TY - RPRT AN - 00469245 AU - Beason, W L AU - Cain, J C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LOW-MAINTENANCE, ENERGY-ABSORBING BRIDGE RAIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 94 p. AB - A low-maintenance, energy-absorbing bridge rail has been developed for use in high traffic volume situations where the cost of repairing conventional bridge rails has become prohibitively expensive. The new bridge rail is designed to meet or exceed current bridge rail design guidelines. The new bridge rail incorporates structural steel tube railings and posts and high strength rubber energy absorbers. The new bridge rail is designed to be installed on new or existing standard bridge decks. Results of crash tests show that the bridge rail can smoothly redirect a 4500 lb (2043 kg) automobile impacting with a velocity of 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) and an angle of 25 deg and remain in service with no maintenance. If exposed to a more severe impact, the bridge rail may have to be repaired, but the bridge deck will remain undamaged. Finally, the new energy-absorbing rail occupies less bridge deck area than conventional bridge rails. KW - Bridge railings KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Energy absorption KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Posts KW - Redirection KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Retrofitting KW - Rubber KW - Savings KW - Speed KW - Structural steel KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468185 AU - Akl, F A AU - Tan, T L AU - Eldridge, K E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED DETAILING OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX BEAM BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 15 p. AB - A sofware package has been developed to automate the process of bridge detailing. It consists of a cell file and two FORTRAN 77 programs. The cell file includes a number of primitive graphical entities which can be used to generate the details of a variety of bridges. It also includes standard ODOT bridge details. The first FORTRAN program is an interactive preprocessor which is designed to query the user about the project data. The second FORTRAN program is written to generate a set of up to five structural drawings. It can be executed in a batch or interactive mode. The use of the software package is limited to the detailing of prestressed concrete box beam bridges per ODOT specifications and standard details. KW - Automation KW - Box beams KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer graphics KW - Concrete bridges KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Interactive computing KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Software KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460269 AU - McNees, R W AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART AND OBJECTIVES OF REFLECTIVE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 175 p. AB - This report is the first in a series of four and presents the problem statement of this research. Included are the objectives of the research project, research methodology to be used, and an annotated bibliography. A comprehensive list of references is also included. See also TRIS 460270, 460271, and 460272. KW - Bibliographies KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474928 AU - Annable, J A AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF FLY ASH IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 18 p. AB - The report deals with the laboratory analysis of pressure grouting characteristics using fly ash. The results indicate three to three and one-half parts fly ash to one part Portland cement provide higher 7-day compressive strengths. Another indication is that grouting below slab temperatures of 55 deg F should not be allowed. KW - Compressive strength KW - Fly ash KW - Grouting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Portland cement KW - Pressure grouting KW - Road construction KW - Temperature UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2076.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474819 AU - LINDLEY, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUANTIFICATION OF URBAN FREEWAY CONGESTION AND ANALYSIS OF REMEDIAL MEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 43 p. AB - This report presents an estimate of existing (1984) and future (2005) levels of congestion on the Nation's urban freeways based on data contained in FHWA's Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) database. Estimates of congested travel, delay due to recurring congestion, delay due to non-recurring (incident) congestion, and wasted fuel are made on a National basis as well as for the 37 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's). Estimates of the aggregate impacts of several techniques for reducing freeway congestion, such as widening, surveillance and control systems, low-cost geometric improvements and demand reduction strategies are also made. KW - Estimates KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Geometric design KW - Impact studies KW - Improvements KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Pavement widening KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Standard metropolitan statistical area KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472585 AU - Green, R AU - Wright, S G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE LONG TERM STRENGTH OF COMPACTED BEAUMONT CLAY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 222 p. AB - This report describes results of an ongoing study of the stability of embankments constructed of highly plastic clays in Texas. Previous studies showed that such embankments failed by sliding many (10-30) years after construction and that the apparent shear strengths were substantially lower that the long-term shear strengths determined on the basis of laboratory tests on compacted specimens. This report presents the finding of several series of tests performed to understand better the reasons for the discrepancies between field and laboratory shear strengths. Triaxial shear tests were performed to measure the effective stress shear strength parameters on (a) undisturbed specimens taken from actual slopes which had failed, (b) specimens prepared by consolidating soil from a slurry in the laboratory, and (c) specimens prepared by packing (remolding) soil into a special mold in the laboratory. In addition, residual shear strengths were determined on conventional compacted specimens. None of these tests fully explained the differences between field and laboratory strengths and produced agreement between laboratory and field values. KW - Compacted clays KW - Effective stress KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Residual shear strength KW - Shear strength KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Time duration KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Undisturbed samples UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472192 AU - Predoehl, N H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CONSTRUCTION AND INITIAL EVALUATION OF A SULFUR EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENT IN A COLD CLIMATE. INTERIM REPORT II PY - 1986/10 SP - 60 p. AB - Caltrans placed its second SEA test section at a cold weather site on U.S. 6 (Road 09-Mno-6-18.2/26.4) about 30 miles north of Bishop, California, at Benton, California. The test sections, varying from 1100 to 2200 ft, included an AR-2000 control and SEA 20% and 40% sections which were placed as part of a rehabilitation and overlay job from May 30 thru June 4, 1984. Reported are details of the design, installation and first year evaluation. The SEA was mixed in the pugmill after weighing, with no preblending apparatus. Paving involved conventional procedures and equipment. Initial findings reveal no unusual problems as a result of SEA regarding mix design, mixing temperature control, paving, compaction, and environmental controls. Laboratory and field tests on the mixes, binders, and test sections reveal similar results. Tests on cores removed 11 months after construction revealed only slight weathering changes in all sections. Condition and crack surveys before and 16 months after construction show significant reflection cracking in the SEA 40% sections, primarily in the northbound lane (42.5%) and some longitudinal and block cracking in the AR-2000 control section. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cold weather KW - Construction management KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463147 AU - Van Bramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SULFUR-EXTENDED ASPHALT PAVEMENT: A THREE-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 23 p. AB - This report documents post-construction performance of a sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavement and a conventional pavement used as a control, monitored over a 3-year period. The SEA pavement used 30-percent sulfur by total weight of the binder. Both pavements were placed under New York State specifications during the summer of 1980 on routes 118 and 202 in Westchester County, New York. After 3 years, overall condition of both the SEA and control pavements was satisfactory. The two did not differ significantly in deflection, rutting, friction, or aggregate degradation. Data obtained from analysis of pavement cores showed that the stability of the SEA mix was equal to or higher than that of the control at all ages. Similarly, its resilient modulus was greater at all ages and temperatures. Although tensile strength ratios measured for both mixes indicated a potential for stripping, virtually none was observed in any of the field cores for either pavement at any age. KW - Aggregate degradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - Friction KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Sulfur asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463319 AU - Beason, W L AU - Cain, J C AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LOW-MAINTENANCE, ENERGY-ABSORBING BRIDGE RAIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 94 p. AB - A low-maintenance, energy-absorbing bridge rail has been developed for use in high traffic volume situations where the cost of repairing conventional bridge rails has become prohibitively expensive. The new bridge rail is designed to meet or exceed current bridge rail design guidelines. The new bridge rail incorporates structural steel tube railings and posts and high strength rubber energy absorbers. The new bridge rail is designed to be installed on new or existing standard bridge decks. Results of crash tests show that the bridge rail can smoothly redirect a 4500 lb (2043 kg) automobile impacting with a velocity of 60 mph (96.6 km/hr) and an angle of 25 deg and remain in service with no maintenance. If exposed to a more severe impact, the bridge rail may have to be repaired, but the bridge deck will remain undamaged. Finally, the new energy-absorbing rail occupies less bridge deck area than conventional bridge rails. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge railings KW - Durability KW - Energy absorbers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Impact tests KW - Rubber KW - Shape KW - Steel structures KW - Structural steel KW - Tubing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463146 AU - Douglas, G E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE CONSOLIDATION TESTING USING AUTOMATED AND MANUALLY OPERATED EQUIPMENT ON A LABORATORY-PREPARED SOIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 61 p. AB - One-dimensional consolidation tests were performed on prepared soil samples using two types of testing systems. In all, 120 samples were prepared and distributed among 10 stations of a manually operated dead-weight lever-arm system, and 10 stations of the Department's TACT (Totally Automated Consolidation Testing) system. TACT test results were higher than the manual test results for compression ratio, preconsolidation pressure, and coefficient of vertical consolidation. The practical effects of these differences are discussed. Stations of the same system showed no practical difference in test results. Test data before analysis are given in Appendix C. A laboratory method for preparing soil samples is described in Appendix B. The samples were shown to be uniform with respect to moisture content, unit weight, and plasticity. KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Coefficients KW - Compression KW - Compression ratio KW - Consolidations KW - Preconsolidation KW - Preconsolidation pressure KW - Pressure KW - Sampling KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil sampling KW - Soils KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461954 AU - Kraemer, S R AU - SMITH, A D AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOCOMPOSITE DRAINS. VOLUME I, ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT AND PRELIMINARY GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 76 p. AB - This volume presents a summary of relevant information available on geocomposite drain products, current research in testing of their critical properties, and design considerations including specifications. This volume is intended to provide the engineer with a summary of currently available technical information and comments on the design and use of geocomposite drains. This volume is the first in a series of two. The other in the series is: Volume II, FHWA/RD-86/172, Geocomposite Drains: Laboratory Data Report. See also Volume I, FHWA/RD-86/168, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Engineering Guidelines; Volume II, FHWA/RD-86/169, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Summary of Research Effort; and Volume III, FHWA/RD-86-170, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Laboratory Data Report. KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Drains KW - Geocomposites KW - Guidelines KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460270 AU - McNees, R W AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVITY RETENTION OF REFLECTIVE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 98 p. AB - This report is the second in a series of four and it presents the methodology and results of two studies investigating the reflectivity of raised pavement markers and raised traffic buttons. A suggested maintenance procedure to assure positive route guidance is thoroughly described and discussed. The study points out that markers lose approximately ninety percent of their initial reflectance within the first year. Markers remain effective with as little as .15 candlepower/foot-candle when at least eighty percent of the markers remain. Other parameters such as headlamps, trucks, and color of markers are discussed. See also TRIS 460269, 460271, and 460272. KW - Color KW - Headlamps KW - Losses KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflector markers KW - Retaining KW - Retaining walls KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460271 AU - McNees, R W AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETENTION OF REFLECTIVE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 183 p. AB - This report is the third in a series of four, and it presents the procedures and results of various studies conducted to determine (1) the causes of marker retention failures, and (2) possible countermeasures to increase the service life of markers and traffic buttons. It was clearly established that marker retention is an inverse function of the number of tire hits. Truck tires, especially high pressure tires are particularly damaging. So one of the recommended marker retention categories was to place the reflective markers behind the solid paint stripe they supplement, thus protecting them from many hits. Because of rapid loss rates, resulting in poor cost-benefit ratios, it is suggested the markers not be used to supplement lane line stripes on asphalt surfaces. The plastic 2x4 markers are the poorest performers, so far as retention is concerned, and should not be considered for Texas highways. The oval shaped ceramic markers proved to be the best performers on all paving material so far as retention is concerned. This was especially true when the markers were manufactured with small, round studs on the bond surface as originally suggested by Mr. H. D. Jones, District 12. See also TRIS 460269, 460270, and 460272. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Causes KW - Ceramic materials KW - Countermeasures KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Loss and damage KW - Plastics KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Service life KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460272 AU - McNees, R W AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, SIGNIFICANT RESULTS AND ASSORTED TESTS AND PROCEDURES FOR REFLECTIVE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 32 p. AB - This report is the fourth and final of research project 2-18-82-322, "A Study of Raised Reflective Pavement Markers." This report contains an executive summary of the project which includes the research methodology, significant conclusions and suggested future research in the area. This report also contains several tests and procedures which once used will result in a more useful and effective route guidance system. These tests and procedures include (1) installation guidelines, (2) a polyethylene test for pavement moisture, (3) a maintenance evaluation procedure, and (4) suggested guidelines for pavement marker placement. See also TRIS 460269, 460270, and 460272. KW - Building KW - Ethylene resins KW - Evaluation KW - Facilities KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Placement KW - Polyethylene KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Research KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460286 AU - Borchardt, D W AU - Chang, EC-P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS OF X-RAMP AND DIAMOND RAMP DESIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 57 p. AB - As congestion increases on Texas urban freeways during periods of peak traffic demand, State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) highway design engineers are considering different methods of improving freeway operations. One problem encountered includes when and where to use an x-ramp pattern as opposed to the more conventional diamond ramp design for freeway interchanges. This report presents the results of a research study conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) using the combined results of a field study, aerial photographic survey, and an extensive simulation analysis to evaluate the operational trade-offs of both ramp designs. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Freeway ramps KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Selecting KW - X-ramp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460287 AU - Dresser, G B AU - Bell, C E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC INFORMATION FOR ESTIMATION OF MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS FOR AIR QUALITY MODELING. VOLUME II - IMPACT: USER'S GUIDE PY - 1986/10 SP - 101 p. AB - Estimation of mobile source emissions for metropolitan areas is required on a continuing basis for assessing the impact of highway projects on urban air quality, for preparation of State Implementation Plans (SIPs) and for monitoring progress toward air quality standards. This study examined several approaches to the problem of estimating mobile source emissions for a metropolitan area. The result of that examination was a decision to complete development of a computer model called IMPACT. The IMPACT User's Guide, the Appendix to this report, is the principal product of this study. IMPACT: Highway Pollutant Emission Model provides an improved method for estimating mobile source emissions for an urbanized area. IMPACT was initiated by UMTA for use with the UMTA/FHWA Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS). IMPACT was extensively modified and completed as part of this study. IMPACT is a macroscale computer model that uses a loaded highway network and MOBILE3 emission factors to compute mobile source emissions. Application is for urban areas that maintain travel demand models utilizing the trip generation, trip distribution, and traffic assignment methodology. IMPACT computes hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) for each traffic zone in the study area or each grid in a user-specified grid square. IMPACT is used with an assigned highway network. Typically, IMPACT would be used with a base year validated traffic assignment to model existing conditions and a forecast traffic assignment to estimate future mobile source emissions. Copies of IMPACT may be ontained by sending a 9-track tape to the Texas Transportation Institute, Attention: George Dresser. KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Estimating KW - Exhaust gases KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Macroscale KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Simulation KW - Traffic assignment KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463155 AU - Parekh, I R AU - Graber, D R AU - Berger, R H AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE LOAD POSTING POLICY PILOT PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09/30 SP - 164 p. AB - The posting of bridges for maximum allowable loads should allow for the safe continued use of existing bridges without placing unnecessary restrictions on their use. The mechanism for determining load postings must minimize damage to the structure and maximize the benefits for the user by considering economic as well as engineering factors. A rational policy is essential to maximize the remaining service life of existing bridges and to protect the bridge owner's capital investment. This report assesses the economic impact of a proposed bridge load posting policy which was developed in previous research. Eight hundred sample bridges are used to establish owner costs such as inspection, enforcement and maintenance and user costs to detour posted structures. It was concluded that the proposed bridge load posting policy will incur greater expense to the public and to the bridge owner. The policy will benefit everyone, however, by providing an objective decision making tool for posting bridges. It will provide uniformity and flexibility in posting bridges. It will also protect the owner's capital investment and public safety. KW - Allowable KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Highway bridges KW - Policy KW - Signs KW - Traffic loads KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460316 AU - Smith, G R AU - Hancher, D E AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF CLAIMS AND DISPUTES SETTLEMENT BY ARBITRATION FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09/26 SP - 186 p. AB - This report represents an overall status review on the use and implementation of arbitration in public highway construction agencies. The agencies using arbitration were interviewed to obtain information on the overall effectiveness of arbitration versus litigation. Agency opinions were generally biased against using arbitration. The major problem noted was in regard to the procedural inadequacy of arbitration rules. The study clearly demonstrates that arbitration for public construction has as many variations in structure and format as there are arbitration users. Moreover, the study also shows that a great deal of advanced planning and cooperation between potential system users will be necessary for satisfactory implementation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arbitration KW - Consumer behavior KW - Contracts KW - Insurance claims KW - Litigation KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Road construction KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418785 AU - Perkins, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Countermeasures for sign vandalism PY - 1986/09 IS - FHWA/IP-86-7 SP - 159P KW - Crimes KW - Damage KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance planning KW - Offence KW - Prevention KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418059 AU - Shuler, T S AU - Pavlovich, R D AU - Epps, J A AU - Adams, K C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Investigation of materials and structural properties of asphalt rubber paving mixtures, volume 1 - technical report PY - 1986/09 IS - FHWA/RD-86-027 SP - 116P AB - Ground tire rubber is investigated as an additive in asphalt pavement construction. A blend of ground tire rubber and asphalt cement at elevated temperatures is called "asphalt rubber". The blend consists of 18 to 26 per cent ground tire rubber by total weight of the blend. Other systems in which rubber is considered an elastic aggregate were also studied. These mixtures are not considered asphalt rubber because rubber is not blended with the asphalt cement prior to mixing with mineral aggregates. These materials are called "asphalt concrete rubber filled" for dense graded mixes, and "friction course rubber filled" for open graded mixes. Negative performance of some interlayer installations do not seem to be related to fundamental material properties but to inappropriate use of materials. Improved performance of such systems should be possible if use is limited to specific modes of pavement distress. Adverse performance of many asphalt rubber seal coats studied can be related directly to a high incidence of flushing distress due to excessive binder. A design procedure is presented for asphalt rubber seal coats which should reduce flushing incidence. Guidelines are included for preparation of specifications for construction of seal coats and interlayers. These guidelines, used in conjunction with the design procedure, should be helpful to agencies interested in asphalt rubber paving systems. Volume II - appendices contains the project identification, distribution of projects by application type, and project description (a). KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Material properties KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement properties KW - Physical properties KW - Polymer KW - Polymers KW - Properties of materials KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Rubber KW - Rubber KW - Specifications KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462863 AU - Klinger, D AU - Kuzmyak, R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERSONAL TRAVEL IN THE UNITED STATES, VOL. II 1983-1984 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - v.p. AB - Volume II of a two-part report presents supplemental tables relating to data on drivers, vehicle and person trips and travel, workers and their home-to-work journey, vehicle occupancy, characteristics of travel period trips and travel, and the use of vehicle safety devices published in Volume I. In addition, weighting procedures and estimates of variance are also presented. KW - Drivers KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transit KW - Safety equipment KW - Trip purpose KW - United States KW - Variance KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Vehicles KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460359 AU - Perkins, D AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COUNTERMEASURES FOR SIGN VANDALISM. USERS MANUAL PY - 1986/09 SP - 160 p. AB - This manual describes countermeasures for reducing highway sign vandalism and the costs associated with the repair and replacement of vandalized signs. Guidelines are also presented for planning, implementing, and evaluating antivandalism programs. The manual is intended for use by State and local personnel involved in sign system maintenance and others with an interest in reducing sign vandalism. KW - Countermeasures KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Planning KW - Traffic signs KW - Vandalism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459995 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Morales, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING FREEWAY TRAFFIC CONGESTION PY - 1986/09 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 55-61 AB - A summary is presented of the basic analytical procedures presented in a 6-volume report by the Federal Highway Administration which reviewed the nature and magnitiude of the freeway incident management problem and possible solutions. The article also describes a new, user-friendly microcomputer model for quickly and easily computing delay, time-to-normal flow (TNF), and maximum queue caused by freeway incidents. The FHWA reports summarized here, were the product of research which developed guidelines and recommendations to help highway departments, police agencies, and other organizations select, plan, design, and implement low-cost measures to deal with incidents that cause freeway congestion. An analytical procedure to estimate traffic delay and congestion and assess the tradeoffs in cost-effectiveness among many alternative measures also was included in the reports. Computational examples and delay, time, and queue tables for typical conditions were provided. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Estimating KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Incidents KW - Microcomputers KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic incidents KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459994 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Brinkman, C P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOWARD IMPROVED HIGHWAY SAFETY ANALYSIS PY - 1986/09 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 49-54 AB - This article outlines some of the major obstacles in current practice to improved highway safety analysis, and suggests methods for improvement. The ready availability of accurate and complete data is of paramount importance to improved highway safety analysis. Safety analysis uses data from a variety of sources and file linkage of these data allows opportunity for improved highway safety analysis. Coordinated data collection avoids duplication. Problems with safety information is considered. It is noted that trained professionals should determine countermeasure effectiveness instead of operations personnel. Experimental designs, and the dangers inherent in simple before/after evaluations are discussed. Empirical Bayesian statistics, incremental effectiveness, interpretation of analysis, and applicability of evaluation results are also discussed. KW - Analysis KW - Before and after studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Data needs KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Information organization KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Professional personnel KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460241 AU - Ivey, D L AU - Morgan, J R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFER TIMBER UTILITY POLES. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 169 p. AB - Two methods of modifying timber utility poles to radically increase the safety of passengers in impacting vehicles have been developed. The first is the Hawkins Breakaway System (HBS). It's development is complete. Performance has been proven by the conduct of full scale vehicle compliance tests. This system is ready for selective implementation. The second is a device called the CAM which functions to prevent vehicle direct impact with a timber pole. It has been subjected to a single feasibility test which did illustrate good potential. The CAM, however, requires further development and appropriate compliance testing before implementation can be considered. Breakaway attachments were also developed for down guy wires and are ready for implementation. A new method of evaluating compliance tests for breakaway timber utility poles has been developed and is described. The "safety philosophy" which forms the basis for the new method may be generally applicable to roadside safety improvements. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475116 AU - Raman, A AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SURFACE MODIFICATION METHODS TO MITIGATE RUSTING AND PITTING IN WEATHERING STEEL BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 178 p. AB - The rusting and weathering characteristics of ASTM A-588 structural steel in bridge sections under the hot and humid conditions of Louisiana were studied using laboratory and field tests. Field tests included periodic section thickness measurements at several locations in eight bridges in order to determine the actual section losses due to corrosion, as well as analysis of corroded field coupons exposed at bridge sites for up to two years. Laboratory tests included exposure of steel coupons to simulated atmospheric conditions in chambers, exposure to hot and humid conditions in fog chambers, total immersion in plain as well as in salt water and potentiostatic polarization tests. Tests were also undertaken after coating the surfaces of cleaned steel coupons with rust stabilizer-type inhibitors, such as phosphoric acid, benzoic acid and tannic acid in various combinations. Results indicated that treatment with phosphoric acid is beneficial for preventing excessive rusting through stabilization of an amorphous form of rust, and such treatments were found to be effective even in the hot and humid coastal and near-marine environments. KW - Climatic regions KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion tests KW - Field tests KW - Hot weather KW - Humid areas KW - Humidity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Metal bridges KW - Phosphoric acid KW - Pitting KW - Rust prevention KW - Seas KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural steel KW - Surfaces KW - Weathering steel UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20197.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475198 AU - Szymoniak, T AU - VINSON, T S AU - Wilson, J E AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STANDARD ACCELERATED WEATHERING TEST FOR AGGREGATES USING DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE (DMSO). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 139 p. AB - A standard accelerated weathering test using Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) was developed to simulate the chemical degradation of basaltic rocks. After a thorough study of the parameters affecting the current procedure, such as container geometry, aggregate particle size, sample weight, and immersion time, a standard test was developed. The recommended procedure consists of immersing a sample of aggregate in the size range between 2.38 mm (#8) and 4.76 mm (#4), weighing 1000 g, for a period of five days. At the end of the immersion time the aggregate is re-screened over the 2.38 mm (#8) sieve and the percent weight loss is calculated. The acceptable weight loss limit for the DMSO Accelerated Weathering Test was established by correlating the test results to those obtained through petrographic analysis. The petrographic analysis consisted of determining the percentages of deleterious secondary minerals and their textural distribution within the rock matrix. With these two parameters, a Secondary Mineral Rating for each quarry was calculated and compared to the DMSO test results. In addition, it was found that DMSO may overreact if the minerals analcime and calcite are present in the quarry rock. A second indirect test, the Clay Index, was presented as a simple method to determine the likelihood of DMSO to overreact, since it was found to be insensitive to the type of minerals present in the rock. KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Basalt coarse aggregates KW - Degradation, aggregate KW - Dimethyl sulfoxide KW - Materials tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474813 AU - Ray, C J AU - Henton, L E AU - Rideout, F A AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED FIELD RELIABILITY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COATINGS, APPENDIX A - BEST CURRENT TECHNOLOGY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 100 p. AB - The best method for qualifying high performance coatings incorporates field testing and laboratory testing to determine performance characteristics. Recommended practices for cleaning structural steel and applying paints apply to high performance coatings. However, inspection is critical, as both surface cleanliness and film thickness are the exacting parameters that determine the performance of the coating system. Current contracting standards did not contribute to the lack of reliability of high performance coating systems. This report is Appendix A of the main report, FHWA/RD-82/118, "Improved Field Reliability of High Performance Coating Systems - Phase I: Identification of the Technology." KW - Cleaning KW - Coatings KW - Contracting KW - Field tests KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - High performance KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Painting KW - Performance KW - Reliability KW - Structural steel KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473179 AU - Diaz, A M AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF LONG PRESTRESSED PAVEMENT SLABS AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 302 p. AB - The main objective of this study is to present the development of a model to predict the behavior of long prestressed concrete pavement (PCP) slabs and incorporate the predictions from the model into a design procedure. In this study, the derivation of a model for friction considering its inelastic nature is presented. The working scheme of computer program PSCP1 which incorporates the major findings from this study is also shown. The information generated by the program can be used for designing thickness, prestress level and slab length of the PCP. To check the reliability of the models inside PSCP1, a comparison of predicted responses from the model is made against responses observed at the McLennan County PCP overlay. A scheme for a design methodology based on design charts and predictions from computer program PSCP1 is finally presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Long slabs KW - Mathematical models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Reliability KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472583 AU - Chia, W S AU - McCullough, B F AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF SUBBASE FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 90 p. AB - An important factor to be considered in the design of prestressed concrete pavements is the friction characteristics of the slab-support interface. Due to the slab's length, detrimental tensile stresses may develop as the slab movements caused by temperature variations, moisture changes, concrete shrinkage, and/or creep are resisted by the friction at the interface. This study investigated the effectiveness of single-layer and double-layer polyethylene sheeting in reducing the friction at the interface. A spray-applied bond breaker consisting of white machine oil cut with 1/3 gasoline was also tested. The maximum coefficient of friction for each of the mediums was determined through three series of pushoff tests carried out on four experimental test slabs. The three series of tests were carried out over a period of a year to help determine the performance of the friction reducing mediums over time and changing seasons. The study shows that the double layer polyethylene sheeting produces the lowest maximum coefficient of friction. However, the use of single-layer polyethylene is recommended because it is economical and its maximum coefficient of friction is low enough to prevent development of any detrimental tensile stress in the slab. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Concrete pavements KW - Economics KW - Effectiveness KW - Ethylene resins KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement design KW - Polyethylene KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471958 AU - Snyder, R E AU - Bridge Weighing Systems, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A CONTINUOUS FIXED SITE BRIDGE WIM OPERATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The bridge weigh-in-motion concept which was originally designed to acquire and then process the weight of one vehicle at a time in a portable, manned mode, was extended to simultaneously acquire and process data on several vehicles in a permanent, unattended mode. All aspects of the operation were designed to function automatically, including system start-up, data summarization, and system file maintenance. Low cost piezoelectric cables were investigated for use as axle detectors to obtain vehicle velocity and axle spacings. A two level electronic triggering system was used with the piezoelectric cables to properly recognize an axle pulse. A classification scheme using vehicle axle spacings and axle weights was developed that separates vehicles into the thirteen classes defined by the Traffic Monitoring Guide. Recommendations are made to extend the system to acquire vehicle weight data on urban freeway bridges with three or more lanes of traffic. KW - Automation KW - Axle spacing KW - Axle weight KW - Axles KW - Cables KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Piezoelectric cables KW - Piezoelectric materials KW - Spacing KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469168 AU - Carlson, R F AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL FREQUENCY AND DURATIONAL ASPECTS OF STREAMFLOW IN SOUTHEAST AND COASTAL ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 38 p. AB - The design of culverts for fish passage and other purposes is improved with information on magnitude, duration and frequency of streamflow at various times of the year. A prior report (Ashton and Carlson, 1984) addressed the problem for 33 gaging stations in southcentral, western, interior, and arctic Alaska. This report includes watersheds in the southeast, the southcentral and the Aleutian regions of Alaska. Like the earlier work, it includes watersheds with drainage areas less than 100 square miles. It aids in the determination of the highest consecutive mean discharge with one, three, seven and 15-day durations, and the lowest consecutive mean discharge with three, seven, 15 and 30-day durations. Streamflow was analyzed during four seasons: spring, April 1 to June 30; summer, July 1 to September 30; fall, October 1 to December 31; and winter, January 1 to March 31. The lognormal distribution was used to estimate flows at recurrence intervals of 1.5, 2, 5, 10 and 20 years. Multiple regression equations were developed to predict flows from ungaged watersheds. Significant basin and climatic characteristics for high flows and low flows included drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean minimum January temperature, and percent of drainage area with forest cover and lake cover. This information provides the engineer and designer with a method to estimate flows on a basis other than instantaneous peak flow. KW - Climate KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culverts KW - Discharge KW - Fish ladders KW - Fish passage KW - Flow KW - Flow equations KW - Forecasting KW - Hydraulics KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Streamflow KW - Streams KW - Watersheds UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469181 AU - Ray, C J AU - Henton, L E AU - Rideout, F A AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED FIELD RELIABILITY OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COATINGS. PHASE 1 - IDENTIFICATION OF THE TECHNOLOGY BASE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 73 p. AB - An assessment was made of current practices associated with the use of a wide variety of high performance coatings. These coatings ranged from zinc-rich primers through vinyls to waterborne and high solids coatings. The best current technology was ascertained and is reported in detail in Appendix A (FHWA/RD-82/119). Assessments of qualifying products, cleaning methods for structural steel, and inspection procedures were made. Inspection procedures need to be improved, especially in the areas of surface preparation and film thickness control. Current contracting practices were sufficient and do not contribute to reduced reliability. In summary, a need exists for better product qualification (use centralized laboratory testing plus field trial program), for more stringent inspection programs and better control of prime coat curing, especially when using organic zinc primers. KW - Coatings KW - Concrete curing KW - Contracting KW - Field tests KW - Film thickness KW - Films (Coatings) KW - High performance KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Painting KW - Performance KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Steel structure painting KW - Steel structures KW - Surface preparation KW - Thickness KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469276 AU - Klinger, D AU - Kuzmyak, J R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERSONAL TRAVEL IN THE UNITED STATES, VOL. II 1983-1984 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 AB - Volume II of a two-part report presents supplemental tables relating to data on drivers, vehicle and person trips and travel, workers and their home-to-work journey, vehicle occupancy, characteristics of travel period trips and travel, and the use of vehicle safety devices published in Volume I. In addition, weighting procedures and estimates of variance are also presented. KW - Drivers KW - Households KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transit KW - Safety equipment KW - Tables (Data) KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469232 AU - Snyder, R E AU - Bridge Weighing Systems, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A CONTINUOUS FIXED SITE BRIDGE WIM OPERATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The bridge weigh-in-motion concept which was originally designed to acquire and then process the weight of one vehicle at a time in a portable, manned mode, was extended to simultaneously acquire and process data on several vehicles in a permanent, unattended mode. All aspects of the operation were designed to function automatically, including system start-up, data summarization, and system file maintenace. Low cost piezoelectric cables were investigated for use as axle detectors to obtain vehicle velocity and axle spacings. A two level electronic triggering system was used with the piezoelectric cables to properly recognize an axle pulse. A classification scheme using vehicle axle spacings and axle weights was developed that separates vehicles into the thirteen classes defined by the Traffic Monitoring Guide. Recommendations are made to extend the system to acquire vehicle weight data on urban freeway bridges with three or more lanes of traffic. KW - Automation KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Electronic control KW - Freeways KW - Information processing KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468748 AU - Derakhshandeh, M AU - BARRETT, R AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FABRIC REINFORCED EARTH WALL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 82 p. AB - The Colorado Division of Highways decided to utilize flexible reinforced earth retaining structures to meet architectural and environmental constraints in the design of I-70 through Glenwood Canyon. These walls included a Reinforced Earth Wall, a Retained Earth (VSL) Wall, a Wire Mesh, and a Fabric Wall. The paper describes the Geotextile Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall, and provides details on design, construction, and instrumentation of the wall. The test wall is 300 feet long and approximately 15 feet high. The wall incorporates four nonwoven geotextiles, each in two weights in ten test segments. Instrumentation is provided to monitor internal and external movements of the wall. The wall was designed according to the USFS guidelines. The study concludes that safe and economical geotextile walls can be provided if certain factors, as discussed in the report, are appropriately considered. It also concluded that the construction method adopted for the project was a simple and practical approach and should be implemented in future projects. KW - Construction KW - Fabrics KW - Geotextiles KW - Instrumentation KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Nonwoven textiles KW - Retaining walls KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467823 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISTRIBUTIONS OF STRAIN COMPONENTS AND WORK WITHIN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 27 p. AB - An investigation was made to determine the location along the centerline of the axle of the maximum strain energy density, or work, in the pavement as defined by classical physics. The location is under the inside edge of either dual tire. The most influential strain was the shear component. The distribution of shear strains and stresses with depth through the full-depth asphaltic concrete and into the subgrade was investigated. Using Simpson's rule for an even number of increments, or using the trapezoidal rule, allows the summation of strain energy density calculated at various depths. This sum multiplied by a unit volume converts the strain energy density to work as defined by classical physics. The sum of work throughout the pavement structure provides a greater insight to the behavior of the pavement because all components of strain, or stress, are considered and the variation throughout the depth may be large according to the location within the tire print. The sum of strain energy density is much greater under the edge of the dual tire compared to that under the center of the dual tire, yet the magnitude of the strain energy density at the bottom of the asphaltic concrete may be nearly identical. For an 18-kip (80-kN) four-tired single axleload, the depth of maximum shear is approximately 35 to 40 percent of the thickness from the surface downward for a maximum pavement thickness of approximately 8 inches (203 mm); thereafter the depth of maximum shear moves toward the surface as the thickness increases. An investigation of shear stress indicated the maximum value was approximately 67 psi (0.46 GPa) due to an 18-kip (80-kN) single axleload and tire contact pressure of 80 psi (0.63 GPa). For an 80-kip (356-kN) tandem axleload and tire contact pressures of 100 psi (0.69 GPa), the shear stress increased to approximately 133 psi (0.92 GPa). As the tire contact pressure increases, the shear stress may approach 200 psi (1.38 GPa). Recommendations include eliminating any construction plane between the 1- to 4-inch (25- to 102-mm) depth from the surface and determining the shear resistance of the asphaltic concrete mix to insure that the mix can withstand a higher shear stress than is currently being obtained. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Contact pressure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pressure KW - Shear strain KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465531 AU - Collins, A M AU - Mangum, W D AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED METHODS FOR SEALING JOINTS IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 156 p. AB - This report presents the results of laboratory tests, field studies, and literature searches which pertain to the behavior of concrete pavement joints, slabs, and joint sealing materials. A review of common pavement joint and pavement slab failures is presented. The properties of several commonly used joint sealant materials are also discussed. The following sealants were chosen for laboratory study: (1) Dow Corning's 888 Silicone, (2) A. C. Horn's Traffic Grade Hornflex Polysulfide, (3) A. C. Horn's Daraseal-U Polyurethane, (4) Allied Materials' 9002 Rubberized Asphalt, and (5) Epoxy Industries' Evazote 50 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate. Laboratory results include: (1) load vs. elongation, (2) ultimate extension, (3) modulus of elasticity at 50 percent elongation, (4) bond, (5) penetration, (6) flow, (7) stress relaxation, (8) compression set, and (9) shear fatigue. Results of a field test of the silicone and polysulfide are presented. Observations of existing joints at various places in Texas and Oklahoma are also presented. Results of field tests reported in the literature on silicones, polysulfides, polyurethanes, rubberized asphalts, and preformed neoprene rubber seals are summarized. A literature search was used to find the best joint preparation procedures and most accurate methods for calculating pavement slab movements and designing pavement slab joints. Common techniques used in pavement slab cutting and sawing are also presented. KW - Acetates KW - Bonding KW - Compression seals KW - Concrete pavements KW - Elongation KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Flow KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint sealing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Neoprene KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Pendulum tests KW - Polysulfides KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Rubberized bitumen KW - Sealing compounds KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Shear fatigue KW - Shear strain KW - Silicones KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465484 AU - KRUKAR, M AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE OREGON WEIGH-IN-MOTION/AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION PROJECT (COORDINATION WEIGHT MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM DEMONSTRATION PROJECT USING WIM/AVI EQUIPMENT). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 127 p. AB - The purpose of the Oregon WIM/AVI Demonstration Project is to show the value and use of WIM, AVC, AVI, and DBFCA equipment in the collection of traffic and truck weight data, and in the enhancement of truck weight enforcement in Oregon. There are nine identifiable, but integrated, elements in the study involving the automatic identification, tracking, classification, and weighing of trucks traversing U.S. Interstate Highway 5 northbound from the Oregon-California border to the Oregon-Washington border, a distance of 310 miles, and also off the Interstate System. This report describes the Oregon experiment with WIM, AVC, DBFA, and AVI and describes (1) the historical perspective on truck weighing in Oregon, (2) the Oregon experiment with WIM and AVI equipment, (3) present selection criteria, installation and testing, (4) costs and limitations of the present system, (5) WIM/AVI results, and (6) conclusions, recommendations, and future directions. The time period covered is from July 1983 to May 1986. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460137 AU - Kuo, N M AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE KATY FREEWAY AUTHORIZED VEHICLE LANE: EVALUATION OF THE FIRST YEAR OF OPERATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 84 p. AB - This report presents a first year assessment of the performance of the high-occupancy vehicle facility which was implemented on the Katy Freeway (I-10W) in Houston, Texas. The facility is described, and data from the first year of operation are presented and analyzed. The data presented include park-and-ride demands, travel time changes, vehicle and passenger flow rates, accident experiences, and various transitway operating experiences. Before and after implementation comparisons are evaluated, and projected facility benefits and costs are provided. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Demand KW - Freeway operations KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Park and ride KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lanes KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475195 AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Vermont Agency of Transportation AU - New Hampshire Department of Public Works and Highways AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Maine Department of Transportation TI - A RESEARCH PROGRAM TO BE CONDUCTED BY THE NEW ENGLAND SURFACE TRANSPORTATION CONSORTIUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Five New England states--Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont--have formed the New England Consortium in order to address surface transportation problems of common concern to the member states and to develop mutually beneficial solutions. Projects concerning two particularly difficult problems were selected for implementation by the states as being among their highest priorities. The first project has to do with the use of new technologies to assess the condition of concrete bridge decks. The Consortium has concluded that currently available techniques do not provide adequately reliable condition assessments and that newly developed techniques could be used either independently or in conjunction with traditional methods to provide data that would allow more accurate and cost-effective repair and repair-versus-replace decisions to be made. Based on an extensive analysis of available technologies, the Consortium has decided to implement two non-destructive techniques--ground penetrating radar and infrared thermography-- to supplement current testing and assessment procedures. As existing decks are removed in the normal course of repair or replacement, their actual condition will be compared with the non-destructive test results. The Consortium expects that this project will result in more systematic and cost-effective bridge programs. The second project addresses interstate truck regulation. Current practice is that each state regulates oversize and oversweight trucks independently, using its own policies and procedures. There are inconsistencies among the various state regulations. As a short-term solution to the problem, the Consortium will develop a "base state" concept for certain oversize and overweight vehicle conditions, so that a single permit will be honored by all participating states. A common set of safety regulations and an interstate communications network will also be developed. These measures are anticipated to reduce permit processing work load by at least 25% for each state. They will also simplify and reduce truck operators' costs. This report describes the details of the programs to be implemented for each project. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Cooperation KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Infrared radiation KW - Interstate commerce KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Regulations KW - States KW - Thermographs KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucking KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475130 AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS IN BOX GIRDER BRIDGES. VOLUME 8: AUGMENTATION OF LANELL PROGRAM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - n.p. AB - Volume 2 of this series of reports included tables of "influence coefficients" and a source listing of the program LANELL, for determination of live load distribution factors for H- and P-series design vehicles. Subsequent usage of LANELL by Design revealed some significant parametric gaps in bridges commonly designed. A new research project was initiated to augment the tables, fill the gaps and modify the program as required. The project also had other objectives; however, this interim report is being issued to publish the augmented tables and revised program listing and to allow full-scale program implementation. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Coefficients KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Girder bridges KW - Loads KW - Structural design KW - Tables (Data) KW - Transverse distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474695 AU - Reilley, K T AU - Saraf, C AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE FATIGUE OF BONDED PCC OVERLAYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 156 p. AB - Bonded concrete overlays are a new method of pavement rehabilitation and the effect of long-term repeated loadings is not yet known. A laboratory study, using accelerated repeated loadings, was performed to enable a prediction of long-term results in a relatively short time period. In the laboratory, four model pavement slabs, designed to simulate conditions on Loop 610 in Houston, Texas, were tested. Each slab consisted of a base slab and a bonded PCC overlay. Each base slab was cracked transversely at the midspan and then loaded in fatigue to a distress condition before the overlay was placed. The overlay was cracked and fatigue loaded in the same manner. Both continuously reinforced and jointed pavements were studied. The data taken from the laboratory were analyzed and a study on remaining life was done. Results from the study showed differences in the behavior of CRCP and JCP slabs. JCP slabs had larger deflections and shorter fatigue lives. CRCP slabs failed by cracking with no other signs of distress while JCP slabs failed by punchout; following loss of shear strength and delamination. In general, for both the CRCP and JCP slabs, placement of a BCO decreased deflections, increased load transfer, and increased the fatigue life of the pavement structure. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Delamination KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory studies KW - Long term KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repeated loads KW - Shear strength KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472576 AU - Spero, PAC AU - Kittell, H J AU - DeLony, E AU - Chamberlin, W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSERVATION OF VIRGINIA'S HISTORIC BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Interest in the preservation of historic engineering structures has increased dramatically over the past decade. Because civil engineering structures primarily serve functions in the public domain, their preservation focuses attention on what appear to be diametrically opposed legislative mandates. Thus, today's bridge repair and replacement projects bring together two sets of professionals whose divergent approaches have seemingly been established by legislation whose ultimate aim is the public good. The identification and evaluation of structures and a commitment to conservation plans are necessary initial steps for the retention of historically significant bridges. The successful implementation of bridge conservation plans is vitally dependent upon acceptable guidelines and standards that accommodate the perspectives of both the preservation community and transportation agencies. This report presents principles, priorities, and guidelines for historic bridges that are consistent with current guidelines used in the conservation of historic buildings. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Conservation KW - Cooperation KW - Guidelines KW - Historic bridges KW - Historic preservation KW - Historic sites KW - Maintenance KW - Strategic planning KW - Structures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36703/87-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472124 AU - Harland, J W AU - Purvis, R L AU - Graber, D R AU - Albrecht, P AU - Flournoy, T S AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSPECTION OF FRACTURE CRITICAL BRIDGE MEMBERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 232 p. AB - This manual provides guidelines for the identification, inspection, and evaluation of fracture critical bridge members. It is a stand alone supplement to the Bridge Inspector's Training Manual 70. The text provides information on planning, inspecting, and documenting the inspection of fracture critical bridge members as well as explanations regarding the importance of inspecting these members. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463379 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION. A COMPILATION OF CASE STUDIES PY - 1986/09 SP - 277 p. AB - This publication, which describes reconstruction experiences, gives case studies which document the varied projects, and gives specific ideas for the management of major highway reconstruction. This report also discusses the use of incentive/disincentive provisions for early contract completion. Ways to expedite expressway and bridge rehabilitation are summarized, and a policy statememt is provided on the application of traffic management actions. Abstracts and summaries are given of recently published literature in the area of corridor traffic management for temporary flow disruptions. KW - Abstracts KW - Bibliographies KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Construction management KW - Contracts KW - Disincentives KW - Expressways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Incentives KW - Reconstruction KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463268 AU - Wanielista, M P AU - Yousef, Y A AU - Van DeGraaff, L M AU - Rehmann-Koo, S H AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - ENHANCED EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL USING SWALE BLOCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 49 p. AB - This report has as its focus erosion and sediment control of an existing highway using an innovative control concept, namely swale blocks. Swales are an important management practice for source control of rainfall excess (run-off volume) from highways. Inherent in the design is the specification that the swale wetted areas will infiltrate the rainfall excess. The swale design investigated in this work is one which will infiltrate the runoff from the first 3 inches (7.6 cm) of every storm event. When this removal is not achieved during flow through, swale blocks are suggested to retain the remaining waters. Swale blocks or filter berms were designed and constructed to illustrate operational effectiveness. Design aids were developed for various berm heights and highway slopes as a function of berm spacing for an Interstate highway section. Berms were constructed in swales along a four-lane roadway to determine hydraulic and sediment control effectiveness for a particular design. KW - Berms KW - Erosion control KW - Height KW - Highway drainage KW - Infiltration KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Sediments KW - Slopes KW - Spacing KW - Surface drainage KW - Swales UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463138 AU - Swanson, H AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK REPAIR AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS - CLASS DT CONCRETE WITH WATERPROOF MEMBRANE AND ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 14 p. AB - This report presents the results of an eight year observation and evaluation of eight bridge decks which were rehabilitated using Colorado DT mix and a waterproof membrane protective system. Both the DT mix and the waterproof membrane have performed well on these eight decks as well as many others in Colorado. Waterproofing membrane is and will continue to be a standard construction procedure in Colorado. DT concrete mix has worked well in Colorado for deck repair and topping and will continue to be used, however, a recent change in policy will result in fewer deck repair jobs and more deck replacements in future bridge deck rehabilitation projects. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field performance KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463284 AU - Albert, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY OF CONVERTING THE I-10 FRONTAGE ROADS TO AN EXCLUSIVE TRUCK FACILITY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 53 p. AB - This report examines the physical and economical feasibility of converting rural frontage roads to an exclusive truck facility. The I-10 freeway corridor from Houston to Beaumont is selected for this evaluation. Three basic options are incorporated in the analysis. These are: 1) assign truck traffic to existing frontage roads; 2) construct exclusive facility on one side of the freeway, and; 3) exclusive facility on both sides of the freeway. KW - Conversion KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Truck lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463285 AU - Stokes, R W AU - Albert, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY OF AN EXCLUSIVE TRUCK FACILITY FOR BEAUMONT-HOUSTON CORRIDOR. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 34 p. AB - This report examines, in general terms, the feasibility of several truck facility options in the Beaumont-Houston corridor. Specific attention is given to the feasibility of exclusive truck facilities on or adjacent to I-10E and US 90. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Truck lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461898 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES USED TO PREDICT MOISTURE DAMAGE IN ASPHALT MIXTURES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/09 SP - 32 p. AB - Procedures for evaluating the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures were compared by performing them on mixtures having a known history of susceptibility. Data included the retained ratios, visual stripping, mechanical values (tensile strength, stability, etc.), saturation, and swell. The most promising procedures appeared to be the NCHRP 246 and NCHRP 274. Moisture susceptibility was not effectively predicted by the 1-Minute Boiling Water, 10-Minute Boiling Water, Immersion-Compression, Marshall-Immersion, and Dynamic Tumbling procedures. The NCHRP 246 procedure (often referred to as the Lottman procedure) contained two parts: one for short-term pavement performance, and one for long-term pavement performance. The short-term part was not found to be useful with regards to predicting performance. An 80-percent pass/fail criterion was chosen for both tensile strength ratios in the NCHRP 246 and NCHRP 274 procedures, and 70 percent for the M sub r test. Ten percent or greater visual stripping generally indicated unacceptable damage in all procedures performed on compacted mixtures. The data indicated that a freezing period, or higher air void levels, can be beneficial for evaluating moisture susceptibility. The degree of saturation was found to be important in that sufficient water must enter a specimen; however, saturation was not found to be the dominant factor affecting moisture damage. The effects of saturation were masked by other mechanisms such as the type of mechanical test, air void levels, and freezing. There was no conclusive evidence that high saturations or oversaturation due to vacuum conditioning adversely affected the test results. KW - Air void ratio KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Forecasting KW - Freezing KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Percent saturation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility KW - Swell KW - Swelling KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461961 AU - Hostetter, R S AU - McGee, H W AU - Crowley, K W AU - Sequin, E L AU - Dauber, G W AU - Institute for Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED PERCEPTION-REACTION TIME INFORMATION FOR INTERSECTION SIGHT DISTANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 49 p. AB - Perception-reaction time (PRT) data were obtained in an operational setting to assess the adequacy of existing PRT specifications for intersection sight distance standards. A sample of 124 subjects traversed a 3-hour driving circuit in an instrumented vehicle. An analysis of the YIELD-controlled (Case II) reaction data showed that the first reaction occurred before stopping sight distance in over 90 percent of the trials. On the basis of this finding and the recent finding that the PRT associated with stopping sight distance was adequate, it was concluded that the current driver time-related specifications for Case II intersections are adequate. The PRT measured for STOP-controlled (Case III) intersections was the interval from the first head movement after a stop to the application of the accelerator to enter the intersection. The mean PRT was 1.82 seconds, with the 85th percentile value being approximately 2.7 seconds. An analysis showed that the through movements produced a value lower than the overall mean and the turning movements produced a higher value. This led to the recommendation that the current value of 2.0 seconds be maintained for Case IIIA, but that the PRT for Cases IIIB and C (turning movements) be increased to 2.5 seconds. The results showed that there were no significant age or sex differences for any of the PRT measures. KW - Intersections KW - Reaction time KW - Reliability KW - Sight distance KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Stop signs KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Yield signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31045/Improved_perception-reaction_time_information_for_intersecti.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461859 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Kimball, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RAIL RETROFIT FOR CURVED STRUCTURES. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Three bridge rail systems were evaluated by crash test as installed on curved, superelevated downgrade alignment. Concrete safety shape barriers mounted vertical and perpendicular to the superelevation, and a tubular thrie beam system were evaluated. Test vehicles included an 1800-lb (820-kg) class mini-compact car, a 2250-lb (1020-kg) class subcompact car, and a 20,000-lb (9070-kg) school bus. Impact conditions for all tests were 40 mph (64 km/h) and a 15-deg angle (as measured at the curve tangent). Findings indicate successful performance of all three barrier systems for the full range of vehicles. Other tasks in the program included measurement of vehicle mass properties and geometries of a 40,000-lb (18,140-kg) intercity bus, two 20,000-lb (9070-kg) school buses, and a 2250-lb (1020-kg) subcompact car. In addition, front corner vehicle crush properties were measured for a school bus and a subcompact car. This volume summarizes the work; a complete description of the project is included in Volume 2, Technical Report. KW - Bridge railings KW - Buses KW - Compact automobiles KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Curved bridges KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Retrofitting KW - Small car KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461684 AU - Mounce, J M AU - Stokes, R W AU - Brackett, R Q AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR UTILIZATION OF POLICE OFFICERS IN TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ENFORCEMENT ON URBAN FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 89 p. AB - This report presents general guidelines for the use of uniformed police officers in highway maintenance, construction, and other traffic management activities, such as incident management and the operation of high-occupancy vehicle facilities. The guidelines distinguish between "traffic control" and "enforcement" roles for uniformed police officers. The traffic control and enforcement guidelines are discussed in terms of: 1) Objectives of using uniformed police officers; 2) Requirements for implementing the guidelines; and 3) Measuring the effectiveness of the guidelines. Example set-ups of possible applications of the guidelines are given for illustrative purposes. The report also discusses key issues which may need to be resolved if the guidelines are to be disseminated and implemented. These implementation issues are discussed under the general headings of institutional, legal, and economic issues. Due to the large number of variables, site characteristics, and transportation agencies involved, the guidelines presented in this report are necessarily broad and general in nature. However, the report outlines some general recommendations regarding procedures for reviewing and refining the guidelines for possible adoption, dissemination, and implementation by those agencies responsible for enforcement and traffic control activities on our highway systems. KW - Freeway operations KW - Guidelines KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Police traffic services KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Utilization KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461944 AU - Rixner, J J AU - Kraemer, S R AU - SMITH, A D AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS. VOLUME I, ENGINEERING GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 117 p. AB - This volume presents procedures and guidelines applicable to the design and installation of prefabricated vertical drains to accelerate consolidation of soils. The contents represent the Consultant's interpretation of the state-of-the-art as of August 1986. The volume is intended to provide assistance to engineers in determining the applicability of PV drains to a given project and in the design of PV drain systems. The information contained herein is intended for use by civil engineers familiar with the fundamentals of soil mechanics and the principles of precompression. The volume includes descriptions of types and physical characteristics of PV drains, discussion of design consideration, recommended design procedures, guideline specifications and comments pertaining to installation guidelines, construction control, and performance evaluation. This volume is the first in a series. The others in the series are: Volume II, FHWA/RD-86/169, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Summary of Research Effort; and Volume III, FHWA/RD-86/170, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Laboratory Data Report. See also Volume I, FHWA/RD-86/171, Geocomposite Drains: Engineering Assessment and Preliminary Guidelines; and Volume II, FHWA/RD-86/172, Geocomposite Drains: Laboratory Data Report. KW - Building KW - Consolidation KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soils KW - Vertical drains UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46540/FHWA-RD-86-168.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460243 AU - Tustin, B H AU - Richards, H AU - McGee, H AU - Patterson, R AU - Tustin Enterprises AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING HANDBOOK--SECOND EDITION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 273 p. AB - Rail-Highway grade crossing safety and operational problems involve two components--the highway and the railroad. The highway component involves drivers, pedestrians, vehicles and roadway segments in the vicinity of the crossing. The railroad component involves the trains and the tracks at the crossing. The element of risk present at a given location is a function of the characteristics of the two components and their corresponding elements. Several formulas are described which seek to quantify the degree of risk, identify the locations most urgently in need of improvement, and prioritize the hazardous locations which have been isolated. Various types of at-grade crossing improvements described include active warning devices, passive warning devices, sight distance improvements, operational improvements, and crossing surface improvements. Grade separations, or crossing closures are suggested as improvement solutions where either extremely high or low demand for the crossing exists. The ultimate choice for a crossing improvement is determined by balancing the benefits in accident reduction and reduced user costs against costs for the improvement. Procedures, models and computer programs which will assist making these selections are described. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Grade separations KW - Hazards KW - Improvements KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Risk assessment KW - Safety KW - Sight distance KW - Strategic planning KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning devices UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/86215/86215.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/12000/12800/12831/86215.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460189 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PLASTIC EROSION CONTROL MAT - PROJECT RS 0133(11). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 25 p. AB - The use of plastic erosion control mat - Enkamat - was evaluated on a construction project located in western Colorado. Eleven minor rundowns were selected for use of the mat designed to promote vegetation growth in a roadway drainage area. The handling and installation of this material was monitored during construction of the project as well as an annual evaluation of its performance. The performance of the plastic erosion control mat was acceptable in minor rundowns and where drainage flow was not excessive. Given the soil conditions of this project, a slope of 3:1 or flatter is acceptable for treatment with the mat evaluated on this project. Costs are justified when this mat is used in an environmentally or aesthetically sensitive area. KW - Construction sites KW - Erosion control KW - Highway drainage KW - Mats KW - Mats (Footings) KW - Plastics KW - Slopes KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460280 AU - Knight, N E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS - FLEXOLITH. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 12 p. AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of Flexolith, a modified epoxy resin, to a concrete filled steel grid deck to impart skid resistance and to obtain a smooth wearing surface. The application was made by the broom and seed method, in three applications, for a total thickness of 3/8". The Flexolith was easy to apply and required only a mixer, squeegee and roller for equipment. An excellant skid resistant surface was obtained by the use of basalt for the cover aggregate. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Epoxy resins KW - Field performance KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460135 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 29 p. AB - There is a need for an effective, simple-to-install secondary anode system for use in the cathodic protection of reinforced concrete bridge decks. In pursuit of such a system, carbon fibers and carbon black were incorporated in portland cement concrete in an attempt to improve its electrical conductivity. It was found that carbon fibers alone or in combination with carbon black considerably improved the electrical conductivity without sacrificing the desirable mechanical properties of the conventional concrete. Potentially, such a concrete could be used as an overlay on a repaired deck to act as a secondary anode to effectively spread the protective current of a cathodic protective system over the entire deck, and thereby simplify the installation problem. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Carbon black KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Conductivity KW - Electricity KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reinforced concrete UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36670/87-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460282 AU - Knight, N E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF KOPPERS COMPANY BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT REJUVENATOR. CONSTRUCTION AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/09 SP - 10 p. AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of a cold asphalt rejuvenating agent, "Koppers Company Bituminous Pavement Rejuvenator" to an ID-2 wearing bituminous concrete pavement. The rejuvenator is to increase the penetration and ductility of the existing asphalt to improve the durability of the pavement. The project is located on Legislative Route 70, Traffic Route 28, Allegheny County. The material was applied by distributor at an average application rate of .025 gal./sq. yd. and dusted with stone screenings. Skid tests were performed before and after the application. These tests indicate that the skid numbers were lowered from an average of 54 before application to 21 after application. Skid numbers did not recover to an acceptable level, over 37, until after four weeks of service. It is recommended that no additional evaluation be made on this product and that it not be approved for use on Department projects. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Skid number KW - Skidding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273520 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459993 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ramaswamy, S D AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION IN REINFORCED SOIL STRUCTURES PY - 1986/09 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 43-48 AB - This overview of corrosion problems in reinforced soil structures, describes current research by the Federal Highway Administration to provide solutions. The four components of reinforced soil structures are described, as well as the corrosion mechanism in metals. FHWA is researching the corrosion and deterioration mechanisms and rates in reinforced soil structures through laboratory and field experiments. Specifications will be developed and new test methods for analyzing and selecting backfill and reinforcement materials will be evaluated. Facing panel materials, backfill soils, and reinforcing elements will be examined to determine which factors affect the design life under corrosive and deteriorating forces. The long-term corrosion rate and/or durability of four field structures, both new and existing, will be monitored. Laboratory and field experiments will be conducted to develop appropriate requirements for selecting, storing, handling, and installing epoxy-coated reinforcing elements and geosynthetics for use in reinforced soil structures. Based on the laboratory and field results, a detailed manual of practice containing specifications, test methods, and engineering guidelines will be developed. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion rate KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Facings KW - Field studies KW - Geotextiles KW - Laboratory studies KW - Manuals KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Monitoring KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Research KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459992 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Janoff, M S AU - Staplin, L K AU - Arens, J B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE POTENTIAL FOR REDUCED LIGHTING ON ROADWAYS PY - 1986/09 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - p. 33-42 AB - A summary is presented of a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study to determine if roadway lighting can be reduced or eliminated during nighttime periods when traffic density is much lower than design capacity, without significantly reducing driver ability to safely and effectively control the vehicle. The study consisted of the following tasks: review of the literature; development of a conceptual model of visibility needs and the identification of alternative reduced lighting techniques; determination of the costs, potential energy savings, and legal implications; and the determination of the effect of such techniques on driver detection of simulated roadway hazards under actual traffic conditions. The study found that technology exists for implementing all of the identified reduced lighting techniques with benefit-cost ratios greater than 1.0 for all but the most complex techniques. It was also found that driver detection performance decreased under each reduced lighting technique. It is noted that legal problems may result with the use of reduced lighting techniques. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Energy conservation KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Legal factors KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Night visibility KW - Personnel performance KW - Reduced visibility KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reviews KW - Street lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277026 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453769 AU - Hanson, Margaret A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Aggregate Sample Durability PY - 1986/08/27/Final Report SP - 74p AB - A method was developed to predict the freeze-thaw durability of an aggregate sample using mercury porosimetry. The foundation of the procedure lies in a statistical subsampling plan to find the minimum number of porosimeter runs necessary to predict the average Expected Durability Factor of a sample, with a predetermined accuracy and precision. A dolomite and a gravel sample were analyzed in this study. First, a sample was subdivided according to litho-logic ad textural differences. Next, the absorption of each fraction was determined. The purpose of subdividing and testing the absorption was to decrease the overall amount of analysis time. Crushing the rock samples was also investigated, however a practical method was not found. Those fractions with a high absorption were tested in the mercury porosimeter. KW - Absorption KW - Aggregates KW - Dolomite KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Gravel KW - Porosimeters UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314600 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453726 AU - Feighan, Kieran John AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - White, Thomas D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Assessment of Routine Maintenance Needs and Optimal Use of Maintenance Funds: An Estimation of Service Life and Cost of Routine Maintenance Activities : Interim Report - Executive Summary PY - 1986/08/27/Executive Summary Interim Report SP - 177p AB - This report presents the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the service life and cost of routine maintenance activities. The estimates Include various pavement, shoulder and drainage - related activities. The procedure was based on a statistical random survey of unit foremen using a questionnaire approach. These estimates will be used to identify cost-effective treatments at project and network level. KW - Indiana KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance practices KW - Questionnaires KW - Service life UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314111 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418495 AU - Liu, D AU - Winslow, D N AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The pore structure of concrete PY - 1986/08/27 IS - JHRP-86/13 SP - 41P AB - The pore size distributions of cement pastes and the pastes in concrete and mortar hydrated under different conditions were measured by mercury intrusion. The measurements were made at the same degrees of hydration for all the samples. In order to measure the pore size distribution of the paste in concrete and mortar, a non porous quartzite aggregate was used and an edta titration method was used to determine the paste content of the concrete and mortar. A difference was found between the pore size distributions of the plain paste and the paste in concrete and mortar. The distributions in concrete and mortar were essentially the same. The paste that forms in concrete was found to be more porous than plain paste. Further, this difference was greater for older samples with a greater degree of hydration. The majority of the extra porosity has pore diameters that are about ten times as large as the largest ones in plain paste. This was found to be true for pastes with different water: cement ratios, pastes hydrated at different temperatures, and pastes with accelerators and retarders. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Material properties KW - Properties of materials UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314114 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462433 AU - McKnight, A J AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WRITTEN DRIVER LICENSE EXAMINATIONS IN EVALUATING APPLICANT DRIVING ABILITIES. TASK 3: ARIZONA CLASSIFIED LICENSE SYSTEM PY - 1986/08/20 SP - 37 p. AB - A state of the art description of classified driver's licensing systems across the country is provided in the report. Key findings include: 1) High accident rates for heavy vehicles and special skills required for their operation has led to the creation of special licenses for these vehicles. 2) The most common distinction between vehicle classifications is a gross weight of 24,000 pounds. 3) Special license endorsements are commonly required to operate motorcycles, school buses, emergency vehicles and vehicles carrying hazardous materials. 4) Most states using classified systems have phased them in slowly. 5) Thirty-one states classify vehicles into three size categories: passenger vehicles, straight trucks and buses and tractor-trailer combinations. Twenty-two of these states require special written exams for operators of heavy vehicles. 6) Most states have established standards of visual acuity but few have established health screening for operators of all heavy vehicles. 7) All of the states having classified licenses use skill tests. 8) Most states license heavy vehicle operators at age 18 and some require at least one year of experience. KW - Accuracy KW - Buses KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving tests KW - Effectiveness KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorcycles KW - Personnel performance KW - Standards KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle classification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01592783 AU - Kolb, Roger AU - Brown County Planning Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation TI - Green Bay Transit Service Cost Allocation Study for the Green Bay Urbanized Area PY - 1986/08//Final Report SP - 52p AB - The Green Bay Transit System is owned and operated by the City of Green Bay. Service is provided to the City of De Pere, Village of Allouez, and Village of Ashwaubenon under cost sharing service agreements. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current transit cost sharing formulas between Green Bay and the urban municipalities in terms of both operating and capital expenditures. The study report includes a detailed analysis of federal, state, and local operating and capital funding formulas and expenditures for the Green Bay Transit System from the 1974 public takeover to 1986. A survey of medium-sized public transit systems in Wisconsin was conducted in terms of local cost sharing formulas and service contracts. Study recommendations include a new depreciation "surcharge" for capital expenditures and written service contracts between Green Bay and the other municipalities. KW - Capital expenditures KW - Cities and towns KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost sharing KW - Financing KW - Green Bay (Wisconsin) KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56400/56419/greenbaytransit8705brow_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1396152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418376 AU - Smith, R E AU - Palmieri, R P AU - Darter, M I AU - Lytton, R L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Pavement overlay design procedures and assumptions, volume 3: guide for designing an overlay PY - 1986/08 IS - FHWA/RD-85-008 SP - 78P KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Design guide KW - Design guide KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance method KW - Overlay KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416640 AU - Hinch, J AU - Sawyer, D AU - Stout, D AU - Manhard, G AU - Owings, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact attenuators - a current engineering evaluation PY - 1986/08 IS - FHWA-86-054 SP - 267P AB - This study investigated the impact performance of inertial barrel and great impact attenuator systems using full scale crash testing of small and large test vehicles. In all, 20 tests were performed: 16 with inertial barrels and 4 with great system. The 16 inertial barrel tests studied large car versus small car, angled versus head on positions, pea gravel versus sand fill material, frozen versus non frozen crash tests, loose sand versus bagged sand and two different brand attenuator barrels. The four great tests using a six bay system studied head on versus angled positions and large car versus small car impacts. All tests used instrumented dummies and a NHTSA digital data tape was generated for each (with the exception of tests e-01 and e-02). Results of the program showed small car performance to be generally acceptable when using NCHRP 230 and dummy analysis procedures. The large car produced higher decelerations and in some cases the values exceeded the limits specified (a). KW - Crash test KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Road safety KW - Safety fence KW - Vehicle weight KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414492 AU - Ervin, R AU - Barnes, M AU - Macadam, C AU - Scott, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Impact of specific geometric features on truck operations and safety at interchanges, Volume 1: technical report PY - 1986/08 IS - FHWA/RD-86-057 SP - 220p AB - The problem of truck loss of control accidents on interchange ramps is examined from the viewpoint of the suitability of highway geometric design, given the peculiar stability and control limitations of heavy duty trucks. Accident records were used to identify specific ramps which were over involved in jackknife, rollover, and run off road accidents. The ramp geometries were represented in a complex simulation of the dynamic behavior of representative tractor semitrailer combinations. The calculated responses of heavy vehicles on each ramp were studied to illustrate how highway design features may have influenced the known accident experience at the site. Results show that various aspects of the AASHTO policy on geometric design result in a very slim margin of safety for the operation of heavy trucks on exit ramps. Problem features included side friction factors, superelevation transitions, compound curves, deceleration lanes, ramp downgrades, curbs on curved ramps, and wet surface friction on high speed ramps. Potential countermeasures for the identified problems are suggested. Recommendations include a careful look at the prevalence of "problem ramps", nationally, initiation of efforts by State highway engineers to apply these findings to ramps having a known truck problem, and informing truck drivers of the situation involving slim safety margins (A). KW - Accident analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Curve KW - Driving KW - Friction KW - Friction KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interchange KW - Interchanges KW - Pavement KW - Pavements KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle handling KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460284 AU - Klinger, D AU - Kuzmyak, J R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERSONAL TRAVEL IN THE UNITED STATES. VOLUME I: 1983-1984 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - n.p. AB - This report, Volume I of a 2-part report which presents findings from the 1983-1984 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS), examines drivers and their travel, vehicle trips and travel, person trips and travel, workers and their journey-to-work, vehicle occupancy, characteristics of travel period trips and travel and the use of vehicle safety devices. The various subject matters are explored relative to household location, income household composition vehicle ownership, and other sociodemographic attributes of the household. Where feasible, comparisons are made with data from the 1969 and 1977 NPTS to evaluate trends over time. KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Households KW - Income KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Surveys KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip length KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00811014 AU - Reckard, M K AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF ROADWAYS PY - 1986/08 SP - 32 p. AB - The report discusses a demonstration of dynamic compaction on a highway in Interior Alaska. The demonstration was an attempt to reconsolidate embankments which had settled and loosened due to the progressive thawing of ice-rich permafrost soils. The objective was to reduce future road maintenance costs and to improve rideability in historically troublesome areas. A 10 ton weight was dropped by a crane, typically from 25 ft. Three sites were treated. The consolidation produced varied between 2.5 in. and 7 in. Typical costs for this work in Alaska are estimated to be $9 - $12 per sq yd. Extended observation will be required to determine the cost effectiveness of the demonstration. Calculations indicate, however, that the technique may be cost effective at localized areas with severe problems. KW - Alaska KW - Consolidation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Embankment foundations KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Permafrost KW - Soil compaction KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633473 AU - Avent, R AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF HEAT STRAIGHTENING TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIR OF DAMAGED STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS IN BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT, PHASE I PY - 1986/08 SP - 149 p. AB - One of the most common forms of damage to the superstructure of steel bridges results from vehicle impact. Member replacement is an expensive repair alternative. Thus, a more economical scheme is needed. Heat straightening offers the potential for quick and effective repairs for bent steel members. The process (which has been used successfully) consists of heating the bent members at appropriate locations such that during the cooling process, the unequal shrinkage will induce thermal stresses which straighten the member. The objective of this research project is divided into 3 phases: Phase 1: Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Heat Straightening; Phases 2 & 3: Field Evaluation of Heat Straightening Techniques; and Phase 4: Documentation and Training Sessions. This rpeort covers the information obtained during the first phase of this project. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Damages KW - Heat KW - Heat straightening KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steel bridges KW - Straightening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374408 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610213 AU - Neill, C G AU - Gulf Applied Research AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GROUND-PROBING RADAR FOR RAPID DELAMINATION DETECTION. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 61 p. AB - The report covers an assessment of ground-probing radar technology as a rapid, nondestructive technique for the evaluation of the structural integrity of portland cement concrete bridge decks. Delaminations normally occur at the plane of the top mat of reinforcing steel within reinforced decks. This delamination is not evidenced by surface manifestations of deterioration until it has progressed to the point that major repairs to, if not replacements of, the deck are necessary. Engineers would welcome a nondestructive technique for deck evaluation to detect the existence of delaminations at an early stage in their development when repair is less extensive and less disruptive to traffic flow. Ground-probing radar has shown promise for such an application in that with this technology, internal conditions of the deck can be recorded, and perhaps the data analyzed and interpreted to yield information concerning the deck's internal integrity as a load-carrying structure. Additional controlled measurements will be required to develop an algorithm or pattern-recognition based analysis to allow dynamic data to be interpreted for the detection of small delaminations. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Delamination KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Rapid methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475910 AU - BATZ, T M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE TREATMENTS, IMPACTS AND PARAMETERS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I - PROCEDURES AND CONCLUSIONS PY - 1986/08 SP - 41 p. AB - This two volume report details the findings of 256 past and present high occupancy vehicle treatments which have been implemented. Volume I contains the procedures followed and the major conclusions found concerning the 19 specific HOV treatment types which were studied. Some of these conclusions are that only five treatments (park-n-ride lots, separate roadways, contraflow freeway and arterial lanes, and preferential bypass at a metered ramp) produced the impacts which were expected. Another seven treatments either produced mixed results or had no effect on the expected impacts, while the remaining six HOV treatments had no reportable data collected or were never implemented. Findings concerning specific HOV treatments included: it was generally found that transit malls/auto restricted zones must have an operating transit system on the street and a major pedestrian generator for it to be effective; reserved lane operations must not affect reverse flow traffic and should be physically separated from peak direction traffic to be effective; contraflow lanes usually have safety problems during off-peak hours or where major turning movements or pedestrian activity exists; concurrent flow lanes usually need major transit use or a large increase in occupancy to be effective; and finally, a much greater effort must be made by both traffic engineers, planners, and researchers to obtain pertinent information about HOV preferential treatments. Volume II contains a comprehensive bibliography along with a listing for each HOV treatment cited which includes the year implemented, size, priority cutoff, hours of operation, current status and any before and after data concerning the impacts which the treatments may affect. KW - Bibliographies KW - Bus priority KW - Case studies KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Data needs KW - Effectiveness KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Information organization KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Park and ride KW - Ramp metering KW - Reserved lanes KW - Separation KW - Traffic KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic planning KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472096 AU - Hinch, J AU - Sawyer, D AU - STOUT, D AU - Manhard, G AU - Owings, R AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT ATTENUATORS - A CURRENT ENGINEERING EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/08 SP - 29 p. AB - This study investigated the impact performance of inertial barrel and GREAT (Guard Rail Energy Absorption Terminal) impact attenuator systems using full scale crash testing of small and large test vehicles. In all, 20 tests were performed: 16 with inertial barrels and 4 with the GREAT system. The 16 inertial barrel tests studied large car versus small car, angled versus head-on positions, pea gravel versus sand fill material, frozen versus nonfrozen crash tests, loose sand versus bagged sand and two different brand attenuator barrels. The four GREAT tests using a six-bay system studied head-on versus angled positions and large car versus small car impacts. All tests used instrumented dummies and a NHTSA digital data tape was generated for each (with the exception of Tests E-01 and E-02). Results of the program showed small car performance to be generally acceptable when using NCHRP 230 and dummy analysis procedures. The large car produced higher decelerations and in some cases the values exceeded the limits specified. KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Energy absorption KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Small car KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481034 AU - Gambrell, S C AU - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE HOMEWOOD BRIDGE AFTER FOURTEEN YEARS TRAFFIC. SUMMARY PY - 1986/08 SP - 12 p. AB - The purpose of this research is to measure primary and lateral flange bending strains in the bottom flanges of a composite curved girder bridge. The location of the neutral axis was calculated. The dynamic impact factor and the natural frequency were also measured. These measurements were compared with similar measurements made shortly after the bridge was erected. The primary change noted was a slight lowering of the neutral axis. KW - Bending KW - Bending strains KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved girder bridges KW - Flanges KW - Flexural strength KW - Girder bridges KW - Measurement KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481035 AU - Gambrell, S C AU - University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF THE HOMEWOOD BRIDGE AFTER FOURTEEN YEARS TRAFFIC. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 64 p. AB - The purpose of this research is to measure primary and lateral flange bending strains in the bottom flanges of a composite curved girder bridge. The location of the neutral axis was calculated. The dynamic impact factor and the natural frequency were also measured. These measurements were compared with similar measurements made shortly after the bridge was erected. The primary change noted was a slight lowering of the neutral axis. KW - Bending KW - Bending strains KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved girder bridges KW - Flanges KW - Flexural strength KW - Girder bridges KW - Measurement KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479392 AU - Rixner, J J AU - Kraemer, S R AU - SMITH, A D AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS. VOLUME 2. SUMMARY OF RESEARCH EFFORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 178 p. AB - The objective of the research project was to make a systematic evaluation of various drain types and available performance data to improve procedures for designing and installing prefabricated vertical drains. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Vertical drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479393 AU - Rixner, J J AU - Kraemer, S R AU - SMITH, A D AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS. VOLUME 3. LABORATORY DATA REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 160 p. AB - The objective of the discharge capacity testing summarized in this volume was to fabricate a testing device and perform vertical discharge capacity tests on selected prefabricated vertical drains (PV). The results of the tests were evaluated to determine the feasibility of the method as a standard. Based on the literature review and technical interviews, an apparatus was designed and fabricated for the testing of PV drain discharge capacity. The device is described in detail in this volume. The device was used to test five PV drain products with varying confining pressure and applied gradients. Typical test results are included along with all the laboratory data. KW - Discharge measurement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Testing equipment KW - Vertical drains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474703 AU - KOLB, R AU - Brown County Planning Commission AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GREEN BAY TRANSIT COST-ALLOCATION STUDY FOR THE GREEN BAY URBANIZED AREA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 42 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to analyze the current transit co-sharing formulas between Green Bay and the urban municipalities in terms of both operating and capital expenditures. The study report includes a detailed analysis of federal, state, and local operating and capital funding formulas and expenditures for the Green Bay Transit System from 1974 public takeover to 1986. A survey of medium-sized public transit systems in Wisconsin was conducted in terms of local cost-sharing formulas and service contracts. Study recommendations include a new depreciation surcharge for capital expenditures and written service contracts between Green Bay and the other municipalities. KW - Capital costs KW - Contracts KW - Cost allocation KW - Cost sharing KW - Depreciation KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Public transit KW - Umta section 8 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473178 AU - Marshek, K M AU - DaSilva, R E AU - Kannapan, S M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REDUCTION OF MOWER-THROWN-OBJECT ACCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 164 p. AB - There has been a significant number of insurance claims againt the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation involving mower-thrown-object accidents. This report details the efforts made to reduce the number of mower-thrown-object accidents and discusses possible changes in mowing standards, available mowing equipment, and possible design modifications to mowers. Ideas and theories are tested and evaluated experimentally using a Terrain King TK 15-IV bat-wing mower. The experiments were conducted to determine the relative safety of several types of safety devices. The experiments also served the purpose of determining where objects leave the mower. From the experimental results several conclusions were made. Most of the objects exit the rear of the mower and safety devices such as chains and cables improve the safety of the mower. Finally recommendations were made from the experiments and from the observations. The most important of these recommendations is that a canvas guard be added to the rear of the mower and a reduced mass cutting blade be further tested. In addition, the report discusses the background of mower-thrown-object accidents, blade design, possible application of alternative materials for blades, conclusions, and recommendations. KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Canvas guard KW - Design KW - Mower-thrown objects KW - Mowers KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Safety equipment KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472127 AU - Tadros, M K AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE CONCRETE BOX CULVERT DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 224 p. AB - This investigation critically examined the provisions of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 1983 Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, relative to design of reinforced concrete box culverts (RCB). Three major areas were studied: (1) soil pressures, (2) live loads, and (3) design methods. The soil pressure analysis was performed by computer finite element modeling, taking into account soil-structure interactions. Equations were developed for approximate estimation of soil loads. It was found that the resulting pressures were considerably higher than AASHTO-specified values. This confirms results of earlier investigations by others. The AASHTO provisions for wheel loads, or live loading, were analyzed using Boussinesq's theory and influence surface techniques. Load distribution through roadway pavement, if any, and through soil fill were considered. AASHTO recommendation for distribution through soil were found to be rational, except that sudden changes between various soil fill depth zones were causing irrational designs near zone limits. Recommendations were developed to eliminate these discrepancies. Finally, it was found that the ultimate strength design approach was superior to the working stress design method. In addition to providing a uniform safety margin against failure throughout the culvert, it can result in significant material savings. KW - Boussinesq equation KW - Boussinesq formula KW - Design methods KW - Earth pressure KW - Finite element method KW - Influence surfaces KW - Live loads KW - Load transfer KW - Reinforced concrete culverts KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Ultimate load design KW - Ultimate strength design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469275 AU - Klinger, D AU - Kuzmyak, J R AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERSONAL TRAVEL IN THE UNITED STATES, VOL. I 1983-1984 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - v.p. AB - Volume I of a 2-part report which presents findings from the 1983-1984 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). This report examines drivers and their travel, vehicle trips and travel, person trips and travel, workers and their journey-to-work, vehicle occupancy, characteristics of travel period trips and travel and the use of vehicle safety devices. The various subject matters are explored relative to household location, income, household composition, vehicle ownership, and other sociodemographic attributes of the household. Where feasible, comparisons are made with data from the 1969 and 1977 NPTS to evaluate trends over time. KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Drivers KW - Households KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transit KW - Safety equipment KW - Social factors KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468480 AU - Bokun, S G AU - Moore, A F AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS IN LOUISIANA. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (1970-1985) PY - 1986/08 SP - 14 p. AB - The report concludes formal evaluation of forty-one experimental high-type railroad-highway grade crossing surfaces installed throughout Louisiana between 1970 and 1984. These crossings were composed of various types of rubber, high-density polyethylene, precast concrete or steel plate construction and were installed under varying ADT situations. Six interim reports profiled construction techniques, durability of proprietary surface crossing materials, rideability characteristics, effectiveness of drainage, track rehabilitation procedures and included statistical rail and traffic data. Performance evaluations were conducted examining criteria necessary for establishing departmental policies, procedures and specifications with regard to railroad-highway grade crossings and determining the materials' suitability for inclusion on the Qualified Products List. KW - Drainage KW - Durability KW - Ethylene resins KW - Experimental roads KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Polyethylene KW - Precast concrete KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Riding qualities KW - Rubber KW - Steel plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468191 AU - McCoy, P T AU - Ballard, J L AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION OF TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN LANES ON URBAN FOUR-LANE ROADWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 101 p. AB - Two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) medians are a common solution to the safety and operational problems on four-lane undivided roadways that result from conflicts between through and left-turning traffic. Although the potential safety and operational effects of TWLTL medians are well-recognized, no generally accepted guidelines define the circumstances under which the costs of TWLTL medians are justified by the benefits they provide. The objectives of this research were: (1) to evaluate the safety and operational effects of TWLTL medians on urban four-lane roadways, (2) to develop a methodology for evaluating their cost-effectiveness, and (3) to use this methodology to develop guidelines for their cost-effective use. The formulation of the cost-effectiveness methodology was based on a benefit-cost analysis. The benefits were the accident and operational cost savings provided by TWLTL medians. The costs were those of installing and maintaining them. TWLTL evaluation forms were designed to facilitate the implementation of the methodology. An analysis of the accidents on four-lane sections of the state highway system in Nebraska was conduced to determine the safety effects of TWLTL medians. A computer simulation study was conducted to determine their operational effects. The results of these studies were incorporated into the cost-effectiveness methodology. The cost-effectiveness methodology was used to develop guidelines that indicate the ADTs, left-turn percentages, and driveway densities at which TWLTL medians on urban four-lane roadways are cost-effective. Their development was based on conditions and costs representative of those on urban four-lane roadways in Nebraska during 1986. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash analysis KW - Four lane highways KW - Guidelines KW - Methodology KW - Simulation KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465670 AU - Ayyub, B M AU - White, R AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION OF DELAMINATION AND CAVITIES IN CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 93 p. AB - The objective of this study is a state-of-the-art report on available methods for the detection of delamination and cavities in concrete bridge decks and pavements. The decks and pavements are either exposed or have asphalt overlays. Four methods, i.e., the chain drag, the Delamtect, infrared thermography and radar, were found to perform reasonably accurate delamination detection on exposed concrete decks and pavements. Of the four, only two, i.e., infrared thermography and radar, were found to perform well on asphalt overlaid decks and pavements. While the initial cost is high, infrared thermography and radar are cost effective when a large number of bridges and pavements need to be surveyed in a short period of time. This is often the situation in routine state production work. KW - Accuracy KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Infrared radiation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radar KW - State of the art studies KW - Thermographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460265 AU - Johnson, L AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATING ROADWAY CONDITION DATA TO MINOR RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 28 p. AB - A "minor reconstruction" category was defined in conjunction with the Resource Allocation-Project Prioritization (RAPP) Process for projects where roadway conditions indicate the need for a significant amount of basework. Roadway condition data from past roadway improvement projects were examined to determine whether a correlation existed between the need for a "minor reconstruction" project and specific roadway condition data elements. Such correlation would verify the roadway surface threshold criteria developed for the "minor reconstruction" category. Results of the study indicated that minor reconstruction type of activities were conducted in the past as a part of widening or major reconstruction projects. These activities are still not perceived as a separate improvement category. The study also identified inconsistencies in data bases between the various branches of the Department. The study recommends that "minor reconstruction" be discontinued as a separate allocation category and that efforts continue towards unifying and coordinating all data bases. KW - Coordination KW - Correlation analysis KW - Criteria KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Reconstruction KW - Resource allocation KW - Strategic planning KW - Thresholds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464658 AU - Shao, K-Y AU - Roesset, J M AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC INTERPRETATION OF DYNAFLECT AND FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER TESTS ON PAVEMENT SYSTEMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 78 p. AB - The Dynaflect and the Falling Weight Deflectometer are commonly used for nondestructive testing of pavements. Although in both cases a dynamic load is imparted, the determination of the mechanical properties of the pavement is normally performed by using static analyses. In this study, the displacements obtained from dynamic analyses are compared to those provided by conventional static programs when the subbase is a homogeneous soil stratum of finite depth, resting on a much stiffer rock-like material and when the soil properties increase smoothly with depth, as is often the case. The results of these comparisons indicate that for certain ranges of depth to bedrock a static interpretation of the Dynaflect and Falling Weight Deflectometer tests may lead to substantial errors. Situations where these errors are important are more likely to be encountered with the Dynaflect than with the Falling Weight Deflectometer. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynamic loads KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475124 AU - DaSilva, R E AU - Marshek, K M AU - Kannapan, S M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION OF MOWER-THROWN-OBJECT PHENOMENA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 116 p. AB - This report presents the results of an analytical and experimental investigation of mower-thrown-object phenomena. A mower-thrown-object analysis was conducted by developing a simple mathematical model to simulate the rotary action of the mower. A computer program that will compute the object velocities when provided with input for the mower and mowing conditions was also used to aid in the analysis of the mower-thrown-object phenomena. The experimental analysis was conducted to test the theoretical model by using a scale size mower model. High speed photography was used to determine the discharge characteristics of the mower-thrown object. The results show that (1) a higher value of the coefficient of restitution increased the velocity of the thrown object, (2) an increase in the blade rpm caused the object velocity to increase proportionally, (3) an increase in the inertia of the blade significantly increased the object velocities, (4) an increase in the distance of the point of contact of the object with the blade, from the center of rotation, increased the object velocities, and (5) the location of the pivot point played a major role in the object velocity after impact. The comparison of a straight bar blade and a pivoted bar blade (pivot located at the mid point) indicated that the pivoted blade construction resulted in approximately 28 percent smaller magnitudes for the object velocities. KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Computer programs KW - High speed photography KW - Mathematical models KW - Mower-thrown objects KW - Mowing KW - Pivoted blade KW - Straight blade KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285753 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462049 AU - Peterson, R L AU - Stokes, R W AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSITWAY CONVERSION TO RAIL TRANSIT GUIDEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 103 p. AB - Transitways are defined as exclusive, physically separated, access controlled high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) priority treatment facilities which are typically located within existing freeway right(s)-of-way. Transitways are sometimes referred to as busways, HOV lanes or AVLs (authorized vehicle lanes). This report was prepared for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) to provide guidelines and standards for the planning and design of transitway facilities to allow subsequent conversion to rail transit guideways. It follows the general style and format of the SDHPT Manual for Planning, Designing and Operating Transitway Facilities in Texas. The Transitway Manual was prepared as an independent document to replace and consolidate existing SDHPT information on the design of high-occupancy vehicle facilities. This report is divided into four primary technical divisions. These are: 1) Rail Transit Systems (an overview of technologies); 2) Rail Transit System Planning and Operational Considerations; 3) Rail Transit Design Guidelines; and, 4) Conversion of Transitways. Information presented within the Transitway Manual should promote uniformity of design and operational efficiency for transitway facilities in Texas. Information presented herein supplements the Manual and is intended to provide general design criteria and guidelines for converting a transitway from rubber-tired HOV operation to rail transit service. Considerations of both light rail transit (LRT) and heavy rail transit (HRT) vehicles are included within the report. KW - Bus lanes KW - Conversion KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guidelines KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Light rail transit KW - Priority treatment KW - Rapid transit KW - Texas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474693 AU - Wang, S-T AU - Reese, L C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF DESIGN METHOD FOR VERTICAL DRILLED SHAFT RETAINING WALLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 374 p. AB - A method is presented for the design of drilled shafts that are employed as a retaining wall. The method considers the height of the wall, the soil characteristics, the diameter and reinforcing of the drilled shaft, the clear spacing between drilled shafts, and the length of the shaft. KW - Design methods KW - Diameter KW - Drilled shafts KW - Height KW - Length KW - Properties of materials KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retaining walls KW - Soil characteristics KW - Soils KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473183 AU - Desolminihac, H E AU - Hudson, W R AU - Ricci, E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SERVICEABILITY RATINGS OF TEXAS HIGHWAY SYSTEM FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 142 p. AB - Serviceability Index (SI) values define the riding quality of a section of pavement and they are required input parameters for several design methods. Accurate pavement design requires good estimates of the true serviceability index value at periods in the pavement's life: (1) SI immediately after the construction of a new pavement, (2) SI of worn out pavement just before rehabilitation, and (3) SI restored to the pavement just after rehabilitation. This study describes the analysis used to find the mean values and the variability of the serviceability index for the three pavement stages described above for use in Texas pavement management activities. KW - Accuracy KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473170 AU - Souleyrette, R R AU - Walton, C M AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE TOLL ROADS IN CURRENT AND FUTURE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 118 p. AB - A methodology for identification and evaluation of proposed or existing highway toll facilities is presented. This report presents an operational typology, the development of a route-share computer model, a method for economic evaluation, and guidelines for benefit-cost analysis. The material presented in these sections is intended to support the identification of candidate locations for toll financing as well as the evaluation of existing facilities. The typology, a classification mechanism, provides a framework for identifying the legal, institutional, economic, financial, and operational issues associated with various tolling concepts for a given set of local conditions. An illustration of this framework's usefulness is provided through its application to the Texas context and its use to organize the results of a national survey of toll facilities operators. The route-share model is a random utility maximization model of the logit form that is used to predict a toll facility's traffic share for a given set of local conditions. Limited sensitivity analysis and application to an example scenario is presented. The chapter on economic analysis presents a method of revenue-expenditure analysis. The components that can be expected at a toll facility are detailed along with example data for five toll agencies. The final chapter of the study presents guidelines and recommendations for benefit-cost analysis including application of the route-share model to examine the impact of various toll pricing schemes on user-equity and traffic diversion. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Financing KW - Guidelines KW - Highway planning KW - Land use planning KW - Logits KW - Planned development KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Surveys KW - Toll roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458333 AU - DeLeys, N J AU - Parada, L O AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLLOVER POTENTIAL OF VEHICLES ON EMBANKMENTS, SIDESLOPES AND OTHER ROADSIDE FEATURES. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 246 p. AB - The objective of this research program was to study the interaction of vehicles with various roadside features to determine critical roadside-feature design criteria based on the potential for inducing vehicle rollover. Results of a review of accident data analyses reported in the literature are presented to indicate the general state of knowledge of rollover accidents. Among the findings are that: (1) different classes of vehicles based on use and/or size exhibit distinct differences in rollover tendencies, and (2) the existing accident data base lacks the information necessary to define the roadside-feature geometry and other conditions that caused vehicle rollover. Full-scale tests with an instrumented automobile were performed to verify the HVOSM (Highway-Vehicle-Object Simulation Model) as modified to improve its utility for studying vehicle off-road traversals. The HVOSM was then used to predict the dynamic responses of representative small and large cars encountering different roadside-feature configurations, including both tracking and nontracking departures from the roadway. It is shown that the sideslope of fill embankments should not exceed 3:1, regardless of the height of the embankment, to reduce the likelihood of small-car rollover. It is recommended that present AASHTO design criteria for barrier warrants be revised accordingly. It is also shown that the rounding of slope breaks currently recommended by AASHTO further reduces the rollover hazard. This report consists of two volumes. The other volume is Volume I, Executive Summary. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash causes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Embankments KW - Interaction KW - Roadside structures KW - Rollover crashes KW - Side slopes KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle size KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472588 AU - Saczalski, K J AU - Mullens, L J AU - Schnorr, J AU - Morgan, J F AU - Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY, SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF ALTERNATE ENERGY VEHICLES IN THE STATE OF ARIZONA. VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 428 p. AB - This study analyzes the potential market penetration in Arizona of various types of alternate energy vehicles. This market penetration is analyzed in terms of changes in the price of fuel, tax incentives, costs of conversion and consumer attitudes. While the study analyzes data only through 1985, many conclusions and responses related to the previous rapid rise in fuel prices may be relevant in light of the rapid price increases of early 1987. Short term market penetration, in the absence of legal intervention, is expected to amount to a very small fraction of the total operating fleet of motor vehicles. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Arizona KW - Attitudes KW - Consumers KW - Conversion KW - Costs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fuel costs KW - Fuels KW - Incentives KW - Markets KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472584 AU - Rajappan, B M AU - Walton, C M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF THE OPERATIONAL IMPACT OF THE LONGER AND WIDER COMBINATION VEHICLES ON THE GEOMETRY OF DIAMOND INTERCHANGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 204 p. AB - The Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982 provided for more uniformity in size and weight regulation on federal aid highways, perticularly tractor-trailer combinations. Section 138/415 of that Act also called for a feasibility study of a National Intercity Truck Route Network for commercial vehicles up to 118 ft long and 8 ft 6 in. wide. The extra length and width allowed contribute significantly to the offtracking characteristics of these long combination vehicles (LCV's). The objective of the research in this report is to assess the operational impact of the LCV's on the geometry of diamond interchanges located along Interstate Highways in Texas. The assessment was done by randomly sampling diamond interchanges and simulating all possible turn measurements of LCV's at their terminals. The movements were simulated with the computer Truck Offtracking Model (TOM). Results include the data collected on all interchanges located along Interstate Highways in Texas and interval estimates of the proportion of diamonds with inadequate geometry, i.e., pavement widths at ramp terminals inadequate to accommodate the LCV's. Ninety-nine percent confidence intervals were also estimated for the extra pavement width required to prevent the LCV's from damaging pavement edges and other roadside appurtenances at the ramp terminals. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Geometric design KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Offtracking KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Ramps KW - Simulation KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472193 AU - FEIGHAN, K J AU - Sinha, K C AU - White, T D AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE NEEDS AND OPTIMAL USE OF MAINTENANCE FUNDS: AN ESTIMATION OF COST AND SERVICE LIFE OF MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. INTERIM REPORT (PART OF TASKS A, B, & D). REVISED APRIL 3, 1987 PY - 1986/08 SP - 131 p. AB - This report presents the findings of the research work that was undertaken to evaluate the service life and cost of routine maintenance activities. The estimates include various pavement, shoulder and drainage-related activities. The procedure was based on a statistical random survey of unit foremen using a questionnaire approach. These estimates will be used to identify cost-effective treatments at project and network level. KW - Data collection KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Questionnaires KW - Service life KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472101 AU - Kraemer, S R AU - SMITH, A D AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOCOMPOSITE DRAINS. VOLUME II, LABORATORY DATA REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 191 p. AB - This volume presents a summary of the laboratory testing of geocomposite drains performed to develop information contained in Volume I of Geocomposite Drains. The Volume is intended to provide detailed laboratory test data on the measurement of critical properties of geocomposite drains. The volume includes a statement of objectives, typical test results, a summary of procedures and the actual laboratory data. This volume is the second in a series of two. The other in the series is: Volume I, FHWA/RD-86/171, Geocomposite Drains: Engineering Assessment and Preliminary Guidelines. See also FHWA/RD-86/168, Volume I, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Engineering Guidelines; FHWA/RD-86/169, Volume II, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Summary of Research Effort; and FHWA/RD-86/170, Volume III, Prefabricated Vertical Drains: Laboratory Data Report. KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Drains KW - Geocomposites KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463328 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Korpics, J J AU - Hlavinka, M W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER'S GUIDE TO THE TEXIN2 MODEL - A MODEL FOR PREDICTING CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS NEAR INTERSECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 229 p. AB - The original TEXIN model, which was previously developed to predict carbon monoxide concentrations near simple intersections, had several restrictions which inhibited its use in many realistic cases. The model was expanded to include modeling capabilities of four-way stop intersections. The CMA Operations and Design Procedure traffic algorithm was added to allow for more accurate representation of T-intersections. The addition of the EPA emissions model, MOBILE3, enables the user to more accurately estimate source strength. The new calculational methodologies and algorithms present in MOBILE3, including vehicle anti-tampering and inspection/maintenance programs, greatly enhance the capabilities of the model. The TEXIN2 model employs a short-cut emissions algorithm for users who do not wish to use MOBILE3. This report is intended to assist the analyst in the execution of the TEXIN2 model. A brief description of the model is first given. Next, the input data required by the model are presented. Finally, several illustrative examples are presented. These examples should answer most questions concerning the use of the program. Users requiring additional information on the TEXIN2 model should consult TTI Research Report 283-3F. KW - Algorithms KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Four leg intersections KW - Four way intersections KW - Manuals KW - Simulation KW - T intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463301 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACTS OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY AUTHORIZED VEHICLE LANE 12-MONTH "AFTER" EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 58 p. AB - This report documents the data collected in April through June 1986, one year after carpool utilization of the AVL was permitted. Comprehensive traffic data, both on the AVL and the freeway, were collected. In addition, surveys of transit users on the AVL, vanpool drivers on the AVL, vanpool passengers on the AVL, carpool passengers on the AVL, carpool drivers on the AVL, and motorists not using the AVL were undertaken. In this report, these data are compared to similar data collected before carpool utilization was permitted to identify the impacts of permitting carpools to use the AVL. KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Consumer behavior KW - Freeway operations KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Impact studies KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic surveys KW - User reactions KW - Utilization KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463314 AU - Lippert, D L AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION WITHOUT RESURFACING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 52 p. AB - This paper describes the results of a research project which evaluated the effectiveness of Concrete Pavement Restoration (CPR) on jointed portland cement concrete pavement. The CPR methods evaluated were: pavement grinding, grout undersealing, installing underdrains, retrofitting Double Vee load transfer devices, and pavement patching. Five construction sections, located throughout the State of Illinois, were selected for evaluation. All sections were located on four lane Interstate routes. The sections ranged in length from 3 to 8 miles for a total of approximately 30 miles. The original pavement sections were constructed between 1960 and 1963, then rehabilitated in 1983 and 1984. All pavements were the same design with a slab thickness of 10 inches over a 6 inch granular base and a joint spacing of 100 feet. The evaluation began just prior to rehabilitation of each section and continued until May 1986. The means of evaluation were by use of crack surveys and destructive and nondestructive testing. Faulting, pavement cracking, pavement roughness, skid resistance, deflection, load transfer, void development and drainage were monitored. A great deal of emphasis was placed on grout undersealing and doweled patching in lab and field experiments. Undersealing effectiveness was determined by deflection testing using a Dynatest 8002 Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and Road Rater 2008. Another field experiment investigated the effects of dowel bar size and number of dowels in full-depth patch performance. Several different techniques for dowel bar grouting were tested in the laboratory to establish grouting procedures. The findings of this research resulted in improvements in full-depth patch design, improved construction procedures and proper use of undersealing. The most important improvements in pavement patching were the use of sawed and sealed joints at the patch face to prevent spalling and the use of larger and more dowel bars. It was found that blanket undersealing is rarely needed. Undersealing of existing rocking and pumping patches will greatly reduce deflections, but will only be effective for about one year. The falling weight deflectometer proved to be a powerful tool for locating voids using void detection procedures. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Grinding KW - Grouting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Subdrains KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462944 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Grady, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSE ON A PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE BASE: A SEVEN-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 26 p. AB - This report describes performance of a 1-in. thick open-friction-course (OFC) bituminous overlay on an existing concrete pavement, and an adjacent conventional 2 1/2-in. thick dense-graded bituminous overlay placed as a control. The pavements were evaluated after 7 years of service by analyzing core samples for aggregrate degradation, changes in mix density and voids content, and changes in asphalt hardness. Also, pavement surfaces were inspected periodically for cracking, raveling and debonding, texture, friction properties, and rutting. Results indicate that after 7 years the control pavement is in better physical condition than the OFC, but that the latter continues to provide better drainage of surface water and better friction. Of particular significance are the OFC's substantially more favorable smooth-tire friction and friction number-speed gradients. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Drainage KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Field performance KW - Friction KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462256 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Anderson, J S AU - Perdomo, D AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 192 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analyzing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendices A through O are bound in a separate volume. These include pressuremeter data for eight sites, all measured and predicted load-settlement curves, separate plots of predicted versus measured loads for each soil category and for each prediction method, predicted versus measured settlement for each soil category and for each prediction method and plots of risk values versus factor of safety for each predictive method. Appendices P and Q are each bound separately. Appendix P is the user's manual for COYLE, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using H. M. Coyle's method. Appendix Q is the user's manual for PILECPT, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using the Laboratoire des Ponts et Chausees cone penetrometer method. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Clay KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement forecast reliability KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462440 AU - Ortiz, D AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Darter, M I AU - Darling, J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF EXISTING REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 153 p. AB - Information was collected from each of the six states in Region 5 of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) on the procedures used to rehabilitate jointed concrete pavements. As built plans and specifications were obtained from a number of projects in each of the six states which had been rehabilitated and the performance of the pavements were studied after a number of years in service. Interviews were conducted with personnel of the Departments of Transportation from each state to collect as much information as possible concerning the current practices and techniques used for pavement rehabilitation. Where sufficient data were available, statistical correlations were made of the performance trends as they relate to specific rehabilitation practices. Current practices were compared with earlier practices and efforts made to determine the reasons for the changes. Results show that the performance is closely related to the workmanship in the field and the ingenuity of the engineers involved. Recommendations are presented for each of the rehabilitation techniques studied. Many problems still exist with all of the techniques studied. Further detailed data on the exact procedures and practice used in the field during the rehabilitation are desperately needed. Better record keeping is sorely needed on both the "as built" conditions and on the performance, so the effectiveness of the various practices can be documented. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data needs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Information organization KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Specifications UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-047.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462258 AU - Tucker, L M AU - Briaud, J L AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT. APPENDIX P PY - 1986/08 SP - 44 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analyzing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendices A through O are bound in a separate volume. These include pressuremeter data for eight sites, all measured and predicted load-settlement curves, separate plots of predicted versus measured loads for each soil category and for each prediction method, predicted versus measured settlement for each soil category and for each prediction method and plots of risk values versus factor of safety for each predictive method. Appendices P and Q are each bound separately. Appendix P is the user's manual for COYLE, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using H. M. Coyle's method. Appendix Q is the user's manual for PILECPT, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using the Laboratoire des Ponts et Chausees cone penetrometer method. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Clay KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement forecast reliability KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462257 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Anderson, J S AU - Perdomo, D AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT. APPENDICES A TO O PY - 1986/08 SP - 357 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analyzing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendices A through O are bound in a separate volume. These include pressuremeter data for eight sites, all measured and predicted load-settlement curves, separate plots of predicted versus measured loads for each soil category and for each prediction method, predicted versus measured settlement for each soil category and for each prediction method and plots of risk values versus factor of safety for each predictive method. Appendices P and Q are each bound separately. Appendix P is the user's manual for COYLE, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using H. M. Coyle's method. Appendix Q is the user's manual for PILECPT, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using the Laboratoire des Ponts et Chausees cone penetrometer method. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Clay KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement forecast reliability KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462259 AU - Tucker, L M AU - Briaud, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT. APPENDIX Q PY - 1986/08 SP - 50 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analyzing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendices A through O are bound in a separate volume. These include pressuremeter data for eight sites, all measured and predicted load-settlement curves, separate plots of predicted versus measured loads for each soil category and for each prediction method, predicted versus measured settlement for each soil category and for each prediction method and plots of risk values versus factor of safety for each predictive method. Appendices P and Q are each bound separately. Appendix P is the user's manual for COYLE, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using H. M. Coyle's method. Appendix Q is the user's manual for PILECPT, a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using the Laboratoire des Ponts et Chausees cone penetrometer method. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Clay KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement forecast reliability KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462398 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF I-75 LANE CLOSURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 20 p. AB - A project on I 75 in Whitley and Laurel Counties during the 1986 construction season involved numerous lane closures associated with spot pavement replacement and joint sealing. Traffic congestion associated with heavy volumes and late merges resulted in the use of the following traffic control devices to supplement standard closure devices: 1) variable message signs, 2) supplemental lane closure warning signs, and 3) rumble strips placed in the lane to be closed in advance of the taper. Results showed a decrease in the percentage of traffic in the lane to be closed with each successive traffic control device in addition to the standard lane closure devices. There was a general decrease in speeds as traffic approached the taper. The percentage of trucks in the lane to be closed was lower than the percentage in the open lane when the closure was a left lane. Hourly traffic volumes observed in this study (800 to 1,300 vph) did not appear to influence the percentage of traffic in the lane to be closed. The percentage of trucks in both lanes (8.5 to 14.7 percent) did not influence the percentage of traffic in the lane to be closed. Recommendations from the study included the following: 1) supplemental signs for all long-term closures in high-volume, high-speed, four-lane roadways; 2) variable message signs when one-way hourly volumes exceed 1,000 (ADT exceeds 20,000); and 3) application of rumble strips when other devices do not reduce late merges and there is excessive congestion. KW - Guidelines KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Rumble strips KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic volume KW - Utilization KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461953 AU - Wilkinson, W C AU - MORAN, C G AU - Bicycle Federation of America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ROUTE DESIGNATION CRITERIA FOR BICYCLE ROUTES: A HANDBOOK PY - 1986/08 SP - 65 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to conduct a survey of the literature and state of the art related to bicycle route selection and designation and to develop a synthesized set of factors for use by State and local transportation officials and other agencies and organizations involved in the selection and designation of streets and highways for bike use. The results of the project are presented in a Final Report and this handbook. The Final Report provides a review of the background of bike routes, identifies the major factors related to route alignment and route suitability, and discusses the processes involved in route selection and the options available for route designation. Four special topics are also treated: the use of controlled access freeway shoulders by bicycles, research needs related to bike route selection and designation, liability aspects of bikeway designation, and bike mapping. The Handbook is designed to simplify the task of selecting and designating streets and highways for bike routes. The topics covered include the definition of bike routes, the purpose(s) which affect suitability, approaches to planning and selecting bike routes, and guidelines for various types of route projects. KW - Bikeways KW - Criteria KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Liability KW - Mapping KW - Road shoulders KW - Route choice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461957 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Huchingson, R D AU - Dudek & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION DISPLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 197 p. AB - This Manual is a condensation of a Design Guide report entitled, "Human Factors Requirements for Real-Time Motorist Information Displays, Volume 1--Design Guide," written by the Texas Transportation Institute for FHWA. The Manual provides practical guidelines for the development, design and operation of real-time driver displays, both visual and auditory, for freeway corridor traffic management. The emphasis is on the recommended content of messages to be displayed in various traffic situations; the manner in which messages are to be displayed--format, coding, style, length, load, redundancy, and number of repetitions; and where messages should be placed with respect to the situations they are explaining. The Manual also provides guidance in selection of the appropriate type of display, and guidance in design of the display to improve the target value and reception of the message. Although the Manual is primarily intended for traffic engineers working in city, county, state or private organization, it should also be useful to traffic engineering students or trainees and to FHWA engineers at the district and regional levels who are responsible for project review and approval. KW - Coding KW - Coding systems KW - Design KW - Displays KW - Driver information systems KW - Formats KW - Formatting KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information display systems KW - Manuals KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461787 AU - Smith, R E AU - Palmieri, R P AU - Darter, M I AU - Lytton, R L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES AND ASSUMPTIONS. VOLUME II: QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES AND SENSITIVITY FIGURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 55 p. AB - This is the second of a three volume report prepared to provide highway engineers a ready reference on overlay design procedures. It contains the results of a questionnaire concerning use of overlay design procedures by state agencies and appendices for the first volume including the figures for the sensitivity analysis. The first volume (FHWA/RD-85/006) summarizes major overlay procedures, documenting their development and the conceptual basis of each and analyzing their sensitivity to required input data. It contains sample designs and discusses how to "calibrate" an overlay design procedure for local use. The third volume (FHWA/RD-85/008) contains a discussion of the evaluation procedure needed for determining if an overlay is required, the basic requirements of an overlay design procedure, reflection crack concerns, preoverlay repair recommendations, selection of the proper overlay type, and timing of overlay construction. These reports were designed to provide assistance in determining what overlay design procedures are available for adoption, conversion, and use by an agency. In particular, this volume provides an insight as to what procedures are presently being used by state highway agencies. The sensitivity figures were placed in this volume so that they could be reviewed at the same time the reader is reading volume one. KW - Design methods KW - Modifications KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Selecting KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460364 AU - Smith, R E AU - Palmieri, R P AU - Darter, M I AU - Lytton, R L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES AND ASSUMPTIONS. VOLUME I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 152 p. AB - This is the first of a three volume report prepared to provide highway engineers a ready reference on overlay design procedures. It summarizes major overlay design procedures documenting their development and the conceptual basis of each, and analyzing their sensitivity to required input data. It contains sample designs and discusses how to "calibrate" an overlay design for local use. KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Guidelines KW - Modifications KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Selecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460210 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Anderson, J S AU - Perdomo, D AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 192 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analysing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460211 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Anderson, J S AU - Perdomo, D AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT. APPENDICES A TO O PY - 1986/08 SP - 357 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analysing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendices A through O include pressuremeter data for eight sites, all measured and predicted load-settlement curves, separate plots of predicted versus measured settlement for each soil category and for each prediction method, predicted versus measured loads for each soil category and for each prediction method and plots of risk values versus factor of safety for each predictive method. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460138 AU - Adams, C K AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT PROPERTIES AND PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 269 p. AB - Three experimental test roads were constructed using asphalts from five different refineries. Samples were fabricated in the laboratory and field cores were obtained in an attempt to correlate standard laboratory test data to field performance. New laboratory tests, such as gel permeation chromatography and dissipated strain energy, were investigated for their potential in characterizing asphalt cements. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chromatography KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dissipation KW - Energy KW - Experimental roads KW - Field performance KW - Gels KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460326 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Anderson, J S AU - Perdomo, D AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/08 SP - 21 p. AB - This article deals with the prediction of the response to monotonic axial loading of single piles in various soil conditions. A 98 pile load test data was obtained from the Mississippi State Highway Department and was used to evaluate 13 methods to predict the ultimate load of a pile and 5 methods to predict the settlement of a pile. The selected methods include SPT/S sub u methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method, and a dynamic formula method. The accuracy and precision of each method is quantified statistically and a risk analysis is performed in order to properly assess the factor of safety. A cost analysis is also performed in order to find the factor of safety which will minimize the cost of construction plus the cost of a potential failure. KW - Accuracy KW - Axial loads KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Breaking loads KW - Clay KW - Design methods KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460365 AU - Smith, R E AU - Palmieri, R P AU - Darter, M I AU - Lytton, R L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURES AND ASSUMPTIONS. VOLUME III: GUIDE FOR DESIGNING AN OVERLAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 78 p. AB - This is the third of a three volume report prepared to provide highway engineers a ready reference on overlay design procedures. It contains a discussion of the evaluation procedure needed for determining if an overlay is required, the basic requirements of an overlay design procedure, reflection crack concerns, preoverlay repair recommendations, selection of the proper overlay type, and timing of overlay construction. KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Guidelines KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Reflection cracking KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Selecting KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460213 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT. APPENDIX Q PY - 1986/08 SP - 50 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analysing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendix Q is the user's manual for PILECPT; a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using the Laboratoire des Ponts et Chaussees cone penetrometer method. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460212 AU - Briaud, J L AU - Tucker, L M AU - Coyle, H M AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED PILE DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SINGLE PILES IN CLAYS AND SANDS. FINAL REPORT. APPENDIX P PY - 1986/08 SP - 44 p. AB - This report deals with the prediction of the axial load carrying capacity of single piles in various soil conditions. The purpose is to evaluate thirteen selected prediction methods using a 100 pile data base which was obtained from the Mississippi Highway Department. The selected methods include SPT/Su methods, cone penetrometer methods, a pressuremeter method and a dynamic formula method. The data was organized on paper files and then on an IBM-PC diskette. Computer programs were then written to perform the selected methods. The methods were analyzed by comparing the predicted response to the measured response for each pile load test. A detailed analysis of each method was performed by analysing piles in different soil conditions separately and using limiting values for the point resistance. Five methods which predict the entire load-settlement behavior were analyzed for predicted settlement at working loads. A risk analysis method is presented to show the importance of properly selecting safety factors. Appendix P is the user's manual for COYLE; a computer program that computes ultimate capacity versus depth and load versus settlement for axially loaded piles using H.M. Coyle's method. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Clay KW - Data analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Penetrometers KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Risk analysis KW - Safety factors KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460136 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Borchardt, D AU - Chang, ECP AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A FREEWAY CORRIDOR EVALUATION SYSTEM - PASSER IV. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 85 p. AB - This report describes and presents the results of a study to develop a system of freeway corridor evaluation and improvement tools to be known by the acronym PASSER IV. This effort resulted in the production of several computer programs implementing its findings. The first stage of this research involved a detailed appraisal of the existing technology for: the evaluation of the effects of changes in the characteristics of facilities in a freeway corridor upon the traffic flow in the corridor; and improving the timing of traffic signals in a freeway corridor such that the total throughout the corridor is enhanced. The study also included close contact with transportation professionals in Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio to ensure that the research was directed toward solving problems of importance to practitioners. Procedures and computer programs were developed to quickly analyze urban freeway corridor alternatives. A simple, easy-to-use, progression-based, signal optimization algorithm was developed and implemented as a computer program. KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway operations KW - Improvements KW - Optimization KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460141 AU - Garbisch, E W AU - Environmental Concern, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAYS AND WETLANDS: COMPENSATING WETLAND LOSSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 65 p. AB - This Implementation Package is a practical guide for the creation and restoration of wetlands. It provides concepts, methods and general specifications for compensating unavoidable wetland losses in a cost effective manner. The manual includes guidance for wetland establishment and enhancement and provides information for the conceptual design of wetland systems. The site-specific nature of wetland compensation measures precludes giving detailed instructions and specifications for the establishment and enhancement of wetlands. Although much work on the establishment of wetlands has been published within the past decade (Appendix B), the state-of-the-art is still primitive. Consequently, this manual is far from the last word. It is a beginning and a lot is left to the best judgment of the users. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Specifications KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458567 AU - Eggers, D W AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF EMBEDMENT DEPTH, SOIL PROPERTIES, AND POST TYPE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY GUARDRAIL POST. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 60 p. AB - The objective of this research study was to determine if the current guardrail design could be modified to achieve the necessary strength when full post embedment could not be achieved. The purpose of this report was to assess the effects of post type, soil conditions, and embedment depth on the load-deformation characteristics of the guardrail post. With this information, it is believed that a successful guardrail can be designed using more post with less than a full 38 in. embedment. Posts with only 18 in. or 24 in. embedment could be used at the 3 ft-1 1/2 in. spacing and still produce the required strength, for example. A series of static load tests were conducted on timber and steel posts embedded 18 in., 24 in., 30 in., and 38 in. in two different soils to determine the effects of post type, soil conditions, and embedment depth on the amount of energy dissipated by the soil. The results of these field tests were used to verify a mathematical model which could be used to predict guardrail post load capacity. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Depth KW - Embedments, pile KW - Energy absorption KW - Guardrails KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Posts KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Static loads KW - Steel structures KW - Timber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458558 AU - Chang, EC-P AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARRANTS FOR INTERCONNECTION OF ISOLATED TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/08 SP - 75 p. AB - This project suggests guidelines and procedures to identify when adjacent signalized intersections should be interconnected. Field data from several Texas cities were used to calibrate the TRANSYT-7F and PASSER II computer programs. These programs were used to address the effects of progression changes in travel time and travel volume. Detailed field studies were performed at six (6) intersections under isolated-actuated, fixed-time coordinated and traffic responsive operations on NASA 1 Road in front of the LBJ NASA Space Center, Houston, Texas. KW - Guidelines KW - Interconnection KW - Isolation KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625097 AU - Tritsch, S L AU - Wolfe, T M AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - PRODUCT EVALUATION: THORO PRODUCT DEMONSTRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07/18 SP - 27 p. AB - This report contains a product evaluation of Thoro System's "Roadpatch" and "Thorite". Roadpatch is a cement base, fast-setting patching material. The material is fortified with special alkali resistant glass fibers. It is designed to repair potholes in portland cement concrete. Roadpatch was demonstrated in Arizona on a section of concrete pavement. In a two-year evaluation, the product performed well. All of the patches held up under heavy traffic. The Arizona Transportation Research Center recommends that this material be considered for use on maintenance projects. Thorite is another Thoro System product. It is fast-setting, non-shrink material for patching curbs. The Thorite material cracked and failed within one year. The patch did not bond well to the original concrete or to the other patches. Based on its poor performance, the Arizona Transportation Research Center has recommended not using it on further curb patching projects. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curbs KW - Evaluation KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Potholes KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Recommendations KW - Repairing KW - Sealing compounds UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26983/EP8408.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625096 AU - Tritsch, S L AU - Wolfe, T M AU - Arizona Department of Transportation TI - PRODUCT EVALUATION: CRAFCO POTHOLE REPAIR SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07/18 SP - 17 p. AB - This report contains a product evaluation of Crafco, Inc., pothole repair systems. The pothole repair is a hot-applied elastomeric asphalt product. The hot asphalt is designed to be mixed with locally available aggregate to produce a permanent pothole repair. Before placing the product, the pothole must be properly cleaned and prepared. A test section of Crafco's product was placed on I-17 in Phoenix. The product was evaluated for eighteen months. The pothole repairs performed well under heavy traffic conditions. Based on the field performance, the Arizona Transportation Research Center recommends that Crafco's pothole repair be considered for use on future maintenance projects. KW - Elastomer modified asphalt KW - Evaluation KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Local materials KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Potholes KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Repairing KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26981/EP8406.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458354 AU - Saito, M AU - Sharaf, E A AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION AND COST SAVINGS RELATED TO HIGHWAY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07/10 SP - 154 p. AB - This research was conducted in three phases. The first two phases were presented in two interim reports. This report includes a summary of the first two phases and a detailed discussion of the final phase. The final phase of the study focused on a trend analysis of energy use in routine maintenance and development of an optimization approach that can be used to determine the optimal assignment of various equipment types to different activities. The use of the approach was illustrated through an example application. A set of energy conservation guidelines was then outlined for possible implementation. KW - Energy conservation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Savings KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460208 AU - Saito, M AU - Sharaf, E A AU - Sinha, K C AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY CONSERVATION AND COST SAVINGS RELATED TO HIGHWAY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/07/10 SP - 25 p. AB - This research was conducted in three phases. The first two phases were presented in two interim reports. This report includes a summary of the first two phases and a detailed discussion of the final phase. The final phase of the study focused on a trend analysis of energy use in routine maintenance and development of an optimization approach that can be used to determine the optimal assignment of various equipment types to different activities. The use of the approach was illustrated through an example application. A set of energy conservation guidelines was then outlined for possible implementation. KW - Energy conservation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Savings KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582318 AU - Sannes, Sheryl AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Database Management System PY - 1986/07 SP - 25p AB - The database management system was created in DBase III Plus. Included in this database is all research project historical and administrative information necessary to generate budget, expenditure, and management reports. A menu system was created to enable the user to view and update the database information, update and print all reports, and enter information on new projects. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Database management systems KW - Research projects KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/089.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548304 AU - LeFevre, E W AU - O'Neal, M M AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Waste Product Utilization in Highway Construction and Maintenance PY - 1986/07//Final Report SP - 71p AB - The effects of utilizing large amounts of waste products in structural fills and highway base course applications were studied. Waste products investigated were fly ash/bottom ash, Donna Fill, cement kiln dust and brown mud. The physical properties used to determine the usefulness of the by-products were moisture/density relationships, compressive strengths, plasticity indexes, shrinkage limits, freeze thaw characteristics and gradations. The results indicated that mixes of 100 percent fly ash, 50 percent bottom ash - 50 percent fly ash, and 70 percent Donna Fill - 30 percent fly ash could economically be used as a construction alternate for stone course replacement with no loss to the integrity of the base course. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bottom ash KW - Compressive strength KW - Fills KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Kiln dust KW - Plasticity index KW - Shrinkage KW - Swelling index KW - Waste products UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2092.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418803 AU - Lukas, R G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Dynamic compaction for highway construction, volume 1: design and construction guidelines PY - 1986/07 IS - FHWA/RD-86-133 SP - 241P KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Compaction KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction management KW - Construction management KW - Contract KW - Contracts KW - Cost KW - Costs KW - Improvement KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Roadbase UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418403 AU - Clinton, H AU - Joehnk, G AU - Petzold, E H AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Development TI - Design examples for steel box girders PY - 1986/07 IS - FHWA/TS-86-209 SP - 98P KW - Beam KW - Beams KW - Box girder KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Steel bridge KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418375 AU - Hudson, S W AU - Hudson, W R AU - Zaniewski, J P AU - Harvey, J T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Procedures for the analysis of pavement condition data, volume 1: project summary report PY - 1986/07 IS - FHWA/RD-86-068 SP - 110P KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Education KW - Education KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Roughness KW - Safety KW - Safety KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418290 AU - Hitz, J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research Development and Technology TI - Rail highway crossing resource allocation procedure - user's guide. second edition PY - 1986/07 IS - FHWA/IP-86-11 SP - 164P KW - Accident rate KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Equipment KW - Equipment KW - Financing KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Funding KW - Highway safety KW - Level crossing KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road safety KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418248 AU - Sayers, M W AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Ann Arbor Road Profilometer Meeting PY - 1986/07 IS - FHWA/RD-86/100 SP - 237p KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Longitudinal profile KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement KW - Pavements KW - Profilometer KW - Profilometers KW - Road surface properties KW - Roughness KW - Roughness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622378 AU - Scofield, L AU - Wolfe, T M AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCT EVALUATION: BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT REJUVENATOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 17 p. AB - This report contains a product evaluation of K.A.E. Paving Consultant's Bituminous Pavement Rejuvenator (BPR). BPR is a coal tar product consisting of a low viscosity blend of aromatic oils designed to penetrate the asphalt, and rejuvenate and plasticize the binder. Two test sections of BPR were placed in Arizona. At both sections the BPR was mixed, heated, and applied by manual methods. After placement a sand blotter was used to increase the friction characteristics. Visual inspection and core samples were performed at both sections. Both test sites had severe cracking prior to placement of the BPR. After placement a limited amount of crack sealing was observed; however, the test conditions were so extreme that it was difficult to adequately evaluate the test sections. After one year, no significant difference between the treated and untreated sections was apparent. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Evaluation KW - Inspection KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Vision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26982/EP8401.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362887 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622380 AU - Tritsch, S L AU - Wolfe, T M AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCT EVALUATION: RUSCOE 983 JOINT SEALANT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 10 p. AB - This report contains a product evaluation of Ruscoe's 983 joint sealant. Ruscoe 983 is an asphalt base single compound joint sealant. It contains an aluminum fortified adhesive and is designed for use on highway expansion joints, bridge joints, and random cracks in both flexible pavement and portland cement concrete. Two different test sections of Ruscoe 983 were placed in Phoenix. One section was placed to evaluate the sealant capability in concrete joints. The other test section was asphalt cracks and asphalt to concrete joints. Both sections were placed using tubes of sealant and a caulking gun. The Ruscoe 983 joint sealant did not perform satisfactorily in any of the applications. The sealant didn't adhere well to either concrete or asphalt. Portions of the joint sealant were completely torn out. Based on field performance the Arizona Transportation Research Center recommends not using Ruscoe 983 joint sealant in Arizona pavement. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crack sealing KW - Cracking KW - Evaluation KW - Expansion joints KW - Field tests KW - Joint sealers KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Sealing compounds UR - http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/statepubs/id/16897 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611915 AU - Bradley AU - Graves AU - Houser AU - Paine AU - Rubenstein AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jet Propulsion Laboratory TI - VISUAL INCIDENT DETECTION EVALUATION OPERATION V.I.D.E.O. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 43 p. AB - The V.I.D.E.O. project undertook the development and deployment of an image transmission system that could transport pictures from a remote site to a control point. This transmission was to occur over common carrier, low cost lines. The project upgraded the state-of-the-art slow scan image transmission from one picture every 71 seconds, first with jet propulsion hardware to one picture every 30 seconds. Dalmo Victor then was able to improve this to one picture every 2 seconds. Both of these utilized 9.6 bits per second condition telephone line. The effectiveness of Compressed T.V. Transmission as a detection tool was checked using speed measurement tests. The speed measurements determined from the image compression system were comparable with those made by an observer using a normal frame rate full resolution T.V. system. The positioning test clearly indicated the need for a supplementary system to aid in positioning the camera. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Compressed tv transmission KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460242 AU - Hitz, J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration TI - RAIL-HIGHWAY CROSSING RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROCEDURE--USER'S GUIDE, SECOND EDITION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 164 p. AB - The Highway Safety Acts of 1973 and 1976 and the Surface Transportation Acts of 1978 and 1982 provide funding authorizations for individual states to improve safety at public rail-highway crossings. Safety improvements frequently consist of the installation of active motorist warning devices such as flashing lights or flashing lights with gates. To assist states and railroads in determining effective allocations of Federal funds for rail-highway crossing improvements, the U.S. Department of Transportation has developed the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Resource Allocation Procedure. The procedure consists of the DOT accident and casualty prediction formula, which predicts the number of casualties and accidents at crossings, and the resource allocation model, which nominates crossings for improvement on a cost-effective basis and recommends the type of warning device to be installed. This guide provides interested users with complete information for application of the DOT Rail-Highway Crossing Allocation Procedure. This second edition of the guide incorporates results of recent research including a casualty prediction formula, extended data on warning device effectiveness, and consideration of standard highway stop signs as a warning device option under certain conditions. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Guidelines KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Resource allocation KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480937 AU - Dickens, R AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL CONTROL OF ROADSIDE VEGETATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 92 p. AB - Field experiments were conducted at several locations in Alabama to evaluate new herbicides for controlling weeds in roadside turf and for suppression of ssedheads on tall fescue and bahiagrass. Other tests evaluated the effects of various species in seeding mixtures on the establishment of common bermudagrass from fall or spring seedings. Sulfometuron was the most efficacious herbicide for weed control in bermudagrass turf, but caused serious injury to bahiagrass and tall fescue at rates required for weed control. Metsulfuron, sulfometuron, and sethoxydim were found to provide safe, effective weed control in centipedegrass turf. Glyphosate was the most effective herbicide tested for control of cogongrass. Several new grass control herbicides were ineffective in controlling this species. Smutgrass control from hexazinone applied in winter or spring was acceptable, but summer applications caused excessive injury to bermudagrass. Crimson clover was the best companion species for common bermudagrass in fall seedings, while annual ryegrass was most detrimental. KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Grasses KW - Growth control KW - Herbicides KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460367 AU - Tunnicliff, D G AU - Root, R E AU - Chicago Testing Laboratory, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTRODUCTION OF LIME INTO ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 102 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to recommend procedures for introducing hydrated lime into asphalt concrete mixtures and for adjusting lime-treated mixture designs to result in lime functioning as an effective antistripping additive, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the recommended procedures by means of full-scale test sections. Current lime introduction practices were studied, but procedures which were clearly best could not be identified. Lime introduction procedures can be classified into wet and dry systems. Wet systems add either lime slurry or dry lime to damp mineral aggregate. Dry systems add dry lime to either dry mineral aggregate or asphalt cement. Both wet and dry systems must accurately proportion lime, convey proportioned lime to the point of introduction without loss, and add lime to the mixture so that distribution of lime throughout the mixture is assured. There are a number of satisfactory ways of fulfilling each of these requirements in either batch or drum plants. To evaluate lime introduction systems, 15 test sections were built on 5 projects in 4 states. Each test project permitted the comparison of a wet lime system to a dry lime system. Five drum plants and one batch plant were used. Mixtures and cores representing each lime system were tested to determine susceptibility to moisture damage. Neither mixtures nor cores at approximately age one day and age six months revealed conclusive differences between lime systems. Although differences between lime systems were too small to be conclusive, on each project the wet system was somewhat more resistant to moisture damage than the dry system. It was concluded that the test sections were not old enough for moisture damage to develop, and it was recommended that evaluation of test sections be extended to age five years. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt plants KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Loss and damage KW - Mixers KW - Mixing plants KW - Moisture content KW - Resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460291 AU - Wyman, J H AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A CAPACITANCE TYPE PORTABLE WEIGH IN MOTION DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 23 p. AB - The Golden River light weight capacitance pad Weigh-In-Motion (W.I.M.) system was installed on the westbound lane of U.S. Route 2 at Pittsfield, Maine in front of the Maine Facility Laboratory. Two different type trucks, a Tandem and a Two Axle, were accurately weighed statically and then repeated runs thru the pad system were made for calibration. Accuracies are within +/- 10 percent. The electronic components are battery operated making all road sites accessable for vehicle weighing. The system is portable and simple to install in a few hours. No serious electronic problems developed over a two month continuous run. The Golden River W.I.M. system should be ideal for collection of planning data from many sites during a short period of time. KW - Accuracy KW - Capacitance KW - Field tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273526 ER - TY - SER AN - 00460173 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Thompson, M R AU - Cation, K AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED FULL-DEPTH ASPHALT CONCRETE THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1986/07 SP - 44 p. AB - The basic concepts and the development of a proposed full-depth asphalt concrete thickness design procedure are presented. Traffic (IDOT traffic factor), subgrade modulus (fine-grained soils, granular type soils), location in the state (pavement temperature effects), asphalt cement grade (AC-10, AC-20), and design reliability factors are considered. ILLI-PAVE based design algorithms are utilized in the procedure. Asphalt concrete fatigue consumption is the design criteria. A "Design Time" concept is used to consider temperature effects. The procedure can be easily modified to accommodate conditions other than those considered in the procedure presented in Appendix A. KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Computer aided design KW - Design methods KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Temperature KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Traffic loads UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-045.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460140 AU - BRIGGS, D AU - Pisarski, A AU - McDonnell, J AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JOURNEY-TO-WORK TRENDS BASED ON 1960, 1970 AND 1980 DECENNIAL CENSUSES PY - 1986/07 SP - 88 p. AB - This report identifies the changes which have occurred in population journey-to-work patterns, mode of travel to work and vehicle availability at the household level in the largest metropolitan areas of the United States between 1970 and 1980. The report is based on U.S. Bureau of the Census data, and it includes some limited analysis of changes since 1960. Selected Census information for 1960, 1970, and 1980 was summarized from available census computer datasets, and, to a very limited extent from census publications, to a geographic base which was compatable for the three decennial years. In producing this report, evaluations were made of differences in selected data items over the involved time period. The report summarizes these evaluations and presents the resultant data in 32 separate tables. Chapter 1 of the report contains the purpose, scope and limitations of the study. Chapter 2 summarizes population and other census data for the nation as a whole. Chapter 3 looks at population data for the large metropolitan areas while Chapters 4 and 5 focus on workers. Chapter 6 identifies changes in mode of travel to work, and Chapter 7 addresses vehicle availability. Chapter 8 completes the report by referencing the latest available population estimates to evaluate what has occurred since 1980. KW - Automobile travel KW - Availability KW - Census KW - Data analysis KW - Households KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Supply KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460366 AU - HUDSON, S W AU - Hudson, W R AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Harvey, J T AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF PAVEMENT CONDITION DATA. VOLUME I: PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 110 p. AB - This project involved modifying and developing a computer program entitled "Method for Analysis of Pavement Condition Data" (MAPCON). The MAPCON programs provide analysis paths for safety, roughness, structural capacity, and distress data for pavements. It transforms raw pavement data to a form suitable for input to a pavement management system. This report gives a description of the analysis procedures included in MAPCON and describes its use for training highway department personnel. A review and summary of current State practices for pavement evaluation is included. States DOT's were contacted to participate in the study. The MAPCON program was modified to make it more useful. The summary and recommendations include possibilities for additional development and modifications of MAPCON. This report is the first in a series. The others in the series are: Volume 2, FHWA/RD-86/069, MAPCON Users Manual; and Volume 3, FHWA/RD-86/070, MAPCON Operations and Maintenance Manual. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472083 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBILITY DOCUMENT PY - 1986/07 SP - 62 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has made a continuing effort over the years to incorporate timesaving techniques into all phases of the Federal-aid process. The "Flexibility Document" is intended to assist all those who participate in the Federal-aid process in understanding the flexibility which exists under current regulations and statutes. The document was developed by an interoffice work group. Over 40 broad areas of flexibility were identified and are presented here. The areas are grouped in sections which generally follow the project-development process. Each page is designed to be a reference by itself as well as a cite to related authorities. KW - Federal aid KW - Flexibility KW - Regulations KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471401 AU - Rice Center AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - ALTERNATIVE FINANCING FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION: THE STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 136 p. AB - Alternative Financing for Urban Transportation: State-of-the-Practice is a summary of the use, by 52 agencies, of non-traditional techniques for funding transit and urban highway services. The report is designed to introduce public officials at the State and local levels to a range of available funding sources and to facilitate their efforts in determining whether these sources will be useful in meeting their transportation needs. The 55 case analyses included in the report reflect the variety of efforts being made by large and small transportation agencies to cope with shortfalls in funding. The report is divided into nine sections: Taxes, Assessments, Fees, Negotiated Investments, Private Donations and Initiatives, Use of Property and Property Rights, Development and Provision of Facilities and Services, Toll Financing, and A New Approach to Developing Rapid Transit. KW - Assessments KW - Fees KW - Financing KW - Taxation KW - Tolls KW - Umta section 8 KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56300/56322/alternativefina8630rice_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469241 AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR STABILIZED BASE PAVEMENTS PY - 1986/07 SP - 47 p. AB - Concepts for a mechanistic based thickness design procedure for high strength stabilized base pavements are presented. The proposed procedure is based on stabilized layer fatigue consumption and an ILLI-PAVE based algorithm for estimating stabilized layer flexural stress. The design concept can easily be developed into a comprehensive practical thickness design procedure for Illinois DOT utilization. Appendix A is a State-of-the-Art summary entitled "The Selection of Stress-Strain, Strength, and Fatigue Relationships for Use in Mechanistic Design Procedures." Appendix B is an "ILLI-PAVE Data Base for Stabilized Base Pavements." KW - Algorithms KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bending stress KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Estimating KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexure KW - Pavement design KW - Stabilized materials KW - Strength of materials KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-046.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468193 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Hancock, K L AU - Mayer, J B AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN EFFECTIVE RAIL HEIGHT ON BARRIER PERFORMANCE. VOLUME II. APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 369 p. AB - The objective of this project was to determine the critical rail mounting heights to prevent underride and override for traffic barriers. W-beam guardrails, which are the most commonly specified barrier in the U.S., were used to develop criteria for both this element and the thrie beam. The scope of the project included both computer simulation and full-scale crash tests. The test barriers were installed on level and sloping terrains. Most of the testing was accomplished using 4500-lb (2000-kg) and 1800-lb (800-kg) vehicles. One test was conducted using a low front profile car impacting a cable guardrail system. KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Height KW - Impact tests KW - Mounting KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279280 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461893 AU - Drake, P AU - Baltimore City Department of Planning AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY ACCESSIBLE NETWORKS FOR THE ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED IN BALTIMORE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 172 p. AB - The Final Report provides results of an evaluation of Priority Accessible Networks as a means to plan pedestrian access improvements for the elderly or otherwise handicapped persons. The model was applied to three areas in Baltimore and 19 PAN routes/zones planned. The report includes a Countermeasure Improvement Plan for the development of the routes/zones into Prioriy Accessible Networks; a descriptive evaluation of the process involved as it was used in Baltimore; the "before" results for the plan to evaluate the effectiveness of planned improvements in Baltimore (and the detailed evaluation plan itself); the Prioritization Model developed by the Baltimore investigators to aid in the ranking of needed countermeasures; and the text of a pamphlet to assist other communities in the use of the PAN approach, based on the Baltimore experience with the model. The overall result is positive; modifications are offered to the process to make its use easier. The City of Baltimore has supported the results in its allocation and use of $100,000 for the installation of improvements called for in the first year of the five-year Countermeasure Improvement Plan for Baltimore. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Countermeasures KW - Networks KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Strategic planning KW - Urban areas KW - Walkways KW - Zone UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461720 AU - Ervin, R D AU - NISONGER, R L AU - MacAdam, C C AU - Fancher, P S AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF SIZE AND WEIGHT VARIABLES ON THE STABILITY AND CONTROL PROPERTIES OF HEAVY TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 199 p. AB - This study has determined the influence of variations in truck size and weight constraints on the stability and control properties of heavy vehicles. The size and weight constraints of interest include axle load, gross vehicle weight, length, width, type of multiple-trailer combinations, and bridge formula allowances. Variations in location of the center of gravity of the payload were also considered as a separate subject. The influence of these parametric variations on stability and control behavior was explored by means of both full-scale vehicle tests and computer simulations. In Volume I, the findings of the study are presented in a manner which is intended to inform the non-technical reader and, specifically, the persons concerned with formulating policies and laws regarding truck size and weight. For each size and weight "issue" the stability and control problem areas are addressed and the influence of size and weight variations is quantified. The results are then reviewed in the light of their potential implications for traffic safety. Volumes II and III provide (a) background information concerning test procedures and analytical methods and (b) detailed data. KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Axle loads KW - Center of gravity KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Payload KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Vehicle size KW - Vehicle weight KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460312 AU - Shapiro, P AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF TRAVEL BEHAVIOR FOR RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 70 p. AB - The purpose of this survey, conducted for the Arizona Department of Transportation, was to identify how travel characteristics of the residents of a retirement community, particularly Green Valley, Arizona, are different from those of the surrounding metropolitan area. Of particular interest was how trip generation, trip distribution, and vehicle occupancy might be different from those currently assumed in the regional modeling process. This Technical Report summarizes the results of the Green Valley Travel Survey and also describes how the PAGTPD travel models were modified to reflect the travel behavior of this self-contained retirement community. The Green Valley travel diary survey was completed by 668 households between March 6 and March 21, 1985. The survey data indicate that: 1) the average Green Valley household made 7.7 vehicle person trips as compared to 7.48 trips generated by the regional model for the average medium income household; 2) the average vehicle occupancy is 1.38 persons/vehicle as compared to 1.51 persons/vehicle that would be predicted by the regional model; 3) a smaller percentage of trips by Green Valley residents are home based work trips than would be predicted by the regional model; 4) the average length of trips made by Green Valley residents is considerably shorter than would be predicted by the regional model; and 5) less than 6 percent of Green Valley residents are under 60 years of age. The implications of the survey findings on the regional travel demand forecasting process are to take the following actions: 1) treat Green Valley zones as a special generator through the application of unique household size and household trip rates; 2) apply vehicle occupancy rates unique to trips originating in the retirement community; and 3) reclassify employment in the retirement community to community shopping center rather than other non-retail. Volume I--Final Report, Volume II--Appendices. KW - Aged KW - Communities KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Modifications KW - Regional transportation KW - Residents KW - Retirement KW - Retirement communities KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460313 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF TRAVEL BEHAVIOR FOR RETIREMENT COMMUNITIES. VOLUME II: APPENDICES AND PROCEDURES PY - 1986/07 SP - 131 p. AB - The purpose of this survey, conducted for the Arizona Department of Transportation, was to identify how travel characteristics of the residents of a retirement community, particularly Green Valley, Arizona, are different from those of the surrounding metropolitan area. Of particular interest was how trip generation, trip distribution, and vehicle occupancy might be different from those currently assumed in the regional modeling process. The Final Report for "A Study of Travel Behavior for Retirement Communities" has two volumes. Volume I summarizes the final results of the project including the survey results and the model modifications. This volume (II) includes more detailed tabulations of the survey responses, some statistical analyses of results, and detailed descriptions of the survey methodology. KW - Aged KW - Communities KW - Data collection KW - Methodology KW - Regional transportation KW - Residents KW - Retirement KW - Retirement communities KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460328 AU - Shearman, J O AU - Kirby, W H AU - Schneider, V R AU - Flippo, H N AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE WATERWAYS ANALYSIS MODEL: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 126 p. AB - This report describes WSPRO which is a digital model for water-surface profile computations. Profile computations for open-channel flow are compatible with conventional techniques used in existing step-backwater analysis models. WSPRO incorporates several desirable features from existing models. Profile computations for free-surface flow through bridges are based on relatively recent developments in bridge backwater analysis and recognize the influence of bridge geometry variations. Pressure flow situations (girders partially or fully inundated) are computed using existing Federal Highway Administration techniques. Embankment overtopping flows, in conjunction with either free-surface or pressure flow through the bridge, can be computed. WSPRO is also capable of computing profiles at stream crossings with multiple openings (including culverts). Although specifically oriented toward hydraulic design of stream highway crossings using risk analysis, WSPRO is equally suitable for water-surface profile computations unrelated to highway design. The report provides a detailed discussion of the theory and computational techniques used in the model. Model capabilities and data requirements are described in more general terms. Specific data coding instructions and examples of model applications are to be published in a users manual. Results of model applications to five field-verification sites are discussed, along with a comparison of WSPRO results with results obtained from two existing models. Also presented is a discussion of the applicability of WSPRO to design of bridges with risk analysis. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Channel flow KW - Flow channel KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Mathematical models KW - Risk analysis KW - Structural design KW - Water surface profiles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472677 AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SIMPLIFIED TEST METHOD TO PREDICT RUTTING CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT MIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 77 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a simplified test method to be used as a supplement to the Marshall method to assess rutting characteristics of asphalt mixes. A previously developed loaded wheel testing (LWT) machine was modified to allow for testing laboratory-made asphalt concrete beam samples under repetitive moving wheel loads at elevated temperature environment. Rut-depth developed along the wheel path was used as a means to assess the rutting characteristics of asphalt mixes. Four types of asphalt mixes, which have previously exhibited different degrees of rutting tendency experienced in the field, were selected for the preliminary evaluation and comparison of the rutting characteristics using the modified LWT procedures, the quasi-static creep test and the repeated load triaxial test. Comparisons of the results from these three different testing procedures indicated that the results from the LWT tests were more compatible with the rutting characteristics normally experienced in asphalt pavements under vehicular loading than that from the other two testing procedures. The present study has demonstrated that the modified LWT test is relatively simple to perform and the results obtained have the potential for being used to effectively assess the rutting characteristics of asphalt mixes. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Creep tests KW - Forecasting KW - Live loads KW - Repeated loads KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472756 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING SYSTEM. UTOWN CASE STUDY PY - 1986/07 SP - v.p. AB - This document presents an application of travel demand forecasting models in the Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) to a simple transit planning problem in the hypothetical city of UTOWN and serves as a guide to the most commonly used functions in UTPS. The case study of UTOWN is presented as a part of UTPS to provide a comprehensive view of the relation of the UTPS programs and files to one another in the analysis of an actual transportation problem and to familiarize new UTPS users with the inputs, program control (i.e., parameters, options, etc.) and outputs of the programs through the study of the sample runs presented. KW - Case studies KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Umta section 6 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472273 AU - Dusel, J P AU - Harrington, C N AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL EXPANSION ANCHORS. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 97 p. AB - A revised California Department of Transportation standard specification and a detailed test method were developed and written for testing and evaluating mechanical expansion anchors. The main requirement in the specification is that anchors shall be subjected to sustained tensile loads for 48 hours to test for excessive creep (greater than 0.035 inch). Initially, the numerous types of mechanical expansion anchors were classified into five categories, and then further into various types in each category. Over 500 anchors from 14 manufacturers were tested in short-term direct tensile loading in order to determine the ultimate strength and yield point of each type of anchor, and to find whether short-term tensile loads could be correlated with creep test results. No consistent relationship could be determined. Finally, creep tests were performed on anchors from three of the most promising categories and a specification was prepared based on the results of the creep tests. Chemical and hardness tests were performed on these anchors and it was determined that existing variations in these properites had no noticeable effect on creep performance. Volume II contains pictures of various types of mechanical expansion anchors (Appendix I), plots of load versus displacement for short-term direct tension tests (Appendix J), and plots of creep tests (Appendix K). KW - Anchor bolts KW - Bolts KW - Chemical tests KW - Creep KW - Creep tests KW - Expansion bolts KW - Hardness tests KW - Specifications KW - Tensile load KW - Tension KW - Test procedures KW - Ultimate strength KW - Yield point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472274 AU - Dusel, J P AU - Harrington, C N AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL EXPANSION ANCHORS. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 264 p. AB - A revised California Department of Transportation standard specification and a detailed test method were developed and written for testing and evaluating mechanical expansion anchors. The main requirement in the specification is that anchors shall be subjected to sustained tensile loads for 48 hours to test for excessive creep (greater than 0.035 inch). Initially, the numerous types of mechanical expansion anchors were classified into five categories, and then further into various types in each category. Over 500 anchors from 14 manufacturers were tested in short-term direct tensile loading in order to determine the ultimate strength and yield point of each type of anchor, and to find whether short-term tensile loads could be correlated with creep test results. No consistent relationship could be determined. Finally, creep tests were performed on anchors from three of the most promising categories and a specification was prepared based on the results of the creep tests. Chemical and hardness tests were performed on these anchors and it was determined that existing variations in these properites had no noticeable effect on creep performance. Volume II contains pictures of various types of mechanical expansion anchors (Appendix I), plots of load versus displacement for short-term direct tension tests (Appendix J), and plots of creep tests (Appendix K). KW - Anchor bolts KW - Bolts KW - Chemical tests KW - Creep KW - Creep tests KW - Expansion bolts KW - Hardness tests KW - Specifications KW - Tensile load KW - Tension KW - Test procedures KW - Ultimate strength KW - Yield point UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472102 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Mathew, A AU - DILL, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTITRAILER VEHICLES: A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE DOLLIES - VOLUME I TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 246 p. AB - This study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer articulated vehicles has led to the development of guidelines for the design of innovative dollies that will improve the roll stability and trailing fidelity of doubles combinations. The major effort of this project involved identification, analysis and further development of innovative dolly and trailer hitching hardware showing potential for the reduction of rearward amplification and prevention of rollover of the second trailer. Specifically, the project (1) reviewed the current state-of-the-art in innovative coupling mechanisms, (2) performed a parametric sensitivity study, based on computer simulation techniques, on combination vehicles using existing and proposed coupling mechanisms, and incorporating various combinations of 96- and 102-in-width hardware, (3) developed a new type of dolly believed to provide superior safety performance, (4) conducted full-scale tests of combination vehicles using various dollies, including a prototype of the new dolly, and (5) examined the potential safety and economic impacts of the use of innovative dolly hardware. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Couplers KW - Design KW - Dollies KW - Double trailers KW - Economic impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Hitches KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailing fidelity KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472103 AU - Winkler, D B AU - Fancher, P S AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Mathew, A AU - DILL, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTITRAILER VEHICLES: A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE DOLLIES - VOLUME II APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 58 p. AB - This study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer articulated vehicles has led to the development of guidelines for the design of innovative dollies that will improve the roll stability and trailing fidelity of doubles combinations. The major effort of this project involved identification, analysis, and further development of innovative dolly and trailer hitching hardware showing potential for the reduction of rearward amplification and prevention of rollover of the second trailer. Specifically, the project (1) reviewed the current state-of-the-art in innovative coupling mechanisms, (2) performed a parametric sensitivity study, based on computer simulation techniques, on combination vehicles using existing and proposed coupling mechanisms, and incorporating various combinations of 96- and 102-in-width hardware, (3) developed a new type of dolly believed to provide superior safety performance, (4) conducted full-scale tests of combination vehicles using various dollies, including a prototype of the new dolly, and (5) examined the potential safety and economic impacts of the use of innovative dolly hardware. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Couplers KW - Design KW - Dollies KW - Double trailers KW - Economic impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Hitches KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance tests KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailing fidelity KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472181 AU - Stein, M M AU - Beauregard, M AU - OSLEEB, J AU - Hinds, C AU - ABT Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY COLLUSION DETECTION SYSTEM USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 167 p. AB - The Highway Collusion Detection System (HCDS) is a bid-rigging detection software package for highway construction contracts. HCDS is designed to monitor highway construction projects to help determine which firms might be establishing their prices in a noncompetitive manner. When collusion is suggested by HCDS, traditional methods of subpoena and document searches should be instituted. The computerized system has the advantage of screening for and pinpointing those firms that appear to be the most flagrant violators of antitrust laws. The identification of potential colluders is an analytical task which is accomplished by interactively executing some or all of the 22 routines contained in HCDS. These routines include both general screening devices and more directed investigatory procedures designed to examine a particularly suspect group of firms and projects. It is the task of the analyst to move from the general screening commands to the more specific procedures necessary to identify collusive patterns and, thereby, the subset of firms potentially engaged in bid rigging. The User's Manual is one of ten reports required by FIPS guidelines for software development and documentation. It describes functions performed by the software in non-ADP terminology so that a user organization can determine its applicability and when and how to use it. KW - Antitrust laws KW - Bid rigging KW - Bids KW - Collusion KW - Contracts KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Manuals KW - Software KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463137 AU - Olin, D A AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLOOD-DEPTH FREQUENCY RELATIONS FOR STREAMS IN ALABAMA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 46 p. AB - Equations are defined for estimating the depth of water for floods having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 years on rural and urban streams in Alabama. Multiple regression analyses were made using the "maximum RSQUARE improvement" procedures. The dependent variable was the flood depth and the independent variables were 10 basin and climatic characteristics. For rural streams, drainage-area size (0.44 to 1,344 square miles) was the only statistically significant independent variable tested to estimate flood depths in six different hydrologic areas. Other variables affecting flood-depth relations are reflected in the equation constant and coefficient for each hydrologic area. These account for differences in geologic and topographic characteristics. For urban streams, drainage-area size (0.16 to 83.5 square miles) and percent impervious area (8.3 to 42.9 percent) of the basin were the most significant independent variables tested to estimate flood depths. KW - Drainage basins KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Geology KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Regression analysis KW - Size KW - Topography UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463149 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF POST DELINEATOR HEIGHT AND SPACING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 88 p. AB - This project involved an analytical optimization of the height, spacing and lateral offset of flexible post delineators for tangent sections and horizontal curves. It also involved a small scale field demonstration and evaluation by ODOT and FHWA personnel. The analytical optimization was conducted on a microcomputer and was based solely upon visibility considerations. For tangent sections an optimal spacing of 275 feet is recommended for encapsulated sheeting materials, while a spacing of 350 to 400 feet is recommended for prismatic sheeting materials. For curved sections of four-lane divided highways flexible post delineators should be spaced according to 9.8 times the cubic root of (R-40) for encapsulated lens sheeting materials (specific intensity 309 cd/fc/sqft), 11.5 times the cubic root of (R-45) for prismatic sheeting (specific intensity 825 cd/fc/sqft), and 13.5 times the cubic root of (R-47) for prismatic sheeting (specific intensity 1485 cd/fc/sqft) where R is the curve radius in feet. For curved sections of two-lane highways, bidirectional delineators should be spaced according to 10 times the cubic root of (R-43) for encapsulated lens sheeting material (specific intensity 309 cd/fc/sqft), 11.5 times the cubic root of (R-44) for prismatic sheeting material (specific intensity 825 cd/fc/sqft) and 13 times the cubic root of (R-46) for prismatic sheeting materials (specific intensity 1485 cd/fc/sqft). The effects of height and lateral offset upon visual detection are minimal and negligible. The field evaluation indicated that the spacings for the prismatic sheeting material provided the best delineation performance and that a vertical prismatic reflector strip of 18 x 1 inches provided the best reflective and delineation performance. Further, a red 18 x 1 inch prismatic sheeting strip on the backside of flexible post delineators on four-lane divided highways near intersections would help a lot to indicate wrong lane and wrong direction. Two black 30 degree slanted 6 inch strips in the top section of the flexible post delineator would help during the daytime in snow. KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Encapsulated lens KW - Height KW - Highway delineators KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Optimization KW - Prismatic reflector KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Spacing KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462218 AU - Bruce, R N AU - Drake, R L AU - Sperry, C J AU - Thompson, H A AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE TO WIND AND WIND CLIMATE OF THE LULING-DESTREHAN BRIDGE AT LULING, LOUISIANA. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/07 SP - 5 p. AB - Volume I of this report contains the results of measurements of the aerodynamic response and wind climate of the Luling-Destrehan Bridge across the Mississippi River at Luling, Louisiana. This bridge is the first large cable-stayed structure to be built in the United States. The data of this report were recorded during 1984-1985 and cover a range of wind speeds between one and 35 mph. Perhaps for the first time, systematic measurements have been made of the response of cable stays to vortex shedding and wake-induced forces. In addition, a first mode response of stays to either galloping or bridge deck motion has been recorded. Both of the displacements and stresses from these three sources are small in the range of wind speed monitored during 1984-85. Various parameters and spectra characterizing the turbulence at the bridge site were measured and found to be within the expected range of values for such data. Volume I of this report also contains a tutorial chapter for those who are not familiar with such aeroelastic effects as aeolian and wake-induced vibrations, galloping, flutter and turbulence buffeting. The executive summary does not include detailed information discussed above. For more information refer to Volume I. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aeroelasticity KW - Anemometers KW - Bridge decks KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Motion KW - Stresses KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Vortices KW - Wind KW - Wind measurement KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462239 AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT RECYCLING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 27 p. AB - The possible reuse of old pavement components has become an alternative to state highway agencies concerned with the rising costs of construction materials. A design featuring a hot recycled base course was selected for the Cowles Spur, North project which was scheduled for grading and surfacing. Construction on this project started in 1980 and was completed in 1981. The total length of the project was 8.13 miles. A 6-inch recycled bituminous mixture under the roadway and 6 to 3.6 inches under the shoulder with a 2-inch new asphaltic concrete surface course over the recycled base was chosen for this project. The old surface was removed by cold milling and then hauled to a plant site where it was weighed and stockpiled. No major problems were encountered during this procedure. The workability of the mixture was good and appeared to be more stable than an all new mixture of comparable gradation. After five years of service there is a good indication that the recycled mixture is performing comparatively to a new asphaltic concrete material. When substitution is made on equal thickness basis, the savings are considerable. The recycled mixture has been used in the lower layers and for wearing courses with good results. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461924 AU - Lukas, R G AU - STS Consultants, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC COMPACTION FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. VOLUME I: DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 241 p. AB - Dynamic compaction has been found to produce densification in certain natural and fill deposits to depths varying from 10 to 35 ft below grade and has an application for highway construction. This manual, Volume I, presents the "State of the Art" of dynamic compaction. The information contained herein was assembled from published articles, actual job records, interviews with engineers and specialty contractors engaged with dynamic compaction and data obtained from instrumenting three project sites. Guidelines are presented for: determining the suitability of deposits for dynamic compaction, estimating the depth and degree of improvement, planning the spacing between drop points, estimating the required unit applied energy, monitoring the improvement and predicting offsite ground vibrations. In addition, non-technical aspects of dynamic compaction are discussed including equipment requirements, typical costs, and methods for negotiating a contract including specification guidelines. Volume II contains detailed technical data for the three dynamic compaction projects that were instrumented as part of this study to provide additional information to aid in the preparation of Volume I. KW - Compaction KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Contracts KW - Costs KW - Dynamic compaction KW - Ground-borne vibration KW - Guidelines KW - Road construction KW - Spacing KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461950 AU - Arnoult, J D AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CULVERT INSPECTION MANUAL, SUPPLEMENT TO THE BRIDGE INSPECTOR'S TRAINING MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 215 p. AB - Bridges and culverts with openings measuring more than 20 feet (6m) parallel to the centerline of the roadway are inspected on a two year cycle in accordance with National Bridge Inspection Standards. The structural and hydraulic design of culverts is substantially different from bridges as are the construction methods, durability considerations, and inspection procedures. This manual provides for the inspection and evaluation of existing culverts. It is a stand alone supplement to the Bridge Inspector's Training Manual. The text provides procedures for conducting and documenting culvert inspections with specific guidelines for inspecting and evaluating the major hydraulic and structural components of culverts. Discussions on the hydraulic, structural, and durability performance of culverts are also included. Information is provided on personnel qualifications, equipment, and safety procedures required for conducting culvert inspections. KW - Culverts KW - Durability KW - Equipment KW - Guidelines KW - Hydraulics KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Personnel KW - Qualifications KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460320 AU - Bruce, R N AU - Drake, R L AU - Sperry, C J AU - Thompson, H A AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE TO WIND AND WIND CLIMATE OF THE LULING-DESTREHAN BRIDGE AT LULING, LOUISIANA. VOLUME I: OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 1984-85 PERIOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 264 p. AB - This report contains the results of measurements of the aerodynamic response and wind climate of the Luling-Destrehan Bridge across the Mississippi River at Luling, Louisiana. This bridge is the first large cable-stayed structure to be built in the United States. The data of this report were recorded during 1984-1985 and cover a range of wind speeds between one and 35 mph. Perhaps for the first time, systematic measurements have been made of the response of cable stays to vortex shedding and wake-induced forces. In addition, a first mode response of stays to either galloping or bridge deck motion has been recorded. Both of the displacements and stresses from these three sources are small in the range of wind speed monitored during 1984-85. Various parameters and spectra characterizing the turbulence at the bridge site were measured and found to be within the expected range of values for such data. This volume of the report also contains a tutorial chapter for those who are not familiar with such aeroelastic effects as aeolian and wake-induced vibrations, galloping, flutter and turbulence buffeting. KW - Aerodynamics KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Motion KW - Stresses KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460294 AU - Maurer, D A AU - McManigle, K A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT REPAIR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 47 p. AB - This report covers the construction evaluation of four methods of longitudinal joint repair: A) Method A - shallow trench; B) Modified Method A - shallow trench with sawed or preformed joint; C) Method B - deep trench; and D) Method C - full depth. Results indicated that the Modified Method A with a sawed or preformed centerline joint was the most successful in repairing longitudinal centerline deterioration. The only difference between the Modified Method A and the original Method A is the reforming of the centerline joint by sawing and sealing, which substantially reduces the occurrence of random longitudinal cracking in the repair. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Methodology KW - Preforming KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Trenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460311 AU - Clinton, H AU - Joehnk, G AU - Petzold, E H AU - Sverdrup and Parcel and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR STEEL BOX GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 98 p. AB - The Proposed Design Specifications for Steel Box Girder Bridges as contained in Report No. FHWA-TS-80-205 are evaluated. The results of comparative designs done using the AASHTO code and the proposed specification are summarized. The differences in the designs are explained with reference to the differing design requirements of the two specifications. The practicality and ease of application of the proposed specification are discussed. The results of parametric studies done to investigate the application of the proposed specification to the design of principal elements of box girders are included. Appendix A contains comparative design examples contrasting the use of the AASHTO code with the proposed specification. Appendix B contains a discussion of areas of the proposed specification that could benefit from additional clarification or comment. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Box girders KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design standards KW - Metal bridges KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460292 AU - Wyman, J H AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION INSTRUMENTATION OF A BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 21 p. AB - Over the past several years continuing studies of the application of permanently welded on or temporary clamp on type strain gauges to simple span girder type bridges, as a means of using the bridge as a scale, have been undertaken. Both of these types of gauges have been successfully tested; welded on gauges on the North Channel Skowhegan bridge and clamp on gauges on the new Hinckley bridge. Tests on both of these bridges have been successful and this report provides details of the techniques and accuracy of such devices. Both systems can provide an inexpensive way to obtain data on heavy vehicle weights for planning and road design purposes. KW - Accuracy KW - Clamps KW - Direct current KW - Girder bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Strain gages KW - Weigh in motion KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460362 AU - Bradley, M AU - Larsen, T J AU - Temple, W AU - GAINES, R AU - THOMAS, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL EDGE DRAINS IN RIGID PAVEMENT SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 135 p. AB - This report represents the findings of a four-state study of longitudinal edge drain systems used in rigid pavements. The report includes a discussion of design philosophies and design criteria, construction practices, field performance comparisons, as well as a discussion of where edge drains may not be advisable. Trench drains and drainable asphalt concrete layers were found to be cost-effective in terms of their original cost and in their ability to remove water. Performance comparisons with 7-year-old pavements without drainage provisions indicate that edge drains can extend pavement life. Maintenance of the edge drain system was cited as a major contributor affecting pavement performance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Drainage KW - Drains KW - Edges KW - Field performance KW - Longitudinal KW - Pavement layers KW - Performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life KW - Trenches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460169 AU - Adams, T L AU - Lebo, D AU - Raves, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PENNSYLVANIA INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL ACCESS NETWORK (I-CAN) PILOT STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 75 p. AB - A pilot study was conducted in four Pennsylvania countries to identify an Industrial-Commerical Access Network (I-CAN) to identify those roadways that provide access to industrial centers and commerical interest in the Commonwealth. The identification of the I-CAN is a continuation of prior initiatives to develop a priority network system which includes the Priority Commerical Network (PCN) and the Agri-Access Network (AAN). The study focused on identifying roadway obstructions that create long and costly detours, network rationalization of all priority networks as a total system rather than stand-alone systems as they were developed, and developing and evaluating criteria and methodology to be applied in a statewide network identification. The study demonstrated a cooperative spirit among the local business and industrial community, local planning agencies, and federal and state agencies in achieving a common goal. The results of the study will provide an excellant tool in establishing priorities for roadway and bridge improvements that support economic revitalization and community presentation. KW - Access KW - Business districts KW - Commercial districts KW - Criteria KW - Economic development KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Industrial areas KW - Industrial buildings KW - Networks KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460258 AU - Smith, P AU - Meyer, A AU - Barlow, L AU - Patroni, J AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVE SPALL REPAIR OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 82 p. AB - This report documents results of a project to evaluate PENNDOT's spall repair procedures and practices, and recommend methodologies for cost effective spall repairs of concrete pavements. PENNDOT's specifications for spall repairs are reviewed and evaluated based on field investigations in Pennsylvania, and a literature review which includes 1) a review of previous reports and other state specifications and guidelines and 2) telephone interviews with other state engineers regarding spall repair practices. Recommendations are suggested regarding specifications for method of removal of spalled concrete, method of cleaning the repair area, re-establishment of joints and cracks, consolidation, and curing the repair. Methods and guidelines for repairing, inspecting and testing spalled pavements are discussed. To determine the most cost effective repair procedure to follow, general criteria have been established for the selection of the rehabilitation option (spall repair, full depth repair, slab removal/replacement, or overlay). In addition, guidance in the selection of the type of spall repair are discussed. Guidelines are included for effective site preparation, and for preparation and placement of the repair material, as well as recommendations to minimize future spalling. This report is accompanied by a slide/tape presentation. KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Spalling KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460168 AU - Crowley, K W AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Institute for Research AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTING THE STATE'S MOST CRITICAL HIGHWAY SAFETY NEEDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 66 p. AB - The study has as its principal purpose, the development of an objective and reliable procedure for identifying and selecting the best Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) projects. The overall study had two major elements. The first involved making a critical review of the complete HSIP decision making process currently in use by the Department both at the Central Office and in the districts. The second element of the study involved a review of relevant literature including the HSIP procedures in use in other States and an evaluation of their utility to the Department. The Final Report presents a summary of the results of the study. It includes specific recommendations for modifications to the existing HSIP process. Two previous reports were submitted as part of the study. They are: a July 1985 Interim Report which contains preliminary recommendations for a project prioritization and selection procedure as well as for changes in the way that potential HSIP project locations are identified; and a November 1985 report which presented a detailed procedure for project prioritization and selection based on a utility theoretic approach. As the Final Report is intended to be a stand alone document, it contains concise summaries of the key information presented in these earlier reports. KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Ranking KW - Ranking (Statistics) KW - Reviewing KW - Reviews KW - Selecting KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460199 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - Lin, C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CLOSING INTERSTATE 5 LANES AND RAMPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/07 SP - 63 p. AB - This report describes the changes which occurred in traffic volumes, vehicle occupancy rates, and transit ridership as a result of the reconstruction of southbound Interstate 5, north of the Seattle CBD. Available data indicate significant changes in the routes and time of day of travel taken in the morning commute period, but show insignificant changes in the levels of carpooling and transit ridership despite aggressive attempts by local and state agencies to encourage high occupancy vehicle utilization during the reconstruction period. KW - Carpools KW - Central business districts KW - Closing KW - Freeway ramps KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Public transit KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reconstruction KW - Ridership KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/088.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00459146 AU - Boles, W F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLY ASH FACTS FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERS. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PY - 1986/07 SP - 47 p. AB - This booklet discusses fly ash as a resource and describes its production, handling, characteristics, and what determines its quality. Fly ash in portland cement concrete and fly ash in stabilized road bases are covered, and its use in portland cement concrete (mix design and specification requirements, effects of material characteristics, construction practices) is detailed. The mix design, specification, and construction practices of fly ash in stabilized roadbases is also covered. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction management KW - Fly ash KW - Materials management KW - Mix design KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Production KW - Properties of materials KW - Specifications KW - Stabilized materials KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477365 AU - Harwood, D W AU - St John, A D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF PASSING LANES ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. PHASE II - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/06/20 SP - 42 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the operational effectiveness of passing lanes on two-lane highways in level and rolling terrain. Passing lanes are defined as added lanes in one or both directions of travel on a two-lane highway to provide additional passing opportunities. Passing lanes at intervals on a two-lane highway are a lower-cost alternative to construction of extended sections of four-lane highway. The operational evaluation of passing lanes was performed with a computer simulation model of traffic operations on two-lane highways with and without passing lanes. This model, known as TWOPAS, was validated against traffic operational field data for passing lanes. The TWOPAS model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of passing lanes in improving traffic operations on two-lane highways. The evaluation found that the operational effectiveness of passing lanes is a function of traffic flow rate and passing lane length. Quantitative estimates in the reduction of traffic platooning due to provision of passing lanes are presented in the report. Passing lanes were found to impact traffic operations for effective lengths of 3 to 8 mi (5 to 13 km) of highway, including both the passing lane and the conventional two-lane highway downstream of the passing lane. A case study evaluation of alternative passing improvements was performed using the TWOPAS simulation model; this case study and a benefit-cost evaluation of the results are presented in the report. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Effectiveness KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway operations KW - Length KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Passing lanes KW - Traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Two lane highways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56000/56067/OPERATIONAL_EFFECTIVENESS_PASSING_LANES_1986.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474751 AU - Brademeyer, B D AU - Delatte, N J AU - Markow, M J AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSES OF MOVING, DYNAMIC LOADS ON HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS. PART II: PAVEMENT RESPONSE PY - 1986/06/07 SP - n.p. AB - Current models of vehicle-pavement interaction employ simplified models of vehicle loading, such as static or pseudo-moving loads. However, instantaneous dynamic vehicle loads may be considerably higher than static loads (1,2), and thus dynamic loading can have a considerably impact on pavement performance (3). Current models cannot account for this effect. The prediction of pavement deterioration and seviceability under dynamic vehicle loading becomes particularly important when pavement design and analysis methods must be extended to encompass expanding vehicle and pavement technology. The purpose of this paper is to develop a generalized methodology to analyze pavement responses to moving, dynamic vehicle loads, which may be used to predict pavement performance. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Mathematical models KW - Ost university research KW - Pavement performance KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418779 AU - Tunnicliff, D G AU - Root, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Introduction of lime into asphalt concrete mixtures PY - 1986/06 IS - FHWA/RD-86-071 SP - 102P KW - Asphalt KW - Binder KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Calcium oxide KW - Damage KW - Lime KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418407 AU - Lam, I P AU - Martin, G R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Seismic design of highway bridge foundations. volume 2 and 3 PY - 1986/06 IS - FHWA/RD-86-102, FHWA SP - 181P + 155P KW - Abutment KW - Abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundation KW - Bridge foundations KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Method KW - Methodology KW - Pile KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismic disturbance KW - Seismicity KW - Site investigation KW - Structural testing KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186205 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414491 AU - Kruegler, J M AU - Briggs, G M AU - McMullen, C C AU - Earnhart, G A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Cost effective bridge maintenance strategies, Volume 2: Guidelines and recommendations PY - 1986/06 IS - FHWA/RD-86-110 SP - 220p AB - This document provides guidelines and recommendations on developing a systematic approach for managers of bridge maintenance. It also includes a summary synthesis on the state of the practice of bridge maintenance programs in the United States. The elements of cost effective strategies for bridge maintenance are defined as: the identification of needs, the selection of strategies, the prioritization of strategies and the implementation of the maintenance program. Guidelines are presented to assist the bridge maintenance manager in: Bridge Maintenance Inspections. Strategy selection. Estimating cost of maintenance strategies. Estimating service life for maintenance activities. Prioritization (A). KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Condition surveys KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance economics KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460197 AU - DeAngelis, J P AU - Bullen, AGR AU - Hummon, N P AU - Manners, S AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ACCESS AND THE LOCATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FIRMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL APPENDIX PY - 1986/06 SP - 222 p. AB - This two volume report contains findings from surveys of Advanced Technology (AT) firms and comparable non-AT firms in five Pennsylvania corridors in which AT firms are concentrated. The key conclusion from these findings is that AT firms warrant the special attention of multi-modal transportation planning, programming and operations since these firms use a more diverse variety of transportation modes in the five corridors in which they are concentrated. This conclusion suggests a statewide and corridor approach to transportation systems concerns. These findings also suggest that transportation is viewed as a necessary but not sufficient condition for locating and conducting successful business operations at a particular site in a corridor. Accordingly, economic development programs and transportation planning and programming activities warrant coordination. An annotated bibliography, copies of survey instruments, and responses to open-ended questions are contained in Volume II. KW - Corridors KW - Criteria KW - Data collection KW - Economic development KW - Incentives KW - Industrial location KW - Needs assessment KW - Regional transportation KW - Selecting KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460196 AU - DeAngelis, J P AU - Bullen, AGR AU - Hummon, N P AU - Manners, S AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ACCESS AND THE LOCATION OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY FIRMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1986/06 SP - 85 p. AB - This two volume report contains findings from surveys of Advanced Technology (AT) firms and comparable non-AT firms in five Pennsylvania corridors in which AT firms are concentrated. The key conclusion from these findings is that AT firms warrant the special attention of multi-modal transportation planning, programming and operations since these firms use a more diverse variety of transportation modes in the five corridors in which they are concentrated. This conclusion suggests a statewide and corridor approach to transportation systems concerns. These findings also suggest that transportation is viewed as a necessary but not sufficient condition for locating and conducting successful business operations at a particular site in a corridor. Accordingly, economic development programs and transportation planning and programming activities warrant coordination. A review of the pertinent literature, description of the research methods, and an analysis of current statewide and corridor transportation planning, programming, and operations are contained in Volume I. KW - Corridors KW - Criteria KW - Data collection KW - Economic development KW - Incentives KW - Industrial location KW - Needs assessment KW - Regional transportation KW - Selecting KW - Surveys KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457539 AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING A FREEWAY DATA BASE MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 53 p. AB - A microcomputer that communicates to traffic measuring devices (Golden River and TRIDAQS) via RS 232 port is equipped to emulate a 3278 workstation. Due to the emulation software and hardware type and the host computer program, data files could not be downloaded or uploaded. The mainframe's program was modified and a different emulation package employed now enables file transfers (after project ended). New lap top microcomputers configured as TRIDAQS units now collect and process travel time data in four districts. KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Microcomputers KW - Simulation KW - Traffic counting stations KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610107 AU - Khosla, N P AU - North Caroline State University AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1986/06 SP - 316 p. AB - The objective of this research program was to develop a comprehensive methodology for evaluation of a flexible pavement system using a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). This objective was approached through extensive field deflection and laboratory testing of the selected pavement sections. Six pavement sections throughout the State of North Carolina were selected for this study. Two rounds of field deflection measurements were made using the FWD. Furthermore, materials from pavement sections were collected for laboratory testing. VESYS, a viscoelastic structural subsystem, was used to develop algorithms and nomographs for deflection basin interpretation. VESYS and three other methods (ELMOD, OAF, and MODCOMP2) were used to backcalculate in-situ pavement layer properties from deflection data. KW - Algorithms KW - Backcalculation KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nomographs KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610108 AU - Khosla, N P AU - North Caroline State University AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II - USER'S MANUAL PY - 1986/06 SP - 105 p. AB - The objective of this research program was to develop a comprehensive methodology for evaluation of a flexible pavement system using a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). This objective was approached through extensive field deflection and laboratory testing of the selected pavement sections. Six pavement sections throughout the State of North Carolina were selected for this study. Two rounds of field deflection measurements were made using the FWD. Furthermore, materials from pavement sections were collected for laboratory testing. VESYS, a viscoelastic structural subsystem, was used to develop algorithms and nomographs for deflection basin interpretation. VESYS and three other methods (ELMOD, OAF, and MODCOMP2) were used to backcalculate in-situ pavement layer properties from deflection data. This volume, Volume II, is a User's Manual. It presents a procedure for the design of asphaltic concrete overlays on existing asphaltic concrete surfaces. KW - Algorithms KW - Backcalculation KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Nomographs KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural models KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460321 AU - Geissinger, S B AU - Waller, P F AU - Stewart, J R AU - Rodgman, E A AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A TRUCK DRIVER'S PERFORMANCE IN A PERSONAL VEHICLE AND IN A LARGE TRUCK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - n.p. AB - The study examined the relationship between a truck driver's driving record in a personal vehicle and in a large truck, with special focus on the value of the personal driving record for predicting future performance in the truck. The study included a literature review, analysis of data, and an expert panel to review the findings. Driver history files from the states of Washington and North Carolina were the major data bases. In addition, special analyses were conducted on samples of owner-operators and motor carrier drivers. Motor carriers made available supplementary data. Limited information was obtained from the National Driver Register. The findings clearly show there is a relationship between the record in the private vehicle and that incurred in the large truck, but the prior record in the truck is a better predictor than either the record in the private vehicle or the total record including both private and commercial driving. Driver age and reported annual mileage were associated with future driver performance, but by far the strongest predictor was the prior driving record. Because it is not known how complete the availabe records are, the findings must be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, the consistency of the findings from one data base to another, and the fact that the most complete data base available to the study shows some of the strongest relationships, suggest that the findings reflect real associations between past and future records. Recommendations are made for improving driver qualification, selection, and monitoring. KW - Automobiles KW - Correlation analysis KW - Driver performance KW - Driver records KW - Drivers KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Personnel performance KW - Truck drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275640 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459029 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kragh, B C AU - Miller, T R AU - Reinert, K A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT COSTS FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY DECISIONMAKING PY - 1986/06 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 15-20 AB - Today, few engineers or even economists who specialize in accident costs agree on both the components of accident costs and how to collect the pieces of information. Because of this, in 1982 the Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development in the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Offices of Research, Development, and Technology initiated research to review and study the basis of accident costs. This article describes the results of the FHWA study and suggests accident costs for use by the States and others in determining how best to spend tax dollars to get the most from our highway safety program. Also discussed are the components of accident costs and some factors that influence how the numbers are determined. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/276280 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495948 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - ROSENBAUM, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR REVERSIBLE FLOW TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN LANES PY - 1986/06 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-10 AB - In an effort to develop traffic controls for the combination use of reversible flow and 2-way left turn lanes, a study was made in which past and present reversible flow 2-way left-turn lane (RF2WLTL) sites were reviewed, driver information requirements were determined, and candidate RF2WLTL traffic controls were developed and tested in the laboratory. Details of this study are described, and the results, which have been used by the Federal Highway Administration to propose changes to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, are discussed. KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Two-way control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482384 AU - Ljungdahl, L G AU - Carreira, L H AU - Garrison, R J AU - Rabek, N E AU - Gunter, L F AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CMA (CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE) MANUFACTURE (II): IMPROVED BACTERIAL STRAIN FOR ACETATE PRODUCTION. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/06 SP - 12 p. AB - Three homoacetogenic anaerobic thermophilic bacteria, Clostridium thermoaceticum, Clostridium thermoautotrophicum, and Acetogenium kivui, were evaluated for possible use in an industrial fermentative process to manufacture calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) from hydrolyzed corn starch and dolime. The hydrolyzed corn starch is fermented by the bacteria with a theoretical yield of about 90%. Improved bacterial strains were obtained from the clostridial bacteria but not from A. kivui. In fermentations with improved bacterial strains using dolime to neutralize the produced acetic acid, up to 150 g/liter of CMA was produced, however, the production rate was only about 12 g/liter per 24 hours. Batch fermentation, continuous fermentation with and without cell-recycling and continuous fermentation with a new type of rotating fermentor were tested. Economic evaluation of the results indicate that CMA can be produced for $0.24/lb. The rotating fermentor device was developed at the end of the contract period. With it a production rate of almost 10 g/liter an hour was obtained, however, the concentration of acetate in the harvested fermentation broth was only 1%. KW - Bacteria KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Fermentation KW - Production KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479411 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FISCAL YEAR 1985: CATEGORY 3. HIGHWAY OPERATIONS PY - 1986/06 SP - 96 p. AB - The 1985 Report concentrates on projects operating in FY 85 that examine highway maintenance and the impact of highways on the surrounding environments. KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475188 AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN AND REHABILITATION, REPORT 1. STATE OF THE ART OF PCCP EVALUATION TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 90 p. AB - The state of the art of Portland cement concrete pavement evaluation is reviewed with emphasis on the methods applicable to the urban freeway environment. Methods are recommended for texture evaluation, void detection and condition surveys. Data analysis methods useful for the development of pavement performance models are presented. The overall framework for life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is described with recommendations for the development of a LCC method for the Arizona Department of Transportation. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Data analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - State of the art studies KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476049 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Rutherford, M S AU - Hicks, R G AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SPRING HIGHWAY USE RESTRICTIONS. SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 44 p. AB - The summary report describes a survey of current practice as well as the guidelines developed for agencies which need load restrictions during spring thaw periods. The survey of current practice for locations in the U.S. and Canada shows that the average load reduction applied during spring thaw periods is about 44 percent. The analysis performed in the study tends to confirm that level of load restriction. Further, it was found for the assumed conditions that a minimum load restriction level (if any load reduction is needed) is about 20 percent. Load restrictions greater than 60 percent are generally not warranted for the range of cases studied. Air temperature based criteria (Thawing Index) were developed which can be used to estimate when to apply and remove load restrictions. KW - Data collection KW - Guidelines KW - Load limits KW - Spring breakup KW - Surveys KW - Thaw UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/080.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472114 AU - Kruegler, J AU - BRIGGS, G AU - McMullen, C AU - KRW Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE BRIDGE MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES. VOLUME II GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 211 p. AB - This document provides guidelines and recommendations on developing a systematic approach for managers of bridge maintenance. It also includes a summary synthesis on the state of the practice of bridge maintenance programs in the United States. The elements of cost-effective strategies for bridge maintenance are defined as: the identification of needs, the selection of strategies, the prioritization of strategies and the implementation of the maintenance program. Guidelines are presented to assist the bridge maintenance manager in: bridge maintenance inspections, strategy selection, estimating the cost of maintenance strategies, estimating the service life for maintenance activties, and prioritization. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Estimating KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Ratings KW - Recommendations KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472113 AU - Kruegler, J AU - BRIGGS, G AU - McMullen, C AU - KRW Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE BRIDGE MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES. VOLUME I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 10 p. AB - This document provides guidelines and recommendations on developing a systematic approach for managers of bridge maintenance. It also includes a summary synthesis on the state of the practice of bridge maintenance programs in the United States. The elements of cost-effective strategies for bridge maintenance are defined as: the identification of needs, the selection of strategies, the prioritization of strategies and the implementation of the maintenance program. Guidelines are presented to assist the bridge maintenance manager in: bridge maintenance inspections, strategy selection, estimating the cost of maintenance strategies, estimating the service life for maintenance activities, and prioritization. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Estimating KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Ratings KW - Recommendations KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469121 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCESS DESIGN FOR SULPHLEX (TRADE NAME) BINDERS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/06 SP - 32 p. AB - The report summarizes the content of the slightly lengthier Report No. FHWA/RD-86/149 dealing with the development of an economically viable process for producing Sulphlex, a tried and true "heir-apparent" to asphalt when the occasion warrants its use as a binder in pavement construction. KW - Binders KW - Plasticized sulfur KW - Plasticizers KW - Production KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465668 AU - Lam, I P AU - Martin, G R AU - Earth Technology Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS. VOLUME III. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS AND SENSITIVITY STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 155 p. AB - This report provides specific procedures for the seismic design of bridge foundations and abutments based on hand-calculation methods using design charts and computer methods. This report supplements the "Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges" published as a design specification by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1983. Design procedures are presented for footings, piles, drilled shafts, and abutments. Comments on site investigation procedures and in situ and laboratory testing are also provided in relation to determination of site soil parameters for analyses. Additional comments are provided on earthquake-induced liquefaction and slope stability as they affect bridge foundation design. The selected design procedures were verified by comparing analytical predictions with experimental data. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Field tests KW - Footings KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismology KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465667 AU - Lam, I P AU - Martin, G R AU - Earth Technology Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS. VOLUME II. DESIGN PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 181 p. AB - This report provides specific procedures for the seismic design of bridge foundations and abutments based on hand-calculation methods using design charts and computer methods. This report supplements the "Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges" published as a design specification by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1983. Design procedures are presented for footings, piles, drilled shafts, and abutments. Comments on site investigation procedures and in situ and laboratory testing are also provided in relation to determination of site soil parameters for analyses. Additional comments are provided on earthquake-induced liquefaction and slope stability as they affect bridge foundation design. The selected design procedures were verified by comparing analytical predictions with experimental data. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Field tests KW - Footings KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismology KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461930 AU - Dale, J M AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCESS DESIGN FOR SULPHLEX BINDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 115 p. AB - This project was undertaken to develop a practical, efficient, and economical process for full-scale production of SULPHLEX binders. The research included the design, construction, and operation of a bench-scale pilot plant (1 to 5 tons per day capacity); identification of the critical process parameters; investigation of the technology to monitor the reaction process and to minimize and remove unreacted volatiles and gaseous reaction products; identification of materials of construction; development of process flow sheets; and the determination of cost/size economics. Using the results obtained in the bench-scale pilot plant for guidance, the research also included the design, construction, and operation of a pilot plant (10 to 30 tons per day capacity); optimization of process parameters to determine operational conditions for maximum plant efficiency; and refining of the economics to cover full-scale production units. The findings of the research confirmed the validity of the basic SULPHLEX reaction, the lack of secondary reactions, and the lack of any environmental hazards. The findings also indicate that the process to produce SULPHLEX is economically viable. KW - Binders KW - Environmental impacts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Mixing plants KW - Production methods KW - Sulfur UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475194 AU - Avasthi, A S AU - Drake, R L AU - Le, H Q AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE, IN-PLACE INSPECTION OF CABLE STAYS FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGE AT LULING, LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 45 p. AB - This research report concerns a proposed technique for nondestructive inspection of cable stays for a cable-stayed bridge at Luling, Louisiana. The method proposed used acoustic transmission through the steel cables. The laboratory results shown herein establish the apparent feasibility of the method. Field measurement at the bridge from both ends of a single cable indicate that the cable is free of major faults. The method is not yet considered for practical application because of difficulties encountered in the field. These difficulties are explained in the report. Recommendations are made to improve the practicality of the proposed method. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cables KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475113 AU - Caylor, L AU - Sharp, T AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 64 p. AB - Up until the Arab Oil Embargo in 1973 it seemed that the crudes used in asphalt production were stable and the resulting product was more stable. However, after 1973 the refineries began using heavier crudes for asphalt production and they changed crude sources more often. To monitor changes in refinery sources would require more than standard physical tests alone. Tests of chemical composition along with the physical tests would more effectively characterize asphalts. The primary objectives of this study were to develop test procedures for characterizing liquid asphalts by molecular size distribution and fractionation using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Secondary objectives were to review the asphalt specifications and to attempt to relate field performance to the chemical test results. A repeatable test method was developed for accomplishing molecular size distribution tests on asphalt samples using high performance gel permeation chromatography. A repeatable test method was also developed for fractionating an asphalt sample using the HPLC in runs of only 8 minute duration. Over 400 samples were run on the HPLC and the data entered on a data base which was created on an IBM personal computer. A separate physical test data base was also created on the IBM PC. The review of specifications pointed up the need for a low temperature viscosity test. The Cannon Cone Plate Viscometer was used to obtain 77 deg F viscosities. A minimum 2.5 million poise specification limit was added for AC20 Special asphalts. KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical composition KW - Field performance KW - Fractionation of sample KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure KW - Liquid asphalt KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Molecular size distribution KW - Molecular structure KW - Performance KW - Petroleum refineries KW - Pressure KW - Production KW - Refineries KW - Samples KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475193 AU - Melancon, J L AU - Mitcham, K M AU - Griffin, P M AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF FLYASH TREATED EMBANKMENT AND BASE MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 61 p. AB - This study was undertaken to provide the Louisiana DOTD with a data base from which recommendations can be made concerning the modification or stabilization of soils using flyash as a full or partial replacement for hydraulic cement or hydrated lime. This report presents data from two soils used in road base construction in Louisiana. Data was obtained from soil specimens combined with cement, lime, and/or flyash from three local generating plants. Unconfined compressive and vacuum saturation strengths were compared to those presently required for stabilization using cement as a single additive. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Embankments KW - Fly ash KW - Hydraulic cement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Percent saturation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Unconfined compression KW - Vacuum KW - Vacuum saturation UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20182.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475000 AU - Marsella, M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF INSERTION LOSS AND EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC NOISE BARRIER DESIGN METHOD - RT. 444 (GARDEN STATE PARKWAY). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 65 p. AB - Traffic noise data was collected at four sites adjacent to the Garden State Parkway (Rt. 444) in Woodbridge and Clark Townships. Three of these sites had concrete post-and-panel noise barriers; the fourth was a control site having no barrier. Traffic counts and radar speed readings were recorded simultaneous with the collection of the noise data. For all sites, data collection took place before and after barrier construction, with the noise sample sizes ranging from 19 to 125 useable observations. Barrier sites had a reference microphone placed at the barrier and set five feet higher than the particular barrier top. Two field microphones were placed along a line perpendicular to the highway, five feet above ground level. The same configuration was used at the control site, except that the reference microphone was always set at fifteen feet above ground level. Analysis of the noise data by non-parametric statistical methods showed that insertion losses resulting from barrier construction were virtually nonexistent. In addition, STAMINA 2.0, the design method currently in use at NJDOT was tested using the same statistical technique. Although the accuracy of this model has been verified for a variety of conditions throughout the country, it did not accurately predict noise levels for either the "before" or "after" condition and therefore could not have been used to determine the effectiveness of the barriers. It is possible that the mix of 99 plus percent light vehicles for this highway is beyond the capabilities of this model. KW - Accuracy KW - Before and after studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Insertion losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Noise barriers KW - Sound level KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474829 AU - Jurman, H AU - Reiss, R AU - Sperry Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIDE AREA DETECTION SYSTEM (WADS) APPLICATIONS. VOLUME I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/06 SP - 13 p. AB - The overall WADS program objectives were: a determination of WADS requirements for specific traffic applications; an analysis of WADS errors; a design review of the existing WADS and recommendations for improvements; development of a new conceptual WADS design incorporating those improvements; and development of functional requirements for necessary WADS software. A cost/utility analysis, a limited "test" of the WADS conceptual design via City/State traffic entity reviews, and a costed WADS development plan were also objectives. Field testing to collect and evaluate operational performance results before considering a production design was recommended. The Executive Summary provides a brief review of the work performed and results obtained for each major WADS task. The conclusion and recommendations reached are included as part of the several tasks covered. See also Volume II - Final Report - FHWA/RD-86/137; Volume III - Appendix D - Task 3 Study - FHWA/RD-86/138; and Volume IV - Appendix E - Task 4 Study - FHWA/RD-86/139. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost utility analysis KW - Design KW - Improvements KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474831 AU - Jurman, H AU - Reiss, R AU - Sperry Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIDE AREA DETECTION SYSTEM (WADS) APPLICATIONS. VOLUME III - APPENDIX D - TASK 3 STUDY PY - 1986/06 SP - 120 p. AB - The overall WADS program objectives were: a determination of WADS requirements for specific traffic applications; an analysis of WADS errors; a design review of the existing WADS and recommendations for improvements; development of a new conceptual WADS design incorporating those improvements; and development of functional requirements for necessary WADS software. A cost/utility analysis, a limited "test" of the WADS conceptual design via City/State traffic entity reviews, and a costed WADS development plan were also objectives. Field testing to collect and evaluate operational performance results before considering a production design was recommended. Appendix D documents the special study effort carried out under Task 3 of the WADS program. It provides detailed information regarding a supporting design review of the existing WADS conducted by an independent consultant. See also Volume I - Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/136; Volume II - Final Report - FHWA/RD-86/137; and Volume IV - Appendix E - Task 4 Study - FHWA/RD-86/139. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost utility analysis KW - Design KW - Improvements KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474830 AU - Jurman, H AU - Reiss, R AU - Sperry Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIDE AREA DETECTION SYSTEM (WADS) APPLICATIONS. VOLUME II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 212 p. AB - The overall WADS program objectives were: a determination of WADS requirements for specific traffic applications; an analysis of WADS errors; a design review of the existing WADS and recommendations for improvements; development of a new conceptual WADS design incorporating those improvements; and development of functional requirements for necessary WADS software. A cost/utility analysis, a limited "test" of the WADS conceptual design via City/State traffic entity reviews, and a costed WADS development plan were also objectives. Field testing to collect and evaluate operational performance results before considering a production design was recommended. The Final Report documents the work carried out under the WADS program. It provides detailed information regarding the objective sought, approaches used, results obtained, and conclusions reached during each stage of the program. See also Volume I - Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/136; Volume III - Appendix D - Task 3 Study - FHWA/RD-86/138; and Volume IV - Appendix E - Task 4 Study - FHWA/RD-86/139. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost utility analysis KW - Design KW - Improvements KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474832 AU - Jurman, H AU - Reiss, R AU - Sperry Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WIDE AREA DETECTION SYSTEM (WADS) APPLICATIONS. VOLUME IV - APPENDIX E - TASK 4 STUDY PY - 1986/06 SP - 130 p. AB - The overall WADS program objectives were: a determination of WADS requirements for specific traffic applications; an analysis of WADS errors; a design review of the existing WADS and recommendations for improvements; development of a new conceptual WADS design incorporating those improvements; and development of functional requirements for necessary WADS software. A cost/utility analysis, a limited "test" of the WADS conceptual design via City/State traffic entity reviews, and a costed WADS development plan were also objectives. Field testing to collect and evaluate operational performance results before considering a production design was recommended. Appendix E documents the special study effort carried out under Task 4 of the WADS program. It provides detailed information regarding a supporting investigation of improvements to WADS conducted by an independent consultant. See also Volume I - Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/136; Volume II - Final Report - FHWA/RD-86/137; and Volume III - Appendix D - Task 3 Study - FHWA/RD-86/138. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost utility analysis KW - Design KW - Improvements KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472892 AU - Kane, D L AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING UNDER PAVEMENT STRUCTURES USING TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY PY - 1986/06 SP - 46 p. AB - A time Domain Reflectometer allows one to indirectly measure the unfrozen water content of a soil by measuring the di-electric properties of a soil as the unfrozen water content changes. Roadways that go through cycles of freezing and thawing are susceptible to damage because soil layers at depth with high moisture contents when frozen may limit the infiltration of melt water from the surface. A combination of high moisture contents and vehicular loads can cause substantial damage. Instrumentation to measure in-situ moisture contents of partially frozen soils are not available off the shelf. The technique of Time Domain Reflectometry was evaluated in this study as a means of measuring the unfrozen water content. Four roadway test sections were instrumented with vertical arrays. The technique proved to be an excellant tool for measuring the moisture content. Also, the probes used are nearly indestructible in cold environments, repeated non-destructive measurements at the same locations can be made, reproducible results are obtained with duplicate measureents and development of a calibration curve between the soil di-electric and unfrozen moisture content is an easy task. KW - Calibration KW - Dielectric properties KW - Frozen soils KW - Instrumentation KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Optical instruments KW - Probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectometers UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472675 AU - Scrimsher, T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLING ASPHALT CONCRETE (EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTION). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report documents the construction and performance of hot asphalt concrete recycling on three projects located on Route I-5 at Weed, Route I-80 at Gold Run and Route I-10 at Blythe. In addition, various cold and one hot surface recycled projects are discussed. Also, information is presented on recycling pavements containing various fabrics and use of the nuclear gage to determine asphalt contents for recycling. Two California test methods for design of recycled mixture are presented, one for hot and one for cold recycling. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Fabrics KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Nuclear gages KW - Recycling KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472212 AU - Speers, P AU - Mass, C F AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DIAGNOSIS AND PREDICTION OF PRECIPITATION IN REGIONS OF COMPLEX TERRAIN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 166 p. AB - This research has attempted to determine the distribution of precipitation in the complex terrain of Washington State. The first part of this report examines the precipitation distribution for various large scale wind directions. It is found that there are meaningful shifts in the precipitation pattern as the large scale wind changes direction and that knowledge of this behavior can be useful for operational applications. The second section presents a simple numerical model of precipitation in complex terrain. Although the results are not perfect by any means, they can usefully indicate the variation of precipitation in the mountains. However, such a model requires at least a minicomuter to run it. KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Minicomputers KW - Mountains KW - Physical distribution KW - Precipitation KW - Washington (State) KW - Wind KW - Wind direction UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/091.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472104 AU - Ljungdahl, L G AU - Carreira, L H AU - Garrison, R J AU - Rabek, N E AU - Gunter, L F AU - Wiegel, J AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CMA MANUFACTURE (II): IMPROVED BACTERIAL STRAIN FOR ACETATE PRODUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 118 p. AB - Three homoacetogenic anaerobic thermophilic bacteria, Clostridium thermoaceticum, Clostridium thermoautotrophicum, and Acetogenium kivui, were evaluated for possible use in an industrial fermentative process to manufacture calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) from hydrolyzed corn starch and dolime. The hydrolyzed corn starch is fermented by the bacteria with a theoretical yield of about 90%. Improved bacterial strains were obtained from the clostridial bacteria but not from A. kivui. In fermentations with improved bacterial strains using dolime to neutralize the produced acetic acid, up to 150 g/liter of CMA was produced, however, the production rate was only about 12 g/liter per 24 hours. Batch fermentation, continuous fermentation with and without cell-recycling and continuous fermentation with a new type of rotating fermentor were tested. Economic evaluation of the results indicate that CMA can be produced for $.24/lb. The rotating fermentor device was developed at the end of the contract period. With it a production rate of almost 10 g/liter an hour was obtained, however, the concentration of acetate in the harvested fermentation broth was only 1 percent. Further research should lead to the development of an economic fermentation process for CMA. KW - Acetates KW - Anaerobic processes KW - Bacteria KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Fermentation KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463136 AU - Bressette, T AU - Chang, G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTED WITH LOW QUALITY BACKFILL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of a three year evaluation of Mechanically Stabilized Embankment (MSE) constructed using low quality backfill (greater than 32% passing the #200 sieve). Four MSE walls were constructed in mid-1982 along Interstate 80 near Baxter, California, utilizing the clayey silt and clayey sand embankment available within the project limits. Two walls were instrumented to monitor stresses in the reinforcement, both horizontal and vertical movement, and lateral pressure on the wall face. The bid price for the MSE alternative was 12% lower than the reinforced earth walls and 15% lower than concrete crib walls. The lower cost is attributed to reduced excavation and on-site availability of backfill. Dummy bar-mats were buried in the backfill at various depths and pulled out a year later to deternmine pullout resistance values for various configurations. Laboratory pullout tests were conducted in a direct shear device using bar-mats with the same configurations. Pullout test results are compared. No definitive relationship exists between field, laboratory, or theoretical results; number of transverse bars and resistance; or resistance and overburden. The walls have performed well. Stresses measured in the reinforcement were distributed in a manner similar to expected distribution. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bar-mats KW - Clay soils KW - Costs KW - Embankments KW - Lateral pressure KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Pull out test KW - Sand KW - Silty clays KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463274 AU - Bokun, S G AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF EARTH BORNE VIBRATIONS DUE TO HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AND/OR CONSTRUCTION BLASTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 99 p. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the magnitude of ground vibrations produced by traffic and/or construction blasting. Such information could provide a tool in defense of legal claims concerning physical damage to nearby properties. An engineering seismograph was used to collect vibration data at highway traffic model sites, elevated structure sites, heavy construction traffic sites, and traffic complaint sites. The most pronounced earth borne vibrations were found to be from heavy vehicles traveling on rough pavements at highway speeds within ten feet of the vibration source. Vibration was lowest on smooth pavements regardless of the speed and distance from the vibration source. Only 1.6 percent of the traffic model vector sum means exceeded the 0.2 in./sec. limiting velocity recommended in AASHTO R8-81. None of the elevated structure sites or construction site haul traffic gave earth borne vibration levels above AASHTO recommended guidelines. At the complaint sites, only one close measurement distance (31 feet) gave levels above 0.2 in./sec. It was recommended that the Department make routine investigation of vibration levels due to construction-oriented sources at construction sites in urban areas within 50 feet of residential and/or business structures. This routine data gathering will provide base line data that will protect the Department from possible future litigation due to vibration induced damages. KW - Construction sites KW - Distance KW - Ground-borne vibration KW - Pavements KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic vibrations KW - Vibration UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_178.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462282 AU - Malsch, D A AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIQUID ANTI-STRIPPING ADDITIVES IN ASPHALT CEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 79 p. AB - The use of liquid anti-stripping additives (LAA) for reducing moisture damage in asphalt concrete pavements was evaluated using pavement cores from pairs of projects with and without LAA. Results were analyzed using the wet/dry tensile strength ratio (TSR). In addition, a diazo-dye for determining the presence and concentration of polyamine LAA was attempted to assess the value of the test as a field procedure. The chemical additive detection tests proved inclusive, but the TSR analysis gave a positive indication of the need for the use of LAA in the wetter environments of the state. For drier environments and for low traffic volumes, use of LAA may not be cost effective. The indirect tensile test was judged to be a potentially valuable tool for statewide use in the evaluation of anti-stripping additive needs. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Loss and damage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moisture content KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/085.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462143 AU - Powers, R D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAILROAD CROSSING CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENTS: A MODEL PROGRAM BASED ON FIELD REVIEWS IN SIX STATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - n.p. AB - Since 1973, a special category of Federal-aid highway safety funds (Section 203) has been available for safety improvements at railroad-highway grade crossings. These funds are apportioned to each State highway agency annually and are used to pay 90 percent of the cost of improvements at selected crossings. Over the last 13 years, each State has been able to identify and improve many of its most hazardous crossings, most often by installing train-activated warning devices. There is some concern, however, that too little attention is being paid to the less expensive safety improvements that are needed at a far greater number of crossings. Demonstration Project No. 70, Railroad Crossing Corridor Improvements, was developed to encourage State highway agencies to expand their current efforts to encompass significantly more crossings each year by including low-cost improvements at the types of crossings that are not presently being addressed. This report summarizes corridor reviews that were held in six States (Iowa, Florida, Alaska, West Virginia, Louisiana, and California) in late 1985 and early 1986. The final chapter presents a model program which combines the benefits of current individual high-risk crossing programs with those of a corridor approach in which a series of adjacent crossings are reviewed by a diagnostic team. KW - Corridors KW - Demonstration projects KW - Improvements KW - Low costs KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reviews KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462340 AU - Wyant, D C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFINEMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR SITING MAINTENANCE AREA HEADQUARTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 26 p. AB - The work reported here was undertaken to refine and implement a methodology, developed in an earlier study, that generates travel time, or isochronal, contours around maintenance area headquarters or the housing bases of maintenance crews. The conclusions from this study are based solely on maximum travel times; no consideration was given other maintenance concerns such as future growth in the area, the number of maintenance workers or supervisors, maintenance equipment, miles of roadway, or areas of right-of-way. The resultant methodology is intended for use only as an aid in decisions concerning the location and area headquarters and subarea facilities. Implementation of the methodology statewide suggested that area headquarters be located at 43 of the 45 residencies (an increase of 22), that a subarea facility be located at one residency, and that a headquarters be removed from another residency. In addition, 1 new area headquarters and 5 new subarea facilities are needed in new locations. In other suggestions of the researcher, the number of area headquarters should be decreased from 236 to 119 and the subarea facilities from 29 to 25. After determining the future growth in each residency and its impact on the location of area headquarters and subarea facilities, the optimum number of maintenance facilities can be defined. The number of area headquarters and subarea facilities should be between the present number and the number suggested by the researcher. KW - Decision making KW - Future growth KW - Location KW - Maintenance administration KW - Maintenance facilities KW - Maintenance management KW - Methodology KW - Travel time UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36668/86-R33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461940 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1985 FHWA FEDERALLY COORIDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME III: CATEGORY 3 -- HIGHWAY OPERATIONS PY - 1986/06 SP - 89 p. AB - Category 3 of the 1985 Annual Progress Report of the Federally Coordinated Program concentrates on projects operating in FY 85 that examine highway maintenance and the impact of highways on the surrounding environments. KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461932 AU - Petersen, J C AU - Plancher, H AU - Western Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANGANESE-MODIFIED ASPHALTS: CHEMISTRY OF THE CURING REACTION, ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIES, AND EVIDENCE FOR MANGANESE INACTIVATION FOLLOWING CURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 52 p. AB - The chemical reactions and reaction kinetics of asphalt modified with a patented modifier supplied by Chemkrete Technologies, Inc. were investigated. The modifier, a manganese-carboxylic acid complex, has been shown to cause a rapid reaction with atmospheric oxygen when the modified asphalt is exposed as thin films. This reaction produces paving mixtures with increased stiffness and tensile strength. In the present study, a good correspondence was found between the manganese-induced oxidation reaction (cure) and the increase in asphalt viscosity. The rapid, modifier-induced reaction with oxygen and the corresponding rapid increase in viscosity ceased following cure. The incremental increase in viscosity on cure was found to be governed by the asphalt oxidation chemistry, with the manganese modifier apparently being inactivated at the end of the cure by diketones formed during the manganese-catalyzed oxidation reaction. The chemistry of the manganese inactivation on cure was investigated in detail. Results of the study provide further confirmation for the mechanism of formation of anhydrides in asphalt. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical reactions KW - Concrete curing KW - Manganese KW - Oxidation KW - Stiffness KW - Tensile strength KW - Viscosity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33700/33757/FHWA-RD-86-152.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461958 AU - Ljungdahl, L G AU - Carreira, L H AU - Garrison, R J AU - Rabek, N E AU - Gunter, L F AU - Wiegel, J AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CMA MANUFACTURE (II): IMPROVED BACTERIAL STRAIN FOR ACETATE PRODUCTION - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 8 p. AB - Three homoacetogenic anaerobic thermophilic bacteria, Clostridium thermoaceticum, Clostridium thermoautotrophicum, and Acetogenium kivui, were evaluated for possible use in an industrial fermentative process to manufacture calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) from hydrolyzed corn starch and dolime. The hydrolyzed corn starch is fermented by the bacteria with a theoretical yield of about 90%. Improved bacterial strains were obtained from the clostridial bacteria but not from A. kivui. In fermentations with improved bacterial strains using dolime to neutralize the produced acetic acid, up to 150 g/liter of CMA was produced, however, the production rate was only about 12 g/liter per 24 hours. Batch fermentation, continuous fermentation with and without cell-recycling and continuous fermentation with a new type of rotating fermentor were tested. Economic evaluation of the results indicate that CMA can be produced for $0.24/lb. The rotating fementor device was developed at the end of the contract period. With it a production rate of almost 10 g/liter an hour was obtained, however, the concentration of acetate in the harvested fermentation broth was only 1 percent. Further research should lead to the development of an economic fermentation process for CMA. KW - Bacteria KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Dolime KW - Fermentation KW - Manufacturing KW - Starch UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461937 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1985 FHWA FEDERALLY COORIDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME VI: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/06 SP - 68 p. AB - This Executive Summary gives an overview of projects being conducted under the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology during the period from October 1, 1984 through September 30, 1985. Topics covered in this report include highway and traffic control design and technology. KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461939 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1985 FHWA FEDERALLY COORIDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME IV: CATEGORY 4 -- PAVEMENT DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE PY - 1986/06 SP - 139 p. AB - Category 4 of the 1985 Annual Progress Report of the Federally Coordinated Program concentrates on projects operating in FY 85 that examine the design, construction, and maintenance of highways and how each of these steps can be monitored. KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461938 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1985 FHWA FEDERALLY COORIDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME V: CATEGORY 5 -- STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND HYDRAULICS PY - 1986/06 SP - 150 p. AB - Category 5 of the 1985 Annual Progress Report of the Federally Coordinated Program concentrates on projects operating in FY 85 that examine bridge design and maintenance and protection against flood hazards. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Flood protection KW - Highways KW - Hydraulics KW - Maintenance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Structural design KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461801 AU - King, G E AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING MOTORIST ROUTE FOLLOWING. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 17 p. AB - This study quantified the extent of excess travel due to inefficient highway navigation for non-commerical vehicles in the United States in terms of both distance and time. Estimates of the consequences of this excess travel in terms of vehicle operating costs, accident potential and lost time are presented. Potential remedial measures are described and evaluated. It was found that recoverable navigational waste amount to 6.4 percent of all distance traveled by non-commerical vehicles and 12.0 percent of all time spent in such travel. The estimated costs to individuals and to society of this excess travel is estimated at $45.7 billion considering only vehicle operating and accident costs and the value of time. Additional, unquantified but significant costs are incurred due to increased air and noise pollution and increased requirements for highway maintenance and operations. Excess travel due to deliberate waste, i.e. the use of non-optimizing route selection criteria, and excess time due to failures in real-time route selection were not addressed. This is Volume I of a four volume set. The other volumes are: Volume II, Final Report, FHWA/RD-86/030; Volume III, Appendices, FHWA/RD-86/031; and Volume IV, Literature Synthesis, FHWA/RD-86/032. KW - Economic impacts KW - Guide signs KW - Improvements KW - Route guidance KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461941 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1985 FHWA FEDERALLY COORIDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME II: CATEGORY 2 -- TRAFFIC CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT PY - 1986/06 SP - 79 p. AB - Category 2 of the 1985 Annual Progress Report of the Federally Coordinated Program concentrates on projects operating in FY 1985 that examined road signs and other methods of providing information to motorists and keeping traffic moving smoothly. KW - Development KW - Driver information systems KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signs KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461942 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1985 FHWA FEDERALLY COORIDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. VOLUME I: CATEGORY 1 -- HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION FOR SAFETY PY - 1986/06 SP - 194 p. AB - Category 1 of the 1985 Annual Progress Report of the Federally Coordinated Program concentrates on projects operating in FY 85 that examined traffic safety for motorists and non-motorists. Highway visibility, interactions between cars and large trucks and other hazards, and traffic control devices are among the topics discussed. KW - Automobiles KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highways KW - Interaction KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461846 AU - Locke, C E AU - Kennelley, K J AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION OF HIGHWAY AND BRIDGE STRUCTURAL METALS BY CMA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 308 p. AB - Corrosion of bridge structural metals by chloride containing deicing chemicals has become a major economic problem in the U.S. The Federal Highway Administration has proposed the use of Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) as a replacement for the chloride containing chemicals, sodium chloride and calcium chloride. This report describes a study of the corrosive tendencies of reagent grade CMA and a commerical grade CMA on metals used in bridge construction including reinforcing steel in concrete. The results of an electrochemical and exposure study indicate CMA is much less corrosive to the exposed metals than found with sodium chloride. The electrochemical potential of steel in concrete is shifted to a more active value when CMA diffuses into the concrete and contacts the steel. This shift of the steel potential can lead to galvanically induced corrosion currents. This problem needs further investigation to determine the possible severity of long term exposure to CMA. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Electrochemistry KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460170 AU - Hardy, H R AU - Belesky, R H AU - Mrugala, M AU - Kimble, E J AU - Hager, M E AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY TO MONITOR MICROSEISMIC ACTIVITY TO DETECT SINKHOLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 269 p. AB - The results of a research program undertaken at Capital City Airport, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania to evaluate the feasibility of using seismic and acoustic emission/microseismic (AE/MS) techniques as a means of locating sinkhole-prone areas and monitoring current sinkhole stability are discussed. The report includes a review of the Capital City Airport sinkhole problem; a brief review of sinkhole phenomena and possible techniques for sinkhole detection and monitoring; a detailed description of the field studies carried out at the Capital City Airport site; a sinkhole monitoring philosophy based on the results of the airport studies; and an outline of additional studies required for the development of a prototype sinkhole-monitoring system. The results indicate that a combination of seismic and AE/MS techniques provide a feasible method for sinkhole detection and stability monitoring. Seismic techniques based on surface-wave attenuation provide a valid and convenient method for delineating sinkhole-prone areas. Conventional, low-frequency AE/MS techniques have been found satisfactory for locating simulated sinkhole activity. The location of AE/MS activity using zonal techniques was found to be very applicable to the problem of sinkhole location. However, high, rather than low, frequency AE/MS techniques may be more suitable for monitoring at such sites due to the inherent background "noise." Preliminary laboratory studies associated with the development of dual-transducer waveguide systems for detecting AE/MS activity under runway pavements and in infield areas were encouraging. KW - Attenuation KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Monitoring KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismoacoustic methods KW - Sinkholes KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460190 AU - Harmelink, D S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVE CRACKING - FABRICS (PARKER ROAD, MISSISSIPPI TO ILIFF, DENVER). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 29 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of fabrics in reducing reflective cracking. This project included the placement of six fabrics on an urban overlay. They were Bituthene, Bidim C-22, Mirafi Overlay 900X, Mirafi 140S, Petromat, and Duraglass 7108. The study concludes that one of the fabrics reduced reflective cracking by as much as 60% in a four year period, and all the fabrics provide protection from water entering the subgrade through the cracks that form. The use of fabrics should be continued to be considered as a method for reducing reflective cracking when overlaying a blocked or alligator cracked asphalt pavement. KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Effectiveness KW - Fabrics KW - Geotextiles KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460191 AU - Wortman, R H AU - Fox, T C AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL CHANGE INTERVALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 69 p. AB - Utilizing data from field studies of intersections in Arizona and information from the literature, an indepth examination of the traffic signal change interval was undertaken. This examination included a review of the traditional concept and theory on which the determination of the change interval has been based and an evaluation of the applicability of this theory. Because the majority of the first vehicles to stop after the onset of the yellow interval did not conform to a constant and uniform deceleration model, the last vehicles through the intersection were found to be more critical in the design of the change interval. Factors such as approach speeds, approach grades, and the duration of the yellow interval had little or no influence on driver behavior relative to decisions to stop or continue through the intersection. Based on analyses of the time distance of vehicles from the intersection at the onset of the yellow interval, the research suggests that a uniform yellow interval could be utilized. KW - Behavior KW - Deceleration KW - Drivers KW - Optimization KW - Stopping KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Yellow interval (Traffic signal cycle) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460368 AU - Lam, I AU - Martin, G R AU - Earth Technology Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 18 p. AB - This report provides specific procedures for the seismic design of bridge foundations and abutments based on hand-calculation methods using design charts and computer methods. This report supplements the "Seismic Design Guidelines for Highway Bridges" published as a design specification by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in 1983. Design procedures are presented for footings, piles, drilled shafts, and abutments. Comments on site investigation procedures and in situ and laboratory testing are also provided in relation to determination of site soil parameters for analyses. Additional comments are provided on earthquake-induced liquefaction and slope stability as they affect bridge foundation design. The selected design procedures were verified by comparing analytical predictions with experimental data. This volume is the first in a series of three. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Earthquakes KW - Footings KW - Guidelines KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460281 AU - Knight, N E AU - Turgeon, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 35 p. AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a polyester polymer concrete; CVI Industries, CVI Perma Deck II, as a thin overlay for concrete decks. The purpose of using a polymer concrete is to obtain a fast cure and to waterproof the deck. The CVI Perma Deck II, was placed on two decks after deteriorated and delaminated areas were repaired. Two aggregate gradations were used and problems were encountered with each gradation. Replacement or repairs of both deck surfaces will be required during the summer of 1986. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Concrete curing KW - Field performance KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Polyester resins KW - Polymer concrete KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460188 AU - Griffin, R G AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCEPTANCE TESTING FOR ROADWAY SMOOTHNESS. FOLLOW-UP REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - n.p. AB - Smoothness on 11 asphalt concrete paving projects was tested with a Rainhart Profilograph. Each project was tested four times; before the overlay, after the overlay, six months after construction, and one year after construction. The overlays resulted in an 89% reduction in pavement roughness. Post construction smoothness measured from 2 to 17 inches per mile. After six months of service, the roadways on the average were as smooth as they were the day they were overlaid. Typically, the roadways became slightly smoother after six months of service, but two projects became significantly rougher and brought the average down for the entire study. No correlation was found between smoothness deterioration rates and the initial smoothness. A profilograph based smoothness specification for asphalt paving is not being implemented at this time. The lack of a significant problem at the present and the lack of a long term benefit are two of the reasons. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Deterioration KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Performance based specifications KW - Profilometers KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275632 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460250 AU - Johnston, S A AU - Rudisil, K R AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR INSTALLING INDUCTIVE LOOP DETECTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 33 p. AB - This report is the final report of this research project. It describes a compiling of materials utilized by various agencies for use in formation of inductive loop detectors. It further lists methods by which different agencies install materials in order to obtain a resilient detection system. Tested were loop sealants, loop wire, preformed loops and loop sawslot cleanout methods. Included is a "Results of Survey" chart depicting materials and methods used by eight states. It was found that though many different materials and methods are used to form inductive detector loops, there exist some major problems. These are, most commonly, loop sealant failure (loss of adhesion) and poor installation technique (inadequately cleaned sawslots). KW - Adhesion KW - Building KW - Building materials KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction problems KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Preforms KW - Sawing KW - Sealing compounds KW - Slotting KW - Wire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460198 AU - Kulkarni, R B AU - Finn, F N AU - Woodward-Clyde Consultants AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: DEMONSTRATION FOR WASHINGTON COUNTIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 81 p. AB - The pavement management system developed by the State of Washington was modified to meet the needs of the counties in the State of Washington within the constraints of available data and resources. The modified system, called the Washington County Pavement Management System (WCPMS), was tested for Thurston and Benton counties. Results of this testing show that; (1) the WCPMS can be operated using the existing data in the county road log in combination with collected pavement condition survey data; (2) computer resources are available to most counties to access the State computer to execute the various programs in the WCPMS; and (3) routine usage of the WCPMS for a network of 1000 miles will require a level of effort of about 150 person-days and a computer cost of $1,000. KW - Accessibility KW - Counties KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Information processing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/079.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460166 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SNOWPLOWABLE MARKER INSTALLATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 55 p. AB - The first large-scale contracts for the installation of snowplowable markers were awarded in 1984 and 1985. Stimsonite 96 and recessed markers were installed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the installations. Durability and reflectivity results show that both the recessed markers and Stimsonite 96 markers have performed effectively as snowplowable markers. The recessed markers should continue to be used only on four-lane highways constructed to high geometric standards with the Stimsonite 96 markers installed on the majority of highways. KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Performance KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Snowplows UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460290 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL VARIATION FOR STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 85 p. AB - This publication is an interim report containing first year results derived from a two year HP&R, Part III research project designed to determine the variation in roadway structure strengths attributable to season. A total of fifteen roadway sections were repeatedly tested extensively for an eleven month period. All sections were similar in physical structure (24-30" total pavement and base). The subgrade soil types were different however. The strength measuring equipment used in this study was a van mounted Road Rater model 400B manufactured by Foundation Mechanics, Inc. All strength measurement data were obtained at a frequency of 25 Hertz and a dynamic load of 1.5 kips. The data were analyzed statistically and are displayed in tabular form and graphically for several parameters. Relative comparisons for the overall strengths, fluctuation in strength and deflection bowl configurations are presented for the various test sections. The data base is not considered sufficient for conclusive statements. There were however several apparent trends which emerged and these are addressed briefly. All statements contained in this publication are based on raw deflection data (uncorrected for temperature) and must be considered preliminary and subject to change. KW - Deflection KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Road raters KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460283 AU - Tarnoff, P J AU - Calhoun, JHL AU - Ellington, R E AU - PRC Voorhees Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTCS FUNCTIONAL HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS HANDBOOK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 322 p. AB - The objective of this Handbook is to provide system designers with specific information required to define a central computer controlled traffic signal system. This Handbook contains specifications for the UTCS Enhanced software. Specifications are included for traffic signal controllers, detectors, circuit protection, communication equipment, computer and peripherals, control and display devices, traffic application software, operating system software, and the interfaces between system elements. In addition to hardware specifications, the Handbook contains discussions of each of the system elements. This information is provided to help the designer make informed decisions as to what hardware is necessary for a system. For example, the advantages and disadvantages of using a control panel rather than a CRT for the operator input device are analyzed. The information also serves as a refresher for designers who have not had recent experience with this task. The Handbook also contains specifications for testing, training, and documentation. Both operational and maintenance facets of the system are included in the specifications. The principles of specification writing, including the organization of specifications, writing style and wording, and a description of functional specifications, are also discussed. KW - Communication systems KW - Computer components KW - Computer systems components KW - Handbooks KW - Hardware KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273521 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459028 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Richter, R A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR BETTER DATA MANAGEMENT PY - 1986/06 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 11-14 AB - Responding to the question of responsibility in traffic incidents is not an unusual task for a highway or safety program administrator. The responses an administrator makes in such cases depend heavily on data gathered by a State and stored in files. To have ready access to these data, an administrator needs an efficient information management system incorporating data collected from many sources and for many purposes. The system needs to be comprehensive, provide quick access to particular aspects of the problem, and provide interrelationships such as rates and trends. However, the more comprehensive the systems are, the more branches, departments, or even agencies within a State that become involved, complicating system maintenance and operation. In addition, some of the basic requirements for any information system - a common reference system, the ability to screen nonessential information, the ability to be updated easily at regular intervals, and immediate accessibility to users - are difficult to achieve with large, comprehensive information systems using data from several agencies. Therefore, smaller, agency-specific information management systems have been the trend, particularly for highway-related safety information. KW - Accessibility KW - Crash analysis KW - Data management KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Integrated traffic data system KW - Referencing KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/276279 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459027 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - ROSENBAUM, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR REVERSIBLE FLOW TWO-WAY LEFT-TURN LANES PY - 1986/06 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-10 AB - Traffic carrying capacity on existing roadways can be increased with reversible flow lanes and two-way left-turn lanes. Although these control treatments most frequently are used individually, some jurisdictions successfully alternate both treatments on the same arterial because of a combination of peak-period congestion and increased roadside development. Traffic control devices for signing and marking a reversible lane and standards for signing and marking a two-way left-turn lane are included in the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD). No standards have been established for alternating the application of these two treatments on the same lane at different times of the day. MUTCD signals, signs, and markings have been adapted and augmented to meet specific site requirements and economic considerations. KW - Highway capacity KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Road markings KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/276278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00459030 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Vanikar, S N AU - WILSON, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART PILE LOAD TEST PROGRAM FOR THE THIRD LAKE WASHINGTON BRIDGE PY - 1986/06 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - p. 21-23 AB - Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) currently is reconstructing Interstate 90 in the Seattle area to increase traffic carrying capacity and eliminate existing traffic hazards. This reconstruction requires an 8,400-ft (2.6-km) long bridge to be built over Lake Washington at a cost of approximately $96 million. The main part of the bridge will be a floating structure that will cost approximately $64 million. Piers under the approaches to the floating bridge will be located in variable water depths up to 90 ft (27.4m). The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) participated in a load test program by providing technical assistance, a mobile pile load test frame for static load testing, and dynamic pile testing equipment (pile analyzer) to monitor the piles during driving. The load test program was conducted for two major reasons - first, to determine if the allowable pile design load in compression could be increased, thereby saving considerable costs, and second, to evaluate pile driveability. KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Dynamic tests KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Load tests KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piers (Wharves) KW - Pile design KW - Pile driving KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Reconstruction KW - Static tests KW - Structural design KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/276281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458331 AU - Hardy, H R AU - Belesky, R M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF SEISMIC AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION/MICROSEISMIC TECHNIQUES TO THE MONITORING OF HIGHWAY SUBSIDENCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 63 p. AB - This report discusses the problem of highway subsidence and considers the possible application of seismic and acoustic emission/microseismic (AE/MS) techniques for monitoring such subsidence. Reference is made to the results of a recent sinkhole monitoring study undertaken at Capital City Airport, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania. These results are considered to be directly relevant to the problem of karst or mining-induced highway subsidence. This report summarizes the findings of the airport study and discusses the unique aspects of highway subsidence monitoring. A methodology to locate and monitor shallow cavities is contained within the report. A more detailed report is published under the title, "A Study to Monitor Microseismic Activity to Detect Sinkholes," by Hardy, et al., 1986. It is also available through NTIS. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Cavitation (Mechanics) KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Karst KW - Monitoring KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Seismoacoustic methods KW - Sinkholes KW - Subsidence (Geology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457931 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - DaDeppo, D A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIX DESIGN EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 120 p. AB - This report is concerned with a review of asphaltic concrete as designed by the Arizona Department of Transportation and its relationship to pavement performance. The examination consisted of analyses of the Hveem and Marshall mixture design, calculations to determine the magnitude and location of maximum tensile and shear stresses within the surface course of various pavement systems, the sampling of pavements considered to be of "good", "cracked", and "rutted" conditions, and comparing results obtained from a new mixture design procedure with values of air voids, voids in the mineral aggregate, and asphalt content obtained from measurements made on cores taken from pavements that had been in service. Additionally, details of the method of tests used in the design of paving mixtures were examined. The results of the study showed there was a relationship between pavement condition and the values of both air voids and voids in the mineral aggregate. The final densities of pavement cores were higher than the density obtained in design using either Hveem or 75-blow Marshall compaction. Recommendations include the study of laboratory compaction procedures to duplicate pavement density and to consider using the Hveem stabilometer followed by the Marshall test on the same specimen to obtain measures of resistance to rutting and cracking, respectively; additionally, the Marshall stability would be used for field control of the paving mixture. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Evaluation KW - Hveem test KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Shear stress KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457908 AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING A FREEWAY DATA BASE MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 53 p. AB - A microcomputer that communicates to traffic measuring devices (Golden River and TRIDAQS) via RS 232 port is equipped to emulate a 3278 workstation. Due to the emulation software and hardware type and the host computer program, data files could not be uploaded or downloaded. The mainframe's program was modified and a different emulation package employed now enables file transfers (after Project ended). New lap top microcomputers configured as TRIDAQS units now collect and process travel time data in four Districts. KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Information processing KW - Microcomputers KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457911 AU - Maxwell, D A AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Nassiri, H AU - Mason, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TEXAS TRUCK WEIGHING PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/06 SP - 67 p. AB - This report documents the findings of an evaluation study of the Texas Truck Weighing Program. The evaluation included an analysis of the data from the six existing sites; the current and future data needs; the existing highway system and related truck traffic stream; statistical sampling techniques; and procedures for economic design sample distribution. The emphasis of the evaluation was on the data capture, data reduction and archiving procedures to satisfy the internal and external reporting requirements and planning, design and maintenance needs of the Department. The evaluation resulted in a Truck Weighing Program that would increase the number of weigh-in-motion sites from six to twenty-six. These sites would be distributed across the State so as to capture the variability in the truck traffic stream from interstate to farm-to-market road classes, from high to low percentage of heavy trucks, and from region to region. The system design proposes several ways and formats to get the results into the hands of the user in a timely and efficient manner. KW - Data analysis KW - Data needs KW - Information organization KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01618842 AU - Farbiarz, Josef AU - Carrasquillo, Ramon L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Effectiveness of Fly Ash Replacement in the Reduction of Damage Due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete PY - 1986/05//Interim Report SP - 202p AB - The concrete industry is faced with the urgent need of improving its knowledge about the mechanism by which fly ash helps in the reduction of damage due to alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete to acceptable levels. The main objective of this research was to identify the most relevant components of fly ash, cement, and concrete aggregates affecting the alkali-aggregate reaction, and to find a relationship between them, indicating type and amount of a given component acceptable for use in concrete to ensure no damage due to alkali-aggregate reaction. The research approach used in this investigation was to conduct a comparative study of the behavior of several mixes made using several aggregate sources in combination with cements with high and low alkali content, and containing different types of fly ash at different replacement percentages. The variables studied included: (1) alkali content of the cement, (2) available alkali content of the fly ash, (3) degree of alkali reactivity of the aggregate, (4) type and source of fly ash, and (5) percentage of cement replaced. Test results presented in this report are limited to 90-day exposure testing. However, exposure testing of all specimens will continue until the 24-month test age and the results will be included in later reports. KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkali content KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Exposure testing KW - Fly ash UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/450-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60500/60562/450-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1439965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582316 AU - Sorensen, Harold C AU - Toreh, Richard AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Determination of the Capability of a Side Bearing Block Foundation as a Fixed Support to Resist Overturning PY - 1986/05//Final Report SP - 118p AB - A side bearing block foundation is used to resist overturning moments and lateral forces. Theoretical and experimental investigations were made to determine the ultimate moment capacity of a 3' x 3' x 7' reinforced concrete footing subjected to vertical and horizontal loads and an overturning moment. The theoretical ultimate moment capacity was assumed to occur when the ultimate soil resistance was reached along the side bearing walls. It was found that the resultant friction force at the base of the foundation greatly influenced the capacity of the foundation to resist an overturning moment. The experimental ultimate moment capacity was determined from a load-deflection curve obtained from field data. A theoretical ultimate moment capacity was determined with the use of a finite element computer program. The results from each of the three determinations were in acceptable agreement. Recommendations for further study are made. KW - Finite element method KW - Footings KW - Lateral loads KW - Load deflection curves KW - Moment capacity KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Side bearing block foundations UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/084.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419346 AU - Freedman, M AU - Decina, L E AU - Nick, J B AU - Farber, E I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Offices of Research and Development TI - Reflective characteristics of roadway pavements during wet weather PY - 1986/05 IS - FHWA-RD-86-104 SP - 85P KW - Lighting KW - Lighting KW - Luminance KW - Luminance KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectivity KW - Road surface properties KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Visibility KW - Visibility KW - Wet road KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418548 AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Pollack, L E AU - Zweig, W D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations Research and Development TI - Minimal luminance requirement for official highway signs: executive summary PY - 1986/05 IS - FHWA/RD-86-150 SP - 1 VOL KW - Deterioration KW - Deterioration KW - Legibility KW - Legibility KW - Luminance KW - Luminance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance management KW - Material properties KW - Measurement KW - Measurement KW - Properties of materials KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectivity KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418423 AU - Buth, C E AU - Campise, W L AU - Griffin, L I AU - Love, M L AU - Sicking, D L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Performance limits of longitudinal barrier systems, volume 1 - summary report PY - 1986/05 IS - FHWA/RD-86-153 SP - 108P KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Crash test KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Road safety KW - Safety fence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416776 AU - Tayabji, S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Dowel placement tolerances PY - 1986/05 IS - FHWA/RD-86-042 SP - 36P AB - This report presents results of an investigation conducted to develop placement tolerances for dowels at concrete pavement joints. A theoretical analysis of dowel misalignment was attempted. The purpose of the analysis was to compute restraint stresses induced in the concrete pavement for different levels of dowel misalignment. However, because of the complexity of correctly incorporating the three dimensional nature of dowel misalignment, the theoretical analysis was not completed. The effect of dowel misalignment was then investigated in the laboratory by conducting pull out tests on sections of concrete slabs incorporating a joint and dowels with different levels of misalignment. Test results are presented in this report. Test results indicate that pull out loads were relatively low for dowel misalignment levels of less than 1 inch per 18 inch length of dowel bars and a maximum joint opening of 0.25 Inches. Because of the limited amount of laboratory data, no recommendations are made to establish new acceptable levels of dowel misalignment (a). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowel KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416775 AU - Tayabji, S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Evaluation of load transfer restoration techniques and undersealing practices PY - 1986/05 IS - FHWA/RD-86-043 SP - 89P AB - This report presents results of an investigation conducted to evaluate the performance of "retrofit" load transfer devices installed at a test site on i-75 in georgia. Devices installed include dowel bars placed in slots and double v devices placed in holes drilled along joints. Measured deflection data at the test site are compared with deflections calculated using a modified version of computer program jslab. The modified version of the program allows calculation of deflections of loaded slabs that are initially curled upward. Calculated results indicate that there is no clear difference in calculated responses of joints using retrofitted dowel bars and double v devices. However, field deflection data and visual observations of test sections indicate that sections retrofitted with dowel bars are generally performing better than sections retrofitted with double v devices. Poor performance of some of the test sections using the double v devices is attributed to field problems encountered with use of the patching materials. These problems may preclude achievement of desirable level of performance with double v devices. Retrofitted dowel bars can be expected to provide a desirable level of long term performance when used with commonly available patching materials. The report also presents a synthesis of state dot practices on undersealing of concrete pavements. Items discussed include void detection, grout materials and properties, grouting equipment, and grouting procedure. Data from Illinois and New York on performance of undersealed sections are also presented. Illinois data indicate that improvement in deflection response is obtained with undersealing only when initial deflections are high. The New York data showed that undersealing is not effective in eliminating faulting if the causative factors, especially lack of load transfer, are not eliminated. Therefore, undersealing by itself does not solve the problem of pumping and faulting. Steps must be taken to restore load transfer at joints and to eliminate saturated subbase/ subgrade condition by providing effective drainage and positive joint sealing (a). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457055 AU - University of Nevada, Reno AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT PULVERIZING EQUIPMENT. TECHNICAL SUMMARY PY - 1986/05 SP - n.p. AB - This summary announces the key findings of a Federal Highway Administration research project that determined whether the need and the technology exist to develop more effective and more efficient portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement equipment. The study included a literature review and interviews to precisely define the construction operations currently used, the requirements for breaking and sizing equipment, and the potential market demand for the equipment. The various factors involved in determining the need and the cost-effectiveness of the production of improved PCC pulverizing equipment was also examined. The research project is fully documented in a separate report of the same title (FHWA-TS-85-224). KW - Comminution KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction equipment KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Markets KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sizing KW - Sizing apparatus UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457534 AU - Mason, J M AU - Middleton, D R AU - PETERSEN, H C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL AND GEOMETRIC EVALUATION OF EXCLUSIVE TRUCK LANES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 165 p. AB - This report describes the development of a moving analysis program which can be used to identify candidate sections of highway which warrant the addition of exclusive truck facilities. The program will evaluate the feasibility of constructing these facilities in the median area. The I-35 corridor from Dallas to San Antonio was used as a case study to illustrate the use of the program. Present and future traffic conditions were considered in the evaluation of the impacts of separating trucks from the main stream of traffic. KW - Case studies KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Geometric design KW - Highway operations KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Traffic KW - Traffic segregation KW - Truck lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457151 AU - Transportation Studies Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM: RESEARCH PLANS. OVERVIEW AND INTEGRATION REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 60 p. AB - The five-year STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM (SHRP) is to be one of the most comprehensive highway research programs undertaken in the United States. SHRP is a highly focused, specially funded program that concentrates on six critical areas within pavements and bridges: asphalt, long-term pavement performance, maintenance effectiveness, protection of bridge components, cement and concrete, and snow and ice control. The primary function of SHRP is to concentrate highly innovative research approaches to achieve significant gains in a few specific areas of highway technology rather than incremental research advances in many areas. This report provides a general overview of the all-inclusive SHRP research plan that was completed early in 1986 under the general guidance of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and the Federal Highway Administration. It provides information relative to the details of the technical research plans developed for each of the six areas, management and organizational considerations of a central SHRP organization under the National Research Council, and comments on several major program issues critical to the eventual success of SHRP. KW - Asphalt KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Corrosion protection KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Physical properties KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Snow and ice control KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457068 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Parker, M R AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ACCIDENT SURROGATES FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS OF RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III. APPENDIXES PY - 1986/05 SP - 68 p. AB - The objective of this study was to validate the use of accident surrogate measures for analyzing safety on rural highways. Emphasized were inexpensive, quickly obtained measures. They were tested for isolated horizontal curves and unsignalized intersections on two lane state highways. This volume contains eight appendixes which supplement information presented in summary form in the technical report. Appendixes A through E provide data collection details including the data forms, equipment, the training manual and training program, and accident data collection. Appendixes F and G contain the algorithms used to derive selected surrogate measures and the results of the regression analyses. Appendix H presents a synopsis of the problems encountered when operational variables were collected at night. KW - Accident surrogates KW - Algorithms KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Curvature KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Night KW - Reliability KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Training KW - Two lane highways KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457067 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Parker, M R AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ACCIDENT SURROGATES FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS OF RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 102 p. AB - The objective of this study was to validate the use of accident surrogate measures for analyzing safety on rural highways. Emphasized were inexpensive, quickly obtained measures. They were tested for isolated horizontal curves and unsignalized intersections on two lane state highways. From a literature review, 23 potential surrogates for curve accidents and 20 for intersection accidents were identified. They were measured in samples of 78 curves and 121 intersections in western New York. Predictive equations for accident rates were derived by multiple regression analysis. Degree of curvature and traffic volume were the best predictor variables for curves, while major and minor road traffic volume, minor road average stopped delay, and percent left turns were the best predictor variables for the intersections. The maximum variance in accident rates accounted for was 31 percent, but mathematical considerations suggested that stronger relationships were theoretically possible with more reliable and precise surrogate measures. Increasing reliability through sophisticated instrumentation, longer measurement periods, and other methods was recommended. KW - Accident surrogates KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Curvature KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Reliability KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457064 AU - Terhune, K W AU - Parker, M R AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF ACCIDENT SURROGATES FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS OF RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/05 SP - 25 p. AB - The objective of this study was to validate the use of accident surrogate measures for analyzing safety on rural highways. Emphasized were inexpensive, quickly obtained measures. They were tested for isolated horizontal curves and unsignalized intersections on two lane state highways. The most promising surrogate variables were identified from the work of previous investigators, and they were measured in samples of 78 curves and 121 intersections in western New York. Predictive equations for accident rates were derived by multiple regression analysis. Degree of curvature and traffic volume were the best predictor variables for curves, while major and minor road traffic volume, minor road average stopped delay, and percent left turns were the best predictor variables for the intersections. The maximum variance in accident rates accounted for was 31 percent, but mathematical considerations suggested that stronger relationships were theoretically possible with more reliable and precise surrogate measures. Increasing reliability through sophisticated instrumentation, longer measurement periods, and other methods was recommended. KW - Accident surrogates KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash injury research KW - Crash rates KW - Curvature KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Forecasting KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Left turns KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Reliability KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Two lane highways KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623603 AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NORTHSTAR WORKSHOP ON FINANCING TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR PUBLIC/PRIVATE COOPERATION, BLOOMINGTON, MINNESOTA, MAY 6 AND 7, 1986 PY - 1986/05 SP - 257 p. AB - The Northstar Workshop was attended by about 135 persons drawn from Mn/DOT, other state departments, the Minnesota Legislature, county and municipal agencies, chambers of commerce, developers, and industry. The format of the workshop was one and one-half days of presentations of papers by individuals on the subjects which had been assigned to them, with limited questions and discussion after each one. The proceedings contains transcripts of these presentations. These presentations were followed by group discussions for which the attendees were divided into six groups. Reports of these discussions were made to the full conference by group leaders and a wrap-up was made by Deputy Commissioner Robert McDonald. Following the workshop, Mr. McDonald appointed a committee of Mn/DOT staff to review the innovative approaches for public/private cooperation for financing transportation infrastucture in Minnesota. The committee was charged to make specific recommendations for incorporating public/private funding techniques into the state project development process based on the papers and discussions at the workshop. The report is included in the Executive Summary. KW - Cooperation KW - Dedicated revenues KW - Development KW - Fees KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Impact fees KW - Infrastructure KW - Innovation KW - Minnesota KW - Public private partnerships KW - Revenues KW - Taxation KW - Tolls KW - Transportation KW - User charges KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479504 AU - Steffens, W T AU - Weinstock, S AU - Sullivan, M E AU - Massachusetts Department of Public Works AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION: SOUTHEAST EXPRESSWAY, MASSACHUSETTS 1984-1985 PY - 1986/05 SP - 198 p. AB - Although anticipated as an extremely disruptive project, the reconstruction of Boston's Southeast Expressway when finished was considered by politicians and engineers alike as a model of how to reconstruct a major expressway while maintaining travel in the transportation corridor. The success of this reconstruction effort can be attributed to several factors discussed in this report. These factors included the development of a comprehensive corridor traffic management plan for both construction site and off-site locations, the extensive use of public information and media exposure, the use of flexible mitigation strategies which allowed the responsible agency to adjust the traffic management plan as additional experience was obtained, and the use of a task force to coordinate the numerous agency actions in plan implementation. The purpose of this report is to describe the corridor traffic management plan used by the Massachusetts Department of Public Works during the reconstruction of the Southeast Expressway. The response of the traveling public to the reconstruction project and to the corridor traffic management plan is also discussed. Chapter headings are as follows: executive summary; the Southeast Expressway reconstruction project; reconstruction impact on traffic volumes and travel times; fringe parking; rapid transit; commuter rail; express bus service; other modes (commuter boat and ridesharing); non-traffic elements of roadway service improvement; public information; aid to affected communities; user survey and travel pattern changes; program costs; and conclusions and recommendations. KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Express buses KW - Expressways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Park and ride KW - Publicity KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Rapid transit KW - Recommendations KW - Reconstruction KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Travel time KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460247 AU - Borden, R H AU - Lowder, W M AU - Khosla, N P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT SUBGRADE SUPPORT CHARACTERISTICS BY DILATOMETER TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 157 p. AB - The problem of evaluating the as-compacted or existing properties of subgrade soils is an important aspect of the design and rehabilitation of flexible pavements. The dilatometer has been shown to have significant potential obtaining this information both reliably and economically. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the dilatometer in predicting various soil parameters. These included the CBR value, constrained modulus, resilient modulus, and elastic modulus. The results of the research lead to the following conclusions: (1) Unique relationships between CBR and dilatometer modulus were found to exist for each of the four soils tested. A preliminary model is proposed which utilizes the dilatometer material index, thus circumventing the need for field sampling, classification and analysis by specific soil type. (2) The results of field tests generally supported the CBR-dilatometer modulus relationships established in the laboratory. The time required to perform the dilatometer test compared very favorably to other testing techniques. (3) Unique relationships were found to exist between the constrained modulus and the dilatometer modulus for the three soils tested. (4) Unique relationships between the resilient modulus-dilatometer modulus and the initial tangent modulus-dilatometer modulus were established for the soil tested. The relationship provided predictive capability, but also suggested the need for additional research in order to more clearly define the relationship. KW - Accuracy KW - California bearing ratio KW - Correlation analysis KW - Dilatometers KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Soil tests KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460329 AU - Ketchum, M A AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES IN SEGMENTALLY ERECTED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 248 p. AB - A study of time dependent moment redistribution in segmentally erected prestressed concrete bridges is presented. The phenomenon of moment redistribution due to changes in the structural system of the bridge, and an approximate approach commonly used for the prediction of such moment redistribution are discussed. The shortcomings of this approach and the need for a more precise approach are discussed. A numerical method and computer program for the time dependent analysis of segmentally erected prestressed concrete bridges is developed. Girder segments can be either precast or cast in place. Prestressing tendons may be stressed, restressed, and removed. Traveling formwork can be modeled. Any statically feasible construction sequence can be considered. The solution includes the effects of creep, shrinkage and aging of the concrete and relaxation of the prestressing steel. A mathematical model for creep of the concrete is developed, based on a refined integration over time, and is implemented for several different creep functions. The program is capable of the time dependent analysis of frame structures under time dependent force and displacement boundary conditions. Moment redistribution in bridges built using the cantilever method is investigated and discussed in detail. Numerical solutions are obtained using the new computer program and are compared with the results of the approximate approach. The shortcomings of the approximate approach in predicting prestressing losses and moment redistribution under various loadings and prestressing are discussed. The capabilities of the program to predict the behavior under service loads of large segmental bridges are demonstrated. Based on this investigation, an approach for the design and analysis of segmentally erected bridges, using approximate methods for the preliminary design and the new computer program for final design checking and construction monitoring, is presented. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Segmental construction KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460167 AU - Freedman, M AU - Decina, L E AU - Nick, J B AU - Farber, E I AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROADWAY PAVEMENTS DURING WET WEATHER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 85 p. AB - Roadway luminance is the preferred photometric basis for the design and evaluation of fixed lighting systems because it best represents the visual quality of brightness provided by lighting. The luminance of the roadway depends on the incident illumination and the directional reflectance characteristics of the pavement. Laboratory measurements of directional reflectance have previously been performed on a wide range of pavement samples that were removed from the roadway for both dry and wet conditions. Standardized tables of laboratory-based directional reflectance data for dry conditions (R-tables, N-tables, and C-tables) have become widely used for lighting design, and similar tables for a standardized wet condition (W-tables) are also available. These wet condition data are not widely used for roadway lighting design in the U.S. because the relationship between the standardized wet condition and real-world wetness levels, in terms of prevalence and duration in various regions is unknown, and the tabulated data are from European roadway materials not common in the U.S. This research attempted to resolve the issues of wetness levels and representation of road surface materials using analytical modeling and field measurement of reflectance on common U.S. pavement surfaces to test the utility of the available reflectance data. KW - Brightness KW - Design standards KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Pavements KW - Reflectivity KW - Street lighting KW - Utility KW - Utility theory KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474918 AU - Wilson, E M AU - Henderson, J L AU - Scrivanich, C L AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIXED MESSAGE RURAL VOLUNTARY DIVERSION SIGNING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 111 p. AB - A new concept in traffic control signing, requiring motorists to turnout and stop to read special message signing, was evaluated. Trucks, recreational vehicles, and vehicles pulling trailers are required to turnout and stop to read these special message signs. Motorist compliance to this requirement was high and indicated that this type of traffic control signing technique can be used effectively when it is necessary to provide motorists with lengthy or complex information. Also contained in the study are driver responses associated with the 10-mile section of 10% grade on U.S. 14A. Driver behavior on the grade has been examined and driver understanding of the concept of percent grade was, in general, found to be poor. This type of motorist information signing is the major focus of a statewide review of all steep downgrades utilizing truck runaway ramps. A recommendation has been made to the Wyoming Highway Department to utilize this type of extra informational signing as a standard where there are grade problems or extra concern for motorist safety. Specific recommendations are included for both design and operational reviews of long steep grades. These recommendations concern both the uphill and downhill travel directions. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Fixed message signing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signs KW - Turnout signing KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471853 AU - Archuleta, L G AU - Tikalsky, P J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 162 p. AB - Structural applications of concrete containing fly ash have been limited mainly to high strength concrete in the past. This trend is primarily due to the lack of information available to the resident engineer concerning curing conditions, setting times, strength characteristics and durability of normal strength fly ash concrete. This study addresses some of the major concerns of resident highway engineers on concrete containing fly ash for structural concrete in highway applications. This report summarizes the experimental observations and conclusions from a research program investigating the properties of both fresh and hardened structural concrete containing fly ash. Tests were performed to establish guidelines for the selection of materials and trial mix design procedures for producing quality concrete containing fly ash. The study investigated freeze-thaw resistance, flexural and compressive strength characteristics, mixing conditions and procedures and curing conditions such as temperature, humidity, curing methods and rate of strength gain. Types A and B fly ashes were used in this study as a replacement for 0, 15, 25, and 35% Type I portland cement by weight. In addition, Type IP cement containing 20% Type A fly ash was used. The results of this study show that concrete containing fly ash can be designed and proportioned to meet present Texas SDHPT specifications for structural applications. In addition, this study reveals that an optimum mix design for concrete containing fly ash is both technically and economically advantageous to the Texas SDHPT. This report provides the resident engineer with recommendations to ensure the production of quality concrete containing fly ash for structural applications. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Structural materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457375 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR CORRIDORS AND ACTIVITY CENTERS: OPPORTUNITIES AND EXPERIENCES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 51 p. AB - This report has two sections: Transportation Management for Corridors, and Transportation Management for Activity Centers. Case studies are the focus of each section with selections intended to be practical and capable of increasing efficiency. The Corridors section presents opportunities and experiences for efficiently managing the movement of people and goods within both freeway and arterial travel corridors. These actions include preferential treatment for high occupancy vehicles, improved traffic signal coordination, fringe and corridor parking facilities, enhanced transit service and ridesharing programs. Experiences may involve an individual action or combination of several actions. Methods of alleviating traffic impacts of major highway reconstruction are included. The Activity Centers section involves opportunities and experiences for major urban concentrations such as the central business district and major developments in suburban areas. Activity Centers as major trip generators can include locations for employment, retail, commercial or special event activities. These actions involve traffic engineering, signal improvement programs, parking management, pedestrian and transit malls to encourage transit use and facilitate pedestrian movement, transit service improvement programs, and employer-based ridesharing programs. KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Central business districts KW - Corridors KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Park and ride KW - Parking facilities KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic signals KW - Transportation system management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/86l01!.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468183 AU - LaFraugh, R W AU - Zinserling, M H AU - ABAM Engineers, Incorporated AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 43 p. AB - An extensive state-of-the-art review of construction methods and results for latex modified concrete (LMC) and low slump, dense concrete (LSDC) overlays is presented in this report. Recommendations are made for improvements in construction procedures, inspection, and specifications. An analysis and preventative measures for plastic shrinkage cracks in LMC are presented. Other alternate bridge deck protective systems were examined. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction specifications KW - Cracking KW - Densification KW - Inspection KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polymer concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Slump test KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/093.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465645 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOWEL PLACEMENT TOLERANCES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 36 p. AB - This report presents results of an investigation conducted to develop placement tolerances for dowels at concrete pavement joints. A theoretical analysis of dowel misalignment was attempted. The purpose of the analysis was to compute restraint stresses induced in the concrete pavement for different levels of dowel misalignment. However, because of the complexity of correctly incorporating the three-dimensional nature of dowel misalignment, the theoretical analysis was not completed. The effect of dowel misalignment was then investigated in the laboratory by conducting pullout tests on sections of concrete slabs incorporating a joint and dowels with different levels of misalignment. Test results are presented in this report. Test results indicate that pullout loads were relatively low for dowel misalignment levels of less than 1 inch per 18-inch length of dowel bars and a maximum joint opening of 0.25 inch. Because of the limited amount of laboratory data, no recommendations are made to establish new acceptable levels of dowel misalignment. KW - Alignment KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint construction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Location KW - Pavement design KW - Placement KW - Pull out test KW - Test results KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462285 AU - Eck, R W AU - Sack, W A AU - Clark, D Q AU - Tickle, R AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATURAL BRINE AS AN ADDITIVE TO ABRASIVE MATERIALS AND DEICING SALTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 231 p. AB - The feasibility of using West Virginia oil and gas field brines as additives to abrasive materials and deicing salts was investigated. Portions of the project included a literature review, a laboratory evaluation of brine's freeze-proofing capabilities, a laboratory evaluation of the melting effectiveness of brine/abrasive mixtures, and a laboratory evaluation of using brine as a prewetting agent for deicing salts. Four of the abrasives studied (bottom ash, cinders, sand and sawdust) could be freeze-proofed effectively over a wide range of initial moisture contents and at temperatures as low as 10 deg F, utilizing natural brines. For limestone, application of brine for freeze-proofing is limited by the physical properties of the aggregate. Relative to improving skid resistance of an ice-covered slab, the most effective mixes were those composed of either bottom ash or cinders; sand mixes were also generally effective. Results of prewetted salt melting, penetration and bounce-off tests indicated that 265,670 mg/l TDS solution of natural brine performed almost identically to a 32 percent solution of calcium chloride. Prewetted salt initiated slightly more rapid melting compared to dry salt and stayed closer to the point of contact with the pavement. Procedures for applying brine to the abrasive materials and salt were described and costs provided. KW - Abrasives KW - Brines KW - Costs KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moisture content KW - Skid resistance KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461804 AU - Alkire, B D AU - Michigan Technological University, Houghton AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AGGREGATE-SURFACED ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 90 p. AB - The objective of the work reported is to develop design procedures for aggregate-surfaced roads which include considerations for traffic, maintenance, climate and distress factors. The objective was satisfied by completing a review of existing information on the design and operation of low-volume roads and conducting visits to several sites around the continental United States. The site visits provided a data base on aggregate-surfaced roads. At each site several roads were selected for field testing to determine density, moisture and strength of the surface and subgrade soils. Samples of the soil were taken for additional laboratory tests to define the important characteristics of the aggregates. The results from the literature review and site visits were used as a basis for developing three design procedures. The procedures were developed to allow a design engineer to select the level of design that is appropriate to the level of input information. All three procedures require information related to subgrade soil and climatic conditions. A typical example is included to show the range of designs that are possible depending on the design assumption. A summary of field and laboratory tests from the site visits is included. These results indicate the wide-range of conditions that are possible, but also indicate the similarity of many surface aggregates used throughout the country. KW - Density KW - Design methods KW - Gravel roads KW - Highway design KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Reviews KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461931 AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Pollack, L E AU - Zweig, W D AU - IFR Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MINIMAL LUMINANCE REQUIREMENT FOR OFFICIAL HIGHWAY SIGNS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 19 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to establish minimal levels of sign luminance for various signing applications and conditions, and to develop a structure for determining sign maintenance priorities. The objectives were addressed via development of a system for maintenance of sign reflectivity with luminance standards embedded in the system. The problem of implementing luminance standards is presented, as is a discussion of the factors essential to a computer-based system for implementing reflectivity standards. A decision-support system developed for the management and maintenance of sign inventories is described, as is an empirical study that evaluated several aspects of the system. The results, detailed in the report of research, showed that use of the system for making decisions about sign replacement based on specific intensity per unit area (SIA) produces decisions comparable to those obtained from experts making personal inspections. Additional research needed to empower the system is outlined. Volume 1 contains the full report of research. KW - Luminous intensity KW - Maintenance management KW - Minima KW - Minimization KW - Reflectivity KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461935 AU - Roberts, R AU - Irwin, G R AU - Fisher, J W AU - Chen, G AU - Chakravarti, P AU - Ma, Z-Z AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION FATIGUE OF BRIDGE STEELS. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 44 p. AB - The research program and test results described in this report deal with the role that environment plays on the fatigue response of bridge steels and weldments. Three key program elements are: small sample fatigue crack propagation studies of bridge steels and weldments in air and aqueous environments; small sample crack initiation studies of bridge steels and weldments in air and aqueous environments; and fatigue tests of full size bridge weldments in air and aqueous environments. The crack initiation studies indicated a reduction in the fatigue life of the samples for all combinations of environments and materials tested. The results of the fatigue crack propagation studies showed an apparent elevation in the fatigue thresholds for the material and environmental conditions tested, and no apparent change in the region II behavior. The full size beam weldments showed a slightly lower number of cycles to first crack detection in a water and a 3.5 percent NaCl-water environment as compared to air data. The total number of cycles to failure of the full size weldments in water were similar to those observed in other studies. The material presented in this volume provides an Executive Summary of the research program. As such, it highlights key points of the experimental program and the recommendations and conclusions of the study. KW - Corrosion KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Metal bridges KW - Size KW - Steel bridges KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461896 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ROADWAY SHOULDERS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/05 SP - 13 p. AB - This report describes the thickness design of roadway shoulders and is based on mechanistic principles of stress/strain analysis. Both flexible and rigid shoulders can be designed with this method. The shoulders may be adjacent to either rigid or flexible pavements. All combinations are possible, including the use of a widened rigid mainline lane with a flexible shoulder. Traffic analysis includes both encroaching and parked traffic. The inner and outer edges are designed using fatigue distress functions and stress/strains resulting from encroaching and parked vehicles. The design method includes a small interactive micro-computer program to evaluate the expected life of trial design sections. A main-frame version of this program is also provided for batch processing. Drainage design is also included, as is the evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed design. KW - Computer aided design KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Drainage KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461936 AU - Roberts, R AU - Irwin, G R AU - Fisher, J W AU - Chen, G AU - Chakravarti, P AU - Ma, Z-Z AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION FATIGUE OF BRIDGE STEELS. VOLUME II. TEST RESULTS, DISCUSSION, AND CONCLUSIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 168 p. AB - The research program and test results described in this report deal with the role that environment plays on the fatigue response of bridge steels with particular emphasis on weldments. Three key elements are: small sample fatigue crack propagation studies of bridge steels and weldments in air and aqueous environments; small sample crack initiation studies of bridge steels and weldments in air and aqueous environments; and fatigue tests of full size bridge weldments in air and aqueous environments. The crack initiation studies indicated a reduction in the fatigue life of the samples for all combinations of environments and materials tested. The results of the fatigue crack propagation studies showed an apparent elevation in the fatigue thresholds for the material and environmental conditions tested, also showing no apparent change in the region II behavior. The full size beam weldments showed a slightly lower number of cycles to first crack detection in a water and a 3.5 percent NaCl-water environment as compared to air data. The total number of cycles to failure of the full size weldments in water were similar to those observed in other studies. The material presented in this volume provides the reader with a detailed discussion of the research program, results, and conclusions. KW - Corrosion KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Metal bridges KW - Size KW - Steel bridges KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461897 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ROADWAY SHOULDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 203 p. AB - This report describes the thickness design of roadway shoulders and is based on mechanistic principles of stress/strain analysis. Both flexible and rigid shoulders can be designed with this method. The shoulders may be adjacent to either rigid or flexible pavements. All combinations are possible, including the use of a widened rigid mainline lane with a flexible shoulder. Traffic analysis includes both encroaching and parked traffic. The inner and outer edges are designed using fatigue distress functions and stress/strains resulting from encroaching and parked vehicles. The design method includes a small interactive micro-computer program to evaluate the expected life of trial design sections. A main-frame version of this program is also provided for batch processing. Drainage design is also included, as is the evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed design. KW - Computer aided design KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Drainage KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461943 AU - Roberts, R AU - Irwin, G R AU - Fisher, J W AU - Chen, G AU - Chakravarti, P AU - Ma, Z-Z AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION FATIGUE OF BRIDGE STEELS. VOLUME III. BASIC DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 564 p. AB - The research program and test results described in this report deal with the role that environment plays on the fatigue response of bridge steels with a particular emphasis on weldments. Three key elements are: small sample fatigue crack propagation studies of bridge steels and weldments in air and aqueous environments; small sample crack initiation studies of bridge steels and weldments in air and aqueous environments; and fatigue tests of full size bridge weldments in air and aqueous environments. The crack initiation studies indicated a reduction in the fatigue life of the samples for all combinations of environments and materials tested. The results of the fatigue crack propagation studies showed an apparent elevation in the fatigue thresholds for the material and environmental conditions tested, also showing no apparent change in the region II behavior. The full size beam weldments showed a slightly lower number of cycles to first crack detection in a water and a 3.5 percent NaCl-water environment as compared to air data. The total number of cycles to failure of the full size weldments in water were similar to those observed in other studies. The material presented in this volume represents the basic data collected in the research program. Also, a discussion of fracture mechanics as applied to bridge details is included. KW - Corrosion KW - Crack propagation KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Metal bridges KW - Size KW - Steel bridges KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462012 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON TRANSPORTATION PLANNING METHODS PY - 1986/05 SP - 125 p. AB - This report is a source book for the transportation planner. By using the information in this report, the planner will have a more complete view of the courses and reports available from the Federal Highway Administration and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration to help solve analysis problems. Reports are divided into seventeen topics, under which individual report titles, abstracts, and availability statements are listed. Courses are listed with course titles, objectives, descriptions, and course coordinators. Other government-sponsored sources of information are listed. This version is a revision of the March 1983 edition. KW - Curricula KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Problem solving KW - Reports KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Urban Mass Transportation Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458347 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Long, R R AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR FOR DETECTING VOIDS UNDERNEATH A JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 39 p. AB - A survey of a jointed, reinforced concrete pavement with ground-penetrating radar indicated that the equipment provides a nondestructive inspection technique that can be used at a minimum rate of 5 lane miles of pavement per hour and with only minimal interference with traffic. The coring of some slabs and subsequent use of a devised water test revealed that the radar was very effective in detecting voids deeper than 1/8 in. but considerably less effective in spotting shallow voids. The overall accuracy was approximately 68%, which indicates that the sensitivity of the equipment needs to be improved. The location component used with the radar unit showed insufficient accuracy. A regression analysis of the recorded quantities of grout used daily in subsealing portions of the pavement versus the total linear feet of voids detected underneath the slabs grouted each day yielded only a 51% correlation. However, the regression was found to be significant at a 95% probability level. It is believed that if the width and depth of each void can be conveniently estimated so that the extent of voids can be expressed in terms of volume instead of length only, an even more successful method of estimating grout quantities would be available. It has been shown that information derived from a radar survey can be very useful in developing a sound and cost-effective slab stabilization operation through the proper placement of grout holes. KW - Accuracy KW - Concrete pavements KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Estimating KW - Grout KW - Joint construction KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Regression analysis KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36657/86-R36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458332 AU - Homburger, W S AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF SAFETY AT THE TERMINALS OF CLIMBING LANES ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 54 p. AB - This report summarizes an investigation of potentially hazardous conditions at the upper end of climbing lanes on two-lane roads in Northern and Central California. It was postulated that, at such locations, there might be sideswipe accidents involving merging vehicles or head-on collisions of a vehicle swerving across the centerline to avoid such a sideswipe with a vehicle traveling in the opposite direction. Accident records covering five years at 21 potentially hazardous locations revealed that there are very few accidents directly related to the merging maneuver. Only 11 accidents at six locations were identified. Only one of these locations had a sufficient number of accidents (5) to warrant detailed analysis. The study of this location showed that the relatively short length of the climbing lane may cause impatient drivers to attempt last-chance overtaking maneuvers, and that restricted sight distance beyond the merging area may fail to warn uphill drivers of approaching in the downhill direction. The report suggests three guidelines for the location and design of climbing lanes to be considered in addition to those found in other literature. However, the general conclusion is that the merging areas at the terminals of climbing lanes on two-lane roads do not present a hazard of major proportions. KW - Climbing lanes KW - Frontal crashes KW - Length KW - Merging area KW - Passing KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Side crashes KW - Sight distance KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458348 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE CONTAINING SLAG -- HAMPTON RIVER BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 13 p. AB - The study evaluated the properties of concretes containing slag in a 50% replacement of the portland cement to assess their suitability as an alternative to the portland cement concretes normally used in the construction of bridge substructures. For the major portion of the study, samples were obtained from freshly mixed concrete used in the construction of the substructure for the Route 143 bridge over the Hampton River and also from a failed pier footing for the bridge. In the laboratory, a limited investigation was made of the effects of temperature on concretes with and without slag. The results indicate that concretes containing quality slag will perform satisfactorily in bridge substructures. However, it has been shown that strength development in concretes containing slag is more adversely influenced by cold weather than is that of concretes without slag. Also, it is noted that in cold weather there may be a significant delay in the time of set. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge substructures KW - Cold weather KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Footings KW - Granulated slag KW - Permeability KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36656/86-R39.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457152 AU - National Cooperative Highway Research Program AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM: RESEARCH PLANS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 539 p. AB - The Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was originally proposed in TRB Special Report 202, "America's Highways: Accelerating the Search for Innovation," published in June 1984. Over a period of about 12 months starting in March 1985, a major effort, directed by the SHRP Task Force, has been focused on the development of detailed plans for the research program. This report documents the results of that effort. Seven contract agencies, each supported by an advisory committee of representatives from the highway community, have worked intensively for almost one year to develop well-defined plans for the performance of research in the six technical areas that constitute the Strategic Highway Research Program. This document represents a compilation of the reports prepared by the seven contract agencies and constitutes in total a workplan for carrying out the program, providing a definition of its goals and objectives. KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463052 AU - Cowherd, D C AU - Degler, G H AU - Bowser-Morner Associates, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LONG-SPAN CORRUGATED METAL STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - v.p. AB - A field evaluation was conducted on 17 long-span corrugated metal structures. These structures have span dimensions ranging from 7 feet, 9 inches to 19 feet, 3 inches. The length of the structures ranged from 44 to 148 feet. The structure types consisted of nine each arch on concrete footers and five each elliptical shapes. The purpose of this evaluation was to develop a computer program to evaluate these structures and then to analyze the structure movement with regard to such design characteristics as: structure type, type of thrust beam, depth of cover, gauge or wall thickness, span and rise dimensions. The computer program provides a geometric analysis based on the percentage movement of the various mid-ordinates. It also calculates the ring compression factor of safety and soil pressure. If the shape of the structure is distorted to such an extent that predetermined percentages are exceeded, then appropriate remedial actions are recommended. In the event that the program recommends subsurface soil investigations, the program includes the capability of evaluating soil data from standard penetration tests and split-spoon samples or from soil compaction and moisture data taken using nuclear moisture-density gauges. Laboratory classification of both the backfill and original soil is also necessary input into this subprogram. The subprogram prints out an estimate of the percent consolidation to-date in the backfill and the orginal soil, the estimated time to complete 90% consolidation, and the total amount of movement that can be expected. KW - Computer programs KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Long span KW - Motion KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463140 AU - Hale, Jamie AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NORTHSTAR WORKSHOP ON FINANCING TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: INNOVATIVE APPROACHES FOR PUBLIC/PRIVATE COOPERATION PY - 1986/05 SP - 257 p. AB - The Northstar Workshop, "Financing Transportation Infrastructure: Innovative Approaches for Public/Private Cooperation," was held at the Thunderbird Motel in Bloomington, Minnesota, on May 6 and 7, 1986. It was attended by about 135 persons drawn from Mn/DOT, other state departments, the Minnesota Legislature, county and municipal agencies, chambers of commerce, developers, and industry. The format of the workshop was one and one-half days of presentations of papers by individuals on subjects which had been assigned to them, with limited questions and discussion after each one. The proceedings contains transcripts of these presentations. These presentations were followed by group discussions for which the attendees were divided into six groups. Reports of these discussions were made to the full conference by group leaders and a wrap-up was made by Deputy Commissioner Robert McDonald. Following the workshop, Mr. McDonald appointed a committee of Mn/DOT staff to review the innovative approaches for public/private cooperation for financing transportation infrastructure in Minnesota. The committee was charged to make specific recommendations for incorporating public/private funding techniques into the state project development process based on the papers and discussions at the workshop. The report is included in the Executive Summary. KW - Cooperation KW - Financing KW - Governments KW - Infrastructure KW - Private enterprise KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463260 AU - CARRASQUILLO, P M AU - Tikalsky, P J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIX PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH FOR HIGHWAY APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 62 p. AB - The need for more cost efficient construction materials for use in highway construction and the problem of waste disposal of fly ash have prompted the study reported herein. This study addresses the major concerns of resident highway engineers about concrete containing fly ash for highway applications, which include: curing conditions, strength development, durability, materials selection, and mix proportioning. This report summarizes the proposed trial mix design procedure for concrete containing fly ash developed by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. Contrary to the current practice in most states, the trial mix design procedure developed by the TSDHPT has as its main objective the development of a set of mixture proportions containing fly ash that would produce a concrete mix meeting the job specifications without reference to a control mix containing no fly ash. In other words, the procedure described herein is not intended to produce a concrete mix containing fly ash with strength equal to that of a concrete mix without fly ash, but to produce the most efficient concrete mix containing fly ash that will meet the job specifications for a given class of concrete. The mix design procedure described herein recognizes the fact that it is impossible if not unrealistic to efficiently design a concrete mix containing fly ash based on a predetermined cement replacement ratio either by weight or volume due to the different performance of different combinations of materials. Mix proportioning of concrete containing fly ash based on a predetermined cement replacement ratio often results in concrete mixes of questionable performance, having too high a fines content and being "too sticky." As a result, the procedure adopted makes no assumptions as to the interaction among a given set of materials but allows for the selection of their optimum mix proportions. In summary, this report describes a mix proportioning procedure that ensures the resident engineer the production of good quality concrete containing fly ash for highway applications. KW - Compliance KW - Fly ash KW - Guidelines KW - Mix design KW - Optimization KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463261 AU - Tikalsky, P J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 162 p. AB - The variability in the chemical composition and physical properties of fly ash from different sources affect both the fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing fly ash. Resident engineers and manufacturers that ignore these differences do not ensure proper quality or durable concrete. This report summarizes the observations and conclusions from an experimental program investigating the durability of concrete containing fly ash. Tests were performed to determine the freeze-thaw resistance, strength, shrinkage, creep, abrasion resistance, and air entrainment characteristics of concrete containing fly ash. Types A and B fly ash were used in this study as a replacement for 0, 20, and 35% Type I portland cement by weight. In addition, Type IP cement containing 20% Type A fly ash was used. The results from this study reveal that concrete containing fly ash can be designed to meet present Texas SDHPT specifications. In many cases, concrete containing fly ash is shown to be more durable and economical than plain concrete containing no fly ash. This report provides the resident engineer with recommendations to ensure the durability of concrete containing fly ash and points out concerns for future investigations. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Air entrainment KW - Concrete KW - Concrete creep KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Concrete strength KW - Creep KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463262 AU - Olek, J AU - Tikalsky, P J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH FOR PAVEMENT APPLICATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 188 p. AB - The need for more cost efficient construction materials for highway applications and the problem of waste disposal of fly ash have prompted the study presented herein. This study addresses some of the major concerns of resident highway engineers about concrete containing fly ash for highway applications, which include: curing conditions, setting times, strength development, and durability. This report summarizes the experimental observations and conclusions from a research program investigating the properties of both fresh and hardened pavement concrete containing fly ash. Tests were performed to establish guidelines for the selection of materials and trial mix design procedures for producing quality fly ash concrete. The study investigated freeze-thaw resistance, flexural and compressive strength characteristics, mixing conditions and procedures, and curing conditions such as temperature, humidity, and curing methods. Types A and B fly ashes were used in this study as a replacement for 0, 15, 25, and 35% Type I portland cement by weight. In addition, Type IP cement containing 20% Type A fly ash was used. The results of this study show that concrete containing fly ash can be designed and proportioned to meet present Texas SDHPT specifications for highway applications. In addition, this study reveals that an optimum mix design for concrete containing fly ash is both technically and economically advantageous to the Texas SDHPT. This report provides the resident engineer with recommendations to ensure the production of quality concrete containing fly ash for highway applications. KW - Building materials KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Guidelines KW - Humidity KW - Mix design KW - Optimization KW - Selecting KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462267 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Kenyon, W D AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 46 p. AB - Several methods were evaluated to remove existing pavement markings, including sandblasting, water- and hydroblasting, chemical removers, mechanical grinding, high temperature and excess oxygen burning, and manual pulling. Pavement markings included traffic paint, thermoplastic, epoxy, and several types of preformed marking tapes. The degree of scaring that resulted -- both color change and texture change -- related to the removal methods used, the type of marking removed, and the characteristics of the underlying pavement. In some situations, color and texture changes could not be avoided, and the installation of new markings is important to ensure that motorists are not misled by the scars resulting from the removal procedure. A summary of the effectiveness of each of the methods evaluated is provided, and suggested standards for judging the acceptability of results is discussed. KW - Burners KW - Chemicals KW - Effectiveness KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Grinding KW - High temperature KW - Hydroblasting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Removal KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Sand blasting KW - Standards KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462158 AU - Tilsworth, T AU - Manning, D AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY RIGHT-OF-WAY SLUDGE DISPOSAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 88 p. AB - This report encompasses a proposal to consider application of wastewater sludge to highway right-of-way. Conventional disposal of this sludge is a complex and expensive process and in some areas is severely restricted by land use and regulations. The report includes a literature review, a national survey of highway organizations and a hypothetical design analysis. Application of sludge to highway ROW can be beneficial by supplying nutrients required for plant growth, subsequent erosion stabilization and ultimate disposal of a waste resource. Disadvantages include negative public reaction, and relatively high costs. Preliminary findings of the report indicate the process is marginally feasible and recommends that a small pilot project should be conducted prior to full-scale consideration. KW - Aesthetics KW - Costs KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilizers KW - Public opinion KW - Right of way KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Waste disposal KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_86_13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461808 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOAD TRANSFER RESTORATION TECHNIQUES AND UNDERSEALING PRACTICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 89 p. AB - This report presents results of an investigation conducted to evaluate the performance of "retrofit" load transfer devices installed at a test site on I-75 in Georgia. Devices installed include dowel bars placed in slots and Double V devices placed in holes drilled along joints. Measured deflection data at the test site are compared with deflections calculated using a modified version of computer program JSLAB. The modified version of the program allows calculation of deflections of loaded slabs that are initially curled upward. Calculated results indicate that there is no clear difference in calculated responses of joints using retrofitted dowel bars and Double V devices. However, field deflection data and visual observations of test sections indicate that sections retrofitted with dowel bars are generally performing better than sections retrofitted with Double V devices. Poor performance of some of the test sections using the Double V devices is attributed to field problems encountered with use of the patching materials. These problems may preclude achievement of desirable level of performance with Double V devices. Retrofitted dowel bars can be expected to provide a desirable level of long-term performance when used with commonly available patching materials. The report also presents a synthesis of State DOT practices on undersealing of concrete pavements. Items discussed include void detection, grout materials and properties, grouting equipment, and grouting procedure. Data from Illinois and New York on performance of undersealed sections are also presented. Illinois data indicate that improvement in deflection response is obtained with undersealing only when initial deflections are high. The New York data showed that undersealing is not effective in eliminating faulting if the causative factors, especially lack of load transfer, are not eliminated. Therefore, undersealing by itself does not solve the problem of pumping and faulting. Steps must be taken to restore load transfer at joints and to eliminate saturated subbase/subgrade condition by providing effective drainage and positive joint sealing. KW - Deflection KW - Effectiveness KW - Faulting KW - Grouting KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Pumps KW - Restoration KW - Retrofitting KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461894 AU - Bowlby, W AU - Cohn, L F AU - Vanderbilt University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOUND-ABSORPTIVE HIGHWAY NOISE BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 183 p. AB - Past theoretical, modelling and field measurement studies of multiple reflections between parallel noise barriers and their control through the use of sound absorptive materials are reviewed. Information on and examples of applications of sound absorptive noise barriers are presented with emphasis on the Japanese technology. An absorptive barrier design case study for I-440, Nashville, Tennessee, is described in detail. KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Japan KW - Materials KW - Noise barriers KW - Sound absorption KW - Technology KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461905 AU - Arora, P L AU - Crowther, L AU - Akhter, G AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. VOLUME 3 - ROAD BUILDER'S GUIDE. PHASE II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 45 p. AB - Volumes 1 and 2 of this report are guide booklets for administrators and road engineers respectively. Volume 3, contained herein, is a guide booklet for road builders. These guide booklets were developed to provide information on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 4 of this report documents the use and cost benefits of the above referenced four soil stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 3 addresses each important topic the road builder should know about stabilizing soils. The topics reviewed in this booklet include drainage requirements, soil and additive measurements, soils, stabilizer selection, climate, construction, and maintenance of stabilized soil roads. KW - Climate KW - Drainage KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Road construction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461913 AU - Arora, P L AU - Crowther, L AU - Akhter, G AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. VOLUME 4 - COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS. PHASE II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 63 p. AB - Volumes 1, 2, and 3 of this report are guide booklets for administrators, road engineers, and road builders respectively. These guide booklets were developed to provide information on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 4, contained herein, documents the use and cost-benefits of the above referenced four soil stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads. A life cycle costing economic analysis procedure for evaluation of pavement alternatives, i.e., gravel surfaced road and chip and seal surfaced road with and without the conditions of soil stabilization treatments is illustrated. A data base for 24 case histories with stabilization and equivalent pavement without stabilization is presented and analyzed to show benefits of stabilization. The study concludes that to realize potential benefits, soil stabilization treatments should be considered as a design alternative in all climatic regions when specification materials are not available in abundance. Additionally, soil stabilization should also be considered: to provide less frost susceptibility; to provide conservation of good quality aggregates; to provide uniform strength for widening an existing roadbed; and to avoid raising the level of an existing roadbed. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Chip seals KW - Gravel roads KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Low volume roads KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461933 AU - Buth, C E AU - Campise, W L AU - Griffin, L I AU - Love, M L AU - Sicking, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE LIMITS OF LONGITUDINAL BARRIER SYSTEMS. VOLUME I - SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 108 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance limits of guardrails, median barriers, and embankments for different classes of vehicles and impact conditions. The study consisted of accident data analyses, computer simulation work, measurement of inertial properties of vehicles, full-scale crash tests of longitudinal barriers, and full-scale embankment traversal tests. The report consists of five volumes: Volume I - Summary Report; Volume II - Appendix A: Vehicle/Barrier Geometrics; Volume III - Appendix B: Details of Crash Tests on Longitudinal Barriers; Volume IV - Appendix C: Details of Embankment Traversal Tests; and Volume V - Appendix D: Computer Simulations. KW - Crash analysis KW - Crashes KW - Embankments KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Longitudinal KW - Median barriers KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461903 AU - Arora, P L AU - Crowther, L AU - Akhter, G AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. PHASE II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 36 p. AB - Volume 1, contained herein, is an Executive Summary for administrators to provide help in understanding the factors involved in using soil stabilization for low-volume roads. The decision making factors such as traffic, soils, climate, stabilizer selection, design procedures, construction equipment, and quality control have been outlined. Volumes 2 and 3 are guide booklets for road engineers and road builders respectively. These guide booklets were developed to provide information on the use of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 4 documents the use and cost-benefits of these four stabilization treatments used in the construction of low-volume roads. KW - Climate KW - Construction equipment KW - Criteria KW - Decision making KW - Design methods KW - Low volume roads KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilizers KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461807 AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Portland Cement Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOWEL PLACEMENT TOLERANCES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 36 p. AB - This report presents results of an investigation conducted to develop placement tolerances for dowels at concrete pavement joints. A theoretical analysis of dowel misalignment was attempted. The purpose of the analysis was to compute restraint stresses induced in the concrete pavement for different levels of dowel misalignment. However, because of the complexity of correctly incorporating the three-dimensional nature of dowel misalignment, the theoretical analysis was not completed. The effect of dowel misalignment was then investigated in the laboratory by conducting pull-out tests on sections of concrete slabs incorporating a joint and dowels with different levels of misalignment. Test results are presented in this report. Test results indicate that pull-out loads were relatively low for dowel misalignment levels of less than 1 inch per 18-inch length of dowel bars and a maximum joint opening of 0.25 inch. Because of the limited amount of laboratory data, no recommendations are made to establish new acceptable levels of dowel misalignment. KW - Alignment KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Pull out test KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461904 AU - Arora, P L AU - Crowther, L AU - Akhter, G AU - Sheladia Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. VOLUME 2 - ROAD ENGINEER'S GUIDE. PHASE II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 86 p. AB - Volumes 1 and 3 of this report are guide booklets for administrators and road builders respectively. Volume 4 of this report documents the use and cost-benefits of four stabilization treatments, i.e., lime, asphalt, cement, and lime-fly ash in the construction of low-volume roads. Volume 2, contained herein, is a guide booklet for the road engineers to provide assistance in evaluating and designing stabilized soil pavements for low-volume roads. The information about specific factors such as traffic, soil, climate, stabilizer selection, unique design procedures, construction equipment and quality control is presented. The procedures for the evaluation and selection of a compatible stabilizer, the stabilizer's application rate and specific construction requirements are outlined. The five major construction steps: soil preparation, stabilizer application, pulverization and mixing, compaction, and curing are detailed. KW - Climate KW - Comminution KW - Compaction KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction equipment KW - Design methods KW - Low volume roads KW - Mixing KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilizers KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460363 AU - Alexander, G J AU - Lunenfeld, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER EXPECTANCY IN HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 39 p. AB - Expectancy relates to a driver's readiness to respond to situations, events, and information in predictable and successful ways. It influences the speed and accuracy of information handling, and affects all aspects of highway design and operations, and information presentation. Aspects of the highway situation that are in accordance with prevalent expectancies aid the driving task, while expectancies that are violated lead to longer reaction time, confusion and driver error. Two classes of driver expectancy are operative throughout the driving task. The first are a priori expectancies that most drivers form through habit and experience, and that are brought into the task. The second are ad hoc ones that drivers form in transit based on the road and its environment. Each class of expectancy must be considered in the design and operation of the road and its information system. This report describes the concept of driver expectancy in the context of the driving task, and provides examples of expectancy and expectancy violations. It includes a procedure for identifying general and specific expectancy violations to enable engineers to develop remedial treatments to deal with expectancy problems. KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Human characteristics KW - Human factors KW - Improvements KW - Prevention KW - Reaction time KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460285 AU - Rasoulian, M AU - BURNETT, C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THIN EPOXY SYSTEM OVERLAYS FOR CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 52 p. AB - Four epoxy overlay systems were applied to concrete decks in north Louisiana to evaluate their performance as skid resistant surfaces primarily and also as concrete sealers. Dural Flexolith, Poly-Carb Flexogrid, and Con/Chem Cono/Crete were placed on three separate bridge decks; sand and Dural epoxy were placed on the fourth deck. Skid tests were taken with British Portable Tester and the E-274 Skid Trailer; sealing characteristics of each system were checked with electrical resistivity measurements. An initial evaluation determined that both Dural Flexolith and Poly-Carb Flexogrid (broadcast systems) provided very good skid resistant surfaces. The use of sand and Dural epoxy also provided a good surface for skid resistance. The mortar system (Con/Chem Cono/Crete) produced low skid numbers initially. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Epoxy resins KW - Mortar KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance KW - Skidding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460314 AU - LaForce, R AU - Ardani, A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLOSIVE TREATMENT TO CORRECT SWELLING SHALES. PROJECT I-70-1(61). FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 34 p. AB - This report describes the testing, construction, and five years of performance evaluations of the explosive treatment of swelling shales under a highway cut. Actively swelling Mancos Shale has caused maintenance problems in this section of I-70 north of Grand Junction since its construction in 1964. The low-level explosions disorient the bedded shale and lower its density similar to treatment by sub-excavation and recompaction at approximately one-fifth the cost. Following wetting, regrading, and repaving, this cut section has shown no significant swelling or settlement in the five years since construction. The results of this study has demonstrated the use of explosives as an effective and economical method of treating swelling shales. KW - Density KW - Explosive charges KW - Explosives KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Shale KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460295 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY, 1984 PY - 1986/05 SP - 58 p. AB - This publication represents the 1984 compilation of accident reports submitted to the Federal Highway Administration's Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety (BMCS) by motor carriers of property in interstate or foreign commerce. These accident reports are a vital source of information upon which the BMCS relies in administering its regulatory and enforcement responsibilities. The analysis of accident information assists BMCS in its ongoing quest to accomplish its mission by enabling BMCS to identify important trends occurring with the industry, identify accident causation factors, establish and measure safety performance standards, and support the initiation of new regulations, and/or modify existing regulations. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR) require accident reports to be filed whenever an accident occurs that involves a motor vehicle engaged in the interstate, foreign or intrastate operations of a motor carrier subject to the Department of Transportation Act and meet the established reporting criteria. The accident statistics reported in this publication were generated by motor carriers of property filing accident reports with the BMCS. These statistics do not represent all accidents that have occurred within the regulated motor carrier industry. The statistics were compiled from those accidents that meet the reporting criteria as "reportable accidents." The term "reportable accidents" means an occurrence involving a motor vehicle operated by a motor carrier subject to the FMCSR resulting in (1) the death of a human being; (2) bodily injury to a person who, as a result, receives medical treatment away from the scene of the accident; and/or (3) total damage to all property aggregating $2,000 or more based on actual cost of reliable estimates. Prior to 1980, there was an annual increase in reported accidents, fatalities and injuries. During 1980 these statistics decreased and have remained relatively stable. However, during 1983 the number of injuries increased, and in 1984 all the statistics showed a substantial increase. KW - Accident costs KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Injuries KW - Motor carriers KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460193 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DURABLE CROSSWALK AND STOPBAR MARKING MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 29 p. AB - The objective of this study was to find the most cost-effective durable marking material to provide long-lasting stopbars and crossbars. Three materials were tested: 1) 3M Stamark tape, 2) Prismo preformed tape, and 3) extruded thermoplastic (hydrocarbon and alkyd). The various test installations were in place for between 6 and 30 months. The alkyd-resin thermoplastic material was found to be the most cost-effective material. The preformed tapes cost two to three times as much as the thermoplastic material while not providing as durable a material when used in this application. The alkyd-resin material maintained its appearance better than the hydrocarbon-resin material. Use of alkyd-resin extruded thermoplastic material was recommended either by contract or with Kentucky Transportation Cabinet personnel if the necessary equipment was obtained. The exceptions where preformed tape shall be used were 1) at isolated intersections where use of thermoplastic installation equipment was impractical and 2) on concrete pavements. KW - Alkyd resins KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crosswalks KW - Durability KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460248 AU - Aron, G AU - Wall, D J AU - White, E L AU - Dunn, C N AU - Kotz, D M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION STORM INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY CHARTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 64 p. AB - Rainfall duration, amount, and intensity are among the major contributors to highway drainage and inundation problems. For the design of any hydrologic structure, ranging from the simplest rational flow rate estimates to the most sophisticated stormwater runoff simulation, design rainfall estimates of acceptance reliability are needed. A statistical analysis of all available continuous hourly and 15-minute duration rainfall records were used to develop an updated procedure for estimating design storms for Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was divided into five homogeneous regions using the statistically-derived 1-year 1-hour, 1-year 24-hour, 100-year 1-hour, and 100-year 24-hour rainfall duration-intensity storms. A set of rainfall duration-intensity curves were developed for each of the five regions, for seven return periods between 1 and 100 years and durations ranging from 5 minutes to 24 hours. As a secondary study the areal distribution of typical storms was analyzed and the average rainfall depth was plotted as a ratio of maximum point rainfall over the range of 0 to 2500 square miles. KW - Data analysis KW - Design storm KW - Duration KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Highway drainage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface drainage KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460165 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DURABLE LANE DELINEATION MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 46 p. AB - The objective of the study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of available marking materials by means of field tests and to make recommendations concerning the optimum lane delineation materials based on these tests. Materials tested include 100-percent solid epoxy paint, polyester paint, extruded thermoplastic, 3M Stamark tape, 3M Bisymmetric tape, EPOFLEX, solvent epoxy paint, chlorinated rubber traffic paint, and alkyd traffic paint. The test installations have been in place up to four years. The evaluation concerned the durability, reflectivity, and appearance of the materials. Based on current data, expanded use is warranted for 1) polyester paint on lower-volume asphaltic concrete surfaces, 2) extruded thermoplastic on higher-volume asphaltic concrete highways with lighting or snowplowable markers, and 3) extruded thermoplastic on open-graded asphaltic surfaces. KW - Alkyd resins KW - Chlorinated rubber KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field tests KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Lane lines KW - Polyester resins KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Solvents KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460254 AU - Arner, R C AU - Panganiban, R R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC DECK PROTECTION AND LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE OVERLAY ON STEEL I-BEAM AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX BEAM BRIDGE. INITIAL DESIGN AND INSTALLATION REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 85 p. AB - This report describes the condition of the reinforced concrete decks at the time of their rehabilitation, documents the rehabilitation specifications and the actual construction and details the monitoring procedures that will be used to verify the functional adequacy of the cathodic protection. The cathodic protection system was applied to the patched and scarified bridge decks. The decks were then blast cleaned and a 1-1/4-inch thick latex modified concrete wearing surface placed. The constant current cathodic protection systems consisted of transverse platinized niobium copper primary anode wires at a 35-40 foot spacing supplying electricity to the longitudinal high purity carbon strand secondary anodes spaced at one foot center to center. A continuous mound (0.6 sq. inch cross section) of conductive polymer grout was placed over the anodes. Traffic was maintained on one lane while the adjacent lane was under construction. Cost data and problems encountered during construction and a brief description of the Department's earlier cathodic protection installations are also presented. KW - Anodes KW - Box beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Grout KW - I beams KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Metal bridges KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polymers KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458596 AU - Tanski, J H AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF TWO ICE-RETARDANT OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 54 p. AB - Prevention of ice- and snow-related accidents is a major concern of the New York State Department of Transportation. A significant portion of these occur when temperatures drop just below freezing, before the first application of deicing chemicals by maintenance crews. A proprietary product has been developed in Europe that is intended to prevent formation of ice and to reduce adhesion of snow to the pavement surface during this critical period. This additive, which blended into plant-mixed asphalt concrete, was tested at two sites in New York State. The first, built in Albany during the summer of 1978, demonstrated that durability of an asphalt overlay containing this additive is equivalent to normal asphalt overlays and that it continues to perform as an ice-retardant after 7 years. The second, on Rte 17 near Binghamton -- site of numerous wintertime accidents -- was resurfaced in 1983. Two years of accumulated data show a 86-percent reduction in the rate of snow- and ice-related accidents, while two control sites (one resurfaced with a high-friction aggregate overlay in 1983) on the same roadway had increases in such accidents for the same time period. KW - Additives KW - Adhesion KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Field performance KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Safety KW - Snow and ice control KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458330 AU - Kasinskas, M M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THE CONNECTICUT IMPACT ATTENUATION DEVICE AT FOUR HIGH-HAZARD LOCATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 28 p. AB - In the latter part of 1984, the Connecticut Department of Transportation installed an experimental impact-attenuator known as the Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS) at four high-hazard locations. Some of the advantages of the system include ease of installation, ability to sustain any number of nuisance hits (hit and run) before replacement is required, and retention of attenuation characteristics when deformed and reshaped for reuse. This interim report, which is devoted to the field evaluation period from November 1984 to May 1986, describes the various types of impacts, maintenance requirements and problems encountered. During this evaluation period, no injuries to drivers or passengers have been reported, irrespective of the severity of the impact. KW - Crash cushions KW - Durability KW - Experimental road devices KW - Field performance KW - High risk locations KW - Injuries KW - Performance KW - Prevention UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458367 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1984 PY - 1986/05 SP - 54 p. AB - The data presented here was gathered from 36,854 accident reports filed by motor carriers of property during calendar year 1984. This report presents various types of data relating to accidents, fatalities, injuries, property damage, and accident type. The reported accidents resulted in 2,721 fatalities, 29,149 injuries, and over $404 million in property damage. Tabulated summaries are presented of statistics on private, authorized, exempt, mail and other carriers, and of accident, fatalilty, injury, and property damage levels by state. Data are also presented relating to the driver, the vehicle, the highway environment, time and place, and the accident itself. Accident, fatality, injury and property damage trends are also illustrated. KW - Crash reports KW - Drivers KW - Environmental quality KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Roadside KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272476 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458329 AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Pollack, L E AU - Zweig, W D AU - IFR Applications, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MINIMAL LUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR OFFICIAL HIGHWAY SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 110 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to establish minimal levels of sign luminance for various signing applications and conditions, and to develop a structure for determining sign maintenance priorities. The objectives were addressed via development of a system for maintenance of sign reflectivity with luminance standards embedded in the system. This report provides an overview of the problems of implementing luminance standards. It presents a discussion of the major factors essential to a computer-based system to implement reflectivity standards. It describes a decision-support system developed for use in managing and maintaining sign inventories. It also describes an empirical study designed to evaluate several aspects of this system. The empircal study showed that use of the system for making decisions about sign replacement based on specific intensity per unit area (SIA) produces results comparable to results produced by experts making sign replacement decisions. A final section states that the system could provide a cost-effective tool for use by State or local agencies, but would depend on information that establishes a relationship between sign material age and location, and sign brightness. Such data are not yet available in the literature. The report also includes two appendices covering analytical determination of minimum brightness standards for sign legibility, and luminance of retroreflective materials and their deterioration. Volume 2, an executive summary, presents a condensed version of this report of research. KW - Age KW - Brightness KW - Deterioration KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Maintenance management KW - Minima KW - Minimization KW - Reflectivity KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457773 AU - Chui, M K AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE VALUE OF TRAVEL TIME: NEW ESTIMATES DEVELOPED USING A SPEED-CHOICE MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 57 p. AB - Based on a telephone survey, this study derived the value of time by adopting a speed choice model which assumes that a rational driver chooses a speed so as to minimize his/her total driving costs. Driving costs include vehicle operating costs, time costs, accident costs, traffic violation costs, and other nonquantifiable costs such as comfort and convenience. Among the driving cost components, fatal accident cost plays an important role in the determination of the value of time. Individual's accident cost directly relates to his/her value of life which was derived in two approaches to this study: the forgone labor earnings and the willingness-to-pay to reduce the risk of getting killed. The two values of life produce two separate values of time for the individual. Different weights were considered and applied to arrive at weighted average values of time. After a review of the results, this study recommends the value of time for drivers to be $8.00 per person-hour and for passenger cars to be $10.40 per vehicle-hour, in 1985 dollars. The speed choice model was used in estimating truck value of time because of insufficient response from truck drivers in the survey. Instead, it was derived by updating values from previous research. The 1985 value of time for trucks was found to be $19.00 per vehicle-hour. KW - Attitudes KW - Behavior KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Drivers KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Motor vehicles KW - Present value KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Risk assessment KW - Savings KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel time KW - Value UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457909 AU - LEE, J Y AU - Chang, D J AU - Ritch, G P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GOLDEN RIVER TRAFFIC COUNTER ANALYSIS AND DATA STORAGE FOR THE IBM-PC. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/05 SP - 86 p. AB - This report is an operations guide for inputting traffic volume data from the automatic Golden River counters into an IBM-PC or look-alike, storing data files on floppy diskettes and providing printed analysis output data. Common serial communication support program PC-TALK III is used to read and store traffic volume data. Turbo Pascal written programs HEADER and REPORT enable user to provide descriptive information for each data file. Data analysis output can be obtained in sub-hourly, hourly, and daily form. Requires an IBM-PC or look-alike, dual diskettes, 256k, variable character size printer, and an unused asynchronous communication (serial) port. Golden River and Turbo Pascal documentation included in Appendices. KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01419347 AU - Klinedinst, G AU - Munoz, A AU - Niessner, C W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Guidelines for slope maintenance and slide restoration PY - 1986/04 IS - FHWA/TS-85-231 SP - 65P KW - Landslide KW - Landslides KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1187145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01144500 AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tippecanoe County Area Plan Commission TI - An Assessment of the Goods Distribution System in the Greater Lafayette Area PY - 1986/04 SP - n.p. AB - The focus of this report is on truck movements. Not only do trucks provide the transportation for most goods moved within the urban area, but they also contribute significantly to congestion, pollution, safety problems, and distribution costs. The purpose of including goods movement analysis in the Overall Transportation Planning Program is to identify problem areas, and to suggest and evaluate potential solutions. The recommended procedure is as follows: The first activity focuses on an appraisal of the community's goods distribution system. At least four basic approaches may be used: personal interview with selected goods movement representatives; creation of an advisory panel; a field survey; and, a mail survey of area truck fleet operators. The second activity is concerned with evaluating problems and opportunities identified during the detailed appraisal. This will involve the development of truck travel and commodity flow forecasts to assist in evaluating the magnitude of a particular problem. The end product if this process is a set of Transportation System Management (TSM) and long range transportation freight plans that can be incorporated into the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP). KW - Commodity flow KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Lafayette (Indiana) KW - Transportation planning KW - Truck traffic KW - Trucking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5763/tipp.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/904481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457063 AU - Mak, K K AU - Ross, H E AU - Buth, C E AU - Griffin, L I AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEVERITY MEASURES FOR ROADSIDE OBJECTS AND FEATURES. VOLUME I--TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 114 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to draw together the knowledge and information available from accident, full-scale crash testing, and computer simulation studies and use the information to systematically evaluate and develop unified and cost-effective ways and means for measuring the severity of accidents involving different roadside features and objects. A critical review of available literature and existing data sources was conducted relative to the severity of collisions associated with roadside features and objects. Appropriate severity measures were developed and the severity of various roadside features and objects was estimated using the available information. Gaps in the state-of-the-knowledge and the data needed to fill these gaps were identified. A recommended research plan was then developed that would systematically improve on the accuracy and specificity of the severity measures after due consideration for the trade-off between the benefits of improved accuracy and the costs required to achieve the improvement. KW - Accuracy KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Measurement KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Specificity KW - Testing KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457002 AU - Mason, J M AU - Briggs, R C AU - Schwartz, K L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOMETRIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEPARATE TRUCK LANES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 81 p. AB - This report examines past truck related research to determine the applicability of current design policies to special truck lane facilities. Recommendations are made to help fill the voids in existing design policy. The policies addressed include vehicle characteristics, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment, and cross section elements. The report describes specific design elements, discusses their appropriateness to special truck lane facilities, and recommends alternative design criteria where past research warrants possible changes. KW - Alignment KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Geometric design KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Sight distance KW - Truck lanes KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942294 AU - Campbell, R AU - Christopherson, A AU - Nottingham, D AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF FINS ON PILES FOR INCREASED TENSION CAPACITY (SPIN-FIN PILES) - APPENDIX PY - 1986/04 SP - 239 p. AB - Tension capacity of pipe piles with screw-type fins (spin-fins) is compared to tension capacity of pipe piles with straight fins and without fins. Spin-fin piles are driven piles with welded fin attachments which modify pile behavior under both tensile and compressive loads. Uplift load test results on 2, 8-5/8, and 16 inch diameter piles form the core of the report, and discussion of relative pile characteristics and capacities augments these results. A short summary of the pile test procedures and a graphical summary of pile test results are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of spin-fin piles are summarized and potential applications are presented. Test results indicate that spin-fin piles have the following advantages over unmodified pipe piles; increased ultimate tension and compression capacity, no loss of strength after repetitive loading beyond yield point, and failure mode is progressive, not catastrophic. It is expected that spin-fin piles will increasingly be used to replace unmodified piles in many applications. This is the appendix to the final report of the same title. KW - Compression KW - Failure KW - Loads KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pipe KW - Spin-fin piles KW - Strength of materials KW - Tension UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_16a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488542 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IOWA AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC RECORDERS: 1976-1985 PY - 1986/04 SP - 26 p. AB - This report contains graphic comparisons of daily and monthly traffic collected on Iowa's highway system at 108 continuous Automatic Traffic Recorder locations. Fourteen stations are located on the rural interstate system, 45 are on the rural primary system, 12 are on the municipal primary system, 21 are on county roads and 12 are on city streets. A map is provided which shows the general location of count sites. This report compares travel trends from 1970 to present. Traffic is shown for rural, municipal and statewide travel. Estimations of Design Hour Volumes from Annual Daily Averages are shown by highway systems. Straight line relationships between Design Hour Volume and Annual Daily Traffic are compared for the period of 1976-1985. Statewide travel in 1985 showed a 1% increase over 1984. The 20.7 billion VMT in 1985 exceeds the previous high of 20.5 billion VMT set in 1984. More travel occurs on Friday than any other day of the week on all road systems. Sunday is the lowest travel day on all systems except rural interstate. This is typical of other years. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Annual daily traffic KW - County roads KW - Design hourly volume KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Iowa KW - Primary highways KW - Rural areas KW - Streets KW - Traffic counts KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Weekdays KW - Weekends UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479416 AU - Leonin, C A AU - Powers, R D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-SERVICE EVALUATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL TRAFFIC BARRIERS: AN INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 65 p. AB - The 1977 "AASHTO Guide for Selecting, Locating, and Designing Traffic Barriers" defines an experimental barrier as one "that has performed successfully in full-scale crash tests and promises satisfactory in-service performance." This report summarizes available information on several experimental barrier systems that have been recently installed throughout the country. Included are cost, construction, and performance data on the following experimental barriers: (1) Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB) Guardrail; (2) Service Level 1 (SL1) Bridge Rail; (3) Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS); (4) SENTRE Guardrail Terminal; (5) Colorado Type 3F Median Barrier End Treatment; (6) Two high-performance truck barriers (Idaho and Pennsylvania); (7) IBC Sand-Filled Median Barrier; and (8) Modified Thrie Beam Guardrail. The last two barriers are presently classified as operational by the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Costs KW - Crash cushions KW - End treatments KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Median barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Self-restoring barriers KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479422 AU - Vanikar, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS (REVISION 1) PY - 1986/04 SP - 686 p. AB - A manual has been developed primarily for use during the workshop sessions of FHWA Demonstration Project "Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations." In addition, the manual is intended to serve as a practical reference on driven pile foundations. All aspects of pile foundation design and construction, including subsurface investigations, laboratory testing, design analysis, foundation report preparation and construction monitoring are covered. A separate section on pile driving equipment, accessories, and inspection procedures is provided. Specific recommendations are made wherever appropriate. Step-by-step design procedures and workshop problems and solutions are provided so that the practicing engineer can perform the analysis and design with minimum difficulty. KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Driven piles KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460187 AU - Price, D A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NIGHTTIME PAVING. IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 12 p. AB - In 1984 the first nighttime construction project was completed successfully. The work was monitored and a report was written explaining some of the complications with traffic control and the overall operation. Recommendations were made for future construction of this type. In 1985, two nighttime construction projects were monitored in the Denver Metropolitan area. This report documents the implementation of recommendations from the 1984 project on two 1985 projects. This type of construction is presently being used at the discretion of the Districts where traffic is congested enough to warrant it. KW - Construction projects KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Night KW - Traffic congestion KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472182 AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BORED PILES (ENGLISH TRANSLATION) T2 - LES PIEUX FORES PY - 1986/04 SP - 385 p. AB - The construction, inspection, and testing of bored piles (drilled shafts, drilled piers, caissons) as practiced by government agencies in France are discussed in detail. Some of the topics that are treated in the document are contracts, methods of making the excavation, casings and liners, rebar cages, tests for completed piles, and methods of repair of defective piles. A number of technical notes are included at the end of the work that deal with various types of tools, machines, and construction techniques. Of special interest in the publication is the attention to detail with regard to various construction techniques. The engineers, owners, and contractors in the United States who are involved in the design and construction of drilled shafts will find the book to be of great interest. Construction details turn out to be critical with regard to the success of this type of deep foundation. KW - Bored pile KW - Caissons KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Contracts KW - Drilled piers KW - Drilled shafts KW - Inspection KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467820 AU - Martin, E H AU - Smoot, J L AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSIMILATIVE CAPABILITIES OF RETENTION PONDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 79 p. AB - The efficiency of a detention pond and wetlands temporary storage system to reduce constituents loads in urban runoff was determined. The reduction efficiencies for 22 constituents, including the dissolved, suspended and total phases of many of the constituents were investigated. A new method not previously discussed in technical literature was developed to determine the efficiency of a temporary storage system unit such as a detention pond or wetlands. The method provides an efficiency, called the regression efficiency, determined by a regression made of loads-in against loads-out of a unit with the intercept of the regression constrained to zero. The regression efficiency of the treatment unit is defined as unity minus the regression slope. The system (pond and wetlands) achieved appreciable reductions of loads for most constituents. Significant positive regression efficiencies for the system were found for all constituents except the nutrients dissolved nitrate and dissolved orthophosphate. Systems regression efficiencies were 55 percent for total solids, 83 percent for total lead, 70 percent for total zinc, 36 percent for total nitrogen, and 43 percent for total phosphorus. KW - Catch basins KW - Detention basins KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Solids KW - Urban areas KW - Wetlands KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474851 AU - King, G E AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING MOTORIST ROUTE FOLLOWING. VOLUME IV - LITERATURE SYNTHESIS PY - 1986/04 SP - 194 p. AB - This study quantified the extent of excess travel due to inefficient highway navigation for non-commercial vehicles in the United States in terms of both distance and time. Estimates of the consequences of this excess travel in terms of vehicle operating costs, accident potential and lost time are presented. Potential remedial measures are described and evaluated. It was found that recoverable navigational waste amount to 6.4 percent of all distance traveled by non-commercial vehicles and 12.0 percent of all time spent in such travel. The estimated costs to individuals and to society of this excess travel is estimated at $45.7 billion considering only vehicle operating and accident costs and the value of time. Additional, unquantified but significant costs are incurred due to increased air and noise pollution and increased requirements for highway maintenance and operations. Excess travel due to deliberate waste, i.e. the use of non-optimizing route selection criteria, and excess time due to failures in real-time route selection were not addressed. This is Volume IV of a four volume set. The other volumes are: Volume I - Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/029; Volume II - Final Report - FHWA/RD-86/030; and Volume III - Appendices - FHWA/RD-86/031. KW - Economic impacts KW - Guide signs KW - Improvements KW - Route guidance KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474849 AU - King, G E AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING MOTORIST ROUTE FOLLOWING. VOLUME II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 120 p. AB - This study quantified the extent of excess travel due to inefficient highway navigation for non-commercial vehicles in the United States in terms of both distance and time. Estimates of the consequences of this excess travel in terms of vehicle operating costs, accident potential and lost time are presented. Potential remedial measures are described and evaluated. It was found that recoverable navigational waste amount to 6.4 percent of all distance traveled by non-commercial vehicles and 12.0 percent of all time spent in such travel. The estimated costs to individuals and to society of this excess travel is estimated at $45.7 billion considering only vehicle operating and accident costs and the value of time. Additional, unquantified but significant costs are incurred due to increased air and noise pollution and increased requirements for highway maintenance and operations. Excess travel due to deliberate waste, i.e. the use of non-optimizing route selection criteria, and excess time due to failures in real-time route selection were not addressed. This is Volume II of a four volume set. The other volumes are: Volume I - Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/029; Volume III - Appendices - FHWA/RD-86/031; and Volume IV - Literature Synthesis - FHWA/RD-86/032. KW - Economic impacts KW - Guide signs KW - Improvements KW - Route guidance KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474850 AU - King, G E AU - KLD Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING MOTORIST ROUTE FOLLOWING. VOLUME III - APPENDICES PY - 1986/04 SP - 115 p. AB - This study quantified the extent of excess travel due to inefficient highway navigation for non-commercial vehicles in the United States in terms of both distance and time. Estimates of the consequences of this excess travel in terms of vehicle operating costs, accident potential and lost time are presented. Potential remedial measures are described and evaluated. It was found that recoverable navigational waste amount to 6.4 percent of all distance traveled by non-commercial vehicles and 12.0 percent of all time spent in such travel. The estimated costs to individuals and to society of this excess travel is estimated at $45.7 billion considering only vehicle operating and accident costs and the value of time. Additional, unquantified but significant costs are incurred due to increased air and noise pollution and increased requirements for highway maintenance and operations. Excess travel due to deliberate waste, i.e. the use of non-optimizing route selection criteria, and excess time due to failures in real-time route selection were not addressed. This is Volume III of a four volume set. The other volumes are: Volume I - Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/029; Volume II - Final Report - FHWA/RD-86/030; and Volume IV - Literature Synthesis - FHWA/RD-86/032. KW - Economic impacts KW - Guide signs KW - Improvements KW - Route guidance KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471483 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING SYSTEM (UTPS). AN INTRODUCTION FOR MANAGEMENT PY - 1986/04 SP - 35 p. AB - The Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS) was designed to provide planning and impact forecasting tools to meet the information demands of decision makers regarding transportation and land use issues. Developed jointly by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the entire UTPS system includes the UTPS computer package, supporting manuals and technical guides to non-computer methods. KW - Computer planning systems KW - Computers KW - Decision making KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Transit management KW - Transportation planning KW - Umta section 6 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462186 AU - Racin, J A AU - Dayak, T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVEGETATION OF HIGHWAY SLOPES IN THE HIGH DESERT WITH NATIVE PLANT SEEDLINGS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 56 p. AB - Revegetation of highway slopes in the California high desert is being done for erosion control, restoration of wildlife habitat, and improved aesthetics. Objectives are to compare the success of revegetating highway slopes using seedlings from three sources and to evaluate costs. Seedlings were from three sources: 1- Nonlocal seedlings were purchased from commercial nurseries in Utah and Washington; 2- Nonlocally gathered seed was purchased from commercial nurseries in Utah and Washington and seedlings were raised locally at facilities in Owens Valley, California by Caltrans and others; and 3- seed was collected and seedlings were raised locally by Caltrans and others. The completed research tasks of species selection, seed collection, seedling propagation, facilities augmentation, and planting seedlings on highway slopes are reported. Percentages of surviving seedlings, as of October 1985, are high. Raising seedlings locally can be done in a lathhouse in early spring for planting in late spring or early fall. Raising seedlings in the greenhouse at the Owens Valley Conservation Camp in winter was not feasible. Four cut slopes along US 395 in Mono and Inyo Counties were planted with 1080 container-grown, native, woody shrubs. Species planted were big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), fourwing saltbush (Altriplex canescens), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), gray ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis), and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). For the first six months half the seedlings received supplemental water and half did not. KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Landscape design KW - Roadside KW - Seeds KW - Shrubs KW - Slopes KW - Sources KW - Vegetation selection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462342 AU - Barton, F W AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED CAPABILITY FOR PREDICTING THE RESPONSE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 81 p. AB - This study compared experimental and analytical stress and deflection response of a simply-supported highway bridge as measured from a field test and as predicted from a finite element analysis. The field test was conducted on one span of a six-span highway bridge in Virginia using a loaded dump truck as the applied loading. Deflection and strain measurements were recorded at the quarter point and midspan of two adjacent spans with the test vehicle in various positions. A finite element model of the bridge was then developed in which the bridge deck was represented using quadrilateral shell elements and the girders were represented by beam elements. Two different versions of the finite element model were utilized, one assuming simply-supported ends, and one in which continuity was included. Nodes were located such that stresses and deflections in the finite element model could be predicted at locations corresponding to those where experimental data was recorded. It was found that the measured response and predicted response from the finite element model with simply-supported boundaries did not compare favorably. Differences on the order of 50% or more were typical. Experimental data from the field test had, however, indicated a degree of restraint at the supports corresponding to approximately 10% fixity. When this degree of restraint was included in the finite element model of the bridge, comparison between measured and predicted response improved markedly. In fact, the difference between measured and predicted deflections were generally less than 5%. Comparison of measured and predicted stresses indicated somewhat larger differences although the agreement was still satisfactory. Results of this study indicate that the overall response of a relatively simple bridge structure can be satisfactorily predicted from rationally developed finite element models. In the formulation of these models, however, considerable attention should be devoted to a realistic representation of the longitudinal and transverse stiffness and particularly to the support conditions of the structure. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical models KW - Stiffness KW - Strain measurement KW - Stresses UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36694/86-R45.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462442 AU - Zia, P AU - Mulkey, B H AU - Johnson, K J AU - Arnall, J R AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE CAPACITY BY THE LOAD FACTOR METHOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 342 p. AB - Comparative analyses were performed on the load ratings of five common types of highway bridges in North Carolina using both the load factor method and the working stress method. The results confirmed that in some cases the working stress method may be exceedingly conservative in comparison with the load factor method. In one case, by the load factor method, increases of 100% for inventory rating and 39% for operating rating were obtained. In general, for longer span bridges with higher dead load moment, rating by the load factor method is far more advantageous. A comprehensive computer program was developed for rating by the load factor method and the program was validated by comparison with the rating values obtained from manual computations. A second computer program was also developed to facilitate the determination of a more realistic lateral load distribution factor based on the method adopted by the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Design KW - Highway bridges KW - Load factor KW - Ratings KW - Stresses KW - Working stress design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462141 AU - Leonin, C A AU - Powers, R D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-SERVICE EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TRAFFIC BARRIERS: AN INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 59 p. AB - The 1977 "AASHTO Guide for Selecting, Locating, and Designing Traffic Barriers" defines an experimental barrier as one "that has performed successfully in full-scale crash tests and promises satisfactory in-service performance." This report summarizes available information on several experimental barrier systems that have been recently installed throughout the country. Included are cost, construction, and performance data on the following experimental barriers: Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB) Guardrail, Service Level 1 (SL1) Bridge Rail, Connecticut Impact Attenuation System (CIAS), SENTRE Guardrail Terminal, Colorado Type 3F Median Barrier End Treatment, 2 high-performance truck barriers (Idaho and Pennsylvania), IBC Sand-Filled Median Barrier, and Modified Thrie Beam Guardrail. The last two barriers are presently classified as operational by the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Crash cushions KW - Experimental design KW - Field performance KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Performance KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462947 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1986 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1986/04 SP - v.p. AB - The 1986 Annual Report on Highway Safety Improvement Programs has been prepared in accordance with Section 203 of the 1973 Highway Safety Act and Section 152 of Title 23 of the United States Code. It is based on data obtained from (a) the 50 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico; (b) Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) fiscal control records; (c) FHWA field offices; and (d) other sources. The highway safety concerns encompass three elements--the driver, the vehicle, and the highway. This report, however, deals only with the highway environment as it relates to safety and does not purport to be a summary report of all highway safety-related programs and activities. It contains current, detailed information relating to: accident trends, progress being made by the States to implement the Rail-Highway Crossings and the Hazard Elimination Programs, the effectiveness of completed highway safety improvement projects in reducing the number and severity of highway accidents, and state highway agency recommendations and concerns relative to the highway safety improvement programs. KW - Crash rates KW - Effectiveness KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461951 AU - Solomon, D AU - BOYD, H AU - Boyd (Harrison) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL PROCEDURES FOR INSERVICE EVALUATION OF ROADSIDE SAFETY HARDWARE DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 68 p. AB - This report presents evaluation procedures for conducting inservice evaluations of roadside safety hardware devices. Part I reviews the planning process, identifies key elements required in an evaluation work plan, and outlines the responsibilities of various state agencies. It also describes the process for selecting sites, installing devices, analyzing data, and reporting the findings. Part II of the report consists of sample work plans for the following roadside safety appurtenances: Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminal, IBC Barrier System, Controlled Release Terminal, and Self Restoring Traffic Barrier (SERB) Median Barrier. The model procedure and work plans included in this report are a reference guide for State agencies evaluating new roadside safety appurtenances. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Cables KW - Crash cushions KW - Eccentric loading KW - Eccentricity KW - Evaluation KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Loads KW - Median barriers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273865 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461890 AU - Sampson, D J AU - Woodford, D T AU - Horodnicearru, M AU - Urbitran Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF PRIORITY ACCESSIBLE NETWORKS FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 27 p. AB - The Priority Accessible Network (PAN) process is an iterative process to prioritize and improve in a series of stages, pedestrian access routes frequented by elderly and handicapped pedestrians. The final report examines the PAN process and traces its development and application from theoretical implementation and evaluation perspectives. It provides the results and findings from field tests in the cities of Baltimore, New Orleans, and Seattle. The PAN process is an effective solution to the problem of how to provide access improvements along specific high priority pedestrian routes in a community, within the limits of available funding. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Fund allocations KW - Iterative methods KW - Networks KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Strategic planning KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461914 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - Gillespie, T D AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ANN ARBOR ROAD PROFILOMETER MEETING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 237 p. AB - The Road Profilometer Meeting was held in Ann Arbor in September 1984. In this meeting, 11 agencies used their profilometer equipment to provide measures over 27 test sites. Overall, 13 independent instruments were used, including static rod and level measures on 10 of the sites. Analyses of the profiles obtained in the experiment were used to determine and compare some of the performance characteristics of profilometers in use today. The profiles from each system were processed to yield quarter-car roughness, RMSVA roughness, power spectral density functions, and waveband indices. Plots of filtered profiles were also compared. These results were used to determine the performance limits of the profilometers, in terms of operating speed, surface type, and roughness level. Most of the profilometers were demonstrated to measure valid profiles over a full range of pavement roughness, with varying degrees of accuracy that depend on the particular profilometer and the analysis used. Some of the profiles submitted were not valid, indicating that better data-checking methods need to be adopted. KW - Accuracy KW - Conferences KW - Operating speed KW - Power spectra KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461847 AU - Wilkinson, W C AU - Bicycle Federation of America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ROUTE DESIGNATION CRITERIA FOR BICYCLE ROUTES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 319 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to conduct a survey of the literature and state-of-the-art related to bicycle route selection and designation and to develop a synthesized set of factors for use by state and local transportation officials and other agencies and organizations involved in the selection and designation of streets and highways for bike use. The results of the project are presented in a Final Report and Handbook. The Final Report provides a review of the background of bike routes, identifies the major factors related to route alignment and route suitability, and discusses the processes involved in route selection and the options available for route designation. Four special topics are also treated: the use of controlled access freeway shoulders by bicycles, research needs related to bike route selection and designation, liability aspects of bikeway designation, and bike mapping. The Handbook is designed to simplify the task of selecting and designating streets and highways for bike routes. The topics covered include the definition of bike routes, the purpose(s) of bike routes, the factors which affect alignment and the factors which affect suitability, approaches to planning and selecting bike routes, and guidelines for various types of route projects. KW - Bikeways KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Liability KW - Reviews KW - Route choice KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461790 AU - Byrd, L G AU - Hutchinson, R L AU - Dingle Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT TESTING CONFERENCE. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/04 SP - 32 p. AB - This week-long pavement testing conference brought together national and international pavement experts to develop the strategy for a national pavement testing program. Eight different workshops involving 88 participants considered and developed recommendations for data needs and uses and for testing methods. Deliberations resulted in a substantial consensus for a national program whose primary mission would be to serve the major pavement rehabilitation program already underway. Inservice testing using selected sections of the operating highway network and mechanical testing using linear mobile testing equipment rated high priorities in the workshop recommendations. For special studies, contracts with existing test tracks were recommended over the construction of new facilities. Priority data needs were identified as those to serve studies of rehabilitation, network pavement management, and improved pavement performance models. The program, to be conducted by a long-term organization with continuously assigned staff and dedicated funding, is proposed for a 20-year period at a funding level (in 1984 dollars) of $546 million. KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Information organization KW - Networks KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460240 AU - Von Quintus, H L AU - Rauhut, J B AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Jordahl, P R AU - Brent Rauhut Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVENESS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING PROGRAMS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/04 SP - 28 p. AB - This report documents studies aimed at providing a means of establishing priorities among quality control tests and of optimizing sampling frequencies for each test, based on the effects of material properties measured on the performance of the pavements. Appropriate procedures were developed and are discussed in the report, including critical considerations and limitations due to lack of suitable stochastic models to predict performance and contractor response to changes in testing frequency. These procedures are embodied in computer program "COSTOP1", which was developed to assist State highway agencies in determining the optimum test frequency for a single test or the optimum test program for multiple tests to produce the greatest return for every dollar spent on testing. COSTOP1 is general and modular so that the testing programs for all paving construction and materials can be evaluated, and new models and differing repair strategies may be easily defined and input. Preliminary results based on limited models indicate that higher frequencies of testing than commonly used would be cost effective, decreasing the equivalent annual pavement costs by much more than the additional testing costs. KW - Building materials KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Optimization KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Sampling KW - Simulation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460361 AU - Gulden, W AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION PROCEDURES FOR ROADMETERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 85 p. AB - The research project was conducted to evaluate the performance of an inexpensive non-contact roughness measuring device, Roughness Surveyor, as well as the potential use of this device as a calibration reference for Response-Type Road Roughness Measuring (RTRRM) systems. A correlation was also conducted between RTRRM systems from three different States (Georgia, Florida, and Minnesota) against the Roughness Surveyor, the inertial profilometer owned by the Ohio DOT, and the profilometer designed and operated by the South Dakota DOT. A total of sixteen test sites were selected for the correlation and calibration study with a total of 52 individual test sections encompassing a variety of roughness levels and pavement surface types. The results of the roughness testing showed an excellent correlation between all the devices. The standard error of estimate, however, was rather large for some of the linear regression equations. The units from Florida, Ohio, and South Dakota provided serviceability index ratings. An analysis of these ratings indicated that different values were obtained between the units on the same test sections. The evaluation of the Roughness Surveyor indicated that the roughness results obtained were insensitive to speed variations. Problems were encountered with obtaining valid roughness readings on extremely rough textured surfaces, such as surface treatment. The testing repeatability of the Roughness Surveyor was not as good as that obtained with the Ohio Profilometer and slightly better than two of the three RTRRM systems. The day-to-day variability was much higher for the Roughness Surveyor than for the Ohio Profilometer and the RTRRM systems. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calibration KW - Correlation analysis KW - Equations KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Profilometers KW - Repeatability KW - Road meters KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460195 AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Anderson, M AU - Deen, R C AU - Soughgate, H F AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS USING ROAD RATER DEFLECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 162 p. AB - Dynamic deflections have been used to determine in-place structural conditions of rigid pavements, based on modifications of principles and experience with the structural evaluation of flexible pavements. Details of the use of elastic layer theory to simulate deflection measurements associated with loadings for the Kentucky Road Rater are presented. Included is an illustration of the use of field deflection measurements to "back calculate" in-place moduli. The procedures are generally iterative and involve matching measured deflections with theoretical deflections. Elastic layer principles have been used to simulate deflections only at the midslab position. Relationships regarding deflections at other locations on the slab currently involve empirical analyses. Evaluations involving the effects of pavement temperature, time of day, season, etc. are still empirical. In summary, major aspects of this report will be twofold. One will be related to procedures and principles applied to the use of deflections and layer elastic theory to estimate effective parameters representative of existing in-place pavement conditions. The second will be related to the application of deflection measurements and evaluation methodologies to determine appropriate recommendations of rehabilitation strategies and scheduling for rigid pavements. KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Layered theories KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road raters KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460202 AU - Borg, T M AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF PLASTIC STRIPING TAPE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 32 p. AB - Standard thermoplastic traffic marking stripe was compared with 3M "STAMARK" Brand 5730 plastic marking tape. Both products were placed on two new PCC pavement projects and evaluated over two years. The "STAMARK" was found to be more expensive, easier to place, just as durable, but less reflective at night than standard thermoplastic stripe. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Placing KW - Plastics KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking tapes KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking tapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460223 AU - Veress, S A AU - Kim, Y AU - Shyue, S-W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VIDEO RECORDING SYSTEM FOR INSPECTION OF LARGE STRUCTURES. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 88 p. AB - A significant change in the last few years is the increase in resolution, and the decrease in required illumination level of video image recordings. These developments are the basis of this research. The results indicate that video recordings are suitable for inspection of portions of structures, particularly those which are inaccessable, in deep shadows or underwater. Using f=16-160mm zoom optics, the recording distance is 5-150 ft and 3-6 ft underwater. System resolution is satisfactory. It is possible to form images in nearly complete darkness (night time). Therefore, structures in deep shadows can be inspected. It is recommended that video-recording augment visual inspections after certain modifications. KW - Bridge substructures KW - Distance KW - Inspection KW - Lighting KW - Resolution KW - Television KW - Television cameras KW - Underwater photography KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460360 AU - Klinedinst, G AU - Munoz, A AU - Niessmer, C W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SLOPE MAINTENANCE AND SLIDE RESTORATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 65 p. AB - As part of a continuing project to evaluate and improve maintenance activities a study on slope maintenance and slide restoration was undertaken. The problem of slope maintenance and slide restoration was identified by a number of States as a major maintenance problem involving a considerable expenditure of maintenance funds. These guidelines are divided into five chapters: (1) slide identification and definition of terms, (2) investigation and inspection of critical slopes and drainage, (3) maintenance activities that will aid in the prevention and miimization of slides, (4) maintenance activities that are related to particular distress items, and (5) repair and restoration techniques including relative cost information. The guidelines reflect the collective experience of the six participating States, and are designed for use by the first level maintenance supervisor, the person responsible for scheduling day-to-day maintenance work. KW - Drainage KW - Guidelines KW - Landslides KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Prevention KW - Restoration KW - Slides, earth KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460219 AU - Roper, T H AU - Henley, E H AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 34: CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS, WOODINVILLE INTERCHANGE BRIDGE NO. 522/30ES. POST CONSTRUCTION REPORT, AUGUST 1985 PY - 1986/04 SP - 39 p. AB - A slotted cathodic protection system was installed on the ES ramp in the Woodinville Interchange in the summer of 1985. The slotted cathodic protection system involves sawing 3/4" by 3/4" slots longitudinally in the existing deck at one-foot centers. Platinum wire or carbon strand wire is placed in the cut slots first and then conductive polymer is filled in the slots. Electric power from a rectifier supplies current to the wire and conductive polymer. The current then flows to the top mat reinforcing steel, giving the steel protection from further corrosion. Some problem areas were identified. A more positive method of finding grounding locations from the anode to rebar nicks, ties, etc. needs to be developed. Perhaps an instrument can be used to supplement visual inspection. The necessity for having a minimum of 1/2-inch cover from the bottom of the slot to the top of the rebar needs to be resolved. A better method of installing the conductive polymer needs to be developed. Hand-spreading of the material from plastic bags results in sloppy work. Procurement time for the rectifier needs to be shortened. Since the project, once it has started, moves along very rapidly, there is very little time for on-the-job training of workers. Workmen should have prior experience at this work. In remote areas, sources of electrical power may not be available. It will be necessary for sources of power, such as solar panels or long-lasting batteries to be developed for this system. These problems need to be overcome to obtain a better quality product. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Demonstration projects KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Polymers KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Slotting KW - Wire UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/087.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00460266 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1986 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1986/04 SP - 45 p. AB - Tabulations are presented of information provided by the State driver licensing authorities, and show the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories and possessions, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. Comparable data for Canada is also included. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Fees KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00459990 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1985 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL. A SUMMARY PY - 1986/04 SP - 61 p. AB - This is a summary of the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), and has been prepared for personnel of the Federal Highway Administration to assist in the transition from the 1965 HCM to the 1985 HCM. This summary highlights the major differences between the 1965 HCM and the 1985 HCM. The key features and the principal contents of the 1985 HCM are also highlighted. The 1985 HCM is a major evolutionary step forward in the state-of-the-art of highway and traffic operational and design analysis. It provides a means of evaluating alternative solutions to traffic problems, solutions which still require the expertise and creativity of the professional engineer. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Manuals KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457928 AU - Rajan, S D AU - Blackburn, J B AU - Lien, J AU - Subbarao, V AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ON-RAMP TRAFFIC CONTROL ON THE BLACK CANYON FREEWAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 74 p. AB - This research implemented the ramp management strategy (RMS) developed in a previous study, on the Black Canyon Freeway. The software system developed by Safe-Trans was modified to include the RMS algorithm for controlling the entry of ramp vehicles according to speed-volume-occupancy relationships on the freeway. Decisions on metering rates were made at each ramp location on a minute-by-minute basis and may depend on the volume, percentage occupancy and average speed on the outside freeway lane. Limited field tests were conducted to verify the capabilities of the system. This report contains the details on the RMS, Nova III computer system, ramp controllers and program listings. KW - Freeway ramps KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - On ramps KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458352 AU - Yedinak, B AU - Highlands, K AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSITUFORM PIPE REHABILITATION. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 16 p. AB - This report covers the construction evaluation of a pipe rehabilitation project where INSITUFORM was used. INSITUFORM is a manufacturer's name for a pipe relining process which uses cold water inversion to propel a thermo-setting resin coated polyester fiber felt tube through a deteriorated pipe being relined. Once in place, hot water circulates through the tube to cure the resin and harden and strengthen the liner. Although some minor problems occurred, the INSITUFORM pipe rehabilitation seems to have been successful. To date, it appears the pipe relining has resulted in a functioning pipe system at a significant cost savings over other considered pipe rehabilitation techniques. KW - Coatings KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Linings KW - Methodology KW - Pipe KW - Pipe lining KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strength of materials KW - Thermosetting resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/272460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458345 AU - Stevenson, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOSS: AN INTERACTIVE, THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING SYSTEM EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 71 p. AB - This report covers an evaluation of a 3-D computer modeling system, MOSS (Modeling Of Survey Strings), a program developed in the United Kingdom for site design. This evaluation concentrated only on roadway applications. The software was installed on a VAX 11/780 located in the main office of the Colorado Department of Highways, 4201 East Arkansas, in May 1985. A committee of engineers then evaluated an assortment of design and survey applications. Results of the evaluation proved to be favorable. Only minor program deficiencies were noted as related to the specialized nature of certain CDOH design practices. KW - Computer aided design KW - Evaluation KW - Highway design KW - Information processing KW - Interactive computing KW - Simulation KW - Surveying KW - Three dimensional KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00457929 AU - Upchurch, J E AU - BORDIN, J T AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR GUIDE SIGN ILLUMINATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/04 SP - 97 p. AB - The study objective was to identify a lighting system which has a lower power cost and reduced maintenance requirements and which provides adequately for motorists' needs in terms of legibility and illumination level. Twenty-five candidate lighting systems were identified through a review of technical data and specifications for lamps and fixtures by an independent lighting expert. Photometric tests and computer analyses of sign illumination levels reduced the number of candidates to ten alternative systems which were then field tested. Each alternative lighting system was tested for 10 to 14 months. Sign luminance was measured with a telephotometer. Power consumption was monitored. Maintenance requirements and lamp life were noted. A human factors study determined legibility distance and rated viewing comfort, lighting uniformity, and color rendition. An economic analysis was performed which considered the initial cost of acquiring and installing the lighting systems and annual costs for electric power, washing, relamping, and ballast replacement. A lighting system using the high pressure sodium light source was recommended. Compared to the existing commonly used fluorescent system, it uses one-third as much electric power and has about one-third of the annual owning and operating cost. The recommended system has a satisfactory illumination level and provides the best legibility distance of the ten systems tested. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brightness KW - Energy consumption KW - Field tests KW - Fluorescent lamps KW - Guide signs KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Sight distance KW - Sodium lamps KW - Sodium vapor lamps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/268929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00458111 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1986 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PY - 1986/04 SP - v.p. AB - This report reviews the highway environment as it relates to safety, and contains current detailed information relating to the following: accident trends; progress made by the states to implement the Rail-Highway Crossings and the Hazard Elimination Programs; the effectiveness of completed highway safety improvement projects in reducing the number and severity of highway accidents; and state highway agency recommendations and concerns relative to the highway safety improvement programs. The various chapters of the report cover the legislative background, purpose of the report, and the highway safety problem as related to accident trends, highway systems, and specific concerns. Highway safety construction is reviewed in relation to the Highway Safety Improvement Program, program accomplishments, program evaluations, countermeasure evaluations and noteworthy state activities. KW - Construction KW - Countermeasures KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Legislation KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Safety programs KW - State highway departments KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/269329 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453913 AU - Tyree, John L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Bartholomew County, Indiana PY - 1986/03/27/Final Report SP - 86p AB - This report completes a portion of the long-term project concerned with the development of a county engineering soils map of each of the 92 counties of the State of Indiana. The engineering soils map was developed using aerial photographs, available literature, available soil borings and field studies. Generalized soil profiles of the major soils of each land form - parent material area are presented on the engineering soils map included. The map and report are useful in planning and developing engineering facilities in Bartholomew County. KW - Boring KW - Field studies KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Indiana KW - Planning KW - Soil mapping UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314598 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453907 AU - Cochran, David L AU - Gray, Leroy AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 119 PY - 1986/03/27 SP - 40p AB - Progress Report No. 119 is the report of the June-September 1985 study of free flow automobile and truck speeds on tangent, level and dry sections of rural interstate, urban interstate, 4-lane and 2-lane highways in Indiana. The results of this report show that all types of vehicles, on all types of Indiana highways, had an average free flow speed of 57.2 mph in 1985. This indicates a reduction of 0.5 mph from 1984. If the two urban interstates are excluded, the average speed becomes 56.9 mph in 1985. This indicates a reduction of 0.7 mph from 1984. This report includes a chart that graphically summarizes the results of summer free flow speed monitoring since 1975. KW - Free flow speeds KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - Monitoring KW - Traffic speed UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314106 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453887 AU - Montenegro, Ferdnando Mario AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Procedure to Assess Highway Routine Maintenance Needs: Interim Report PY - 1986/03/27/Executive Summary Interim Report Tasks A, B, and C SP - 172p AB - This is the first interim report covering the first three tasks of the study. This phase included the development of a procedure for the assessment of routine maintenance needs. The proposed procedure is based on unit foremen's evaluation of highway deficiencies. The validity of the proposed approach was tested in different randomly selected maintenance units. The research team objectively measured the distresses on those sections that were subjectively evaluated by the unit foremen. Both subjective and objective data together with estimations of expected work load by unit foremen provided the basis for statistical analyses of the proposed approach. The report includes a plan for implementation of the procedure. KW - Assessments KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Indiana KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance practices UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314108 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453857 AU - Hamman, Mary Jo AU - Windslow, Douglas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of a Rapid Test Method for Asphalt Content PY - 1986/03/27/Final Report SP - 42p AB - Modifications have been developed for a rapid asphalt content test method that allow it to be applied to 1) mixtures made with hot, emulsified asphalts, 2) recycled (RAP) materials, and 3) mixtures containing a large proportion of fine,