailed report on the study of the durability of the foamed asphalt mixtures relative to a) soaking in water; b) cycles of soaking and freezing and thawing. Asphalt contents "at-optimum" and 1 percent above optimum were used as were 3 additives to improve durability: a) lime; b) indulin; c) silane. The non-destructive pulse-velocity test gave results that appear to be related to Marshall stabilities; it showed great promise for use in such studies. Durability, strength, and longevity were improved with 1-2 percent lime additives to such an extent that generally less suitable material (e.g., pit-run gravel, or outwash sand) may rival a generally more suitable material (e.g. crushed limestone). Foamed asphalt does appear to be a viable alternative material for bituminous stabilization. KW - Additives KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Durability KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Mix design KW - Stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314070 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321161 AU - Welborn, J York AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State-of-the-Art in Asphalt Pavement Specifications PY - 1984/03//Executive Summary SP - 20p AB - The Executive Summary contains a narrative outline of the salient points of the Final Report entitled "State-of-the-Art in Asphalt Pavement Specifications". KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Pavement distress KW - Pay adjustments KW - Performance related specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - State of the art UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34073/FHWA-RD-83-XXX.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1082077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451713 AU - Kuo, N M AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE PRIORITY TREATMENT PROJECTS (STUDY PLAN AND INITIAL 6-MONTH PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS) PY - 1984/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This report presents the study plan for the evaluation of three high occupancy vehicle facilities currently being developed in Houston, Texas. Preliminary analyses of data from the first six months of the study are presented. These data include park-and-ride demands, travel times and vehicle and person demands for the three freeway corridors studied. Operational data will continue to be collected within the study corridors both monthly and quarterly throughout the evaluation period (five years). KW - Bus priority KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Park and ride KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Travel demand KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451686 AU - Garcia-Diaz, A AU - Riggins, M AU - Liu, S J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS AND SURVIVOR CURVES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 174 p. AB - This report summarizes the fundamental aspects in the development and application of a methodology for predicting pavement performance in terms of three indices: (a) present serviceability index, (b) distress area index, and (c) distress severity index. A statistical procedure used for estimating the parameters of the performance relationships guarantees that the goodness of fit between predicted and observed data maximized. The most salient feature of the proposed methodology is the use off an S-shaped curve thaa recognizes a change in the rate of deterioration of a pavement as the traffic level accumulates until rehabilitation is needed. Seviceability ratings, based on data obtained from 164 pavement test sections, are used to predict the performance of black base, hot mix, and overlay pavements. Pavement performance can also be ascertained in terms of area and severity distress ratings for the following types of pavement distress: rutting, alligator cracking, logitudinal cracking, and transverse cracking. In addition to the development of pavement performance relationships, a methodology is provided to generate survivor curves for different critical performance levels. (Author) KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Defects KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394757 AU - Yilmaz, R AU - Lakeman, B AU - Melancon, J L AU - Geogulf Incorporated AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF CONE PENETROMETER TESTING TO INVESTIGATE SAND SUBSIDENCE AT CROSS-DRAIN LOCATIONS. VOLUME 1 PY - 1984/03 VL - 1 SP - 64 p. AB - During construction of Interstate I-10 between Baton Rouge and LaPlace, Louisiana, highly organic swamp deposits were excavated and replaced with hydraulically pumped river sand. Recently, excessive settlement was encountered at numerous cross-drain and bridge end locations within the hydraulically placed sand fills. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the subsurface conditions and investigate the reason(s) for sand fill subsidence at cross-drain locations and to determine the possibility of utilizing the electric cone penetration test for such investigation. Sounding data was collected at sites both with and without cross-drains in a grid pattern to a minimum depth of two feet in the Pleistocene clay beneath the hydraulically placed sand fill. All soundings were evaluated within each site location first, and subsequently compared with the representative average values from the other sites. Numerous conclusions based on the study are presented although the major evidence for subsidence is loosely compacted sand at the cross-drain locations. It was also noted that the electric cone penetration test is a valuable tool and should be utilized both immediately after construction, as well as in checking time related effects in subsidence and compaction studies. (Author) KW - Compaction KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Fills KW - Geological surveying KW - Penetrometers KW - Sand KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Subsurface explorations UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20170%20A.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468716 AU - Witczak, M W AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland State Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODULUS CHARACTERIZATION OF MSHA (MARYLAND STATE HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION) BASE-SUBBASE MATERIALS FOR USE IN PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 46 p. AB - The report contains an executive summary of Volumes II through IV and presents the major recommendations and implementations concerning dynamic modulus response of typical MSHA base and subbase materials (asphalt stabilized, cement stabilized and unbound granular). The material response of all materials evaluated was analyzed to determine the most significant properties affecting modulus and hence structural layer coefficients/composite modulus of subgrade reaction. The variables found to be significant for asphalt stabilized materials were mix type, asphalt content and void volume; for unbound granular materials, the significant variables were material type, subgrade (CBR) support, asphalt layer thickness, compaction effort and degree of saturation; for cement stabilized materials, material type, gradation and cement content were important. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cement content KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Compaction KW - Granular materials KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement layers KW - Percent saturation KW - Subbase materials KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468738 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION CRITERIA FOR NEW JERSEY PAVEMENT DESIGN. VOLUME III. ROAD SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE GUIDE FOR PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 167 p. AB - The Volume III report of a three-volume series on subsurface road drainage is offered as a guide for solving the problem of road subsurface drainage. The intent is to formulate improved design methods and construction and maintenance procedures for road internal drainage systems as a means for controlling water within pavements. The guide is an effort to provide internal road drainage systems capable to control water internal movements, at least to limit its damaging effect and to extend road life expectancy. The solutions offered are expected to be structurally sound and cause no adverse frost effects. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Frost action KW - Frost action effects KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Maintenance KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391666 AU - Wood, L E AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Cravens Beaudoin, C M AU - Castedo, L H AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF FOAMED ASPHALT IN BITUMINOUS STABILIZATION OF BASE AND SUBBASE MATERIALS AND RECYCLED PAVEMENT LAYERS PY - 1984/03 SP - 180 p. AB - Part I of this report is an overview of this project. It summarizes the task findings. The foaming characteristics of asphalt must be established by tests for foaming volume and foam life in order to find that optimum asphalt for use. With recycled material, excellent Marshall stabilities were obtained. Detailed mix design procedures were created for foamed mixtures, and these are contained herein. Somewhat lower asphalt contents were required with foamed mixtures, but water-sensitivity durability appeared to be low. Part II represents the detailed report on the study of the durability of the foamed asphalt mixtures relative to a) soaking in water; b) cycles of soaking and freezing and thawing. Asphalt contents "at-optimum" and 1 percent above optimum were used as were 3 additives to improve durability; a) lime; b) indulin; c) silane. The non-destructive pulse-velocity test gave results that appear to be related to Marshall stabilities; it showed great promise for use in such studies. Durability, strength, and longevity were improved with 1-2 percent lime additives to such an extent that generally less suitable material (e.g., pit-run gravel, or outwash sand) may rival a generally more suitable material (e.g. crushed limestone). Foamed asphalt does appear to be a viable alternative material for bituminous stabilization. (Author) KW - Additives KW - Asphalt content KW - Calcium oxide KW - Durability KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Pulse velocity KW - Pulses KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Sensitivity KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Subbase materials KW - Velocity KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395173 AU - Kuo, N M AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE PRIORITY TREATMENT PROJECTS (STUDY PLAN AND INITIAL 6-MONTH PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS) PY - 1984/03 SP - 60 p. AB - This report presents the study plan for the evaluation of three high occupancy vehicle facilities currently being developed in Houston, Texas. Preliminary analyses of data from the first six months of the study are presented. These data include park-and-ride demands, travel times and vehicle and person demands for the three freeway corridors studied. Operational data will continue to be collected within the study corridors both monthly and quarterly throughout the evaluation period (five years). (Author) KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Park and ride KW - Travel demand KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451721 AU - Campise, W L AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD MAILBOX PY - 1984/03 SP - 21 p. AB - To expedite mail delivery and to reduce cost, the U.S. Postal Service is installing "neighborhood" mailboxes. Typically, twelve to sixteen boxes are housed in a metal framework and supported by a single vertical post. The vertical post is typically attached to a concrete footing. There are several neighborhood mailbox designs in use. The designs vary in terms of structural configuration and height. There is apparently no standard concrete footing in use. Some of these neighborhood mailboxes have been installed along the shoulders of Texas roadways. Recent crash test studies have demonstrated the hazard of certain mailbox installations. In view of these studies, it was concluded that a typical neighborhood mailbox should be crash tested and evaluated in terms of recommended impact performance standards set forth in NCHRP Report 230. A typical neghborhood mailbox was subjected to a test with a 1978 Honda at 60 mph. The vehicle exhibited violent rollover which is an unacceptable interaction according to NCHRP Report 230. Further testing and evaluation is recommended to establish safe and acceptable operating conditions for this installation. KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Neighborhoods KW - Road shoulders KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450600 AU - Alam, S M AU - Little, D N AU - Ledbetter, W B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLYASH TEST SITES USING A SIMPLIFIED ELASTIC THEORY MODEL AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 192 p. AB - This report summarizes the evaluation of 8 experimental flyash test sites located on selected Texas Highways. The analysis utilized Dynaflect measured field deflections and a new method for characterizing lime-flyash stabilized pavement structures. The method was developed utilizing a "simplified elastic theory" model and is most cost effective for analyzing a large number of field measured data. Each test site in the study consisted of several test sections of differing designs. For low PI clayey soils (6 sites), it was found that lime is essential, with the flyash, for development of effective structural support in the stabilized layers. The optimum lime-flyash ratios found, for low PI clayey soils, were 0.08 to 0.5 using a minimum of 2% lime. Substantial gains in the stiffness of the stabilized layers were noted when 20% to 40% flyash, with no lime, was used with very low PI coarse sandy soils (1 site). (Author) KW - Clay soils KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Experimental roads KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Liming of soils KW - Mathematical models KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stiffness KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399509 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERIODIC NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF IN-SERVICE METAL BRIDGES PY - 1984/03 SP - 29 p. AB - Metal bridges are subject to in-service fracture problems mainly caused by fatigue. This report considers the prevention of bridge failure by the performance of periodic nondestructive evaluations. Differences in visual and other nondestructive inspections are discussed. The use of preliminary inspection strategies for proper testing also is presented. The suitability of common types of nondestructive testing bridge inspections also are included. (Author) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Inspection KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel bridges KW - Test procedures KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453646 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Roberts, F L AU - McGennis, R B AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPACTION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES AND THE USE OF VIBRATORY ROLLERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 56 p. AB - This report summarizes and investigation of compaction of asphalt concrete and compaction using vibratory rollers. The primary objectives of the study were to clarify terminology associated with compaction and vibratory rollers and to suggest effective operational procedures for vibratory rollers. A literature review was performed in order to gain an accurate understanding of the theory of compaction. The report lists factors affecting the compactibility of asphalt mixtures. In addition, a discussion of mixture problems that affect compaction is presented. A portion of the literature review summarized in this report deals with the background and theory of vibratory compactors is presented along with current rollers marketed in the United States. Operational terms associated with vibratory rollers are presented and defined. Manufacturers of vibratory rollers were contacted to obtain current vibratory roller specifications and recommended operating procedures. Based on this information, a set of operational guidelines is presented. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Definitions KW - Reviews KW - Rollers KW - Specifications KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Vibratory rollers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453647 AU - Zarling, J AU - Connor, B AU - Goering, D AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR DUCT SYSTEMS FOR ROADWAY STABILIZATION OVER PERMAFROST AREAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 55 p. AB - In the discontinuous permafrost regions of Alaska it is not always possible to route roads over non-permafrost ground. For areas like these, highway engineers face a tremendous design challenge in attempting to provide a stable roadway base. Several active and passive systems have been used in the past to protect the underlying permafrost from thermal degradation. In Alaska, small diameter corrugated metal pipes (culverts) have been placed in the fill materila covering the underlying permafrost. Both ends of the culverts are brought to the surface with one end having a long vertical section attached to serve as a stack. Cold air enters the lower end of the culvert, flows through the horizontal section under the roadway cooling the ground (warming the air) and then exits through the vertical stack at the other end of the culvert. Flow is established by the stack or chimney effect, i.e. the warm air is forced up and out of the vertical stack by the heavier surrounding ambient cold air. This report presents the results of both an experimental and analytical research program undertaken to develop design criteria for air duct systems. An experimental duct was assembled and instrumented to determine the relationship between air flow rates and temperature difference, heat transfer rate, air duct length, stack height, etc. A finite element computer model has also been used to investigate the placement of the air duct under the roadway. Optimum design of an air duct system would allow sufficient winter cooling of the ground so that degradation of the underlying permafrost would not occur during the summer thawing season. Temperature contours resulting from the finite element simulations showing the effects of air duct placement on the thermal regime are presented. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Air ducts KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Ducts KW - Finite element method KW - Permafrost KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_84_10.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11700/11748/fhwa_ak_rd_84_10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395907 AU - Garcia-Diaz, A AU - Riggins, M AU - Liu, S J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS AND SURVIVIOR CURVES FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 174ps AB - This report summarizes the fundamental aspects in the development and application of a methodology for predicticting pavement performance in terms of three indices: (1) present serviceability index, (b) distress area index, and (c) distress severity index. A statistical procedure used for estimating the parameters of the performance relationships guaranteed that the goodness of fit between predicted and observed data is maximized. The most salient feature of the proposed methodology is the use of an S-shaped curve that recognizes a change in the rate of deterioration of a pavement as the traffic level accumulates until rehabilitation is needed. Serviceability ratings, based on data obtained from 164 pavement test sections, are used to predict the performance of black base, hot mix and overlay pavements. Pavement performance can also be ascertained in terms of area and severity distress ratings for the following types of pavement distress: rutting, alligator cracking, longitudinal cracking, and transverse cracking. In addition to the development of pavement performance relationships, a methodology is provided to generate survivor curves for different critical performance levels. (Author) KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Defects KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Injury severity KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Manual safety belts KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Severity KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393773 AU - Smith, C W AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL DIAMOND VERTICAL PANELS PY - 1984/03 SP - 14 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Orange Diamond pattern on white background, vertical panel for barricades for construction zone obstacle marking and traffic channelization. The panels can be used on either side of traffic and do not have a right or left indication as conventional striped panels do. On project ACDP 0088 (15) a total of 65 panels were provided to the contractor for vertical mounting. The panels were used in conjunction with striped panels but were not intermixed. Photographs were taken of the panels in use and a subjective evaluation of the effectiveness of the panel was made from observation and comments of the Project Engineer, Safety Engineer and the study monitor. There was no discernable difference in Motorist reaction/acceptance of the Diamond panels as compared to the Striped panels. In view of the ASTA letter report referred to, the Department has taken no action to implement the Diamond pattern panels as an alternate standard to the striped panels. (Author) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Symbols KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392885 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTERS IN TRANSPORTATION--SOFTWARE AND SOURCE BOOK PY - 1984/03 SP - 185 p. AB - This document contains information pertaining to: (1) Microcomputer references and training and; (2) descriptions of software in the areas of transit operations, transportation planning, traffic engineering, and paratransit planning and operations. KW - Computer programs KW - Microcomputers KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Paratransit services KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392263 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS' IMPRESSION OF THE HOV SIGNS ON I-66 FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/03 SP - 15 p. AB - The public's familiarity with and understanding of the HOV (high occupancy vehicle) variable message sign on the 10-mile segment of Interstate 66 between the 495 Capital Beltway and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge in Arlington, Virginia was studied. The study determined the effectiveness of the public educational program in reaching users of the facility, the motorists understanding of the HOV abbreviation, and any other means that would promote familiarity and understanding of the sign. The first phase of the study comprised a questionnaire survey of motorists and residents adjacent to I 66. The second phase was a follow-up survey of motorists using I 66. It was found that almost all motorists know what the abbreviation meant although the media advertising campaign did not reach as many as it should have. A continuation of the publicity was considered necessary. There was also concern over the inadequacy of the HOV information available to tourists and out-of-state drivers. It was recommended that increased use be made of the diamond lane marking symbols such as those shown in the MUTCD (Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices), and that the HOV sign should be included in the MUTCD. KW - Data collection KW - Diamond markings KW - Diamonds KW - Drivers KW - Education KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Media KW - Publicity KW - Road markings KW - Surveys KW - Traffic marking KW - Variable message signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36537/84-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387328 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Griffin LI AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOW EFFECTIVE ARE CRASH CUSHIONS IN REDUCING DEATHS AND INJURIES? PY - 1984/03 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 132-134 AB - In the last 20 years crash cushions have become fairly common features on major, high-volume highways throughout the United States. Typically, these attenuation devices are located immediately in front of massive, nonforgiving structures such as exit gores and bridge piers. Full-scale laboratory crash tests indicate that these devices should be highly effective in reducing deaths and injuries. Several previous studies have considered the real-world performance of crash cushions, but none has provided statistical estimates of the benefits attributable to these devices. The analyses that follow provide these statistical estimates, based upon a procedure developed in 1968. KW - Analysis KW - Crash cushions KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Guardrails KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Roads KW - Safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388842 AU - Colony, D C AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SKID RESISTANCE OF BITUMINOUS SURFACES IN OHIO PY - 1984/03 SP - 131 p. AB - Statistical studies of skid number (SN) on the state highway system in Ohio reveal apparently systematic variations in distributions of SN among the twelve districts in the state. These variations appear to be significantly related to traffic and to geological characteristics of a given district. Regression calculations using traffic index, a function of ADT and age of the pavement surface in months, showed a high correlation with SN, although standard errors of estimate were too large to make the equations useful for "predicting" SN from traffic variables. Similar results were obtained by relating SN to physiographic features in the state. Pavement surface type (bituminous or pcc) and coarse aggregate type (limestone, gravel or slag) are significantly related to SN. Further research is recommended to identify aggregate properties pertinent to SN and to investigate the effect of mix design. Several alternative policies are outlined for allocating funds among districts for upgrading SN at potentially hazardous locations, with the objective of equalizing skidding hazard throughout the state. One of the suggested final allocation policies also requires further research. (FHWA) KW - Age KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Fund allocations KW - Geology KW - Hazards KW - Mix design KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding KW - Surface treating KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205080 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388841 AU - Barton, B R AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS TO DETERMINE A CORRELATION BETWEEN PAVEMENT STRUCTURE DESIGNS AND STRIPPING OF ASPHALT CEMENT PY - 1984/03 SP - 153 p. AB - After detecting a few cases of stripping of asphalt cement from the aggregate in bituminous pavement, there was concern in the Department that stripping might be a widespread problem in the state. It is agreed that water is the cause of stripping, and it was the opinion of some that pavements on granular bases would be less likely to strip because of supposedly better drainage characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate differently designed pavement structures in all areas of the state to determine if there is a correlation between base and pavement design and stripping. The results of this investigation showed that stripping was not as widespread as had been feared and that there was less stripping in full-depth bituminous base and pavement constructed over a lime-treated subgrade than in pavements constructed over granular bases. This was contrary to what some had theorized. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Calcium oxide KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Granular bases KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement structure KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205079 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387325 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chollar, B H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH ON CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE - AN ALTERNATIVE DEICER PY - 1984/03 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 113-118 AB - The importance of snow and ice control on highways and the advantages of a clear pavement cannot be overstated. In addition to greatly reducing highway accidents and fatalities, keeping the roads clear has benefited the American economy by allowing the movement of people and goods. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and State highway and transportation departments are investigating the complete laboratory and field deicing, environmental, and economic effects of using calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), the most logical alternative to salt presently available. FHWA-sponsored research to identify alternative deicers shows that CMA is potentially less polluting and corrosive than salt. KW - Applications KW - Calcium compounds KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Ice KW - Ice prevention KW - Maintenance KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204441 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387327 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOUNDATION ENGINEERING RESEARCH: PART 1 - SPREAD FOOTINGS PY - 1984/03 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 125-131 AB - This article discusses spread footings and ground improvement techniques that can enhance the use of spread footings in lieu of piles. The foundation selection process is discussed briefly to illustrate how a designer can decide whether piles are necessary. A recent survey by FHWA determined that most states use pile foundations to support the majority of their bridges. This extensive use of piles to support U. S. highway bridges is contrasted by the extensive use of spread footings to support highway bridges in some foreign countries. KW - Analysis KW - Cost accounting KW - Design KW - Foundation engineering KW - Foundations KW - Ground improvement KW - Highway bridges KW - Loads KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pile foundations KW - Research KW - Soils KW - Spread footing design KW - Spread footings KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204443 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00387326 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kemper, W J AU - Lum, H S AU - Tignor, S C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY OF NARROW LANES FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL AT A CONSTRUCTION SITE PY - 1984/03 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - p. 119-124 AB - This study has expanded upon the limited literature available on the use of narrow lanes in construction zones. Narrow lanes significantly affect accident rates and frequency as well as the kind and cause of accidents. The public's first exposure to the narrow 9 ft (2.7 m) wide lanes caused a statistically significant increase in the accident rate, from 1.68 accidents per million vehicle-miles before reconstruction to 2.63 accidents per million vehicle-miles in stage I. The narrow lanes apparently slowed traffic, resulting in fewer injury accidents even though there were more accidents during reconstruction. During stages II and III, when 10 and 11 ft (3.0 and 3.4 m) wide lanes were used, the accident rates were less than those in stage I or before reconstruction. KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Highway systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Width KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/204442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386914 AU - Limotti, B AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF WASHINGTON STATE RESIDENTS TO CHANGING TRANSPORTATION CONDITIONS PY - 1984/03 SP - 146 p. AB - This study was undertaken to measure and assess current transportation behavior, attitudes, and adjustments people have made or are planning to make to cope with higher costs of transportation and energy shortages. A secondary objective was to develop an effective and inexpensive system to collect a sizeable amount of multimodal data for various types of travel from a statistically reliable sample of households in the state of Washington. Telephone interviews of approximately 15 minutes in length were conducted with 2,500 households in 1980 and 2,000 homes in 1983, with both samples having a 95 percent confidence level. Residents of metropolitan, urban and rural areas were included. The households interviewed were selected by a random computer search of telephone numbers. Respondents were screened to ensure that an adult member (18 years or older) of the household was interviewed. The questionnaire dealt with the travel habits of the household rather than just the person being interviewed. Travel to work, local travel, long distance travel, recreational travel, use of public transit and other modes of travel, as well as vehicle ownership trends were topics covered in the interviews. The household's travel patterns two years prior to the interview, as well as current behavior and future plans were included. The replies to the questions indicated that people were concerned about transportation problems and were willing to provide detailed facts and opinions about their household's transportation behavior. KW - Attitudes KW - Change KW - Community consequences KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Fuel shortage KW - Fuels KW - Households KW - Public transit KW - Recreation KW - Rural areas KW - Social impacts KW - Supply KW - Transportation KW - Travel behavior KW - Urban areas KW - Work trips UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/042.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385350 AU - Wong, TKF AU - Markow, M J AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALLOCATION OF LIFE-CYCLE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT COSTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 217 p. AB - The changing character of State and Federal highway programs, emphasizing maintenance and rehabilitation in lieu of new construction, coupled with the need for increased highway revenues, prompted the Congress to mandate a new cost allocation study in 1978. As part of that effort, this research considered one key element of highways--pavements--and investigated life-cycle (i.e., maintenance and rehabilitation) costs attributable to different vehicle classes. Central to this study was the use of a simulation model of highway performance and costs that could consider variations in the several parameters of the problem, including initial pavement design, traffic volume and composition, environment, maintenance and rehabilitation policy, maintenance technology, and unit costs. Different economic criteria were applied, including pure efficiency (short-run marginal cost pricing) and equity-based measures. This report discusses the general engineering and economic concepts used in this approach, and discusses results of several case studies for flexible and rigid pavements in urban and rural regions within two different climatic zones. Cost responsibilities for pavement maintenance and rehabilitation are presented individually for six vehicle classes, and on a /ESAL-mile basis. Although the values differ by pavement type, environmental region, and economic criterion used, in general they show heavy combination trucks bearing approximately one-thousand times the cost responsibility of autos for pavement maintenance and rehabilitation. Differences between flexible and rigid pavements, and between climatic zones, are also highlighted. (FHWA) KW - Climate KW - Cost allocation KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Surveying KW - Topographic surveying KW - Topography KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385359 AU - Johnson, F L AU - Chang, FFM AU - Tye Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 151 p. AB - This edition of Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 12 incorporates new design charts and procedures developed from laboratory tests of interception capacities and efficiencies of highway pavement drainage inlets. A chart for the solution of the kinematic wave equation for overland flow and a new chart for the solution of Manning's equation for triangular channels are provided. Charts and procedures for using the charts are provided for 7 grate types, slotted drain inlets, curb-opening inlets, and combination inlets on grade and in sump locations. Charts, tables, and example problem solutions are included in the text where introduced and discussed. The text includes discussion of the effects of roadway geometry on pavement drainage; the philosophy of design frequency and design spread selection; storm runoff estimating methods; flow in gutters; pavement drainage inlets, factors affecting capacity and efficiency, and comparisons of interception capacity; median inlets; embankment inlets; and bridge deck inlets. Five appendixes are included with discussion of the development of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves and equations, mean velocity in a reach of triangular channel with unsteady flow, the development of gutter capacity curves for compound and parabolic roadway sections, and the development of design charts for grates of specific size and bar configuration. (FHWA) KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design charts KW - Drains KW - Geometric design KW - Grates KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Kinematics KW - Manning requirements KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385759 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Roberts, F L AU - McGennis, R B AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPACTION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES AND THE USE OF VIBRATORY ROLLERS PY - 1984/03 SP - 56 p. AB - This report summarizes an investigation of compaction of asphalt concrete and compaction using vibratory rollers. The primary objectives of the study were to clarify terminology associated with compaction and vibratory rollers and to suggest effective operational procedures for vibratory rollers. A literature review was performed in order to gain an accurate understanding of the theory of compaction. The report lists factors affecting the compactibility of asphalt mixtures. In addition, a discussion of mixture problems that affect compaction is presented. A portion of the literature review summarized in this report deals with the background and theory of vibratory compaction. A brief history of the development of vibratory compactors is presented along with current rollers marketed in the United States. Operational terms associated with vibratory rollers are presented and defined. Manufacturers of vibratory rollers were contacted to obtain current vibratory roller specifications and recommended operating procedures. Based on this information, a set of operational guidelines is presented. (Author) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Definitions KW - Guidelines KW - Nomenclature KW - Reviews KW - Rollers KW - Specifications KW - Theory KW - Vibratory compaction KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Vibratory rollers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385334 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF QUALITY CONTROL CRITERIA AND PERFORMANCE OF PCC PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/03 SP - 147 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a study of the interrelationships between quality indicators and performance of portland cement concrete pavements. Historical and construction data relative to selected quality variables were collected for 104 concrete pavement projects in five States. These projects were then subjected to a pavement condition evaluation in order to establish the current level of performance. A number of statistical analyses were performed to establish relationships between the performance rating and the auality indicator data, and 55 models were developed and tested. The types of performance and quality indicator data required to develop statistically-reliable relationships, the types of results that can be obtained from such analyses, and the impact of missing data on model development and reliability are illustrated. (FHWA) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Criteria KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality control KW - Reliability KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420331 AU - Claterbos, C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic signal optimization programs - a comparison study PY - 1984/02 IS - FHWA/R7-84-001 SP - 54P KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Transport network KW - Transportation operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01155648 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Glennon, J C AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Work Zone Design Considerations for Truck Operations Pavement/Shoulder Drop-offs PY - 1984/02//Final Report SP - 140p AB - Operational and accident data were analyzed for nine truck study sites in three states. Pavement/shoulder drop-offs were studied by simulation modeling and analytical analyses of the drop-off maneuver and by analysis of operational and accident data from four pavement/shoulder drop-off sites located in two states. Results of the study of truck operations in work zones revealed insufficient design speed of temporary crossover roadways as the most critical truck problem observed. The modeling and analytical analyses of pavement/shoulder drop-off traversals resulted in the development of a 'window of safety' to define maximum tolerable drop-off heights as a function of vehicle speed and adjacent lane width. KW - Crash data KW - Highway design KW - Road shoulders KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck traffic KW - Work zone safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/916362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476873 AU - Sasor, S R AU - Flesch, J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOLAR DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEM. HARDING TOWNSHIP REST AREA BUILDING, I-287. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/02 SP - 72 p. AB - This interim report discusses the basic design and installation of the solar domestic hot water system in the Harding Township rest area building adjacent to I-287 in Morris County, New Jersey. It includes information on the designers and installer, describes the installed equipment in some detail, mentions problems in installation, and presents installation costs. In addition, this report briefly discusses the plans for monitoring and evaluating the system. The Appendices of the report contain an as-built schematic, installation contract specifications, a detailed monitoring plan, and the contractor's guide to maintenance and operation. A retrofit solar domestic hot water system was designed in-house by NJDOT, and installed by a contractor during the summer and fall of 1982 in the Harding Township rest area building. It has been operational since November 1982 and its performance is being monitored and evaluated. At a later date, a final report will be prepared which will present an evaluation of the solar domestic hot water system's performance and cost. Operational experience, an owner evaluation, and a revised life cycle cost study will be included. KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393780 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THICKNESS DESIGN CURVES FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/02 SP - 12 p. AB - Past experience indicates that thickness designs using portland cement concrete best agree with criterion used in the Portland Cement Association's design method for 18-kip EAL of 2 to 3 million or less. For EALs greater than 2 to 3 million, past experience best agrees with criterion developed from the AASHO Road Test. Research herein indicates the two criterion become asymptotic to each other at approximately 2.5 million EAL. For a variation in thickness and elastic moduli in portland cement concrete, dense-graded aggregate, and subgrade elastic modulus, research indicates that a general conic equation (included herein) very closely 18-kip single axleload. The transition from a tensile strain to a work criterion is presented. Decreasing the thickness of dense-graded aggregate base caused a maximum increase of 0.15 inches in the thickness of portland cement concrete. Thus, the design curves are presented for a concrete elastic modulus of 4.2 million psi (Kentucky concrete strength). (Author) KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design curves KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Tension KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467986 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS. UTPS CASE STUDY PY - 1984/02 SP - v.p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Case studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal split KW - Models KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation KW - Transportation system analysis KW - Trip generation KW - Urban transportation KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474933 AU - Stoker, J R AU - Dusel, J P AU - Travis, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT-DIP GALVANIZED A307 AND A449 ANCHOR BARS AND A325 CAP SCREWS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/02 SP - 134 p. AB - Fatigue lives of hot-dip galvanized anchor bars and cap screws commonly used by Caltrans for highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signals are determined. S-N curves plotted from cyclic test data collected are presented for various parameters. A total of 190 direct tension fatigue tests were conducted on 1-inch-diameter A449 and 1 1/4-inch- and 1 3/4-inch-diameter A307 anchor bars to determine what effect the amount and type of preload, nut arrangement, length, diameter, and steel type has on fatigue life. In a total of 55 cyclic tests of pairs of A325 cap screws, two sizes, 5/8- and 1-inch-diameter, were evaluated to find the effects of preload, diameter, and typical prying forces on fatigue life. KW - Anchor bolts KW - Cap screws KW - Direct tension tests KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Galvanizing KW - Hot dip galvanizing KW - Screws KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461805 AU - Taybji, S D AU - Colley, B E AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED RIGID PAVEMENT JOINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/02 SP - 149 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study conducted to develop improved rigid pavement joint systems. The study included a review of literature, development of a finite element analysis computer program, laboratory testing, and evaluation of methods to improve rigid pavement joints. The computer program, Program JSLAB, can analyze a large number of jointed concrete pavement slabs. The program can analyze a one- or two-layer pavement system resting on a Winkler (liquid) foundation. Joints may be modeled as doweled, aggregate interlock, or keyed. Program JSLAB was used to evaluate the potential benefit of various improvements in pavement design to improve joint performance. These improvements include use of fewer non-uniformly spaced dowel bars, tied-concrete shoulders, and widened lanes. No new load transfer devices (LTD) were developed as part of this study. After a review of various patented devices and a study of various LTD shapes and configurations, it was concluded that the solid dowel bars are the most cost-effective mechanical load transfer devices. KW - Computer aided design KW - Dowel bars KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Pavement widening KW - Rigid pavements KW - Spacing KW - Tied concrete KW - Widening pavement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461806 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Colley, B E AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/02 SP - 73 p. AB - A computer program for analysis of jointed concrete pavement is presented. The program, denoted as JSLAB, can analyze concrete pavement sections consisting of up to nine slabs. The program can analyze a one- or two-layer pavement system resting on a Winkler (liquid) foundation. The two layers may be unbonded or fully bonded. Joints may be modeled as doweled, aggregate interlock, or keyed. Load input is in terms of wheel loads at any location on the slabs, or as nodal loads or nodal displacement. Loss of support and variable support or material properties can be considered. Also, the program can analyze curling behavior due to linear temperature variation in the slab, and can be used to determine curling restraint stresses. The primary objective for developing program JSLAB was to evaluate behavior of joints and load transfer devices. It can be used to evaluate the effect of joints with non-uniformly spaced load transfer devices. However, the applicability of the program is broad and the program may be used as a basis for or to verify concrete pavement designs. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Joint construction KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Spacing KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453648 AU - Benson, P E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF AMBIENT CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS FOR PROJECT-LEVEL AIR QUALITY IMPACT STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/02 SP - 141 p. AB - Recommended procedures are given for designing project-level ambient carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring studies and analyzing their results. Attention is focused on transportation related applications, although the procedures are general and can be applied to other types of air quality studies. A statistical model which uses the scheduling and duration of sampling as a means to minimize bias in estimating the second annual maximum CO concentration is developed. This model is verified using a data set comprised of 112 station-years of data collected at 12 California air monitoring stations. The temporal distributions of seasonal maximums for this data set are also described. Two types of sampling plans are discussed: Background sampling and corridor sampling. Specific criteria for choosing between these two plans are given. Recommendations are made regarding site selection, outlier analysis, rollback calculations and data handling. A computer program which estimates second annual maximum 1-hour and 8-hour ambient CO concentrations using observed maximums stratified by time of day periods is introduced. A complete set of user instructions for this program is given. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Impact studies KW - Manual transmissions KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Sampling KW - Scheduling KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396370 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - United States Congress AU - Department of Transportation TI - SECTION 110(C) STUDY -- QUALITY OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. DEVELOPING PAVEMENT DESIGN CRITERIA -- APPENDIX A PY - 1984/02 SP - 171 p. AB - Section 110(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 directed the Secretary of Transportation to coordinate a study to determine the existing quality of design, construction, products, use and systems for highways and bridges; the need for uniform standards and criteria for design, prrocessing, products and applications including personnel training and implementation of enforcement techniques and manpower needs and costs for developing a national system for the evaluation and accreditatin of testing and inspection agencies. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) assumed the lead role in conducting the study and identified 10 activities, procedures or systems influencing the quality of highways and bridges. A white paper discussing each of the 10 areas was prepared by member of either the FHWA staff or the National Bureau of Standards staff. The titles of the 10 papers were: (1) "Developing Pavement Design Criteria"; (2) "Quality of Bridge Design"; (3) "Bidding and Contract Award"; (4) "Quality of Specifications"; (5) "Acceptance Plans"; (6) "Quality of Highway Construction"; (7) "FHWA Construction-Related Policies, Procedures and Guidelines"; (8) "Uniform Standards - Construction: FHWA Region 3 Experience"; (9) "Training and Certification of Technicians"; and (10) "Evaluation and Accreditation of Construction Materials Laboratories." This was followed by a conference to discuss these 10 white papers and other pertinent topics. All the State highway agencies, trade organizations, standards developing bodies, consulting engineers and other Federal agencies responsible for road building were invited to participate in the conference which was open to the public. This appendix contains the texts of the white papers. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Contracts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Pavement design KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396371 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - United States Congress AU - Department of Transportation TI - SECTION 110(C) STUDY -- QUALITY OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. APPENDIX B, WORKSHOP SYNOPSES PY - 1984/02 SP - 42 p. AB - Section 110(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 directed the Secretary of Transportation to coordinate a study to determine the existing quality of design, construction, products, use and systems for highways and bridges; the need for uniform standards and criteria for design, processing, products and applications including personnel training and implementation of enforcement techniques and the manpower needs and costs for developing a national system for the evaluation and accreditation of testing and inspection agencies. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) assumed the lead role in conducting the study and identified 10 activities, procedures or systems influencing the quality of highways and bridges. A white paper discussing each of the 10 areas was prepared by a member of either the FHWA staff or the National Bureau of Standards staff. The titles of the 10 papers were: (1) "Developing Pavement Design Criteria"; (2) "Quality of Bridge Design"; (3) "Bidding and Contract Award"; (4) "Quality of Specifications"; (5) "Acceptance Plans"; (6) "Quality of Highway Construction"; (7) "FHWA Construction-Related Policies, Procedures and Guidelines"; (8) "Uniform Standards - Construction: FHWA Region 3 Experience"; (9) "Training and Certification of Technicians"; and (10) "Evaluation and Accreditation of Construction Materials Laboratories." This was followed by a conference to discuss these 10 white papers and other pertinent topics. All the State highway agencies, trade organizations, standards developing bodies, consulting engineers and other Federal agencies responsible for road building were invited to participate in the conference which was open to the public. This appendix contains synopses of each of the workshops. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Contracts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Pavement design KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396369 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - United States Congress AU - Department of Transportation TI - SECTION 110(C) STUDY -- QUALITY OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/02 SP - 31 p. AB - Section 110(c) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 directed the Secretary of Transportation to coordinate a study to determine the existing quality of design; construction, products, use and systems for highways and bridges; the need for uniform standards and criteria for design, processing, products and applications including personnel training and implementation of enforcement techniques and the manpower needs and costs for developing a national system for the evaluation and accreditation of testing and inspection agencies. The Federal Highway Adminstration (FHWA) assumed the lead role in conducting the study and identified 10 activities, procedures or systems influencing the quality of highways and bridges. A white paper discussing each of the 10 areas was prepared by a member of either the FHWA staff or the National Bureau of Standards staff. The titles of the 10 papers were: (1) "Developing Pavement Design Criteria"; (2) "Quality of Bridge Design"; (3) "Bidding and Contract Award"; (4) "Quality of Specifications"; (5) "Acceptance Plans"; (6) "Quality of Highway Construction"; (7) "FHWA Construction-Related Policies, Procedures and Guidelines"; (8) "Uniform Standards - Construction: FHWA Region 3 Experience"; (9) "Training and Certification of Technicians"; annd (10) "Evaluation and Accreditation of of Construction Materials Laboratories." This was followed by a conference to discuss these 10 white papers and other pertinent topics. All the State highway agencies, trade organizations, standards developing bodies, consulting engineers and other Federal agencies responsible for road building were invited to participate in the conference which was open to the public. The body of this report is organized into three main sections, each devoted to one of the subsections of Section 110(c); (A) to determine the existing quality of design, construction, products, use, and systems for highways and bridges; (B) to determine the need for uniform standards and criteria for design, processing, products, and applications, including personnel training and implementation of enforcement techniques; and (C) to determine the manpower needs and costs of developing a national system forr the evaluation and accreditation of testing and inspection agencies. (Author) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Contracts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Pavement design KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396372 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - United States Congress AU - Department of Transportation TI - SECTION 110(C) STUDY -- QUALITY OF HIGHWAY AND BRIDGES, APPENDIX C, RESPONSES TO WORKSHOPS PY - 1984/02 SP - 20 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) assumed the lead role in conducting the study and identified 10 activities, procedures or systems influencing the quality of highways and bridges. A white paper discussing each of the 10 areas was prepared by a member of either the FHWA staff or the National Bureau of Standards staff. The titles of the 10 papers were: (1) Developing Pavement Design Criteria"; (2) "Quality of Bridge Design"; (3) "Bidding and Contract Award"; (4) "Quality of Specifications"; (5) "Acceptance Plans"; (6) "Quality of Highway Construction"; (7) "FHWA Construction-Related Policies, Procedures and Guidelines"; (8) "Uniform Standards - Construciton: FHWA Region 3 Experience"; (9) "Training and Certification of Technicians"; and (10) "Evaluation and Accreditation of Construction Materials Laboratories." This was followed by a conference to discuss these 10 white papers and other pertinent topics. All the State highway agencies, trade organizations, standards developing bodies, consulting engineers and other Federal agencies responsible for road building were invited to participate in the conference which was open to the public. This appendix contains written discussions provided by conference participants and others. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Contracts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Pavement design KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Standardization KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393978 AU - Dusel, J P AU - Travis, R AU - Stoker, J R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOT-DIP GALVANIZED A307 AND A449 ANCHOR BARS AND A325 CAP SCREWS PY - 1984/02 SP - 130 p. AB - Fatigue lives of hot-dip galvanized anchor bars and cap screws commonly used by Caltrans for highway signs, luminaires, and traffic signals are determined. S-N curves plotted from cyclic test data collected, are presented for various parameters. A total of 190 direct tension fatigue tests were conducted on 1-inch-diameter A449 and 1-1/4-inch-and 1-3/4-inch-diameter A307 anchor bars to determine what effect the amount and type of preload, nut arrangement, length, diameter, and steel type has on fatigue life. In a total 1-inch-diameter, were evaluated to finn the effects of preload, diameter, and typical prying forces on fatigue life. It was found that of the variables evaluated preload was the most important factor affecting fatigue life. Anchor bars with sinnle nuts and preloaded their full length to near yield had the longest fatigue lives, with an endurance limit near the yield stress of the bar. The poorest fatigue performance was exhibited by the unpreloaded double nut anchor bar system currently used by Caltrans. A considerable increase in fatigue life of between two and ten times was obtained for this double nut system by tightening top nuts 1/3 turn past snug tight. Highly preloaded cap screws exhibited long fatigue lives and were affected little by prying loads in specimens tested. KW - Anchor bars KW - Cap screws KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Galvanizing KW - Hot dip galvanizing KW - Screws UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392207 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAILURE TEST OF A JACK-ARCH BRIDGE PY - 1984/02 SP - 26 p. AB - An 47-ft. jack-arch bridge was loaded to failure to determine the degree of composite action between the steel beams and their concrete encasement. Measurements included strain in the top and bottom flanges of the beams, midspan deflection of all beams, and end rotation of two beams. Despite the lack of shear connectors, the beam flange strain data demonstrated that the full composite section was active in resisting load. All the collected data support the conclusion that a significant amount of end restraint is present in this nominally simply supported structure. At service loads the structure behaves like a fixed-ended beam. The end restraint dissipates with increasing load. At yield of the tension flange, the centerline moment was only about 80 percent of the simple-beam value. Service-load testing produced values for live-load distribution coefficients that differed from design values. Because of the sparsity of data, however, no changes are proposed. (FHWA) KW - Arch bridges KW - Deflection KW - Destructive testing KW - Failure KW - Flanges KW - Mechanical tests KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Rotation KW - Steel beams KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392219 AU - Roberts, F L AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS PY - 1984/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This report contains the results of a literature survey and small computer study using the ELSYM 5 computer program to investigate the state of stresses and strains in asphalt mixtures used as overlays as compared to those used in conventional pavement layers. Results from the literature survey indicate that very thin overlays on old flexible pavements should probably be avoided since the tensile stresses between dual tires are very high, in fact, several of the overlay design procedures avoid thicknesses of less than 3 inches because of the high tensile stress state in the overlays. As the overlay thickness increases beyond 3 inches the stresses decrease and fatigue cracking problems become less severe. However, overlays on rigid pavements appear to fail either by permanent deformation due to repeated loads or stripping or cracking caused by reflection of underlying cracks. The use of elastic layered theory to study the shear stresses in overlays on rigid pavements showed that shear stresses decreased with increase in stiffness of the underlying layer. However, as the modulus of the overlay decreased these shear stresses increased dramatically, such is probably the case when low density or moisture damage is sustained by the overlay. Results of this study indicate that there are mixture design questions that should be considered further including the effects of low density and moisture damage on the stability and permanent deformation characteristics of overlay mixtures. (FHWA) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Density KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Layered theories KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus KW - Moisture content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Repeated loads KW - Rolling contact KW - Shear stress KW - Stiffness KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387061 AU - Benson, P E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF AMBIENT CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS FOR PROJECT-LEVEL AIR QUALITY IMPACT STUDIES PY - 1984/02 SP - 130 p. AB - Recommended procedures are given for designing project-level ambient carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring studies and analyzing their results. Attention is focused on transportation related applications, although the procedures are general and can be applied to other types of air quality studies. A statistical model which uses the scheduling and duration of sampling as a means to minimize bias in estimating the second annual maximum CO concentration is developed. This model is verified using a data set comprised of 112 station-years of data collected at 12 California air monitoring stations. The temporal distributions of seasonal maximums for this data set are also described. Two types of sampling plans are discussed: Background sampling and corridor sampling. Specific criteria for choosing between these two plans are given. Recommendations are made regarding site selection, outlier analysis, rollback calculations and data handling. A computer program which estimates second annual maximum 1-hour and 8-hour ambient CO concentrations using observed maximums stratified by time of day periods is introduced. A complete set of user instructions for this program is given. (Author) KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387112 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF REFLECTIVE MARKERS PY - 1984/02 SP - 9 p. AB - The following measures can be taken to reduce raised pavement marker (RPM) replacement cost: (1) Change policy in order to reduce the number of RPMs installed. (2) Increase spacing between RPMs. (3) Test asphalt to determine factors which lead to early failure. (4) Make greater use of low profile RPMs. (5) Recess RPMs. (6) Change replacement strategy. It is recommended the RPM program be reevaluated, during which time the present practice of installing RPMs be discontinued and the following policies be instituted as interim measures: (1) Installation of RPMs at hazardous locations shall have no restrictions. (2) On construction projects, the RPMs shall be either low profile or recessed. (3) For maintenance replacements, the RPMs shall be low profile. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Building KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Failure KW - Head KW - High risk locations KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Replacing KW - Savings KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387117 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE P.C. CONCRETE PAVEMENT PATCHING CONFERENCE FOR REGION 5 AND 7 STATES PY - 1984/02 SP - 188 p. AB - The conference was attended by Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. Papers were presented on patching of both conventional and continuously reinforced concrete pavement. The following practices and procedures were the most commonly used and endorsed by the participating States: Patches should be provided with load transfer; Areas to be patched should be double sawed and preferably removed by lifting; Bituminous patches are frequently used when the pavement is to receive a bituminous overlay; Calcium chloride is used for quick set of the P.C. concrete patch when traffic demands a short curing time; Pressure relief joints are often used in conjunction with P.C. concrete patches; Use forms on the outside of the patch; Seal the patch joints; Reinforcing not used in conventional P.C. concrete patches. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Calcium chloride KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Load transfer KW - Patching KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385347 AU - Manuel, F S AU - Teng and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS PY - 1984/02 SP - 192 p. AB - Studies were conducted to develop recommended guidelines for: (1) techniques for evaluating, and (2) design guides and construction methods for improving existing bridge substructures for replacement or rehabilitated bridges. Part I of the report deals with deterioration of bridge substructures, effects of loading and unloading on the foundations, time effects on soil properties, and bearing capacity and settlement of foudnations. Part II deals with current methods of inspection, substructure analysis, new methods for evaluating soundness and bearing capacity of foundations, and instrumenting foundations for future performance. Repair methods and techniques to increase the capacity of existing foundations by strengthening the foundation and/or soil and methods for reducing loads on the substructure are covered in Part III. Case histories of bridge substructures, and recommendations for research in the subject area comprise Part IV of the report. Dr. Andrew Scanlon and Mr. Albert Litvin made valuable contributions to the study pertaining to concrete substructures. The bridge and staff engineers from the Departments of Transportation of California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia contributed valuable information on current practices in the evaluation, repair, and reuse of existing bridge substructures. (FHWA) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Ground settlement KW - Improvements KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Loading KW - Loading and unloading KW - Loads KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Time KW - Time effects KW - Unloading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385484 AU - Edwards, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1984 DRIVER LICENSE. ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1984/02 SP - 50 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. possessions and territories, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. An additional section is included showing comparable data for Canada. (Author) KW - Administration KW - Data collection KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455971 AU - Huang, Chen-Tair AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Gibson County, Indiana PY - 1984/01/10 SP - 40p AB - The engineering soils map of Gibson County, Indiana which accompanies this report was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs used in this study, having an approximate scale of 1:20,000 were taken on August 22, 1940 for the United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Aerial photographic interpretation of land forms, parent materials and engineering soils of the county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation and inference. A field trip was made to the area for the purpose of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soil texture. The final land form and parent material boundaries were graphically reduced to produce the engineering soil map. Standard symbols were employed to delineate land forms, parent materials and soil textures. Parent material symbols were grouped according to land form and origin, and textural symbols were superimposed to indicate the relative composition of the parent materials. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism and map presentation. The map also includes a set of soil profiles which indicate the general soil profiles in the various land form-parent material areas. The soil profiles were complied from the agricultural literature and from the boring data of roadway soil surveys along S.R. 57 (Appendix A). These data were supplied by the Indiana Department of Highways. Liberal reference was made to the "Formation Distribution and Engineering Characteristic of Soil". KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Gibson County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314589 UR - http://ia600406.us.archive.org/3/items/engineeringsoils842huan/engineeringsoils842huan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576144 AU - Reisner, Richard M AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of the Second Generation Consolidation Monitoring Device PY - 1984/01/04/Final Report SP - 30p AB - The Consolidation Monitoring Device (CMD) was developed for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to continuously monitor the density of plastic portland cement (PC) concrete immediately following placement by a paving machine. The prototype CMD was field tested in Iowa in 1978. It was concluded that the impossible task of maintaining the necessary one-inch air gap was the probable cause for the poor field correlation with core densities. To overcome the air gap problem, a method to electronically compensate the density reading for air gap variation was developed and added to the system. The second generation CMD was ready for field testing and in July of 1983, Iowa was again selected as a test site. The objective of this report was to evaluate the usefulness, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of the second generation CMD for PC concrete under production conditions. KW - Accuracy KW - Consolidation KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Instruments for measuring density KW - Iowa KW - Portland cement concrete UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19872 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576580 AU - Shelquist, Robert A AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sprinkle Treatment of Asphalt Surfaces PY - 1984/01//Final Report SP - 49p AB - Methods of improving highway safety are of major concern to everyone who is involved in the planning, development and construction of improvements of the vast highway network. Other major concerns are the conservation of the rapidly disappearing sources of energy and quality building materials. This research is devoted to further exploration of a process which will: 1. help preserve higher quality aggregates; and, 2. improve the frictional characteristics and surface texture of asphalt pavement surfaces. Sprinkle treatment of asphalt concrete pavement surfaces with a non-polishing aggregate, a procedure which was developed in Europe, is one method which has shown promise in accomplishing the above listed objectives. This research seeks to explore the feasibility and cost effectiveness of using standard asphalt mixtures of local, less expensive aggregates for surface courses followed by a surface sprinkle treatment of a hard, durable, non-polishing layer of precoated chips to produce a durable, non-skid pavement surface for safe highway travel. Three standard mixture types are being evaluated for aggregate retention characteristics and six sprinkle aggregates are being evaluated for durability, polishing and friction characteristics. In addition, measurements of the surface texture by the silicone putty method are being made. Another feature of this research is the evaluation of a rubberized asphalt material called Overflex MS as a crack filler. It has been reported that the material could be beneficial in reducing reflective cracking. The project was begun in July of 1978 and was completed in August. A review made in the spring of 1979 indicates very satisfactory performance. It was determined from slide photos taken after construction and again in the spring that aggregate retention was very good. However, many cracks had reflected indicating that the Overflex MS had not been effective. Follow up friction test results and texture analysis were also very good. The results of these tests are shown in Appendix A. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Modernization KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Skid resistance KW - Sprayers KW - Surface treating KW - Texture UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17027 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1368409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01362911 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alternatives to Tax on Use of Heavy Trucks: Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, Section 513(G): Report to Congress PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - Section 513(G) directs the Department of Transportation, in consultation with the Department of the Treasury, to study alternatives to the heavy vehicle use tax as well as plans for improving the collection and enforcement of the tax and its alternatives. The Section further stipulates that alternative taxes include those based either singly or in combination of vehicle size or configuration, vehicle weight, including both registered and actual operating weight, and distance traveled. This report provides a background and history of the Federal Highway Trust Fund user fees, describes the basis for the tax on heavy trucks, examines the issues associated with the current heavy truck use tax, and assesses a variety of alternatives to the tax with regard to revenue yield, equity, and administrative concerns. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost allocation KW - Equity (Finance) KW - Finance KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user taxation KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 KW - Taxes KW - Trucks KW - User charges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1131124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453709 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Roberts, F L AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS BOILING TEST FOR EVALUATING MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1984/01 SP - 35 p. AB - This report contains a description of the development and use of the Texas Boiling Test to evaluate stripping of materials susceptible to moisture damage. Included is a review of comparison of boiling tests currently in use by several agencies and a recommended tentative test procedure. Preliminary testing indicated that three factors related to testing were important. These factors were the number of times the aggregate and asphalt was heated and mixed before testing, the initial temperature to which the aggregate was heated prior to mixing, and the type of water used for boiling. These three factors were investigated to determine the effect off their variation on test results. Tests were performed on eight mixtures of which five had stripped in the field and three had not. Each mixture and its individual aggegate components were tested to determine whether the results could be used to differentiate between stripping and nonstripping mixtures. Based on these tests and other field testing it was tentatively concluded that mixtures that retained less than 70 percent of the asphalt on the aggregate are moisture susceptible and require treatment. Test results indicate that valuable information is provided by the Texas Boiling Test. The test is simple and easy to perform; it can be performed either in the laboratory during mixture design or on the field-mixed materials. In general, the Texas Boiling Test offers good potential for use in detecting moisture susceptible mixtures before they are placed in the field. (Author) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Boiling KW - Heating equipment KW - Moisture content KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451716 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Fairbanks, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RAIL TO RESTRAIN AND REDIRECT 80,000 LB TANK TRUCKS PY - 1984/01 SP - 36 p. AB - A standard Texas type T5 traffic rail was modified to increase its height and strength to contain and redirect an 80,000 lb (36,300 kt) tank-type tractor-trailer at 50 mph (80.5 km/h), 15 degree impacts. The concrete parapet was increased to 48 in. (122 cm) high, and a concrete beam was mounted on concrete posts on top of the parapet to achieve a total rail height of 90 in. (229 cm). One crash test was conducted on the bridge rail. The truck was contained and smoothly redirected. This test has shown that a bridge rail can redirect heavy tank-type trucks at speeds up to 50 mph (80.5 km/h) and 15 degree impacts. The cost of this rail is estimated at about $125 per foot. Typical passenger car bridge rails in Texas now cost about $35 per foot. KW - Automobiles KW - Beams KW - Bridge railings KW - Concrete KW - Concrete beams KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parapets KW - Redirection KW - Speed KW - Tankers KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451668 AU - McElroy, M T AU - Rieke, P E AU - McBurney, S L AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILIZING PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS TO DEVELOP A COST EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ROADSIDE VEGETATION PY - 1984/01 SP - 169 p. AB - The cost of mechanical mowing of highway roadsides is very expensive. Some areas are very difficult or even impossible to mow because of slope, structures, sign posts and delineaters. Chemical Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) have been sought to reduce mowing requirements for more than 30 years. Limit, Telar, Eptam, Cutless, Embark, MBR-18337 and PP-333 were evaluated at different rates and in different combinations on mixed and monostands of coarse and fine textured roadside grass sppcies. The period of application for effective seedhead suppression was approximately: 27 Apr to 10 May for Embark and 27 Apr to 25 May for Limit in 1982; and for both Embark and Limit, 22 Apr to 15 May in 1983 and 20 Apr to 17 May in 1984. Significant differences in vegetative and seedhead suppression were found among compounds and among dates of applications. Synergistic effects were observed where Embark and Telar were applied in combination. Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) was severely injured by Telar and Telar-Embark combinations. Cutless and PP-333 reduced seedhead height but did not reduce relative seedhead density. (Author) reduce relative seedhead density. (Author) KW - Grasses KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Roadside KW - Urban growth KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451657 AU - Adams, R D AU - Larsen, A M AU - LUND, A E AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF LAKE STATES TIMBER SPECIES FOR GUARDRAIL POSTS. EVALUATION OF GUARDRAIL POSTS IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN PY - 1984/01 SP - 37 p. AB - This document is the Final Report for Phase II of a two phase project. In Phase I a proposed wood guardrail post specification was prepared. In the study reported here in-service wood guardrail posts were sampled and evaluated. Wood guardrail post can satisfactorily perform their intended function, provided they are constructed of quality material and are in good condition. A survey was made of existing wood guardrail posts in the State of Michigan to provide descriptions of the posts and their condition, and to determine their performance patterns. Results of the survey indicate those characertistics and factors that have the most significant effect upon condition and performance of wood guardrail posts. The evaluation of these characteristics provide a basis for making preliminary recommendations regarding inspection and maintenance procedures that would efficiently control the quality and contribute to the general performance of wood guardrail posts in the State of Michigan. (Author) KW - Field performance KW - Guardrails KW - Performance KW - Posts KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384664 AU - North Central Texas Council of Governments AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Department of Energy TI - LOCAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION FUEL CONSUMPTION. PART I: DERIVATION OF PROCEDURE. PART II: PLANNING MANUAL PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - This manual provides a tool for planners at the local level to use in assessing the localized economic impacts of transportation fuel price changes. The publication is divided in two parts: Derivation of Procedure and Planning Manual. A change in the price of gasoline can be expected to have an impact on the local economy of an urban area. In order to trace such impacts and to institutionalize analyses of this type, the North Central Texas Council of Governments studied the application of an input-output, or inter-industry, model to the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Economic impacts of transportation energy expenditures are both direct and indirect. Chapters in Part I: Overview of Procedures; Energy Efficiency and Price Scenarios; Sector Energy Consumption; Consumer Price Index Changes; Total Economic Impacts; Suggestions for Use of Manual. The chapters in Part II: Introduction; Energy Efficiency and Price Scenarios; Sector Energy Consumption--Households; Sector Energy Assumption--Trucks; Resulting Changes and Impacts; Summary. It is concluded that by evaluating the changes in household and trucking expenditures from proposed scenarios a great deal can be learned about the effects of policy/engineering decisions in energy economics. One finding: Future energy prices and inadequate fuel efficiency improvements for the truck fleet will lead to a significant increase in household expenditures due to higher trucking costs. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy expenditures KW - Energy resources KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Households KW - Income KW - Modal split KW - Motor carriers KW - Regional planning KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485282 AU - Maxwell, D A AU - PETERSEN, H C AU - Petersen, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR RIDESHARING PROJECTS. VOLUME II - PROJECT EVALUATION WORKBOOK PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this workbook is to provide a set of step-by-step instructions for conducting a cost-effectiveness evaluation of an areawide ridesharing program. A set of forms to be completed when following these instructions is included. This is strictly a how-to approach. The target audience is the program managers and staff of areawide ridesharing programs. Three traditional forms of ridesharing are addressed: carpools, vanpools, and buspools. The end product of this evaluation is a summary report that highlights the results of interest to funding agencies, city councils, etc. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Quality of work KW - Reports KW - Ridesharing KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485281 AU - Maxwell, D A AU - PETERSEN, H C AU - Petersen, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR RIDESHARING PROJECTS. VOLUME I - PROJECT EVALUATION PROGRAM PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - As the federal (FHWA/UMTA/DOE/EPA) dollar commitment to ridesharing wanes, the slack must be picked up by state and local funds. Thus, for many program managers, the ability to prove the cost-effectiveness of their programs is not just a matter of pride, but of survival. This means that for ridesharing to flourish in a competitive atmosphere, the program managers must arm themselves to compete with other Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) measures for funds. The primary emphasis in this report is the implementation of techniques to produce the numbers required to "prove your case" in the reports developed for program evaluation (and program defense) purposes; for example, the reports required by funding agencies and/or presentation to City Councils and the like. Because of the localized nature of the reporting system, development of the wording and format of these specialized reports and presentations will be an individual matter and thus outside the scope of this report. The Introduction section of this report outlines ridesharing evaluation needs. The second section describes the overall evaluation approach and the rationale behind its development. The third describes "how to work through the numbers". The fourth addresses the problem of implementation. Appendix A contains a "typical" example evaluation, Appendix B an evaluation of the Texas Vanpool Project, and C the development of the evaluation percentiles. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Quality of work KW - Reports KW - Ridesharing KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392135 AU - Frederick, G R AU - Koo, B AU - Ardis, C V AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SHEAR CONNECTORS ON PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS PY - 1984/01 SP - 83 p. AB - Presently precast concrete box culverts installed with less than two feet of cover conform to ASTM Standard C 850-76. Furthermore, the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" have been interpretted to require edge beams along edges of top slabs of box culverts if shear connectors are not used. The Ohio Department of Transportation specifies two acceptable types of shear connectors and limits their maximum spacing to thirty inches. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of shear connectors and to assess the spacing requirements as specified by ODOT. This was accomplished by performing field testing on actual box sections before the roadway was open to trafffic. Prior to field testing, electric resistance strain gages were installed on the reinforcing steel, on the upper concrete slab and on the shear plates. Vertical deflection measurements were taken along joints between adjacent with and without the bituminous pavement in place. Testing of one-sixth size scale models was also performed. This yielded more strain information that was possible to collect during the field testing phase. Additionally, computer modelling was performed using the finite element method. Based upon the results of this research, neither shear connectors nor edge beams are required for satisfactory performance of box sections conforming to ASTM C 850/76. ODOT no longer specifies the use of shear connectors. (Author) KW - Beams KW - Box culverts KW - Deflection KW - Edges KW - Fasteners KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Precast concrete KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Spacing KW - Specifications KW - Strain gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468739 AU - Eck, R W AU - Sack, W A AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING FEASIBILITY OF WEST VIRGINIA OIL AND GAS FIELD BRINES AS HIGHWAY DEICING AGENTS. PHASE 1 AND APPENDIX A. ESTIMATE OF BRINE PRODUCTION IN WEST VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/01 SP - 299 p. AB - A comprehensive research project to determine the feasibility of West Virginia oil and gas field brines as highway deicing agents is described. A literature review presents the state-of-the-art of oil and gas field waste handling practices and the use of commercial salts and natural brines for deicing. Forty-nine brine samples, from 12 separate oil and gas fields were collected and analyzed. Tests conducted included melting and freezing tests, stability tests and an assessment of the variability of brines over time and from different fields. Results of field testing conducted during two winters demonstrated that West Virginia brines were effective deicing agents over a wide variety of weather and pavement conditions when applied via either gravity or high pressure techniques. Gravity flow systems were less costly and had fewer maintenance problems associated with them. Two alternative brine storage and handling systems were described and an economic analysis conducted. KW - Brines KW - Costs KW - Deicing KW - Economic analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Gravity flow KW - Handling and storage KW - High pressure KW - Materials management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Samples KW - Stability analysis KW - State of the art studies KW - Storage facilities KW - Variables KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450588 AU - Bell, C A AU - Montalvo, J R AU - Wilson, J E AU - Scotfield, J T AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF RESILIENT MODULUS TEST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES FOR SUBGRADE SOILS-PART 2: APPLICATION OF RESULTS IN PAVEMENT ANALYSES AND DESIGNS PY - 1984/01 SP - 142 p. AB - Part 1 describes the techniques involved in, andd the results from, resilient modulus testing of subgrade soils that are typically found in Oregon. Two methods of testing were investigated, the triaxial and diametral repeated load procedures. Subgrade soils obtained from two projects were tested. One project was a new alignment construction project in the Willamette Valley and the other an overlay project in Central Oregon, east of the Cascades. It was found that the diametral procedure was adequate for use with cohesive soils, typical of those occurring in the Willamette Valley, buut that it was not suitable for use with the noncohesive volcanic soils occurring east of the Cascades. This report is the second paart of a two-part series. It presents procedures for analysis and design of flexible pavements. It is shown how the results of the materials testing, reported in Part 1, can be used in conjunction with field deflection measurements to evaluate pavements. It is also shown how the current procedures used for the design of new pavements and overlays in Oregon, can be supplemented by analytically based procedures. Methods of evaluating and analyzing pavement structures using layered elastic theory are presented. Both "exact" and "approximate" ppocedures are considered, and their use in mechanistic pavement design procedures is presented. Recommendations for the implementatoin of mechanistic methods of analysis and design of pavements are presented. To be fully effective for pavement evaluation, these methods need accurate deflection and materials data. It is strongly recommended that deflection basins, rather than just maximum deflections, should be measured, and that more information on cement-treated and volcanic materials should be obtained. (Author) KW - Deflection KW - Linear elasticity KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Volcanic aggregates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00450587 AU - Montalvo, J R AU - Bell, C A AU - Wilson, J E AU - Scofield, J T AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF RESILIENT MODULUS TEST EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES FOR SUBGRADE SOILS-PART 1: MATERIALS TESTING PY - 1984/01 SP - 90 p. AB - This report is the first part of a two-part series. It describes the techniques involved in, and the results from, resilient modulus testing of subgrade sils that are typically found in Oregon. Two methods of testing were investigated: the triaxial and diametral repeated load procedures. Subgrade soils obtained from two projects were tested. One project was a new alignment construction project in the Willamette Valley (Salem Parkway) for which there were two distinct subgrade soils (AASHTO classifications A-7-6 and A-4), the other was an overlay project in Central Oregon with a pumiceous subgrade soil (AASHTO classification A-1-b). All other materials occurring in each pavement were tested at their in situ compositions, suuch that sufficient resilient modulus data was obtained for analyses and designs to be accomplished for each project. It was found that the diametral testing procedure was adequate for use with cohesive soils, typical of those occurring in the Willamette Valley, but it is not recommended for use with the noncohesive volcanic soils occurring in Central Oregon. For such soils the triaxial testing mode is recommended. The major advantage of the diametral test for treated materials is its simplicity compared to the triaxial test. However, the necessary to consider the effects of confining pressure for untreated soils diminishes this advantage, and with cohesionless soils the test is no simpler than the triaxial test, which is preferable for modeling the in situ stress regime. (Author) (Author) KW - Accelerated tests KW - Cohesive soils KW - Confining pressure KW - Diametral tests KW - Granular soils KW - Maximum density (Laboratory tests) KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Repeated loads KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Volcanic aggregates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474921 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR VIRGINIA: FINAL REPORT ON PHASE 1. APPLICATION AND VERIFICATION OF A PILOT PAVEMENT CONDITION INVENTORY FOR VIRGINIA INTERSTATE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1984/01 SP - 47 p. AB - Recent trends in highway funding and increased emphasis on maintenance brought about by aging highway systems have demonstrated the need for improvements in pavement management. The study reported here addresses some of the earlier phases in the development of a pavement management system for the state of Virginia. Among the issues discussed are the development of an adequate data base and the implementation of a condition rating system. While the system envisioned is applicable to all Virginia pavements, such application on only the interstate system is discussed. KW - Condition surveys KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36566/84-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474942 AU - Ford, M C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT EMULSION SURFACE TREATMENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT ON TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 65 PY - 1984/01 SP - 161 p. AB - A methodology for evaluating the characteristics and performance of asphalt emulsion seal coats in the laboratory has been developed. A relationship between the aggregate spread modulus and the ratio of aggregate and asphalt application rates to obtain optimum performnce was developed. The results of the 20 month long investigation were based on sampling and testing of the in-place seal coat and its emulsion residue and aggregate components. The performance of each seal coat project was determined by use of an accelerated wear device. Better embedment of aggregate was obtained on the seal coat projects where steel wheel rollers were used in conjunction with pneumatic tire rollers. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aggregates KW - Anchoring KW - Construction equipment KW - Embedment KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seal coats KW - Spreading rate KW - Spreading rate (Painting) KW - Surface treating UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2065.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474945 AU - Osterkamp, T E AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS IN PERMAFROST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/01 SP - 92 p. AB - This report focuses primarily on the use of thermistors and thermocouples as sensors for making temperature measurements in permafrost soils. Logging systems are generally recommended over permanently installed multi-sensor cables when the highest accuracy is required. Guidelines are provided for thermistor logging probe design and for the calibration of temperature sensors. Drilling methods for producing access holes into permafrost are discussed, as are the placement methods for casings or cables and the thermal recovery period resulting from drilling related thermal disturbances. KW - Accuracy KW - Boreholes KW - Calibration KW - Design KW - Drilling KW - Drilling methods KW - Guidelines KW - Logging (Recording) KW - Permafrost KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Temperature measurement KW - Temperature sensors KW - Thermistors KW - Thermocouples UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472207 AU - Garcia-Diaz, A AU - Allison, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING THE REMAINING SERVICE LIFE OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1984/01 SP - 187 p. AB - A procedure is developed to estimate the remaining service life of flexible pavements based upon predicted ride and distress conditions. Predicted pavement lives are correlated with actual Texas data and acceptable results are obtained. The most significant distress types affecting pavement service life were identified using a discriminant analysis approach. For each of the prevalent Texas flexible pavements the probability of needing rehabilitation is assessed for different levels of ride and distress. A second method for estimating the remaining service life in terms of maximum likelihood estimators is also developed. Curves for estimating service life are constructed for different categories within each of the following three prevalent flexible pavement types: asphalt concrete, overlaid and surface treated. Present worth and savings/cost analyses are provided to assess the economic impact of delaying rehabilitation decisions once the predicted life is reached. This analysis considers maintenance, user and rehabilitation costs. KW - Analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Estimating KW - Flexible pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462306 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Roberts, F L AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS BOILING TEST FOR EVALUATING MOISTURE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ASPHALT MIXTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1984/01 SP - 35 p. AB - This report contains a description of the development and use of the Texas Boiling Test to evaluate stripping of materials susceptible to moisture damage. Included is a review and comparison of boiling tests currently in use by several agencies and a recommended tentative test procedure. Preliminary testing indicated that three factors related to testing were important. These factors were the number of times the aggregate and asphalt were heated and mixed before testing, the initial temperature to which the aggregate was heated prior to mixing, and the type of water used for boiling. These three factors were investigated to determine the effect of their variation on test results. Tests were performed on eight mixtures of which five had stripped in the field and three had not. Each mixture and its individual aggregate components were tested to determine whether the results could be used to differentiate between stripping and nonstripping mixtures. Based on these tests and other field testing it was tenatively concluded that mixtures that retained less than 70 percent of the asphalt on the aggregate are moisture susceptible and require treatment. Test results indicate that valuable information is provided by the Texas Boiling Test. The test is simple and easy to perform; it can be performed either in the laboratory during mixture design or on the field-mixed materials. In general, the Texas Boiling Test offers good potential for use in detecting moisture susceptible mixtures before they are placed in the field. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Boiling KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453651 AU - Meisner, L J AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF PRIVATE FUNDS FOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984/01 SP - 215 p. AB - This report examines existing uses of private funds for highway improvements, assesses alternative mechanisms for obtaining private financing, and provides recommendations for ways the public and private sector can increase the use of this important form of public-private cooperation for constructing needed highway facilities. The study focuses primarily on participation by developers in funding improvements on facilities impacted by their developments. Seven case study projects provide detailed information on the ways private funds have been or are being used to finance highway improvements. Private funding for small-scale highway improvements is commonplace, but recently the private sector has begun to fund such major improvements as new interchanges, widening a few miles of arterial streets, and construction of new arterials. A variety of mechanisms exists for local governments to obtain private funding, ranging from zoning approval to special ordinances which require specific improvements to be made based upon the traffic generated by a development. Developers also make improvements voluntarily, recognizing the importance of accessibility to the success of a development. Constraints for the increased use of private funds exists at various levels of government and within the private sector. The report examines the significance of the constraints and presents recommendations on ways to increase the use of private funds. KW - Accessibility KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Governments KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Local government KW - Pavement widening KW - Private enterprise KW - Road construction KW - Widening KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385349 AU - Miller, T R AU - Granville Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ACCIDENT COST CONCEPTS: STATE OF THE ART PY - 1984/01 SP - 161 p. AB - State-level studies of direct motor vehicle accident costs are based on data which are out of date. If these data are used, the Texas Transportation Institute's 1982 update is most accurate and more current than the State-level cost data presented in the AASHTO "Red Book" (1977) and the Transportation Research Board's Methods for Evaluating Highway Safety Improvements (1975). Good national direct cost estimates (and estimates of the cost of police, coroners, etc.) appear in: The Incidence and Economic Costs of Major Health Impairments by Hartunian, Smart, and Thompson (1981) and The Economic Cost to Society of Motor Vehicle Accidents by NHTSA (1983). Good estimates for human capital costs appear in NHTSA (1983) and are preferred over the National Safety Council's 1981 estimates. No estimates exist of psychosocial costs. Estimates of willingness to pay for life and safety would be theoretically superior to human capital costs for use in benefit-cost analyses. Empirical studies of willingness to pay offer widely divergent value-of-life estimates, and most are based on questionable data, assumptions, or estimation procedures. A survey is needed to determine willingness to pay in a highway safety context. Failing that, use of the willingness-to-pay/human-capital approach presented by Landefeld and Seskin in the American Journal of Public Health in 1982 is recommended. It yields willingness-to-pay values approximately 2.128 times as large as human capital costs. A 4-percent discount rate is recommended. All recommended accident cost data are provided in the present report. (FHWA) KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic impacts KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385348 AU - Miller, T R AU - Reinert, K A AU - Whiting, B E AU - Granville Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO ACCIDENT COST CONCEPTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1984/01 SP - 12 p. AB - State-level studies of direct motor vehicle accident costs are based on data which are out of date. If these data are used, the Texas Transportation Institute's 1982 update is most accurate and more current than the State-level cost data presented in the AASHTO "Red Book" (1977) and the Transportation Research Board's Methods for Evaluating Highway Safety Improvements (1975). Good national direct cost estimates (and estimates of the cost of police, coroners, etc.) appear in: The Incidence and Economic Costs of Major Health Impairments by Hartunian, Smart, and Thompson (1981) and The Economic Cost to Society of Motor Vehicle Accidents by NHTSA (1983). Good estimates for human capital costs appear in NHTSA (1983) and are preferred over the National Safety Council's 1981 estimates. No estimates exist of psychosocial costs. Estimates of willingness to pay for life and safety would be theoretically superior to human capital costs for use in benefit-cost analyses. Empirical studies of willingness to pay offer widely divergent value-of-life estimates, and most are based on questionable data, assumptions, or estimation procedures. A survey is needed to determine willingness to pay in a highway safety context. Failing that, use of the willingness-to-pay/human-capital approach presented by Landefeld and Seskin in the American Journal of Public Health in 1982 is recommended. It yields willingness-to-pay values approximately 2.128 times as large as human capital costs. A 4-percent discount rate is recommended. (FHWA) KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic impacts KW - Health KW - Highway safety KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393875 AU - Richards, S H AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION OF WORK ZONE CHANNELING DEVICES USING THE VALUE ENGINEERING APPROACH PY - 1984/01 SP - 40 p. AB - This report investigates the use of Value Engineering for selecting work zone channelizing devices. Presented first is a State-of-the-Art review of available channelizing devices and their relative performance. Next, an overview of the Value Engineering problem-solving approach is presented. The paper then demonstrates how the Value Engineering approach can be applied to select work zone channelizing devices. For illustration, the approach is used to select devices for a lane closure taper at a rural freeway work zone. Based on the results of the investigation, Value Engineering appears to be a useful and practical work zone traffic management tool. It provides an objective means of evaluating any number of alternative channelizing devices using whatever performance and cost data are available. Most important, it encourages the selection of low cost devices which are safe and effective under the prevailing work zone conditions. The investigation further suggests that the Value Engineering approach is most appropriate for use at the Division level. It is an effective analytical tool which can be used in developing standards and for resource planning and allocation. (Author) KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Channelization KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Selecting KW - Taper KW - Tapers (Work zone traffic control) KW - Traffic control devices KW - Value engineering KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395210 AU - Sosslau, A AU - Clarke, M AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CASE STUDIES--APPLYING THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PACKAGE (UTPP) IN TRANSPORTATION MODELING PY - 1984/01 SP - 52 p. AB - This paper presents several case study examples of how the UTPP (Urban Transportation Planning Package) can be used in both computer-aided and manual transportation analysis. Its purpose is to provide the user with short and straightforward approaches to using the data, and in this manner make the sommtimes difficult task of using census data, simpler. The paper describes the contents of the UTPP and several manual and computer-aided transportation analysis techniques which can be used in conjunction with the UTPP data. These techniques are: creation and use of UTPS (Urban Transportation Planning System) data structures, application of a trip generation model, gravity model calibration, construction of a vehicle ownership model, and an average daily traffic model. KW - Automobile ownership KW - Census KW - Computer programs KW - Gravity models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384755 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF EPOXO 300-C NONSKID COATING FOR USE ON BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1984/01 SP - 39 p. AB - There is a problem of polishing steel grid bridge decks. The I-10 bridge over the East Pascagoula River is of particular concern because of the volume, speed of traffic, length of span, and the rapid decrease in skid numbers. In addition, the grid causes lateral movement which is critical with motorcycles. The purpose of this study is to find a better way to improve skid resistance on steel grid bridge decks. The preliminary tests consist of application of "Epoxo" to: a 12-foot by 3-foot section of concrete bridge deck, a 12-foot by 3-foot section of steel grid bridge deck, and a 12-foot section of two steel plates (5 3/4-inch and 4 1/2-inch widths) where the concrete and steel grid decks join. All surfaces were cleaned by lightly sandblasting. "Pri-poxo 1-C Metal Primer" was applied to the metal surfaces. The metal primer was allowed to cure overnight, and the "Epoxo" was applied to all of the test surfaces. The cure time for the "Epoxo" is four to six days at 70 deg F. Due to the cool weather, it was not opened to traffic for eight days. From these tests it appears "Epoxo" will provide a good long-life skid resistant surface on concrete and also steel plate. On the steel grid the wear is much heavier because of the small contact area between the tire and the grid. KW - Bridge decks KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Skid resistance KW - Steel plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392179 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIP GENERATION AT SPECIAL SITES PY - 1984/01 SP - 42 p. AB - Seven-day volume counts were made at fast-food restaurants with drive-thru service, convenience markets, condominiums, drive-in banks, high-rise apartments, planned unit developments, mobile home parks, day-care centers, churches, suburban motels, and post offices throughout Virginia. Typical traffic patterns at the sites were determined from the count data. Based on available trip generation rates reported by the Institute of Transportation Engineers and an analysis of the count data, conclusions regarding valid vehicle trip rates for the above land uses were developed. KW - Dwellings KW - Fast food restaurants KW - Land use KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36554/84-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391349 AU - Harrell, A S AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRITY EVALUATION OF DRILLED PIERS BY STRESS WAVES PY - 1984/01 SP - 268 p. AB - The theory of elastic wave propagation in solid rods is presented in terms of using elastic waves to evaluate the integrity of drilled piers. Equipment and instrumentation as well as experimentally determined advantages and disadvantages of previously established wave propagation methods used to evaluate the integrity of drilled piers are also discussed. Recent advancements in recording equipment are examined, particularly digital recording equipment. Measurements with receivers embedded in piers were conducted on previously constructed piers near Granger, Texas, to assess the use of new digital recording equipment. Four drilled piers were constructed and tested in Houston, Texas; one sound pier and three with planned defects. These tests were designed to study the effects of the cross-sectional area of the defect on wave propagation measurements. Wave propagation measurements were performed on the piers in Houston with both surface and embedded receivers. In addition, various sources and receivers were used. Analyses of the time-domain measurements are presented, and wave velocity and reflected wave arrival assessments are emphasized. Finally, analyses of wave attenuation in sound and defective drilled piers are presented and shown to be an important parameter in detecting defective piers. KW - Defects KW - Elastic phenomena KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Evaluation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Recording instruments KW - Reflectivity KW - Stress waves KW - Stresses KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity KW - Waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390392 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM FIELD MANUAL FOR THE CONTINUING ANALYTICAL AND STATISTICAL DATA BASE PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the need to assess the highway systems periodically with respect to extent and physical condition; the safety, efficiency, and economy of the systems in serving the movement of goods and people; and the impacts of existing national programs and policies. In addition, there is a need to assess the potential impacts of proposed programs, policies, and alternatives. The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) has been implemented to meet these needs. The HPMS is a program management tool considered to be prerequisite to sound Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and State highway programs through the annual monitoring of highway performance. Through prudent analyses and application, it should ensure the efficient use of dwindling financial resources and provide invaluable information to decisionmakers. This Manual reflects the FHWA Headquarters' efforts to reduce total data reporting, to eliminate duplication, and to coordinate all planning data reporting requirements. The objectives of the HPMS are as follows; 1) To provide current data necessary to meet legislative requirements and agency needs in a timely fashion; 2) To provide current statistics on the mileage and extent of the various systems; 3) To evaluate highway programs by monitoring changes in highway characteristics and performance based on detailed section specific data obtained on a sample basis; 4) To minimize the State reporting burden, the need for special data requests, and special national studies; and 5) To be compatible with other data systems to permit meaningful comparisons. The HPMS data system will provide indispensable information to highway adminstrators, legislative bodies, and others. The HPMS also consists of models and other analytical tools that will provide measures of resources, program accomplishments, trends, and will serve highway planning, programming, budgeting, forecasting, and fiscal management. (Author) KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Manuals KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390435 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM. FIELD MANUAL FOR THE CONTINUING ANALYTICAL AND STATISTICAL DATA BASE PY - 1984/01 SP - v.p. AB - This Manual provides guidelines for reporting Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data and establishes update procedures for the annual submission. The Manual outlines procedures for reporting three major types of data--universe mileage data, sample data, and areawide data. Also outlined are the procedures for the preparation of the various types of data, including forms, and instructions for building and editing the data set. A timetable is included for coordinating various aspects of the HPMS. The HPMS organization, guidance, and analyses are the responsibility of the Federal Highway Administration. Data reporting for the HPMS is accomplished by the State highway agencies in cooperation with local government units, metropolitan planning organizations and other organizations. KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Local government KW - Manuals KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - State departments of transportation KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388846 AU - Kozlov, G S AU - Mottola, V AU - Mehalchick, G AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION CRITERIA FOR NEW JERSEY PAVEMENT DESIGN-VOLUME II EXPERIMENTAL SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE APPLICATIONS PY - 1984/01 SP - 112 p. AB - This Volume II report of a three volume series in conjunction with guides, supplements and technical notes, describes a concerted effort to resolve the problems of internal (subsurface) road drainage. Field investigations of the existing conditions of highways indicated a definite need for an effective subsurface drainage system. The fundamental objective of the research was to formulate the design methods and the construction and maintenance procedures for such a drainage system. In this report the results of test track evaluations of reduced scale pavement sections having underdrainage elements are summarized. The field experience of constructing two experimental internally drained highway sections is also given. A long-term monitoring program has been instituted for these trial installations; the monitoring program has been instituted for these trial installations; the monitoring plan and baseline measurements are provided in the report. Finally, from the results of the model tests, field trials and previously reported laboratory investigations, construction requirements for the proposed highway underdrainage system are discussed. (FHWA) KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field tests KW - Frost action KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement design KW - Subsurface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388838 AU - Javier, J AU - Chavez, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RAPID TEST METHOD FOR ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION IN HOT-MIX PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1984/01 SP - 88 p. AB - A rapid test method was developed for the determination of asphalt cement content in hot-mix bituminous paving mixtures. It is based on the extraction of asphalt cement from mixtures with trichloroethylene and subsequent measurement of the transmittance of light through the extracted solution. A good correlation was found between the results obtained using the rapid test and those obtained using the standard test (ASTM D-2172, Method E1) for samples tested in the field at asphalt mix plants. The test uses a portable spectrophotometer and a metal can for extraction. The equipment needed for the test costs about $300.00 and is highly portable. The asphalt content can be determined in less than ten minutes. The possibility of using the rapid test on materials containing emulsified asphalt, slag aggregate, unusually high amounts of fine material (is less than #200 sieve) and recycled material was also studied. The test appears to be easily adaptable to emulsions and slag aggregate. It is unaffected by normal amounts of fine material, but may have to modified for mixture with high fines contents. More work is needed before it can be used on recycled mixes. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Rapid methods KW - Recycled materials KW - Slag aggregates KW - Slag coarse aggregates KW - Spectrophotometers KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387131 AU - Locke, C E AU - Dehghanian, C AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATED STUDIES TO CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED STRUCTURES PY - 1984/01 SP - 109 p. AB - Cathodic protection of steel in portland cement concrete requires information concerning several different areas. This report describes studies which were pointed toward developing an understanding of several of these. A study of making an asphaltic concrete conductive was accomplished using coke breeze mixed with asphalt and aggregate. Mixes containing 45% coke breeze, 7-11% asphalt and the remainder a standard aggregate were found to be appropriate for conductive layers for cathodic protection. It was found possible to determine corrosion rates electrochemically using linear polarization. This laboratory technique gave corrosion rates similar to values obtained in other laboratories using other techniques. Testing in the laboratory and bridge decks of molybdneum-molybdneum oxide electrodes indicated these would be useful as embeddable reference electrodes in concrete. Silver-silver chloride electodes were not found to be stable in this application. These electrochemical half-cells, MoMo03, should prove to be useful for cathodic protection systems which require controlled potentials. Reinforced concrete cylinders were exposed to cathodic protection level currents for five years. Pullout strengths and concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions were determined throughout this time period. These data indicate the cathodic protection currents reduce the bond strength of the steel and concrete after about 3.5 years, due to accumulation of sodium and potassium at the interface between steel and concrete. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Coke KW - Corrosion KW - Molybdenum KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382209 AU - TRRL Supplementary Report TI - FHWA RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY. IMPLEMENTATION CATALOG PY - 1984/01 SP - 103 p. AB - This catalog lists selected publications, visual aids, computer programs and training materials that are available as a part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) implementation program. Items are listed alphabetically under program areas. Subtitles and series are shown separately under the main item heading. Indexes, at the back of the catalog, are arranged both alphabetically and by program area. Implementation Packages and Technology Sharing Reports are also listed by number. KW - Catalogs KW - Development KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Implementation KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural design KW - Technology KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381339 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION CATALOG PY - 1984/01 SP - 103 p. AB - This catalog lists selected publications, visual aids, computer programs and training materials that are available as a part of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) implementation program. Items are listed alphabetically under program areas. Subtitles and series are shown separately under the main item heading. (Author) KW - Computer programs KW - Documents KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Implementation KW - Publications KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Visual aids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01450994 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-19, Andrews bypass to US-19-NC-28 intersection, Cherokee/Graham/Swain counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final, FDsup(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1219538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161086 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - County Road 116 extension, bridge construction, Rum River, Anoka County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161085 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IL-121-Staley Blvd improvement, FAP-712, Decatur : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161084 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-215 freeway construction, Van Buren Blvd to CA-60, Riverside County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161083 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Edgewood Blvd, Logan St to Cedar St, Lansing : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161082 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West River Parkway extension and development, Minneapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161081 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 39th Ave improvements, Gainesville : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161080 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Platte River crossing construction, Arapahoe County / Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161079 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Roseville Bypass construction, I-80 to CA-65, Placer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161078 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bogue Sound bridge from US-70 to NC-58, Carteret County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Revised draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161077 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pine Bluff railroad demonstration project, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161076 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Appalachian corridor X construction, AL-19 to US-78, Marion County / Walker County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161075 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 460 upgrading and relocation, southeast of KY state line to south of Route 83 intersection at Deel, Buchanan/Dickens counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161074 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fox River North End Bridge approaches construction, Elgin : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161073 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20-Corvallis-Newport Hwy reconstruction, Benton/Lincoln counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161072 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Springfield bypass and extension, VA-7 to US-1, Fairfax County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161071 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Russian River Bridge no.20-31 replacement, SR-101 relocation, Sonoma County / Mendocino County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161070 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CSAH-62 extension, CSAH-4 to CSAH-61, Hennepin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161069 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-32 reconstruction, Atlanta to Hillman, Montmorency County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161068 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-126 (Telegraph Road) widening, Hall Road to I-5, Ventura County / Los Angeles County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161067 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-80-I-180 improvements, San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge to Carquinez Bridge, Alameda County / Contra Costa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161066 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Western-Grand Ave improvements, Connersville : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161065 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long Island Expressway improvement, Queens County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161064 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CA-41 freeway extension, Bullard Ave to Audubon Drive, Fresno : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161063 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-70, Ruidoso-Hondo Valley section improvement, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161062 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Raymond St improvement, Kentucky Ave to Shelby St, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161061 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-395 construction, Winters ranch to South Virginia St-I-580, Washoe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draftA, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nevada UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161060 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-70, Portales-Clovis section improvements, Roosevelt/Curry counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161059 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-101 bypass construction, Redwood National Park : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Final, Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161058 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-295, Barney Circle Freeway modification study : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134129 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-22 from east of Illinois Central Gulf RR to near the Ralston community, Obion/Weakley counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01120079 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation TI - George P. Coleman Bridge alternatives study : a study of alternative crossings of the York River between Gloucester County and York County PY - 1984 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) KW - Bridges KW - Evaluation KW - George P. Coleman Bridge KW - Highway capacity KW - Planning KW - Toll bridges KW - Traffic surveys KW - Virginia KW - York River KW - Yorktown (Virginia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101153 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-895 upgrading, construction from I-95 in Richmond RI to I-195 in Swansea, MA and Jamestown Bridge replacement : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft(3v),Frev, Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061625 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Briley Parkway extension (proposed), Davidson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061622 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State Convention and Trade Center airspace leasing, Seattle : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061621 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ohio Turnpike (I-76-I-80-I-90) upgrading : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft; 4(f) evaluation B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061617 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East 96th St reconstruction, Keystone Ave to I-69, Marion/Hamilton counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061616 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Foothill Drive construction, Ruby to Crestline St, Spokane : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061615 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-34, Corvallis-Lebanon Hwy, Lake Creek-Pacific Hwy (I-5) section, Linn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061611 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OR-99E, Albany-Junction City Hwy, Queen Ave to Tangent Drive section, Linn County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061610 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Knik Arm crossing construction, Anchorage and Matanuska-Susitna Borough : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821098 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061609 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mission St widening, 12th St to 24th St, Salem : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061603 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-1039 section 4 completion, Ohio River Blvd-West End Bridge interchange, Pittsburgh : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061602 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95-I-85 (Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike) connector, Henrico/Chesterfield counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061601 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-28, Jamestown bypass : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061600 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington-Maryland one-way pair and Washington St transit mall, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061599 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bainbridge St Bridge replacement, Susquehana River, Northumberland/Snyder counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061598 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-405 HOV improvements, I-90 to WA-520, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061596 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NY-394 upgrading, Prendergast Ave to NY-474, Chautauqua County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061594 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-12-Helena west reconstruction, Lewis and Clark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061593 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - La Salle St extension, Charlotte : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061590 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Presidential Parkway construction, I-75 to Ponce de Leon, Atlanta : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061588 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-12-US-18, South Madison Beltline improvements, Dane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Draft land and water resources technical report (1983) B1; Draft air quality technical report (1983) B2; Draft noise analysis technical report (1983) B3; Conceptual state relocation plan (1983) B4 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061584 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Temple Ave extension, Prince George County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061581 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Salmon River Hwy widening from East McMinnville interchange to Airport Road, Yamhill County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061576 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chambers connector construction, River Road to 6th-7th Ave, Eugene : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061573 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - St.Thomas Island Hwy improvements, Charlotte Amalie : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draftA-DsupD, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061572 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Buckeye Basin Greenbelt Parkway construction, Toledo : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061571 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - President St extension-Island's Expressway proposed widening, reconstruction, Chatham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061569 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TN-1 improvement, TN-1 to TN-145, Rutherford/Cannon counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061568 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-210 connector construction, I-10 to I-65, Mobile County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final supplement to the final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061566 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-70, Tularoso subsection improvement, Otero County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061564 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TX-190 construction, I-35E to TX-78, Dallas/Denton/Catlin counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061562 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Vine St transportation improvements (proposed), Philadelphia : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061561 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WVA-16 (North Valley Drive) widening, Raleigh County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061559 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-220, Appalachian Thruway, LR-1061 sections 1-2, Blair County : environmental impact statement PY - 1984///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771859 AU - Smith, Steven A AU - Miller, Lawrence M AU - JHK & Associates AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCEPTS FOR A LOW COST MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - 199 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate concepts for a low- cost, practical motorist information system. The report includes an analysis of motorist information needs, a discussion of existing motorist information systems, a presentation of overall concepts designed to address motorist needs and an implementation plan describing how the concepts can be achieved. KW - Driver information systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/9203.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384771 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TAXES AND FEES: HOW THEY ARE COLLECTED AND DISTRIBUTED, 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 87 p. AB - This publication includes tabular information regarding State laws that provide for the taxation of motor fuel, fee schedules for registering motor vehicles, and the distribution of these taxes and fees. Also included are tables that show the use of other State taxes for highways and the involvement of Federal agencies and Federal funds in highway activities. These tables have appeared at various times in the annual publication, "Highway Statistics," but are now presented as a separate publication on a periodic basis. The information presented is based on data obtained from State authorities and the laws of the various States. KW - Fees KW - Fuels KW - Highway user taxation KW - Laws KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773740 AU - Turnage, H C AU - Hawthorne, R C AU - Atlantic Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC AUDIO SIGNING PY - 1984 SP - 26 p. AB - This report summarizes the activities, findings, and recommendations of the third of three phases of a project directed toward the development of an automatic radio signing system. Also referred to as "Automatic Highway Advisory Radio " (AHAR), its objective is to facilitate aural roadside-to- motorist communications without diverting the motorist's attention from the task of driving. The prototype equipment developed and produced for a pilot demonstration of the concept is briefly described. Planning for the demonstration and the results of the actual demonstration conducted in the Tampa/St. Petersburg area of Florida are covered. Results, conclusions and recommendations are discussed in the final section. KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway advisory radio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771807 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION: FINAL REPORT PY - 1984 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This report presents a study of existing automatic vehicle identification technologies and research. It describes the experience of the Federal Highway Administration with avi and proposed anticipated uses. Current avi activities in various states are described. The report concludes with a discussion of issues evolved by the use of avi. KW - Automatic vehicle identification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488190 AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE MODIFICATIONS FOR THAWING OF PERMAFROST PY - 1984 SP - 16 p. AB - In preparation for various types of construction, mining, or farming activities in permafrost terrain, some initial thawing and consolidation of near-surface permafrost soils may be beneficial. Current scientific data indicate that a major climatic warming trend is now commencing as a result of man-induced increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Engineers should be aware that the future presence and thermal stability of permafrost cannot be assured, and thawing in advance of construction may be the best long-range alternative. Various components of the surface energy balance are analyzed to determine how to increase the solar heat gain of a soil surface during thawing periods. Six field test plots were constructed in 1980 with different combinations of vegetation stripping, gravel pad placement, surface darkening with asphalt, and clear polyethylene film coverings, to intensify the thawing of permafrost silt soils. Results of four years of observations on these plots are presented and discussed. By stripping the vegetation, an increase of 6.6 ft in thaw depth was reached after 4 years. The addition of an asphalt coated gravel pad covered by a clear polyethylene film to create a greenhouse effect, resulted in an increase to 9.8 ft in the 4 year thaw depth. The benefits, and drawbacks, are discussed for each surface modification, and possible improvements are suggested. KW - Field tests KW - Greenhouse effect KW - Permafrost KW - Preconstruction KW - Silts KW - Surface modifications KW - Thaw KW - Thermal stability UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_85_10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458187 AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTAH DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION HIGHWAY INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1984 SP - 12 p. AB - A highway data system is described, the core of which was developed from federally mandated data collection areas and which can be adapted to meet a variety of needs. Areas that need to be addressed in a total highway data system are discussed and include the reference system, data collection, data manipulation, and outputs. The organization of the information project is described, as well as the system development methodology. System users (system was designed to accommodate 3 user levels: executives, technical analysts, data processors) are described, as well as file selection, file development, and system development. Data flow, and modelling and conversion processes are also described. Comments are made on linked file outputs, and planned future activities are discussed. KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data management KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462159 AU - LeFevre, E W AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN NUCLEAR MOISTURE/DENSITY TESTS AND STANDARD TESTS ON CERTAIN GRAVEL BASES IN SOUTH ARKANSAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1984 SP - n.p. AB - The nuclear method presented inconsistent results when applied to density and moisture of a gravel base material in the Southwest, AR, Nashville area. Nuclear wet densities were lower (4-18 pcf) than the sand cone wet densities. Nuclear moistures appeared to be higher than the oven dry moisture. The gravel base being tested presented high field dry densities (sand cone method) in the range of 133 to 150 pcf. The nuclear gage in use was a Troxler 3411-B model. In order to investigate the correlation between nuclear and actual density and moisture, and to develop new correlation between curves, six gravel base samples (1.1 cu. ft.) were compacted in the laboratory, and nuclear tests performed on them. The actual density (weight/volume) and the oven dry moisture was compared to the nuclear density and moisture. A correlation study between laboratory nuclear and actual results showed (1) that the correlation nuclear-actual wet density is linear and the difference between them increases as wet density increases; (2) that nuclear moisture can be lower as well as higher than the oven dry moisture and the correlation between them is linear also; (3) that nuclear-actual dry density correlate very poorly. New density and moisture calibration curves for the Nashville, AR, gravel base are presented. KW - Accuracy KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Gravel KW - Nuclear gages KW - Wet density UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2070.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00452224 AU - Dole, E H AU - Barnhart, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1983 PY - 1984 SP - 181 p. AB - The 39th of an annual series, this publication presents the 1983 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, state highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1982 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships and other units of local government. KW - County government KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid highways KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Highway economics KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Towns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451197 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY ACCESSIBLE NETWORK FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED IN SEATTLE PY - 1984 AB - No Abstract. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Architectural barriers KW - Pedestrians KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Seattle (Washington) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451186 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING CONTRACT PROVISIONS ON FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS PY - 1984 SP - 31 p. AB - No Abstract. KW - Construction projects KW - Contracts KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00396402 TI - PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR RIDESHARING PROJECTS. VOLUME I-PROJECT EVALUATION PROGRAM AND VOLUME II-PROJECT EVALUATION WORKBOOK PY - 1984 SP - n.p. AB - The purpose of this research, developed by the Texas Transportation Institute for the Federal Highway Administration, is to provide a set of step-by-step instructions for conducting a cost-effectiveness evaluation of a ridesharing project. Volume I, Project Evaluation Program, is basically a reference manual that describes the evaluation approach. Volume II, Project Evaluation Workbook, is a "cookbook" containing the necessary forms and a step-by-step procedure for conducting an evaluation. The approach addresses the three traditional forms of ridesharing: carpools, vanpools, and buspools. The cost-effectiveness approach is based upon two assumptions: 1. The results of providing ridesharing services can be meausred, the resulting number of poolers can be counted (or estimated), and the associated reduction in VMT can be determined (or reasonably estimated); and 2. The program is capable of accounting for the costs associated with each of these services and results. From a certain point of view every ridesharing project is unique; that is, it provides a very specific blend of services in response to a localized situation. By contrast, an evaluation procedure would seem to require a high degree of standardization. In order to resolve this conflict, the 100 or more seperate functions, identified during the research, were "boiled down" to six generic functions or services plus transit services. These contain within their definitions the broad spectrum of ridesharing services found across the Nation. KW - Carpools KW - Manuals KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality of work KW - Ridesharing KW - Subscription bus service KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393768 AU - Robbins, C H AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIZED FLOOD FREQUENCY FOR SMALL URBAN STREAMS IN TENNESSEE PY - 1984 SP - 24 p. AB - Engineers involved in bridge, culvert, and highway design often need to know the magnitude and frequency of flood discharge from small streams where the drainage basin is urbanized. The results of a 6-year study of the U.S. Geological Survey provide methods for estimating flood magnitudes for selected frequencies on small streams draining urban areas in Tennessee. A total of 22 rainfall-runoff sites located in basins with drainage areas of 0.21 to 24.3 square miles in size and in municipalities with populations between 5,000 and 100,000 were used to derive regionalized flood-frequency equations. Impervious area, measured from recent aerial photographs, ranged between 4.7 percent and 74.0 percent of the basin. The equations were derived by multiple regression analyses of synthetic flood-frequency estimates, derived from a rainfall-runoff modeling procedure, versus physical basin characteristics and a precipation factor. These equations can be used to estimate the magnitude of future floods with recurrence intervals of 2 to 100 years on ungaged urbanized streams in Tennessee. One equation for each recurrence interval applies statewide. Flood-frequency estimates for stations used in the analyses and example computations demonstrating application of the regression equations to urban streams in Tennessee are given in the report. (Author) KW - Equations KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Mathematical models KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Streams KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393767 AU - Glatfelter, D R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS ON STREAMS IN INDIANA PY - 1984 SP - 110 p. AB - Methods for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods on streams are necessary in the design of hydraulic structures and in flood-plain management. Equations for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on ungaged streams in Indiana were developed by multiple-regression analysis of basin characteristics and peak-flow statistical data from 242 gaged sites in Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. The State of Indiana was divided into seven areas on the basis of regression analysis. A set of equations for estimating peak discharges with recurrence intervals of 2, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years was developed for each area. The equations are valid for unregulated and nonurban streams. Significant basin chaaracteristics in the equations are drainage area, channel length, channel slope, mean annual precipitation, intensity of precipitation, storage, and a runoff coefficient. Standard errors of estimate for the equations range from 24 to 45 percent. A rainfall-runoff model was used to extend the length of record at 11 gaged sites on small streams. Flood-frequency data from the synthetic peaks and from the observed peaks were combined by weighting techniques. (Author) KW - Channels KW - Coefficients KW - Drainage KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Length KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Precipitation KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Slopes KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393503 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A GUIDE TO HIGHWAY AND TRANSIT CONTRACT OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITY AND OTHER DISADVANTAGED ENTERPRISES PY - 1984 SP - 26 p. AB - The Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 set a national goal of expending at least 10 percent of Federal highway and transit funds with Disadvantaged Small Businesses (DBAs). This effort has been carried out under the Department of Transportation's Disadvantaged Business Enterprise program. The effort to expand the participation of minorities and women in projects continues a DOT program which has been in effect since the early 1970s when FHWA and UMTA began their Minority Business Enterprise (MBE) programs. As a result, new records for minority and female contract awards in DOT-assisted transportation projects have been established. This pamphlet describes the DBE program, gives figures on its results and then discusses the following: How firms can be certified; what constitutes a false-front organization; what types of work are available; how bonding assistance can be provided and what other types of financial assistance are available; and where contract opportunities are located. The pamphlet contains a directory of regional highway and transit offices involved with DBA activities. KW - Alignment KW - Contracting KW - Disadvantaged business enterprises KW - Females KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Legislation KW - Minorities KW - Policy making KW - Railroad tracks KW - Track alignment KW - Transportation departments KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392766 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR TRAINING TRACTOR-TRAILER DRIVERS PY - 1984 SP - 211 p. AB - These Proposed Standards are the synthesis of investigations and extensive research projects reflecting the current state-of-the-art for training novice tractor-trailer drivers. The Standards were developed to achieve the following goals: student safety during training; ability to drive safely; ability to drive legally; and the ability to drive efficiently. To achieve these goals, the Standards specify minimum requirements for the training of tractor-trailer drivers, including subjects to be taught, instructional objectives to be attained, the number of hours necessary for the attainment of each of the objectives; and the required equipment, vehicles and facilities necessary to obtain these instructional objectives. This publication is organized as follows: General Curriculum Standards; Curriculum Unit Standards; Training Schedule Standards; Instructor Qualifications Standards; Training Equipment and Materials Standards; School Facilities Standards; Student/Instructor Ratio Standards; Student Enrollment Standards; Student Evaluation Standards; Student Graduation Standards; Student Placement Standards; Student Training Certification System; and Miscellaneous Standards. KW - Certification KW - Curricula KW - Driver training KW - Standards KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387064 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST OF OWNING AND OPERATING AUTOMOBILES AND VANS 1984 PY - 1984 SP - 20 p. AB - This report updates The Cost of Owning and Operating Automobiles and Vans - 1982. It traces selected vehicles in personal use and their costs through a 12-year lifetime of 120,000 miles using 1984 data. The user is cautioned against making direct comparisons between the costs reported in this and previous issues. The study methodology was changed prior to the 1982 study to reflect a longer vehicle life (details below). In addition, improved data and changes in vehicle reliability and frequency of scheduled maintenance will make such comparisons misleading. As with earlier reports, costs are based on operation of typical vehicles in the Baltimore, Maryland suburbs. Although a vehicle will usually pass through three or more owners during its life, the costs resulting from transfer of ownership are not included in this report. Methodology For the Study: The basic methodology for this study is the same used in the 1982 study. For the 1982 study, the vehicle life was increased from 10 years to 12 years and the lifetime mileage from 100,000 to 120,000. The weight classes used for the 1982 study have also been retained and reflect the general trend toward down-sizing cars in all size classes. The average age of an American car (7.2 years) is higher now than it has been at any time since the post-World War II period. Data from the most recent Nationwide Personal Transportation Study show that average annual mileage per vehicle is approximately 10,000 with travel decreasing as the age of the vehicle increases. (Author) KW - Automobile ownership KW - Gasoline KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Prices KW - Service life KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581134 AU - Newcomb, David E AU - Bubushait, A Aziz AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - Sharma, Jay AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State-of -the- Art on Pavement Overlay Design Procedures. Vol. 1 - State-of-the-Art Review and Research Plan PY - 1983/12/15/Final Report SP - 183p AB - The study is reported in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The second volume contains an annotated bibliography of significant pavement overlay literature published since 1968. The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume 1 addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented for the development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT. KW - Design methods KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Research KW - Seasonal variations KW - State of the art reports KW - Traffic loads KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/065.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01581130 AU - Newcomb, David E AU - Bubushait, A Aziz AU - Mahoney, Joe P AU - Sharma, Jay AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State-of-the-Art on Pavement Overlay Design Procedures. Vol. 2 - Annotated Bibliography PY - 1983/12/15/Final Report SP - 170p AB - The study is reported in two volumes. The first volume summarizes the state-of-the-art on pavement overlay design and presents a research plan to develop an overlay design procedure for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). The second volume contains an annotated bibliography of significant pavement overlay literature published since 1968. The state-of-the-art review presented in Volume 1 addresses pavement evaluation using nondestructive testing and subjective ratings. These are discussed along with the topics of traffic and seasonal variations. Pavement overlay design concepts are identified and discussed. A research plan is presented for the development of a pavement overlay design system for WSDOT. KW - Bibliographies KW - Design methods KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Research KW - Seasonal variations KW - State of the art reports KW - Traffic loads KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/065.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420354 AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improving embankment design and performance PY - 1983/12//Final Report SP - 182p AB - This project involved compacted soil and the prediction of its behavior. Two soils were examined (A-4, A-7-6), with 2 rollers each; 2 test pads were included in the methodical examination of behavior. Exhaustive testing was performed of both laboratory and field compacted conditions. Procedures were created that allow: 1) creation of a design specification for compaction that will assure a desired field behavior parameter; 2) prediction of the field parameters knowing only inspection testing results; 3) accounting for variability in parameters in design analyses. These procedures are significant additions to the state-of-the-art. In all cases of parameters, magnitudes of water content and dry density, as-compacted, must be controlled or known. The range of water content, as-compacted, plays a major role in property variability. These findings led to recommendation for a re-examination of Indiana specifications to provoke more thorough regulation of dry density and water content; only in this way can there be assured control of behavior in-service, the pre-requisite to minimizing the need for premature maintenance. An enlargement of the data base is recommended by an implementation program. KW - Behavior KW - Behaviour KW - Clay KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Compaction KW - Design KW - Design KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Material properties KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Stability KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314588 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420265 AU - Asin, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Person trip characteristics PY - 1983/12 IS - 11 SP - 82P KW - Age KW - Age KW - Household KW - Households KW - Income KW - Income KW - Journey length KW - Journey to work KW - Location KW - Location KW - Modal choice KW - Mode choice KW - Motivation KW - Motivation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Transport mode KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Trip length KW - Usa KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394754 AU - Griffin, R G AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICRO 2 - AN AIR QUALITY INTERSECTION MODEL PY - 1983/12 SP - 45 p. AB - This report described the MICRO2 computer model and how to use it. This program models traffic at an intersection based on Webster's Formulation. Delay, stops, pollution emissions and fuel consumption are determined. In addition, a file is created which can be used directly by the California Line Source Model (CALINE3) to determine carbon monoxide concentration at a receptor. The model can model multi-lane turns, overcapacity conditions, and traffic arriving at the intersection in platoons. Predictions by MICRO2 and CALINE3 were compared to a limited amount of monitoring data at a Denver intersection. After considering background concentration, the results compared favorably. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Interpreters /electrical/ KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - Stopping KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic platooning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469120 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING FREQUENCIES TO INSPECT AND REPAIR HIGHWAY SAFETY HARDWARE. IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1983/12 SP - 26 p. AB - During this project, a procedure was developed for setting time periods for inspection and repair of highway safety hardware. It maximizes highway safety benefits for various roadway locations and classifications, subject to the constraints of available resources. The types of safety hardware considered were traffic barriers (roadside and median, transitions and end treatments, bridge rail and crash cushions) and sign supports and panels. Current practices for maintaining safety hardware were investigated through literature searches and visits to highway agencies of seven states, one city, and one county. Interviews were conducted with operations, traffic, safety, and maintenance personnel seeking descriptions of procedures and information used in detecting, scheduling, and completing the maintenance or repair of safety hardware. Specific inquiries were made about the availability, levels of detail, and use of traffic volume data and accident records for a common set of roadway classes, with emphasis on accidents involving safety hardware. Results were used to develop the planning method which is presented in this booklet. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Constraints KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash records KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Median barriers KW - Needs assessment KW - Planning KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Sign structures KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468479 AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SKID INVENTORY DATA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TRENDS (PILOT STUDY). FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/12 SP - 75 p. AB - This study examined historical data of the skid resistance inventory in Louisiana from 1974 through 1981 to determine trends. The data showed that no trend exists when using number of vehicle passes versus skid number difference on any surface presently used in Louisiana, i.e., on portland cement, bituminous concrete, or seal coat surfaces. A new method of skid resistance inventory using the Highway Performance Monitoring System recently instituted by the Louisiana Department of Transportation instead of the entire roadway network is suggested. It is anticipated that this method can be accomplished annually with the present resources. KW - Inventory KW - Louisiana KW - Monitoring KW - Skid resistance KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20169.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468478 AU - Walters, W C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD CALIBRATION OF DUTCH CONE PENETROMETERS FOR LOUISIANA SOILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/12 SP - 79 p. AB - Various sites that were penetrated by Louisiana's Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) foundatioon boring crews with the mechanical cone penetrometer (Dutch Cone Penetrometer) and rotary drill rig (core borings) are discussed. A comparison of the resultant tests is given including stratigraphy determination, soil consistency, and ultimate capacity. Also some of the results of a corollary study of an electronic cone penetrometer (ECP) (Fugro Cone) performed in the same area are shown and compared. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Boring KW - Calibration KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Consistency KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Netherlands KW - Penetrometers KW - Soil bearing capacity KW - Soil tests KW - Soils KW - Stratigraphy KW - Technology UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20168.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395898 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1983/12 SP - 99 p. AB - This report summarizes information related to the engineering properties of hot mixed recycled asphalt mixtures for highways in Texas and an evaluation of the effects of softening agents on these properties. For hot mixed asphalt mixtures the engineering properties of tensile strength, static and resilient modulus of elasticity, static and resilient Poisson's ratio, fatigue life, and Hveem stability were found to be equal to or slightly larger than those of previously evaluated conventional mixtures. Based on the findings of this study and previously reported findings it was concluded that satisfactory hot mixed asphalt mixtures can be obtained with salvaged and recycled asphalt mixtures from existing roadways. (Author) KW - Agents KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Pavements KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Softening point KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388783 AU - Clary AU - Raimond, F AU - Soil Conservation Service AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANTING TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS FOR REVEGETATION OF CALIFORNIA ROADSIDES PY - 1983/12 SP - 161 p. AB - Plots of herbaceous and woody plant materials were established at six locations in the Mojave Desert. Grasses, legumes and shrubs were evaluated for survival, erosion control and esthetics. Woody plants were mainly native species. Plantings were also made on problem soils (serpentine soils, high boron soils, high and low pH soils) to determine suitable plants for use under adverse growing conditions. The rate of natural woody plant invasion onto cut and fill slopes was studied at over 100 sites in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Sierra Nevada Foothills and Mojave Desert. Slopes of different ages were inventoried to determine the type of slope most receptive to plant invasion as well as the rate at which woody plants revegetate naturally. Plots established during the 1970-75 cooperative CALTRANS-SCS study were evaluated to note changes in plant performance that could influence current seeding and planting recommendations. A revised seeding guide is included. (FHWA) KW - Aesthetics KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Grease KW - Legumes KW - Planting KW - Revegetation KW - Roadside KW - Seeding KW - Shrubs KW - Slopes KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462203 AU - Carney, J F AU - Dougan, C E AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF CRASH TESTS PERFORMED ON THE CONNECTICUT IMPACT ATTENUATION SYSTEM (CIAS). INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/12 SP - n.p. AB - This report summarizes the results of nine full-scale crash tests performed on the Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS). Tests were performed in accordance with the requirements of TRB Circular 191 and NCHRP Report 230. Design changes based on the data produced from the tests are outlined. A final system configuration is developed and recommended. KW - Change KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462204 AU - Carney, J F AU - Dougan, C E AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF CRASH TESTS PERFORMED ON THE CONNECTICUT IMPACT ATTENUATION SYSTEM (CIAS). APPENDIX PY - 1983/12 SP - n.p. AB - A highway-safety unit, consisting of tubular steel members with stiffeners and known as the Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS), has been designed, tested, and refined for use in protecting motorists from fixed objects on highways. The system, which was subject to nine individual full-scale crash tests performed over a one-year period, was found to satisfy standard performance criteria when struck by both 4500- and 1800-lb vehicles. A report published under sinmilar title in December 1983 summarizes the original design, test results, and refinement of the attenuation system. This report presents the results of the nine tests in detail, providing supporting information in the form of schematics, photographs, and instrument readings. KW - Change KW - Crash cushions KW - Design KW - Impact tests KW - Steel structures KW - Test procedures KW - Tubing KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462877 AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - CONNDOT'S GOALS AND THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIES PLAN PY - 1983/12 SP - 32 p. AB - This report discusses the goals and objectives of the Connecticut Department of Transportation in relation to the State of Connecticut Conservation and Development Policies Plan 1982-1985. A brief description of the plan is provided, including information on its history, structure, and purpose. The terminology used to identify goals is discussed and definitions of the terms "goal", "policy", and "objective" are provided. The report then focuses on the relationship of goals established on the bureau, agency, and State levels. The appendix presents the actual goals of the various bureaus within the Connecticut Department of Transportation as they correspond to the policies and actions of the State of Connecticut Conservation and Development Policies Plan 1982-1985. Some general observations on this presentation are included in the body of the report. KW - Air transportation KW - Connecticut KW - Conservation KW - Coordination KW - Development KW - Highway transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Integrated transportation systems KW - Level of service KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Regional planning KW - State departments of transportation KW - State planning KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Waterways KW - Waterways (Transportation) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394753 AU - McKenzie, D J AU - Irwin, G A AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF STORMWATER RUNOFF FROM A HEAVILY USED URBAN HIGHWAY BRIDGE IN MIAMI, FLORIDA PY - 1983/12 SP - 35 p. AB - Runoff from a 1.43-acre bridge section of Interstate 95 in Miami, Florida, was monitored during five storms to estimate loads of selected water-quality parameters washed from this heavily traveled roadway. The monitoring was conducted periodically from November 1979 to May 1981 in cooperation with the Florida Department of Transportation for the specific purpose of quantifying the concentrations and loads of selected water-quality parameters in urban-roadway runoff. Automated instrumentation was used during each of the five storms to collect periodic samples of bridge runoff and to measure continuously the storm discharge from the bridge surface and the local rainfall. For most target parameters, 6 to 11 samples were collected for analyses during each event. Results of these analyses generally indicated that the parameter concentrations in the stormwater runoff and the parameter load magnitudes were quite variable among the five storms, although both were similar to the levels reported for numerous other roadway sites. Storm intensity influenced the rate of loading, but parameter concentration was the dominant variable controlling the overall magnitude of loading. (Author) KW - Highway bridges KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Runoff KW - Storage tanks KW - Urban highways KW - Variables KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393979 AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL INFORMATION DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM-TRIDAQS-REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1983/12 SP - 105 p. AB - The B-2 TRIDAQS (Travel Information Data Acquisition System) is a unit for recording travel time information in a floating vehicle. The unit is highly portable, with easy transfer from vehicle-to-vehicle, and virtually independent of any special equipment installations that would limit the use of the unit to a specific vehcile. The unit is easily operated by the driver, with the acquired data recorded on cassette tape. A playback arrangement within the unit permits recorded data to be transmitted directly to the computer for processing, utilizing an acoustic coupler and telephone hookup. This report is a revised users manual for the equipment. KW - Data collection KW - Information systems KW - Manuals KW - Portable equipment KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385352 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE, DEVELOPMENT OF THE OAR PROCEDURE PY - 1983/12 SP - 200 p. AB - A review and evaluation of existing rigid pavement overlay design procedures, including the ARE procedure (DOT-FH-11-8544) resulted in a fully computerized rational method for the design of overlays for rigid pavements. Although the reflection cracking model is a slight simplification of the ARE model, the overlay design presented herein represents a new concept in overlay design in that the concept of progressive failure of component layers is considered. The thickness of overlay is determined from the consideration of protecting the surface layer from fatigue failure while allowing lower layers (old pavement, bondbreaker layer) to fail during the design life. The progressive failure concept results in thinner overlays than would be derived from previous concepts of preventing further fatigue damage to the existing pavement. Both flexible and rigid overlays can be specified; the rigid overlays may be bonded or unbonded, and either jointed or CRC. The fatigue cracking distress function has been developed from the AASHO Road Test data, taking into consideration material variability at the various sections, and represents the best correlation of the Road Test results of all previous models. Stress analysis is done using elastic layer theroy with edge and corner load adjustment factors developed using a plate on multilayer elastic solid foundation program, consequently program execution is very fast (a few seconds on most mainframes). NDT testing (any device that measures deflection) or laboratory test results may be used in support analysis. The OAR procedure has been applied to several pavements in different parts of the U.S. with excellent correlation in performance prediction. Data input to the program is simple and fast, and the report contains instructions on development of input data with a minimum of testing. (FHWA) KW - Deflection tests KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392134 AU - Faulkner, J A AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REACTIVE SILIAN-COUPLED ASPHALT/MINERAL COMPOSITES AS BINDERS IN PAVING CONSTRUCTION PY - 1983/12 SP - 51 p. AB - Composite materials using asphalts, mineral dusts, and a class of chemical coupling agents known as reactive silanes are prepared for use as binders in paving construction where asphalt alone is in general use at the present. The report describes how these coupling agents may, in very low concentrations, react with both asphalts and mineral dust fillers at the interfaces of their mixtures to integrate them into new materials which may appropriately be termed composite materials. Differing asphalts, mineral fillers, and silanes are considered. Also, wide ranges in composition and differing manufacturing methods are described. The report leads through a series of phases in development and characterization of composite products and in the evolution of the concepts and criteria felt by the author to be required for manufacture and control of superior composite binders. (Author) KW - Asphalt KW - Binders KW - Chemical substances KW - Composite materials KW - Couplers KW - Dust KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Minerals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392210 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - MEIER, W R AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ANTI-REFLECTION CRACKING MATERIALS PY - 1983/12 SP - 87 p. AB - This report is concerned with the evaluation of four mixtures of asphalt-rubber to serve as a strain attenuating layer in asphaltic concrete overlays. The four mixtures consisted of two different blends of asphalt-rubber and the strain attenuating layer was made with and without stone chips. The tests used for the evaluation were developed to simulate certain pavement loadings, and they were classified as repeated vertical shear, horizontal shear, repeated horizontal shear, and flexure fatigue. Calculations were carried out to determine the effects of the strain attenuating layer on stress in the laboratory models and also in flexible layered pavement systems. The laboratory test results showed that the layers without the stone chips had the best performance. The calculations for the laboratory and pavement models indicated that the greatest effects brought about by the layer was in reduction of horizontal shear at the overlay-layer interface and that there must be a limiting thickness of the layer to prevent tensile overstress of the bottom surface of the asphaltic concrete overlay. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Attenuation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Shear tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390994 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING A DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM FOR URBAN FREEWAYS PY - 1983/12 SP - 53 p. AB - The need for large quantities of timely and comprehensive data on traffic and travel conditions on urban freeways is increasing. Data are needed for planning, design, operations and maintenance activities. Automatic systems for the collection, recording and processing the data are required. Permanent and portable systems of detectors and data collection recorders must be designed and installed on freeways now operating at or near capacity. Large numbers of loop detectors must be installed on the urban freeways to provide data for traffic information, traffic control and traffic management systems. (Author) KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Data recorders KW - Data recording KW - Freeways KW - Information organization KW - Information processing KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390390 AU - Nelsen, B H AU - Jurach, P J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG SPAN BRIDGE DEFLECTIONS PY - 1983/12 SP - 160 p. AB - This report discusses an investigation of the immediate and long term deflection of simple span and continuous prestressed concrete bridges. The study examines the design assumptions and construction methods used to plan and build the superstructure with respect to its deflections. Factors affecting bridge deflection such as concrete strength, modulus of elasticity, aggregate shrinkage, structure shortening, length of time the structure is on falsework, skew, and end condiiton of the abutments are also analyzed. Falsework load distribution is studied. Conclusions are as follows: Judgement differences in design assumptions can cause substantial variations in calculated deflections. Maximum falsework loads occur several days after the top deck is cast. Most structures deflect elastically and continue to deflect plastically after the falsework is released. Occasionally as structure will rise significantly after a long period of constant deflection. (Author) KW - Aggregates KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Deflection KW - Falsework KW - Load transfer KW - Long span bridges KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206056 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389070 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Roberts, K M AU - DiMarco, R J AU - Allen, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HIGHWAY SIMULATOR ANALYSIS OF BACKGROUND COLORS FOR ADVANCE WARNING SIGNS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 89-96 AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) mandates orange as the background color for most construction and maintenance warning signs and yellow as the background color for all other warning signs (except when orange is specified). However, because the symbols on the STOP AHEAD and YIELD AHEAD signs are predominantly red, questions have been raised as to whether these advance warning signs installed in construction and maintenance zones should have a yellow background which may provide greater contrast than an orange background. This article discusses an experiment that used the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Highway Driving Simulator (HYSIM) to compare the effectiveness of an orange background versus a yellow background on the symbol STOP AHEAD and YIELD AHEAD signs. The measure of sign effectiveness was drivers' recognition distance of the signs posted on the simulated roadway. Early recognition is desirable because drivers have more time to adjust speed or maneuver their vehicle to meet the requirements of a specific road situation. The experiment also provided the first application of the HYSIM and demonstrated its capability. KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Color KW - Contrast KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Orange KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs KW - Yellow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209135 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389069 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Richter, R A AU - Fegan, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAKING CROSSING STRUCTURES ACCESSIBLE FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 84-88 AB - There is a need to make pedestrian crossing structures as accessible as possible to all potential users. Of principal interest are the approaches to the structures. Some handicapped pedestrians, such as those in wheelchairs, need a ramped surface to most overpass structures. Other handicapped pedestrians, such as those on crutches, are better able to climb on stairs. Persons with restricted vision can be aided by guidance strips and tactile warning surfaces. Problems to be dealt with by highway officials include balancing cost with anticipated use, the conflicting demands of different handicapped users, and the trade offs between accessibility and user convenience. This article addresses these problems with discussion on determining user needs, on identifying needs of two major groups of elderly and handicapped pedestrians--those in wheelchairs and those who are blind, and on the research which has been or is being conducted on accessibility features. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Blind persons KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Footbridges KW - Overpasses KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Research KW - Underpasses KW - Wheelchairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209134 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389160 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kragh, B C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STOPPED VEHICLES ON FREEWAY SHOULDERS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 97-101 AB - From 1977 to 1979, the California Department of Transportation investigated the safety problem of vehicles stopped on freeway shoulders and found that, on the average, fatal accidents involving at least one vehicle stopped on the shoulder accounted for almost 5 percent of all freeway fatal accidents for the State. More than one-half of these accidents occur at night or under limited lighting conditions, when traffic volumes are low and vehicle headlights are on. California Department of Transportation specifically cited sleepiness and intoxication as major causes of these accidents and suggested that drivers fail to realize that the cars they are approaching (and believe they are following) actually are not moving. The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation made similar observations in reviewing State accident records and hypothesized that fatigued drivers, especially drivers of long-haul trucks, pull their vehicle onto the shoulder to rest. These vehicles then become targets for other vehicles, with the striking vehicle showing no sign of evasive action. Because of the concerns expressed by California and Texas regarding the safety problem of vehicles stopped on roadway shoulders, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) budgeted research to determine the magnitude of the problem, assess the exposure (opportunity for an accident) of stopped vehicles, identify causal factors, and consider possible countermeasures to decrease the incidence and/or severity of shoulder accidents. Before initiating a full-scale study, preliminary in-house activities were conducted to determine if it was feasible to collect exposure data of vehicles stopped along freeways. This exposure, of course, depends on the number and the length of stay of the parked/stopped vehicles and the traffic volume on the adjacent roadway. This article describes the in-house activities that were conducted, which included a literature review, developing a study plan, and limited data collection and analysis. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Freeways KW - Night KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388820 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Meyer, A H AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATIONS INTO DYNAFLECT DEFLECTIONS IN RELATION TO LOCATION/TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS AND INSITU MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/12 AB - This report presents a statistical analysis of Dynaflect deflection and slab temperature data to investigate different test location variables and temperature parameters that affect Dynaflect deflections measured on rigid pavement. A procedure is developed for making Dynaflect deflection measurements and applying a suitable temperature correction to deflections measured near the pavement edge. A computer program is included that will facilitate the estimation of temperature in suggested in the procedure of using elastic layered theory (static loading) based computer packages to back-calculate Young's moduli from the measured Dynaflect deflection basin. The "spectral analysis of surface waves" method and crosshole testing used on the Columbus site are also presented and discussed. (FHWA) KW - Climate KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Layered theories KW - Location KW - Materials characterization KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Properties of materials KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Rigid pavements KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208735 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00389068 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Rosenbaum, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW OF RESEARCH RELATED TO THE SAFETY OF STOP VERSUS YIELD SIGN TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 77-83 AB - Since the 1920's, the STOP sign has been used for traffic control at many intersections where signals were not justified but traffic volumes and sight distances indicated the need for some kind of priority control. In 1951 the YIELD sign was introduced in Tulsa, Oklahoma, but still the STOP sign is used more frequently than the YIELD sign. Already well known is that replacing STOP signs with YIELD signs, where appropriate, can substantially reduce energy consumption, traffic delay, and air pollution. However, the consensus of the available, but limited, safety research does not clearly indicate the change in accident experience when replacing a STOP sign with a YIELD sign. The National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices has proposed a comprehensive nationwide study of the safety effects of replacing STOP signs with YIELD signs. If no significant change and/or increase in accidents exists, replacing appropriate STOP signs with YIELD signs could be justified from a safety point of view, encouraging traffic engineers and administrators to promote wider use of the more cost-effective YIELD sign. To provide background information in support of a nationwide study, this article reviews the accident experience since the YIELD sign was introduced. KW - Air pollution KW - Fuel consumption KW - Intersections KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Yield signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/209133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388821 AU - Nazarian, S AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MODULI AND THICKNESSES OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS BY SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS-OF-SURFACE-WAVES METHOD PY - 1983/12 SP - 138 p. AB - The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is a nondestructive method for evaluating the moduli and thicknesses of pavement systems. By means of a transient impact applied to the surface of a pavement system or soil deposit, a group of waves with different frequency components is transmitted to the medium. By analysis of the phase information for each frequency determined between two receivers located on the surrface, Rayleigh wave velocity, shear was velocity, and eventually elastic moduli and thicknesses of the various layers in the pavement system are determined. The method has the advantages of being: (1) fast and economical, (2) nondestructive, and (3) capable of full automation. Preliminary studies of the feasibility and testing procedure of the SASW method were presented in Research Report 256-2. This initial work has been improved and expanded in the following areas: (1) the testing procedure has been refined with a resulting reduction in scatter in the data, and (2) a simple inversion method for elimination of the effect of high- or low-velocity shallow layers has been developed. Three series of tests were performed on State Highway 71 near Columbus, Texas. These tests were performed on a continuously reinforced concrete pavement, an asphaltic-concrete shoulder, and a soil median. The moduli determined with the SASW method are at most within 11 to 20 percent of those determined by the crosshole seismic method. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Road shoulders KW - S waves KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Thickness KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385343 AU - Dever, R J AU - Bristol, C R AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 7 COST ESTIMATION MODULE PY - 1983/12 SP - 125 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related non-point source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report consists of the documentation and user's manual for the Cost Estimation Module. Construction, operation, and maintenance costs associated with the drainage system can be estimated using this Module. This report is the seventh in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 1, FHWA No. 83/041--Model Development and Test Applications; Vol. 2, FHWA No. 83/042--Precipitation Module; Vol. 3, FHWA No. 83/043--Inlet Design Program; Vol. 4, FHWA No. 83/044--Surface Runoff Program; Vol. 5, FHWA No. 83/045--Drainage Design Program; Vol. 6, FHWA No. 83/046--Analysis Module. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Highway drainage KW - Inlets KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pollution KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Testing KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385339 AU - Dever, R J AU - Roesner, L A AU - Schmalz, Richard A AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 3 INLET DESIGN PROGRAM PY - 1983/12 SP - 148 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related nonpoint source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report consists of the documentsation and user's manual for the Inlet Design Program of the Hydraulics/Quality Module. User-specified design criteria are used by the program to determine the location of fixed-sized inlets in the surface runoff conveyance system. This report is the third in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 1, FHWA No. 83/041--Model Development and Test Application; Vol. 2, FHWA No. 83/042--Precipitation Module; Vol. 4, FHWA No. 83/044--Surface Runoff Program; Vol. 5, FHWA No. 83/045--Drainage Design Program; Vol. 6, FHWA No. 83/046--Analysis Module; Vol. 7, FHWA No. 83/047--Cost Estimation Module. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pollution KW - Precipitation KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385340 AU - Dever, R J AU - Roesner, L A AU - Aldrich, J A AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 4 SURFACE RUNOFF PROGRAM PY - 1983/12 SP - 228 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related nonpoint source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report consists of the documentation and user's manual for the Surface Runoff Program of the Hydraulics/Quality Module. This program simulates the runoff quantity and quality from the highway and its surroundings and routes the flow through the surface conveyance system to detention basins and inlets to the underground conduit system. This report is the fourth in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 1, FHWA No. 83/041--Model Development and Test Applications; Vol. 2, FHWA No. 083/042--Precipitation Module; Vol. 3, FHWA No. 83/043--Inlet Design Program; Vol. 5, FHWA No. 83/045--Drainage Design Program; Vol. 6, FHWA No. 83/046--Analysis Module; Vol. 7, FHWA No. 83/047--Cost Estimation Module. (FHWA) KW - Basins KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pollution KW - Precipitation KW - Runoff KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Testing KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385342 AU - Roesner, L A AU - Dever, R J AU - Aldrich, J A AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 6 ANALYSIS MODULE PY - 1983/12 SP - 248 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related nonpoint source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report consists of the documentation and user's manual for the Analysis Module. This program simulates unsteady gradually-varied flow in the drainage system, using inlet hydrographs from the Surface Runoff Program as input. Special conditions that can be simulated include surcharge, backwater, and pumping station operation. This report is the seventh in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 1, FHWA No. 83/041--Model Development and Test Applications; Vol. 2, FHWA No. 83/042--Precipitation Module; Vol. 3, FHWA No. 83/043--Inlet Design Program; Vol. 4, FHWA No. 83/044--Surface Runoff Program; Vol. 5, FHWA No. 83/045--Drainage Design Program; Vol. 7, FHWA No. 83/047--Cost Estimation Module. (FHWA) KW - Analysis KW - Backwaters KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrographs KW - Inlets KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pollution KW - Precipitation KW - Runoff KW - Stormwater pumping stations KW - Surcharge KW - Surface drainage KW - Testing KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385341 AU - Dever, R J AU - Roesner, L A AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 5 DRAINAGE DESIGN PROGRAM PY - 1983/12 SP - 112 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related nonpoint source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report consists of the documentation and user's manual for the Drainage Design Program of the Hydraulics/Quality Module. This program takes the inlet flows and their qualities which were predicted by the Surface Runoff Program and routes them through the underground drainage system to one or more outfalls. This report is the fifth in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 1, FHWA No. 83/041--Model Development and Test Applications; Vol. 2, FHWA No. 83/042--Precipitation Module; Vol. 3, FHWA No. 83/043--Inlet Design Program; Vol. 4, FHWA No. 83/044--Surface Runoff Program; Vol. 6, FHWA No. 83/046--Analysis Module; Vol. 7, FHWA No. 83/047--Cost Estimation Module. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Highway drainage KW - Inlets KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pollution KW - Precipitation KW - Runoff KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385337 AU - Dever, R J AU - Aldrich, J A AU - WILLIAMS, W M AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 1. MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND TEST APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/12 SP - 68 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related non-point source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report documents the development of these programs, giving the history of the project and a brief overview of the model. It also presents the results of several test runs of the model on various proposed and developed urban highways around the country. This report is the first in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 2, FHWA No. 83/042--Precipitation Module; Vol. 3, FHWA No. 83/043--Inlet Design Program; Vol. 4, FHWA No. 83/044--Surface Runoff Program; Vol. 5, FHWA No. 83/045--Drainage Design Program; Vol. 6, FHWA No. 83/046--Analysis Module; Vol. 7, FHWA No. 83/047--Cost Estimation Module. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Highway drainage KW - Inlets KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Testing KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385338 AU - Dever, R J AU - Trotter, R J AU - Camp Dresser and McKee Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY STORM DRAINAGE MODEL VOL. 2 PRECIPITATION MODULE PY - 1983/12 SP - 207 p. AB - A package of six user-oriented computer programs has been developed and tested for the analysis and design of urban highway drainage systems and related non-point source pollution problems. These programs are organized into four related but independent Modules. This report consists of the documentation and user's manual for the Precipitaion Module. Hourly precipitation data can be statistically analyzed by this module to generate design storm hyetographs. This report is the second in a series. The others in the series are: FHWA No. 83/040--Executive Summary; Vol. 1, FHWA No. 83/041--Model Development and Test Applications; Vol. 3, FHWA No. 83/043--Inlet Design Program; Vol. 4, FHWA No. 83/044--Surface Runoff Program; Vol. 5, FHWA No. 83/045--Drainage Design Program; Vol. 6, FHWA No. 83/046--Analysis Module; Vol. 7, FHWA No. 83/047--Cost Estimation Module. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Highway drainage KW - Inlets KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pollution KW - Precipitation KW - Runoff KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386729 AU - Asin, R H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERSON TRIP CHARACTERISTICS REPORT 11, 1977 NPTS PY - 1983/12 SP - 92 p. AB - This is the last report in a series that provides findings from the 1977 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). Data related to person trip characteristics are divided into four major areas. The first examines the use of different modes by personal characteristics of the tripmaker, including age and sex. The second examines the use of different means of transportation by household characteristics, including income, vehicle ownership and residential location. The third examines the characteristics of trips and travel by means of transportation and includes trip purposes, average trip time, trip length, etc. Finally, the relationship between characteristics of the person/household and characteristics of the trip is examined. In addition, comparisons are made with data from the 1969 NPTS to evaluate trends in person trips and travel by age, sex, race and mode of transportation. (Author) KW - Age KW - Gender KW - Households KW - Income KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Residential areas KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose KW - User characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385331 AU - Applied Technology Council (ATC) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC RETROFITTING GUIDELINES HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1983/12 SP - 219 p. AB - This document contains guidelines for the seismic retrofitting of highway bridges. The guidelines are the recommendations of a team of nationally recognized experts, which includes consulting engineers, academicians, state highway engineers, and federal agency representatives from throughout the United States. The guidelines are comprehensive in nature and embody several new concepts. An extensive commentary documenting the basis for the guidelines and a worked example problem illustrating their use are included. The guidelines include a preliminary screening procedure, methods for evaluating an existing bridge in detail, and potential retrofitting measures for the most common seismic deficiencies. The preliminary screening procedures are used to identify bridges that are the most likely candidates for retrofitting. The methods for evaluating an existing bridge in detail involve the calculation of seismic capacity/demand ratios for each potentially vulnerable bridge component, overall assessment of the consequences of a design earthquake at the bridge site, and selection of the most appropriate retrofitting scheme for the bridge. Retrofitting schemes may be selected from among those presented and discussed in the guidelines. These guidelines utilize many of the concepts presented in the "Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges" (Report No. FHWA/RD-81/081) and are intended to be used in conjunction with that document. (FHWA) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199229 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00385857 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kragh, B C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STOPPED VEHICLES ON FREEWAY SHOULDERS PY - 1983/12 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - p. 97-101 AB - Because of the concerns expressed by California and Texas regarding the safety problem of vehicles stopped on roadway shoulders, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) budgeted research to determine the magnitude of the problem, assess the exposure (opportunity for an accident) of stopped vehicles, identify causal factors, and consider possible countermeasures to decrease the incidence and/or severity of shoulder accidents. Before initiating a full-scale study, preliminary in-house activities were conducted to determine if it was feasible to collect exposure data of vehicles stopped along freeways. This article describes the in-house activities that were conducted, which included a literature review, developing a study plan, and limited data collection and analysis. KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Data needs KW - Exposure KW - Freeways KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Information organization KW - Road shoulders KW - Stopped vehicles KW - Stopping KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385336 AU - Barksdale, R D AU - Bachus, R C AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STONE COLUMNS VOLUME I PY - 1983/12 SP - 210 p. AB - Stone columns have been used since the 1950's as a technique for improving both cohesive soils and silty sands. Potential applications include (1) stabilizing foundation soils to support embankments and approach fills, (2) supporting retaining structures (including Reinforced Earth), bridge bent and abutment structures on slightly marginal soft to stiff clays and losse silty sands, (3) landslide stabilization and (4) reducing liquefaction potential of clean sands. Also, stone columns under proper conditions can greatly decrease the time required for primary consolidation. The report describes construction, field inspection, and design aspects of stone columns. Also, several case histories are described. Bearing capacity, settlement and stability design examples are given in the appendixes contained in Volume II, (FHWA/RD-83/027) as follows: Appendix A--Selected Contacts for Stone Columns; Appendix B--Local Bearing Failure of an Isolated Stone Column; Appendix C--Example Bearing Capacity Problems; Appendix D--Example Settlement Problems; Appendix E--Example Stability Problem; and Appendix F-Rammed Franki Stone and Sand Columns. (FHWA) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge abutments KW - Case studies KW - Cohesive soils KW - Columns KW - Embankments KW - Foundation soils KW - Landslides KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Silty sands KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stone KW - Stone columns UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46536/FHWA-RD-83-026.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385757 AU - GROSS, A E AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TRIALS AND EVALUATION OF FOAMED ASPHALTS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/12 SP - 17 p. AB - Foamed asphalt sand mix and recycled mix were produced and placed on a 0.3 mile section of rural U.S. Route 2 in the Town of Dyer Brook, County of Aroostook. The mix was produced with a modified Pioneer Stabilization Plant capable of producing mix at the rate of about 100 tons per hour. The modification included a steamline, steam manifold, and combination asphalt-steam spray bar nozzles. The steam was produced with a tank car boiler capable of producing live steam at 80 psi g. The mix was allowed to cure and after a couple of weeks was given a sand seal during the middle of October. The winter months, along with the many freeze-thaw cycles caused extensive deterioration with the experimental pavement. Deep pot holes occurred which required 20 c.y. of cold patch to maintain the surface. Also moisture entrapped in the mix cause preferential icing conditions which made the short section hazardous for the travelling public. Because of the maintenance problems, the foamed asphalt section was overlayed with a "C" mix wearing course. (Author) KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Durability KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Icing KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Recycled materials KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381853 AU - Sheffield, J P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF JOINT-SEALING TAPE PY - 1983/12 SP - 24 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of joint-sealing tapes in retarding reflective cracking and in waterproofing joints if reflective cracking did recur. Tapes produced by two manufacturers were evaluated. This report describes the installation of the tapes and the condition of the pavement overlay after approximately four years was concluded that neither tape was effective in retarding reflective cracking and at both types were apparently effective in waterproofing the underlying joints. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Joint sealing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sealing tapes KW - Waterproofing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381713 AU - HARRISON, J W AU - GRENKE, W C AU - JWK International Corporation AU - Jorgensen (Roy) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING FREQUENCIES TO INSPECT AND REPAIR HIGHWAY SAFETY HARDWARE PY - 1983/12 SP - 25 p. AB - A procedure was developed for setting time periods for inspection and repair of highway safety hardware that would maximize highway safety benefits, subject to the constraints of available resources. Attention was directed to traffic barriers (roadside and median, transitions and end treatments, bridge rail and crash cushions) and to sign supports and panels. Current practices for maintaining safety hardware were investigated through literature searches and visits to highway agencies. Interviews were conducted with operations, traffic, safety, and maintenance personnel seeking descriptions of procedures and information used in detecting, scheduling, and completing the maintenance or repair of safety hardware. Specific inquiries were made about the availability, levels of detail and the use of traffic volume and accident data, with specific attention to accidents involving safety hardware. The procedure is an application of the Poisson statistical distribution, using traffic volume and accident data to calculate the time interval during which no accidents would be expected to occur at a selected location. This time interval can be used for scheduling of inspection or repair activities. Parametric tables for ranges of traffic volumes, accident rates, and probability levels are included which make further calculations unnecessary for most applications. (FHWA) KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash rates KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance management KW - Poisson distributions KW - Poissons distribution KW - Repairing KW - Scheduling KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01622406 AU - Bernal, Juan B AU - Reese, Lymon C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Study of the Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete as Related to the Design of Drilled Shafts PY - 1983/11//Final Report SP - 145p AB - A series of tests were conducted to determine the effect of the consistency of concrete, as measured by the slump test, on the lateral pressure of concrete. Testing conditions simulated the construction of drilled shafts as practiced by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. The tests showed that increasing the slump of the concrete increased the maximum pressure and the length of the shaft which was under hydrostatic conditions. Pulling the tremie increased the lateral pressure by variable amounts in an unpredictable manner. The increased pressure against the sides of an excavation is desirable because the axial capacity of a drilled shaft is increased. KW - Drilled shafts KW - Fresh concrete KW - Pressure KW - Shaft sinking KW - Slump test KW - Texas UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/308-1F-CTR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1441745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01420356 AU - Kusenberger, F N AU - Birkelbach, R S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Signal enhancement and interpretation for the detection of flaws in reinforcing steel in prestressed concrete bridge members PY - 1983/11 IS - FHWA/RD-83-081 SP - 124P KW - Beam KW - Beams KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridge KW - Concrete bridges KW - Detection KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Material fatigue KW - Non destructive test KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Sensor KW - Sensors KW - Signal KW - Signals KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1188154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00451709 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVISED HIGHWAY ECONOMIC EVALUATION MODEL (HEEM-II) PY - 1983/11 SP - 331 p. AB - The shortage of construction funds and increased traffic congestion in the urban areas of Texas have caused the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (DHT) to concentrate on upgrading and increasing the capacity of existing highways and freeways. In an effort to select those highway improvements that maximize future public benefits, the DHT is using the Highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM), developed in 1975-76 by the McKinsey and Company, Inc. of Dallas. The HEEM, which is a computerized model, calculates a benefit/cost ratio and a measure of mobility (average speed) for each proposed highway improvement. However, almost since implementation, questions have been raised about the HEEM's assumptions ands its limitations to evaluate certains types of highway improvements, particularly high occupancy vehicle (HOV) projects. The report contains the results of a study to revised the HEEM program to evaluate HOV projects and make other improvements in the program. It can also serve as the combined user's guide and programmer's supplement for the revised HEEM, now called HEEM-II. The revised program (HEEM-II) can evaluate 29 more highway types (improvements), including HOV types, than the original HEEM. It also can allocate traffic to different routes in a corridor segment on a minimum user cost basis. Also, it uses updated unit costs and assumed values, a different time horizon for calculating the benefit/cost ratio, two corridor traffic projections to determine the shape of the traffic growth curve, and corrected specification table values. Last, the tabular andd graphic output format is more informative. This report explains HEEM-II's inputs, calculations, and outputs and includes its program, written in ANSI 77 FORTRAN IV. FORTRAN IV. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway economics KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Modernization KW - Simulation KW - Specifications KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/266843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390136 AU - Ecosometrics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - THE SIXTH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RURAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/11 SP - n.p. AB - The conference theme, Facing the Challenge of Productivity, resulted in extensive discussion of performance indicators. Different uses of indicators by states and local systems, applying performance indicators to personnel issues, and typical ranges for specific indicators were discussed. Whether performances of different rural systems could be compared and whether distribution of funds should be based on such statistics were debated. State officials need information generated by performance indicators to make the case for maintaining or increasing rural transit subsidies; Michigan, Iowa and Pennsylvania all have such programs which were described. Personnel performance can be affected by motivation and goal-oriented evaluations. Because the conference preceded the transfer of Section 18 funding from FHWA to UMTA, there was extensive description of the new procedures. Two alternatives for delivery of service which generate interest were use of private operators under contract to transit or social-service agencies, and the use of school buses to provide other services in rural areas. Computers are being used by rural systems for a wide range of operating and accounting procedures. Good accounting and financial management should allow managers to make decisions which can improve productivity. Transit operators should realize that their operations represent relatively insignificant issues for many local officials and it is important to gain support of the community so that political leaders will also respond by giving their support. Discussion of paratransit vehicles centered on rehabilitation over new purchases and on the unreliability of features incorporated in vehicles for transportation of the handicapped. KW - Information processing KW - Local government KW - Management KW - Management policies KW - Paratransit services KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Personnel management KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Public relations KW - Rural areas KW - School buses KW - Social service agencies KW - State government KW - Transit operating agencies KW - Umta section 18 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391345 AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPOSED DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR SHEAR AND TORSION IN REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PY - 1983/11 SP - 270 p. AB - The object of this study is to propose and evaluate a design procedure for shear and torsion in reinforced and prestressed concrete beams, with the aim of clarifying and simplfying current design requirements and AASHTO requirements. In previous reports in this series a three-dimensional space truss model with variable angles of inclination of the diagonals was introduced as a design model and shown by comparison with test data to be a conservative yet more accurate model than current ACI/AASHTO design approaches. The general nature of this variable angle truss model makes it extremely useful to the designer in treating complex shear and torsion problems. Several examples of such applictions are included in this report. Specific recommendations for incorporating such models are presented in language and expressions consistent with the type of language used in AASHTO Bridge Specifications. Several design examples are included both to clarify the application of the design model and to provide a comparison of the reinforcement using both the proposed changes and the current AASHTO requirements. KW - Beams KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear strength KW - Torsion KW - Trusses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00399492 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Torres-Verdin, V AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY AND DESIGN SYSTEM PY - 1983/11 SP - 148 p. AB - This report briefly describes the major accomplishments of Research Study 249, which can be classified within three main areas: (1) condition surveys, (2) network level analysis, and (3) project level analysis. First, condition survey data processing is discussed. Collection and processing of data vary with type of pavement "continuously reinforced concrete papvement (CRCP) and jointed concrete pavement (JCP) and level of analysis (project and network). Second, the development of a scheme for prioritizing and scheduling rehabilitation of a rigid-pavement network is summarized. Program PRP01 schedules rehabilitation of rigid pavements (JCP, JRCP, and CRCP) within a certain design period. This program requires as input data condition survey information for every project in the network being analyzed. A list of candidate projects for rehabilitation is printed out by PRP01 for each year of the design period. Third, certain improvements to the Texas SDHPT Procedure for rigid pavement overlay design (RPOD2) are outlined and the main features of program RPRDS-1 are briefly presented. This project-level program permits simultaneous analysis of various rigid-pavement rehabilitation strategies and lists the top 20 feasible strategies in order of increasing net present value. Three different types of overlay are considered by RPRDS-1: ACP, CRCP, and JCP. A summary of the 1982 CRCP condition survey in Texas is also included in this report. Results from this statewide monitoring are compared with those corresponding to the conditoin surveys previously conducted. (Author) (Author) KW - Computer aided design KW - Data analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Scheduling KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/214858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468644 AU - LaForce, R F AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SQUEEGEE SEAL AND CRUMB RUBBER CHIP SEAL, SAPINERO-EAST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/11 SP - 38 p. AB - A severely cracked section of asphalt pavement located in South Central Colorado was overlayed with materials intended to prevent reflection cracking. Construction features included a squeegee seal, plant mix leveling course and a rubber asphalt chip seal. Five years of performance were evaluated as part of this study with recommendations for treatment of reflection cracking. KW - Chip seals KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rubberized bitumen UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461716 AU - Gulden, W AU - Brown, D AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING LOAD TRANSFER IN EXISTING JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/11 AB - The objective of this research project was to develop construction procedures for restoring load transfer in existing jointed concrete pavements and to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration methods. A total of 28 test sections with various load transfer devices were placed. The devices include Split Pipe, Figure Eight, Vee, Double Vee, and dowel bars. Patching materials used in the project included three types of fast-setting grouts, three brands of polymer concrete, and plain portland cement concrete. The number and spacing of the devices and dowel bars were also variables in the project. The dowel bars and Double Vee devices were used on the major portion of the project. Performance evaluations were based on deflection tests conducted with a 20,000 lb axle load. Horizontal joint movement measurements, Dynaflect tests, and visual observations were also made. The short-term performance data indicates good results with the dowel bar installations regardless of patching materials. The sections with Split Pipe, Figure Eight, and Vee devices failed in bond during the first winter cycle. The results with the Double Vee sections indicate the importance of the patching material to the success or failure of the Load Transfer System, since some sections are performing well while other sections are performing poorly with Double Vee devices. The horizontal joint movement measurements indicate that neither the dowel bars nor the Double Vee devices are restricting joint movement. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Grout KW - Joint construction KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Materials KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Restoration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395690 AU - LEE, J Y AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA REDUCTION SYSTEM UTILIZING GOLDEN RIVER COUNTING AND RECORDING EQUIPMENT PY - 1983/11 SP - 69 p. AB - There is a need for large quantitites of traffic data to plan, design and operate urban freeways. Portable traffic counters and records, utilizing microprocessors and memory storage, have increased the efficiency in the collection of volume data, and to a limited extent, the processing and reporting of the data. The increased need for timely data requires systems that automatically process and store data in a common data management System. For the current microprocessor technology in portable data collection systems of traffic counters, this project develops software programs that transfer the raw data to a large computer, process and store the data in forms from which the user can request a large number of analyses an report formats with little manual intervention. (Author) KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Microprocessors KW - Software KW - Traffic counts KW - Transferring KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385351 AU - Gallagher, V P AU - Lerner, N AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MODEL OF VISUAL COMPLEXITY OF HIGHWAY SCENES PY - 1983/11 SP - 103 p. AB - This report details activities of a research project directed at the quantification of visual complexity of night driving scenes. Five laboratory experiments (using photographic slides) and a field study provided data on the difficulty of interpreting behind-the-wheel scenes. These included measures of subjective judgment, temporal and eye-movement aspects of scene viewing, and instrumented vehicle data on vehicle dynamics and driver behavior. A simplified mathematical model of global scene "instability" was developed and evaluated as an objective measure of scene complexity. The model analysis is based on the gray-scale values of digitized scene images. KW - Behavior KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Eye movements KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Night KW - Night visibility KW - Scenery KW - Scenic highways KW - Vehicle dynamics KW - Vision KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395902 AU - Memmott, J F AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVISED HIGHWAY ECONOMIC EVALUATION MODEL (HEEM-II) PY - 1983/11 SP - 331 p. AB - The shortage of construction funds and increased traffic congestion in the urban area of Texas has caused the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (DHT) to concentrate on upgrading and increasing the capacity of existing highways and freeways. In an effort to select those highway improvements that maximize future public benefits, the DHT is using the Highway Economic Evaluation Model (HEEM), developed in 1975-76 by the McKinsey and Company, Inc. of Dallas. The HEEM, which is a computerized model, calculates a benefit/cost ratio and a measure of mobility (average speed) for each proposed highway improvement. However, almost since implementation, questions have been raised about the HEEM's assumptions and its limitations to evaluate certain types of highway improvements, particularly high occupancy vehicle (HOV) projects. The report contains the results of a study to revise the HEEM program to evaluate HOV projects and make other improvements in the program. It can also serve as the combined user's guide and programmer's supplement for the revised HEEM, now called HEEM-II. The revised program (HEEM-II) can evaluate 29 more highway types (improvements), including HOV types, than the original HEEM. It also can allocate traffic to different routes in a corrididor segment on a minimum user cost basis. Also, it uses updated unit costs and assumed values, a different time horizon for calculating the benefit/cost ratio, two corridor segment on a minimum user cost basis. Also, it uses updated unit costs and assumed values, a different time horizon for calculating the benefit/cost ratio, two corridor traffic projections to determine the shape of the traffic growth curve, and corrected specification table values. Last, the tabular and graphic output format is more informative. This report explains HEEM-II's inputs, calculations, and outputs and includes its program, written in ANSI 77 FORTRAN IV. (Author) KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Selecting KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393814 AU - Diaz, A M AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN CHARTS FOR THE DESIGN OF HMAC OVERLAYS ON PCC PAVEMENTS TO PREVENT REFLECTION CRACKING PY - 1983/11 SP - 166 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop graphical procedures (design charts) for use in the design of Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) overlays on Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements against reflection cracking, for implementation by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation for a range of specified local conditions. The final design procedure will be a hand solution method that will facilitate the overlay design process by substantially reducing the time and cost involved, particularly where computer facilities are difficult to access or estimating phases of the planning process do not permit a detailed analysis. Regression equations were developed for the prediction of overlay life, that is a direct function of the repetition of tensile stresses generated in the overlay by the horizontal movements of the concrete slab at the joints or cracks when temperature drops occur. The choice of equations was made following multiple linear regression analysis of a fractional factorial of simulated observations which were output from the ARKRC-2 program. The form of the equations was selected on considerations of the variation of the independent variable with respect to certain significant factors, fundamentally based on experience. A theoretical model developed at the Center for Transportation Research was used to predict limiting values of vertical slab movements at the joints or cracks when subjected to wheel load applications. Some mathematical relationships were developed and converted into a design chart to predict the limiting values of vertical movements. Those joints exceeding these limiting values should be subjected to some type of repair before overlay rehabilitation to minimize the potential for vertical movement and avoid premature reflection cracking. A recommended procedure for the use of the design charts is presented along with some typical application examples. (Author) KW - Alignment KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design methods KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Motion KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Portland pozzolan cement KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Regression analysis KW - Service life KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392206 AU - Davis, R E AU - Bon, V D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF A SKEWED, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, RAILROAD THROUGH STRUCTURE PY - 1983/11 SP - n.p. AB - Trough-shaped, prestressed concrete, railroad structures, which Caltrans began to build in the 1960's, employing massive, 3-ft- (1-m-)+, thick elements, have exhibited a unique propensity for severe transverse cracking, for which some using railroad companies have shown concern. Suggested hypotheses pertinent to causes have included: 1) differential shrinkage between webs and floor slabs; 2) excessive falsework settlement with consequent lowering of the P/S "pressure line;" 3) insufficient design compressive stress in top fibers; and, 4) excessive temperature differential buildup in the massive elements due to cement hydration after initial set. Comprehensive field tests of the heavily instrumented Land Park Underpass, in Sacramento, in which distributions of strains, stresses, deflections and temperatures were measured over a prolonged period, combined with theoretical analyses, favored the fourth hypothesis. Static and dynamic tests with an engine and gondolas were made to assess live load behavior, especially as affected by heavy skews of supports. (FHWA) KW - Causes KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Dynamic tests KW - Falsework KW - Hydration KW - Live loads KW - Railroad bridges KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shrinkage KW - Skew bridges KW - Slabs KW - Static tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Temperature KW - Transverse cracking KW - Volatility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392211 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT OF A PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION AND FEEDBACK SYSTEM PY - 1983/11 SP - n.p. AB - The basic purpose of a Pavement Management System, (PMS) is to achieve the best possible value for the available public funds and to provide safe, comfortable, and economic transportation. PMS, therefore, encompasses a wide range of activities including planning, design, construction, maintenance and the periodic evaluation of performance. In this report, the elements of a PMS and its interrelationship is introduced together with benefits gained by adopting such systems. Discussions and recommendations for establishing a data bank are outlined. Furthermore, a summary of PMS activities currently in use by several states including Texas, California, Washington and Arizona, as well as Ohio is presented. This presentation included the file organization system and computer programs utilized for that purpose in each state. A PMS data bank is proposed to be adopted by ODOT that utilizes most of the pavement data already existing in the ODOT computerized files. Further, the proposed data bank will consider ODOT's computer software restraints while VSAM will be created at the present time on the ODOT mainframe. (FHWA) KW - Benefits KW - Computer programs KW - Data banks KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392209 AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR SHEAR AND TORSION IN REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PY - 1983/11 SP - 196 p. AB - The object of this study is to proposed and evaluate a design procedure for shear and torsion in reinforced and prestressed concrete beams, with the aim of clarifying and simplifying current design provisions and AASHTO standard specifications. This report summarizes an extensive literature review which documents the development of present regulations and procedures. In addition, the report outlines the general background and derivation or a powerful three-dimensional space truss model with variable angle of inclination of the diagonal elements. This conceptual model was developed by European and Canadian engineers over the past 15 years. The model is shown to be a plasticity lower bound solution which matches the upper bound solution. Thus the model is a mathematically valid solution which represents the failure load. Extension of the sue of this model into a design procedure is outlined. Experimental verification, detailed design procedures and specifications, and example applications are given in later reports in this series. (FHWA) KW - Design methods KW - Failure KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reviews KW - Shear strength KW - Torsion KW - Trusses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390999 AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Mechler, A M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEFT-TURN PHASE SEQUENCING PY - 1983/11 SP - 48 p. AB - Guidelines for left-turn phase utilization do not generally include recommendations for left-turn signal phase sequence patterns. In this research, the TEXAS Simulation Model is employed to study the effects of various left-turn sequence patterns on traffic operations in order to establish guidelines for utilization of most typical sequence patterns. Recent literature on the effects of left-turn sequence patterns on intersection delay and accidents is reviewed. With vehicular delay as a basis for comparison, protected only and protected/permissive left-turn phasing are studied with pretimed control. Dual leading and dual lagging left-turn phase sequences are also studied when both are supplemented by permissive turning and pretimed control. Furthermore, split, dual, and composite sequences are compared for the pretimed case. The examination of basic phase sequencing schemes under actuated signal control essentially duplicates that for pretimed control. Finally, guidelines for the implementation of phase sequence patterns are presented. (Author) KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Simulation KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00391000 AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Mechler, A M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURAL GUIDE FOR LEFT-TURN ANALYSIS PY - 1983/11 SP - 90 p. AB - Procedures for calculating intersection left-turn capacities and determining left-turn bay and protected phase requirements were developed in Report 258-1 of Study 3-18-80-258, "Guidelines for Left-Turn Treatments." In addition, Report 258-2 developed guidelines for choosing left-turn phase sequence patterns. The procedures and guidelines from the two reports are synthesized and presented in a stepwise format. A series of example problems is included to illustrate the procedures and facilitate usage. (Author) KW - Bays KW - Guidelines KW - Left turn bays KW - Left turn lanes KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Selecting KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390995 AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR SHEAR AND TORSION IN REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PY - 1983/11 SP - 322 p. AB - The object of this study is to propose and evaluate a design procedure for shear and torsion in reinforced and prestressed concrete beams, with the aim of clarifying and simplifying current design requirements and AASHTO requirements. This report summarizes an extensive experimental verification of a powerful three-dimensional space truss model with variable angle of inclination of the diagonal elements. This conceptual model was developed by European and Canadian engineers over the past fifteen years. The model is shown to be a conservative method of predicting the strength of such members under combined loading. Detailed comparison witt current ACI/AASHTO procedures indicate greatly reduced scatter when comparisons are made to test results. Detailed design procedures and specifications, and example applications are given in the fiinal report in this series. (Author) KW - Beams KW - Bearing capacity KW - Design methods KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Shear strength KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional KW - Torsion KW - Trusses KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390269 AU - Torres-Verdin, V AU - McCullough, B F AU - Peck, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF COARSE-AGGREGATE TYPE ON CRCP THICKNESS PY - 1983/11 SP - 77 p. AB - The effect of coarse-aggregate type on CRCP performance is analyzed in this report by using laboratory data and condition survey information in conjunction with design equations and a distress-prediction model for CRCP. Three different approaches were followed to estimate thickness equivalencies for continuously reinforced concrete pavements constructed with the two coarse aggregates most commonly available in Texas: crushed limestone and siliceous river gravel. The first approach is based on the AASHTO equation for design of rigid pavements, which can also be used for jointed concrete pavements. The second and third methods rely on models developed through statistical analyses of CRCP condition survey data collected in the State of Texas. Condition survey information shows that, for similar conditions, limestone CRC pavements exhibit less distress than CRCP pavements constructed with siliceous river gravel. A similar observation was made for thickness equivalencies obtained; i.e., less slab thickness than siliceous river gravel. Findings developed herein could be used to determine approximate equivalent thicknesses for the two aggregate types considered in this study if there is no need for a detailed analysis. Additionally, by using the recommended thickness equivalencies, the contractor could have enough information to estimate costs of construction of a CRCP section when he is allowed to employ either limestone or siliceous river gravel coarse aggregate. Examples for the application of equivalent thicknesses are provided in order to facilitate the implementation of the results of the various analyses carried out in this report. (FHWA) KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Crushed limestone KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Design costs KW - Gravel KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Silicates KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389043 AU - Lee, C E AU - Shankar, P R AU - Izadmehr, B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL PLACEMENT OF TRUCKS IN HIGHWAY LANES PY - 1983/11 SP - 146 p. AB - Two objectives are addressed in this study: (1) to develop a practical technique for estimating the patterns of cumulative traffic loading in each lane of multilane highways, and (2) to define representative frequency distributions of truck wheel placement within highway traffic lanes. The feasibility of a portable vehicle classifier instrument with lanewise classifying capabilities was demonstrated. Sensors for the classifier consist of an inductance loop detector and a pair of newly-designed axle detectors which utilize an array of inexpensive piezoelectric elements. A procedure for combining vehicle classification information with axle weight frequency data for various classes of vehicle classification information with axle weight frequency data for various classes of vehicles, as determined by in-motion weighing techniques, to estimate cumulative traffic loading on multilane highways is presented. Frequency distributions of truck wheel placements for single-unit and tractor-trailer trucks as well as for straight and curved roadway sections are presented. These data were determined by video taping the rear view of trucks traveling in the normal traffic stream from a chase vehicle. (Author) KW - Axle loads KW - Frequency distributions KW - Lateral placement KW - Measuring instruments KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388847 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Lorini, R A AU - Gurney, G F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF PREFORMED PAVEMENT MARKING TAPES PY - 1983/11 SP - 54 p. AB - Preformed pavement marking tapes have been widely used in New York State since the early 1970s. In the study reported here, pavement marking tapes were observed on both asphalt and portland cement concrete pavements. Condition surveys were performed to evaluate field performance and determine durability and nighttime reflectivity. Installation in good weather and on clean pavement provided good durability on both pavement types. Both inlaid and overlaid markings performed well, although inlaid markings require stringent installation procedures to obtain good bond. The preformed tapes demonstrated excellent abrasion resistance, except for foil-backed tape placed on open-graded asphalt concrete and tapes placed over deteriorated pavement. Adhesion to the pavement was best in areas where traffic crossed over the markings. Serviceability of plastic tapes ranged from about 1 year under the most severe conditions to more than 5 years, and from 1 to 3 years for foil-backed tapes. Reflectivity of plastic tapes was initially very good, but became poor after surface beads were lost. Foil-backed tapes provided up to 3 years of good reflectivity. The preformed tapes appear to offer good service in areas where the best possible durability is important, but high reflectivity is not required. High cost and variable reflectivity limit their usefulness for other applications, where lower-cost materials with better reflectivity may be a better choice. (FHWA) KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Foil KW - Night KW - Performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Preforms KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388831 AU - Smith, R D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL AC OVERLAYS OF PCC PAVEMENT PY - 1983/11 SP - n.p. AB - A series of experimental asphalt concrete (AC) overlays was constructed over an existing distressed portland cement concrete pavement on Interstate 80 near Boca, California. The experimental overalys included rubberized dense-graded AC, rubberized open-graded AC, a rubber flush coat interlayer, dense-graded AC with short polyester fibers and Bituthene interlayer strips. The report presents a description and discussion of AC mix batching, construction observations, laboratory testing, overlay coring, and initial performance evaluation. Periodic inspections of the overlays will be conducted to evaluate performance and to determine their relative effectiveness in providing resistance to surface abrasion (chain wear) and cracking. In the initial inspection after one winter of service, the rubberized AC test sections exhibited minor surface raveling. All of the other sections wee in excellent condition. (FHWA) KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Batching KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Coring KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Polyester resins KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rubberized bitumen UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387120 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF HYDRATED LIME AS AN ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVE PY - 1983/11 SP - 9 p. AB - The purpose of this laboratory study was to determine the effectiveness of hydrated lime as an antistripping additive when used in bituminous mixes incorporating aggregates frequently used in such mixes in Virginia. The application of 1% hydrated lime to dry aggregate deterred stripping in 60% of the mixes tested. Applied at the same rate to wet aggregate, the hydrated lime decreased the stripping susceptibility to or very near an acceptable level for all but one mix. An aggregate dust coating reduced the effectiveness of the lime in one mix. It has been recommended that the use of hydrated lime as an antistripping additive be allowed. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Dust KW - Laboratory studies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36529/84-R14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381775 AU - Kusenberger, F N AU - Birkelbach, R S AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNAL ENHANCEMENT AND INTERPRETATION FOR THE DETECTION OF FLAWS IN REINFORCING STEEL IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE PY - 1983/11 SP - 124 p. AB - The long range objective of the research summarized in this report is the development of a practical nondestructive evaluation (NDE) method for detecting deterioration in the reinforcement of prestressed concrete bridge structural members in situ. Prior development of the Magnetic Field Disturbance (MFD) inspection system under Contract No. DOT-FH-11-8999 is summarized and examples are given which show the nature of the signal discrimination and interpretation problems to be solved if the full potential of the MFD method is to be realized. The technical approach to signal enhancement and interpretation is outlined, and the results obtained from laboratory investigation of sensor arrays and digital signal processing techniques are presented. Subsequent modifications to the existing MFD to incorporate a sensor array and signal processing capability are described. The significant results obtained from laboratory and field evaluations of the modified MFD system are summarized and discussed. Test results from the modified system with semi-automated signal processing capability are also directly compared with those previously obtained from the unmodified system to show the significant improvement in detectability achieved. Recommendations for further field testing and further improvement of the modified MFD system are presented. (FHWA) KW - Bridge members KW - Detecting devices KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Field tests KW - Interpretation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Signal processing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454458 AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Toft, Graham S AU - Anderson, Virgil L AU - Sharaf, Essam Abdel-Aziz AU - Hu, Kang AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Indiana State Highway Reciprocity Study PY - 1983/10/31 SP - 137p AB - The report evaluates the fiscal impact of Indiana's joining the International Registration Plan (IRP). The analysis involved both the revenue impact and the impact on the trucking industry. The major finding of the study is that there would be little revenue gain if Indiana joined IRP without a truck tax restructuring, and possibly a loss if only Indiana miles are counted in base-mile ratio computation. In order to assess the fiscal impact of Indiana's joining IRP, the net effect of two revenue streams was considered. First, an estimate was made of how much of the current registration revenue collected by Indiana from its resident interstate carriers with vehicles of 26,000 lb. or more will be lost due to IRP. Then the expected registration revenue from carriers based in the current IRP member jurisdictions who operate in Indiana was estimated. The estimation of fees related to the resident carriers was done on the basis of information gathered through a random sample survey of the carriers. A statistically sampled mail survey was sent to 3,170 of Indiana's home-based carriers, stratified by fleet size. A 29.3% response rate provided statistically reliable information on truck type and mileage of Indiana operators. In order to estimate incoming revenue from out-of-state carriers under the IRP, data from several state records were used. These primarily included the motor fuel use tax records and indefinite situs tax records. In addition, the IRP recap data for nine states from the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators and data from several other jurisdictions were used. KW - Financial analysis KW - Highway user taxation KW - Impacts KW - Indiana KW - International Registration Plan KW - Interstate transportation KW - Motor carriers KW - Reciprocity KW - Registration fees KW - Taxes KW - Trucking UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314067 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455158 AU - Satterly, P B AU - Shanteau, Robert M AU - Stafford, George K AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 117 : Interim Report PY - 1983/10/12 SP - 15p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made during the 1983 summer months of June, July and August. All observations were made of free-flowing vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural and urban highways under favorable conditions. All observations were made during daylight. This is the third report with exclusively summer observations since 1975. From 1976 until 1980 (Traffic Speed Reports Nos. 95 through 114) 14 primary and secondary stations as well as another 14 randomly selected stations were monitored every quarter in conjunction with the speed certification performed for the Federal Highway Administration. Since 1981 the state and federal studies have been conducted separately. Fourteen speed monitoring stations were used for the 1983 Traffic Speed Report calculations. These stations are divided into four categories which include: four rural interstate locations, four rural four-lane locations, four rural two-lane locations and two urban interstate locations. These 14 stations are the same as the primary and secondary control stations monitored since 1975 in Indiana. Prior to 1975 only the 12 rural stations were monitored. The locations of the 12 rural stations are essentially the same since 1970 except for stations 4L-32 (formerly number 6 on US 52) and 2L-54 (formerly number 11 on US 31), which changed in 1975. The speed limit at all the stations is 55 mph. The site locations are given in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1. The vehicles were classified as Indiana or Non-Indiana Passenger Cars and light (less than 5000 lbs. gross weight) or heavy (equal to or more than 5000 lbs. gross weight) trucks. Computer analysis was performed for each vehicle classification and for combined passenger cars and combined trucks. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314587 UR - http://ia700406.us.archive.org/1/items/trafficspeedrepo117satt/trafficspeedrepo117satt.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419670 AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Tonda, R D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Offices of Research, Development and Technology TI - Pavement friction measurements on non tangent sections of roadways; volume 1: summary report PY - 1983/10 IS - FHWA/RD-82-149 SP - 28P KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Friction KW - Friction KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding resistance KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Wet road KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457056 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MODEL TO CALCULATE DELAY SAVINGS FOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 115 p. AB - This report presents a computerized delay savings model which can be used to calculate the delay savings resulting from an improvement of an existing highway facility. The delay savings come as a result of the increased average speed along the improved facility, which is converted into dollars of delay savings, calculated for each year through a 20-year planning horizon, and discounted to the present. The model also calculates a delay savings ratio, which is the ratio of the total discounted delay savings and the estimated construction cost. The ratio measures the amount of delay savings per dollar construction cost. These delay savings ratios are then ranked, with the highest being first and the others following in order. The cumulative construction cost is also shown so that if a specific budget amount is available, the projects with the highest delay savings ratios within that budget can be identified. The model incorporates recent data concerning the relationship between average speeds and hourly traffic volumes for several facility types. The model provides a quick and simple method to compute delay savings and compare projects on that basis. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Mathematical models KW - Savings KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386356 AU - Rice Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - ALTERNATIVE FINANCING FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION. STATE-OF-ART CASE ANALYSES PY - 1983/10 SP - 114 p. AB - This is a summary of the use, by 43 agencies, of non-traditional techniques for funding transit and urban highway services. This report is designed to introduce public officials and transportation planners at the state and local levels to a range of available funding sources and to facilitate their efforts in determining whether these sources will be useful in meeting their area's transportation needs. The 49 brief case studies included in the report reflect the variety of efforts being made by large and small transit agencies and highway departments to cope with shortfalls in funding. These efforts were selected for inclusion, because they entailed one or more of the following characteristics: Use of non-traditional source of revenue (sources other than fare box or property tax revenues); strong involvement of the private sector; use for the first time in the transportation field (although there may have previous non-transportation applications); and creative examples of public-private cooperation. KW - Air rights KW - Assessments KW - Case studies KW - Contracting KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fuel tax KW - Fuel taxes KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Leasing KW - Local government KW - Public transit KW - State government KW - Subsidies KW - Taxation KW - Toll roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392214 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTION CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS ON RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/10 SP - 33 p. AB - For the past 20 years, New York has investigated methods to retard reflection cracking in bituminous overlays on rigid pavements. Those actually tried had all been previously reported successful by other agencies. Unfortunately, only a few were successful here and the results provided two reasons for this discrepancy, both of which were resolved during the work. One is that crack initiation is due solely to horizontal movement, and the other that slab length and temperature change, generally not reported elsewhere, are important considerations in reflection cracking. Once these were considered in analyses, lack of consistency or complete ineffectiveness demonstrated by several methods became explainable. Methods investigated included 1) reinforcing the overlay, 2) spreading bond-breakers on the concrete or breaking and seating the concrete before overlaying, 3) sawing and sealing the overlay above the transverse joint, and 4) constructing thicker overlays. Two--reinforcement with either wire mesh or fabric, and thicker overlays--occasionally retarded the cracking. However, lack of consistent results along with increased cost, construction problems, and necessary peripheral work ruled them out. Bondbreakers were ineffective and can lead to other problems. On the other hand, sawing and sealing joints in the overlay, and breaking and seating the concrete pavement before overlaying both proved effective. Properly designed and constructed, either offers a solution to the widespread occurrence of deterioration in bituminous resurfacings over transverse joints in rigid pavements. (FHWA) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Joint sealers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sawing KW - Thickness KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488646 AU - Brady, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DECAY OF TINE-TEXTURED GROOVES IN RIGID PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 23 p. AB - This is the second and final report on a project to determine the effectiveness and durability of tined grooves on portland cement concrete pavements. This report updates and reinforces the statistical relationships between friction decay and traffic volume, and between texture wear and traffic volume after the passage of 2 years of additional traffic. Based on the initial groove depth requirement of 0.050 in. as determined in the first report, and the updated mean groove wear rate of 0.010 in. per million vehicle passes, the current tining specification minimum of 2/16 in. should provide life-long friction for about 54 percent of New York's rigid pavements. If the initial requirement were 3/16 in., 78 percent of roads would have adequate friction. KW - Depth KW - Durability KW - Effectiveness KW - Friction KW - Grooves KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement grooving KW - Rigid pavements KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Traffic volume KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468477 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF GUARDRAIL END TREATMENT USAGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 93 p. AB - Whenever a guardrail terminates within the clear zone, a crashworthy end treatment is required. To be crashworthy, the end-treatment should not spear, vault, or roll a vehicle during a head-on impact while maintaining vehicle decelerations below recommended limits. As a means of determining types of end treatments currently used in various states and criteria to determine what type to use, a survey letter was sent to each state. It was found that, generally, the preferred method to use to end roadside steel beam guardrail is to bury the end in a cut slope. When this is not feasible, either a Breakaway Cable Terminal (BCT) or turned-down end treatment is generally used. Recommendations were made concerning the type of end treatments which should be used in Kentucky for roadside steel beam guardrail. A design for a turned-down end treatment was proposed. KW - Breakaway cable terminals KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashworthiness KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Guardrail terminals KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Turned-down end treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468645 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REFLECTION CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS ON CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 33 p. AB - The report documents the construction and evaluation of an experimental project to determine if a stress absorbing membrane, a high quality-low abrasion aggregate and a carbon black additive would control reflection cracking. The project included the placement of an asphalt concrete leveling course, stress absorbing membrane and a plant mix seal over an old concrete highway. None of the experimental features are recommended as future construction items. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Carbon black KW - Concrete pavements KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plant mix KW - Reflection cracking KW - Stress absorbing membranes KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472211 AU - Peterman, M B AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. FINAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 306 p. AB - The main objective of this research program was to establish criteria for selection of materials and their proportions to achieve uniform, economical, high-quality concrete with a compressive strength between 9000 and 12000 psi at 56 days using 6-in.-dia. x 12-in. cylinders cast in steel molds. In this study, the research approach was to investigate the basic interactions among concrete components in mix proportions which are suitable for producing high strength concrete. Approximately 2500 concrete specimens were made and tested as part of this study. Valuable guidelines were established to be followed by practicing engineers in the development of trial mixes for producing high strength concrete. KW - Compressive strength KW - Guidelines KW - High strength concrete KW - Mix design KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453706 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Torres-Verdin, V AU - Hudson, W R AU - Meyer, A H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAFLECT TESTING FOR RIGID PAVEMENT EVALUATION PY - 1983/10 SP - 110 p. AB - This report presents the development of a user's manual of Dynaflect testing for rigid pavement evaluation. The influence of environmental factors, Dynaflect position, and pavement characteristics on deflections and other sources of errors are discussed as they relate to rigid pavements. Guidelines and specific procedures are also described for determining sample size and application of the Dynaflect deflections to material characterization, void detection, and load transfer evaluation. (Author) KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Guidelines KW - Load transfer KW - Manuals KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sample size KW - Statistical sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461843 AU - Middleton, P B AU - Wong, M Y AU - Taylor, J AU - Thompson, H AU - BENNETT, J AU - Automated Sciences Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TRUCK SAFETY ON CREST VERTICAL CURVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 80 p. AB - The objective of this project was to evaluate the potential for hazard to trucks operating on crest vertical curves designed to AASHTO standards. A truck performance simulation model (TPSIM) was developed to permit the calculation of sight distance and stopping distance associated with each point along the path of a vehicle traversing a specified crest vertical curve. The total stopping distance is compared to the sight distance at each of a sequence of truck positions along the curve to determine if a hazardous situation exists. The analysis was performed for a range of truck braking characteristics and cab types operating over a complete range of crest vertical curves. The analysis indicates that, for selected curve and truck combinations, there are potential hazards for trucks. A series of conclusions and recommendations are presented. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - High risk locations KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Sight distance KW - Stopping distances KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle performance KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Vertical curvature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00394054 AU - Kempter-Rossman International AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING FOR HIGHWAYS. THE ANALYSIS OF: FUNCTION, COST, AND WORTH IN TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT PY - 1983/10 SP - 111 p. AB - The concept of value engineering (VE) is defined, its basic precepts are noted, its history and growth are reviewed, and its application and applicability are discussed. The various chapters of this book cover the fundamentals (VE job plan, VE engineering principles) of VE, the selection phase (reasons for poor value, search and evaluation for VE study candidates, VE project plan features, selection phase check list), the investigation phase (determining, defining, identifying and classifying functions; the FAST diagram; determination of functional relationship, worth, cost, and value; and analysis of project potential), speculation phase, evaluation phase, development phase, presentation phase, implementation phase, audit phase, and human relations. Examples of VE projects are described. KW - Administration KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Planning KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/212157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392213 AU - Grady, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DECAY OF TINE-TEXTURED GROOVES IN RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/10 SP - 23 p. AB - This is the second and final report on a project to determine the effectiveness and durability of tined grooves on portland cement concrete pavements. This report updates and reinforces the statistical relationships between friction decay and traffic volume, and between texture wear and traffic volume after the passage of 2 years of additional traffic. Based on the initial groove depth requirement of 0.050 in. as determined in the first report, and the updated mean groove wear rate of 0.010 in. per million vehicle passes, the current tining specification minimum of 2/16 in. should provide life-long friction for about 54 percent of New York's rigid pavements. If the intial requirement were 3/16 in., 78 percent of roads would have adequate friction. (FHWA) KW - Friction KW - Grooves KW - Pavement grooving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rigid pavements KW - Specifications KW - Texture KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/207300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392218 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Kumar, V AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL OF OPERATION AND USE OF DYNAFLECT FOR PAVEMENT EVALUATION PY - 1983/10 SP - n.p. AB - This manual was developed to provide assistance in the interpretation of dynamic deflection measurements obtained with the Dynaflect trailer and guidelines for the design of pavement overlays utilizing these data. Discussions relating to the significance of the individual deflection readings and mathematical parameters derived from these deflections are also included. Figures are presented, along with example problems, which demonstrate a graphical procedure for the design of overlay thicknesses for various types of pavement. The manual describes how Dynaflect data are collected and processed in Ohio with sample computer output and plots shown. Operating instructions and field-oriented trouble-shooting hints for the Dynaflect are also included. (FHWA) KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Evaluation KW - Interpretation KW - Manuals KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390998 AU - Briaud, J-L AU - Meriwether, M AU - Porwoll, H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESSUREMETER DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS PY - 1983/10 SP - 87 p. AB - The retaining walls which are dealt with in this report are drilled shaft retaining walls. For these walls, the resistance to overturning is developed from the embedded part of the wall for flexural rigidity. In a first part the basic finite difference method of solving such retaining wall problems is described and a simple example is given. In a second part a parametric analysis of the solution using a conventional method is performed to point out which of the wall and soil parameters are most important. The pressuremeter method recommended by Menard is presented in the third part. Finally predictions are made for two future drilled shaft walls in Houston, Texas. (Author) KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Finite differences KW - Pressure gages KW - Retaining walls KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/206446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00390271 AU - Clemmons, H D AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NUMBER 59, THE USE OF FLY ASH IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION, SCOTT COUNTY, TENNESSEE PY - 1983/10 SP - 45 p. AB - This report describes the laboratory and construction procedures together with preliminary roadway tests for a limestone aggregate base, stabilized with hydrated lime and fly ash. A flexible pavement of 6.25 inches in depth was placed on the lime--fly ash aggregate (LFA) material. Laboratory tests were conducted on the fly ash and hydrated lime to insure material quality and to determine the suitability and compatability of the combined materials. The mix design for the LFA material consisted of 3.5% lime, 11.0% fly ash and 85.5% "crusher run" limestone aggregate with approximately 8% water in order to bring the mixture to optimum moisture. Twenty-eight (28) day laboratory specimens cured at 100 deg F had compressive strenghts up to 2,032 psi. The materials were mixed in an asphalt batch plant and hauled twenty-five (25) miles to the jobsite. Production rates averaged 1200 tons/day with approximately 13,000 tons of LFA material being placed. Field densities ranged from 135.5 pcf to 143.6 pcf, exceeding laboratory densities by at least 100%. Too much moisture in the material tended to lower densities and the surface became quite "spongy"; however, in a few days an increase in density was noticed. A cost of $4.51 per square yard was calculated for the material. Compressive strengths of cores obtained at 6 months broke an average of 2,100 psi. Deflections taken with the Benkelman Beam were .0065 and .007 inch. (Author) KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Compressive strength KW - Deflection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Density KW - Fly ash KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Road construction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387378 AU - Joehnk, J M AU - Frank, K H AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF WELDED JOINTS SUBJECTED TO VARIABLE AMPLITUDE STRESSES PY - 1983/10 SP - 97 p. AB - The fatigue behavior of welded steel tees loaded in cantilever bending was examined using simple variable amplitude stress waveforms. These waveforms were developed by superimposing two sine wave signals, i.e., a high frequency/low amplitude signal upon a low frequency/high amplitude signal. The test program involved changing the relative size and frequency of these two sine signals. The goal of these tests was to determine the effect that smaller high frequency stress cycles would have upon the fatigue life associated with a major stress cycle. The results of the tests indicated that the damage effect of these smaller stresses was greater than anticipated. In fact, the current AASHTO method of bridge fatigue design may be inadequate because of the damage associated with these additional stresses. The current AASHTO design practice considers only one cycle per vehicle. The smaller dynamic oscillations of the structure are ignored. The impact fraction included in design only accounts for the increase in maximum stress. The influence of the smaller cycles can be included in design by increasing the impact fraction to account for their fatigue damage. The future tests in this project using measured stress histories will be used to develop this approach. (FHWA) KW - Bends KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Highway curves KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loss and damage KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Tees (Structural pieces) KW - Testing KW - Variable amplitude KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis KW - Welded joints KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385355 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Migletz, J AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR TWO-LANE, TWO-WAY WORK ZONE OPERATIONS PY - 1983/10 SP - 118 p. AB - A practice used during long-term construction activities on divided highways is to allow two-lane, two-way traffic operations (TLTWO) on one roadway while the other roadway is completely closed to traffic. Federal, state, and local officials have become increasingly concerned in recent years about safety problems in TLTWO work zones. This report presents the results of operational and accident studies of 36 construction sites employing either two-lane, two-way operations or lane closure traffic control. Project cost information for four TLTWO and ten lane closure sites was also analyzed. Results of the study were divided into four areas: evaluation of centerline treatments on the two-way roadway segment; design of temporary median crossover roadways; comparison of TLTWO and lane closure operations; and general results. The study of centerline treatments revealed that zones with double yellow centerline only had higher accident rates and the vehicle encroachment rate into opposing lanes is much higher than for any other type of centerline treatments studied. Accident rates with other centerline treatments do not support a requirement for portable concrete barriers in all TLTWO zones. Results of the study of median crossover design revealed lower accident rates and smoother speed transitions for crossovers with a flat diagonal design compared to those with reverse curve design. Comparisons of TLTWO and lane closure sites revealed that the lane closure alternative will be more cost effective than TLTWO traffic control unless substantial construction cost reductions could be realized with TLTWO. (FHWA) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crossovers KW - Divided highways KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Medians KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385469 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL LAWS AND MATERIAL RELATING TO THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1983/10 SP - v.p. AB - This document contains the texts of those portions of Federal law pertaining to the Federal Highway Administration. These include relevant portions of the Department of Transportation Act; 23 of the United States Code, "Highways"; the Federal-Aid Highway Acts; Title 33 of the United States Code, Navigation and Navigable Waters' (i.e. those sections pertaining to bridges); Title S, "Government Organization and Employees"; and Title 18, "Crimes and Criminal Procedure". KW - Administration KW - Crimes KW - Federal Aid Highway Act KW - Federal government KW - Ingredients KW - Laws KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385327 AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Tonda, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT FRICTION MEASUREMENTS ON NONTANGENT SECTIONS OF ROADWAYS, VOLUME 1. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 28 p. AB - This study is directed toward developing the most practical measurement technique for measuring wet-pavement friction for road sections other than the straight, level portions currently measured. The measurement system must be capable of operating at traffic speeds and not interfere with normal traffic flow. The equipment should not be overly complex, should have its own watering system, its own data collection system and most importantly, be compatible and correlatable with surface friction testers in current use. This study has demonstrated that measurements on nontangent sections can be conducted with an ASTM E-274 skid trailer when it accurately measures both the dynamic longitudinal and vertical forces on the test wheel during locked-wheel tests. It has been found that the limit of performance of an E-274 system is approximately plus or minus 0.35 g lateral acceleration in the horizontal plane of the test trailer. It has been found that nontangent tests should not be attempted unless dynamic vertical forces areedetermined either by a load cell or translated from accelerations acting on the trailer. This is Volume I of a three-volume report. The other volumes are Vol. II, FHWA/RD-82/150, Comprehensive Report, and Vol. III, FHWA/RD-82/151, Appendices. (FHWA) KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Friction KW - Locked-wheel KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Skid trailers KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381326 AU - Denson, K H AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAD LOSS DUE TO FLOW PAST INUNDATED DECK-TYPE BRIDGES PY - 1983/10 SP - 45 p. AB - Model studies were performed on four two-lane, deck-type bridge models to determine head loss due to bridge inundation. Flows were limited to subcritical approach velocities. Bridge height above the channel bottom was varied in five increments; tailwater depth was varied in eight increments, if possible, and downstream velocity was varied in five increments. Results are presented in dimensionless form and are suitable for continuing a water surface profile upstream from a submerged bridge. A numerical example is included. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Deck type bridges KW - Head loss KW - Height KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Submerged conditions KW - Tail water KW - Underwater structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380600 AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Tonda, R D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT FRACTION MEASUREMENTS ON NONTANGENT SECTIONS OF ROADWAYS, VOLUME II COMPREHENSIVE REPORT PY - 1983/10 SP - 94 p. AB - This study is directed toward developing the most practical measurement technique for measuring wet-pavement friction for road sections other than the straight, level portions currently measured. The measurement system must be capable of operating at traffic speeds and not interfere with normal traffic flow. The equipment should not be overly complex, should have its own watering system, its own data collection system and, most importantly, be compatible and correlatable with surface friction testers in current use. This study has demonstrated that measurements on nontangent sections can be conducted with an ASTM E-274 skid trailer when it accurately measures both the dynamic longitudinal and vertical forces on the test wheel during locked-wheel tests. It has been found that the limit of performance of an E-274 system is approximately plus or minus 0.35 g lateral acceleration in horizontal plane of the test trailer. It has been found that nontangent tests should not be attempted unless dynamic vertical forces are determined either by a load cell or translated from accelerations acting on the trailer. This is Volume II of a three-volume report. The other volumes are Vol. I, FHWA/RD-82/149, Summary Report, and Vol. III, FHWA/RD-82/151, Appendices. (FHWA) KW - Friction KW - Measurement KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Skid trailers KW - Traffic flow KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419654 AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Clear, K C AU - Pasko, T J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Offices of Research, Development and Technology TI - Time to corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete slabs: volume 5 - calcium nitrite admixture or epoxy coated reinforcing bars as corrosion protection systems PY - 1983/09 IS - FHWA/RD-83-012 SP - 76P KW - Additives KW - Admixture KW - Bar KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Coating KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Epoxy resin KW - Epoxy resins KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slab KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419218 AU - Parker, M R AU - Flak, M A AU - Tsuchiyama, K H AU - Wadenstorer, S C AU - Hutcherson, F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Geometric treatments for reducing passing accidents at rural intersections on two lane highways. volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1983/09 IS - FHWA/RD-83-074/75 SP - 140 + 125P KW - Accident black spot KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - High risk locations KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Overtaking KW - Passing KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01023849 AU - Thompson, Philip L AU - Corry, Murray L AU - Watts, F J AU - Richards, Dennis L AU - Jones, J Sterling AU - Bradley, Joseph N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hydraulic Design of Energy Dissipators for Culverts and Channels PY - 1983/09//Metric Version SP - 329p AB - The purpose of this circular is to provide design information for analyzing dissipation problems at culvert outlets and in open channels. The first five chapters of the circular provide general information to support the remaining design chapters. These chapters discuss the design concept, erosion hazards, culvert outlet velocity and velocity modification, flow transitions, and estimating scour at culvert outlets. Chapters 6 through 11 address hydraulic jump, forced hydraulic jump basins, Contra Costa energy dissipators, drop structures, stilling wells, and riprap basins. The final chapter deals with design selection and presents examples of the application of each type of energy dissipator. This manual should be considered a dynamic framework within which material will be added and deleted as new information becomes available. KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Discharge velocity KW - Dissipation KW - Ditches KW - Drop structures KW - Energy dissipators KW - Erosion KW - Flow KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulic jump KW - Manuals KW - Open channels KW - Scour KW - Selection process KW - Stilling basins UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hec/hec14SI.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00392208 AU - Hughes, R D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION CRITERIA FOR RIGID AND FLEXIBLE CONDUIT PY - 1983/09 SP - n.p. AB - Structural design criteria according to current AASHTO guidelines for pipe, pipe-arch, and arch culverts are presented. Fill-height tables, based upon those criteria, and proposed bedding details are included. (FHWA) KW - Arches KW - Bedding KW - Building KW - Conduits KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Facilities KW - Flexible conduits KW - Flexible structures KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Pipe culverts KW - Rigid conduits KW - Stiffness KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468643 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT MIX RECYCLING NORTH OF BUENA VISTA, COLORADO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/09 SP - 36 p. AB - The final report documents the performance of Colorado's first full scale project to recycle an asphalt pavement. Detailed information regarding the construction experiences, conservation analysis and initial evaluation was documented in the Interim Report published in March 1979. This publication documents the pavement distress measurements taken over the five year life of the project. Laboratory tests of cores taken from the asphalt pavement are also reported. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Defects KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468646 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION DEVICES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/09 SP - 24 p. AB - This report documents a study to evaluate promising bridge deck expansion joints with the intent of finding the most maintenance free and water-proof expansion devices for use in Colorado. The evaluation included inspections and measurements during construction and post construction. The ability of a device to remain water tight is the most important quality used to determine the success of the device. Proper installation during donstruction is one of the most important factors which will ultimately determine the success of an expansion joint. Neoprene compression joint seals are recommended for future joints whenever possible. On flex joints have also been shown to perform well, however, further evaluations are required before firm recommendations are made. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Compression seals KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Measurement KW - Neoprene KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Seals (Devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00389886 AU - Ten Hoor, S J AU - SMITH, S A AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL PARKING CODE PROVISIONS TO ENCOURAGE RIDESHARING AND TRANSIT USE PY - 1983/09 SP - 30 p. AB - Most local zoning ordinances contain a set of off-street parking requirements which are intended to control that part of the parking supply created in the process of private land development. The parking requirements, or parking code, are potentially a valuable tool in enabling the public sector to influence private sector decisions in the area of Transportation System Management (TSM), with benefits potentially occuring to both public and private interests. This document describes and presents model local parking code provisions designed to reduce parking requirements and promote the use of public transit and ridesharing. This model code is suitable for inclusion into the zoning ordinances of most urban jurisdictions in the United States. The provisions are designed to allow reductions in parking requirements for new or expanding office and industrial developments (and certain employment-oriented institutional uses as determined by the jurisdiction) when landowners or developers agree to provide incentives for commuter travel in modes other than single occupant vehicles. A brief background on this approach is given, followed by the model parking code itself. A companion report containing nine case studies is available under the title of "Model Parking Code Provisions to Encourage Ridesharing and Transit Use (Including a Review of Experience)." KW - Office buildings KW - Parking KW - Private enterprise KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban development KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388787 AU - Hagen, A P AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONVERSION OF OKLAHOMA WASTE COAL INTO ROAD ASPHALT PY - 1983/09 SP - 160 p. AB - This report has been prepared to inform the Oklahoma Department of Transportation of the progress on the project: Conversion of Oklahoma Waste Coal into Road Asphalt, as well as to provide enough information so that co-workers at the ODOT can readily duplicate the described procedures. Part I provides background material which introduces the techniques normally used to separate and to characterize chemical samples, as well as examples of asphalt fingerprinting using these concepts. This initial effort clearly demonstrates that when a reference library of asphalts and their separation and spectroscopic properties is establihsed, effective fingerprinting will be available. Part II describes the major effort of this project; a study of the laboratory feasibility of converting waste Oklahoma coal into an asphalt extender. This effort confirms the hypothesis that this coal can be converted into a liquid material by hydrogenation. This substance however, has no miscibility with petroleum asphalt. When animal fat or linseed oil is added to the reaction mixture prior to hydrogenation, a material is obtained which has short term miscibility with petroleum asphalt. This product has excellent chemical properties; however, it has a low penetration and ductility parameters which indicate that it would best serve as an asphalt extender. It is reasonable to assume that the fat or oil serves as a source of straight chain hydrocarbons which interact with the aromatic coal structure which is compatible with petroleum asphalt. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt KW - Coal KW - Coal hydrogenation KW - Extenders KW - Materials characterization KW - Petroleum KW - Properties of materials KW - Spectroscopic analysis KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387377 AU - Gilliam, T E AU - YAMAMOTO, Y AU - Poston, R W AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION OF ANALYSIS PROGRAMS FOR SOLID AND HOLLOW CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS PY - 1983/09 SP - 188 p. AB - In this report the details and results of an experimental investigation of the stiffness and strength of typical solid and hollow cross section reinforced concrete bridge piers is summarized. The piers were subjected to combinations of axial load and biaxial moments typical of bridge pier applications. Stiffness measurements from the current series as well as measured behavior from solid pier tests previously reported in the literature were compared to analytical predictions based on a generalized fiber model used with computer code BIMPHI. In addition force displacement relationships computed suing computer codes PIER and FPIER were compared to previously reported test results for a wide variety of columns, beams and frames. The comparisons showed these programs to be accurate, yet conservative, porgrams for prediction of stiffness, strength and behavior of solid, hollow and multi-cell bridge piers and bents. (FHWA) KW - Bents KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer programs KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387062 AU - Koseki, K AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORATORY STUDY OF SHEAR STRENGHT OF JOINTS FOR PRECAST SEGMENTAL BRIDGES PY - 1983/09 SP - 106 p. AB - The joints between the precast segments are of critical importance in segmental bridge construction. They are critical to the development of structural capacity by ensuring the transfer of shear across the joints and often play a key role in ensuring durability by protecting the tendons against corrosion. However, construction of the joints must be simple and economical. A number of types of joint configurations have been used in various precast segmental bridges in the United States, although relatively little information is available on the behavior and design of such joints. This study reports on a modest scope experimental investigation to determine the relative shear transfer strength across different types of joints typically used between adjacent segments of precast segmental bridges. The types of joints considered included no keys, single large keys, and multiple lug keys. Both dry and epoxy joints were tested. The test results indicated substantial differences in the strength at a given slip in the various types of dry joints, but indicated that all types of joints with epoxy essentially developed the full strength of a monolitically cast joint. (Author) KW - Bridge engineering KW - Corrosion protection KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Keys KW - Lugs KW - Precast concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Shear transfer KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387113 AU - Weyers, R E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COLLECTION OF ATTEMPTED MAINTENANCE FORCE REMEDIAL BRIDGE WORK PY - 1983/09 SP - 196 p. AB - Preventive and corrective maintenance practices for bridge systems were identified by making an extensive search of the technical literature, contacting state departments of transportation, and visiting the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation maintenance and bridge offices. Thirty-six repair standards in 21 selected maintenance and rehabilitation areas are presented. Each standard describes the application and limitations of the method, the materials needed, and the construction procedure. Each standard also contains references identifying the source of the standard and a drawing illustrating construction details. A related report, FHWA/PA 84-004, "Cost-Effective Methodology for the Rehabilitation and Replcaement of Bridges," contains mathematical models for cost-effective bridge rehabilitation and replacement, a microcomputer program for the Apple IIe to solve the mathematical models, and example solutions. (FHWA) KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387116 AU - Ito, S AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SYMPOSIS PY - 1983/09 SP - 29 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to capsulize presentations made in Sacramento, California May 3-5, 1983 concerning Equipment Management Systems and their development and use. Major emphasis was placed on presentations from the five FHWA contract States. These States contracted to test the pool funded manual written to provide the basis of an equipment management system. Presentations from the Arizona, Deleware, Georgia, Hawaii, Iowa, Mississippi, and Oklahoma, Departments of Transportation were also given. (FHWA) KW - Conferences KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387114 AU - Weyers, R E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR THE REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF BRIDGES PY - 1983/09 SP - 48 p. AB - A cost-effective methodology was developed using mathematical models for rehabilitation and replacement which are based on generalized cash flow diagrams. The models present a least cost solution to bridge work based on the service life of the bridge and considering the time value of money. The effect of inflation can also be taken into account. A microcomputer program for the Apple IIe is given to solve the mathematical models. Example solutions are also presented. A related report, FHWA/PA 84-003, A Collection of Attempted Maintenance Force Remedial Bridge Work, describes and illustrates 36 repair standards and methods in 21 selected maintenance rehabilitation systems. (FHWA) KW - Bridges KW - Cash flow KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Service life KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385333 AU - Virmani, Y P AU - CLEAR, K C AU - Pasko, T J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS, VOLUME 5: CALCIUM NITRITE ADMIXTURE OR EPOXYCOATED REINFORCING BARS AS CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS PY - 1983/09 SP - 76 p. AB - Thirty-one relatively large reinforced concrete slabs were fabricated in 1980 using either non-specification epoxy-coated reinforcing steel or calcium nitrite admixture with black (uncoated) steel. Their performance is compared with uncoated steel in concrete without admixtures. The slabs were placed in two lifts: the bottom lift consisted of a bottom mat of reinforcing steel in chloride-free concrete; and a top lift consisting of the top-mat rebars in concrete contaminated with various quantities of sodium chloride. All the electrical connections between the reinforcing mats were made exterior to the slabs so that the corrosion current flow could be monitored. A worst case type of research design was used by specifying poor quality concrete, nonspecification epoxy-coated rebars, and good electrical coupling between the rebar mats. After curing, the slabs were mounted above ground and exposed to the environment of the Washington, D.C. location. They were periodically subjected to additional chloride exposure while being monitored for about 1 year to determine the corrosion rate. Selected slabs were than demolished to confirm the findings of the nondestructive testing. Findings of the study indicate that both epoxy-coated reinforcing steel and calcium nitrite can provide more than an order of magnitude reduction in the corrosion rate; and thus should provide long-term protection against corrosion-induced damage on properly engineered and constructed structures in severe salt environments. Some of the variables which affected the performance of the slabs were the chloride content in the calcium nitrite experiment, and the selective coating of the upper mat only, versus the coating of both mats in the coated rebar experiment. (FHWA) KW - Calcium compounds KW - Chlorides KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Nitrates KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slabs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385335 AU - Motayed, A K AU - Chang, F M AU - Mukherjee, D K AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LOW WATER STREAM CROSSING-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/09 SP - 20 p. AB - Commonly used Low Water Stream Crossings (LWSC) of different types are described and the characteristics of their efficient design are discussed. Selection factors for LWSCs are listed, along with a set of general and specific design considerations. A method, based on economic risk analysis, is recommended for the final selection and design of fords, vented fords and low water bridges. Design examples are provided for each of the three structures. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Causeways KW - Construction KW - Economic analysis KW - Low-water crossing structures KW - Risk analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385758 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROWAVE REFLECTION MEASUREMENTS OF THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE PY - 1983/09 SP - 33 p. AB - The use of microwave reflection measurements to continuously and nondestructively monitor the hydration of concrete is described. The method relies upon the influence of the free-water content on the dielectric properties of the concrete. Use of the method on concrete blocks showed linear relations between the compressive strength, water-cement ratio, and block thickness with the dielectric properties. Some possible applications of the method are discussed. (Author) KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Dielectric materials KW - Measurement KW - Microwaves KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Physical properties KW - Reflection KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36518/84-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199644 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00386039 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF ROAD MARKINGS TO NARROW LANES FOR CONTROLLING SPEED IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS PY - 1983/09 VL - 47 IS - 2 SP - p. 56-60 AB - This article describes a research study that addressed speeding on residential streets--one of the most common traffic complaints reported to law enforcement officers by residents. Speeding generally occurs on wide streets that have little or no horizontal or vertical curvature so drivers have a long sight distance. Deterring speeders in residential areas is vexing for traffic engineers because solutions are limited. Thirty different countermeasures and strategies used in the United States and Great Britain to control speed were ineffective or minimally successful. It was concluded that enforcement coupled with a rational speed zoning policy was the most effective method of speed control in residential areas. In a before-and-after study on the impact of street narrowing on speed, six locations on three different streets were narrowed as part of a street beautification program. Street widths were reduced from 8 to 18 ft (2.4 to 5.5 m), leaving two traffic lanes at least 11 ft (3.4 m) wide each. These before-and-after studies showed that there was no consistent or material reduction in the average speeds after street narrowing. At two locations, the average speed increased 1 mph (1.6 km/h); at three locations, the average speed decreased between 1 and 3 mph (1.6 and 4.8 km/h); and at one location, the average speed decreased 5 mph (8 km/h). Reducing lane width to 9 ft (2.7 m) might further reduce the speed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Residential areas KW - Road markings KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Speeding KW - Street narrowing KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic marking KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/203585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385328 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - Emery, J J AU - Valley Forge Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Department of Energy AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KILN DUST-FLY ASH SYSTEMS FOR HIGHWAY BASES AND SUBBASES PY - 1983/09 SP - 135 p. AB - Production of lime and portland cement results in the annual generation of more than 20 million tons of kiln dust, mostly cement kiln dust. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effectiveness of substituting kiln dusts for hydrated lime in lime-fly ash-aggregate road base systems. A total of 45 kilm dust samples, including 33 cement dusts and 12 lime dusts, were obtained in accordance with a standard sampling procedure. In addition, 18 fly ashes (including 5 Class C ash samples) and 6 aggregates were included in the sampling program. Kiln dust and fly ash samples were characterized by Trow, Ltd. to determine physical properties and chemical, as well as mineralogical, composition. Optimum kiln dust-fly ash ratios were developed for 66 mix combinations. Kiln dust-fly ash-aggregate compressive strength tests were performed. Engineering properties (durability, volume stability, etc.) of optimum mix combinations were tested and compared with conventional lime-fly ash-aggregate mixtures. Most kiln dust-fly ash-aggregate mixes were comparable to, and in many cases demonstrated higher early strength development than, lime-fly ash-aggregate mixes. Optimum mix strengths for kiln dust-fly ash-aggregate compositions were generally attained at kiln dust-fly ash ratios of 2:1 using cement liln dust and 1:1 using lime liln dust. By contrast, most lime-fly ash-aggregate mixes have lime-fly ash ratios of 1:3 or 1:4. Therefore, higher concentrations of kiln dust are required compared to commercial lime. Mixes containing Class C fly ash developed higher strengths than comparable mixes with Class F fly ash. (FHWA) KW - Aggregates KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement kilns KW - Dust KW - Fly ash KW - Mixtures KW - Ovens KW - Portland cement KW - Strength of materials KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Substitutes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385258 AU - Jackson, D R AU - CALLAHAN, J M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSIVE SOLAR-HEATING RETROFIT OF A MAINTENANCE FACILITY: FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/09 SP - n.p. AB - A 12,000 sf maintenance facility in Connecticut has been retrofitted with a 1,500 sf passive-solar Trombe wall, 2-1/2 in. of foam roof insulation and a new control system that allows night/weekend temperature setback. Also a new separate boiler has been installed to heat an office/locker wing of the facility. An energy-consumption monitoring system was installed in January 1980 and has collected data for 1-1/2 yr. before the retrofit and two years after the retrofit. Actual energy consumption was very close to that predicted using simple analytical methods. Average oil consumption for the period 1973 to 1980 was 8206 gal/yr. After the solar wall was installed and other energy-conservation measures implemented yearly oil consumption dropped to 2744 gal. and 2120 gal. for the 81/82 and 82/83 heating seasons, respectively. A number of energy-conservation recommendations are presented in this report, including but not limited to the following cost-effective measures that should be applied at other ConnDOT facilities: 1. Identify facilities with oversized boilers and reduce burner-firing rates; 2. install modern, more efficient thermostatic control systems with night and weekend setbacks to reduce the average builing temperatures; 3. increase roof and wall insulation and install storm windows; and, 4. replace inefficient lighting fixtures with more economical ones. KW - Maintenance facilities KW - Petroleum KW - Solar energy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381228 AU - Grady, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SAWED-GROOVE TEXTURING ON CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1983/09 SP - 42 p. AB - This report discusses the experimental application of a sawed-groove texture on two New York bridge decks and one operational use of diamond grinding to rectify an aggravated friction problem on a third deck. While tine-texturing has been the chosen concrete texturing method in New York, the inability to obtain grooves deep enough to provide a long-lasting, high-friction surface on bridge decks generated interest to attempt sawing grooves in new decks. Though used widely for restoring texture on worn concrete pavements, this method had not been generally accepted or promoted for use on new concrete decks. The purpose of this project was to determine if sawing a new concrete deck to produce texture wouuld adversely affect the durability of the surface, and also to assess the frictional properties and durability of the texture itself as compared to tined surfaces. The determination is based on laboratory tests for chloride permeability and resistance to de-icer scaling, and microscopical examinations for microfracturing, as well as field measures of friction and texture depth. Results show that the accumulation of chlorides in sawed samples was slightly greater at shallow depths than those in tine textures. At greater depths, no significant difference was found. Tests showed that sawed texturing did not increase the occurrence of scaling, nor did it cause any small-scale fracturing. Sawed textures were shown to provide a deep and durable frictional riding surface. A disadvantage of sawing is the increased cost compared to tining. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Depth KW - Durability KW - Friction KW - Grooves KW - Microcracking KW - Microcracks KW - Pavement grooving KW - Permeability KW - Resistance KW - Sawing KW - Scaling KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381236 AU - Keck, M E AU - Keck (Merle E) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY LIGHTING HANDBOOK, ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER SIX. DESIGNING THE LIGHTING SYSTEM USING PAVEMENT LUMINANCE PY - 1983/09 SP - 54 p. AB - This publication supplements and updates the ROADWAY LIGHTING HANDBOOK in terms of the method of designing a fixed lighting system for roadways using luminance criteria as the basis for the design. Widespread use of the contents of this document should improve the utilization of energy while providing easier and faster discernment of the driving tasks at night. It is envisioned that this handbook will be used in combination with accepted standards of lighting practice. Together, they will go a long way toward providing safe, comfortable and efficient roadways for nighttime travel. (Author) KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Handbooks KW - Luminous intensity KW - Standards KW - Street lighting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378791 AU - Gramling, W L AU - Teng, T P AU - Morris, G R AU - Sheffiels, J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - "PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE IN FOUR STATES" A PANEL REPORT PY - 1983/09 SP - 34 p. AB - This report discusses the performance of four full scale prestressed concrete pavements built between 1971 and 1979 in different parts of the United States in various climatic areas carrying a range of traffic. The information was developed by a panel made up of representatives from each of the four States where a full scale prestressed pavement was constructed. These representatives were familiar with the design and construction. Details of construction, prestressing, and jointing are given for the projects at Dulles International Airport, Va., Hogestown, Pa., Brookhaven, Miss., and Tempe, Ariz. The panel performed a close inspection of the condition of these projects in March of 1981 and developed appropriate conclusions and recommendations after carefully considering the performance and characteristics of the four projects which have a total length of 22 lane miles. Some research needs in prestressed pavements were also identified. It was concluded that prestressed concrete has performed adequately. On the basis of its performance and economics, prestressed pavement is a viable alternate type. Some design guidelines are suggested and desirable future project characteristics are indicated. (Author) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guidelines KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Requirement KW - Research KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00379473 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF CHEM-CRETE HIGH STRENGTH MODIFIED ASPHALT CONCENTRATE PY - 1983/09 SP - 28 p. AB - A Chem-Crete modified sand asphalt base course was constructed and evaluated in order to determine its ability to significantly increase the Marshall Stability of the paving material. Test and control sections were established on a low traffic volume coastal highway. The base course mixture was produced in an asphalt batch plant with only minor changes in plant oerations. No problems developed during mix production, laydown or compaction. A second test section was constructed when the manufacturer of the modifier informed us that an insufficient amount of modifiers was used in the first test section. Roadway cores taken up to ten months after construction showed no significant differences between the test sections and the control section. The conclusion is drawn that the use of Chem-Crete made no discernable difference in the stability of the base course. (Author) KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Coring KW - High strength materials KW - Marshall test KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/192424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455864 AU - Nishikawa, Alvin Sunao AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Nondestructive Testing Procedure for In-Place Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Concrete : Informational Report PY - 1983/08/30 SP - 84p AB - The primary objective of this research was to develop empirical relationships correlating breakoff strength and flexural strength as measured by the conventional beam test. To accomplish this objective, the differential influence of several potentially significant parameters were investigated. The parameters considered were (a) aggregate size, (b) aggregate shape, (c) water-cement ratio, w/c, (d) age of concrete, (e) curing conditions, and (f) cement type. In order to determine a possible correlation between the breakoff strength and compression strength of concrete; conventional cylinder tests were also carried out. A total of 122 breakoff, 140 beam and 110 cylinder tests were carried out. Evaluation of the results has indicated that w/c ratio, age of concrete, curing condition, and cement type have a significant differential effect on the breakoff and beam tests. On the other hand, all six parameters were found to have a differential effect on the breakoff and cylinder tests. Concluding that the correlation between breakoff strength and compressive strength would be highly impractical, linear regression analyses were performed only to correlate beam strength with breakoff strength as a function of the w/c ratio. It should be noted that the resulting statistical relationships so obtained are valid only for the specified type of cement, age of concrete, and curing condition. It was found that, by passing best fitting curves through the means of the breakoff and beam test data, the differential effect of w/c ratio may be neglected for a practical range of w/c ratios. Thus, by normalizing beam strength with breakoff strength, and plotting the f/f ratio against the w/c ratio, it became evident that the beam strength may be approximated as being 78% of the breakkoff strength, independent of w/c ratio. This approximation is valid for 7 day strength. Type I cement concrete cured under moist conditions. KW - Aggregates KW - Beam tests KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Flexural strength KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314065 UR - http://ia700405.us.archive.org/23/items/nondestructivete00nish/nondestructivete00nish.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455861 AU - Goodman, Martin J AU - Chameau, Jean-Lou AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Compacted Clay Embankments for Improved Stability and Settlement Performance : Interim Report PY - 1983/08/30 SP - 275p AB - This report is part of the embankment design and performance project conducted by the Joint Highway Research Project which was initiated to improve the ability of highway engineers to design embankments. It has two main objectives. First, it illustrates how the results of the compacted clay investigation can be used in the design and analysis of compacted clay embankments. Second, it completes the analysis package by supplying computer programs for the calculation of embankment settlement. A hybrid method of specifying compaction which makes the in situ water content of the embankment soil equal to the optimum moisture content is introduced, This approach can help optimize the properties of compacted embankment soils. Embankment side slope design is illustrated for short and long term conditions using laboratory shear strength data. Geometric and probabilistic interpretation of the factor of safety are introduced as alternatives and/or supplements to the conventional strength factor of safety. A methodology to predict the settlement of embankments is presented. Computer programs to compute the magnitude and time-rate of settlement are included. User's manuals for these programs are provided. Several improvements made to the program STABL are also documented. KW - Compacted clays KW - Compaction KW - Consolidation KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Probability KW - Slope stability KW - Soil compaction UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314066 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455858 AU - Gefell, E M AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Hancock County, Indiana PY - 1983/08/30 SP - 97p AB - The engineering soils map of Hancock. County, Indiana was produced primarily by interpretation of aerial photographs. A photomosaic was constructed with 1939 aerial photographs and the land form - parent material associations delineated by stereoscopic inspection. Aerial photographic interpretation was done in compliance with accepted principles of observation. The aerial photographs used were taken for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and were printed at an approximate scale of 1:20,000. The Agricultural Soil Survey of Hancock County was used as a cross-reference to check soil boundaries and as a source of additional climatic, transportation, population, drainage, occupational and other data about the county. Several field trips were taken to the county to verify aerial photographic interpretations of land forms, parent materials, and surface soil textures and to resolve ambiguous details. Additional soil boundary modifications were made based on soil sampling and other field reconnaissance work. Standard symbols were used to identify the land form-parent material associations, surface soil textures, and other miscellaneous areas (eg., gravel pits, lakes and ponds, etc.) on the engineering soils map. The map and report were part of an ongoing effort to complete a comprehensive, county by county engineering soils survey of the State of Indiana using a standard set of symbols. All map units of any given county were to correlate with those of all adjacent counties. In some places, this author's interpretations of land forms and parent materials did not match exactly with the interpretations of others. Where these disparities occurred, every effort was made to maintain the continuity of the soil units in question in the transitional zone near the county lines. The county drainage maps were generally used to make the engineering soil base maps. However, due to discrepancies found between the Hancock County Drainage Map and adjacent completed engineering soil maps (due to shrinkage and stretching of the original cloth copy) the recent General Highway and Transportation Map of Hancock County (1978) was used as a base instead. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Hancock County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314586 UR - http://ia600405.us.archive.org/10/items/engineeringsoils8311gefe/engineeringsoils8311gefe.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01614957 AU - Gandhi, R B V AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Improved Bridge Safety Index for Narrow Bridges PY - 1983/08//Final Report SP - 163p AB - In this report, a new bridge safety index is developed based upon an extensive statistical study of accident data on 78 bridges. A total of 655 accidents were recorded at these bridges over the six-year period between 1974 and 1979. Cluster analysis showed that 26 of the bridges could be grouped into a "less-safe" class and the remaining 52 bridges clustered into the "more-safe" group. Assigning a score of 0 to the less-safe group and 1 to the more-safe group, logistic regression analysis was used to develop an equation for the probability that a bridge is safe. The R² of the equation is 0.53 and includes the following variables: bridge width, bridge length, average daily traffic (ADT), vehicle speed, grade continuity, shoulder reduction, and traffic mix. A sensitivity analysis shows that bridge safety may be improved most by reducing vehicle speed and secondly by increasing the bridge width. Recommendations are made for the data that should be collected and the number of bridges that should be represented in future studies. The Bridge Safety Index developed in this study is considerably better than all that have been proposed previously since it is based objectively upon accident rates and has a much better correlation with accident rates than any previously proposed Bridge Safety Index. Consistent use of this index in setting funding priorities for projects to improve bridge safety should result in a reduction of accident rates, property damage, injuries and fatalities at bridges. KW - Cluster analysis KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Highway bridges KW - Logistic regression analysis KW - Narrow bridges KW - Safety KW - Safety index KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Width UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/233-2F.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60200/60269/233-2F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1427169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00986422 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATING & TESTING A GRAVITY MODEL FOR ANY SIZE URBAN AREA PY - 1983/08 SP - 84 p. AB - Trip distribution is an important and complex phase of the transportation planning process. It provides the planner with a systematic procedure capable of estimating zonal trip interchanges for alternate plans of both land use and transportation facilities. These zonal interchanges constitute a basic part of the travel information necessary for transportation planning. This manual documents in detail the process of trip distribution utilizing the gravity model as it is now defined. Since automated trip distribution techniques have only become available in the last decade, the details involved in the various steps are still being improved. However, every attempt has been made to include in this manual the most up-to-date information available. KW - Calibration KW - Gravity models KW - Testing KW - Transportation planning KW - Trip distribution KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/CAT.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/748117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457083 AU - Jones, H D AU - Raska, J G AU - McNees, R W AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp TI - EVALUATION OF OVERHEAD SIGN BACKGROUND MATERIALS AND MERCURY VAPOR SIGN LIGHTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 104 p. AB - Overhead Guide Signs can be illuminated to sufficient target value and uniformity with certain 100 watt mercury vapor lighting units. Coating materials based on thermal setting polyester, and thermal setting polyvinylidene fluoride have been found to be satisfactory coating materials for Overhead Guide Signs. Liquid Urethane Acrylic, sign enamel, thermal setting polyester and reflectorized sheeting have been proven as satisfactory materials for refurbishing deteriorated porcelain-enameled aluminum Overhead Guide Signs. Preliminary field evaluations and legibility studies indicate that approximately 40% of the Overhead Guide Signs in the State would not require illumination if the legend is reflective. KW - Acrylic resins KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Coatings KW - Enamels KW - Legibility KW - Lighting KW - Materials KW - Mercury lamps KW - Mercury vapor lamps KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Polyester resins KW - Polyvinylidene fluoride KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929657 AU - Neveu, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADJUSTING HIGHWAY TRAVEL FORECASTS FOR THE EFFECTS OF FUEL SHORTAGES AND PRICE RISES: FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 103 p. AB - Travel forecasts developed in the early 1970s do not usually consider reductions in fuel supply, increased fuel prices, or improved vehicle efficiency. Such forecasts should be adjusted to account for recent trends in these areas. Based on a review of observed trends and prior studies of 2 past energy emergencies, a set of procedures to adjust travel forecasts to reflect changes, either historical or future, in fuel supply, fuel price, and vehicle fleet fuel efficiency were developed. Consumer reactions to these energy events were also examined. Response differences in conservation strategies were observed between several hypothesized futures and between several area types. This manual can be used to estimate changes in travel forecasts prepared before energy became a key issue, or to account for unanticipated changes in the background variables. These procedures should fill the need for updating travel demand estimates in a simple and inexpensive fashion until newer forecasting models are developed. KW - Automobile travel KW - Equipment KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel conservation KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fuel shortages KW - Highway transportation KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/719283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607560 AU - Beer, G P AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - Paul, D R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY TESTS ON SELECTED RAPID-SETTING REPAIR MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 66 p. AB - Many materials are available for rapid repair of portland cement concrete. The report describes research which was undertaken to (1) investigate test procedures to evaluate rapid-setting repair materials and (2) test selected materials. Report 311-1, "Results of a Survey on the Use of Rapid-Setting Repair Materials," summarizes the results of an initial survey which identified rapid-setting repair materials used in Texas and other states and summarized the properties and characteristics deemed most important. This study examined a wide range of test procedures for evaluating rapid-setting repair materials, including compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength, set time, flow, shear bond, flexural bond, and sand blast abrasion. For some properties more than one test procedure was used. Three materials were used in the testing program: modified portland cement (Duracal), magnesium phosphate (Set-45), and magnesium polyphosphate (Neco-crete). The tests which appear to be most applicable to evaluating rapid-setting materials are cylinder compression, flexural strength, Gilmore needle set time, and shear bond. KW - Abrasions KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Cement additives KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Flexural bond KW - Flexural strength KW - Flow KW - Inorganic phosphates KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Magnesium phosphate KW - Magnesium polyphosphate KW - Modified portland cements KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Phosphates KW - Portland cement KW - Rapid-setting materials KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Sand blasting KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Shear bond KW - Shear properties KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488176 AU - Johnson, E G AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF GEOTEXTILES IN ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 64 p. AB - This report presents the results of the investigation of twenty projects exemplifying the use of geotextiles by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. These projects fall into three categories: subdrainage and riprap liners, embankment separation and reinforcement, and paving overlays. The report is introduced with a status of geotextile manufacture and design followed by a description of geotextile properties. Each section begins with a discussion of the principles for the use of geotextiles which is followed by the case histories. Based on the experience gained in the case histories and existing literature, recommendations for the use of geotextiles are presented along with recommended specifications. The report concludes in saying that the use of geotextiles in Alaskan engineering will continue to grow as designers become more familiar with existing design techniques and as research learns about the functions of geotextiles. KW - Alaska KW - Case studies KW - Embankments KW - Geotextiles KW - Liners KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Riprap KW - Specifications KW - Subsurface drainage UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_84_07.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11566/application_ak.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395899 AU - Mays, L W AU - Taur, C-K AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FESWMS-TX TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF BACKWATER AT BRIDGES: USER'S GUIDE AND APPLICATIONS PY - 1983/08 SP - 196 p. AB - The objective of this project has been to modify and apply the computer program (FESWMS-TX) for the two dimensional hydrodynamic analysis of backwater at bridges. The work performed has been to simplify use of the computer program so that it may eventually become a part of the THYSYS system that is used throughout the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Application of the model to a portion of Walnut Creek near Martin Luther King Blvd. in Austin, Texas, was performed to help identify the various needed modifications. A detailed user's manual has been developed, which is a major part of this report. (Author) KW - Analysis KW - Backwaters KW - Computer programs KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Manuals KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/213575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472208 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR THE STATIC AND REPEATED-LOAD INDIRECT TENSILE TESTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 61 p. AB - The report establishes the test procedure and equipment required to conduct the indirect tensile test and the repeated-load indirect tensile test. The equations and their use to determine the various elastic properties are presented. An ASTM test procedure to conduct the repeated-load indirect tensile test was developed from this effort. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Equations KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Repeated loads KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472210 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L AU - Smith, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESSUREMETER DESIGN OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 89 p. AB - In the report, a description is made of procedures available to design single piles subjected to static lateral loads on the basis of pressuremeter test results. Of the seven methods mentioned two are presented in detail: the Briaud-Smith-Meyer method in its detailed and simplified version and the Imai method. The methods are presented as step by step procedures. Then design examples are given and solved. An indication of the accuracy of the Briaud-Smith-Meyer method is given by comparing the predicted behavior and the measured behavior for actual case histories. KW - Accuracy KW - Lateral loads KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Static loads KW - Structural design KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385345 AU - Lewis, R M AU - Lewis (Russell M) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR CHANNELIZING DEVICES USED FOR TWO-LANE TWO-WAY OPERATIONS PY - 1983/08 SP - 62 p. AB - Two-lane, two-way operation (TLTWO) is the situation created when one directional roadway of a divided, four-lane highway is closed for construction or maintenance operations and the traffic which normally uses that roadway is crossed over the median and shares the other roadway with opposing traffic. The remaining open roadway is operated with one lane in each direction with passing prohibited. Functional requirements are developed for two TLTWO device concepts: (1) an improved flexible, durable, self-restoring device of modest size having a post or paddle shape, and (2) a continuous, raised median with intermittent, high-visibility devices mounted thereon. Performance criteria are then determined which will ensure that a channelizing device meets these requirements. Lastly, testing procedures are set forth to evaluate whether the specified performance characteristics are met. The evaluation procedures proposed are limited to tests that can be performed in a laboratory or test track environment. This document presents the findings from the second of a two-phase study. In the first report, "Review of Channelizing Devices for Two-Lane Two-Way Operations," the use of existing TLTWO devices was examined and new device concepts were identified and evaluated. (FHWA) KW - Channelization KW - Highway maintenance KW - Medians KW - Quality of work KW - Self-restoring KW - Testing KW - Traffic control devices KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385353 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEL SPECIAL PRODUCT EVELUATION LIST PY - 1983/08 AB - This document is a listing of special products which have been evaluated in some manner by State highway or transportation departments. It is intenden only to provide interested governmental employees with a guide as to who has made tests on these products. The listing contains 4,244 evaluations contributed by 38 States and the FHWA. (FHWA) KW - Evaluation KW - Products KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461715 AU - Miller, A C AU - Brown, S A AU - McQuivey, R S AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CONTROL STRUCTURES FOR HIGHWAY STREAM CROSSINGS. FINAL LABORATORY REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - n.p. AB - A laboratory model study has been conducted to study relationships between important design parameters for spur-type flow control structures and the resulting behavior of the spurs. Design parameters investigated include spur permeability, spur length, spur orientation, spur height, and the geometric orientation of spurs within a bank stabilization scheme. Criteria for evaluating these spur design components include scour depth and velocity concentration at the spur tip, length of bank protected, and the amount of flow deflection produced by various spur configurations. Both single and multiple spur experiments were conducted. Single spur experiments enabled detailed evaluation of the behavior of individual spurs. Multiple spur experiments enabled an evaluation of the behavior of spurs in a group. The laboratory report provides descriptions of the experimental facilities, the laboratory set-up, and observations from individual experiments. Also included are detailed descriptions of the experimental results and conclusions. Five appendices include listings and plots of all the data collected as well as photographic descriptions of most model runs. The data and findings from this study can be used to define design guidelines for spur-type flow control structures. KW - Channel stabilization KW - Control structures KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Flow control KW - Flow control (Air traffic control) KW - Height KW - Laboratory studies KW - Length KW - Model tests KW - Orientation KW - Permeability KW - Scour KW - Spur dikes KW - Stream stabilization KW - Streams KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00453643 AU - Merchant, D AU - Dinh, C AU - Madani, M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH IN ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN APPLICATION TO TRANSPORTATION SURVEYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 295 p. AB - Research was conducted on applications of analytical photogrammetry to selected measurement tasks typical of surveying requiremetns of departments of transportation. A system calibration procedure was established for analytical photogrammetric applications using aerial photography at scales of approximately 1 to 5000. For this purpose, an accurate test range was established at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio where the average standard eror of an adjusted line length was 0.010 feet. A method of photolog image measurement using an IMB-PC programmed in MBASIC and a special P-CAT type comparator was developed. The accuracies in elevation produced by post block aerial surveying procedures applied to photography from the National High-Altitude Photography (NHAP) were assessed. When compared to withheld check points, the RMS error in elevation was about 3.5 feet for photography at 1:80,000 scale (altitude of 40,000 feet). A computer program titled BY4 was prepared in FORTRAN IV to adjust observations of photcoordinates, exterior orientation, survey coordinates and interior orientation in a simultaneous adjustment. Special attention was given to the exploitation of sparsity patterns that were characteristic of the photogrammetric procedure. Recommendations for refinements in the procedures and hardware for the measurement tasks were made. KW - Aerial photography KW - Calibration KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photologging KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/267726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387067 AU - Babaei, K AU - Terrel, R L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - This study develops a methodology for field appraisal and evaluates the effectiveness of three selected waterproofing membrane installations presently in service in the State of Washington. Based on the information obtained, none of the test installations had completely sealed the passage of salt into the concrete decks. "Active" and "uncertain" corrosion potentials existed at the rehabilitated portions; however, a decrease in corrosion activity since the time of rehabilitation was noted. Concrete deterioration after rehabilitation has occurred mainly within the boundaries of the repair work and original conrete, and it is more evident in areas with a shallower rebar depth. It is recommended that future research include a greater number of bridge decks. In addition, service life performance data should be obtained through long-range monitoring of the installations. (Author) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deterioration KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Rebars KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Waterproofing materials UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/061.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388819 AU - Pickett, D L AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF SELECTED FABRICS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE OVERLAYS PY - 1983/08 SP - 301 p. AB - Asphaltic concrete overlays are often used in an attempt to restore the riding quality of a roadway and extend its useful life. However, these overlays are susceptible to premature deterioration as a result of transverse reflection cracking, whereby a cracking pattern existing in the original pavement is extended into and through the new overlay. Reflection cracking occurs in new overlays due to their inability to withstand shear and tensile stresses created by movements of the underlying pavement. These damaging movements may be caused by traffic loading, thermally induced contractions of the paving materials, or a combination of these. Various "engineering" fabrics have been used in recent years to provide reinforcement and undersealing for overlays in attempting to prevent and/or delay the occurrence of reflection cracking, and the subsequent penetration of water into the sublayers. Fabrics reduce the amount of water that enters the sublayers of a pavement both by reinforcing and by undersealing the overlay. Reinforcing delays the appearance of the reflection cracking and reduces the width of cracks that develop. Undersealing may not prevent water from entering the pavement structure below the overlay but usually reduces the amount of water that penetrates into the sublayers. Six commercially available engineering fabrics were tested in an effort to develop a reinforced overlay design that could withstand the reflective cracking forces. Laboratory testing consisted of subjecting fabric reinforced laboratory prepared overlay specimens to cyclic tensile loads. (FHWA) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Fabrics KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Transverse cracking KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388822 AU - Nordstrom, J A AU - Stockton, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MINOR FREEWAY MODIFICATIONS PY - 1983/08 SP - 70 p. AB - This study examines three types of relatively minor freeway improvements (ramp additions, ramp relocations and grade-separated ramps) to determine the magnitude of road user benefits accrued. Total benefits were broken down into primary and secondary benefits. Primary benefits are those that accrue to the original target group of vehicles. Secondary benefits are those incidental to the improved conditions (e.g., improved intersection operation when ramp vehicles are eliminated). Delay and travel time data were collected at the site of the ramp additions. Volumes at the new ramp were higher than expected, indicating a latent demand. Annual primary benefits of $162,000 accrued to the users of the new ramps. Secondary benefits in improved upstream intersection operations yielded $7,000 annually. No significant change in accidents resulted. An exit ramp was relocated to eliminate queues onto the main lanes. Main lane conditions improved to produce $10,750 in primary benefits. Because the relocation allowed better lane distribution at the downstream intersection, secondary benefits of $34,500 accrued. Accidents were reduced, but not significantly. A grade-separated ramp was constructed to provide new access between arterials that are too closely spaced for at-grade entrance and exit ramps. An annual savings of $143,000 accrued to the users of the new ramp. Because this study was based on historical data, no analysis of secondary benefits was possible. The improvement reduced the accident rate, but not significantly. (FHWA) KW - Benefits KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Safety KW - Traffic KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388834 AU - Havens, J H AU - Sharpe, G W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSHED ROCK BASES PY - 1983/08 SP - n.p. AB - Gradations containing high, medium, and low percentages of fines were evaluated by laboratory tests and by behavioral responses in situ. Significant differences in strength parameters were not found. Differences in densities were not significant. (FHWA) KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed rock KW - Field tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387379 AU - Barton, F W AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS IN BRIDGE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PY - 1983/08 SP - 20 p. AB - This study evaluated the role of computer-aided design (CAD) including interactive graphics, in engineering design applications, especially in the design activities of the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation. A review of the hardware and software applicable to CAD indicated the availability of technology for performing a variety of tasks in the design process, particularly those involving drafing and the preparation of plans. Almost all computer manufacturers market some form of hardware and software packages; however, some of these have not been tested adequately in real applications within transportation departments. A survey of the CAD systems, including those used in several transportation departments, revealed that the most satisfactory system is a self-contained turnkey CAD system consisting of a dedicated computer, one or more graphics terminals with high resolution graphics, and software specifically developed for the desired applications. At present several transportation departments use the turnkey systems and benefit from the convenience and efficiency they provide in a variety of uses. While in bridge design the emphasis is on the graphical output of structural plans and details, the CAD system can be used for road design, mapping, planimetric surveys, and roadway repair, widening, and location. (FHWA) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Computers KW - Hardware KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interactive graphics KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Mapping KW - Software KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36514/84-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00387381 AU - Moses, F AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR WEIGHING TRUCK-IN-MOTION FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE LOADS PY - 1983/08 SP - 126 p. AB - The efficient and economical acquisition of bridge loading information is of great importance to the vast program of inspection, repair, rehabilitation and replacement of the nation's 550,000 bridges. A previous project developed a weigh-in-motion technology to obtain truck weight information for planning, pavement, economic and enforcement evaluation surveys. It utilizes existing bridges to serve as equivalent static scales to obtain truck gross and axle weights, dimensions and speed. The present project extends this technology to obtain information for bridge design and evalaution. Reusable strain transducers and tape switches are mounted on bridges to provide a continuous and complete traffic and load picture. Extreme load occurrences such as trucks moving side-by-side or closely followed are monitored during the test period. An algorithm is presented which weighs each vehicle regardless of the presence of vehicles in other lanes. The results show that each traffic lane can be separately and accurately weighed. The data obtained are useful for evaluating bridge loads and performance. Five longitudinal girder bridges in NE Ohio were monitored as part of the project. Load is categorized by truck axle and gross weight, speed and headway and location of adjacent car traffic. Bridge performance is monitored for peak girder stresses, stress spectra (fatigue), dynamic amplification and girder distribution. A brief comparison is made of the measured loads with design load effects. The field results are applicable to prediction of fatigue life and accurate evaluation of rated capacity. The report also discusses parallel use of the W.I.M. technology to obtain pavement loading in each lane and to participate in enforcement screening. (FHWA) KW - Design load KW - Enforcement KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Motor vehicles KW - Speed KW - Stresses KW - Traffic loads KW - Traffic speed KW - Transducers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle size KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weighing devices KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385777 AU - Lee, F-P AU - Lee, C E AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Copeland, C R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/08 SP - n.p. AB - High concentrations of vehicular emissions at road intersections are a health-related issue of concern, and the associated fuel consumption is a matter of continuing economic interest. For this study, a computer simulation model called TEXAS-II was developed at the Center for Transportation Research to estimate with respect to time and location the source of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and oxides of nitrogen emissions and the amount of fuel consumed by vehicles as they pass through an intersection. The model was run approximately 300 times in a series of experiments designed to obtain quantitative estimates of the effects of various traffic and intersection factors on emissions, fuel consumption, traffic delays, and queue lengths. The resulting data were utilized to build predictive models for emissions and fuel consumption at intersections. The factors which were used for simulating the intersection environment were (1) intersection size, (2) presence or absence of a special left-turn lane, (3) pretimed signal control, (4) fully-actuated signal control, (5) all-way stop-sign control, (6) traffic volume, (7) number of left turns, and (8) number of heavy-duty vehicles. Traffic engineers and transportation planners can utilize the results of this study in three ways: the predictive models can be applied to calculate the expected source of emissions, fuel consumption, and traffic performance parameters for any intersection situation that was included in the range of simulated conditions; these values can be looked up in a series of tables; and the TEXAS-II computer simulation program can be run to obtain detailed data concerning any specific intersection environment of practical interest. (FHWA) KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Exhaust gases KW - Fuel consumption KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Queuing KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning lanes UR - http://www.utexas.edu/research/ctr/pdf_reports/250_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385321 AU - Datta, T K AU - Perkins, D D AU - Taylor, J I AU - Thompson, H T AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT SURROGATES FOR USE IN ANALYZING HIGHWAY SAFETY HAZARDS VOLUME I-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1983/08 SP - 17 p. AB - The principal objective of this research project was to investigate the feasibility of using accident surrogate measures in highway safety analyses. An accident surrogate measure is defined as a quantifiable observation that can be used inplace of or as a supplement to accident records. The study provides evidence that surrogate measures for accident experience can be identified. A procedure for developing and using accident surrogates is presented. Analyses were performed to develop accident surrogate measures for hazardous location identification and countermeasures evaluation at rural isolated curves on two-lane roads, rural signalized intersections and two-lane tangent sections in urbanized areas. This report is the first in a series. The series is composed of: Volume I--Executive Summary; Volume II--Technical Report; and Volume III--Appendices A-G. (FHWA) KW - Accident surrogates KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Signalized intersections KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385322 AU - Datta, T K AU - Perkins, D D AU - Taylor, J I AU - Thompson, H T AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT SURROGATES FOR USE IN ANALYZING HIGHWAY SAFETY HAZARDS VOLUME II-TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1983/08 SP - 77 p. AB - The principal objective of this research project was to investigate the feasibility of using accident surrogate measures in highway safety analyses. An accident surrogate measure is defined as a quantifiable observation that can be used inplace of or as a supplement to accident records. The study provides evidence that surrogate measures for accident experience can be identified. A procedure for developing and using accident surrogates is presented. Analyses were performed to develop accident surrogate measures for hazardous location identification and countermeasures evaluation at rural isolated curves on two-lane roads, rural signalized intersections and two-lane tangent sections in urbanized areas. This report is the second in a series. The series is composed of: Volume I--Executive Summary; Volume II--Technical Report; and Volume III--Appendices A-G. (FHWA) KW - Accident surrogates KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Signalized intersections KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00384665 AU - Kentuckiana Regional Planning & Development Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - A USER'S GUIDE FOR CORPORATE TRANSPORTATION ENERGY MANAGEMENT PY - 1983/08 SP - v.p. AB - This Guide has been developed to assist employers in programs to have viable substitutes for commuting in the single-occupant vehicle. Increasing costs, growing traffic congestion, threat of recurring petroleum supply shortages, and public sentiment for improved commute-to-work patterns can all encourage employees to seek alternative modes of travel. The alternative commuting opportunities are organized in 9 areas: Public transit, ridesharing, alternative work schedules, parking, bicycling, alternative fuels, fuel control systems, emergency preparedness planning, and administration. It is considered essential that each organization designate a Transportation Coordinator to encourage use of alternate travel modes, improve vehicle fleet performance, and develop a plan for responding to an emergency fuel interruption. There can be an improved public image of the firm, better employer/employee relations, reduced costs, improved efficiency and enhanced preparedness. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Bicycles KW - Commuting KW - Employee participation KW - Employers KW - Energy crisis KW - Energy resources KW - Louisville (Kentucky) KW - Parking KW - Parking restraints KW - Public relations KW - Public transit KW - Regional planning KW - Ridesharing KW - Staggered work hours KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/201528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385254 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Hinz, M AU - Bower, S C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE EMISSIONS AT INTERSECTIONS PY - 1983/08 SP - 180 p. AB - Air quality measurements were made at two street intersections in Texas. Measurements of carbon monoxide and meteorological information were made at several heights both upwind and downwind of the intersections. In addition, detailed traffic information was also recorded. Tracer gas studies using SF sub 6 were performed at both sites and at the Texas A&M University Research Annex. The one-hour average CO level was usually in the range of 2 to 6 ppm and the maximum instantaneous values were about 20 to 30 ppm. The SF sub 6 results were found to be scattered due primarily to the low number of passes with the release vehicle. Aerosol samples at the two sites showed a maximum value of about 140 microgram/cu M for a 60 to 8 hour average. An air quality model called TEXIN for street intersections was developed in conjunction with FHWA Project 541. The model incorporates the MOBILE-2 and CALINE-3 computer programs with a set of established "short-cut" traffic and excess emission techniques. (FHWA) KW - Aerosols KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer programs KW - Exhaust gases KW - Intersections KW - Simulation KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385257 AU - Potts, M J AU - Gilfert, J C AU - Ohio State Department of Highway Safety AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROPROCESSOR AUTOMATION FOR DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM PY - 1983/08 SP - 125 p. AB - The Dynaflect Deflection Measurement System is used for the evaluation of pavement systems. However, its basic mode of operation is inefficient in data handling because the data must be manually transcribed twice before they enter the computer for processing and storage. This report describes an automated version of the Dynaflect System which employs microprocessor automation to free human operators from the majority of time-consuming and error-prone operations both in the field and in the office. A microprocessor-based controller is used in the data-collection phase to lower and raise the sensors, gather data from the Dynaflect and its associated distance-measuring instrument, test these data for validity, and record them to a removable, semi-permanent memory. The controller also has provision for entry of a header record which defines all conditions of the data collection. A microprocessor-based reader is used in the office to dump the collected data directly from the memory board into the computer. The system has been built and subjected to field usage. It has proven reliable, accurate, and efficient. (FHWA) KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Measurement KW - Microprocessors KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381325 AU - Chou, Y T AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE FAA OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/08 SP - 156 p. AB - The existing FAA overlay design procedures and their history of development are first briefly presented in the report. This is followed by a detailed summary of consultant's reports, which include the identification of deficiencies in the existing procedures with suggested improvements. Immediate improvements to several items in the existing procedures are presented for use as new paragraphs and modification of existing paragraphs in the FAA Advisory Circular. Items to be addressed in a Phase II continuation study are presented. KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381335 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID SET EPOXY ADHESIVE FOR PAVEMENT MARKERS PY - 1983/08 SP - 21 p. AB - Because of the increasing use of raised pavement markers, a need developed for a more rapid-setting epoxy adhesive to reduce the disruption of traffic during placement and permit greater tolerance of the climatic conditions under which markers are placed. A rapid-set epoxy adhesive, 118-AF, was developed under a Federal Highway Administration Office of Research and Development contract. The adhesive was subsequently evaluated in two States, Mississippi and Oklahoma, in a large scale field application. The results of these field tests indicated that the adhesive performed as well as the standard adhesives used by those States to install raised pavement markers. At 77 deg F (25 deg C) there is sufficient cure within 15 minutes to open the installation area to traffic. It was found that due to the low viscosity of the hardener, the adhesive is not compatible with some epoxy machines that are currently in use. (FHWA) KW - Adhesives KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Evaluation KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Rapid set KW - Road marking materials KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381330 AU - McDonald, J M AU - Anania, G L AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATING SPEEDS OF SNOW-AND-ICE CONTROL VEHICLES PY - 1983/08 SP - 47 p. AB - The Highway Maintenance Division of the New York State Department of Transportation uses a staffing model to distribute snowplows throughout the state. One of the input parameters--snowplow operating speed--was investigated to determine the effect of drivers, terrain, storm severity, operating task, and highway class. Delay and shutoff times were quantified, but not investigated for cause. Data were collected for two winters (1977-79) in the Albany and Watertown areas of the state. None of the variables studied had a significant influence on snowplow operating speed; however, delay and shutoff times represented a significant portion of total time charged to snow-and-ice control work. Average operating speed was found to be 22.3 mph. The overall average speed, including delays and shutoff times, was found to be 14.6 mph. The accomplishment rate, which measures miles of serviced road per hour of crew time, is used to compare work efficiency from one area to another. This rate averaged 12.4 miles of accomplishment per crew-hour. (FHWA) KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Motor vehicles KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snowplows KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/197737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381776 AU - Cornwell, R E AU - Stolleis, R W AU - Johnson, C P AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF BRIDGES FOR OVERLOAD CONDITIONS PY - 1983/08 SP - 290 p. AB - This research focused on developing a pre-processor (data generator) and a post-processor for an existing computer program, SLAB49, for the analysis of integral grid-beam systems. The pre- and post-processors were specialized for four widely used bridge classes: (1) steel beam and slab section, (2) prestressed girder and slab section, (3) slab section with or without integral curbs, and (4) simple span pan-formed sections. Regularly skewed bridges may also be considered. The pre-processor takes simplified inputs with regard to bridge type, geometry, and loading and provides automatically the more detailed information required by the parent program SLAB49. The post-processor searches through the results from SLAB49 and provides a more convenient arrangement for output thereby expediting the interpretation of the results of the analysis. The pre-processor accesses data bases containing bridge class information and overload configurations. A computer program was developed which allows for the data bases to be updated for future implementation as needed. (FHWA) KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Girder bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metal bridges KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Skew bridges KW - Slabs KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380704 AU - Martin, L D AU - Osborn, AEN AU - Consulting Engineers Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONNECTIONS FOR MODULAR PRECAST CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1983/08 SP - 117 p. AB - This report is in two parts. Part I describes a comprehensive state-of-the-art study on the use of precast concrete in bridge decks with emphasis on connection methods and devices used. Three types of decks were examined: 1) Stay-in-place forms for cast-in-place decks; 2) full depth precast decks on girders and 3) precast, usually prestressed integral (multi-beam) decks. A wide variety of connection types and details are examined and evaluated including both deck-to-girder and deck unit-to-unit connections. A thorough study of grout materials and lateral tie methods is included. Part II reports on laboratory testing of two different types of bridges and connections. Phase 1 was a pilot program that would identify the variables and suggest methods of simulating the variables involved in shear key and lateral restraint design. Two tests were made with different restraint systems and grout key materials. Phase 2 was a series of static and dynamic tests of connections from precast decks to prestressed concrete girders. Suggested design procedures and a design example are included. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete forms KW - Connectors KW - Fasteners KW - Full-depth concrete pavements KW - Girders KW - Grout KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modular structures KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Shear strength KW - Stay in place forms UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00378792 AU - Colson, B E AU - Schneider, V R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKWATER AND DISCHARGE AT HIGHWAY CROSSINGS WITH MULTIPLE BRIDGES IN LOUISIANA AND MISSISSIPPI PY - 1983/08 SP - 47 p. AB - Data were collected for nine floods in Mississippi and Louisiana at eight stream crossings having two to six separate bridge openings. Discharge through each bridge, water-surface profiles, valley cross sections, and bridge geometry were measured. The multiple openings were divided into equivalent single-opening cases by apportioning interior embankments in direct proportion to the area of openings on either side. Using existing procedures for computing discharge, the basis in computed discharge was 2 percent with a root mean square error of 18 percent. Backwater was computed by two current U.S. Geological Survey methods that use the average flow path in the friction loss term for the approach. One method gave a root mean square error of 0.34 feet with a bias of -0.25 feet, suggesting that the method underestimates backwater. The other method gave a root mean square error of 0.39 feet with a bias of -0.03 feet. The results indicate that the method developed for single-opening highway crossings can be applied to the multiple bridge crossings. (Author) KW - Accuracy KW - Backwaters KW - Computing KW - Discharge KW - Embankments KW - Highway bridges KW - Information processing KW - Openings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/191931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01455860 AU - Huang, Chen-Tair AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Dubois County, Indiana PY - 1983/07/06 SP - 53p AB - The engineering soils map of Dubois County, Indiana which accompanies this report, was done primarily by airphoto interpretation. The aerial photographs, having an approximate scale of 1:20,000, were taken in December 1937 for the United States Department of Agriculture and were purchased from the agency. Aerial photographic interpretation of the land forms and engineering soils of this county was accomplished in accordance with accepted principles of observation of inference. A field trip was made to the area for the purposes of resolving ambiguous details and correlating aerial photographic patterns with soil texture. The final land form and parent material boundaries were graphically reduced to produce the engineering map. Standard symbols were employed to delineate land forms, parent materials and soil textures. Parent material symbols were grouped according to land form and origin, and texture symbols were superimposed to indicate the relative compositions of the parent materials. The text of this report largely represents an effort to overcome the limitation imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism and map presentation. The map also includes a set of soil profiles which indicate the general soil profiles in the various land form parent KW - Aerial photography KW - Dubois County (Indiana) KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314585 UR - http://ia700406.us.archive.org/13/items/engineeringsoils00huan/engineeringsoils00huan.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01384456 AU - Gruen, H A AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Controlling movement of embankments over peats and marls PY - 1983/07/06/Final Report SP - 81p AB - A deposit which frequently occurs in glaciated areas is peat underlain by a calcarious soil termed marl. This report investigates the properties and behavior of peat and marl. The influence of calcium carbonate on soil properties and behavior is reported. This report is presented as an aid to the engineer faced with the problem of building on peat and/or marl and should shed light on the unique properties and behavior of these materials. The report proposes a classification system for Indiana peats, which is in basic conformance with that developed in Committee D18 of the American Society for Testing and Materials. It further proposes sampling, testing, and analysis procedures which will produce reasonable predictions and control of embankment settlements where peat is the foundation. KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Indiana KW - Peat KW - Peat KW - Stabilization UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314062 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1152219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600462 AU - Ramakrishnan, V AU - Coyle, W V AU - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City AU - Department of Transportation TI - SUPPLEMENT TO PHASE ONE INTERIM REPORT SUPERPLASTICIZED CONCRETES FOR REHABILITATION OF BRIDGE DECKS AND HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS PY - 1983/07 SP - v.p. AB - The primary objective of this research is to develop tough, high-strength, high density, durable concrete for the construction of bridge decks and other structures through the use of superplasticizers and steel fibers. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, basic properties of superplasticized concretes were investigated. In the second phase, steel fiber reinforced superplasticized concretes were evaluated for their basic properties and performance characteristics. The experimental work conformed to the requirements dictated by statistically valid factorial designs, so that analysis of vairance could be used in the evaluation. The findings of the first phase of the work were published in Phase one Interim Report (DOT/RSPA/DPB-50/81/3). The following tests commenced during Phase one of the study were still in progress (July 1980) when the Interim Report was published: shrinkage, creep, chloride permeability, maturity strength relationship, thermal conductivity and determination of air-void characteristics of the hardened concrete. Therefore the results of these tests are reported in this Supplement. In order to determine the influence of the type of cement on the properties of fresh and hardened superplasticized concretes, 29 mixes were tested with types I, II and III cements. The results of these tests are also reported. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Analysis of variance KW - Bridge decks KW - Cement KW - Cement type KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete hardening KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Concrete strength KW - Creep KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fresh concrete KW - Hardened concrete KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway pavement KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Rehabilitation KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Superplasticizers KW - Thermal conductivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388824 AU - Valone, C B AU - Baum, A S AU - RICE, R S AU - Lukowski, F J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR MONITORING FORCES AND MOTIONS ON ARTICULATED VEHICLES PY - 1983/07 SP - 142 p. AB - In order to monitor the forces and motions to which an articulated vehicle is subjected, a field data acquisition and reduction system has been designed. This report details the hardware and software design of the system. The on-board data acquisition unit is built around an RCA-1802 microprocessor and an Archive Sidewinder streaming cartridge tape drive. Data is presented to the tape unit through use of the microprocessor's direct memory access (DMA) capability. Circuit diagrams of the instrumentation system's major components have been included as well as a description of the user operational procedures. Data reduction, i.e., summaries and plots of the field data tapes, is performed on a separate computer system, configured around a Digital Equipment Corporation LSI 11/23 computer. A 10 megabyte Winchester disk and a second Archive Sidewinder streaming tape drive are provided for data storage; a floppy disk drive is also included. Details of the data reduction software are contained in this document. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Instrumentation KW - Microprocessors KW - Monitoring KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481025 AU - Ramey, G E AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF A REBAR SPLICE WELDMENT/EPOXY INJECTION REPAIR PROCEDURE FOR CONCRETE GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - 78 p. AB - The raising of continuous span reinforced bridge creates the potential for subjecting the bridges to loading deformations for which they were not designed. Particularly vulnerable to differential support displacement type of loadings are rebar splice locations near the dead-load inflection points of the bridge. During a bridge lifting in Mobile, Alabama such a breakage did occur. The broken girders were repaired by an expedient rebar splice weldment/epoxy injection procedure. The objective of this research was to evaluate the soundness and adequacy of that repair procedure. The repair was executed on a 1-lane experimental bridge located on the campus of Auburn University. This report documents testing to evaluate responses of the bridge for both abutment and bent jacking before the girders were damaged, 1-month after repairs, and 1-year after repairs. Bridge responses "before" and "after" damage/repair were almost identical. The result of this study is that the rebar splice weldment/epoxy injection procedure used to repair a damaged bridge girder is adequate to restore the bridge to pre-damaged condition. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridge girders KW - Concrete bridges KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Girders KW - Maintenance KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Repairing KW - Repairs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468696 AU - Wagner, J A AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR REPLACEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - 72 p. AB - In this study of the service life of pavement markers, it was found that markers deteriorate linearly with time and total traffic count after an initial rapid loss of intensity. The end useful life was shown to be the point at which the average intensity fell to 0.2 cp/ft-c for rural installations and 0.3 cp/ft-c for urban installations or when a certain critical number of markers became missing consecutively. Another finding of the study is that hot thermoplastic is superior to epoxy in bonding markers directly to thermoplastic stripes. The marker using a glass overlay on the face is shown superior to plain plastic markers. KW - Bonding KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Equipment replacement KW - Glass KW - Guidelines KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Replacement KW - Service life KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461857 AU - Herlache, W A AU - Patel, A J AU - Dempsey, B J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CLIMATIC-MATERIALS-STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - 208 p. AB - This publication is the User's Manual for the Climatic-Materials-Structural Pavement Analysis Program (CMS program) which is described in detail in the report entitled "Volume 3. Environmental Effects on Pavements - Theory Manual, FHWA/RD-84-115." The CMS program is a climatic model used to analyze multilayered flexible pavement systems. It simulates field conditions by accounting for the fact that climatic characteristics (minimum and maximum air temperature, sunshine, wind velocity, precipitation, etc.) vary with geographical location in many states. The climatic model incorporated in the CMS program takes climatic and material inputs and calculates temperature and moisture profiles as they vary with time. This information is then used in the material model to calculate the asphalt, base, subbase, and subgrade stiffness characteristics. This output can then be combined with load data and input into various structural analysis and performance models. It is believed that this type of analysis will give a more reliable indication of the pavement performance than a model which ignores the effects of climate on the pavement materials. This publication describes how to set up the input and run the CMS program. KW - Building materials KW - Climate KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Stiffness KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472209 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TENSILE CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGHWAY PAVEMENT MATERIALS. FINAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - 127 p. AB - The report summarizes the findings of Project 3-9-72-183, "Tensile Characterization of Highway Pavement Materials". The report contains a summary of activities related to the development, application, and use of the indirect tensile test to obtain engineering properties related to pavement distress. A detailed test procedure is contained in Research Report 183-14 and an ASTM test procedure was developed to determine the resilient modulus of asphalt mixtures. Information related to the engineering properties of pavement materials from inservice pavements in Texas is also summarized. This includes mean values and the variation which actually occurs which are intended for use in elastic and stochastic pavement design systems. Finally, information related to the engineering properties of asphalt mixtures and the design of asphalt mixtures is provided. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Defects KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462945 AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - SMALL URBANIZED AREA TRANSPORTATION PLANNING CASE STUDY: IOWA CITY, IOWA PY - 1983/07 SP - n.p. AB - This two-volume report is intended to provide documentation of one community's application of a simplified, short-range oriented planning process to surface transportation problems. Planning procedures described in the FHWA series of manuals entitled, "Transportation Planning for Your Community" were used as part of the case study. The central focus of the Iowa City, Iowa case study documentation is the several techniques used to identify transportation problems. These problem identification techniques include traffic assignment, use of accident location data, sufficiency ratings, and field reviews by local and state officials. The second volume of this report is the Street and Highway Plan for Iowa City which constitutes the end product of the case study. These documents will be of special interest to transportation planners of small urbanized areas with limited funds and staff support. KW - Case studies KW - Evaluation KW - High risk locations KW - Highway planning KW - Roads KW - Small cities KW - Sufficiency rating KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462166 AU - Schiefferly, C AU - Marlow, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LIGHTWEIGHT TRUCK MOUNTED ATTENUATOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - n.p. AB - The objective of this report was to develop a lightweight truck mounted attenuator (TMA), that would not restrict the payload, be easily removed and perform as well or better than units available. Aluminum honeycomb material was selected for the energy absorption material. It was selected for the following reasons: lightweight, excellent energy absorption, unaffected by moisture and resistance to corrosion. Two sizes of TMA's were developed, one that could be mounted on a medium duty truck and one designed to be mounted on a three quarter or one-ton pickup (PMA). Nine crash tests were conducted on the TMA. Cars weighing 2,100 lbs and 4,400 lbs impacted the TMA's at 45 mph. All TMA's tested were 7 ft 0 in long by 7 ft 8 in wide by 2 ft 0 in high with various volumes of honeycomb aluminum. The TMA's were mounted on the back of a 11,000 lb dump truck. Three crash tests were conducted on the PMA. The first control test was without PMA and two additional tests with PMA's and 1900 lb and 4400 lb cars. The pickup PMA's tested were 5 ft 6 in long by 6 ft 4 in wide by 2 ft 0 in high. It was concluded that the lightweight TMA on the dump truck performed as well as heavier TMA's. At 45 mph the occupants head impact velocity in the impacting vehicle ranged from 32 to 36 feet per second and vehicle damage was somewhat reduced from control tests without attenuators used. The California DOT has implemented the use of TMA's on almost all highway maintenance operations involving slow moving or stationary vehicles. KW - Aluminum KW - Crash cushions KW - Energy absorption KW - Highway maintenance KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Impact tests KW - Lightweight materials KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00395929 AU - Talaga, D AU - Palen, J AU - Shirley, E C AU - Hatano, M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS, JULY 1983. FINAL REPORT PY - 1983/07 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this study was to upgrade the publication titled, "Energy and Transportation Systems". The most recent data for establishing factors for calculating direct and indirect energy usage on a highway improvement project were incorporated into a new report. Energy analysis and updated factors are disscussed separately for recycling asphalt concrete pavements and for light rail systems. A new criterion for impact was developed and life cycle costing is discussed. The computer program for performing an energy analysis on a highway project has been expanded and improved. (Author) KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Energy consumption KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Light rail transit KW - Pavements KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/215946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00380705 AU - McGeehan, D D AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY FOR BRIDGE INSPECTIONS PY - 1983/07 SP - 35 p. AB - A photographic technique was developed that will enable divers in the Virginia Department of Highways and Transportation to obtain clear photographs under typical conditions encountered in inspecting bridge components underwater. The equipment selected for the technique is inexpensive, readily available, and uncomplicated. the procedures were kept simple so that the training required would not involve extensive amounts of time. Once this type of data collection is established, the requirements for obtaining clear photographs in underwater inspections can be written into the performance specifications of contracts. (FHWA) KW - Bridge substructures KW - Components KW - Contracts KW - Diving KW - Inspection KW - Photography KW - Specifications KW - Underwater construction KW - Underwater structures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36517/84-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/193507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00393808 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNALLY SEALED CONCRETE FOR BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION PY - 1983/07 SP - 17 p. AB - This study investigated the characteristics of internally sealed concrete through tests on specimens fabricated in the laboratory to determine its properties and an installation in a bridge deck to assess the controls needed during construction and its performance over five years, the last four under traffic. Air-entrained samples preapred in the laboratory and obtained from the field during construction provided satisfactory strength and adequate freeze-thaw durability, and prevented or minimized the penetration of chlorides. However, the heat treatment of the deck led to numerous cracks which have facilitated penetration of chlorides to the level of the reinforcing steel and reduced the effectiveness of this protective system. KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete strength KW - Cracking KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Heat treatment KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Metal heating KW - Pendulum tests KW - Prevention KW - Protection KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36500/36512/84-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/208457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388844 AU - Munjal, S K AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF "BEBO" SYSTEM CULVERT PY - 1983/07 SP - 19 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to evaluate the construction of a "BEBO" system culvert constructed on Quaker Bottom Road in Harford County, Maryland. The footings for this structure were poured in place, whereas the arch panels and spandrel walls were prefabricated in the plant at Winchester, Virginia. The arch panels and spandrel walls were brought to the site from the plant on flat be trucks and unloaded and placed on footings by a crane seated in the middle of the existing stream. The placing of the panels and spandrel walls was accomplished in one day. The cost of this structure was much more than the conventional. According to the contractor the cost is expected to be lower on future construction. This type of structure would probably be more cost-effective on high-volume roads where detours are lengthy or maintenance of traffic costs are high. (FHWA) KW - Arches KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Culverts KW - Evaluation KW - Footings KW - Spandrel walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00388825 AU - Vallone, C B AU - Baum, A S AU - RICE, R S AU - Lukowski, F J AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING FORCES AND MOTIONS ON ARTICULATED VEHICLES, OPERATORS MANUAL PY - 1983/07 SP - 52 p. AB - In order to monitor the forces and motions to which an articulated vehicle is subjected, a field data acquisition and reduction system has been designed. This report details the operational procedures of the systems. The on-board data acquisition unit is built around an RCA-1802 microprocessor and an Archive Sidewinder streaming cartridge tape drive. Data is presented to the tape unit through the use of the microprocessor's direct memory access (DMA) capability. The operational procedures for this unit are described in this document. Data reduction, i.e., summaries and plots of the field data tapes, is performed on a separate computer system, configured around a Digital Equipment Corporation LSI 11/23 computer. A 10 megabyte Winchester disk and a second Archive Sidewinder streaming tape drive are provided for data storage; a floppy disk drive is also included. The user operational procedures for this unit, along with the details for interfacing with the data reduction software are contained in this document. (FHWA) KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Instrumentation KW - Manuals KW - Microprocessors KW - Monitoring KW - Software KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/205068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00386909 AU - Hsu, M T AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE IN MAINE PY - 1983/07 SP - 25 p. AB - The search for an effective substitute for the deicing agent Sodium Chloride has lead to the development of Calcium Magnesium acetate (CMA). However, CMA is not commercially available. A project for the production of CMA utilizing resources in Maine was carried out at Maine Department of Transportation. After the product was made, other physical/chemical tests were also performed. The results showed that: (1) CMA can be made in Maine from an apparent abundant source of high magnesium limestone and acetic acid (cider vinegar); (2) A ten percent solution of acetic acid with ten minutes of agitation with the magnesium limestone coarse aggregate provides the best production of CMA for this grade; (3) A commercial product of CMA should consider the constant reflux method with constant monitoring of the pH; (4) Evaporation of the solution by solar energy is not effective due to the large amount of rainfall in Maine. During summer months, overcast or rain is a common occurrence. Bituminous concrete batch plants have wasted heat which might be able to aid in this evaporation need; (5) The field trial of CMA as a deicing agent showed both advantages and disadvantages. A major concern is it's dustiness; (6) Outdoor uncovered storage of CMA is not practical; and (7) The corrosion effect of CMA solution toward metal or concrete needs further study. KW - Acetic acid KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Dust KW - Field studies KW - Limestone KW - Manufacturing KW - Mixing plants KW - Production KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/200583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00385358 AU - Niessner, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POST MOUNTED DELINEATORS PY - 1983/07 SP - 37 p. AB - Across the nation many road jurisdictions use a variety of reflectorized post mounted delineators. In an effort to evaluate the various types of post delineators, projects were initiated with eight State highway agencies. This report summarizes the results of those studies. The report describes the various types of post delineators that were evaluated and includes a discussion on the installation, maintenance, and reflectivity. Accident and cost data is also included in the report. In general, it was found that the flexible posts are twice as expensive as the standard (U-channel) type delineator post. However, in those areas where the posts are subject to numerous impacts it is cost effective to use the flexible posts if they can survive two or more hits. It is not possible to state that the installation of post delineators under all conditions, will result in a reduction in the number of run-off-the-road type accidents. The data that was collected indicates a trend toward reducing this type of accident with the installation of post delineators. (FHWA) KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Facilities KW - Flexibility KW - Highway delineators KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Posts KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Safety KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/199255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00382217 AU - Lieberman AU - Lai, J AU - Ellington, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGOP-III. USER'S MANUAL PY - 1983/07 SP - 135 p. AB - This manual explains how to use the SIGOP-III signal optimization computer program. The program, which is written in FORTRAN, is designed to generate traffic signal timing plans for both grid networks and arterials. The program not only optimizes splits and offsets, and selects the optimum cycle length, it also outputs time-space diagrams. In addition to the normal measures of effectiveness associated with traffic flow, estimates of fuel consumption and vehicle emissions are provided. KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00381777 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1983/07 SP - 31 p. AB - Laboratory tests of reduced-scale bridge decks and field tests of full-scale decks were performed to demonstrate the strength and serviceability of isotropic reinforcement. Decks reinforced with two mats of No. 4 bars spaced at 12 in. in the longitudinal and transverse directions failed in punching shear at wheel loads exceeding 130 kips. Service-load stresses in a full-scale isotropically reinforced bridge deck were shown to be substantially less than the values predicted by AASHTO flexural design requirements. These results apply to composite and non-composite slabs. Experimental results are compared to evaluation criteria developed in this report, and it is concluded that the required strength and serviceability is provided by 0.2 in. sq of steel per foot in two isotropic mats. This reinforcement uses an average of only 47 percent of the steel now required. Guidelines for use of isotropic reinforcement are also provided. (FHWA) KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guidelines KW - Isotropy KW - Load tests KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Serviceability KW - Shear stress KW - Strength of materials KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/198002 ER -