TY - RPRT AN - 00619193 AU - Upchurch, J E AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NON-ILLUMINATED GUIDE SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 56 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of non-illuminated guide signs. The objective of this study was to prepare a state-of-the-art report and develop a research work plan for any recommended further research. The study has reviewed research conducted by others and current practice and any standards used in installation of non-illuminated guide signs. The state-of-the-art report assumed that MUTCD standards which require freeway overhead guide signs to be either illuminated or have reflectorized backgrounds will continue. The general consensus on the findings developed from the previous work can be stated as follows: For typical, uncomplicated freeway application, the legend background treatments in common use can all give satisfactory legibility. A possible exception is the marginal legibility of non-illuminated signs viewed under the lowbeam illumination of a single vehicle. Auxiliary illumination may be required on curved roads, at locations where adverse weather is prevalent, under conditions of high ambient illumination, and at sites where immediate action by the driver is required. Studies have also shown that motorists prefer illuminated signs and signs with reflective backgrounds over opaque backgrounds. Previous research also strongly suggests that non-illuminated, reflectorized background treatments can be economically competitive with or less expensive than illuminated systems. It is therefore recommended that further research be done to compare the cost of different sign treatments and should include cost analysis for retrofitting existing opaque sign panels with reflectorized background. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Backgrounds KW - Costs KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guide signs KW - Illuminated traffic signs KW - Legibility KW - Reflectorization KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Research KW - Retrofitting KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619192 AU - Mcshane, W R AU - Levinson, H S AU - Papayannoulis, V AU - Shenk, E V AU - Polytechnic Institute of New York AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING COST-EFFECTIVE DIAMOND INTERCHANGE CONTROL, STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 55 p. AB - This project provides information on the state of the art in the use of diamond interchanges, and recommendations for needed work. This report contains several "rules of thumb" distilled from the work and from current practice, as well as a detailed review of existing sources. The work was accomplished by (1) conducting an extensive review and evaluation of existing reports and literature, (2) discussing current practice and issues with engineers at several orgainzations and agencies, (3) drawing upon the experience and knowledge of the members of the project team, and (4) doing sketch analyses of some alternative designs. The principal conclusion of the effort for Arizona DOT is that there are three critical elements to consider, and the existing literature and knowledge is deficient in information on two of these elements. The three elements are: (1) the role of design in avoiding and/or inducing problems at diamond interchange configurations; (2) the need to consider the routing of major flows in deciding upon signal strategy; and (3) the use of signal timing and optimization within the context of the first two elements. The fact is that these are a heirarchy, and yet the literature (and the guidelines available to engineers) generally ignores the first two in favor of the third. In accord with the contract, recommendations are made. The recomendations are that (1) specific work be done on Elements 1 and 2 above, and (2) guidelines and a "case book" be prepared for the practicing engineer, related to the above. Details are given in the report. KW - Configuration KW - Design KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Optimization KW - Recommendations KW - Routing KW - Shape KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467769 AU - Banks, J H AU - San Diego State University AU - California Department of Transportation AU - California Business, Transportation and Housing Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT FOR CENTRALLY-CONTROLLED, TRAFFIC-RESPONSIVE RAMP METERING SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 84 p. AB - This research involved identification of performance measures for the San Diego Ramp Metering System, development of software and data reduction techniques to quantify these, and analysis of current data to establish normal patterns in system performance. Performance indicators included speeds, volumes and flow rates, and occupancies for individual detector locations; throughputs, total travel-times, and delays for freeway sections; ramp delays; and accident statistics. Quantification of measures related to freeway mainline was straightforward except in the case of travel times and delays; quantification of ramp delays from automatically-collected data proved to be impossible. This report contains detailed descriptions of the methods for calculating these measures, and a summary description of the software package used to calculate them. Current morning peak period conditions on the mainline portions of the system were analyzed. These analyses involved establishment of normal ranges and patterns of variation for various performance measures, investigation of sources of congestion in the system, a preliminary study of variations in bottleneck capacity, and a study of the relationship between the daily level of use of certain freeway sections (represented by total peak period throughput) and delay. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Freeways KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ramp metering KW - Software KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489625 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schomber, R A AU - Imbsen & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED BRIDGE LOAD RATING METHODOLOGY USING THE NATIONAL BRIDGE INVENTORY FILE. VOLUME II: PROGRAM LISTING PY - 1987/08 SP - 142 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to develop a computerized system to determine the adequacy of a bridge or group of bridges to carry specified overload vehicles. The system utilizes two levels of analysis. The Level 1 analysis is the basic rating system for the Arizona Department of Transportation. This analysis computes the overload capacity with a limited amount of data. A Level 2 evaluation, which conducts a more detailed evaluation, uses an enhanced National Bridge Inventory File (NBIF) database, Standard Plans, or a more detailed analysis similar to Brass. A Special Level 2 analysis was also developed to analyze continuous slab bridges by utilizing data from standard slab plans. Detailed case studies were conducted on twenty-five typical Arizona bridges to verify the methodology used in the Level 1 procedure and to correlate the bridge plans with data in the NBIF. The Level 1 procedure gives ratings which are within 10% of the Level 2 procedure for bridges which satisfy the level one assumptions. Similarly, the Special Level 2 analysis for reinforced concrete continuous bridges gives ratings within 10% of the Level 2 analysis. The NBIF compared well with general bridge plans and is applicable to Level 1 analysis for "typical bridges". The research results are reported in three documents: (1) Final Report; (2) Volume I: Users Manual; and (3) Volume II: Program Listing. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Highway capacity KW - Inventory KW - National bridge inventory file KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Ratings KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489624 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schomber, R A AU - Imbsen & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED BRIDGE LOAD RATING METHODOLOGY USING THE NATIONAL BRIDGE INVENTORY FILE. VOLUME I: USERS MANUAL PY - 1987/08 SP - 108 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to develop a computerized system to determine the adequacy of a bridge or group of bridges to carry specified overload vehicles. The system utilizes two levels of analysis. The Level 1 analysis is the basic rating system for the Arizona Department of Transportation. This analysis computes the overload capacity with a limited amount of data. A Level 2 evaluation, which conducts a more detailed evaluation, uses an enhanced National Bridge Inventory File (NBIF) database, Standard Plans, or a more detailed analysis similar to Brass. A Special Level 2 analysis was also developed to analyze continuous slab bridges by utilizing data from standard slab plans. Detailed case studies were conducted on twenty-five typical Arizona bridges to verify the methodology used in the Level 1 procedure and to correlate the bridge plans with data in the NBIF. The Level 1 procedure gives ratings which are within 10% of the Level 2 procedure for bridges which satisfy the level one assumptions. Similarly, the Special Level 2 analysis for reinforced concrete continuous bridges gives ratings within 10% of the Level 2 analysis. The NBIF compared well with general bridge plans and is applicable to Level 1 analysis for "typical bridges". The research results are reported in three documents: (1) Final Report; (2) Volume I: Users Manual; and (3) Volume II: Program Listing. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Inventory KW - Manuals KW - National bridge inventory file KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Ratings KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489623 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schomber, R A AU - Imbsen & Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMPLIFIED BRIDGE LOAD RATING METHODOLOGY USING THE NATIONAL BRIDGE INVENTORY FILE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 74 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to develop a computerized system to determine the adequacy of a bridge or group of bridges to carry specified overload vehicles. The system utilizes two levels of analysis. The Level 1 analysis is the basic rating system for the Arizona Department of Transportation. This analysis computes the overload capacity with a limited amount of data. A Level 2 evaluation, which conducts a more detailed evaluation, uses an enhanced National Bridge Inventory File (NBIF) database, Standard Plans, or a more detailed analysis similar to Brass. A Special Level 2 analysis was also developed to analyze continuous slab bridges by utilizing data from standard slab plans. Detailed case studies were conducted on twenty-five typical Arizona bridges to verify the methodology used in the Level 1 procedure and to correlate the bridge plans with data in the NBIF. The Level 1 procedure gives ratings which are within 10% of the Level 2 procedure for bridges which satisfy the level one assumptions. Similarly, the Special Level 2 analysis for reinforced concrete continuous bridges gives ratings within 10% of the Level 2 analysis. The NBIF compared well with general bridge plans and is applicable to Level 1 analysis for "typical bridges". The research results are reported in three documents: (1) Final Report; (2) Volume I: Users Manual; and (3) Volume II: Program Listing. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Inventory KW - National bridge inventory file KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Ratings KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488083 AU - Ridnour, R AU - Schaaf, D V AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF PARALLEL NOISE BARRIERS - AN IOWA STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 39 p. AB - Traffic noise monitoring using FHWA's Demonstration Projects Division Mobile Noise laboratory at free field, single wall and parallel barrier site on I-380 in Evansdale, Iowa is described. Access to I-380 prior to its being open to traffic afforded a controlled pass-by monitoring phase involving different vehicle types. A subsequent second phase entailed identical measurement methodology to monitor "real world" I-380 traffic noise. Phase I data indicated increases in noise were significant under the parallel barrier conditions for light duty vehicles operating in the far lane. Phase II results showed that the actual I-380 traffic mix largely offset the earlier observed effect, but minor increases in traffic noise under the parallel system were noted. These differences in noise barrier system effectiveness are judged to be insignificant at this particular study location. KW - Effectiveness KW - Laboratories KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mobile laboratory KW - Monitoring KW - Noise barriers KW - Traffic noise UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17293 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485665 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#2-87 PY - 1987/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1980 Dodge Colt impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned with the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was mounted on a Union Metal Transformer base. Upon impact the pole crushed into the vehicle as the vehicle slowed. The vehicle then began to yaw and finally stopped after it spun around about 150 degrees. The pole did not break away. Extreme occupant compartment penetration occurred. All parameters exceeded the acceptable thresholds. This would have been a fatal accident. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485333 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Siddiqui, Z AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT TESTING FACILITY--DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 83 p. AB - The U.S. Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF), a full-scale accelerated pavement testing machine, has been installed at the Pavement Testing Facility (PTF) at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC). This report describes the design and construction of the two PTF test pavements, the materials used in their construction, and the associated pavement instrumentation and data acquisition system. The two test pavements contain hot-mix asphalt concrete with a crushed-aggregate base. The pavements were designed to carry 250,000 and 3,500,000 18-kip ESAL. Instrumentation was designed to automatically record pavement deflection, strain, temperature, surface profile, and wheel load. Software modules to acquire, reduce, and store the data in standard computer file format were developed. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Test facilities KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485664 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#1-87 PY - 1987/08 SP - 56 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1980 Plymouth Champ impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned with the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. Although the pole did break away with a low change in velocity of the vehicle, severe intrusion of the pole into the passenger compartment provided for a severe accident. Most dummy related parameters produced outputs which exceeded the recommended levels. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468711 AU - Kelly, D J AU - Bradberry, T E AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME DEPENDENT DEFLECTIONS OF PRETENSIONED BEAMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 232 p. AB - Eight long-span (127-ft) pretensioned AASHTO Type IV bridge beams made with high strength concrete and low-relaxation strand were instrumented in the field. Longtime deformations and internal beam temperatures were measured. Measurements were taken periodically from the time the beams were cast, through construction, and continued for one year after they were placed in service. Deformation measurements included concrete surface strains, prestressing strand strain, and quarter point and midspan camber or deflection. Internal concrete temperatures were measured with thermocouples which were located in critical locations of the beam. The measured time dependent camber or deflection was compared to the results of several previously reported analytical techniques. These analytical results did not accurately predict the measured response. A modification of the PCI multiplier technique for calculating longtime camber and deflection was developed and programmed for use on a microcomputer. These new multipliers were used to accurately predict the time dependent response of the instrumented beams. This technique was then used to calculate the sensitivity of time dependent camber or deflection to some of the more important variables such as concrete strength, creep, and construction time schedule. Based on the results of the sensitivity study, one could expect camber or deflection of long span beams, similar to those studied, to vary from 2 to 6 in. at erection and from -0.75 to 2 in. at the end of the service life. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Construction KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - High strength concrete KW - Long span KW - Low relaxation strand KW - Microcomputers KW - Pretensioning KW - Temperature KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481047 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE SURVEY OF SILICONE-SEALED CONCRETE PAVEMENT JOINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 48 p. AB - This report summarizes field inspections of various silicone-sealed concrete pavement joints. A list of silicone sealant projects was provided by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Observations of performance were subjective and qualitative. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Joint sealers KW - Performance KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Silicones KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464665 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Motter, J B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTING PRECOATED AGGREGATES FOR SEAL COATS AND SURFACE TREATMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 68 p. AB - One of the most common causes of seal coat failures is the presence of dust on the cover aggregate which prevents good adhesion between the applied bituminous binder and the aggregate. Precoating the aggregate with a very thin film of bituminous binder usually solves the dust problem and provides good adhesion. This research was undertaken (a) to evaluate the adhesion of aggregates precoated to varying degrees so that the optimum precoating requirement can be established, and (b) to develop an end-result type test in lieu of the subjective visual test for accepting precoated aggregates. Five AASHTO No. 8 aggregates of different mineralogical compositions and absorptive characteristics were used. These aggregates were precoated with MC-30 cutback asphalt to varying degree (from salt and pepper effect to 90+ % coating). Pennsylvania Aggregate Retention Test developed in this study was used to evaluate the effect of precoating on aggregate retention loss. Immediate adhesion of the cover aggregate with the bituminous binder was best obtained at 90+ percent precoating. The agreement (reproducibility) between different evaluators who made subjective visual evaluation of the percent precoating was also by far the best at 90+ percent level. Of the three end-result type tests attempted, dry gradation test of the precoated aggregate was determined to be most appropriate with an acceptance criteria of 0.5 percent maximum minus 200 (dust). KW - Acceptance tests KW - Adhesion KW - Aggregates KW - Bituminous binders KW - Dust KW - Failure KW - Performance KW - Precoated aggregates KW - Seal coats KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464666 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Basso, H R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF MIX DESIGN METHOD FOR MOTO-PAVER MIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 83 p. AB - Open graded moto-paver mixes (Pennsylvania FB-1 Bituminous Courses) are used extensively by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's (PennDOT's) maintenance forces in resurfacing low-volume roads. These mixes are manufactured in travel plants (such as, Midland Paver) using emulsified asphalts. This research was undertaken to develop a simple mix design method so that the optimum emulsion content can be established for use in the field. Eight aggregates (AASHTO No. 8) of different mineralogical compositions and absorptive characteristics and a CMS-2 (PennDOT's E-5) Emulsified Asphalt were used in this study. Aggregates were tested for water absorption, apparent and bulk specific gravity, particle index and flakiness index. Mixtures made with varying emulsion contents were subjected to three types of runoff test: Pyrex Plate test, Chevron Runoff test, and the Pennsylvania Runoff test developed in this study. Marshall specimens were also tested for bulk specific gravity, air void content, resilient modulus, stability and flow to establish the optimum emulsion contents. Pennsylvania Runoff test and the runoff criteria established in this study gave emulsion contents reasonably close to the optimum emulsion contents obtained from the resilient moduli and specific gravity values of compacted specimens. It has been recommended to use this newly developed simple method for designing open graded moto-paver mixes in Pennsylvania. KW - Absorption KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Flakiness index KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Low volume roads KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Resurfacing KW - Specific gravity KW - Travel plant UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474905 AU - Bourque, P J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE WASHINGTON STATE TRANSPORT-ORIENTED INPUT-OUTPUT STUDY FOR 1982. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 73 p. AB - This report provides estimates of the value of outputs, inputs, and markets served by elements of the transportation services industries in Washington State. The study is an extension of "The Washington State Input-Output Study for 1982" by the inclusion of a detailed examination (by mode of transport) of purchase-sales relationships. Portions of the report address the conceptual and empirical problems in measuring regional interindustry flows in the transport sectors, and particularly the methodological limitations surrounding synthetic I/O models and survey approaches. A gross flows matrix (62 x 64), direct requirements table (59 x 59), and output multiplier matrix with households endogenous are included. Impact multipliers (value added, earnings, jobs) for the transport sectors are included. The study provides estimates of the economic importance of the transportation industry in Washington. The model facilitates the evaluation of the impact of autonomous changes in the demand for transportation services upon the rest of the regional economy, and the estimation of the impacts of changes in the rest-of-the-economy upon the demand for transportation services in Washington State. KW - Demand KW - Economics KW - Estimates KW - Input KW - Markets KW - Mathematical models KW - Output KW - Regional economics KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/120.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474817 AU - Bosch, H R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A WIND TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF THE DEER ISLE-SEDGWICK BRIDGE (PHASE I). FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 230 p. AB - The Deer Isle-Sedgwick Bridge is a 45-year-old suspension bridge located on the New England Coast in the State of Maine. The Maine Department of Transportation (MEDOT) is in the process of rehabilitating this structure and has requested the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to evaluate the bridge's performance under existing wind and storm conditions. In response to this request, FHWA has conducted full scale measurements at the bridge site, analytical investigations, and scale model studies in the Aerodynamics Laboratory located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC). This report presents the results from the first phase of the wind tunnel model studies. A 1:25 scale section model was used to evaluate the bridge response. Tests were conducted under laminar (smooth) flow conditions for wind tunnel speeds ranging from 0 to 40 fps. Three basic modifications to the bridge cross section were designed and tested to evaluate their effectiveness toward enhancing bridge aerodynamic stability. Wind forces (lift, drag, and pitching moment) on the existing configuration and the most stable alternate were measured for vertical wind angles ranging from minus 10 deg to plus 10 deg. Based upon the results of these tests, the following major conclusions may be drawn: (1) Wind forces on the bridge are lower than the AASHTO design values; (2) the existing shape exhibits undesirable tendencies for vortex induced response, galloping response, and autorotation in the torsional mode; and (3) an asymmetric modfication of the bridge cross section greatly enhances its aerodynamic stability. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamic lift KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge dynamics KW - Drag KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Structural stability KW - Suspension bridges KW - Testing KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473167 AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICS OF TRUCK ACCIDENTS: AN ADDENDUM TO A STUDY OF LONGER AND WIDER TRUCKS ON THE TEXAS HIGHWAY SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 177 p. AB - This addendum provides a summary of truck accident statistics on the Texas highway system which include reported frequency of truck accident involvements; distributions of truck accident involvements by some accident, vehicle, and environmental variables; and severity of truck accidents. The data source, methodology, and results are presented. These accident statistics are useful as preliminary information for further sensitivity tests or policy analyses concerning truck usage and routing. Such sensitivity tests or policy analyses are not part of this addendum. KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Physical distribution KW - Statistics KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Variables KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470921 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Prine, D W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION MONITORING OF IN-SERVICE BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 59 p. AB - An experimental acoustic emission (AE) device, the GARD Acoustic Emission Weld Monitor (AEWM), has been field tested on six bridges during this study. In addition, the device was used to test three other bridges under separate contracts from state highway agencies. The device was evaluated to determine if it could detect fatigue-crack growth on in-service steel bridges. The AEWM employs a proprietary three-step model (filter) to reject noise-related AE activity and detect and locate defects subject to varying stress conditions. The unit uses built-in microprocessors to compare incoming data to the model. If defect-related AE activity is detected, the AEWM will notify the operator and locate the defect in relation to AE sensors placed on the test specimen. The device rejects high background noise rates typical of bridges and detects and locates AE activity from known defects such as cracks and subsurface flaws. The AEWM functioned properly in every field test situation to which it was applied. The device has demonstrated capability to perform AE tests on in-service bridges. It may be used to detect hidden defects or to assist in making repair decisions concerning detected discontinuities. The AEWM and AE testing have the potential for low-cost inspection of critical bridge members. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Low costs KW - Microprocessors KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469939 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Blackburn, R R AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Kibler, D F AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WET WEATHER EXPOSURE MEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 115 p. AB - Accident surveillance programs require a measure of wet-pavement exposure to determine whether the wet-pavement accident rates of particular highway sections are higher or lower than expected. This research program used the results of laboratory and field tests, together with available weather data to construct a model for estimating the percentage of time a pavement would be wet. The laboratory and field testing program addressed (1) the minimum level of pavement surface wetness that substantially reduces tire-pavement friction and (2) the time required for a pavement to dry following rainfall. A computer model, known as the WETTIME model, was developed in the research to estimate the monthly and annual hours of wet-pavement exposure. The model can be used to estimate wet-pavement exposure in the vicinity of any first-order weather station from data that can be obtained from the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina. Procedures were also developed to use the output of the WETTIME model to prepare isoexposure contour maps for entire States or regions. KW - Computer programs KW - Contour maps KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Estimating KW - Exposure KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Weather KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280063 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469716 AU - Wells, G K AU - Wiley, S M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 96 p. AB - This study involved various PCCP rehabilitation techniques to improve the rideability and structural integrity of the pavement system. During this study, pavement grinding, slab replacements, asphalt concrete (AC) overlays, slab jacking, grout subsealing, joint and random crack sealants, and edge drains were evaluated. This resulted in specification changes and discontinuation of some techniques. This study resulted in a moratorium on grout subsealing, provided tentative guidelines for the installation of retrofit edge drains, and provided the basis for further research to determine design strategies for rehabilitating PCCP. The results of the construction evaluated research project "Evaluate Void Detection and Grout Subsealing of PCCP on 06-Ker-5-R0.0/29.0, Contract No. 06-246004" (partially funded by this study), are presented in Appendix 2. No reliable procedure was identified using either deflection measurements or ground penetrating radar, that would accurately locate voids beneath PCCP prior to subsealing. A "Training Course Outline, PCC Pavement Rehabilitation, 1986" that was used to train Caltrans constructiion inspectors has been upgraded. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Edge drains KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment replacement KW - Grinding KW - Grouting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Sealing compounds KW - Slabjacking KW - Specifications KW - Subsealing KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469940 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Kibler, D F AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USERS GUIDE FOR THE WETTIME EXPOSURE ESTIMATION MODEL PY - 1987/08 SP - 58 p. AB - WETTIME is a computerized model to estimate the monthly and annual number of hours of exposure to wet pavement conditions from available weather data. The model is written in FORTRAN and both mainframe computer and microcomputer versions of the model are available. The weather data needed to execute the model are available from the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, for approximately 250 first-order weather stations in the United States. This Guide presents an overview of the WETTIME model and a description of the input data, output data, and computer requirements for the model. The application of the WETTIME model to estimate wet pavement exposure for sites in several geographic regions and the construction of isoexposure contour maps is also illustrated. KW - Computer programs KW - Contour maps KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Estimating KW - Exposure KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Weather KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469161 AU - Lehman, P A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM CAPABILITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 77 p. AB - The objective of this project was to compile and analyze field data on existing photovoltaic systems. Over 100 installations were measured with a portable current-voltage curve tracer which was developed for the project. Design meteorological year data sets were prepared for 46 locations in California. These can be used with the photovoltaic analysis programs to aid in photovoltaic system design. KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468636 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Hlavinka, M W AU - Korpics, J J AU - Schroeder, J H AU - Moe, R D AU - Donaldson, G R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING AND MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROADWAYS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2. APPENDIX K PY - 1987/08 SP - 568 p. AB - Under project 283, both experimental and model development work in air pollution research near roadways was considered. First, the original TXLINE model was modified so that it was suitable for use in modeling finite line sources. This modification enables the model to be used in modeling pollutant dispersion on curved roads and other types of scenarios for which an infinite line source model would not be applicable. This modification also allows the model to be used in predicting pollutant concentrations upwind of a roadway. The next research area considered was the revision of the original Texas intersection model, TEXIN. The original model had several limitations which inhibited its use in a large number of cases. With the revised version, many of these limitations are no longer present. T-intersections are specifically treated by appropriately assigning internal variables. Improved emission factor estimates are obtained with MOBILE3. MOBILE3 allows the user enhanced flexibility in describing the vehicle distribution along with anti-tampering options and inspection/maintenance programs. The user may choose either the CMA Operations and Design algorithm or the CMA Planning Procedure to analyze traffic flow at the intersection. The model exhibits very good accuracy for areas not surrounded by tall buildings. Finally, the collection of a large experimental data base was performed under the project. Data on meteorology, traffic, and pollutant concentrations were obtained in Houston, Texas. These data were used in the mass balance technique to estimate carbon monoxide emission factors which were then compared to the simulated factors obtained by the EPA model MOBILE3. In general, the MOBILE3 simulations yielded lower emission rates than those calculated by the mass balance. The primary purpose of the data base is the improvement and development of future roadway air quality models. In order to facilitate this process the data base is available to the public on standard nine-track tape. Fifteen minute and hourly averages are printed in this volume, Volume 2 - Appendix K. KW - Accuracy KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Dispersion KW - Estimates KW - Exhaust gases KW - Simulation KW - T intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468703 AU - Cooper, F F AU - Cooper Technology AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ASSISTED CARTOGRAPHY. A DRAFT POSITION PAPER PY - 1987/08 SP - 93 p. AB - This document is a Draft version of a position paper in conjunction with two cartographic workshops sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The first of these was hosted in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation on September 15-17, 1987. The second was hosted in Olympia, Washington by the Washington Department of Transportation on September 22-24, 1987. The purpose of the workshops was to provide the DOT cartographic community with an opportunity: to see and discuss with vendors the latest state-of-the-art in automated cartographic equipment and/or processes; to discuss with their peers the various approaches to the implementation of a Geographic Information System for Transportation-Cartography (GIST-C); to identify common actions or viewpoints among the DOT cartographers that will assist the cartographers in advancing their contribution to the DOT; and to establish some recommendation that will establish the continuation of the type of forum associated with these workshops on an annual basis. KW - Automation KW - Cartography KW - Information systems KW - Mapping KW - State of the art studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468749 AU - Ray, M H AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ROADSIDE HARDWARE. VOLUME II. THE EFFECT OF SOIL STRENGTH ON LONGITUDINAL BARRIER PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 118 p. AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of NCHRP Report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with five broad areas of concern: (1) the importance and effect of soil conditions on the dynamic performance of barriers, (2) methods for re-evaluating pre-Report 230 test results in light of the current Report 230 criteria, (3) linking the occupant risk factor to "real-world" accident cases, (4) assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle, and (5) replacement of the 4500-lb test car. KW - Barrier design KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Redirection KW - Risk assessment KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468197 AU - Drennon, C B AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCREASE OF RECYCLED ASPHALT PROPORTION THROUGH USE OF SBR LATEX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - n.p. AB - Styrene-butadiene rubber latex (SBR) was added to asphalt pavement mixes consisting of 50 percent reclaimed asphalt pavement and 50 percent new aggregate and new asphalt, and to 70 percent reclaimed - 30 percent new mixes, in order to determine improvement of properies of treated materials over those of untreated recycled mixes of the same proportions. Statistical analysis of variance of the output of the VESYS pavement analysis computer program demonstrated a reduction of asphalt cracking of the treated pavement materials compared to untreated materials when 4 or 5 percent SBR was added. Addition of latex caused little difference in predicted rutting. Since the VESYS program rewards an increase in pavement stiffness, and addition of rubber and use of reclaimed pavement both increase stiffness, comparison of improvements between the 50-50 and 70-30 mixes was not practically significant. Use of SBR latex to improve performance of recycled mixes, and to allow increase of percent of reclaimed pavement, is feasible. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Copolymers KW - Latex asphalt KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Styrene butadiene copolymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468194 AU - Robertson, H D AU - Harkey, D L AU - Davis, S E AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated TI - SAFETY CRITERIA FOR LONGER COMBINATION VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 100 p. AB - This research study examined the safety problems associated with Longer Combination Vehicles (LCVs) as well as the safety regulations used to govern their operation. A comparison between the identified safety problems and the existing safety regulations was used to develop a candidate set of model regulations to aid states with the development of their own LCV regulations. A tradeoff analysis of local access options (staging areas versus direct access) was also conducted to determine the best way for LCVs to reach terminals and food, fuel, repair, and rest facilities. The study concluded that insufficient data exist at present to conclusively define the operational and safety problems of LCVs or to quantitatively evaluate the effects of current regulations. Further research is recommended as better data becomes available. KW - Access KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467765 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION DATA MANAGEMENT. PHASE I PY - 1987/08 SP - 104 p. AB - Transportation agencies and other organizations need to differentiate between data and information. They need to start looking at information as a resource that must be managed and maintained. In order for organizations to be effective, they must have the ability to design and manage integrated, functional, and diversified computer applications. This study evaluates various information management systems which would be appropriate for medium size transportation planning organizations. KW - Agencies KW - Data management KW - Government agencies KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Organizations KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467827 AU - Ardani, A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROST HEAVE CONTROL WITH BURIED INSULATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 36 p. AB - To investigate the effectiveness of extruded insulation panels in the mitigation of frost heave problems, two sites were selected: SH 40 at Rabbit Ears Pass with an elevation of 9,000 feet and I 70 east of Eisenhower Tunnel at an elevation of 10,000 feet. Temperature probes were installed in both sites in the control and the insulated sections. Hourly temperature variations were monitored and recorded by a micrologger and a tape recorder. The probes under the insulated area showed a warmer temperatuere (by approximately 7 degrees) and much less fluctuations than the probes installed in the control sections. The results of this study have demonstrated that insulation panels, if installed properly, can be a cost effective alternative to sub-excavation and backfilling. Core samples of both sites will be taken in order to investigate if the insulation panels are retaining their original form. The results of this investigation will be covered in the final report. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Insulating materials KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Panels KW - Temperature measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467766 AU - Lindholm, J M AU - Inman, V W AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRAIN DAMAGE, INFORMATION PROCESSING, AND DRIVER CAPABILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 77 p. AB - The overall goal of the pilot research project was to initiate a collaborative effort with Phoenix Baptist Hospital for the study of the relationship between information-processing capabilities and driving performance in brain-damaged individuals. To this end, a microcomputer based research facility was established at the Hospital. This facility allowed the testing of patients on a battery of visual information processing tasks developed as part of a larger ADOT project (Lindholm et al., 1986). A Road Test Evaluation form was designed in collaboration with the Hospital's driving instructor and subsequently used to evaluate the patients' driving skills. Data from the neuropsychological tests administered by the Hospital staff were also included in the assessment. KW - Brain KW - Driver impairment KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Hospitals KW - Impaired drivers KW - Injuries KW - Motor skills KW - Neurology KW - Personnel performance KW - Test facilities KW - Visual perception UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465658 AU - Reckard, M K AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT SAND FIELD TRIAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 18 p. AB - Previous laboratory research had shown that the effectiveness of sand as a traction aid on icy surfaces could be significantly improved if the sand was heated sufficiently prior to application. This was a result of the sand melting part way into the ice layer and refreezing in place. The current project was initiated to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique in the field using mobile sand heater/spreaders which had been purchased for this purpose. The purchased machines failed to heat the sand to the required temperature of 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Limited tests made with the warm sand produced (about 120 degrees) showed little traction improvement over cold-applied sand, in agreement with previous laboratory results. Testing was discontinued due to the inability of the machines to heat the sand adequately and other mechanical problems. KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Heaters KW - Heating KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sand KW - Snow and ice control KW - Traction UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_28.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465650 AU - Jayaprakash, G P AU - Ramamurti, K AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACTERIA AND ASPHALT STRIPPING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 27 p. AB - Major types of bituminous pavement distress were rutting, cracking (longitudinal, transverse, and alligator) and stripping. The transverse cracks were 1/8" to 3" wide. Cuts made perpendicular to them revealed inverted trough shaped deteriorated areas. The central portion of these were rubble-like. A soft loosely bound asphaltic concrete was present between the rubble and sound materials. The rubble and loosely bound material contained bacteria. The deterioration lessened upward from the pavement-soil interface. The soil appears to be the prime source of the bacteria. Most of the bacterial cells were sausage shaped with polar flagellation. They appeared to belong to the genus Pseudomonas which is a known user of asphaltic hydrocarbons. Cocci type bacteria and a virus were also noted. No significant changes were noted in the condition of asphalt coating on limestone and chert strips that were partially immersed in a culture solution innoculated with an active bacterial culture but the cultures grew quite well on the asphalt. Use of a bactericide in pavements to control microbial activity was ruled unwise since it has a strong potential for polluting the environment and creating bacterial strains that could be highly resistant to other chemical biocides. (Some of the bacteria are human pathogens.) Increasing the density of some asphaltic concrete and strengthening the bond between aggregate and asphalt are considered as the preferred alternatives to using chemical biocides. Anything to reduce pavement cracking would help. Adding lime to asphalt mixes may be one effective means of improving aggregate-asphalt bond and controlling biodeterioration. Lime stabilization of soils under asphalt pavements may provide an added protection against bacterial attack by rendering the soil more hostile to bacterial habitat. Full depth hot mix recycling would be more effective than partial depth recycling in retarding bacterial decay at cracks. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bacteria KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Calcium oxide KW - Defects KW - Density KW - Effectiveness KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Liming of soils KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Soil bacteria KW - Soils KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475118 AU - Casavant, K L AU - Newkirk, J AU - Lenzi, J C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANGES IN INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION IN WASHINGTON AND IMPACTS ON ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 60 p. AB - This study evaluated the changes occurring in intermodal (piggyback) transportation and the impacts of these changes on the infrastructure system. Past and present structures of the intermodal system were documented both nationally and in the state of Washington. An on-site review of the remaining "hub" centers was conducted. It was found that the impact of these changes is mixed. Traffic is up in some areas and down in the others. Ninety-two percent of the traffic is in western Washington but most of the infrastructural damage is at eastern or central Washington locations. Continued monitoring will be useful. KW - Defects KW - Freight traffic KW - Highway damage KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Piggyback transportation KW - Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/126.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475127 AU - PANDALAI, K AU - Pandalai, B AU - Pandalai Coatings Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAST DRYING TRAFFIC PAINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 19 p. AB - A study was carried out to improve the drying properties of the yellow traffic paint made with alternative non-toxic pigments. Twenty-six formulations were prepared with several alterations in the original formulations such as use of plasticizer to obtain a no pick up time of under three minutes while keeping all other properties the same. Laboratory tests were conducted for outdoor weathering, abrasion resistance, elongation, flexibility, color stability and bleed through. Two candidate formulations with no pick up time of under three minutes were selected with the approval of the FHWA technical monitor, and twenty-five gallon pilot batches were made of the optimized formulations. After this, the manufacturing phase was completed with the production of 1100 gallons of each of the formulations. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Drying rate KW - Elongation KW - Flexibility KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Traffic paint KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475121 AU - Schultz, R L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLUSRIDE (REGISTERED TRADEMARK) ASPHALT PAVEMENT. SR 405, CONTRACT 2768, S CURVE/CEDAR RIVER BRIDGE AND RR BRIDGE. POST-CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 35 p. AB - This is the post construction and one year evaluation report of PlusRide (registered trademark) being used as the wearing course on a bridge deck overlay under very high traffic volumes. A rubberized Class D Asphalt Concrete Pavement friction course was used on an adjacent bridge to compare against the PlusRide (registered trademark). The properties evaluated were friction resistance, noise, fatigue properties and deicing characteristics. The friction and noise properties are the same. The PlusRide (registered trademark) has deeper ruts and large areas in the traveled lane have delaminated. The deicing characteristics have not been confirmed. The rubberized class D ACP is performing better than the PlusRide (registered trademark). KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Deicing KW - Delamination KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Skin resistance KW - Sound level KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/130.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474856 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Hummer, J E AU - HANSCOM, F AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE OPERATION OF LARGER TRUCKS ON ROADS WITH RESTRICTIVE GEOMETRY. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES PY - 1987/08 SP - 116 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of large truck configurations on traffic operations while negotiating roads and streets with restrictive geometry. Truck types of concern included truck-tractor-semitrailers with trailer lengths of 40, 45, and 48 feet with trailer widths of 96 and 102 inches. Twin trailer combinations with 28-foot trailers were also tested. Trucks completing right and left turns at six intersections in New Jersey and California were observed. Some operational differences were seen, primarily in increased turning time for the double compared to other truck types. Increased rates of encroachment over edgelines and adjacent lanes were also observed for the semi 48 compared to other truck types. Based on testing on approximately 60 miles of rural two-lane roads in New Jersey and California, the semi 48 and double resulted in some changes in operations of oncoming vehicles, particularly on narrow roadways. However, differences in lane placement of the trucks due to careful driving of the larger trucks may have partially compensated for operational differences in oncoming vehicles between truck types. Overall, driving behavior at urban and rural sites and site differences had more of an effect on operations than the effects of the different truck types tested. This volume is the second of two produced for this study and contains the literature review of past truck studies, data collection forms, detailed data, and intersection diagrams for the urban sites. The first volume is titled "Volume I: Final Report" and is report number FHWA/RD-86/157. KW - Behavior KW - Double trailers KW - Drivers KW - Encroachments KW - Highway operations KW - Lateral placement KW - Left turns KW - Offtracking KW - Operations research KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Right turns KW - Rural highways KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic operations research KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Turning time KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474691 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOWING, HERBICIDE SPRAYING AND LITTER PICKUP COST COMPARISONS. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 76 p. AB - This study evaluates the practices and costs of mowing, litter pickup, and herbicide spraying maintenance functions. Data are collected to determine the extent of and reason for changes in mowing and vegetation management costs through time series and cross-sectional data analyses. Cost comparisons are made to determine the cost-effectiveness of contract mowing and litter pickup. Overhead costs are also estimated for in-house mowing, contracting mowing, in-house litter pickup, contract litter pickup, and in-house herbicide spraying functions. The herbicide overspraying program to control Johnson grass and other pest plants is evaluated to determine its cost-effectiveness in reducing mechanical mowing and releasing Bermuda grass and various native grasses. A survey of maintenance personnel in 12 districts reveals the expected effects of implementing different vegetation control strategies in the state. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contracting KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Cross sectional studies KW - Cross sections KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Herbicides KW - Litter KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mowing KW - Overhead costs KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Surveys KW - Time series analysis KW - Vegetation control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474917 AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USERS MANUAL FOR PROGRAM BOVAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 265 p. AB - This users manual contains the description of the application of computer program BOVAS (Bridge OVerload Analysis - Steel). The program is designed to predict the elastic and inelastic behavior of simple span or continuous steel multigirder bridge superstructures with a reinforced concrete deck slab and steel girders. Program BOVAS could be used in the determination of the overload response of bridges or in the rating of bridges with the above characteristics. The program can predict the damage to the bridge superstructure, if any, in the form of cracking and crushing of concrete, yielding and strain hardening of steel, and buckling of plate girder webs and compression flanges. The report presents the assumptions and describes the input required and output generated. Three example problems are also included to illustrate the various input and output options in the application of the program. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Computer programs KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Forecasting KW - Girders KW - Inelastic action KW - Inelastic stress KW - Input KW - Manuals KW - Metal bridges KW - Output KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Ratings KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474860 AU - Messer, C J AU - Hogg, G L AU - Chaudhary, N A AU - Chang, ECP AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF LEFT TURN PHASE SEQUENCE IN SIGNALIZED NETWORKS USING MAXBAND 86. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: MAXBAND USER'S MANUAL PY - 1987/08 SP - 304 p. AB - MAXBAND has been enhanced to provide optimal traffic signal timing plans for general grid networks, using bandwidth as the criterion. The program is user friendly and has several new features. Grid networks as large as 20 arterials with up to 20 signalized intersections per arterial could be solved, but present specifications limit the number of signals in the network to 50 until more operational experience with the system is obtained. Phase sequence optimization is provided together with NEMA, eight-phase numbering. MAXBAND 86 is written in FORTRAN 77. Volume 2 gives a detailed description of the features of the program and their use, including data entry, program control and optimal solution outputs. Four sample problems are included with examples of their input and output. Details of system enhancements and coding forms are provided in appendices. KW - Bandwidth KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475002 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING WATER CONTENT OF FRESH CONCRETE BY MICROWAVE REFLECTION OR TRANSMISSION MEASUREMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 18 p. AB - In search of a rapid and accurate method for determining the water content of fresh concrete mixes, the microwave reflection and transmission properties of fresh concrete mixes were studied to determine the extent of correlation between each of these properties and water content. This report describes the procedures that were devised to measure these properties and the results that were obtained. The results indicated that the microwave reflectivity and transmission of fresh concrete mixes are both sufficiently correlated to water content. Since these properties can be measured very rapidly without any pretreatment of the fresh concrete samples, microwave reflectivity or transmission measurement has the potential to be a rapid, nondestructive, and reasonably accurate quality-assurance method for measuring the water content of fresh concrete mixes, especially for a large capacity ready-mix plant. Although it is slightly more elaborate than reflectivity measurement, it is believed that transmission measurement may yield a more precise and accurate method. KW - Accuracy KW - Admixtures KW - Measurement KW - Microwave reflectivity KW - Microwave transmission KW - Microwaves KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polymer concrete KW - Quality assurance KW - Rapid methods KW - Reflectivity KW - Transmission techniques UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36706/88-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474855 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Hummer, J E AU - HANSCOM, F AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE OPERATION OF LARGER TRUCKS ON ROADS WITH RESTRICTIVE GEOMETRY. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 105 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of large truck configurations on traffic operations while negotiating roads and streets with restrictive geometry. Truck types of concern included truck-tractor-semitrailers with trailer lengths of 40, 45, and 48 feet with trailer widths of 96 and 102 inches. Twin trailer combinations with 28-foot trailers were also tested. Trucks completing right and left turns at six intersections in New Jersey and California were observed. Some operational differences were seen, primarily in increased turning time for the double compared to other truck types. Increased rates of encroachment over edgelines and adjacent lanes were also observed for the semi 48 compared to other truck types. Based on testing on approximately 60 miles of rural two-lane roads in New Jersey and California, the semi 48 and double resulted in some changes in operations of oncoming vehicles, particularly on narrow roadways. However, differences in lane placement of the trucks due to careful driving of the larger trucks may have partially compensated for operational differences in oncoming vehicles between truck types. Overall, driving behavior at urban and rural sites and site differences had more of an effect on operations than the effects of the different truck types tested. This volume is the first of two produced for this study and contains summaries of the data collection procedures and results of the study. The second volume is titled "Volume II: Appendixes" and is report number FHWA/RD-86/158. KW - Behavior KW - Double trailers KW - Drivers KW - Encroachments KW - Highway operations KW - Lateral placement KW - Left turns KW - Offtracking KW - Operations research KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Right turns KW - Rural highways KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic operations research KW - Trailers KW - Trucks KW - Turning time KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474859 AU - Messer, C J AU - Hogg, G L AU - Chaudhary, N A AU - Chang, ECP AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF LEFT TURN PHASE SEQUENCE IN SIGNALIZED NETWORKS USING MAXBAND 86. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 102 p. AB - MAXBAND has been enhanced to provide optimal traffic signal timing plans for general grid networks, using bandwidth as the criterion. The program is user friendly and has several new features. Grid networks as large as 20 arterials with up to 20 signalized intersections per arterial could be solved, but present specifications limit the number of signals in the network to 50 until more operational experience with the system is obtained. Phase sequence optimization is provided together with NEMA, eight-phase numbering. MAXBAND 86 is written in FORTRAN 77. Volume 1 provides the basic model theory for calculating progression bandwidths in arterials. Additional material describes how the arterial model formulation is integrated into closed network analysis using closed loop equations. An overview of MAXBAND input, operational and output features is provided. KW - Bandwidth KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474861 AU - Messer, C J AU - Hogg, G L AU - Chaudhary, N A AU - Chang, ECP AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF LEFT TURN PHASE SEQUENCE IN SIGNALIZED NETWORKS USING MAXBAND 86. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 3: MAXBAND PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL PY - 1987/08 SP - 297 p. AB - MAXBAND has been enhanced to provide optimal traffic signal timing plans for general grid networks, using bandwidth as the criterion. The program is user friendly and has several new features. Grid networks as large as 20 arterials with up to 20 signalized intersections per arterial could be solved, but present specifications limit the number of signals in the network to 50 until more operational experience with the system is obtained. Phase sequence optimization is provided together with NEMA, eight-phase numbering. MAXBAND 86 is written in FORTRAN 77. Volume 3 gives detailed descriptions of the subroutines composing the MAXBAND program as developed using structured programming technology. Each description includes the purpose and function of the subroutine, how it is related to other subroutines, and the variables which it uses. Other than features which have been altered, no attempt is made to document the MPCODE Mathematical Programming System, portions of which are included in the MAXBAND program. KW - Bandwidth KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473169 AU - Bullin, J A AU - Hlavinka, M W AU - Korpics, J J AU - Schroeder, J H AU - Moe, R D AU - Donaldson, G R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING AND MEASUREMENT OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROADWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 362 p. AB - Under project 283, both experimental and model development work in air pollution research near roadways was considered. First, the original TXLINE model was modified so that it was suitable for use in modeling finite line sources. This modification enables the model to be used in modeling pollutant dispersion on curved roads and other types of scenarios for which an infinite line source model would not be applicable. This modification also allows the model to be used in predicting pollutant concentrations upwind of a roadway. The next research area considered was the revision of the original Texas intersection model, TEXIN. The original model had several limitations which inhibited its use in a large number of cases. With the revised version, many of these limitations are no longer present. T-intersectons are specifically treated by appropriately assigning internal variables. Improved emission factor estimtes are obtained with MOBILE3. MOBILE3 allows the user enhanced flexibility in describing the vehicle distribution along with anti-tampering options and inspection/maintenance programs. The user may choose either the CMA Operations and Design algorithm or the CMA Planning Procedure to analyze traffic flow at the intersection. The model exhibits very good accuracy for areas not surrounded by tall buildings. Finally, the collection of a large experimental data base was performed under the project. Data on meteorology, traffic, and pollutant concentrations were obtained in Houston, Texas. These data were used in the mass balance technique to estimate carbon monoxide emission factors which were then compared to the simulated factors obtained by the EPA model MOBILE3. In general, the MOBILE3 simulations yielded lower emission rates than those calculated by the mass balance. The primary purpose of the data base is the improvement and development of future roadway air quality models. In order to facilitate this process the data base is available to the public on standard nine-track tape. Fifteen minute and hourly averages are printed in Appendix K, which is bound in a separate volume of this report. KW - Accuracy KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Data collection KW - Dispersion KW - Estimates KW - Exhaust gases KW - Simulation KW - T intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473168 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Ullman, G L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED ZONING AND CONTROL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 77 p. AB - Field studies have been conducted at a limited number of Texas sites to investigate and evaluate speed zoning procedures 1) at speed zones in rapidly developing urban fringe areas, 2) at transition section speed zones on highway approaches to cities or towns, and 3) at speed zones recently lowered below the 85th percentile speed in response to local community pressure. Posting speed limits below the 85th percentile speed in rapidly developing areas had no conclusive effect on speeds or accidents. Studies at transition section speed zones showed that fewer speed limit signs could be used to adjust between rural and urban speed limits withouot adversely affecting traffic speeds. Studies at speed zones recently lowered after considerable community pressure showed that overall speeds were also not lowered by reduced speed limits. The results come from a limited number of studies, and should not be taken as totally conclusive. The studies do not support a departure from the 85th percentile speed criteria currently used in Texas speed zoning procedures. It is recommended, however, that the procedures emphasize that fewer speed limit signs may be used in transition sections. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Communities KW - Field studies KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic speed KW - Transition zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472586 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Beggs, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF GUARDRAILS ON LOW FILL BRIDGE LENGTH CULVERTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 59 p. AB - When multiple box culverts span over 20 ft, they are defined by AASHTO as bridge length and thus normally require the use of a full strength rigid bridge rail. The use of a rigid bridge rail creates a transition problem between the flexible metal beam guard fence which is commonly used upstream of the bridge rail. It would be safer and more economical to continue the flexible metal beam guard fence across the culvert even when the culvert length is over 20 ft and even when the soil fill depth over the culvert is less than the standard guardrail post embedment depth of 38 in. in Texas. It was believed that more post could be used with a shallow embedment to achieve the desired guardrail strength. A metal beam guard fence design of this type was crash tested in this study and proved to be unsatisfactory. Another concept investigated was to rigidly mount steel guard fence post (with blockout) to the top of the culvert deck when full soil embedment could not be achieved. A design of this type was also crash tested in this study and proved to be satisfactory. KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472099 AU - Hinch, J AU - Manhard, G AU - STOUT, D AU - Owings, R AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE THE BREAKAWAY BEHAVIOR OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS IN MINISIZED VEHICLE COLLISIONS. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 32 p. AB - Under this study, the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) was designed and constructed. Operational procedures were developed for safe and efficient conducting of impact tests. Five series of impact tests were conducted. The first series explored the behavior of the minisized (1800 lb/818 kg) vehicles impacting breakaway luminaire supports under frontal and side impact conditions. The second series of tests used the FOIL bogie vehicle and automobiles to validate bogie simulation of a minisized vehicle. The third series of tests were conducted with the FOIL bogie vehicle to demonstrate the performance of the bogie vehicle. The fourth series investigated the influence of the point of application of the impact force on breakaway performance. The last series of tests were side impact tests to determine vehicle side impact characteristics and to explore the performance of existing breakaway hardware in a side impact mode. The FOIL facility is capable of accelerating vehicles weighing up to 2500 pounds (1136 kg) to speeds of 60 mi/hr (26.8 m/s) for frontal testing and to speeds of 45 mi/hr (20.1 m/s) for side impact testing. Other features included in the FOIL are an Inertial Measurement Device used to measure cg and inertial properties, a rigid instrumented pole to measure crush properties and a pendulum impact device. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472150 AU - Hinch, J AU - Manhard, G AU - STOUT, D AU - Owings, R AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE THE BREAKAWAY BEHAVIOR OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS IN MINISIZED VEHICLE COLLISIONS. VOLUME II. TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 270 p. AB - Under this study, the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) was designed and constructed. Operational procedures were developed for safe and efficient conducting of impact tests. Five series of impact tests were conducted. The first series explored the behavior of the minisized (1800 lb/818 kg) vehicles impacting breakaway luminaire supports under frontal and side impact conditions. The second series of tests used the FOIL bogie vehicle and automobiles to validate bogie simulation of a minisized vehicle. The third series of tests were conducted with the FOIL bogie vehicle to demonstrate the performance of the bogie vehicle. The fourth series investigated the influence of the point of application of the impact force on breakaway performance. The last series of tests were side impact tests to determine vehicle side impact characteristics and to explore the performance of existing breakaway hardware in a side impact mode. The FOIL facility is capable of accelerating vehicles weighing up to 2500 pounds (1136 kg) to speeds of 60 mi/hr (26.8 m/s) for frontal testing and to speeds of 45 mi/hr (20.1 m/s) for side impact testing. Other features included in the FOIL are an Inertial Measurement Device used to measure cg and inertial properties, a rigid instrumented pole to measure crush properties and a pendulum impact device. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472151 AU - Hinch, J AU - Manhard, G AU - STOUT, D AU - Owings, R AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY PROCEDURES TO DETERMINE THE BREAKAWAY BEHAVIOR OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS IN MINISIZED VEHICLE COLLISIONS. VOLUME III. FOIL OPERATION AND SAFETY PLAN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/08 SP - 223 p. AB - Under this study, the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) was designed and constructed. Operational procedures were developed for safe and efficient conducting of impact tests. Five series of impact tests were conducted. The first series explored the behavior of the minisized (1800 lb/818 kg) vehicles impacting breakaway luminaire supports under frontal and side impact conditions. The second series of tests used the FOIL bogie vehicle and automobiles to validate bogie simulation of a minisized vehicle. The third series of tests were conducted with the FOIL bogie vehicle to demonstrate the performance of the bogie vehicle. The fourth series investigated the influence of the point of application of the impact force on breakaway performance. The last series of tests were side impact tests to determine vehicle side impact characteristics and to explore the performance of existing breakaway hardware in a side impact mode. The FOIL facility is capable of accelerating vehicles weighing up to 2500 pounds (1136 kg) to speeds of 60 mi/hr (26.8 m/s) for frontal testing and to speeds of 45 mi/hr (20.1 m/s) for side impact testing. Other features included in the FOIL are an Inertial Measurement Device used to measure cg and inertial properties, a rigid instrumented pole to measure crush properties and a pendulum impact device. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Pendulum tests KW - Side crashes KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485686 AU - Ray, M H AU - Mayer, J B AU - Michie, J D AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ROADSIDE HARDWARE. VOLUME VI: REPLACING THE 4500-LB PASSENGER SEDAN IN REPORT 230 TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07/31 SP - 314 p. AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of NCHRP Report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with five broad areas of concern: (1) the importance and effect of soil conditions on the dynamic performance of barriers, (2) methods for re-evaluating pre-Report 230 test results in light of the current Report 230 criteria, (3) linking the occupant risk factor to "real-world" accident cases, (4) assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle, and (5) replacement of the 4500-lb test car. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Performance evaluations KW - Redirection KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside structures KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297531 ER - TY - SER AN - 00464672 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Thevanayagam, S AU - Agrawal, G AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM TO IMPROVE EMBANKMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE WITH INDIANA SOILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07/01 SP - 185 p. AB - Several Indiana soils compacted in field and laboratory were tested for engineering behavior in-service. Data were blended into those of a previous project to allow more effective predictability of behavior. For each of low plasticity and moderate plasticity soils, procedures were created that allow: (1) creation of the earthwork specification that will assure the presence of a desired selected behavior parameter magnitude in-service; and (2) prediction of field behavior parameters using only inspection test results. These are major strides in earthwork engineering. The most important characteristic in the achievement with assurance of the best possible in-service behavior parameters is the range of water content allowed in the lift. This range controls the parameters' variability. Control of this range must be part of the earthwork specification if best use is to be made of the innovative procedures of this study. It is strongly urged that users of these procedures make a continuing effort to add new data to the data base to allow more widespread effective earthwork. KW - Design KW - Earthwork KW - Embankments KW - Forecasting KW - Moisture content KW - Performance KW - Plasticity KW - Soil behavior KW - Soil compaction KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil plasticity KW - Soils KW - Specifications UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314127 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584036 AU - Ritchie, Stephen G AU - University of California, Irvine AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimating Statewide Vehicle-Miles of Travel: State of the Art Review PY - 1987/07//Final Report SP - 36p AB - This study is concerned with developing a statistical basis for estimating statewide vehicle miles of travel (VMT) that is consistent with available Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) resources, uses of the data collected and appropriate levels of accuracy. The study was conducted in conjunction with, and as a complement to, a more extensive Statewide Highway Data Rationalization Study. In this study, the nature of the problem is first established based on an investigation of users and uses of VMT data and documentation of existing data collection methods. A focused review of the literature is reported, and recommendations are made for a statistically-based methodology and set of procedures for sample design and development. The selection and detailed development and implementation of particular procedures and methodology was not a part of this study. KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Literature reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistical sampling KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/192.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416773 AU - Shook, J F AU - Shannon, M C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Direct Federal Programs TI - Synthesis of technology on bituminous surfacing materials for low volume roads PY - 1987/07 IS - FHWA/DF-87-001 SP - 242P AB - Because agency officials responsible for the management of low volume roads work with limited budgets, guidelines for selecting the most practical design, maintenance, and rehabilitation alternatives must be established. Low volume roads tend to carry few vehicles, but frequently these roads are subject to extreme vehicular loading which necessitates that the surfacing structure performs similarly to that of a primary or interstate highway. Aggregate surface roads are usually considered where a higher surface type road cannot be justified due to economic considerations and where traffic volumes are low. Aggregate surfaced roads can be used for stage construction and improved as traffic increases and funds become available. Bituminous surfacings provide a good, often low cost surfacing for low volume roads. These surfacings may consist of hot mix asphalt concrete, cold bituminous plant mixes, mixed in place cold mixes, surface treatments or chip seals, slurry seals, and, in some cases, recycled mixes. Hot mix asphalt provides a high quality pavement when minimum maintenance is desired. Cold mixes have been used successfully for many years for low volume roads. Chip seals and slurry seals are two low cost bituminous surface treatments that can provide an all weather, skid resistant surface that is also water resistant. Recycling should be considered as a cost effective alternative for rehabilitating distressed pavements. This synthesis report contains sufficient information on the above topics to assist engineers and administrators in the decision process of designing, constructing and maintaining low volume roads. The text is thoroughly referenced to identify sources of additional detailed information (a). KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Low traffic road KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416653 AU - Andrews, W H AU - Armstrong, G A AU - Bowers, T L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Railroad highway grade crossing signal visibility improvement program, volume 3: hardware users guide PY - 1987/07 IS - FHWA/RD-86-188 SP - 91P AB - This volume is intended to be a stand alone handbook for potential users of the project's developments. New recommended signal visibility specifications are presented. A background on the design considerations for crossing signal hardware is given. The goals and implementation of the prototype signal hardware and instrumentation are discussed, and hardware fabrication and assembly drawings are provided. Detailed descriptions of the hardware test procedures, results and analysis are presented along with comparisons of costs and benefits for the different developments. Instructions for using the new maintenance aids are provided (a). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Conspicuity KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Level crossing KW - Photometry KW - Photometry KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road safety KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416632 AU - Andrews, W H AU - Armstrong, G A AU - Bowers, T L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Railroad highway grade crossing signal visibility improvement program, Volume 1: final report PY - 1987/07 IS - FHWA/RD-86-186 SP - 87P AB - This report documents the methodology, developments, and findings of the two year study. Among the significant results of this project are: 1) a new set of crossing signal visibility specifications based on widely accepted definitions of motorists' requirements and a demonstration that currently available signals exceed these specifications when properly maintained. 2) The evaluation of seven alterations to standard crossing signal design and operation with respect to performance improvement and maintenance requirements. Several of these modifications offer attractive cost benefit attributes and are recommended for implementation. 3) The development and evaluation of three tools of potential value to signal maintenance crews: an alignment scope to aid in aiming of the signal for maximum effectiveness, a signal focusing tool to aid in the critical positioning of the signal lamp with respect to the reflector, and a signal flux meter for measuring the light output of crossing and traffic signals. All of these tools were proven effective and would be useful to a conscientious maintenance team. The prototype signal hardware underwent rigorous laboratory, environmental, and field tests. The maintenance tools were evaluated under laboratory conditions (a). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Conspicuity KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Level crossing KW - Photometry KW - Photometry KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road safety KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416595 AU - Matzkanin, G A AU - De los santos, A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - In situ determination of moisture levels in structural concrete by modified NMR PY - 1987/07 IS - FHWA/RD-85-101 SP - 51P AB - The prototype bridge deck nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) moisture measurement system was modified to improve its usefulness and field tested in Wichita Falls, Texas, and at the FHWA Turner-Fairbank Research Center in McLean, Virginia. Modifications included addition of an external control unit to provide for selection of desired measurement depths and automatic adjustment of the RF pulses and magnetic field for the selected measurement depth and rebar depth. Field tests were conducted on 8 bridge decks having a variety of overlays in the Witchita Falls area and on 12 concrete test slabs having a variety of rehabilitation systems at the FHWA center. The NMR system performed well under adverse field conditions and the NMR results were generally repeatable down to depths of 2 in (51 mm). At deeper depths, repeatability was sometimes affected by interferences from rebars. The NMR moisture readings generally increased with increasing depth consistent with expectations for thick slabs exposed to surface drying, and the NMR results were unaffected by overlays up to 2 in (51 mm) thick. Good qualitative agreement was obtained between the NMR moisture results and those obtained from dry core samples at selected locations, except that the NMR results tended to be more consistent. For the FHWA test slabs, the NMR moisture values for the concrete were found to increase with increasing water cement ratio and decrease with increasing concrete density (a). KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Non destructive test KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlay KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reliability (Statistics) KW - Repeatability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622383 AU - Radwan, A E AU - Wing, D AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 41 p. AB - This state-of-the-art report provided a comprehensive review of signal installations and their impacts on accident patterns, and accident frequency and severity. It contained information on accident statistics by type and severity, accident rates for stop controlled and signalized intersections, accident patterns on arterials, and accident statistics for different signal types. Pedestrian safety due to signal installation was also addressed. The report documented factors affected by signal installations such as intersection capacity, vehicular delays, and vehicular fuel consumptions. The economics of installing signals was addressed, and a summary of international experience with signal installation was provided. A work plan for further research needed in this area was documented. KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Economics KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway capacity KW - Intersection capacity KW - Intersections KW - Patterns KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496653 AU - Pandya, S M AU - May, A D AU - Auslander, D M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ON-LINE CALCULATION OF SIGNAL INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 68 p. AB - The objective is to develop a self-optimizing traffic controller capable of changing signal control parameters in response to changing traffic conditions. The controller uses pulses from detectors to estimate traffic performance on-line and then continuously search for optimum control parameters. This project attempts to demonstrate the feasibility of on-line performance estimation for the type III detector scheme used by Caltrans for the 170 controller. KW - Computers KW - Controllers KW - On line computers KW - Optimization KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477522 AU - Moore, A F AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RUMBLE STRIPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 50 p. AB - This report was prepared to provide the results of evaluations conducted upon twenty-six roadways where rumble strips were installed experimentally in Louisiana between August 1982 and September 1984. Situated randomly throughout Louisiana, construction of these coarse-textured, exposed sandstone aggregate rumble strips was accomplished by district maintenance forces using conventional asphalt distributing equipment. The purpose of this project was to develop a supplement to typical traffic control devices, such as signs or signalization, where a substantial reduction in speed is required to divert driver inattentiveness towards a potentially hazardous intersection or situation. It was hoped that the audible and tactile stimuli provided by the designated intermittent pattern of the coarse-textured, exposed sandstone aggregate rumble strips would increase driver reaction time, thereby creating the reduction in speed necessary to reinforce or augment standard visual traffic control devices. This report addresses installation techniques/problems, relative aggregate durability, aggregate loss determinations, and possible rejuvenation procedures and analyzes historical accident statistics prior to and after installation. KW - Building KW - Durability KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reaction time KW - Rejuvenation KW - Rumble strips KW - Safety KW - Sandstones KW - Speed control KW - Speed control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_186.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476001 AU - Hoyle, R J AU - Rutherford, P S AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRESS WAVE INSPECTION OF BRIDGE TIMBERS AND DECKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 165 p. AB - This report is designed to provide information to guide inspectors of wood highway structures in the use of stress wave inspection technology. It explains the methods and instruments used to measure the velocity of stress waves (sound) in wood. The characteristic behavior of sound waves in wood of various species, moisture content, preservative treatment and infection by wood destroying organisms is described. The important effects of the anatomy of wood and the orientation of grain and annual rings to the wave path are discussed to aid in the interpretation of measurements. Characteristics of the instrumentation essential to its calibration are explained and instruction is provided in the appropriate use of these tools. This report has been written to serve as a manual for "on site" stress wave inspection of the kind of wood structures found in highway systems. It is a compendium of experience in the field inspection of many wood buildings and highway bridges. Original research conducted to fill in voids in the published studies, is described in the Appendices. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Field tests KW - Insects KW - Insitu methods KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Sound KW - Sound KW - Stress waves KW - Stresses KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Waves KW - Wood preservatives KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/146.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477366 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Crigler, K L AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAM USER'S GUIDE SUPPLEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 88 p. AB - This Supplement to the Model Pedestrian Safety Program User's Guide provides detailed information on specific pedestrian safety countermeasures. The countermeasures are grouped into the three major areas of engineering countermeasures, education countermeasures, and enforcement countermeasures. The "enforcement" category includes enforcement of existing laws, suggested model ordinances designed to improve pedestrian safety when enacted on the state or local level, and various programs intended to increase the safety of children. Within these groups, each countermeasure is discussed in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, implementation considerations, and the conditions when the countermeasure would be most beneficial. KW - Children KW - Countermeasures KW - Education KW - Engineering KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Implementation KW - Law enforcement KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286553 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475233 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRANSIT AND HIGHWAY REVENUE AND IMPROVEMENT FORECASTING TEMPLATES. THRIFT USER'S HANDBOOK PY - 1987/07 SP - 193 p. AB - This handbook describes the process, procedure, and steps for using the Transit and Highway Revenues and Improvements Forecasting Templates (THRIFT). It is a five-diskette Lotus 1-2-3 based application software, designed to assist States and local governments, and other transportation agencies to forecast and conduct sensitivity analyses of: their transportation resources; the transportation project or program expenditure requirements; and the corresponding gap. The handbook provides an overview of the forecasting process; describes sources of data and data adjustment; describes the mechanics of using THRIFT; illustrates a sample application of the software; and, evaluates the software as a forecasting tool. While THRIFT is being tested between July 1987 and October 1988, it is available for distribution on a limited basis. Should you like a copy of the software, please send three items: five blank diskettes; a self-addressed diskette mailer; and a brief letter, indicating how you propose to use THRIFT and your commitment to write a brief summary of your application experience. The address is: Federal Highway Administration, Planning and Programming Branch, HPN-12, Room 3223, 400 7th Street, SW, Washington, D.C. 20590, Attention ALP/THRIFT. KW - Forecasting KW - Highways KW - Public transit KW - Revenues KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Software KW - Thrift software KW - Transportation planning KW - Umta section 6 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475199 AU - Janssen, D J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK MOISTURE MEASUREMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 14 p. AB - Moisture is a primary contributing factor in the long term durability of bridge decks. Moisture is involved in freeze-thaw problems in portland cement concrete and in corrosion of reinforcing steel. Chloride ions, another factor contributing to corrosion, are normally transported through the concrete bridge deck to the reinforcing steel by moisture. Moisture measurement techniques were examined and one of the methods, Peltier-type psychrometers, was used to measure bridge deck moisture. Measurements were made at depths of 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 to 5.5 in. Both negative and positive moment regions were instrumented. The degree of saturation at the level of the reinforcing steel was found to be about 90 percent, with little variation over the two month period that measurements were taken. Moisture content fluctuations were greater in the negative moment region than the positive moment region, probably due to a higher degree of tensile cracking in the negative moment region. Moisture fluctuations could lead to increased migration of chloride ions to the reinforcing steel. Measurement of moisture content distributions before and after wetting a bridge deck could be used as an indicator of corrosion protection provided by overlays. KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Psychrometers UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/124.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472484 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LANE DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 64 p. AB - The report gives details of the results of a survey of truck lane distribution on Interstate multilane facilities in Texas. The data were collected for 24 consecutive hours during the summer at nine locations in both directions of 4-lane, 6-lane, and 8-lane facilities, and in urban and rural settings. Summary information is presented in the report and compared with current design practice in Texas, with recommendations in the current AASHTO pavement design guide, and with predictions from the NCHRP Report 277 equations for truck lane distributions. Although the data are not extensive enough to warrant the development of new predictive equations, they do show significant deviations from the previous and current methods and indicate that even the NCHRP Report 277 equations are conservative when compared with Texas traffic conditions. The effects of travel direction, urban or rural environment, and percent trucks in the traffic stream appear to be significant in altering the truck lane distributions. KW - Data collection KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Lane distribution KW - Pavement design KW - Rural areas KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472121 AU - Andrews, W H AU - Armstrong, G A AU - Bowers, T L AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SIGNAL VISIBILITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 87 p. AB - This report documents the methodology, developments, and findings of the two-year study. Among the significant results of this project are: (1) a new set of crossing signal visibility specifications based on widely accepted definitions of motorists' requirements and a demonstration that currently available signals exceed these specifications when properly maintained; (2) the evaluation of seven alterations to standard crossing signal design and operation with respect to performance improvement and maintenance requirements--several of these modifications offer attractive cost/benefit attributes and are recommended for implementation; and (3) the development and evaluation of three tools of potential value to signal maintenance crews: an alignment scope to aid in aiming of the signal for maximum effectiveness, a signal focusing tool to aid in the critical positioning of the signal lamp with respect to the reflector, and a signal flux meter for measuring the light output of crossing and traffic signals--all of these tools were proven effective and would be useful to a conscientious maintenance team. The prototype signal hardware underwent rigorous laboratory, environmental, and field tests. The maintenance tools were evaluated under laboratory conditions. KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Performance KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472122 AU - Andrews, W H AU - Armstrong, G A AU - Bowers, T L AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SIGNAL VISIBILITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM. VOLUME III: HARDWARE USER'S GUIDE PY - 1987/07 SP - 91 p. AB - No abstract provided. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Design KW - Hardware KW - Instrumentation KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Performance KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468704 AU - Morian, D A AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF LATEX-MODIFIED ASPHALTS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 27 p. AB - Reflective cracking, oxidation, moisture penetration and subsequent delaminations and spalling are all problems the highway industry encounters when bituminous overlays are used. In an effort to combat these problems latex rubber is being added to wearing course overlays, as well as to asphalt emulsion for Stress-Absorbing Membrane Interlayers (SAMIs). The purpose of this project is to evaluate latex rubber used to modify an ID-2 wearing course on LR 88, Erie County, and seal coat and surface treatments used as SAMIs on LR 238, Mercer County. This report covers the construction of these materials. The latex-modified ID-2 was paved using standard paving equipment. Precautions were taken to avoid tracking the material by the paver and rollers. The cost of latex-modified ID-2 is approximately 14% higher than the cost of standard ID-2 used on this project. The latex-modified bituminous seal coat and surface treatment were applied using standard seal coat equipment. No problems were encountered during the construction of these SAMIs. The latex-modified seal coat and surface treatment cost approximately 33% and 20% (respectively) more than their standard counterparts. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Costs KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Field tests KW - Latex asphalt KW - Seal coats KW - Stress-absorbing membrane interlayers KW - Stresses KW - Surface treating KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468481 AU - Scott, C P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DURING MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION: ABBREVIATED CASE STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 94 p. AB - Traffic management strategies have been implemented to move people, not vehicles, through and around reconstruction activities. These strategies include: public information and community liaison activities (e.g., task forces, meetings, media campaigns, brochures); work zone traffic controls (e.g., standard devices and practices, incident detection and management); traffic engineering and operational improvements on alternate routes (e.g., turn lanes, channelization, timing and coordinating traffic control signals, traffic control officers); ridesharing and related incentives (e.g., carpooling, vanpooling, buses, park-and-ride lots, HOV lanes, preferential parking); and contract items (e.g., incentives/disincentives, nighttime and off-peak work hours). The report documents traffic management strategies that have been implemented in 17 U.S. cities. KW - Carpools KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Disincentives KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incentives KW - Information dissemination KW - Mass media KW - Park and ride KW - Public relations KW - Reserved lanes KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Vanpools KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468750 AU - Shook, J F AU - Shannon, M C AU - ARE Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF TECHNOLOGY ON BITUMINOUS SURFACING MATERIALS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 254 p. AB - Because agency officials responsible for the management of low-volume roads work with limited budgets, guidelines for selecting the most practical design, maintenance, and rehabilitation alternatives must be established. Bituminous surfacings provide a good, often low-cost surfacing for low-volume roads. These surfacings may consist of hot-mix asphalt concrete, cold bituminous plant mixes, mixed in-place cold mixes, surface treatments or chip seals, slurry seals, and, in some cases, recycled mixes. Recycling should be considered as a cost-effective alternative for rehabilitating distressed pavements. The synthesis report contains sufficient information on the above topics to assist engineers and administrators in the decision process of designing, constructing and maintaining low-volume roads. The text is thoroughly referenced to identify sources of additional detailed information. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Chip seals KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Concrete mixing KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Guidelines KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Low volume roads KW - Mixed in place KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Paving KW - Recycled materials KW - Rehabilitation KW - Slurry seals KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468188 AU - Ray, M H AU - Michie, J D AU - Calcote, L R AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ROADSIDE HARDWARE. VOLUME III. EVALUATING PRE-REPORT 230 CRASH TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 50 p. AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of NCHRP Report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with five broad areas of concern: (1) the importance and effect of soil conditions on the dynamic performance of barriers, (2) methods for re-evaluating pre-Report 230 test results in light of the current Report 230 criteria, (3) linking the occupant risk factor to "real-world" accident cases, (4) assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle, and (5) replacement of the 4500-lb test car. KW - Barrier design KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Redirection KW - Risk assessment KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468195 AU - Ray, M H AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ROADSIDE HARDWARE. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 31 p. AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of NCHRP Report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with five broad areas of concern: (1) the importance and effect of soil conditions on the dynamic performance of barriers, (2) methods for re-evaluating pre-Report 230 test results in light of the current Report 230 criteria, (3) linking the occupant risk factor to "real-world" accident cases, (4) assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle, and (5) replacement of the 4500-lb test car. KW - Barrier design KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Redirection KW - Risk assessment KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test results KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467819 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Rose, J G AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tennessee Valley Authority TI - ROAD BASE CONSTRUCTION UTILIZING COAL WASTE MATERIALS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 19 p. AB - The paper describes the development and implementation of a no-cement concrete mixture containing pulverized fuel ash (PVA) and atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) by-products as the cementitious components for combination with conventional limestone aggregates used as bulk filler. The paper presents a summary of laboratory evaluations and the application of those results to the design of a base for roadway construction. The paper also describes the construction, evaluation, and performance of a pilot application of this material used as a base for a thin bituminous pavement. KW - Admixtures KW - Afbc by-products KW - Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (Afbc) KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pulverized fly ash KW - Pulverized fuel ash KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467774 AU - Neal, B F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN CHANGES AND EXPERIMENTAL PCC CONSTRUCTION FEATURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 112 p. AB - This report is divided into four parts. Part I deals with a continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and other experimental features intended as design improvements to reduce pavement maintenance costs. Part II covers field trials with four different types of joint sealant materials. It also reports on the first edge drain installation in California for the purpose of removing surface infiltrated water. Part III concerns experimental shoulder treatments, the prime variable being PCC shoulders. Part IV deals with other experimental features incorporated into construction projects under the FHWA Construction-Evaluated Research Program. These features include: (1) bridge approach slabs containing accelerated-set concrete mixtures, (2) the use of asphalt treated permeable base (ATPB) as both a drainage layer and a base for PCC pavement, and (3) the use of a cement treated permeable base (CTPB) in a highway roadbed structural section as a drainage layer for groundwater control. Although firm conclusions are not warranted by the limited data from some projects, the findings from certain experimental construction has led to further installations and, in some cases, the adoption of those practices for current projects. For example, the use of edge drains, along with ATPB or CTPB, is now required on new pavement construction. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt treated bases KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bridge approaches KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Edge drains KW - Field tests KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater control KW - Highway drainage KW - Joint sealers KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement design KW - Permeability KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Road shoulders KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467785 AU - Stokes, R W AU - Benson, J D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF VALIDATING THE SHIRLEY HIGHWAY HOV LANE DEMAND MODEL IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 108 p. AB - This research report presents an assessment of the feasibility of validating the Shirley Highway (I-395) High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Demand Model in Texas. The results of the study suggest that the Shirley Model has not been sufficiently developed at this time to warrant additional testing outside the Shirley corridor. In fact, additional testing within the Shirley corridor will be needed to determine whether the preliminary model represents the "best" model that could be estimated from the dataset, and whether the model can accurately replicate travel choice decisions observed in the Shirley corridor. A review of currently available alternatives to the Shirley Model is also presented. While these procedures could be used to develop a range of demand estimates that appear reasonable for many sketch planning applications, they are still fairly crude and more refined estimation procedures are clearly needed. It is recommended that any additional efforts to validate the Shirley Model in Texas be undertaken through a separate research project and that local efforts focus on the development of HOV lane demand estimation procedures based on experiences gained in operating HOV facilities in Texas. These two independent, though clearly complementary, efforts should be closely coordinated to facilitate a possible merging of efforts at some time in the future. KW - Estimating KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic lanes KW - Travel demand KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467775 AU - Sousa, J B AU - LYSMER, J AU - Monismith, C L AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS TO DYNAMIC TRUCK LOADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 122 p. AB - The investigation reported herein was conducted by the University of California, Berkeley and was directed at determining the influence of dynamic loading on the response of asphalt concrete pavements using both analytical and laboratory studies. A methodology was developed to determine the effects of dynamic vehicle loads on pavements using the computer program "SAPSI". The testing capability to measure the pavement materials properties for this program is available using the dynamic load system developed during this study and reported herein. Results of the dynamic analyses suggest, for the load histories reported, that pavement life is reduced by dynamic effects and the magnitude of reduction is dependent on the type of axle suspension. Additional research is recommended to continue these studies with an ultimate objective of developing a pavement design procedure which considers dynamic load effects. An evaluation procedure is also needed for new concepts in truck suspensions. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle design KW - Axles KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Dynamic loads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Service life KW - Suspension systems KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465672 AU - Ray, M H AU - Michie, J D AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J S AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ROADSIDE HARDWARE. VOLUME V. HAZARDS OF THE REDIRECTED CAR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 69 p. AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of NCHRP Report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with five broad areas of concern: (1) the importance and effect of soil conditions on the dynamic performance of barriers, (2) methods for re-evaluating pre-Report 230 test results in light of the current Report 230 criteria, (3) linking the occupant risk factor to "real-world" accident cases, (4) assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle, and (5) replacement of the 4500-lb test car. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Redirection KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside structures KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465671 AU - Ray, M H AU - Michie, J D AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J S AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN ANALYSIS PROCEDURES AND ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ROADSIDE HARDWARE. VOLUME IV. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE OCCUPANT RISK CRITERIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 105 p. AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of NCHRP Report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with five broad areas of concern: (1) the importance and effect of soil conditions on the dynamic performance of barriers, (2) methods for re-evaluating pre-Report 230 test results in light of the current Report 230 criteria, (3) linking the occupant risk factor to "real-world" accident cases, (4) assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle, and (5) replacement of the 4500-lb test car. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Hazards KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Redirection KW - Risk assessment KW - Roadside structures KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465655 AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Zelina, T R AU - Ward, R AU - Howser, V AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL LOW-VOLUME ROAD BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 159 p. AB - Low-volume bridges are currently designed according to the same specifications as urban highway bridges. Thus, many of the low-volume bridge designs are overly conservative and uneconomical. This report addresses the issue and proposes modifications of the existing specifications in the areas of fatigue, deflection, allowable stress, composite action of timber decks, bridge width, lane loading and the use of guardrails. Value engineering principles have been used to develop and select economical bridge systems. All of the systems selected were combinations of prefabricated components. Jointless bridges received very high rankings and are strongly recommended for the 60-ft and 100-ft span ranges. A precast voided slab system and a timber deck and steel stringer system received the highest ranking on the 30-ft span range. This study also proposes a method of selecting the type of bridge system to be built in a particular area and a priority scheme to select which bridges must be replaced first. The scheme models the FHWA sufficiency ranking with some of the ranking criteria being changed to better meet the needs of low-volume bridges. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridges KW - Deflection KW - Design standards KW - Economics KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Jointless bridges KW - Low volume bridges KW - Low volume roads KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Ratings KW - Replacing KW - Strategic planning KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Sufficiency rating KW - Timber construction KW - Value engineering KW - Width KW - Wooden bridge decks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465662 AU - Laguros, J G AU - KESHAWARZ, M S AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE STABILIZED BASE COURSE ON U.S. 77 PONCA CITY, KAY COUNTY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 244 p. AB - This study investigates the field implementation of shale stabilization on an experimental project. A number of test sections were set on the south bound lane of U.S. Highway 77, north of Ponca City, Kay County, Oklahoma. To compare the effectiveness of various stabilizing agents, the base courses of these test sections were stabilized with cement (14%), quicklime (4.5%), fly ash (25%), and an optimum mixture of 8% cement plus 3% quicklime plus 18% fly ash used conjunctively. Also a control (non-stabilized) section was set as a reference section. Analyses of the samples prepared during construction and those cored from under the pavement after construction showed significant amelioration of the engineering properties of stabilized shale as manifested by their plasticity, compressive and beam strength compared to raw (non-stabilized) shale. Benkelman beam measurements ascertained the improvement in deformation resistance. The microstructure of stabilized shale was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The non basal (hkl) reflections in stabilized oriented specimens suggest that the clay particles in the stabilized shale acquired high resistance to dispersive forces. This, together with the reduction in the integrated intensities of clay minerals help explain the improved stability as a result of stabilization. SEM observations in conjunction with EDS, depicted the presence of some newly formed hydration products and a rather dense degree of packing. The various data converge to the conclusion that field stabilization is a viable solution to the use of expansive shales. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benkelman beam KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Compressive strength KW - Deformation KW - Diffraction KW - Effectiveness KW - Electron microscopy KW - Energy dispersive spectroscopy KW - Fly ash KW - Hydration KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Microstructure KW - Plasticity KW - Properties of materials KW - Quicklimes KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Shale KW - Soil stabilization KW - Spectroscopy KW - Stabilization KW - Stabilized materials KW - Stuffing KW - Test sections KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464588 AU - Wu, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM STRENGTH OF EMBANKMENT MATERIALS: SHALE AND COLLUVIUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 139 p. AB - The general objective is to evaluate the strength properties of the shale and colluvium used in embankment construction and to relate these properties to embankment performance. Specifically, this research investigated six embankments along I-77 in Noble and Washington Counties that contained shales from the Conemaugh, Monongahela, and Washington Formations. Several of these embankments have suffered at least one failure. The investigation consists of laboratory measurement of the material properties, field measurement of embankment performance, and analysis of the embankment stability and infiltration. The results of the investigation lead to the conclusion that infiltration of rainfall causes the saturation of a layer near the surface of the embankment slopes. This layer is about 5 to 6 feet thick. Slope failure is initiated as small slips develop in the saturated zone. The small slips gradually grow and combine to form a slide. This mode of failure can be prevented by improving drainage of the slope and use of soil reinforcement to prevent the development of the small slips. Several designs using geotextiles for drainage and reinforcement are proposed for remedial construction. KW - Colluvium KW - Drainage KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Failure analysis KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Infiltration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rainfall KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shale KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Slope stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274909 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464589 AU - Hellriegel, E J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SECOND GENERATION PAVEMENT OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - v.p. AB - The results of a ten-year study designed to develop improved design and construction techniques for resurfacing previously overlaid pavements are presented. The four major topics addressed are milling, recycling, reflection crack control, and resetting manholes and inlets. At this writing, two of these techniques -- milling and recycling -- are of course an accepted part of the state-of-the-art. The discussion presented on these subjects is thus primarily useful for historical purposes. The third technique discussed -- the weakened plane or "saw-and-seal" procedure for preventing reflection cracking -- while less widely known, is now employed in a number of states. The results of this study indicate that when properly applied, the weakened plane technique affords a positive means of preventing reflection cracks in overlays constructed over concrete pavements. The fourth major study topic -- procedures for resetting manholes and inlets prior to overlays -- describes the development of an improved resetting system based on the use of epoxy-bonded, cast-iron extension units. This procedure has been shown to markedly reduce the required time of construction, with consequent significant savings in construction costs and reductions in motorist delay time and discomfort. During the course of the research, each of the described techniques has become standard practice in New Jersey. Specifications and implementation packages developed to facilitate the adoption of the improved practices are presented as appendices. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Culvert inlets KW - Design KW - Implementation KW - Inlets KW - Manholes KW - Milling KW - Prevention KW - Productivity KW - Recycling KW - Reflection cracking KW - Resetting KW - Resurfacing KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Time savings KW - Weakened plane technique UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475120 AU - PETERS, A J AU - Schultz, R L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT-RUBBER BINDER STRESS ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYER. WHEELER I/C TO ADAMS CO. LINE, I-90. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 16 p. AB - This is the final report of an evaluation of an Asphalt-Rubber Binder Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer (SAMI) to control transverse, alligator and longitudinal cracking in the asphalt concrete overlay. A control section consisting of a tack coat of CSS-1 applied to the existing pavement was used to compare against the Asphalt-Rubber SAMI and a paving grade asphalt SAMI. Crack mapping for a period of 9 years disclosed the Asphalt-Rubber SAMI to perform slightly better than the paving grade asphalt and much better than the control. KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayer KW - Stresses KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/128.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474857 AU - Kell, J H AU - Fullerton, I J AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC UPDATING OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA FOR SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1987/07 SP - 45 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to test the validity of using automatically-collected traffic volumes from selected system detector sites to generate a full TRANSYT-7F data file for calculating signal network timing plans. Termed the 1.5 GC control concept, this approach assumes that volume shifts on selected links will accurately represent shifts throughout the network. Tests were run at two significantly different test sites and included several detector placement scenarios. The essential tasks included determining from a pre-existing data set the factors to be used to designate which volume data (locations) would serve as a surrogate to represent data collected by "system detectors." Site-specific algorithms were devised to synthesize TRANSYT data from the system detector data. New turning movement volume data were then collected at all signalized intersections at the same time link volume counts were manually collected at system detector sites. Applying the algorithms, TRANSYT-7F input files were created and signal settings were then generated using the estimated link volumes and link-to-link movement data. This TRANSYT run was then compared to the optimum settings generated using the new full TRANSYT data set. Results from mutiple TRANSYT runs for both test sites strongly suggest that the 1.5 GC approach as simulated in this research is a viable alternative to the labor-intensive conventional field data collection currently used to develop TRANSYT-7F volume data files. This allows more frequent updates of timing plans to meet changing traffic conditions. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475006 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF LOAD-TRANSFER DEVICES. SIXTH INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 34 p. AB - The study reported is part of a large effort to examine various design aspects of rigid pavements in New York. It involves the performance of several types of load-transfer devices (LTDs) for transverse joints. When corrosion and structural deterioration of then-standard LTDs became apparent in the early 1970s, plastic-coated dowels were tried. Soon, epoxy-coated I-beams were put into use and a trial installation of fiberglass dowels was completed. Earliest installations of these devices have since been monitored to determine whether their performance was an improvement. After 10 to 14 years, horizontal and vertical movements along with faulting measurements indicate they are providing better load transfer across transverse joints. In addition, lab pull-out tests and observations of LTDs removed from pavements show no corrosion or other deterioration that would have caused loss of load transfer or abnormal pavement stress. KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fiberglass KW - I beams KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Pavement design KW - Performance KW - Plastic coatings KW - Pull out test KW - Rigid pavements KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474907 AU - Sorensen, H C AU - Olson, C D AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE - STANDARD SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 53 p. AB - A survey of standards for bridges which exist in the U.S. and Canada was conducted. Pertinent information concerning these standards was placed into a matrix in a spread sheet format using Lotus 1-2-3 and an IBM/PC microcomputer. This information was reviewed for possible use in developing plans for standard bridge systems which could be used by county engineers in Washington. Information on types of standard bridge systems to be developed was also obtained from Washington county engineers via a questionnaire. It is recommended that designs for at least one standard bridge system be developed for each of the primary materials readily available in Washington, namely: steel, concrete and wood. Other details which should be included in the standards are given. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Data collection KW - Metal bridges KW - Microcomputers KW - Questionnaires KW - Standards KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Surveys KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/123.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474798 AU - Fisher, J W AU - Kaufmann, E J AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lee, Jong Jae AU - Moser, D AU - Papavizas, P G AU - Yen, B T AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEFORMATION INDUCED CRACKING IN STEEL-GIRDER BRIDGES AND RETROFIT GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 178 p. AB - Cracks have been found in the webs of steel girder bridges at details with small web gaps subjected to out-of-plane deformation. Both multigirder and floorbeam-girder bridges were studied. The study included field inspections, field measurements of stresses, laboratory examination of core samples, and analytical modeling. The stresses due to out-of-plane displacement are highly localized in the vicinity of the web gap region. Finite element models showed good agreement between computed and measured stresses in the gap regions. Parametric studies were also carried out to examine the major factors which cause adverse stress distributions in these gap regions. Stress redistribution after development of through-thickness cracks were examined analytically. Retrofit schemes and guidelines for design were developed. Further research needs are highlighted. KW - Deformation KW - Deformation curve KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474858 AU - Kell, J H AU - Fullerton, I J AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC UPDATING OF TRAFFIC VOLUME DATA FOR SIGNAL TIMING PLAN DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2 PY - 1987/07 SP - 264 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to test the validity of using automatically-collected traffic volumes from selected system detector sites to generate a full TRANSYT-7F data file for calculating signal network timing plans. Termed the 1.5 GC control concept, this approach assumes that volume shifts on selected links will accurately represent shifts throughout the network. Tests were run at two significantly different test sites and included several detector placement scenarios. The essential tasks included determining from a pre-existing data set the factors to be used to designate which volume data (locations) would serve as a surrogate to represent data collected by "system detectors." Site-specific algorithms were devised to synthesize TRANSYT data from the system detector data. New turning movement volume data were then collected at all signalized intersections at the same time link volume counts were manually collected at system detector sites. Applying the algorithms, TRANSYT-7F input files were created and signal settings were then generated using the estimated link volumes and link-to-link movement data. This TRANSYT run was then compared to the optimum settings generated using the new full TRANSYT data set. Results from mutiple TRANSYT runs for both test sites strongly suggest that the 1.5 GC approach as simulated in this research is a viable alternative to the labor-intensive conventional field data collection currently used to develop TRANSYT-7F volume data files. This allows more frequent updates of timing plans to meet changing traffic conditions. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473191 AU - Thompson, B L AU - Kessler, R R AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID FIELD TEST FOR DETERMINATION OF ACCEPTABLE LIFT THICKNESS OF SHALE DURING EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 83 p. AB - This report describes the test evaluations and modifications to develop a quick, approximately one hour, inexpensive test to estimate the affect of ground water softening and deterioration on shale embankment. The tests evaluated were Jar Slake, Franklin Slake, Static Compaction, Aggregate Impact and Modified AASHTO T-180. The AASHTO T-180 equipment was modified in several ways for comparison to English Aggregate Impact Test. The best correlation was with the AASHTO T-180 modified to an 11 inch drop and 15 blows on a 13.65 square inch volume sample. A dried shale sample for compaction is broken to pass the 1/2 inch sieve and be retained on the 3/8 inch sieve. Subsequent to compaction, the sample is screened over the #8 sieve. The result is the percentage lost. This test did provide a modest test distribution. To enhance the distribution the test was conducted in the all wet mode to simulate ground water softening. The final selected test has shale soaked in water for one hour prior to compaction by the modified AASHTO equipment. After compaction, the sample is set screened over the #8 sieve. All weighing is done on wet samples. The affect of ground water deterioration is estimated by the percentage of lost material. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Construction KW - Embankments KW - Field tests KW - Groundwater KW - Groundwater effects KW - Impact tests KW - Lift thickness KW - Materials tests KW - Rapid methods KW - Shale KW - Softening point KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472275 AU - Swanson, H AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELASTOMERIC CONCRETE END DAMS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 12 p. AB - This report concludes a study to evaluate promising bridge deck expansion joints. Two previous reports on this study, CDOH-DTP-R-83-11 and CDOH-DTP-R-85-10, documented the findings on several expansion joints. Elastomeric end dams were evaluated under this study since they are used in conjunction with expansion devices. Both Wabocrete and Cevacrete have performed well in bonding to old concrete, asphalt concrete and steel. Both have shown some wear in wheel paths, due to heavy traffic; however, this wear is equal to or less than the wear on adjacent portland cement concrete. Elastomeric concrete is recommended for the repair of end dams and other structural features where the alternative would require extensive removal and reconstruction of structural members. KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Dams KW - Elastomeric concrete KW - Elastomers KW - End dams KW - Expansion joints KW - Repairing KW - Wear KW - Wheel path UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472582 AU - Walker, R S AU - Phung, L T AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE WALKER ROUGHNESS DEVICE FOR ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 45 p. AB - A Self-Calibrating Road Roughness Device known as the Walker Roughness Device (WRD) or SIometer has been under study and evaluation by the Department for the last several years. This device looks promising as a tool to collect road roughness for the Pavement Evaluation System. There is a very definite need for an automated data collection system for road roughness to eliminate some of the cost for this operation. This project was initiated to upgrade the WRD and develop procedures so it can be used for collecting serviceability index roughness measurements for the state. This report describes the procedures for correlating the WRD with the SDP and using the WRD for roughness measurements. KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Instruments for measuring roughness KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Surface dynamics profilometer KW - Walker roughness device UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472581 AU - Walker, R S AU - Schuchman, J S AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPGRADE OF 690D SURFACE DYNAMICS PROFILOMETER FOR NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 52 p. AB - This report describes the methods and procedures for upgrading the Surface Dynamics Profilometer owned by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. The upgrade performed included the installation of non-contact laser probes used in the process of measuring road profile. The laser probes make the Profilometer more useful for data collection by reducing maintenance problems occurring with the mechanical road-following wheels. The use of non-contact probes in the profilometer is also safer for data collection personnel as greater highway speeds can be used in the measuring process. The data acquisition and processing capability of the profilometer was also upgraded to reflect more up-to-date technology. KW - Data collection KW - Information processing KW - Lasers KW - Modernization KW - Non-contact laser probes KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Profilometers KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472199 AU - Hunt, J E AU - Dahir, S AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN BONDED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE OVERLAY AND CONCRETE PAVEMENT RESTORATION. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/07 SP - 16 p. AB - Techniques and procedures to restore and prolong the life of concrete pavements which have some surface defects but are structurally sound have been demonstrated. These techniques provide a cost-effective means for restoring the pavement to a satisfactory service level over an extended period of time. The procedures which were demonstrated in this project include: (1) surface preparation and placing of thin bonded concrete overlay; (2) pavement patching; (3) spall repair; (4) joint rehabilitation; and (5) retrofit pavement base drain. The details of these procedures are discussed in this report. KW - Base drain KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Retrofitting KW - Service life KW - Spalling KW - Thin bonded KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478204 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FERRY SYSTEMS DATA, SCHEDULING AND BILLING. SCHEDULING SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06/08 SP - 73 p. AB - This report describes the feasibility, costs and benefits of automating the vessel and crew scheduling functions of the Marine Division of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The project examined the needs of the Marine Division, reviewed its current procedures, and compared available commercial and public domain software packages. Some existing packages intended for use by the transit and airline industries offer promise, but all packages examined require considerable modification to meet the needs of the Marine Division. KW - Automation KW - Crews KW - Ferries KW - Management KW - Operations management KW - Scheduling KW - Ships KW - Software UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/112.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469515 AU - Riverson, John D N AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of the Coordination of Weigh-In-Motion Truck Data in Indiana (FY86 RTAP WIM Project) PY - 1987/06/05/Interim Report SP - 55p AB - The report presents the results of a survey of transportation related agencies in Indiana to determine their need for truck traffic and truck weight data. Objectives for a WIM program in Indiana are defined as a basis for coordination of WIM data. Alternative arrangements for administering WIM data collection are reviewed. Current monitoring locations for the traffic volumes and vehicle speeds are compared with those selected for the WIM Pilot Study by the Division of Research and Training of Indiana Department of Highways and matching locations are presented in a map. The potential for consolidating data collection by two or more systems at locations with common data types is discussed. KW - Data collection KW - Indiana KW - Traffic data KW - Truck traffic KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh in motion scales KW - Weight measurement UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314124 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01496799 AU - Slutsky, Simon AU - Bertoni, H L AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Systems Center TI - Parallel Noise Barrier Prediction Procedure: Report 2 Users' Manual PY - 1987/06//Final Report SP - 19p AB - This report defines the parameters which are used to input the data required to run Programs Barrier and BarrierX on a micro-computer such as an IBM PC or compatible. Directions for setting up and operating a working disk are presented. Examples of input, output and running time are presented. The input template adopted allows for considerable flexibility in barrier configuration, such as barrier length, tilt, ground and atmospheric absorption, barrier absorption in strips, finite lane length including stationary point source, etc. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Traffic noise UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/47000/47800/47876/1987-parallel-noise-barrier-performance-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1264120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416779 AU - Swiat, W AU - Rog, J W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Further improvements in cathodic protection PY - 1987/06 IS - FHWA/RD-87-062 SP - 124P AB - The current state of the art for installing conductive polymer concrete (cpc) was assessed. New techniques, equipment and procedures were developed for field operation. A critical review of installed cathodic protection (cp) systems was made in USA and Canada. Envisioned improvements were implemented during installation of the cathodic protection systems. Corrosion condition surveys and procedures for installation of seven cathodic protection systems on two bridges (deck and substructure) are described in detail. One bridge is exposed to a marine environment, and the other is located in a northern climate region. Test procedures, actual test data and cathodic protection corrosion control criteria are discussed. Various instrumentation was designed into the two bridge structures to permit effective testing and monitoring of the operating cathodic protection systems. The cathodic protection systems are subject to monthly monitoring and inspection over an 18 month test period. KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge foundation KW - Bridge foundations KW - Cathodic protection KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416633 AU - Webster, R P AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Offices of Research, Development and Technology TI - Electrically conductive polymer concrete overlays PY - 1987/06 IS - FHWA/RD-84-033 SP - 96P AB - The development of a built up, electrically conductive polymer concrete overlay and a premixed, electrically conductive polymer concrete mortar for use on bridge decks and other concrete members, in conjunction with cathodic protection systems, is reported. The research program was divided into two phases. The emphasis of the work performed in phase one was directed towards the evaluation of the 18 commercially available resin systems and the 16 conductive filler systems selected for consideration. Basic studies were also performed to evaluate various parameters affecting the electrical resistivity properties of both the built up overlay and premixed mortar systems. In phase two, extensive evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of the most promising overlay and premixed mortar systems were performed. In addition, the performance characteristics of the selected overlay systems, when incorporated into active cathodic protection systems, were evaluated. On the basis of the test results reported, recommendations were made regarding the further development and use of both the built up, electrically conductive overlay and the premixed, electrically conductive mortar systems (a). KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Overlay KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polymer KW - Polymers KW - Properties of materials KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416596 AU - Longhi allen, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Value engineering study of guardrail and impact attenuator repair PY - 1987/06 IS - FHWA/TS-87-226 SP - 55P AB - This report summarizes the results, findings, and recommendations from a series of three value engineering meetings relating to the repair and maintenance of guardrail and impact attenuators. These meetings were conducted cooperatively by the Departments of Transportation of Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia under the leadership of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). If implemented, the recommendations detailed in the report can be expected to: (1) reduce the unit cost of attenuator maintenance, (2) reduce the cost of guardrail maintenance, (3) reduce the number of impacts and the resultant costs of repair and replacement, and (4) speed the repair/ replacement process; thus, reducing labor costs per incident. The study recommends that a reduction in the unit cost of attenuator maintenance can be achieved by: (a) retrofitting vermiculite with hex-foam cartridges as soon as replacement is indicated for the g-r-e-a-t system and by (b) improving finishes of diaphrams and panels (hi-dro) to increase service life. Recommendations for the reduction of the cost of guardrail maintenance include: (a) contract maintenance in high traffic/ impact areas, (b) tailoring the crew to the job, and (c) (c) stockpiling and repairing damaged elements (a). KW - Costs KW - Economics KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance economics KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance management KW - Road safety KW - Safety fence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416563 AU - Johnson, T C AU - Berg, R L AU - Chamberlain, E J AU - Cole, D M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Frost action predictive techniques for roads and airfields; vol 1: a comprehensive survey of research findings PY - 1987/06 IS - FHWA/RD-87-057 SP - 50P AB - Findings from a six year field and laboratory program of frost action research in four principal areas are summarized. Research on the first topic, frost susceptibility index tests, led to selection of the corps of engineers' frost design soil classification system as a useful method at the simplest level of testing. At a much more complex level, a new freezing test combined with a CBR test after thawing is recommended as an index of susceptibility to both frost heave and thaw weakening. Under the second topic, a soil column and dual gamma system were developed and applied to obtain soil data used in improving and validating a mathematical model of frost heave, the objective of the third research topic. The model was effectively improved, a probabilistic component was added, and it was successfully tested against field and laboratory measurements of frost heave. A thaw consolidation algorithm was added, which was shown to be useful in predicting the seasonal variation in resilient modulus of granular soils, the objective of the fourth topic. A laboratory testing procedure was developed for assessing the resilient modulus of thawed soil at various stages of the recovery process, as a function of the applied stress and the soil moisture tension, which increases as the soil gradually desaturates during recovery. The procedure was validated by means of appropriate analyses of deflections measured on pavements by a falling weight deflectometer. Frameworks for implementing findings from the principal research topics are outlined (a). KW - Airport KW - Airports KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing cycle KW - Frost KW - Frost KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Soil KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622382 AU - Siddiqui, Z AU - TRETHEWEY, M W AU - Anderson, D A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF MARSHALL HAMMER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 74 p. AB - The Marshall method of mix design is one of the most widely used methods for the design and control of hot-mix paving mixtures in the country. However, discrepancies between test results occur when different Marshall equipment is used, often leading to dispute when verification or acceptance of test results significantly vary from the contractor's quality control results. This research identified key equipment-related factors associated with discrepancies in test results obtained by different compaction and testing. Operator-related factors and subtle differences in the interpretation of the standard procedure add to the complexity of the system. Techniques and procedures for quantifying the effects of these variables and their interactions are currently unavailable. While the need for a calibration procedure for the Marshall compaction equipment is apparent, in the absence of such a procedure, several U.S. and Canadian private and public agencies regularly participate in round-robin or mix exchange programs, which are discussed. To examine the ability to measure the fundamental process parameters of the Marshall hammer operation, several mix specimens were compacted with a mechanical hammer instrumented with accelerometers. From the analysis of data obtained, it was concluded that technology for measuring the amount of energy delivered to the specimen during the compaction process is currently available. Research and development needed for adapting this technology to the field calibration of the Marshall hammer is recommended. KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Development KW - Energy KW - Hammers KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362891 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489991 AU - Mahmoudzadeh, M AU - Davis, R E AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFICATION OF SLAB DESIGN STANDARDS FOR EFFECTS OF SKEW - PHASE 2 (TYPE B STUDY). FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 138 p. AB - Study of skew effects on RC slab design parameters were continued on wider bridges (up to 100 feet in width). The parameter studies previously made with GENDEK-5 were repeated with the same span length, skew angle, slab depth, and support parameters to include effects of skew on transverse and torsional moments as well as dead load deflections. Programs NOPARC and BDS (Bridge Design System) were utilized for comparison of results. Plotted values of reaction modification factors (at abutments) and moment modification factors are presented for flexural and torsional moments. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Skew angle KW - Skewed structures KW - Slabs KW - Structural analysis KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469227 AU - Dorman, M E AU - Hartigan, J AU - Johnson, F AU - Maestri, B AU - Versar Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETENTION, DETENTION, AND OVERLAND FLOW FOR POLLUTANT REMOVAL FROM HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF: INTERIM DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT MEASURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 200 p. AB - This report provides interim guidelines for the design of management measures for the removal of pollutants from highway stormwater runoff. Three general types of management measures have been determined, through previous FHWA studies, to be effective in treating highway runoff: vegetative controls (overland flow and grassed channels), detention basins (wet detention basins and wetlands), and retention measures (retention basins, trenches and wells). These interim design guidelines have been developed based on experience of the project team and by a thorough review of available literature. Field and laboratory studies are currently underway to verify the design procedures and assumptions presented in this report. KW - Catch basins KW - Channels (Drainage) KW - Design KW - Detention basins KW - Ditches KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Management KW - Mitigation KW - Overland flow KW - Pollutants KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vegetation KW - Water pollution KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482389 AU - Heinicke, J J AU - VINSON, T S AU - Wilson, J E AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF THE IRM, AND DMSO ACCELERATED WEATHERING TEST TO DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL FOR MOISTURE-INDUCED DISTRESS IN ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 102 p. AB - ODOT has on occasion employed the dimethyl sulfoxide accelerated weathering test (DMSO test) to identify the potential for degradation of aggregates under high-moisture environmental conditions. A laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the DMSO test to predict moisture-induced distress in asphalt concrete mixtures. Asphalt concrete specimens were fabricated using aggregates from three quarries. The specimens were conditioned using vacuum saturation and a series of five freeze/thaw cycles. The resilient modulus (M) was obtained before and after each conditioning cycle and the Index of Retained resilient modulus (IRM) was determined. The results indicate the DMSO test may be used to identify the potential for moisture-induced distress in asphalt concrete mixtures. However, no correlation was determined between the DMSO test results and the IRM or fatigue life test results. The strain and temperature dependencies of the M were determined for a dense-graded asphalt concrete mixture. It was concluded that constant stress testing may result in a misinterpretation of the IRM, and further, tests conducted within the currently accepted temperature range may result in a plus or minus 20% deviation in the IRM. In an accompanying analytical program, the effect of diametral test boundary conditions on the measured value of M was evaluated using two- and three-dimensional finite element models. The results indicate that the resilient modulus diametral test is adequately represented by elastic theory and an assumed plane stress condition. KW - Accelerated weathering KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deterioration by environmental action KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Finite element method KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture-induced distress KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482386 AU - Council, F M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Rodgman, E A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE MEASURES FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY ANALYSIS. VOLUME 2. FINAL REPORT. APPENDICES PY - 1987/06 SP - 217 p. AB - The report describes the results of a study of exposure to accidents at urban signalized intersections. The result is a series of exposure measures for head-on, rear-end, sideswipe, angle, and left-turning exposure for intersections characterized by unprotected, protected, and protected/permissive left-turn phasing. The work represents a step in the ongoing process of defining and refining exposure measures for use in the formation of accident rates. This volume contains the appendices for the study. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Frontal crashes KW - Left turns KW - Permissive phasing KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Signalized intersections KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464608 AU - Swiat, W J AU - Rog, J W AU - Corrpro Companies, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS IN CATHODIC PROTECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 124 p. AB - The current state-of-the-art for installing conductive polymer concrete (CPC) was assessed. New techniques, equipment and procedures were developed for field operation. Critical review of installed cathodic protection (CP) systems were made in the USA and Canada. Envisioned improvements were implemented during installation of the cathodic protection systems. Corrosion condition surveys and procedures for installation of seven cathodic protection systems on two bridges (deck and substructure) are described in detail. One bridge is exposed to a marine environment, and the other is located in a northern climate region. Test procedures, actual test data and cathodic protection corrosion control criteria are discussed. Various instrumentation was designed into the two-bridge structure to permit effective testing and monitoring of the operating cathodic protection systems. The cathodic protection systems are subject to monthly monitoring and inspection over an 18-month test period. At the end of the monitoring period, a final report will be issued on the performance of the seven cathodic protection systems installed on the two reinforced concrete structures. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Cathodic protection KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosive environments KW - Facilities KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Seas KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473265 AU - Rice Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION REVENUE FORECASTING GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 142 p. AB - This guide explores opportunities for improving the state-of-the-practice of forecasting. It was designed to assist State and local governments in the difficult task of developing and updating forecasts for a variety of revenue sources for planning, managing, and budgeting purposes. The guide will be useful to transportation analysts responsible for revenue forecasting, and the users of the forecasts, i.e., planners, budget administrators, and policymakers at the local, regional (MPOs) and State levels. The objectives of the guide are to provide improved methodologies for forecasting non-fare and non-Federal revenue sources that fund transportation improvements and services, and to integrate these methodologies with the planning process. The study compared state-of-the-art with state-of-the-practice in transportation revenue forecasting methodologies. Interviews were conducted with more than 30 individuals representing State DOTs in Florida, California, and Oregon and MPOs, city and county transportation agencies in Miami, Los Angeles, and Portland. Key revenue sources examined included motor fuel taxes, vehicle registration fees, sales taxes, and payroll taxes. This guide consists of 7 chapters: Revenue Forecasting Overview, Sources of Transportation Revenue, Review of Current Practices, Improved Forecasting Methodologies, Practical Application of Revenue Forecasting Methods, and Forecasting Methodologies for Revenue Sources. The Appendix to this report provides a description of the case studies, an annotated bibliography on the subject, and expanded review of problems with regression models, and a glossary of statistical terms. KW - Finance KW - Financial sources KW - Forecasting KW - Local government KW - Revenues KW - State government KW - State of the practice KW - Umta section 6 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472587 AU - Johnson, E G AU - Hicks, R G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF AN UNCRUSHED BASE LAYER ON PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 32 p. AB - In 1974, the Alaska Department of Highways decided to save money and fuel by removing the base course and placing the asphalt concrete surface directly on the surface of the Glenn Highway Widening project. The original two lanes had been constructed with a crushed base course in 1969, thus providing an excellent comparison of the performance of the two bases. Laboratory testing showed that the uncrushed base (subbase) was uniformly graded with a maximum size of 2 inches with 37 percent aggregate fracture while the crushed base was uniformly graded with a maximum size of 1 inch with an 85 percent aggregate fracture. Base course resilient modulus was back calculated from FWD readings and subsequently measured in the laboratory. Contrary to previous research and experience in crushed and uncrushed gravel, the uncrushed base course performed better than the crushed base course: the resilient modulus was higher and the permanent deformation was lower. The uncrushed base is apparently superior because of a larger maximum particle size and greater maximum density. An analysis of the future performance of the roadway with equal thickness of asphalt indicates that the pavement over the uncrushed base would have a longer life than the pavement over the crushed base by 54%. KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Deformation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Uncrushed aggregate UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472120 AU - Datta, T K AU - Hummer, J E AU - GREEN, J AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS: HISAFE USERS MANUAL AND OPERATORS GUIDE PY - 1987/06 SP - 148 p. AB - This report documents the "Highway Safety Evaluation Program" (HISAFE) computer program. It contains information to the user on how to install, start up, and operate all of the program functions. It also describes the structure, functional design and capabilities of the program. This report provides sufficient documentation for any user of HISAFE. HISAFE includes programs to help select an appropriate evaluation plan, create and store a data file, calculate expected accident rates based on past data, statistically test the validity of predicted changes in accident rates, and economically evaluate proposed countermeasures. The software package is: designed to be run on IBM PC, IBM PC-AT, and IBM-compatible microcomputers; modular in design to allow easy addition of routines; and menu driven (user friendly). KW - Computer programs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Safety KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469494 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BREAKAWAY-CABLE-TERMINAL END TREATMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 195 p. AB - This report included an analysis of 110 accidents involving breakaway-cable-terminal (BCT) end treatments and 36 accidents involving median-breakaway-cable-terminal (MBCT) end treatments as used in Kentucky. The primary data base consisted of Kentucky accident records for the years 1980-87; with a few accidents that were identified before 1980. An attempt was made to document each accident with a police report, photographs, and a maintenance repair form. Results revealed that the BCT end treatment performed properly in 73 percent of the accidents when all three configurations of end treatments were combined (simple curve, parabolic flare, and straight). Proper performance was defined as the wooden posts breaking away as designed or the guardrail redirecting the vehicle. Only 10 impacts were documented for small cars and the BCT performed improperly in four of those accidents. Evaluation of the BCT end treatment indicates that it may be used where geometrics permit. Where those geometrics are not present, the turned-down end treatment proposed in a previous report should be used. The MBCT end treatment performed properly in 63 percent of the accidents. Problems related to stiffness of the end treatment were most apparent when impact angles were shallow. A recommendation was made to contour grade gore areas where possible and to install a crash cushion where the need for a barrier cannot be eliminated. For MBCT installations at median piers and median width of 20 feet or less, crash cushions were also recommended. A turned-down design was proposed for consideration at median piers where median width was greater than 20 feet. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Configuration KW - Contouring KW - Contours KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash records KW - End treatments KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Median piers KW - Medians KW - Performance evaluations KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Shape KW - Small car KW - Stiffness KW - Turned-down design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469719 AU - Davis, R E AU - Klein, E G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCALIZED STRESSES IN A POST-TENSIONED STEEL GIRDER WEB--FIELD VERIFICATION. PART 2: APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - v.p. AB - A steel plate girder and concrete deck slab bridge (Yuba Pass Bridge and Overhead) has been rehabilitated by placement of a concrete deck overlay, addition of lower steel flanges and post-tensioning of girder webs. A previous Caltrans report and TRB article discussed purely theoretical, pre-construction analyses with FINPLA and STRUDL made because of concern over potential large web stresses due to post-tensioning forces. A second phase study has been performed to modify previous analyses for assumed full clamping of post-tensioning brackets to webs and to verify analytical procedures by installation of SR-4 rosettes in the vicinity of a bracket on one girder web and monitoring during post-tensioning. STRUDL was used to assess stresses in a substructured, fine, finite element mesh, first with anchored boundaries, secondly, relaxed by boundary displacements determined by FINPLA with a coarse discretization. Assumptions included full composite and non-composite deck contributions, and uniform and non-uniform bracket loadings, the latter based on some observed slippage. Theoretical/experimental correlations were good for longitutdinal strains and minor (actually largest but compressive) principal stresses, less encouraging for vertical strains and major (smaller but more tensile) principal stresses. Correlations were improved when some composite action by the physically non-composite deck was assumed and for non-uniform bracket loading. Theoretical stresses were significantly reduced by assumption of full bracket clamping. KW - Brackets KW - Clamps KW - Computer programs KW - Direct current KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Rehabilitation KW - Stresses KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469495 AU - Jurach, P J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENT ON CONCRETE HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report evaluates the adequacy of current design specifications for concrete cover over reinforcing bars and prestress tendons for bridges located in proximity to saltwater. All highway bridges (218) within 5 miles of the coastline between the Oregon border and San Luis Obispo (500 miles) were inspected and evaluated. The report concludes that current design specifications for concrete cover for reinforcing steel and prestress tendons for bridges located in proximity to saltwater are generally satisfactory but recommends some minor changes. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Coastal environment KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Specifications KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472117 AU - Johnson, T C AU - Berg, R L AU - Chamberlain, E J AU - Cole, D M AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Aviation Administration TI - FROST ACTION PREDICTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR ROADS AND AIRFIELDS: VOLUME I: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 50 p. AB - Findings from a six-year field and laboratory program of frost-action research in four principal areas are summarized. Research on the first topic, frost-susceptibility index tests, led to selection of the Corps of Engineers' frost design soil classification system as a useful method at the simplest level of testing. At a much more complex level, a new freezing test combined with a CBR test after thawing is recommended as an index of susceptibility to both frost heave and thaw weakening. Under the second topic, a soil column and dual gamma system were developed and applied to obtain soil data used in improving and validating a mathematical model of frost heave, the objective of the third research topic. The model was effectively improved, a probabilistic component was added, and it was successfully tested against field and laboratroy measurements of frost heave. A thaw consolidation algorithm was added, which was shown to be useful in predicting the seasonal variation in resilient modulus of granular soils, the objective of the fourth topic. A laboratory testing procedure was developed for assessing the resilient modulus of thawed soil at various stages of the recovery process, as a fundtion of the applied stress and the soil moisture tension, which increases as the soil gradually desaturates during recovery. The procedure was validated by means of appropriate analyses of deflections measured on pavements by a falling-weight deflectometer. Frameworks for implementing findings from the principal research topics are outlined. KW - Deflection KW - Forecasting KW - Frost action KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Granular soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Strength of materials KW - Thaw KW - Thaw weakening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472119 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Hooshmandnia, A AU - Colpitts, K AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS: HISAM USERS MANUAL AND OPERATORS GUIDE PY - 1987/06 SP - 71 p. AB - This report documents the "Highway Safety Analysis Monitoring" (HISAM) computer program. The first half of the report contains information to the user on how to install, start up, and operate all of the program functions. It also describes the structure, functional design and capabilities of the program. The second half of the report is directed to the computer operator and describes the program configuration, software/hardware requirements, and the module and file logic. This report provides sufficient documentation for any user of HISAM. "Highway Safety Analysis and Monitoring" (HISAM) is used to enter, edit, and maintain accident records, street inventory data, and traffic volume data. It also contains subroutines for identifying high-accident locations, analyzing accident characteristics, and producing standard accident analysis reports. The software package is: designed to be run on IBM PC, IBM PC-AT, and IBM compatible microcomputers; modular in design to allow easy addition of routines; and menu driven (user friendly). KW - Computer programs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Safety KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469718 AU - Davis, R E AU - Klein, E G AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCALIZED STRESSES IN A POST-TENSIONED STEEL GIRDER WEB--FIELD VERIFICATION. PART 1: TEXT, TABLES AND FIGURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 147 p. AB - A steel plate girder and concrete deck slab bridge (Yuba Pass Bridge and Overhead) has been rehabilitated by placement of a concrete deck overlay, addition of lower steel flanges and post-tensioning of girder webs. A previous Caltrans report and TRB article discussed purely theoretical, pre-construction analyses with FINPLA and STRUDL made because of concern over potential large web stresses due to post-tensioning forces. A second phase study has been performed to modify previous analyses for assumed full clamping of post-tensioning brackets to webs and to verify analytical procedures by installation of SR-4 rosettes in the vicinity of a bracket on one girder web and monitoring during post-tensioning. STRUDL was used to assess stresses in a substructured, fine, finite element mesh, first with anchored boundaries, secondly, relaxed by boundary displacements determined by FINPLA with a coarse discretization. Assumptions included full composite and non-composite deck contributions, and uniform and non-uniform bracket loadings, the latter based on some observed slippage. Theoretical/experimental correlations were good for longitutdinal strains and minor (actually largest but compressive) principal stresses, less encouraging for vertical strains and major (smaller but more tensile) principal stresses. Correlations were improved when some composite action by the physically non-composite deck was assumed and for non-uniform bracket loading. Theoretical stresses were significantly reduced by assumption of full bracket clamping. KW - Brackets KW - Clamps KW - Computer programs KW - Direct current KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Rehabilitation KW - Stresses KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469922 AU - Garber, J D AU - Lin, J H AU - University of Louisiana, Lafayette AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED CORROSION TEST FOR METAL DRAINAGE PIPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 102 p. AB - This study represents an attempt to develop an accelerated test which would assist the highway engineer in evaluating the usefulness of a new type of coated steel culvert. The test method was to be short in duration (in the order of days), and the results must correlate with field results. The project chose to use electrochemical techniques to develop a laboratory method. The electrical potential of the culvert was raised above its natural potential, and it was placed in a corrosive solution containing hydrogen ions, chlorides, and sulfate ions. A total of six different types of culverts were used in the tests. The best accelerated test method developed was a 3-day high pressure oxygen test (500 psi oxygen) at ambient temperature. The coupon was placed inside a 316SS Baroid cell which elevated its potential. The percent zinc remaining on the coupon after testing was calculated using atomic absorption (AA), and was to be the basis of rating the coating. An alternative 3-day method involved the use of a potentiostat to maintain a 1-volt potential difference between two test coupons in a standard test solution. This method requires that the percent zinc on the coupons be determined from an area analysis. Both methods were able to produce results which correlated with field data. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Atomic absorption KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion tests KW - Culvert materials KW - Culverts KW - Electrochemistry KW - High pressure oxygen test KW - Metal pipe KW - Steel pipe KW - Structural materials KW - Zinc UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20206.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472118 AU - Robertson, H D AU - Opiela, K S AU - Harkey, D L AU - Colpitts, K AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 38 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a study to assess the needs of transportation agencies for computer software to aid in the analysis of accident data. Two computer programs were developed to meet the identified needs of local (city, county, regional) transportation agencies. The programs will operate on microcomputers and are user friendly, thus requiring minimal user training. The first program, "Highway Safety Analysis and Monitoring" (HISAM), is used to enter, edit, and maintain accident records, street inventory data, and traffic volume data. It also contains subroutines for identifying high-accident locations, analyzing accident characteristics, and producing standard accident analysis reports. The second program, "Highway Safety Evaluation" (HISAFE), is used to perform safety evaluations of completed safety projects. The program contains subroutines to aid the user in selecting the appropriate experimental design for the evaluation, computing the accident rates and percent changes resulting from the safety improvements being evaluated, performing statistical significance testing, and conducting an economic evaluation of the effects of the safety improvement. These programs are fully documented in their respective Users Manuals and Operators Guides. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Safety KW - Software KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469167 AU - Jordan, M C AU - Carlson, R F AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF DEPRESSED INVERT CULVERTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 64 p. AB - The hydraulic characteristics of a depressed invert culvert were studied. Also, a design procedure for depressed invert culverts is outlined. The hydraulic characteristics were studied by reviewing pertinent literature and by the use of a hydraulic model. The design procedure is similar to that already used by state hydrologists. Formulas for determining the geometric properties of a depressed invert culvert are presented. The hydraulic model was used to determine the discharge coefficients for a depressed invert culvert flowing under inlet control and set flush to a vertical headwall. A literature review was performed which examined velocity profiles, flow over permeable beds, and flow resistance in culverts and over rough beds. The design procedure is applicable to depressed invert culverts flowing under nonsubmerged conditions and set flush to a vertical headwall. The design procedure can be used as an outline for the development of a comprehensive design manual for depressed invert culverts. KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culverts KW - Depressed invert culverts KW - Design methods KW - Discharge coefficients KW - Fish ladders KW - Fish passage KW - Flow resistance KW - Fluid dynamics KW - Geometric design KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Hydraulics KW - Subgrade materials KW - Types of culverts KW - Velocity UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468632 AU - Wyckoff, C P AU - Fujiki & Associates, Incorporated AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT SEAL COATS - FACTORS AFFECTING AND TECHNIQUES FOR OBTAINING CONSISTENTLY GOOD SEAL COATS. MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 35 p. AB - This is a manual written for those who direct or physically construct asphalt seal coats. The text is based on field experiences. The manual contains: the reasons for seal coating; each type of seal coat discussed as to the purposes of the seal and how it is constructed; and particular emphasis on chip seals and the factors which can affect obtaining consistently good seal coats. Some of these factors are the weather, the road surface on which the seal is laid, the type of asphalt used, the handling and storage of the asphalt, the choice of cover rock, how to control the uniform distribution and application of the asphalt and rock, the coordination of the seal coat operation, and the post-seal inspection and possible immediate correction. This manual is concise but detailed in the appropriate areas with liberal use of graphics. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt storage KW - Chip seals KW - Construction control KW - Construction inspection KW - Construction management KW - Cover aggregate KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Seal coats KW - Standardization KW - Storage facilities KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Weather UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/136.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468200 AU - Bachman, P M AU - KREGER, M E AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF SHEAR FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 198 p. AB - This report presents the results of an exploratory investigation of shear fatigue behavior of precast prestressed girders with unshored cast-in-place slabs. It includes a literature survey of shear fatigue behavior and design specifications related to fatigue of structural concrete. Detailed summaries are given for the fatigue response and ultimate behavior of three full-scale prestressed girders including static and dynamic measurements of load, deflection, crack widths, strand stresses, and stirrup stresses. The controlled variable in this exploratory investigation was the maximum fatigue load. Other variables included in the investigation were concrete strength and prestressing losses. Fatigue data for stirrups in the girders were compared with data from fatigue tests of reinforcing bars in air. Shear fatigue data for the girders were compared and evaluated with results of previous studies and with present design code specifications. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Deflection tests KW - Design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Girders KW - Load tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Shear fatigue KW - Shear strain KW - Specifications KW - Stirrups KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467768 AU - SELNA, L G AU - Malvar, L J AU - University of California, Los Angeles AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL SCALE EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF RETROFIT DEVICES USED FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 49 p. AB - The seismic strengthening of California bridges began after the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake. Many of the bridge collapses which occurred were attributed to the loss of vertical support at the expansion joints. To ameliorate this problem, structural devices which prevent the opening of expansion joints were developed and deployed in California's highway bridges. Three of the devices which were used are: 1) the type C1 cable restrainer, 2) the bar restrainer, and 3) the deck slab bracket restrainer. The strength and load-deflection properties of the expansion joints with the structural devices installed is evaluated with full scale experimental testing. The test results show that the bar restrainer experiences a ductile load-deflection behavior while the bars undergo yield. The type C1 and bracket devices are influenced by the cable behavior but their strength is limited by failure of the concrete anchorage. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Brackets KW - Cables KW - Collapse KW - Deflection KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Expansion joints KW - Full scale testing KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Prevention KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Restrainers KW - Retrofitting KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467828 AU - Feng, F Y AU - Roschke, P N AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF LARGE DIAMETER CONCRETE SHAFT (LDCS) FOUNDATIONS (PHASE 1). FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 114 p. AB - The primary goal of this research project was the establishment of a design procedure to be used for large diameter (6 ft to 8 ft) concrete shafts. Bridge designers commonly use these large diameter piles to support their structures. Not only are piles required to resist the vertical loads from the structure but also to resist the lateral loads, particularly under earthquake conditions. From a design viewpoint, it is important that the lateral stiffness of the pile-soil interaction be accurately estimated. A thorough literature search of the TRIS, COMPENDEX, and GEOREF databases revealed Professor Reese's computer program, COM624, to be among the most promising for this class of soil-structure interaction problems. This program has been implemented at CALTRANS for pile shaft analysis. The Design Procedure is presented in Appendices A and B. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Design methods KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Estimating KW - Lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467773 AU - Sollenberger, D A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COMPOST AND CO-COMPOST MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - v.p. AB - Section 10403 of California Public Contract Code, as amended by Senate Bill 1929 in 1984, mandates that all State Agencies and Departments shall give purchase preference to compost (derived from sewage sludge) and co-compost (derived from sewage sludge and refuse) materials when they can be substituted for and cost no more than existing materials for use as soil amendments, fertilizers, and erosion control materials and in the construction of sound walls and safety barriers. Questions regarding environmental degradation and contamination, employee and public health and safety, and the feasibility of usage of these products are addressed in this report. The information was obtained through an intensive literature survey of existing information and from a questionnaire deistributed to various waste treatment and composting facilities in West Germany and Sweden. It has been determined that good quality materials, may be used as fertilizers, soil amendments, and erosion control materials without environmental degradation. The use of these products for sound walls and safety barriers is not recommended at this time due to the uncertainty in the concentrations of the biological and chemical contaminants that may be generated from large concentrations of these materials. Allergic reactions may occur in individuals working with or living near areas where these products have been used. Long-term health effects are unknown. Regulations regarding the handling, testing, and monitoring of compost and co-compost products need to be further defined or established where none exist. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Co-compost KW - Compost KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Erosion control KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fertilizers KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Public health KW - Questionnaires KW - Refuse KW - Regulations KW - Sewage KW - Sewerage KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Soil amendment KW - Soils KW - Sound barrier KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465654 AU - Rand, D W AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATIONS OF EARLY AASHO (AASHTO) DESIGNED & OTHER SELECTED OLD PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - v.p. AB - This report is an evaluation of the lifetime performance of selected projects constructed in the 1960's. The data was obtained from records accumulated by various departments in the Maine DOT. Most of the evaluation consisted of sorting the projects into proper structural classifications and then comparing their performance using the basic AASHTO Performance Equation. Three studies were conducted involving Total 18 Kip Equivalent Axle Loads (TEALs), Soil Support Values (SS) and Structural Number (SN). These studies were conducted in such a manner that two variables were considered as independent variables to compute the third or dependent variable. This computed dependent variable was then compared and analyzed with the same original independent variable. The three variables were TEALs, structural numbers, and soil support values. Two types of structural numbers used were: (1) SN-Total or the strength of a structure about 30" deep, and (2) SN-18 or the strength in the top 18" of the structure. The results indicated that the overlayed roads generally had received more TEALs than the design equation indicated. The study also generally verified the AASHTO coefficient values except for bituminous base course. The coefficient for bituminous base course was found to be 0.23 inch rather than 0.34 inch. When the structural number variable was examined, the results indicated a lower value would satisfy the equation. Because the computed structural number was lower than the original SN-18 number, this may be interpreted to mean that the gravel below 18 inches provides very little structural value. KW - Axle loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Design KW - Design data KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Loads KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Soil support value KW - Structural number KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Total loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465653 AU - Madden, D A AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEASONAL VARIATION FOR STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 74 p. AB - This publication is a final report containing results derived from a two year HP&R, Part II research project designed to determine the variation in roadway structural strengths attributable to climatic conditions. The strength measuring equipment used in this study was a van mounted Road Rater model 400B manufactured by Foundation Mechanics, Inc. All the deflection measurements were obtained at a frequency of 25 Hertz and a dynamic loading of 1.5 kips. Deflection measurements were obtained over a two year period on fifteen selected Federal Aid projects all of which had a total structure depth (total of base and bituminous layers) of 24 to 30 inches. During the second year of the study five lighter designed State Aid roadway sections were randomly selected and tested. Data were obtained throughout the year(s) with emphasis on the spring breakup period (March-April). The data were analyzed statistically and are displayed both in tabular and graphic form for several parameters. Relative comparisons of overall deflections, defection fluctuation and deflection bowl configurations are discussed for the various test sections. This report represents the initial effort relative to determining the variation in material strengths due to climatic conditions. The data obtained for this study will be instrumental in a second study designed to determine resilient modulus of bituminous materials, base and subbase aggregates and subgrade materials typical of Maine. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Climate KW - Deflection KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Road raters KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Spring breakup KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test sections KW - Thaw KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465642 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Meyer, A AU - WHITE, R P AU - Flanagan, P R AU - Elkins, G E AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR UNDERSEALING CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 447 p. AB - The objectives of this report were to: (1) document current undersealing techniques and materials, including void detection, problems with installations, and performance results; and (2) identify promising new techniques, equipment, and undersealing materials and additives. To accomplish objective number one, information was collected and summarized from existing literature, state highway departments, producers of grout materials, and equipment manufacturers. Also, several undersealing sites were visited to observe the performance of pavements that were undersealed with different materials. Analysis of the performance data showed that neither asphalt, cement, nor flyash grout were superior to the other from the standpoint of performance. To accomplish objective number two, interviews were conducted with state highway personnel and other pertinent sources to establish promising new techniques, equipment and undersealing materials. The undersealing materials were evaluated based on economy, durability, ease of application, safety, availability, and compatibility with mixing and pumping equipment. Due to the limited number of new materials found during the search, cement grouts and asphalt were included in the analysis. Results of this comparison demonstrated that asphalt and flyash grout rated about equally, followed by limestone dust grout and Viscosity Modified Asphalt. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Availability KW - Cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Economics KW - Equipment KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Fly ash KW - Grout KW - Highway engineers KW - Interviewing KW - Limestone dust KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance KW - Safety KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Supply KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465659 AU - Laguros, J G AU - Zenieris, P AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FEASIBILITY OF USING FLY ASH AS A BINDER IN COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES FOR BASE COURSES PY - 1987/06 SP - 267 p. AB - Aggregate-fly ash mixes consisting of fine aggregate bases (FAB), coarse aggregate bases (CAB) and Class C fly ash additions of 15, 25 and 35% were tested in compressive and flexural strength for curing periods of up to six months. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to study the mineralogical composition of the mixes and identify the fly ash hydration products. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to verify the XRD findings and study the microstructural developments in the mixes. The compressive strength of the mixes varied considerably during the first week of curing but exhibited better uniformity in later ages. The variation was attributed to the massive formation of ettringite. Later, when ettringite was transformed to monosulfoaluminate and the CAH, CASH and CSH hydration phases formed, the strength of the mixes gained uniformity and magnitude. After a month's curing, the mixes presented little resistance to flexural failure but in 90 days the flexural strength level was substantial. The mixes were characterized as stiff but structurally flexible and a flexural design approach was devised. SEM observations indicated packing and densification of the mix matrix with time, as the hydration products form skeletal matrices in the mixes, resulting in better strength. The study establishes the dual role of the fly ash as a filler and a chemical agent (binder). KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Binders KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete curing KW - Diffraction KW - Electron microscopy KW - Ettringite KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fine aggregates KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Hydration KW - Microstructure KW - Mineralogy KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Time KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465660 AU - Brede, A D AU - Cargill, L M AU - Montgomery, D P AU - Samples, T J AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE DEVELOPMENT AND EROSION CONTROL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 50 p. AB - The information contained within this report addresses: 1) implementation of roadside development and erosion control results, 2) herbicide evaluation for the effective and economical eradication of undesirable roadside vegetation, 3) evaluation of species and cultural practices for ground cover establishment, and 4) fertilizer evaluations for maintenance of ground covers. The following are recommendations based upon the research results: (1) For control of johnsongrass alone or intermixed with silver bluestem, and bermudagrass release, apply 1.5 pints of Roundup plus 2 ounces of Oust in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre during May after the bermudagrass has broken dormancy. (2) To control silver bluestem alone, apply 1.5 to 2.0 pints of Roundup in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre during May, prior to seedhead formation. (3) For brush control: a) June application of 1 gallon Tordon K plus 1 gallon Garlon 4 in 50 gallons of water per acre (broadcast) or 100 gallons of water per acre (applied with handgun and spraying foliage to wet), or b) Krenite S at 3 gallons plus a crop oil in 50 gallons of water per acre (broadcast) or in 100 gallons of water per acre (handgun) applied in August to October, prior to first fall coloration, or c) Roundup at 1.5 gallons in 98.5 gallons of water per acre and applied as a spot-treatment with handgun only. (4) Kochia can be effectvely controlled with a preemergence application of Karmex 80W at 3 pounds product in 25 to 40 gallons of water per acre, applied in February or early March, or a postemergence application of Banvel at 0.5 pounds active ingredient in 25 to 40 gallons of water per acre, applied in May or early June. (5) For preemergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, apply atrazine at 2 pounds active ingredient in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre in February and not later than March 15. Karmex 80W can be used also at the same rate as given above for Kochia control. KW - Brush control KW - Effectiveness KW - Erosion control KW - Evaluation KW - Fertilizers KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Herbicides KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - Roadside improvement KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation control KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465657 AU - Merchant, D C AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM EXPLOITATION BY ODOT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 135 p. AB - A new Department of Defense system of navigation satellites will become operational in the early part of the next decade. This system called NAVSTAR is currently in limited operation for development purposes. Because of the accurate nature of the satellite's clock and the accurate knowledge of its position in orbit, geodetic surveyors are able to exploit the NAVSTAR satellites for determining accurate positions relative to existing primary horizontal control monuments. The NAVSTAR satellites and associated support equipment when used in the positioning mode is termed the "Global Positioning System" (GPS). Using several GPS ground based receivers the surveyor can measure the position of a survey point to accuracies of two parts per million after only about one hour of observation time. This exceeds the accuracy of the Nation's primary network of horizontal control. The potential for use of GPS methods of geodetic survey by departments of transportation is evident. With this as an objective, the final report discusses the ODOT requirements for geodetic type surveys, the theory of GPS surveying in the translocation (relative) mode, current GPS receivers and applications of GPS aimed at meeting ODOT's requirements. The final report concludes with a series of recommendations for implementation of GPS within the ODOT. KW - Accuracy KW - Artificial satellites KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Global Positioning System KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275358 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464612 AU - Babcock, W F AU - Attaway, R W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 71 p. AB - In today's information age the transfer of technology is imperative if an organization is to adopt new and improved technologies. The North Carolina Department of Transportation, in an effort to improve and consolidate its technology transfer activities, began a research project to develop a technology transfer program for itself in 1985. This research had two major objectives: first to develop a technology transfer program for NCDOT and second to implement that program. An extensive review of technology transfer activities and information sources was conducted and a concept was developed for a technology transfer program at NCDOT. This program had two major areas of emphasis, technical information and technical assistance services. In the implemented program the information services included an abstract publication, monthly acquisitions list, computer searches using DIALOG, and document location and retrieval services. The technical assistance services included direct technical assistance and referrals on specific problems via a technology transfer agent and the development of maintenance bulletins and videos. Through this program a number of activities were accomplished including: the publication of five sets of Abstract Reviews, performance of 31 computer searches and acquisition of over 60 documents for NCDOT personnel. In addition, direct assistance was provided by ITRE staff members on 12 occasions and maintenance bulletins were completed in 10 areas with another 17 in draft form. Work was also begun on three videos of maintenance activities. KW - Development KW - Documents KW - Implementation KW - Information dissemination KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Programs KW - Publications KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475129 AU - HUDSON, S W AU - McCullough, F B AU - Carmichael, R F AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE DESIGN AND REHABILITATION GUIDELINES FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/06 SP - 14 p. AB - This manual is for use by owners, managers, and engineers involved with the design, rehabilitation, and maintenance of surfacing for low-volume road networks. The considerations and constraints associated with the design process are discussed. These include drainage, geometrics, traffic, materials, surface characteristics, and shoulders. Design procedures especially for low-volume roads are given for both paved and aggregate surfaces. Paved surfaces include surface treatments, asphalt concrete, and portland cement concrete. Methods of maintaining and rehabilitating low-volume roads are also presented because of the importance of protecting the large investment in existing low-volume roads. Finally, a discussion of pavement management practices and the basics of pavement evaluation and performance is given so low-volume road agencies can begin to develop these useful tools. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Road shoulders KW - Surface treating KW - Surfacing KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475185 AU - HUDSON, S W AU - McCullough, B F AU - Carmichael, R F AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE DESIGN AND REHABILITATION GUIDELINES FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 228 p. AB - This manual is for use by owners, managers, and engineers involved with the design, rehabilitation, and maintenance of surfacing for low-volume road networks. The considerations and constraints associated with the design process are discussed. These include drainage, geometrics, traffic, materials, surface characteristics, and shoulders. Design procedures especially for low-volume roads are given for both paved and aggregate surfaces. Paved surfaces include surface treatments, asphalt concrete, and portland cement concrete. Methods of maintaining and rehabilitating low-volume roads are also presented because of the importance of protecting the large investment in existing low-volume roads. Finally, a discussion of pavement management practices and the basics of pavement evaluation and performance is given so low-volume road agencies can begin to develop these useful tools. KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Surface treating KW - Surfacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475005 AU - Kelly, P D AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EPOFLEX PAVEMENT MARKINGS. THIRD INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 65 p. AB - This report documents installation and performance of epoxy thermoplastic pavement marking material -- also known as "epoflex" or "EPT" -- in New York. Two large contracts, totaling 1,275,000 lin ft, of white and yellow markings were placed on asphalt and concrete pavements. Both installations proceeded smoothly, and line quality and initial delineation by day and by night were excellent. Unfortunately, long-term performance of the markings did not match initial expectations or the excellent installation results. Overall durability of the epoflex striping was poor. One project was restriped after the first winter and the other was partially restriped after 2 years. The primary failure mode was adhesion loss with no significant areas of abrasion. The poor adhesion may have resulted from lower than desired temperatures of the material during application, caused by cooling effects of the atomizing air. KW - Adhesion KW - Durability KW - Epoflex KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Long term KW - Performance KW - Road marking materials KW - Temperature KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Time duration KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474914 AU - Meier, W R AU - Feliz, P D AU - Schuster, B R AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW SOLVENT EMULSIFIED ASPHALT STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 47 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop a low solvent, stockpilable, bituminous pavement patching material. Foamed asphalt and aromatic oil with emulsified asphalt were studied as binders with virgin aggregates. Although low solvent, these were found to have unsatisfactory stockpile characteristics. Foamed asphalt and rejuvenating agents were studied to produce a pavement maintenance material from recycled asphalt pavement. Neither of these efforts were successful. Unique Paving Mixture produced by Sylvax Corporation specifications and currently in use by Arizona Department of Transportation was examined and found to meet the properties of a low solvent pavement patching material. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Low solvent KW - Patching KW - Recycled materials KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Stockpiling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474797 AU - Maurer, D A AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYESTER FIBER-REINFORCED ID-2 WEARING COURSE. CONSTRUCTION AND EARLY PERFORMANCE REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 37 p. AB - Controlling or limiting cracking in asphalt concrete overlays caused by fatigue and reflective cracking from underlying pavement layers has been a concern to the transportation industry for a long time. Reinforcement of asphalt concrete overlay mixes has been attempted using various methods including synthetic fibers from the textile industry. The purpose of this project is to determine if a polyester fiber-reinforced ID-2 wearing course will reduce the number of reflective cracks, and to define when cost effective applications are likely. An ID-2 wearing course, reinforced with "Bonifibers B", was used for an overlay on a section of LR 34-670 in Cumberland County. Another section was overlayed with standard ID-2 wearing course and will be used as a control section for evaluation purposes. The modification of ID-2 wearing course with polyester fibers was easily accomplished in a standard batch plant. The mix was placed and compacted with standard paving equipment. Precautions are necessary during production to ensure sufficient asphalt is added and the mixing results in proper fiber coating and dispersion consistently. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Failure KW - Fiber reinforced asphalt KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Fibers KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Polyester resins KW - Reflection cracking KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474688 AU - Connor, B AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF HIGH FLOAT EMULSION ASPHALT IN ALASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 12 p. AB - In response to a resolution passed by the Thirteenth Alaska Legislature, three test surfaces were placed to investigate the merits of a high float emulsion asphalt surface treatment currently used in the Yukon Territory, Canada. The experience gained from these test sections indicate that for low volume roads and for roadways which will undergo significant differential settlement, this type of surface may well be competitive with the more conventional bituminous surface treatments (BST). However, essentially all the guidelines which apply to BSTs apply to the Canadian process as well. This surface should be considered as an alternative to gravel roads or when the design calls for a relatively short pavement life. KW - Differential settlement KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Surface treating KW - Test sections UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_03.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474815 AU - Konkol, P J AU - Shoemaker, A K AU - Rolfe, S T AU - Imhof, E J AU - Sonon, D E AU - USS Division of USX Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND WELDABILITY TESTS FOR SUBMERGED-ARC-WELDED JOINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 367 p. AB - A literature review and laboratory studies were conducted to 1) select an optimum test for assessing the susceptibility of structural steel to weld-metal and heat-affected-zone (HAZ) cracking, 2) determine the optimum test and test procedures for measuring the fracture toughness of weldments, and 3) determine the optimum welding conditions for minimizing cracking and maximizing fracture toughness of the weld metal and HAZ in A514 and A588 bridge steels. The Lehigh restraint-cracking test was used successfully to determine critical preheat temperatures necessary to prevent cracking in A514 and A588 weldments for various welding conditions. The crack-tip-opening-displacement (CTOD) test was used to assess the fracture toughness of weld regions, but further work is needed to determine the significance of the measured values. Optimum welding conditions could not be determined because of the need for further work on the fracture toughness of the HAZ and weld metal. KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fracture properties KW - Laboratory tests KW - Structural steel KW - Submerged arc welding KW - Susceptibility KW - Test procedures KW - Weldability KW - Welding KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474820 AU - Sedney, C A AU - Walker, J AU - Alicandri, E AU - King, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEGIBILITY AND DRIVER RESPONSE TO SELECTED LANE AND ROAD CLOSURE BARRICADES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 42 p. AB - This study addressed the effectiveness of two reflective materials and several patterns used on lane and road closure barricades. Specific information was obtained concerning (1) detection distance; (2) pattern recognition; (3) effect of High-intensity versus Engineering grade sheetings; (4) optimum ratio of white to orange (or red) sheeting for the diamond pattern; and (5) the effect of different patterns on drivers' steering. The subjects participated in a simulated night driving situation using actual sheeting with scaled-down signs and headlamps. Each subject saw lane closure arrays (13 barricades each), single Type I or II barricades, and Type III road closure barricades. The experimenter subsequently explained the intent of the barricades and each subject ranked his/her preference of patterns. Study results indicate that for Type I/II barricades, the diagonal stripe pattern was better than a large or small diamond pattern in all categories. Type II (2 rail) barricades had longer detection distances, but only by 10%. Scaled to real world distances, the average for the Type I (single rail) barricade array with Engineering grade sheeting was 3700 feet. There are some indications that High-intensity sheeting is so bright that pattern details are harder to see than with Engineering grade. Type III barricades (road closures) indicated no significant sheeting differences. A double-X pattern (in which the X's were as high as the entire barricade) was superior in preference and pattern recognition distance. Concerning the results of the survey: (1) Diagonal stripes do not imply directionality to most drivers, but if forced to choose in an ambiguous situation they would go the wrong way; (2) Drivers generally will go in the direction indicated by the lane closure array even if the barricade pattern is clearly contradictory; and (3) Preliminary assessment of a new type II design indicates barricades can be made, using existing materials, that show directionality much more clearly. KW - Barricades KW - Design KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Diagonal stripes KW - Diamond pattern KW - Directionality KW - Distance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Legibility KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Patterns KW - Reaction time KW - Reflectivity KW - Road closings KW - Sheathing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474904 AU - Copp, H D AU - JOHNSON, J P AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RIVERBED SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 70 p. AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) presently uses an empirical approach in estimating the depth to which riverbed scour is apt to occur around bridge piers. The empiricism arises, at least in part, from the use of prediction equations of the form d sub s/b equals K(y sub o/b) to the nth power where d sub s is the predicted scour depth, b is the width of piers, y sub o is the depth of the approach flow, K is a multiplier that incorporates geometry of piers and their orientation to the flow path in streams and n is a factor reflecting erosive characteristics of streambeds. More than 35 different formulae, having form similar to the one above, have been proposed for scour estimation since 1949. All apply most appropriately to cohesionless streambed materials that are uniform in size. Many site conditions in Washington and other states have graded material with some armoring characteristics. Prediction equations of the above type will estimate scour much deeper than what actually occurs in these latter type streambeds. Bridge pier construction can be overly costly if they penetrate the streambed unnecessarily deep. At the same time, however, designs must be safe. Research reported here examined whether existing WSDOT scour estimating practices are appropriate or whether other methodology should be used. Results point out that, where uniform-sized cohesionless streambeds exist, correct estimating methods are satisfactory. However, at bridges over streams having graded bed materials current estimates of scour depths are excessive. A procedure for estimating these latter depths has been developed and is presented herein for use by WSDOT and others. KW - Bridge piers KW - Cohesionless materials KW - Depth KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Graded bed materials KW - River beds KW - Scour KW - Streambeds KW - Subgrade materials UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/118.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474689 AU - Allen, D L AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF GUARDRAIL AND IMPACT ATTENUATOR REPAIR. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 55 p. AB - This report summarizes the results, findings, and recommendations from a series of three Value Engineering meetings relating to the repair and maintenance of guardrail and impact attenuators. These meetings were conducted cooperatively by the Departments of Transportation of Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia under the leadership of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). If implemented, the recommendations detailed in the report can be expected to: (1) reduce the unit cost of attenuator maintenance, (2) reduce the cost of guardrail maintenance, (3) reduce the number of impacts and the resultant costs of repair and replacement, and (4) speed the repair/replacement process; thus, reducing labor costs per incident. The study recommends that a reduction in the unit cost of attenuator maintenance can be achieved by: (a) retrofitting vermiculite with hex-foam cartridges as soon as replacement is indicated for the G-R-E-A-T system and by (b) improving finishes of diaphragms and panels (Hi-Dro) to increase service life. Recommendations for the reduction of the cost of guardrail maintenance include: (a) contract maintenance in high traffic/impact areas, (b) tailoring the crew to the job, and (c) stockpiling and repairing damaged elements. KW - Contracting KW - Crash cushions KW - Finishes KW - Guardrails KW - Hex-foam cartridges KW - Hi-dro cushion cell KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Replacement costs KW - Retrofitting KW - Value engineering KW - Vermiculite UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473193 AU - Parsons, T J AU - Arkansas State University, State University AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK BUTTRESS WALL DESIGN FOR RURAL LOW-VOLUME ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 148 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to investigate the various methods used for rock buttress wall design, adapt them for Arkansas soil conditions and make recommendations on how to implement the procedures. A survey was sent to all fifty states and several federal government agencies. Eight percent of the states replied, and 14 states responded that they used rock buttress walls. However, none of the states used the walls as a retaining wall. A literature search revealed two design approaches which could be used for rock buttress walls. The first approach, the Indian approach, equates the wall's internal frictional forces to the soil's active forces. This approach is best suited for a uniform soil behind the wall. The second approach, Swedish slice method, uses a circular arc to model the soil failure plane. The soil's tangential, frictional and cohesive forces are equated to the wall's frictional forces to design the rock buttress wall. This approach should be used when the location of failure planes are known or when the soil is layered. The present geometrical shape of the rock buttress wall used in Arkansas does produce an adequate wall. However, settlements and allowable bearing stresses should be considered in the foundation design along with the bearing stresses within the stones. Also, a new geometrical design should be considered for walls of about six feet or less in height. This design should have side slopes of 1:1 (H:V) to 1:2 and stone should be placed in the backfill area between the wall and soil as the wall is constructed. KW - Buttressed wall KW - Buttresses KW - Data collection KW - Design methods KW - Geometric design KW - Low volume roads KW - Retaining walls KW - Rocks KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Surveys UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208702.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472580 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Allen, G R AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TENANT DISPLACEMENTS IN VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 17 p. AB - The research reported concentrates on tenants relocated by highway construction in Virginia between July 1, 1981 to June 30, 1985. It assesses whether relocation housing payments are being used for the purpose intended by the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Policy Acquisition Policies Act; it investigates the adjustment patterns of tenants who have been relocated by the Virginia Department of Transportation; and it provides information that may prove useful in assessing the appropriateness of certain portions of the 1970 Uniform Act as it applies to tenants. Suggestions for improving the Uniform Act are offered in those areas related to the relocation housing payment ceiling, the number of months used to calculate the maximum rental supplement, aid for utilities increases, and housing of last resort. KW - Data collection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Property acquisition KW - Questionnaires KW - Relocation assistance KW - Surveys KW - Tenants UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/atdva.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38532/87-R36.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472272 AU - Gay, C B AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPDATING THE TRANSPORTATION PLANS IN VIRGINIA'S SMALL URBAN AREAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The Transportation Planning Division (TPD) of the Virginia Department of Transportation is responsible for developing transportation plans for areas in the state having a population greater than 3,500. Although transportation forecasting procedures for areas of 50,000 or more are well defined and uniform throughout the state, the procedures used for areas of under 50,000 population vary. Based on a review of available literature and a survey of the forecasting procedures being used by state transportation agencies throughout the country, it was concluded that the procedures currently being used are valid. A generalized process for formulating a forecasting procedure for specific areas is recommended, along with several suggestions to be considered when the procedures are being developed. Additionally, the report provides a summary of forecasting techniques currently in use. KW - Forecasting KW - Small cities KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36698/87-R35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472513 AU - Adams, C K AU - Gonzales, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT-RUBBER INTERLAYER FIELD PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 250 p. AB - Test roads were constructed near El Paso, Buffalo and Brownsville under Study 2-9-83-347. All test roads were designed as statistical experiments such that analysis of effects due to asphalt-rubber formulation could be determined. Asphalt-rubber was formulated using various rubber concentration, rubber type, digestion conditions, and interlayers were applied at various shot rates. In addition, aggregate grade was varied, and single and double binder applications were studied. Based on field performance to date, the interlayer which is performing the best in the El Paso Test Road contains 26% rubber and was applied at 0.40 gallons per square yard. The Brownsville Test Road is experiencing bleeding from the interlayer in half of the test sections due to excessive interlayer binder application rates. The Buffalo Test Road is not experiencing any distress at this time. Long-term monitoring of these test roads will be continued under Study 1-10-77-187. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Field performance KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Performance KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472579 AU - Faghri, A AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DEMONSTRATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING. VOLUME I: TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERS AND EXPERT SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 37 p. AB - Expert systems, a branch of artificial-intelligence studies, is introduced with a view to its relevance in transportation engineering. Knowledge engineering, the process of building expert systems or transferring knowledge from human experts to computers, is described. The general differences between expert systems and conventional computer programs are summarized. The architecture of the expert system is shown to separate knowledge of the problem domain (knowledge base) from general problem solving knowledge (inference engine). Different approaches to each of these tasks are described. Recent developments in computer software that support and simplify the development of expert systems are presented, and recent applications to three transportation engineering problems are described. Background information is given to recommend the development of a prototype expert system for traffic control in construction zones. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Expert systems KW - Software KW - Transportation engineering KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36701/87-R32.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472515 AU - Bonilla, C AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCREASED CAPACITY OF HIGHWAYS AND ARTERIALS THROUGH THE USE OF FLYOVERS AND GRADE SEPARATED RAMPS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 120 p. AB - The main objectives of this study were to propose warranting conditions, to identify operational considerations and to prepare implementation guidelines for the development of flyovers. This has been accomplished. Also, it has been demonstrated that flyovers can increase the capacity of congested arterial intersections in a cost effective manner. A relationship has been developed between average approach volume over the design life of the project and benefits. Projects with an average approach volume of 50,000 vehicles per day generate benefits of $6.5 million which is greater than typical costs of about $5 million dollars. Implementation of several flyovers in Texas would be appropriate to substantiate their benefits and provide an impetus for further use of the concept. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Grade separated ramps KW - Grade separations KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Operations research KW - Overpasses KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic operations research KW - Traffic volume KW - Traffic warrants KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472195 AU - Noble, D F AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THREE JOINT SEALANTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 34 p. AB - A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three joint sealants: (1) a compartmented (A), (2) a closed cellular (B) preformed neoprene, and (3) a two-component cold-mixed polysulfide (C). These were used in the interchanges for Interstate 64 near Charlottesville. The condition of the sealants and joints was observed and the extent of the failures was estimated during a preliminary survey; the specific types of failure were either measured or were documented photographically during the detailed surveys. The following conclusions were reached: 1. The neoprene sealants far out performed the polysulfide sealant. 2. The polysulfide sealant probably failed because of compression set. 3. In addition, based on observations of the condition of the slabs relative to the condition of the sealants, it was concluded that the particles in the joints caused more distress by contributing to the loss of load transfer than by causing any damage such as spalling. 4. The lack of confinement near the expansion joints and the open ends of the ramps permit one-way movement of the slabs which contributes to the loss of load transfer and the discrete functioning of the slabs so that they break up under heavy loads. Four recommendations were made. KW - Failure analysis KW - Field studies KW - Joint sealers KW - Load transfer KW - Neoprene KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polysulfides KW - Sealing compounds UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36696/87-R18.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472180 AU - Allen, D L AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF GUARDRAIL AND IMPACT ATTENUATOR REPAIR. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 55 p. AB - This report summarizes the results, findings, and recommentations from a series of three Value Engineering meetings relating to the repair and maintenance of guardrail and impact attenuators. These meetings were conducted cooperatively by the Departments of Transportation of Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia under the leadership of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). If implemented, the recommendations detailed in the report can be expected to: (1) reduce the unit cost of attenuator maintenance, (2) reduce the cost of guardrail maintenance, (3) reduce the number of impacts and the resultant costs of repair and replacement, and (4) speed the repair/replacement process; thus, reducing labor costs per incident. The study recommends that a reduction in the unit cost of attenuator maintenance can be achieved by: (a) retrofitting vermiculite with hex-foam cartridges as soon as replacement is indicated for the G-R-E-A-T system and by (b) improving finishes of diaphragms and panels (Hi-Dro) to increase service life. Recommendations for the reduction of the cost of guardrail maintenance include: (a) contract maintenance in high traffic/impact areas, (b) tailoring the crew to the job, and (c) stockpiling and repairing damaged elements. KW - Crash cushions KW - Guardrails KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Repairing KW - Retrofitting KW - Service life KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472196 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGN LEGIBILITY FOR MODIFIED MESSAGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This study was conducted to investigate ways of increasing the legibility of signs with high background brightness. Research was limited to silver, yellow, and orange encapsulated lens sheeting materials, and modifications were made within the standards for highway signs as specified in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The results of the study show that in Virginia the legibility of selected signs with high background brightness can be increased by modifying the letter design. KW - Backgrounds KW - Brightness KW - Design KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36708/87-R33.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281011 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471857 AU - Adams, C K AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANOTHER LOOK AT CHEMKRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/06 SP - 73 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of curing time and air void content on asphalt paving mixtures containing Chemkrete. One goal of this study was to determine whether the rapid aging of this product in the early stages is temporary to insure that continued hardening of the binder does not eventually produce excessively brittle mixtures. Different dosages of Chemkrete, aging periods and air void contents were evaluated using different asphalt aggregate mixtures. Laboratory tests and literature reviews indicated that the Chemkrete slows after about 20 days but does not appear to cease even at 90 days. Using a softer grade of asphalt with Chemkrete, laboratory mixtures attained equal or greater strength, stability and stiffness as compared to control mixtures containing an untreated harder grade of asphalt cement. Based on laboratory tests, Chemkrete mixtures containing higher air voids and allowed to cure at temperatures above 77 deg F for 30 days or more, the mixtures attained a significantly greater stiffness than the control mixtures. Two field test pavements were constructed. Samples were subjected to long-term conditioning at high temperatures similar to summer pavement temperatures. Tensile strength, stiffness, stability and water susceptibility of roadway cores and laboratory molded samples were quantified. Extracted asphalt cements were tested for viscosity, penetration and softening point. The Chemkrete sections of both test roads are experiencing extensive cracking. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Brittleness KW - Chemkrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Experimental roads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pendulum tests KW - Softening point KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280869 ER - TY - SER AN - 00472701 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Fricker, J D AU - SAHA, S K AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC VOLUME FORECASTING METHODS FOR RURAL STATE HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05/27 SP - 288 p. AB - Accurate forecasting of Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is vital to transportation planning. The design of roads and analysis of alternative highway projects are dependent on these forecasts. This study builds on previous efforts found in the field of rural traffic forecasting. The study combines careful statistical analysis with subjective judgment to develop models that are reliable and easy to use. This study developed two different kinds of models -- aggregate and disaggregate -- to forecast traffic volumes at rural locations in Indiana's state highway network. These models are developed using traffic data from continuous count stations in rural locations, and data for various county, state and national level demographic and economic predictor variables. Aggregate models are based on the functional classification of a highway, whereas the disaggregate models are location-specific. These models forecast future year AADT as a function of base year AADT, modified by the various predictor variables. The combination of aggregate and disaggregate models will provide reliable traffic forecasts. The number of predictor variables employed in the models was kept to a minimum. The statistical analysis also found that the predictor variables are statistically significant; no other variables will provide significant predictive power to the models. The models developed in this study provide higher R-squared values than those found in the literature, and more refined statistical techniques reinforce the choice of variables used in the models. A six-step process to obtain the future year AADT by employing both aggregate and disaggregate models is presented to assist in the model's implementation. KW - Aggregate models KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Cluster analysis KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Reliability KW - Rural highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume KW - Variables UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314120 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/284372 ER - TY - SER AN - 00472700 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Fricker, J D AU - SAHA, S K AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC VOLUME FORECASTING METHODS FOR RURAL STATE HIGHWAYS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/05/27 SP - 36 p. AB - Accurate forecasting of Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is vital to transportation planning. The design of roads and analysis of alternative highway projects are dependent on these forecasts. This study builds on previous efforts found in the field of rural traffic forecasting. The study combines careful statistical analysis with subjective judgment to develop models that are reliable and easy to use. This study developed two different kinds of models -- aggregate and disaggregate -- to forecast traffic volumes at rural locations in Indiana's state highway network. These models are developed using traffic data from continuous count stations in rural locations, and data for various county, state and national level demographic and economic predictor variables. Aggregate models are based on the functional classification of a highway, whereas the disaggregate models are location-specific. These models forecast future year AADT as a function of base year AADT, modified by the various predictor variables. The combination of aggregate and disaggregate models will provide reliable traffic forecasts. The number of predictor variables employed in the models was kept to a minimum. The statistical analysis also found that the predictor variables are statistically significant; no other variables will provide significant predictive power to the models. The models developed in this study provide higher R-squared values than those found in the literature, and more refined statistical techniques reinforce the choice of variables used in the models. A six-step process to obtain the future year AADT by employing both aggregate and disaggregate models is presented to assist in the model's implementation. KW - Aggregate models KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Cluster analysis KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Reliability KW - Rural highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/284371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457984 AU - Crowl, Timothy AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Behavior of Mucks and Amorphous Peats as Embankment Foundations PY - 1987/05/26/Final Report SP - 148p AB - The construction of highway embankments over deposits of amorphous peat and muck is made difficult by the low shear strengths, high compressibilities, and excessive amounts of creep typically associated with soils of this nature. This report begins with a review of the compression behavior of these soils, including a method for predicting embankment settlements from the results of laboratory tests. A soil testing program is then developed for the determination of parameters required for embankment design and construction. Field vane shear tests are recommended for the measurement of the undrained shear strength, and creep tests are recommended for calculation of the parameters required for settlement prediction. The report concludes with the presentation of a procedure for design and construction of embankments over amorphous peats and mucks. The procedure relies upon the use of stage loading, preloading, and in some instances geotextiles, to overcome the problems ordinarily encountered during construction over such soft soils. Design examples illustrating this procedure are provided. KW - Compressibility KW - Creep KW - Embankment foundations KW - Geotextiles KW - Ground settlement KW - Peat KW - Soft soils KW - Soil tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314605 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471957 AU - Preston, H K AU - Osborn, AEN AU - Roach, C E AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESTORATION OF STRENGTH IN ADJACENT PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX BEAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05/14 SP - 122 p. AB - This research project was aimed at the development and implementation of methods to restore strength to deteriorated prestressed concrete box beams used in bridges built in the early 1950's. The literature survey disclosed various methods to restore strength in bridges, but none specifically applicable to adjacent box beams. Two external reinforcement repair schemes were developed and trial installations were made. Each included the removal of deteriorated concrete, placement of reinforcing bars or post-tensioned tendons and application of gunite to the soffit of the beam. In Scheme 1, epoxy-coated reinforcing bars were used. This procedure restores ultimate flexural capacity, but does not restore lost prestress. It is the least costly method. In Scheme 2, post-tensioned, epoxy-coated strand were used. This restores the full ultimate flexural capacity and most of the lost prestress, but may cause some relatively high tensile stresses on the tops of beams at their ends. Difficulties were encountered in installing the post-tensioned systems, but its performance was good. KW - Box beams KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Maintenance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Restoration KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469514 AU - Killian, Patrick A AU - Hancher, Donn Edward AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Evaluation of Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Requirements for Indiana Department of Highway Construction Projects PY - 1987/05/12 SP - 246p AB - This report reviews the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise (D.B.E) Program implemented by the Indiana Department of Highways (IDOH) in response to the passage of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act, Section 105(f), which set a national goal of expending at least 10% of Federal highway funds with socially and economically disadvantaged businesses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the current D.B.E. program operated by the Indiana Department of Highways; review the D.B.E. programs of all FHWA Region V states; evaluate the impact the Federal regulations have made on the highway construction industry in Indiana; identify the volume of work and type of work that D.B.E.'s have performed since the inception of the program; and develop recommendations for improvement of the IDOH D.B.E. program to assure that it fulfills the Federal requirements as fairly as possible to all parties involved. The majority of information for this report came from three sources: 1) questionnaires, personal interviews, and telephone conversations with IDOH personnel, non-minority contractors and D.B.E. firms throughout the State of Indiana; 2) IDOH records for all approved minority subcontracts since the D.B.E. program's inception; and 3) conversations with the FHWA Region V state DOT personnel involved with the respective D.B.E. programs, as well as review of each of the state's programs. Findings showed that the IDOH D.B.E. program has significantly increased minority participation in the Indiana highway construction industry. The number and dollar volume of D.B.E. subcontract awards have been uniformly distributed throughout the six districts in Indiana. D.B.E. firms are being awarded an increasing number of large contracts per year, with the average size subcontract awarded to D.B.E.'s increasing by nearly 76% since the first year the program was implemented. Repeat award winning D.B.E. firms in Indiana have consistently been awarded the majority of D.B.E. dollars. However, survey respondents believe that the D.B.E. program in Indiana has led to increased project costs, and the program appears to be at least partially responsible for the severe reduction in the amount of guardrail work awarded to two non-minority guardrail contractors since the program's inception. It is recommended that the IDOH keep better records and collect data on the D.B.E. program so that its full impacts can be measured. The IDOH also should consider the possibility of implementing a mentoring program. In addition, the IDOH should relax its D.B.E. certification restrictions to promote an increase in the number of new firms certified each year. KW - Construction projects KW - Contract administration KW - Contractors KW - Disadvantaged business enterprises KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Indiana KW - Indiana Department of Transportation KW - Minority business enterprises KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314125 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218909 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01563665 TI - Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies AB - Much of the research conducted by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) is designed to solve specific problems experienced by practitioners that are related to the operational and planning functions of state transportation agencies. Although top management is certainly affected by these problems and benefits from solutions through improved agency performance, this type of research does not necessarily address top management's most immediate needs. NCHRP Project 20-24 conducts research intended to address the specific needs of chief executive officers (CEOs) and other top managers of the state departments of transportation (DOTs). The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Standing Committee on Research (SCOR) each year allocates funds to the overall series, but identification of specific tasks is left up to the NCHRP 20-24 project panel. An initial research effort to design the research series was completed in 1988 (Apogee Research Inc. Richard R. Mudge and John A. Clements, Principle Investigators). Through surveys and interviews, issues of greatest concern to top management were identified and initial projects were developed to address these issues. Principal findings and details on a recommended program of specific projects were presented in the agency final report titled, "NCHRP Project 20-24, Research Program Design." The agency report was distributed to NCHRP sponsors only. However, others may purchase copies for the cost of reproduction. Success in that initial research motivated continuation of the NCHRP Project 20-24 series. Consultant services for NCHRP 20-24 research has been secured typically through limited competition or sometimes by sole-source requests. Most recent projects have been awarded through solicitations involving task-order contractors pre-qualified under a separate procurement (most recently, NCHRP 20-24B Task-Order Support for Research on the Administration of Highway and Transportation Agencies). Individual projects in the NCHRP 20-24 series have been allocated funds and conducted as described in the specific project pages listed separately. KW - Administration KW - Executives KW - Research management KW - State departments of transportation UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=560 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1354411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750040 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF IOWA 401 IN JOHNSTON, POLK COUNTY, PROJECT NO. F-401-1(18)--20-77 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PY - 1987/05/06 SP - 31 p. AB - This proposed improvement consists of reconstructing the existing two-lane Iowa 401 facility in Johnston to provide a four-lane highway from near NW 60th Avenue north and northwest approximately 2.75 mi (4.425 km) to NW 78th Avenue. Based on the information contained in this environmental assessment (EA), it has been determined that this project is necessary for safe and efficient travel through the study corridor, and that proposed construction will not result in any significant impacts upon the quality of the environment. Unless such impacts are identified as a result of the public availability of the EA, or public hearing, a finding of No Significant Impact is considered appropriate for this proposed action. KW - Environmental assessments KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Johnston (Iowa) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478203 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FERRY SYSTEMS DATA, SCHEDULING AND BILLING. DATA ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05/05 SP - 60 p. AB - This report contains findings and recommendations from work performed in Task 1 of the project, Ferry System Data, Scheduling and Billing. It describes the data required by the Washington State Ferry System management and staff for the operation and management of the system. It describes the collection, manipulation, storage and retrieval of those data, and it provides a list of recommended changes that should take place within those procedures to improve the entire data collection and manipulation process. KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Ferries KW - Improvements KW - Information retrieval KW - Management KW - Operations management KW - Recommendations UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/112.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584031 AU - Christensen, Derald R AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Microcomputer Conversion of Washington State Pavement Management System for Cities and Counties PY - 1987/05//Final Report SP - 64p AB - This report documents the joint development of a Pavement Management System (PMS) for use by the cities and counties of the state of Washington. This system makes full use of existing analysis software and experience provided by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) through its on-going pavement management procedures. The system is currently being implemented and is expected to be used by most cities and counties within Washington State. The joint efforts of the cities and counties in the development, implementation and training associated with the final PMS was very successful. This should help to develop an improved environment for the overall management of pavements within the state. The system was implemented on IBM-PC type hardware and is structured so as to provide a complete standalone management system for pavements as well as for general inventory, traffic and other pavement related data. The software is still under development with the final release expected in July of 1987. KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement management systems KW - Software KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/108.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418060 AU - Buckle, I G AU - Mayes, R L AU - Button, M R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Seismic design and retrofit manual for highway bridges PY - 1987/05 IS - FHWA/IP-87-6 SP - 312P AB - This manual is a guide to the seismic design of bridges. It presents the basic principles of seismology, structural dynamics and structural form as they relate to highway bridge structures. Seismic design concepts are presented which highlight the importance of simplicity, symmetry and integrity for bridges. Examples of acceptable structural form and form to be avoided are included. Past earthquake damage is reviewed and a philosophy for seismic bridge design is presented. Analysis methods for calculating design forces and displacements are developed, and relevant computer software is discussed. Numerical examples are used to illustrate design concepts and the recommended design procedures. A methodology for seismic retrofitting is also presented, which includes discussion of bridge evaluation procedures, capacity/ demand ratios and design concepts for strengthening and upgrading existing vulnerable bridges. The philosophy and procedures presented in this manual are consistent with those recently developed by the Applied Technology Council (ATC) with funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and now adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). This manual synthesizes the criteria and recommendations of the above agencies (ATC, FHWA, and AASHTO) and incorporates recent work by the California Department of Transportation and the Earth Technology Corporation of California (a). KW - Abutment KW - Abutments KW - Bearings KW - Bearings KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundation KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge pier KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Seismic disturbance KW - Seismicity KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342703 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Asphalt Additives PY - 1987/05//Installation Report SP - 34p AB - Five asphalt additives that are supposed to improve the stability and flexibility characteristics of asphalt concrete were installed in pavement test sections on Route 58 in Halifax County. Polymers, latex rubbers, and a diatomaceous deposit were used, and a control section was included that contained hydrated lime. The preliminary results of various field and laboratory tests are described. There were no major construction problems and all materials are performing satisfactorily. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Dynaflect KW - Latex asphalt KW - Polymers KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36700/87-R29.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1104421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634440 AU - Eberhardt, A C AU - Goff, M C AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION MECHANISM: PHASE III FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: DYNAMIC RESPONSE MODELING OF THE INFLATED TIRE STRUCTURE PY - 1987/05 SP - 103 p. AB - The interaction mechanism of heavy vehicle tires with road surface pavement is developed as a force, excitation, response problem. Results are presented in three volumes which report tire/pavement contact pressures, structural vibration response, and surface vibration acoustic modeling methods, respectively. The results of each report provide detailed information that may be utilized for tire/pavement evaluation by the methods developed in the subsequent reports. In this report, Volume 2, a three-dimensional, orthotropic, nonlinear dynamic finite element shell model is developed for evaluation of the damped vibration response of the tire. The inflated model is validated for structural response by experimental methods. Nonlinearities due to inflation and resulting prestress are shown to significantly increase structural wavespeeds. The inflated model is subjected to direct time step integration for dynamic response to an array of fluctuating input forces. The model predicts tire dynamic response for vibration and acoustic evaluation at frequencies to 1,000 Hz. KW - Acoustics KW - Contact pressure KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Pressure KW - Rolling contact KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634439 AU - Eberhardt, A C AU - Clapp, T G AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE TIRE/PAVEMENT INTERACTION MECHANISM: PHASE III FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: TIRE/PAVEMENT CONTACT FORCE MODELING PY - 1987/05 SP - 188 p. AB - The interaction mechanism of heavy vehicle tires with road surface pavement is developed as a force, excitation, response problem. Results are presented in three volumes which report tire/pavement contact pressures, structural vibration response, and surface vibration acoustic modeling methods, respectively. The results of each report provide detailed information that may be utilized for tire/pavement evaluation by the methods developed in the subsequent reports. In this report, Volume 1, an efficient algorithm is derived and validated for the evaluation of road surface contact pressure, contact length, depth of tire penetration, and deformed tire geometry. A detailed description of pavement geometry and the tire inflation pressure are the only requirements for input to the analysis. The resulting pressure profile spectral energy is analyzed for correlation with noise spectra and pavement skid number. Results show that pavement textures characterized by dimensions of less than 10 mm (0.39 in.) act to reduce tire noise and to increase skid resistance. The texture-induced contact forces are combined with tread-induced forces to predict time-dependent contact pressures throughout the tire footprint. KW - Acoustics KW - Algorithms KW - Contact pressure KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Rolling contact KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Trucks KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619191 AU - Scherocman, J A AU - Scherocman (JA) AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF SUBLAYER SUPPORT ON THE ATTAINMENT OF DENSITY IN AN ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY, STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 109 p. AB - A considerable number of asphalt concrete overlays do not attain specified density requirements during construction. Although density is a function of many variables such as mix characteristics, climate, contractor equipment and operation, and acceptance test methods, a significant variable may be the ability of the existing pavement section to provide adequate support for the densification of the overlay. A literature review was performed as well as a survey of 25 selected states in order to determine the magnitude of the problem and to assimilate all available data on the subject. A conclusion is the density of properly designed and constructed asphalt concrete overlays is only marginally affected by the sublayer support. A suggested plan for future research is presented to further quantify the effect of sublayer support. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Data collection KW - Density KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - States KW - Sublayer support KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474816 AU - Wood, W E AU - Devletian, J H AU - Oregon Graduate Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROSLAG WELDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 254 p. AB - This project was designed to increase the reliability, integrity and mechanical behavior of electroslag welds in type A36 and A588 steel alloys. The parameters developed in this program utilized a narrow gap and a consumable plate guide tube in combination with reduced voltages and higher welding currents. This reduced heat input, increased welding speed, and also reduced weld imperfection tendency. Alloy additions, nickel and molybdenum, develop an acicular weld metal tough microstructure. To minimize heat input, alloy additions were made through a tubular alloyed powder-containing wire. Charpy impact toughness data exhibited uniformly high weld metal toughness. Heat affected zone impact toughness exhibited wide variations and was sensitive to test location. The lowest impact toughness was within approximately 1 mm of the fusion boundary and was approximately equivalent to the zone 2 impact toughness requirements. Full-thickness fracture toughness data were comparable to base metal when the optimized procedures and alloying conditions were utilized. Full thickness toughness data did not show wide variations in the heat affected zone. Hence, Charpy impact toughness assessment without standardized test locations and relative to full thickness data may not be the best method to assess toughness. None of the 12 electroslag welds evaluated under fatigue conditions developed cracks within the test conditions studied. These data suggest that sound electroslag welds in the absence of weld imperfections more than meet AASHTO fatigue requirements for category B weldments. KW - Alloy steel KW - Electroslag welding KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture properties KW - Microstructure KW - Molybdenum KW - Nickel KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472575 AU - Ugwoaba, G U AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF DELINEATION SYSTEMS FOR TEMPORARY TRAFFIC BARRIERS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 18 p. AB - This study investigated the effectiveness of various barrier-mounted reflectors. Barrier delineators come in different shapes and sizes, and their materials and installation labor costs also differ. They can be mounted on the barrier top, the barrier face or even on the pavement. A delineator's level of effectiveness depends on the type of delineator as well as its placement. This study evaluated the effectiveness of seven concrete barriers' delineators: Astro-optics on the barrier top, Reflexite on the barrier top, reflective cylinders on the barrier top, hazard panels, raised pavement markers on the barrier face, Astro-optics on the barrier face, and Davidson markers on the edge line. The study included a literature review, observations of the delineators at a test site, and having motorists drive by the delineators and rate them. The study concluded that drivers need the guidance of delineators most when they are confronted with opposing traffic headlight glare. Devices placed on top of the barrier are washed out by headlight glare and therefore are not effective. The best placement of concrete barriers is on the barrier face. A delineator loses more than half of its reflectiveness in a short period due to dirt accumulation. The study recommended that the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices make note of the effect of opposing traffic headlight glare on delineators' effectiveness, that delineators be placed on the top of concrete barriers, that prism-lensed devices are the most effective, and that delineators should be cleaned regularly. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cleaning KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway delineators KW - Location KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Placement KW - Temporary KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469717 AU - Thomson, G W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF PULL-OVER ON TIMBER BRIDGE FALSEWORK PILES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - v.p. AB - Questions regarding the effects of pulling over timber bridge falsework piles for bent cap alignment prompted this project. Our policy, in effect, resulted in a very constrictive use of timber falsework piles when analyzed for pull-over. Two groups of timber piles (6 in a soft soil, and another 6 in a firmer soil) were driven, pulled horizontally, and test loaded. Parameters included pile dimensions, driving log data, geometry of initial and pulled positions, amount of pull-over, vertical loading, horizontal loads, modulus of elasticity, and soil types. Test results were utilized to calculate bending and axial stresses. Findings indicated relative value of soil relaxation, combined loading effects, and the soil-pile interaction related to soil type. A computer program for pile shaft analysis (COM 624 by Prof. Reese, University of Texas) was used to compare calculations. A satisfactory relationship of soil type and material properties (E) was established. An empirical formula is developed to evaluate effect of pile pull-over. This expression reflects the findings of this project. It is intended to be used by Caltrans' field engineers. KW - Computer programs KW - Falsework KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pull-over KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Timber KW - Timber piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482353 AU - Mellott, D B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL AC-20 ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 20 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to evaluate the service performance of ID-2 wearing course material using AC-20 asphalt that is currently being specified and the older specification AC-20 that had a lower penetration specification. The aging properties of the two different asphalts, with different penetration characteristics in the asphalt binders and asphaltic mixes and their relation to pavement durability were studied in detail. The use of two different penetration grade asphalts did not change the production or placement characteristics significantly. To date, more cracking and loss of fines has been noted in the sections with the lower penetration. The inspection surveys indicated that the lower penetration sections developed cracks earlier and were more severe. This would indicate that the lower penetration grades are more susceptible to low temperature cracking than the higher penetration grades of asphalt. Based on these findings, the continued use of the currently specified asphalt is recommended in Pennsylvania. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Durability KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Viscosity KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479379 AU - Brophy, J W AU - Sigma Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED IMAGING SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE INSPECTION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/05 SP - n.p. AB - This report describes the design, operation, and capabilities of the ultrasonic imaging system developed for FHWA. The system uses computerized data acquisition and a lightweight scanner to obtain color coded images of defects in metal bridge components. Several types of images are obtained, including holographic reconstruction of defects. Defect size, location, and type can be obtained from the images. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Defects KW - Holography KW - Imaging radars KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radar KW - Ultrasonics KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464611 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION-ZONE PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 18 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to evaluate available foil-back and removable tapes as well as construction-zone raised pavement markers and to recommend materials that should be included on approved lists for use by the Kentucky Department of Highways. Tapes and markers were placed on transverse test sections and the reflectivity, durability, and appearance were observed. Tapes to be included on the approved lists for foil-back and removable tapes were recommended. Tapes manufactured by 3M, Flex-O-Lite, Cataphote, and Swarolite were included on the list of acceptable foil-back tapes. Recommended removable tapes were the 3M and Cataphote removable tapes. Stimsonite 66 and Flex-O-Lite construction-zone markers were included on the approved list for construction-zone raised pavement markers. More specific guidelines were developed to use in future evaluations of construction-zone preformed tape and markers. KW - Durability KW - Guidelines KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474999 AU - Ganung, G A AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A HEAT-SCARIFIED IN-PLACE RECYCLED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT, ROUTE 15, WESTPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 36 p. AB - The following report describes a heater-scarified recycling project on Rt. 15 in Westport, a 4-lane, limited access road built of PCC in 1934 and subsequently overlaid several times. The 2.92 mile project consists of two sections, heater-scarified and overlaid, one northbound and the other southbound, roughly adjacent to each other. There are two marked-off portions in each direction used as evaluation sites. The overlay in the northbound direction consists of Connecticut dense-graded Class 1, and in the southbound direction, Connecticut Class 14 open-graded friction course. On the northern 1800 ft of the project, and overlays are similar to the above, but are placed on the old bituminous paving without scarification. These are control sections. Crack surveys indicate that full-width transverse cracking predominates, apparently reflected upward from the old joints in the PCC. Joints sawed in the new overlays vary considerably from the old joint localities. Where sawing coincides with the old joint, transverse cracking is minimal. Other distress consists of extensive center joint cracking and some discontinuous center-lane cracks. Friction numbers on all areas are high using the ASTM ribbed test tire, but lower on the Class 1 using the smooth test tire. A moderate seasonal variation in friction was also found. No rutting, and only one small area of minor flushing were observed. Costs on the recycled sections were higher than on the controls, and no advantages over the latter in surface condition were found. It is concluded that the use of the heater-scarified recycled method was not cost-effective on this project. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Friction KW - Heater-scarifying KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476104 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PERFORMANCE-1985. FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON PUBLIC ROADS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1987/05 SP - 90 p. AB - This is the fourth report to Congress under Section 207 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-424). The reports contain an extension of a series of statistical data published annually since 1967. The traffic accident statistics for 1985 show a decrease of nearly 500 fatalities, as compared to 1984. As a result of this decrease and an increase in the vehicle-miles of travel, the fatality rate per 100 million vehicle-miles of travel was 2.47, which was lower than the record low set in 1983 and 1984. KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - Travel KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472093 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Colpitts, K AU - Robertson, H D AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR SAFETY ANALYSIS. FINAL TECHSHARE REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 29 p. AB - The report summarizes the implementation and enhancement process for the two computer programs previously developed under this contract. The experience of the test city (Charlotte, NC) in implementing and operating the software is documented along with the advantages and limitations which were found to exist in each program. The first program, "Highway Safety Analysis and Monitoring" (HISAM), is used to enter, edit, and maintain accident records, street inventory data, and traffic volume data. It also contains subroutines for identifying high-accident locations, analyzing accident characteristics, and producing standard accident analysis reports. The second program, "Highway Safety Evaluation" (HISAFE), is used to perform safety evaluations of completed safety projects. The program contains subroutines to aid the user in selecting the appropriate experimental design for the evaluation, computing the accident rates and percent changes resulting from the safety improvement being evaluated, performing statistical significance testing, and conducting an economic evaluation of the effects of the safety improvement. These programs are fully documented in their respective Users Manuals and Operators Guides. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Crash records KW - Crash reports KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Evaluation KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Safety programs KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471855 AU - Molina, C J AU - Messer, C J AU - Fambro, D B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSENGER CAR EQUIVALENCIES FOR LARGE TRUCKS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 63 p. AB - The objective of this report was to develop passenger car equivalents (PCE's) for trucks traveling straight through a level, signalized intersection based on vehicle type and position of vehicle in queue. Data were collected at three different sites and included: length of queue, classification of vehicles, and total travel time for each vehicle measured from start of green to the time the vehicle's rear axle crossed the stop line. An analytical model was developed to estimate PCE values based on total travel time and vehicle type. Using this model, PCE values were developed for 2-axle, single-unit; 3-axle, single-unit; 4-axle combination; and 5-axle combination trucks. An approximate equation was subsequently developed to predict the PCE's for large vehicles based on the number of axles. This research concluded that position of vehicle in queue significantly affects the PCE of the 5-axle trucks but does not affect the PCE value of the smaller single-unit trucks. It was further concluded that the PCE value used to calculate the heavy vehicle adjustment factors in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual is inadequate for the large 5-axle combination trucks. Therefore, the PCE values generated from this study were condensed into two values; one for light trucks and one for heavy trucks. Furthermore, the heavy vehicle adjustment factor equation was modified to analyze the effects of light and heavy trucks separately using the recommended PCE values developed in this report. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Automobiles by type KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Light trucks KW - Mathematical models KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Queuing KW - Signalized intersections KW - Travel time KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471854 AU - Straub, N AU - Fambro, D B AU - Mason, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANNELIZATION GUIDELINES TO ACCOMMODATE LONGER AND WIDER TRUCKS AT AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 54 p. AB - This report addresses issues concerning the design of at-grade intersections to accommodate the turning characteristics of the various longer and wider truck configurations that were introduced into the traffic stream by 1982 Federal and State legislation. The objectives of this research were to complete a literature review of research concerning truck sizes, turning characteristics, and channelization; determine encroachment and swept path width for various combinations of design vehicle, curb radii, and degree of turn; and develop guidelines for design, operation, and channelizatio of at-grade intersections to accommodate these larger vehicles. The research procedure followed was to select five typical, large design vehicles, (WB-50, WB-55, WB-70, WB-100, WB-105), simulate their paths through several degrees of turn at different turning radii, create a table listing their behavior at specific corner curb radii, and develop guidelines specifying conditions where channelization is feasible. Information gathered concerning the turning characteristics of the longer and wider design vehicles and turning templates depicting their minimum turning paths are detailed in the first section of the study results. The second part of the results contains several tables that detail the interaction of each design vehicle with the degree of turn and curb radius. These tables list such things as cross street width occupied, swept path width, conditions where channelization is feasible, and minimum designs for turning roadways. KW - Channelized intersections KW - Encroachments KW - Guidelines KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Offtracking KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Swept path width KW - Trucks KW - Turning path KW - Turning radius KW - Vehicle length KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472179 AU - Buckle, I G AU - Mayes, R L AU - Button, M R AU - Computech Engineering Services AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT MANUAL FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 312 p. AB - This manual is a guide to the seismic design of bridges. It presents the basic principles of seismology, structural dynamics and structural form as they relate to highway bridge structures. Seismic design concepts are presented which highlight the importance of simplicity, symmetry and integrity for bridges. Examples of acceptable structural form and form to be avoided are included. Past earthquake damage is reviewed and a philosophy for seismic bridge design is presented. Analysis methods for calculating design forces and displacement are developed, and relevant computer software is discussed. Numerical examples are used to illustrate design concepts and the recommended design procedures. A methodology for seismic retrofitting is also presented, which includes discussion of bridge evaluation procedures, capacity/demand ratios and design concepts for strengthening and upgrading existing vulnerable bridges. The philosophy and procedures presented in this manual are consistent with those recently developed by the Applied Technology Council (ATC) with funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and now adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). This manual synthesizes the criteria and recommendations of the above agencies (ATC, FHWA, and AASHTO) and incorporates recent work by the California Department of Transportation and the Earth Technology Corporation of California. KW - Computer programs KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Highway bridges KW - Manuals KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469160 AU - Williams, J A AU - Weaver, D C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING RECYCLED TIRE CARCASSES IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 139 p. AB - This report presents an investigation into the use of discarded tires for use as shoulder reinforcement and channel slope protection in areas where serious erosion has occurred. It also investigated the use of discarded tires for windbreaks for the temporary control of blowing sand. Guidelines for shoulder reinforcement and channel slope protection are included in this report. Three separate projects were initiated to explore the use of discarded tires in highway maintenance. The first one was the installation of discarded truck tires in an embankment to control shoulder erosion. The second was the installation of discarded truck tires in a low velocity drainage channel with highly erodible soil to control slope erosion. The third, was the construction of discarded automobile tire barriers which provided temporary windbreaks for establishing tamarisk trees. The results of this research have indicated the construction of shoulder reinforcement and channel slope protection with discarded tires provide an immediate and economical solution for minor contracts and projects initiated by maintenance personnel. The use of discarded tires for windbreaks provided temporary protection for the trees and the roadway. It also provided for the disposal of large quantities of tires. However, it is not cost-effective as the result of being extremely labor-intensive and the availability of other lower cost materials. KW - Channels (Drainage) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Disposal KW - Ditches KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Guidelines KW - Recycling KW - Road shoulders KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Tires KW - Waste disposal KW - Windbreaks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469243 AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TESTS ON GUARDRAIL-BRIDGERAIL TRANSITION DESIGN WITH SPECIAL POST SPACING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 140 p. AB - Full-scale 4,500 lb. vehicle impact tests at 60 mph and 25 deg. were conducted on four new guardrail-bridgerail "transition" designs for use in Nebraska in which the first wood post from the bridge end was left out. The post was left out to represent a common field problem in which a concrete footing prevents the installation of the post. To compensate for the post left out, a stronger beam member and heavier wood posts were used in addition to a 4:1 tapered-end on the end of the concrete bridgerail. The tapered-end was used to (1) reduce the unsupported span length, and (2) provide a smooth guardrail deflection curve during vehicle redirection. All of the transition designs were identical except for the transition beam member. The designs consisted of 2 heavy 10 in. x 10 in. posts followed by 4 heavy 8 in. x 8 in. posts. The remaining posts were standard 6 in. x 8 in. posts. Over a guardrail length of 18 ft.-9 in., the posts were spaced 3 ft.-1 1/2 in. centers, whereas, over the remaining length, a standard post spacing of 6 ft.-3 in. was used. The posts were installed in a "native" silty-clay (type CL) soil. In terms of the evaluation guidelines in NCHRP 230, the overall performance of the transition designs were: Single Thrie Beam Transition - Unsatisfactory; Double Thrie Beam Transition - Satisfactory; Tubular Thrie Beam Transition - Satisfactory; Double W-Beam Transition - Unsatisfactory. KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Guardrail transition sections KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Post spacing KW - Posts KW - Redirection KW - Silty clays KW - Spacing KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams KW - Transition zones KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468367 AU - Ward, J M AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VIRGINIA TRANSIT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION PACKAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 21 p. AB - The Virginia Transit Performance Evaluation Package (VATPEP), a computer software package, is documented. This is the computerized version of the methodology used by the Virginia Department of Transportation to evaluate the performance of public transportation systems supported by public funds in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The technical steps in the process are entering, printing, and editing data; validating data; evaluating performance; and printing annual report data and graphs. A Pascal program supplemented by graphics from Lotus 1-2-3 comprises the package. KW - Computer programs KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Public transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467818 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF ROADWAY MARKING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 46 p. AB - Three different areas of roadway delineation were included in this study. These areas were (1) lane delineation materials, (2) crosswalk delineation materials, and (3) snowplowable markers. Evaluation of lane delineation materials revealed that expanded use was warranted for polyester paint and extruded thermoplastic. The alkyd-resin extruded thermoplastic material was determined to be the most cost-effective material for crosswalk and stopbar installations. Durability and reflectivity results show that Stimsonite 96 markers have performed effectively as snowplowable markers while the recessed markers have performed effectively except on certain interstate locations. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Guide signs KW - Highway delineators KW - Paint KW - Performance KW - Polyester resins KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplowable markers KW - Snowplows KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467791 AU - Crowl, T AU - Lovell, C W AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF MUCKS AND AMORPHOUS PEATS AS EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/05 SP - 19 p. AB - The construction of highway embankments over deposits of amorphous peat and muck is made difficult by the low shear strengths, high compressibilities, and excessive amounts of creep typically associated with soils of this nature. This report begins with a review of the compression behavior of these soils, including a method for predicting embankment settlements from the results of laboratory tests. A soil testing program is then developed for the determination of parameters required for embankment design and construction. Field vane shear tests are recommended for the measurement of the undrained shear strength, and creep tests are recommended for calculation of the parameters required for settlement prediction. The report concludes with the presentation of a procedure for design and construction of embankments over amorphoous peats and mucks. The procedure relies upon the use of stage loading, preloading, and in some instances geotextiles, to overcome the problems ordinarily encountered during construction over such soft soils. Design examples illustrating this procedure are provided. KW - Amorphous KW - Compressibility KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Design KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Forecasting KW - Geotextiles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loading facilities KW - Muck KW - Mucking KW - Peat KW - Preloading KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear strength KW - Soil tests KW - Stage loading KW - Undrained shear strength KW - Valves KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467792 AU - Crowl, T AU - Lovell, C W AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF MUCKS AND AMORPHOUS PEATS AS EMBANKMENT FOUNDATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 143 p. AB - The construction of highway embankments over deposits of amorphous peat and muck is made difficult by the low shear strengths, high compressibilities, and excessive amounts of creep typically associated with soils of this nature. This report begins with a review of the compression behavior of these soils, including a method for predicting embankment settlements from the results of laboratory tests. A soil testing program is then developed for the determination of parameters required for embankment design and construction. Field vane shear tests are recommended for the measurement of the undrained shear strength, and creep tests are recommended for calculation of the parameters required for settlement prediction. The report concludes with the presentation of a procedure for design and construction of embankments over amorphoous peats and mucks. The procedure relies upon the use of stage loading, preloading, and in some instances geotextiles, to overcome the problems ordinarily encountered during construction over such soft soils. Design examples illustrating this procedure are provided. KW - Amorphous KW - Compressibility KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Design KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Forecasting KW - Geotextiles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loading facilities KW - Muck KW - Mucking KW - Peat KW - Preloading KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear strength KW - Soil tests KW - Stage loading KW - Undrained shear strength KW - Valves KW - Vane shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465669 AU - listed, none AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AIR-VOID SYSTEM IN PCCP WITH DIFFERENT NOMINAL SIZES OF COARSE AGGREGATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 21 p. AB - Air-void system characteristics were determined for six sections of PCCP. Each section had a different concrete mix design, including those recently adopted for areas of the state with D-cracking problems. Maximum size of coarse aggregate and percentage of sand were major variables. Average air-void spacing factors were greater than ACI recommendations of less than 0.008 inches in all test sections. Low air content of fresh concrete and consolidation problems with mixes having fineness modulus of combined aggregate below 5.0 were main reasons for high spacing factors. A laboratory study to confirm proposed mix design changes has recently been completed. After the data are analyzed and reported, proposed changes in concrete mix design and consolidation practices will be submitted to the Design Committee for implementation. Test sections will be observed periodically in an attempt to correlate concrete air-void system characteristics and/or laboratory freeze-and-thaw durability data with performance of PCCP. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Air content KW - Air-void spacing KW - Air-void system KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Consolidations KW - D cracking KW - Fineness KW - Fineness modulus KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Modulus KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Sand KW - Test sections UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP84-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465530 AU - Bruce, R N AU - O'Hara, J C AU - Lynch, P M AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS INTERMIXED WITH STEEL BEAMS FOR BRIDGE WIDENING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 144 p. AB - Many of the bridges built in the past were designed and constructed with steel plate beams or steel wide-flanged sections which support the roadway. In the widening of certain bridges, the option to support the additional width with prestressed concrete beams is desirable. However, it is possible that the use of prestressed concrete beams in combination with steel beams in the same span can introduce problem areas caused by time-dependent, thermal, stiffness, and other effects. The investigation here reported consisted of three main parts: the adaptation of a commercially available computer to a span having a combination of steel beams and prestressed concrete beams; the field testing of a typical span as a means of evaluating the computer program; and the use of the computer program to identify potential problem areas. The results of the investigation indicated that the computer program could be used to predict accurately the behavior of a span having intermixed steel and prestressed concrete beams and that there may be inherent problems associated with the use of prestressed concrete beams and steel beams in the same span when supporting a monolithic concrete slab. KW - Accuracy KW - Beams KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Computer programs KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Girders KW - Pavement widening KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Steel beams KW - Widening UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20200.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475111 AU - Gupta, P K AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - Van Bramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation TI - A RESILIENT MODULUS TESTING DEVICE FOR DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT MIXES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 25 p. AB - The engineering properties of asphalt concrete mixes, including their elastic and fatigue characteristics and their Poisson's ratio, are required for structural analysis of flexible pavements for cross-section design, to detect problem mixes, and to evaluate alternative paving materials efficiently. Previously, New York had not tested asphalt mixes for such parameters. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate a resilient modulus device for measuring reslient and creep moduli at 40, 77, and 100 deg F. For this purpose, seven state-approved top course mixes were sampled from trucks, and Marshall specimens were fabricated. The resilient and creep moduli were measured at each temperature and Marshall parameters determined. Acceptable moduli values were obtained at 100 and 77 deg F, but test results for both properties were unacceptable at 40 deg F. For both properties, differences among the mixes were found to be significant at the 95-percent confidence level. However, between-batch differences were insignificant at all test temperatures. The sample sizes required to assure a maximum error of 20 percent for 95 percent of the time were found to be 4 and 30 for resilient modulus and 9 and 12 for creep parameters at 100 and 77 deg F, respectively. Sample sizes were unacceptably large at 40 deg F. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Creep KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Properties of materials KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475197 AU - Densford, T A AU - Murray, T M AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TWO PRESTRESSED STEEL BEAM-CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGE UNITS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 45 p. AB - The behavior of two 55 ft. long prestressed, composite steel beam-concrete slab bridge units was studied. The type of unit tested is currently used in county road bridge construction, where the use of prefabricated units is especially economical. In primary test phases, the first unit was subjected to 3 years of sustained loading, over 2,000,000 cycles of fatigue loading and statically loaded to failure. The second unit underwent 500,000 cycles of fatigue loading and was statically loaded to its yield level. In supplementary test phases, pushout-type specimens with channel and stud shear connectors, identical to those in the bridge units, were studied to determine the difference between the two connector types under sustained and ultimate loading conditions. In addition, transverse slab strength tests were performed at six locations on the first unit, and on six similar, simply supported, control slabs. The transverse slab strength tests were performed to verify that arching action occurs in the bridge slab. The presence of arching action in the bridge slab changed the mode of slab failure from a relatively ductile flexural failure, to a sudden punching failure at a much higher concentrated load. Test results were compared to theoretical predictions and AASHTO Specification limitations. It was found that the behavior of the unit was reasonably predictable, and that with a minor connection detail change, the prestressed, composite steel beam design concept is suitable for county road bridge use. KW - Arching effect KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Failure analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Loads KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Prestressing KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Stud connectors KW - Sustained loading KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474913 AU - Sheffield, J P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF ACTIVE CLAYS AS RELATED TO HIGHWAY DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 40 p. AB - This report describes several treatments employed in attempts to construct stable subgrades in highly expansive clays. It also describes the effectiveness of these treatments after up to four years observation. All of the treatments described are variations of constructing false fills in cut sections. After six years observation, it can be concluded that undercutting the highly expansive clay in cut sections and replacing with impervious, low volume change borrow material is effective for reducing differential swelling. The report also points out that the cost of this type of tereatment can be offset by a reduction in the thickness of the base and pavement structure. The study was amended to include an investigation into the effects of temperature on the shear strength of clayey soils. The tests performed indicated a definite trend of decreases in shear strength with increases in temperature. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Expansive clays KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Shear strength KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade treatments KW - Swelling soils KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475003 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Lorini, R A AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC PAINT PERFORMANCE IN ACCELERATED WEAR TESTS. SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 58 p. AB - This report describes accelerated wear tests of traffic paints on portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete pavements. Installation and performance of several paints, including chlorinated rubber and chlorinated rubber-alkyd, alkyd, acrylic and acrylic-alkyd, epoxy, and waterbase, are discussed. Durability and appearance ratings provided reliable indications of paint performance, but reflectivity ratings were extremely variable. Chlorinated-rubber paints provided the best service lives, but also had the longest dry times, averaging over 3 minutes. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Acrylic resins KW - Alkyd resins KW - Appearance KW - Chlorinated rubber KW - Durability KW - Durability tests KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Performance KW - Reflectivity KW - Traffic paint KW - Wear UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474824 AU - SAMPSON, D AU - Lemonides, E AU - Urbitran Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE TO CURRENTLY AVAILABLE PAVEMENT MARKING EQUIPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 20 p. AB - Current pavement marking machinery and materials are reviewed based on information provided by both users and manufacturers. Machinery is broken down into three categories: walk-behind models, driver-operated models, and large truck mounted units. Examples of each type of pavement marker are provided and specifications and performance criteria are discussed. Marking materials covered in this report are limited to traffic paints, thermoplastic, epoflex, polyester, and epoxy-based materials. KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Equipment KW - Performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Polyester resins KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Specifications KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking equipment KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474799 AU - Spangler, E B AU - Kelly, W J AU - Surface Dynamics, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATION OF INERTIAL PROFILOMETER IN ODOT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - v.p. AB - Pavement roughness and ride quality information, for the Ohio Department of Transportation (Ohio DOT) Pavement Management System, can be accurately computed directly from highway pavement profiles measured with the Ohio DOT Inertial Profilometer. The pavement ride quality information includes Present Serviceability Rating (PSR) and PSR trigger values for non-routine maintenance. Pavement profiles measured with the Ohio DOT Inertial Profilometer have been used to calibrate the Ohio DOT Mays Ride Meter System, to analyze the Mays Ride Meter System performance, and to provide a link between that system and pavement roughness and ride quality information obtained from the Ohio DOT Inertial Profilometer. Pavement profiles measured with the Ohio DOT Inertial Profilometer have also been used to compute expected overlay material quantities and pavement ride quality on an Ohio DOT demonstration resurfacing project. KW - Calibration KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Mays ride meter KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Performance KW - Profilometers KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472578 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES. INSTALLATION REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 29 p. AB - Five asphalt additives that are supposed to improve the stability and flexibility characteristics of asphalt concrete were installed in pavement test sections on Route 58 in Halifax County. Polymers, latex rubbers, and a diatomaceous deposit were used, and a control section was included that contained hydrated lime. The preliminary results of various field and laboratory tests are described. There were no major construction problems and all materials are performing satisfactorily. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Diatomaceous earth KW - Field tests KW - Flexibility KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymers KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472680 AU - Kumar, V R AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT PATCHING MATERIAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 130 p. AB - This study was initiated to investigate the effects of asphalt-based patch materials when used for pothole patching in cold, wet weather conditions. This report describes the selection, laboratory testing, and field testing of nine experimental patching materials. The materials were tested for pothole patching of bituminous and concrete roadways with low and high volume traffic density. Experimental field variables were selected on the basis of the experiences of transportation departments and engineers in this field. In all, 554 patches were installed in the north and east-central districts of Ohio and 335 patches were rated for a period of approximately 15 months. The major conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: (1) field evaluations indicate that cold-mix asphalt-based patching materials are suitable for cold, wet weather patching, provided the quality of the patch material is one developed on a rational basis, (2) performance of hot-mix patching materials is not satisfactory when installed in cold, wet weather conditions, (3) performance of asphalt-based cold-mix patch material depends more on the quality of the material than on placement techniques and/or condition of the potholes, (4) the notion that cold-mix asphalt-based patch materials, if used for patching in cold weather conditions are "temporary" is not true, and (5) asphalt-based cold-mix patch materials tend to perform better on rigid surfaces than on flexible surfaces. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cold weather KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rigid pavements KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472514 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Rollins, J B AU - Drammes, R A AU - Buffington, J L AU - Memmott, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT COMPLETION TIMES AND EVALUATION OF BIDDING STRATEGIES WITH BONUSES AND LIQUIDATED DAMAGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 63 p. AB - This study presents new estimates of project completion times, construction engineering costs for project overruns, and motorist costs for project overruns. A theoretical model is developed for evaluating alternative strategies for using bonuses and liquidated damages. Research results indicate that the preferred strategy is to use a procedure whereby contractors bid working days. For critical projects it is recommended that a bonus be paid. For other projects, it is recommended that contractors also be required to bid project working days and pay liquidated damages for overruns but receive no bonus for early completion. It is estimated that the total cost for completing projects will be decreased substantially by using improved bidding strategies and larger liquidated damages. KW - Bids KW - Bonus system KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Contracts KW - Cost overruns KW - Costs KW - Incentives KW - Liquidated damages KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Overruns KW - Pay KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472577 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLE LAYER POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS. INTERIM REPORT NO. 2. CONDITION OF THE OVERLAYS AFTER FIVE YEARS OF SERVICE PY - 1987/05 SP - 62 p. AB - This interim report presents the results after 5 years of a study undertaken to evaluate multiple layer polymer concrete overlays over a 10-year period. The report indicates that an overlay of low permeability and high skid resistance can be successfully installed by a contractor or by state or federal labor forces with a minimum of disruption to traffic. With one exception, the initial condition of the 10 overlays that have been evaluated since 1981 was good to excellent from the standpoint of permeability, skid resistance, and bond, although some overlays were better than others. Also, with one exception, the overlays were in good to excellent condition after one year in service, but the permeability had increased and the bond strength and skid resistance had decreased significantly. Although evaluations made at 3 years and 5 years of age showed a continuing decrease in skid number and bond strength and an increase in permeability, three overlays near Williamsburg had an acceptable skid number and permeability at 5 years of age, but these overlays can be expected to delaminate further at an age of 5 to 10 years because the concrete surface was not properly prepared prior to placing the overlays. Multiple layer polymer overlays constructed in accordance with the special provision of March 1987, can be assumed to have a useful life of 10 years and to provide an economical alternative for extending the life of decks for which maintenance should be done during off-peak traffic periods. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Durability KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Polymer concrete KW - Service life KW - Skid resistance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36702/87-R28.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472092 AU - Duffy, T AU - Wyznyckyj, L AU - Urbitran Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF STATE COMPREHENSIVE COMPUTERIZED HIGHWAY INFORMATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 30 p. AB - This report presents an overview of where the computerized highway information system is now, and its status as a planning and programming tool for state highway agencies. A computerized highway information system is simply a computer linked system which can be used by many divisions of a transportation agency to obtain information to meet data reporting, analyses or other informational needs. The description of the highway information system includes: current use and status, applications, organization and system development, benefits and problems. KW - Computer programming KW - Data systems KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Planning KW - Programming KW - State highway departments UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19888 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471856 AU - Middleton, D R AU - Mason, J M AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Nassiri, H S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TRUCK TRAFFIC BETWEEN 1977 AND 1983. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 167 p. AB - This report studies characteristics of truck traffic on various classes of highways in Texas using the data available from the Texas Manual Count Annual Report between 1977 and 1983. Regional stratifications were devised based on the predominance of "special-use" industries and the existing highway-district boundaries. Various truck classifications were analyzed as a proportion of total vehicular traffic and total truck traffic by different road classes. KW - Classification KW - Highway classification KW - Highway traffic KW - Highways KW - Regional transportation KW - Special user groups KW - Statistics KW - Texas KW - Traffic KW - Trucks KW - Vehicular traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472194 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A PROCEDURE FOR REDUCING VEHICLE-TREE ACCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/05 SP - 36 p. AB - A procedure for reducing vehicle-tree accidents was evaluated. The procedure, developed by the Michigan Department of Transportation, consists of five steps: (1) preparing a base map and plotting roadway information, (2) assigning priorities for field verification, (3) field verifying the higher-risk road sections, (4) selecting appropriate treatments, and (5) performing the treatments selected. The procedure was used in Albemarle and Prince William counties. The procedure was described and evaluated. Overall, the procedure was useful. Several changes were recommended in the procedure to reduce the time required to perform the task and to increase its effectiveness. It was suggested that the procedure be expanded to include other fixed-object, off-the-road accidents to increase the impact on roadside management. It was recommended that the revised procedure be considered for adoption by the Virginia Department of Transportation. KW - Effectiveness KW - Fixed object KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trees UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36695/87-R25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479463 AU - Brydl, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A TRAFFIC SYSTEM MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR PHOENIX' I-10/I-17 INTERCHANGE CONSTRUCTION PY - 1987/04/24 SP - 20 p. AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation is currently building a fully directional interchange to connect the Black Canyon Freeway (I-17) and the Inner Loop Papago Freeway (I-10). This new construction requires significant modification to I-17 in the area of the interchange, and because I-17 is wearing out, complete reconstruction is being undertaken in the interchange area. This report discusses the existing transportation system condition, gives a summary of the construction that has been and will be completed, and presents the transportation system management (TSM) alternatives. Also included is information on TSM strategy implementation costs, traffic data analysis, and lessons to be learned. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Interchanges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Transportation system management KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490551 AU - Wallace, N E AU - Inaba, F S AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORECASTING MODEL FOR GRAIN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN WASHINGTON STATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04/10 SP - 89 p. AB - The project developed a demand-based forecasting model for rural and highway road transportation planning to assist decision-makers in predicting transportation demand flows of wheat in the Pacific Northwest. In order to be sensitive to policy changes, the model is based upon the disaggregate, individual shipment decisions of wheat elevators. The research found that the mode/market selection process significantly affects the usual regression estimates of mode/market demand flows. Therefore, estimates of the parameters on the major determinants of transportation demand were obtained by weighted least squares that were corrected for selectivity bias. Procedure was developed to aggregate the disaggregate predictions into total regional flows. This procedure retains the policy-sensitivity of the disaggregate model and is computationally practical in applications. Finally, the aggregate forecasting model was developed into an interactive computer program which can be used in a variety of policy-relation applications. KW - Aggregate models KW - Cluster analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Demand KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Disaggregate models KW - Forecasting KW - Grain KW - Highway transportation KW - Interactive computing KW - Least squares method KW - Markets KW - Mathematical models KW - Policy KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation planning KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/183.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416597 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Elkins, G E AU - Uddin, W AU - Reilley, K T AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Improved methods and equipment to conduct pavement distress surveys PY - 1987/04 IS - FHWA/TS-87-213 SP - 272P AB - This report documents the second phase of an FHWA study, entitled "pavement condition monitoring methods and equipment". In this phase selected distress survey methods and devices, representing a range in automation, were tested from July to September 1986. The following methods and devices were included in the testing: manual mapping, detailed visual surveys using manual recording and automatic data logging, pasco roadrecon survey vehicle, the gerpho survey vehicle, the aran survey vehicle, and the laser rst survey vehicle. The field tests were conducted on flexible, rigid, and composite pavements exhibiting a range of pavement distresses. The survey devices were evaluated using performance, capability, efficiency, and cost effectiveness criteria. The study concluded that, at present, the gerpho and pasco roadrecon are best suited for pavement performance research studies due to factors such as the permanent film record, cost effectiveness, and data quality. The gerpho and pasco roadrecon are also judged to be suitable for network and project level surveys. The aran and laser rst were recommended for consideration for use in network level surveys for pavement management. It is also recommended that data loggers be used to record field data for traditional manual survey techniques (a). KW - Composite pavement KW - Composite pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Deterioration KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111570 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crack and Seat Performance Review Report PY - 1987/04//Review Report SP - 39p AB - Based on the findings of this review, the use of cracking, seating, and overlaying as a pavement rehabilitation alternate should be approached with caution. Since both positive and negative aspects of cracking and seating (C&S) were identified during the review, state agencies contemplating the use of C&S should do a thorough project by project analysis to determine if it is the most cost effective rehabilitation technique to employ. Of the 22 projects reviewed, only four showed appreciably less reflective cracking in the C&S sections than in the control sections. Observations by the review team, coupled with previous State reports, indicate that there generally is a reduction in the amount of reflective cracks through the overlay during the first few years following construction of a C&S project. However, after 4 to 5 years the C&S sections exhibited approximately the same amount of reflective cracks as the control sections. KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Cracking KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30106/Crack_and_Seat_Performance.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/870871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105085 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Toll Facilities in the United States: Bridges - Roads - Tunnels - Ferries. April 1987 PY - 1987/04 SP - 28p AB - This report presents selected data on highway toll facilities in the United States that are in operation, under construction, or financed as of January 1, 1987. The data include information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll bridges, roads, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. For toll facilities located on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, the Interstate route numbers are included. A functional system code has also been included for toll bridges, roads, and tunnels. Also provided is a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangement, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Ferries KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll facilities KW - Toll roads KW - Toll tunnels KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26977/013540.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619190 AU - Hoover, J M AU - Hoover (JM) AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DUST CONTROL ON CONSTRUCTION SITES, STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 65 p. AB - Dust control of construction sites is a major concern for ADOT in regard to environmental and air quality problems in the hot dry climate experienced by Arizona's large metropolitan areas. A literature review of dust control agents and/or processes was conducted to aid in the formulation of a plan to select products as possible alternatives to ADOT's current practice of dust control, constant watering. A summary of the mechanism of dust control is presented as well as a range of estimated engineering properties of soils in the Phoenix metropolitan area. A summary of laboratory and field testing of various products is presented. Cost estimates were calculated with the conclusion that the use of dust control agents on construction sites warrants field evaluation. KW - Arizona KW - Construction sites KW - Cost estimating KW - Dust control KW - Dust palliatives KW - Estimates KW - Field tests KW - Guides to the literature KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477308 AU - Shah, S C AU - Carpenter, W AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INTEGRATED PAVEMENT DATA MANAGEMENT AND FEEDBACK SYSTEM (PAMS). FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 66 p. AB - This report discusses the implementation of a pavement condition rating (PCR) procedure to sample sections of the road network system. The resources needed are identified for such implementation. The uses of PCR data at the network and project level are also identified. The report stresses the development of a data base for integration of the various engineering systems for a pavement management information system. Recommendations include frequency of rating survey, a need for creation of a master roadway identification file, assignment of central controlling authority for management of engineering data and, finally, a need for standardization, accuracy and integrity of data for pavement management purposes. KW - Accuracy KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Standardization UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_195.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475123 AU - Casavant, K L AU - Sanders, B AU - Lenzi, J C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF IMPACTS ON WASHINGTON COUNTY ROADS OF GRAIN TRANSPORTATION CHANGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 41 p. AB - This preliminary study identified the impact on county roads of changes in the grain transportation system. County engineers were surveyed in a 10 county study area in eastern Washington to identify the location, cause and magnitude of these impacts. It was found that rail line abandonment and traffic to multiple car loading facilities were principal causes. Total needs were estimated by the county engineers to be about $1.5 billion, about $219 million per county for the seven responding counties. Specific impacts caused by grain transportation changes could range up to 60-70% of that value, based on preliminary analysis in two of the counties. These preliminary estimates lacked hard data; the forthcoming RJC study should give a more specific estimate of that impact. As private decisions continue to impact public infrastructure, new funding processes may be needed. KW - Abandonment KW - Costs KW - County roads KW - Estimates KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Grain KW - Impact studies KW - Infrastructure KW - Rail facilities KW - Railroad facilities KW - Railroad transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/135.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475115 AU - Miller, J F AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HERBICIDES FOR HIGHWAY USE. FINAL REPORT - PHASE III PY - 1987/04 SP - 106 p. AB - Numerous single and combination chemical applications were evaluated in four major areas of emphasis in an effort to provide a year-round chemical spraying program. The major areas were control of winter annual weeds, smutgrass control, control of lovegrass and suppression of fescue seedheads. A determination of arsenic residues from MSMA sprayed roadsides was compared with unsprayed roadsides. Sulfometuron (Oust) or Atrazine (Aatrex, et al.) were determined the most effective treatments for control of winter annual broadleaf weeds. Hexazinone (Velpar) or dalapon (Dowpon M) were demonstrated as effective treatments for control of smutgrass. No satisfactory treatments were found for the selective control of lovegrass on roadside. Trials for suppression of fescue seedheads were conducted in three different years and on two dates of application in the first two years to determine and compare the efficacy of sethoxydim (Poast) and related compounds with sulfometuron (Oust) and glyphosate (Roundup). Analyses of soil samples collected from roadsides sprayed and not sprayed with MSMA indicated little or no evidence of arsenic accumulation after nine years of the roadside spraying program. KW - Arsenates KW - Effectiveness KW - Grasses KW - Herbicides KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Roadside KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475184 AU - Matkovic, B AU - Gaseca, T AU - Zizic, P AU - Young, J F AU - Institut "Rudjer Boskovic" AU - Yugoslav Joint Board on Science and Technology Cooperation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 61 p. AB - This report is presented in four parts. Part I deals with dicalcium silicates doped by phosphates, describing formation, composition and development of reaction products and strength. Part II describes how B-Ca2SiO4 can be obtained from a mixture of CaC2O4.H2O and amorphous silica by firing at 950 deg C, as opposed to a normal sintering temperature around 1450 deg C. If CaCO3 is used instead of CaC2O4.H2O, four repeated firings under a CO2 atmosphere are needed to obtain B-Ca2SiO4. The role of CO2 during the firing and the specific surface of reactants on the rate of reaction are discussed. Part III discusses the greatly improved strength of belite clinker achieved when the combined addition of expansive clinker C4A3S and gypsum accompanied the use of silica fume and superplasticizer. Such additions allow mortar to be cast with a water-cement ratio of 0.30 and showing compressive strength development comparable to mortars made with portland cement with a higher water-cement ratio of 0.47. Part IV is concerned with the possibility of utilizing some unconventional fuels as substitutes for fuel oil or gas in the cement industry. Various solid fuels, e.g., brown coal, lignite, calcined petrol coke and waste anthracite, were investigated. Waste anthracite was chosen as the suitable substitute for either fuel oil or gas. KW - Calcium silicate KW - Cement KW - Cement additives KW - Clinkers KW - Compressive strength KW - Gypsum KW - Portland cement KW - Strength development KW - Strength of materials KW - Superplasticizers KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474822 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Elkins, G E AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Reilley, K T AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED METHODS AND EQUIPMENT TO CONDUCT PAVEMENT DISTRESS SURVEYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 272 p. AB - This report documents the second phase of an FHWA study, entitled "Pavement Condition Monitoring Methods and Equipment". In this phase selected distress survey methods and devices, representing a range in automation, were tested from July to September 1986. The following methods and devices were included in the testing: manual mapping, detailed visual surveys using manual recording and automatic data logging, PASCO ROADRECON survey vehicle, the GERPHO survey vehicle, the ARAN survey vehicle, and the Laser RST survey vehicle. The field tests were conducted on flexible, rigid, and composite pavements exhibiting a range of pavement distresses. The survey devices were evaluated using performance, capability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness criteria. The study concluded that, at present, the GERPHO and PASCO ROADRECON are best suited for pavement performance research studies due to factors such as the permanent film record, cost-effectiveness, and data quality. The GERPHO and PASCO ROADRECON are also judged to be suitable for network and project level surveys. The ARAN and Laser RST were recommended for consideration for use in network level surveys for pavement management. It is also recommended that data loggers be used to record field data for traditional manual survey techniques. KW - Condition surveys KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Defects KW - Field tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472682 AU - Swatek, C AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF RTAP--THE PENNSYLVANIA LOCAL ROADS PROGRAM. EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 37 p. AB - This report is a subjective evaluation of the technology transfer project managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Office of Research & Special Studies. The purpose of this report is to determine the progress and change in RTAP, the Pennsylvania Local Roads Program, since the March 1985 PennDOT evaluation (FHWA-PA-84-030), entitled An Evaluation of "A Rural Technical Assistance Program". This report highlights municipal perceptions about RTAP and offers recommendations for continuing and improving service. Topics covered include program background, the purpose of the evaluation, methods for accomplishing the evaluation, results of the evaluation and some recommendations. Various supporting exhibits are also included as appendices. KW - Communities KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Road improvements KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472112 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Wilson, J W AU - Yen, B T AU - Lai, L Y AU - Abbaszadeh, R AU - Lehigh University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION AND RESPONSE STUDY OF FOUR INSERVICE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 200 p. AB - This report presents the results of a 30 month investigation at Lehigh University during which an FHWA WIM system was redesigned and used to acquire and process simultaneous truck weight plus bridge response data from 19,402 trucks crossing 4 inservice bridges in Pennsylvania. The new system is designated the WIM+RESPONSE system in the report. The WIM+RESPONSE system is capable of acquiring and processing data to provide information on simultaneous bridge loading and response including GVW distributions for the four inservice bridges plus stress range distributions, strain rates, and maximum stresses at 16 locations on each of the 4 bridges. Girder stresses are compared with AASHTO design stresses and with stresses from a detailed finite element analysis of the superstructure. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Deformation curve KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Information processing KW - Load transfer KW - Maximum stress KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472115 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INEXPENSIVE ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES AT NARROW BRIDGES. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 87 p. AB - This research effort was conducted to determine the effectiveness of low-cost countermeasures in reducing the number of accidents at narrow bridges. The principal tasks consisted of 1) developing an accident based effectiveness evaluation plan and 2) conducting an operational based effectiveness evaluation. This report describes the activities and results of the operational based effectiveness evaluation. The operational based evaluation was performed by conducting before and after analyses of vehicle speed and lateral placement at 18 narrow bridge approach sites. The low-cost countermeasures that were evaluated consisted of combinations of advance warning signs, pavement markings, raised pavement markers, roadside delineators, type 3 object markers and adhesive delineators. The operational data were obtained by using the Federal Highway Administration's Traffic Evaluator System. With the exception of one analysis category, the operational based effectiveness evaluation did not reveal significant difference, at the 10 percent level, between the before and after time period. The one exception was that the low-cost countermeasures significantly reduced speed variation when all vehicle types and time periods were analyzed together. For this analysis category, therefore, the low-cost countermeasures resulted in more uniform driving behavior. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge approaches KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway delineators KW - Lateral placement KW - Low costs KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Narrow bridges KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Traffic evaluator system KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469234 AU - KHADILKAR, A V AU - Beckage, M AU - Fladmark, G AU - Mobility Systems and Equipment Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBERGLASS LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. TECHNICAL VOLUME. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 171 p. AB - A series of five capability tests was conducted on three fiberglass luminaire support poles by Mobility Systems and Equipment Company. The test articles were embedded in S-1 soil as per NCHRP 230 recommendations. The test vehicles used for all five impact tests were 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits with the test mass adjusted to be in the range of 1800 lb plus or minus 50 lb. A triaxial accelerometer was placed at the vehicle c.g. to record the vehicle decelerations. Each test event was covered with one real-time and three high-speed movie cameras. The data acquired from the tests were processed as per NCHRP 230 procedure. The results were evaluated against the dynamic performance requirements specified in the most recent AASHTO and NCHRP 230 documents. The results show that the tested fiberglass poles had difficulty in completely breaking away at the lower test speed of 20 mi/h. The poles did break away at higher test speed of 60 mi/h, however, the falling pole imparted significant damage to the passenger compartment as it fell on top of it. The detailed test and evaluation results and the test reports are presented in this final report. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Deceleration KW - Fiberglass KW - High speed cameras KW - Impact tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Real time cameras KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468192 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Hancock, K L AU - Mayer, J B AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN EFFECTIVE RAIL HEIGHT ON BARRIER PERFORMANCE. VOLUME I. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 152 p. AB - The objective of this project was to determine the critical rail mounting heights to prevent underride and override for traffic barriers. W-beam guardrails, which are the most commonly specified barrier in the U.S., were used to develop criteria for both this element and the thrie beam. The scope of the project included both computer simulation and full-scale crash tests. The test barriers were installed on level and sloping terrains. Most of the testing was accomplished using 4500-lb (2000-kg) and 1800-lb (800-kg) vehicles. One test was conducted using a low front profile car impacting a cable guardrail system. KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Height KW - Impact tests KW - Mounting KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464586 AU - Wesevich, J W AU - McCullough, B F AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILIZED SUBBASE FRICTION STUDY FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 196 p. AB - Previously, research and testing have been carried out on loose unbound subbases to determine their frictional characteristics and concrete pavement movements. Stabilizing agents, such as asphalt, cement, and lime, are now being added to subbases to prevent pumping of subbase material from under pavements under saturated conditions. This report includes past experimental work performed on these outdated subbases, along with experimental work performed within this project on stabilized subbases. A survey was carried out in order to determine the subbases most used presently and expected to be used in the future by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. A theoretical explanation of subbase frictional behavior and its effect on concrete pavements is also given. Recommendations are given for additional investigation, to include additional stabilized subbases not tested and stabilized subbases at varying depths with different moistures and temperatures to observe their effect on subbase friction. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Friction KW - Prevention KW - Pumps KW - Recommendations KW - Stabilizers KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Theory UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475189 AU - Bryans, B K AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVERS LICENSING TELEVISION INFORMATION DISPLAY PY - 1987/04 SP - n.p. AB - A television information display system was established to measure the benefits of this method of transferring information to minimize patron delay and waiting time at drivers licensing facilities in Arizona. Such display systems were found to be helpful to the public but did not significantly improve the efficiency of the MVD licensing procedure. KW - Driver licensing KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Television KW - Traffic delays KW - Waiting time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474814 AU - Little, D N AU - Button, J W AU - White, R M AU - Ensley, E K AU - Kim, Y AU - Ahmed, S J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 329 p. AB - The overall objectives of this research were to (1) identify through laboratory testing, the most promising types of additives or admixtures for reducing rutting and cracking in hot-mixed asphalt pavements, (2) develop guidelines showing how the additives can be incorporated into actual pavements and (3) develop procedures for evaluating additives. Additives selected for evaluation included latex, block copolymer rubber, ethylene vinylacetate, polyethylene, and carbon black. The additives were combined with asphalt cements from two sources with widely differing chemical composition and rheological properties. Asphalts two grades softer than that normally used in hot-mixed asphalt concrete were used with the additives. Binder tests included penetration at two temperatures, viscosity at various temperatures and by various methods, softening point, flash point, specific gravity, rolling thin film oven test, ductility, heat stability, infrared analysis before and after artificial aging, nuclear magnetic resonance, viscoelastic analysis, stress relaxation, and Rostler-Sternberg and Corbett analyses. Energies of interaction between selected asphalts and additives were measured using a microcalorimeter. Paving mixture tests included Hveem and Marshall stabilities, resilient modulus vs. temperature, indirect tension vs. temperature and loading rate, resistance to moisture damage, flexural fatigue, creep/permanent deformation, fracture resistance and fracture healing. The mixture test results were used with the VESYS IV structural subsystem to predict the effects of the additives on pavement performance, cracking, rutting, and roughness. All additives demonstrated the ability to substantially alter the temperature susceptibility of asphalt concrete mixtures. KW - Acetates KW - Additives KW - Admixtures KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Carbon black KW - Ethylene resins KW - Ethylene vinylacetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Guidelines KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Polyethylene KW - Roughness KW - Rubber KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474796 AU - VanHorn, D A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMENTARY ON THE PENNSYLVANIA BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1987/04 SP - 61 p. AB - The general objective of the Bridge Management System was to develop a management tool which will enable a systematic determination of present needs for maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of bridges in Pennsylvania, and to predict future needs using various scenarios, along with a prioritization for the maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of bridges which will provide guidance in the effective use of designated funds. The entire system was presented in the February 1987 Final Report for Research Project No. 84-28A entitled "The Pennsylvania Bridge Management System". The purpose of the Commentary is to expand upon some sections of Chapter IV of the Final Report "System for Prioritization of Rehabilitation and Replacement". Included are additional discussion of (1) load capacity deficiency, (2) equivalent load capacity, (3) clear deck width deficiency, (4) vertical clearance deficiency, and (5) total deficiency rating. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is presented in order to assess the effects of variations in condition ratings on the total deficiency rating. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Deficiencies KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway capacity KW - Maintenance KW - Needs assessment KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473194 AU - Slick, D S AU - Daedalean Associates Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF CALCUIM MAGNESUIM ACETATE (CMA) ON PAVEMENTS AND MOTOR VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 206 p. AB - The corrosion and/or deterioration of highway-related and automotive-related materials by chloride-containing deicing chemicals has become a major economical problem in the United States. The Federal Highway Administration has proposed the use of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) as an alternative to these chloride-containing chemicals (specifically, sodium chloride). This report describes the comparative effects of CMA and sodium chloride on various highway-related and automotive-related materials. The results of various exposure techniques, followed by extensive additional testing, indicate that CMA is much less deleterious to highway-related and automotive-related materials than sodium chloride. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Corrosion KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Deterioration KW - Economic impacts KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavements KW - Sodium chloride KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471846 AU - Anderson, K W AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED JOINT SEALANT MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. I-90 SNOQUALMIE PASS PY - 1987/04 SP - 23 p. AB - Three joint sealant materials were installed in a special test section of a Portland cement concrete pavement rehabilitation project located on I-90 near Hyak, Washington. The three materials (Dow Corning 888 Silicon, Crafco RoadSaver 231, and Crafco RoadSaver 221) will be monitored for a period of three years to determine their service life and cost-effectiveness. Initial inspections indicate very good performance for all three materials although problems with one area of the silicon sealant test section required a modification of the standard installation procedures to produce a satisfactory final product. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Joint sealers KW - Performance KW - Sealing compounds KW - Service life KW - Silicon KW - Test sections UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/110.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472090 AU - Fletcher, M O AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CHEMKRETE IN SAND ASPHALT BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 40 p. AB - Many of the roads constructed in South Carolian with sand asphalt base are rutting. It has been determined from past experience that some of the rutting is caused by consolidation and/or displacement of the sand asphalt base layer. A product known as "Chemkrete Bitumen" was used in this study to modify the liquid asphalt because of the increasing costs of good local material near the coast. Laboratory and field tests were conducted before, during and after construction. The various tests and measurements conducted during this study were Marshall stability tests, density tests, rutting and deflection measurements and traffic counts. Visual inspections were also conducted. The roadway Marshall specimens of sand asphalt base with Chemkrete did not show a significant increase in stability when compared to specimens without Chemkrete. The control section, the section without Chemkrete, had the least amount of rutting and had the most Equivalent Daily 18 kip Single Axle Loads. KW - Asphaltic sand KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Chemkrete KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall stability marshall stability & flow test flow KW - Marshall test KW - Measurement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Traffic counts KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471849 AU - Pfeifer, D W AU - Landgren, J R AU - Zoob, A AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS FOR NEW PRESTRESSED AND SUBSTRUCTURE CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/04 SP - 133 p. AB - A three-year corrosion research project on 11 corrosion protection systems was undertaken in two laboratory studies. A total of 124 small reinforced concrete slabs were subjected to a 48-week, cyclic wet and dry saltwater exposure in the first study. The second year-long study dealt with cyclic saltwater exposure on 19 full-size sections of reinforced concrete columns and beams and precast, prestressed piles and stay-in-place bridge deck panels. The slab tests evaluated concrete having w/c ratios of 0.51, 0.40, and 0.28 with clear cover of 1, 2, and 3 in. The reinforcing steels evaluated were normal gray bars, normal prestressing strands, galvanized bars, and fusion-bonded epoxy-coated bars and prestressing strands. A calcium nitrite corrosion-inhibiting admixture for fresh concrete was evaluated. A penetrating silane sealer and methacrylate coating system were evaluated as surface treatments for hardened concrete. The full-size member tests included most of the above materials in concrete at a constant w/c ratio of 0.44, generally with 1-in. cover. A concrete containing a silica fume admixture was also evaluated in the full-size member tests. The full-size columns and beams were moist cured while the precast, prestressed piles and bridge deck panels were heat cured overnight at 130 to 140 deg F. Corrosion-related measurements included monitoring macrocell corrosion current and instant-off voltage between corroding and noncorroding reinforcement, half-cell potentials, chloride contents at the initiation of corrosion and at the conclusion of the test cycle, and measurement of the corroded areas on the reinforcement. The measured corrosion activity of these numerous specimens is presented and comparisons are made in their corrosion protection performance. Of particular significance were the beneficial influence of low w/c ratios and adequate concrete cover in reducing corrosion and chloride penetration. The silane sealer and the silica fume pozzolanic admixture concrete both dramatically reduced chloride penetration and the reinforcement did not develop corrosion. Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars and prestressing strands were not corroded in these tests, even though surrounding concrete had high chloride contents. Galvanized reinforcement embedded in conventional concrete and bare reinforcement embedded in concrete made with the calcuim nitrite corrosion inhibitor both developed a low level of corrosion when surrounding concrete had high chloride contents. Design considerations are suggested for these different corrosion protection materials to provide for greater corrosion protection for new cast-in-place reinforced concrete and precast, prestressed concrete bridge members. KW - Admixtures KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Chloride content KW - Columns KW - Corrosion KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Galvanizing KW - Laboratory studies KW - Methacrylate KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Protective coatings KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete beams KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sealing compounds KW - Silane KW - Silane sealer KW - Slabs KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584032 AU - Toney, Carl A AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chemical Sealers as Corrosion Inhibitors: Naselle River Bridge 101/24 PY - 1987/03//Post Construction Report SP - 14p AB - This Post Construction Report provides an overview of the selection of a chemical sealer and its use as a method of protecting the girders and piles of the Naselle River Bridge from the intrusion of chloride ions. Th structure treated is located in a marine environment. Chem-Trete Silane sealer was used for this structure and applied as specified by the manufacturer. After 1 1/2 years exposure to a salt environment, no deterioration of the concrete has been detected. Monitoring of the structure will continue under Washington State Department of Transportation's bridge inspection program. KW - Bridges KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Girders KW - Marine environment KW - Naselle River Bridge (Washington) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Sealing compounds KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/105.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580500 AU - Jeyapalan, K AU - Cable, J K AU - Welper, R AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Iowa DOT Evaluation of the PASCO Road Survey System PY - 1987/03//Final Report SP - 165p AB - The report compares and contrasts the automated PASCO method of pavement evaluation to the manual procedures used by the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) to evaluate pavement condition. Iowa DOT's use of IJK and BPR roadmeters and manual crack and patch surveys are compared to PASCO's use of 35-mm photography, artificial lighting and hairline projection, tracking wheels and lasers to measure ride, cracking and patching, rut depths, and roughness. The Iowa DOT method provides a Present Serviceability Index (PSI) value and PASCO provides a Maintenance Control Index (MCI). Seven sections of Interstate Highway, county roads and city streets, and one shoulder section were tested with different speeds of data collection, surface types and textures, and stop and start conditions. High correlation of results between the two methods in the measurement of roughness (0.93 for the tracking wheel and 0.84 for the laser method) were recorded. Rut depth correlations of 0.61 and cracking of 0.32 are attributed to PASCO's more comprehensive measurement techniques. A cost analysis of the data provided by both systems indicates that PASCO is capable of providing a comparable result with improved accuracy at a cost of $125-$150 or less per two-lane mile depending on survey mileage. Improved data collection speed, accuracy, and reliability, and a visible record of pavement condition for comparable costs are available. The PASCO system's ability to provide the data required in the Highway Pavement Distress Identification Manual, the Pavement Condition Rating Guide, and the Strategic Highway Research Program Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Studies, is also outlined in the report. KW - Automation KW - Condition surveys KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Iowa KW - Pavement performance KW - Testing equipment UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19733 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548309 AU - Meadors, Alan AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Cold Recycling of Asphalt Pavements PY - 1987/03//Interim Report SP - 21p AB - A commonly used method in rehabilitating badly rutted and deteriorated asphalt pavement is milling the old surface before overlay. This method reduces the need for "level up" courses and can be particularly useful in urban areas where curbs and overpasses restrict the overall thickness of the pavement section. The Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) has purchased two milling machines for this purpose. The pavement millings produced from this rehabilitation technique are often used as patching and shoulder material. The objective of this project is to evaluate the use of this material in a recycled mix. The recycled mix is limited in composition to pavement millings, water, and a modifier or emulsion. The processing of material is also limited to methods not employing state-of-the art or specialized equipment. This report is limited to the design, construction and evaluation of an emulsion recycling mix placed in September, 1986. The test methods used and modifications employed to allow satisfactory completion of the project are described. Field observations of the performance are also included. KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Asphalt millings KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Milling KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2090.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457937 AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Thevanayagam, Sabanayagam AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Placement Rates for Highway Embankments with Vertical and Horizontal Drainage: Informational Report PY - 1987/03 SP - 192p AB - The objectives of this study were (a) to elucidate the practical and theoretical bases for using the controlled rate of construction technique to design a highway embankment underlain by soft ground, and (b) to synthesize presently available procedures in a comprehensive computer program in which special attention is given to the horizontal and vertical drainage, without sand drain installations. An existing program SAND which considers sand drains has been modified for this purpose. To facilitate the mathematical treatment, the overall problem was divided into four parts, which deal with the initial increase in excess pore water pressures caused by an increase of the vertical load on the surface of the compressible layer, the process whereby these pore water pressures are dissipated with time, the associated settlements, and the stability of the embankment-foundation system. With regard to the computation of the initial excess pore water pressure distribution, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the form of the stress equations requires the numerical integration of oscillating integrands, and convergence of the extended Simpson's rule or Filon's formulae with interval halving depends on the geometry of the problem. Poorest convergence was obtained in cases of heavily oscillating integrands when the ratio of the load width to the thickness of the compressible layer was large; (2) when the pore pressure coefficient B is held constant and equal to unity, the influence of the pore pressure coefficient A increases as the thickness of the compressible layer increases, and the average pore water pressures are larger and extend farther in the horizontal direction when A is larger; (3) as the compressible layer becomes thinner relative to the load width, closer agreement is obtained between the applied vertical load and the resulting average pore pressure distribution; and (4) the influence of shear stresses causes some concentration of average pore water pressures near the edges of the load. With regard to the computation of primary consolidation settlements, direct proportionality between the average degree of consolidation and the resulting settlement will occur only when constant coefficients of consolidation and a constant coefficient of compressibility are used. With regard to the stability analyses, the following conclusions can be drawn from a critical comparison of the charts in the report: (1) depending on the geometry of the embankment and the soil parameters of the embankment and the subsoil, the assumption of a circular slip surface will give reliable factors of safety only for sufficiently large subsoil thicknesses; (2) the stabilizing influence of flattening the embankment slope decreases as the thickness of the subsoil increases; (3) the slip circle resulting in a minimum factor of safety generally tends to penetrate the soft subsoil as deep as possible; and (4) the factor of safety is not proportional to the height of the embankment, but, given identical soil parameters, it depends on the ratio of the embankment height and the thickness of the compressible layer. KW - Compressible soils KW - Computer programs KW - Drainage KW - Embankments KW - Ground settlement KW - Pore water pressures KW - Road construction KW - Soft soils UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314135 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416547 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Elkins, G E AU - Uddin, W AU - Reilley, K T AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Evaluation of pavement deflection measuring equipment PY - 1987/03 IS - FHWA/TS-87-208 SP - 170P KW - Benkelman beam KW - Benkelman beam KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometer KW - Deflectometers KW - Field test KW - Field tests KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Non destructive test KW - Nondestructive tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01321147 AU - Baecher, G B AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Geotechnical Risk Analysis User's Guide PY - 1987/03 SP - 62p AB - All geotechnical predictions involve uncertainties. These are accounted for traditionally by conservative factors of safety. Risk based design, on the other hand, attempts to quantify uncertainties and to adjust design conservatism accordingly. Such methods cannot rationalize all the uncertainties of geotechnical engineering, but they provide increased efficiency at modest cost. A risk-based approach is presented which is intended for practical use. Design problems from engineering practice are used to illustrate the approach. KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Planning and design KW - Risk analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Uncertainty KW - User guides (Software) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34068/FHWA-RD-87-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1082081 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01115340 AU - Batra, Suzanne W T AU - Hight, Stephen D AU - Department of Agriculture AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Biological Control of Thistles in Maryland PY - 1987/03//Final Report SP - 70p AB - A 4.5 year cooperative project was conducted between the Bureau of Landscape Architecture, Maryland Department of Transportation, State Highway Administration and the Beneficial Insects Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service with the objective to introduce, establish, and evaluate host-specific insects for the biological control of thistles occurring along Maryland highway right-of-ways. Six European insects were introduced as biocontrol agents against Carduus thoermeri (musk thistle), Carduus acanthoides (plumeless thistle), Cirsium arvense (Canada thistle), and Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle). Previously, Rhinocyllus conicus had been established in Maryland. During this study, this weevil was found to be continuing its spread and population increase and exerting control pressure on Carduus thoermeri. The remaining five insects were first-time Maryland introductions: two were established along Maryland highways - Trichosirocalus horridus against Carduus spp. and Urophora cardui against Cirsium arvense: Altica carduorum was released against Cirsium arvense but failed to establish due to predation from a native beetle; Ceutorhynchus litura, released extensively along Maryland highways against Cirsium arvense, has not yet been recovered; and Urophora stylata was established in field cages against Cirsium vulgare. KW - Biological control KW - Highways KW - Insects KW - Maryland KW - Maryland Department of Transportation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Thistles KW - U.S. Department of Agriculture KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/874759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465661 AU - Tyagi, A K AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS IN OKLAHOMA STREAMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 24 p. AB - This study consisted of a hydrographic survey and determined maximum scour around the piers at eighteen selected bridges on the Cimarron, Arkansas, and Caney Rivers. The survey was performed soon after the 50- to 100-year-frequency flood in October, 1986. It was determined from the survey that maximum scour varied from 0.60 to 18 feet with depth of flow ranging between 0.75 to 25 feet. Visual inspection and measuement showed that a sandy river bed and clayey river bed in the three streams seemed to affect scour depth. Also, heavy damages occurred in overflow structures in flood plains rather than at piers in the main stream. Because design criteria for scour depths at piers are based mostly on laboratory work and because some bridges designed according to these criteria have failed, it is recommended that this study be extended to collect field data on the maximum scour at selected bridges over a four-year period. Field data will be collected four times a year for various high and low flow conditions. Laboratory and field data are to be analyzed and used to produce design criteria so that damages to bridge piers are minimized. Further laboratory and field data will be generated for different river-bed soils (sand, silt and clay) and for varying hydraulic conditions. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Clay KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hydrographic surveying KW - Hydrographic surveys KW - Inspection KW - Measurement KW - River beds KW - Sand KW - Scour KW - Streambeds KW - Structural design KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619189 AU - Tinklenberg, G L AU - Corrosion Control Consultants and Labs, Inc AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NON-LEAD PAINT SYSTEMS, STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 59 p. AB - A review of ADOT painting specifications is presented with comments on a section by section basis where appropriate. ADOT is not only concerned with new structures, but with the removal of lead-based paints from existing structures; therefore, the removal of existing paints is discussed per Arizona conditions. A review of possible substitutes for lead-based paints with comments addressing surface preparation, number of coats, type of paint, inspection, alternates, availability, advantages, and disadvantages is documented. A cost comparison of various paint systems was performed. Recommendations are made for the following items: type of bridge paint specification, type of evaluation, procedure, application specification improvements, suggested method to generate an initial qualified products list, method to maintain painting procedures and products, paint types for new structures, paint types for existing structures, concrete painting, and traffic paint. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arizona KW - Bridges KW - Concrete structures KW - Costs KW - Inspection KW - Lead based paint KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Removal KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Structures KW - Surface preparation KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616538 AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF CONSTRUCTION QUALITY CRITERIA WITH PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 77 p. AB - This report is concerned with the detemination of the relationship between asphaltic concrete suface course specifications and the level of performance of pavements constructed under these specifications. The relationship was investigated through comparative evaluation of deficient (in specification) and non-deficient sections using a combination of pavement condition rating and ride rating as the criteria for evaluation. The analysis and evaluation of the data indicated (1) a recognizable difference in the level of performance between the 100% pay or non-deficient sections and the deficient secitons for stability and surface tolerance criteria of acceptance; (2) little difference in the performance level between the two groups of sections for compaction criteria deficiency; (3) pot hole patching for test or deficient sections to be much more than the corresponding control or non-deficient section; and (4) that the majority of the sections (control or test) have not reached end of life according to PSI measure of serviceability. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Riding qualities KW - Service life KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Specifications KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_208.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357128 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491878 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Paniati, J F AU - Mace, D J AU - Hostetter, R S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SIGN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO MAINTAIN SIGN VISIBILITY AT NIGHT PY - 1987/03 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - p. 116-123 AB - This article describes the framework for a sign maintenance system (SMS) being developed to assist State and local highway organizations involved in the design, management, maintenance, and research of retroreflective traffic signs. The system components are outlined, results of a preliminary evaluation are presented, and ongoing and future research efforts are discussed. Possible applications of the SMS as it now exists are described, and some conclusions are drawn as to what additional work is required for the system to become fully operational. KW - Applications KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Night visibility KW - Research KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306883 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00491876 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McCarthy, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY--A NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1987/03 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - p. 124-128 AB - An examination of the traffic fatality distribution for 1984 by most harmful event shows the serious consequences of run-off-the-road accidents. On all roadways, over 36% of the fatalities were caused by striking roadside objects such as trees, poles, and embankments. Similarly, a roadside object was judged to be the most harmful event in 47% of the fatalities on the Interstate system. Furthermore, an examination of single-vehicle accident fatalities on the Interstate system reveals that nearly one-third of the fatalities were caused by a vehicle striking a longitudinal barrier and another one-third were caused by vehicle rollover. In fiscal year 1985, a total of $78 million was spent in the Federal Highway Administration's Federally Coordinated Program (FCP), including approximately $15 million spent on safety-related activities. These safety funds are distributed among eight different FCP projects. Project 1T "Roadside Safety Hardware" accounted for about one-third of these safety funds. The accomplishments of Project 1T research and development efforts are discussed in this article, followed by a discussion of the problems involved in developing warranting criteria for cost-effective treatments for run-off-the-road accidents, and in the implementing, installing, and maintaining of roadside hardware. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Bridge railings KW - Building KW - Development KW - Facilities KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Fund allocations KW - Guardrails KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Transition zones KW - Treatment KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485424 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF HIGHWAY SHOULDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 146 p. AB - This report summarizes findings of a long-term evaluation of the construction and performance of asphaltic concrete and portland cement concrete shoulders. Performance was used as the basis for the development of empirical criteria that permit the use of existing pavement thickness design procedures for the structural design of shoulders. Minimum thicknesses were determined on the basis of performance and review of literature. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Pavement design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road shoulders KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482378 AU - Aggour, M S AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS OF CONCRETE IN STRUCTURES. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 55 p. AB - This state-of-the-art report is based on a brief critical literature review of nondestructive test methods for determining the in-place strength of concrete. The report describes test methods and techniques, and lists their limitations. The methods discussed are surface hardness methods, penetration resistance methods, pullout, pulloff and breakoff methods, pulse velocity techniques, and the combined methods approach. To date no single nondestructive evaluation method is entirely satisfactory for predicting the quality and strength of concrete in situ. A combination of methods that respond to different factors may give the needed information. It is the recommendation of the report that a combination of pullout techniques and the pulse velocity method might provide an acceptable method for determining both the relative and absolute quality of concrete in a structure. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete structures KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Hardness KW - Insitu methods KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Penetration resistance KW - Pull out test KW - Pulse velocity KW - Pulses KW - State of the art studies KW - Strength of materials KW - Surface hardness KW - Surfaces KW - Test procedures KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479384 AU - Vannoy, D W AU - Azmi, M AU - Liu, J AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION MONITORING OF THE WOODROW WILSON BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 113 p. AB - A major problem in applying acoustic emission technology to detect cracks in the highway bridges is descriminating between crack waves and background traffic noise. An acoustic emission monitoring system to detect cracks in highway bridges has been developed at the University of Maryland, using acoustic emission technology and it has been successful in detecting cracks in the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. Acoustic emission signals from traffic noise and the growth of fatigue cracks were characterized both in the time and the frequency domain. Differences in frequency distribution and wave characteristics of the traffic noise and cracks were determined. Signal attenuation for different cable lengths and effective transducer spacing were examined and the suitable cable lengths were determined. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474800 AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ACCIDENTS AT RURAL, HIGH-SPEED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 131 p. AB - The site characteristics, traffic control used, and accidents occurring at 65 rural, high-speed intersections were summarized. The differences resulting when the right of way is controlled by stop signs versus a traffic signal are discussed. The factors contributing to the accidents as well as the characteristics of the accidents were analyzed. The data obtained at each intersection were summarized and recommendations, which could be used as a guide for implementing changes at other similar intersections, were made for the study locations. The accident analysis shows that providing the driver adequate warning of the intersection is of primary importance for this type of intersection. At signalized intersections, the need to provide a proper change interval and maximize the visibility of the signal heads are essential. The need to consider separate left-turn phasing also is shown. KW - Crash analysis KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Intersections KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Recommendations KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Visibility KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474906 AU - Ulberg, C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF HOV LANES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 16 p. AB - The cost effectiveness of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes was analyzed by comparing the costs and benefits of existing HOV lanes with the hypothetical alternatives of doing nothing or adding a lane for general traffic. Three specific sites in the Seattle area were studied. A life cycle costing approach was used. The main result of the study was that (for the three locations studied) the construction of HOV lanes was the most cost effective alternative. The "marginal net present value" of each of the projects was positive (on the order of $50 to $600 per commuter per year, depending on the specific comparison). The "marginal benefit/cost ratio" was greater than six for all cases. Using extreme values for the elements of the model had little impact on the outcome of the study. Using extreme values for any factor, one at a time, did not come close to reversing any of the findings. Reversing the general finding of the study required extreme values for virtually all of the factors. It is extremely unlikely that all the elements of the model were distorted in a direction to cause this outcome. These findings showed that the three projects under consideration are very cost effective and should remain in place as HOV lanes. In fact, the investment of addtional funds to improve the operation of these lanes could clearly be justified economically. The methodology developed for this study was incorporated into an east-to-use computer program that assesses the cost-effectiveness of the construction of HOV lanes in other locations. In order to save the costs of extensive data collection, the sensitivity analysis approach developed in this study proved to be a valuable tool in the analysis of sites for HOV lanes. Instead of collecting extensive data to precisely quantify the cost-effectiveness of potential HOV lanes, this method can be used to determine which factors can significantly affect the outcome. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Life cycle costing KW - Reserved lanes KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Traffic lanes UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/121.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470952 AU - Hagerty, B R AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAF II NETSIM USER GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - v.p. AB - This guide is for users of the TRAF II Netsim Surface Street Traffic Simulation model. TRAF II Netsim is a stand-alone version of Netsim, version 99 developed as a submodel of the TRAF II family of models. This documentation is intended for use by Michigan Department of Transportation personnel as an addendum to the TRAF II User Guide (FHWA-RD-85). Interctive data input procedures are covered in the TRAFLO-M Forms Display User Manual (FHWA-MI-RD-85-01). KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472785 AU - Mounce, J M AU - Stokes, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OFF-PEAK USE OF THE HOUSTON TRANSITWAY SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 59 p. AB - The Houston metropolitan area is currently implementing one of the most extensive high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) priority treatment networks in the nation. The definitive function of these transitway facilities is to provide movement of large volumes of passengers in as few vehicles as possible to high density employment centers during peak periods at a high level of service (minimal delay). This objective can only be achieved and maintained by exercising control over the number of vehicle users for a given time period. While this control is critically important during peak time periods, as mainlane congestion increases in extended magnitude, it also becomes important when considering transitway use for purposes during the off-peak period. The intent of this study was to identify and evaluate possible off-peak uses of the Houston transitway system by vehicles other than authorized HOV's. Based upon the information available at the time of this report and the analyses conducted herein, it is recommended that off-peak utilization of transitways be continued for high-occupancy requirements. It is recognized that during off-peak periods, the cost of operation currently exceeds any delay savings or other benefits. However, with increasing congestion, the HOV transitway user demand will increase, and current facility designs can serve future demands. KW - Busways KW - Carpools KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471956 AU - Morian, D A AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERGLIMIT DE-ICING CHEMICAL ASPHALT ADDITIVE. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 32 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of using the Verglimit de-icing chemical asphalt additive to minimize pavement icing problems. The Verglimit additive consists of calcium chloride flakes encapsulated in linseed oil. It was introduced into the bituminous mix at 5% of the aggregate by weight. This project consisted of a 1 1/2-inch Verglimit-modified ID-2 wearing overlay on a 2-inch binder course. No problems were encountered during construction. Normal paving techniques were followed except that a light spray of kerosene was used on the rollers instead of water because water strips the linseed oil from the calcium chloride flakes. The calcium chloride content of the Verglimit was 75% by weight. The average density of six cores of the Verglimit-modified ID-2 was 99.6%. Skid tests taken in March 1987 indicate the skid resistance of the Verglimit-modified ID-2 is only slightly lower than that of the adjacent sections. The cost of the Verglimit-modified ID-2 material is three times that of standard ID-2 material. However, a reduction in application of de-icing agents (250 lbs/lane mile, 1985-86) and increased safety may justify this cost. KW - Additives KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Calcium chloride KW - Costs KW - Deicing KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Density KW - Effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Linseed oil KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468667 AU - Schmertmann, J H AU - Schmertmann & Crapps, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING THE CPT, CPTU AND MARCHETTI DMT FOR GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN. VOLUME III - DMT TEST METHODS AND DATA REDUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 183 p. AB - Volume III of the four volume series represents a user's manual for the Marchetti Dilatometer test. Chapter 1 summarizes the DMT equipment and test methods, discusses the relative suitability of different types of soils for the use of the DMT, and presents a detailed listing of the relative advantages and disadvantages of the DMT for geotechnical engineering investigations. Chapter 2 discusses the DMT equipment and test procedures in detail. It includes major sections on equipment damage, maintenance and repair, trouble shooting equipment problems and safety precautions. Chapter 3 discusses in detail the DMT data reduction procedures, particularly the four DMT indices and thrust data used to interpret soil properties. It includes a section on the various factors affecting the DMT measurement accuracy and reproducibility. The final Chapter 4 deals with the interpretation of DMT results. It includes the subjects of insitu pore water pressures, soil classification, shear strength, lateral load pressures, deformation modulus, overconsolidation ratio, coefficient of consolidation, subgrade modulus and correlations vs. the SPT N values. It also includes the most recent tabulated information on the accuracy experience for DMT-predicted soil properties vs. those made in the field or by other test methods believed superior. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Dilatometer test KW - Dilatometers KW - Field tests KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Information processing KW - Insitu methods KW - Piezocone KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Soil penetration test KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464662 AU - Trimber, K A AU - KTA-TATOR, INC. AU - Allegheny County, Pennsylvania AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ORGANIC ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM. WINDGAP BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION REPORT AND INITIAL COATING EVALUATION PY - 1987/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report covers the spot surveillance of the application of an organic (epoxy) zinc/epoxy/urethane system to the bridge, and initial physical testing of the coating at 12 locations. The "year 0" physical tests of coating adhesion, thickness, gloss, and substrate condition are used to establish baseline data in order to accurately gage the performance of the system over a five-year period. KW - Adhesion KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Gloss KW - Organic coatings KW - Performance KW - Physical tests KW - Reflection KW - Thickness KW - Urethane KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464663 AU - Trimber, K A AU - KTA-TATOR, INC. AU - Allegheny County, Pennsylvania AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ORGANIC ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM. SUTERSVILLE BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION REPORT AND INITIAL COATING EVALUATION PY - 1987/03 SP - n.p. AB - This report covers the spot surveillance of the application of an organic (epoxy) zinc/epoxy/urethane system to the bridge, and initial physical testing of the coating at 12 locations. The "year 0" physical tests of coating adhesion, thickness, gloss, and substrate condition are used to establish baseline data in order to accurately gage the performance of the system over a five-year period. KW - Adhesion KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Gloss KW - Organic coatings KW - Performance KW - Physical tests KW - Reflection KW - Thickness KW - Urethane KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474690 AU - Hudson, W R AU - Elkins, G E AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Reilley, K T AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT DEFLECTION MEASURING EQUIPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 170 p. AB - This report documents the research performed on evaluation of pavement deflection equipment under Contract DTFH61-85-C-00115 for the Federal Highway Administration. The following devices were included in side-by-side field tests conducted in the Austin, Texas area during the week of August 11, 1986: the Benkelman Beam, C.E.B.T.P. Curviameter, Dynaflect, Dynatest Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), Kuab FWD, Phonix FWD, and the Road Rater. The report includes descriptions and comparisons of the devices through information obtained from a literature search, field tests and user survey conducted for this study. The side-by-side test program was performed over a broad range of pavement structures, including thick and thin flexible and rigid pavements, and composite pavements. The measured deflections were compared statistically. Mechanistic interpretations of the measured deflection basins were made and compared. The report concludes that, based on the interpretation of field data, all devices gave comparable results on the tested pavements, except the Curviameter which gives invalid results on rigid and composite pavements. In addition, the Benkelman Beam and Curviameter exhibited much larger variability in comparison with the other devices. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benkelman beam KW - Composite pavements KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road raters KW - Surveys KW - Testing equipment KW - Users KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474915 AU - Hines, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLORADO REACTIVE AGGREGATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 16 p. AB - Reactive aggregates are a major cause of deterioration of concrete pavements in Colorado. These aggregates react with the alkali in the cement to form a gel. This gel absorbs water and expands, causing cracking and spalling of the concrete. In this study, tests to identify reactive aggregates were applied to Colorado aggregates. The mortar bar test proved to be the most useful test. The common remedial measures for reactive aggregate are low alkali cement and class F flyash. These measures were very effective in reducing expansion. Crushed concrete showing reactive distress from I-70 and I-76 showed low expansion indicating recycle would not be a problem. CDOH specifications now require low alkali cement in all concrete. Class F flyash is required in pavements where reactive aggregates have been a problem. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Alkalinity KW - Cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Fly ash KW - Low alkali cement KW - Materials tests KW - Mortar bar test KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Reactive aggregates KW - Recycling KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474823 AU - Davidson, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING TEST AND EVALUATION PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 234 p. AB - One hundred forty-two liquid marking material systems were applied on both bituminous concrete and Portland cement concrete surfaces during July 1986. Laboratory analysis of the paint systems was conducted over the next 6 months. Monthly field evaluations were made of the applied systems through February 1987. This document contains all of the data collected. The intent of the project is to make the information available to all agencies in the area for purchasing purposes. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Road marking materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472109 AU - Basu, S AU - Chatterjee, A AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY LIBRARY. LIBRARY INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (LIRS). VOLUME 1: USERS' MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 40 p. AB - The Roadside Safety Library (RSL) maintained by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a collection of computer programs which simulate vehicle handling, vehicular crash with roadside objects including safety appurtenances, and post-collision behavior of occupants, along with a collection of a large number of crash test films which serve to supplement and validate the simulation programs. Collectively, the simulation programs are called the Simulation Database. The crash test films, with a test query system to retrieve pertinent information from these films, are called the Testing Database. The Simulation Database consists of : program specific information such as source code, executable load module, job control language (JCL), input data, and other sundry data files required in the usage of the programs; input preprocessor RSIP which prepares a specific set on input data from a global input database; cost processing programs, such as GRAFIX and PREP, which translate a given set of output to graphical and pictorial forms; and Library Information Retrieval System (LIRS). LIRS is an interactive program which guides a user to access available information on any program existing in the RSL through a series of prompts. The user may view selected portions of the Library or have these portions recorded onto magnetic tape for transportation to other mainframe environments that are compatible with that in which the Library is maintained. The user can also execute programs maintained in the RSL. LIRS is implemented in the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) computing facility which has an IBM 370/3033 mainframe supporting the IBM Time Sharing Option (TSO). KW - Appurtenances KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Databases KW - Driving KW - Fixed object KW - Handling characteristics KW - Impact tests KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Interactive computing KW - Libraries KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Testing KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472107 AU - LINDLEY, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION FREEWAY OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORTS, 1971-1986. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 70 p. AB - This report is a bibliography prepared to provide a single reference on reports and articles resulting from Federal Highway Administration research and development activities in the area of freeway operations for the period 1971-1986. An abstract is provided for each report to give the reader a brief summary of its contents. KW - Bibliographies KW - Development KW - Freeway operations KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280936 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472167 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Harichandran, Ronald S. AU - De Foe, J H AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Michigan Department of Transportation TI - THE INDIRECT TENSILE TEST, A NEW APPARATUS. AN INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 19 p. AB - A study is described which selected a simple test procedure that allows the highway engineer to establish the asphalt mix design parameters based upon the fundamental engineering properties required for the structural design of pavements. An inexpensive indirect tensile test apparatus was fabricated in which the deformation of the indirect test specimen can be measured in one, two, or three directions using either one or two linear variable differential transducers in each direction. The apparatus can be used under any existing loading frame, and the frictionless guiding system of the apparatus prevents any rotation and/or rocking of the upper curved load strip of the loading head. The design of the apparatus is described, and observations concerning the new apparatus, the test results, and the analytical models to reduce the test data are also described. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Models KW - Pavement design KW - Tension tests KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472110 AU - Basu, S AU - Chatterjee, A AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE SAFETY LIBRARY. LIBRARY INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (LIRS). VOLUME 2: PROGRAMMERS' AND OPERATORS' MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 46 p. AB - The Roadside Safety Library (RSL) maintained by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a collection of computer programs which simulate vehicle handling, vehicular crash with roadside objects including safety appurtenances, and post-collision behavior of occupants, along with a collection of a large number of crash test films which serve to supplement and validate the simulation programs. Collectively, the simulation programs are called the Simulation Database. The crash test films, with a test query system to retrieve pertinent information from these films, are called the Testing Database. The Simulation Database consists of : program specific information such as source code, executable load module, job control language (JCL), input data, and other sundry data files required in the usage of the programs; input preprocessor RSIP which prepares a specific set on input data from a global input database; cost processing programs, such as GRAFIX and PREP, which translate a given set of output to graphical and pictorial forms; and Library Information Retrieval System (LIRS). LIRS is an interactive program which guides a user to access available information on any program existing in the RSL through a series of prompts. The user may view selected portions of the Library or have these portions recorded onto magnetic tape for transportation to other mainframe environments that are compatible with that in which the Library is maintained. The user can also execute programs maintained in the RSL. LIRS is implemented in the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) computing facility which has an IBM 370/3033 mainframe supporting the IBM Time Sharing Option (TSO). KW - Appurtenances KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Databases KW - Driving KW - Fixed object KW - Handling characteristics KW - Impact tests KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Interactive computing KW - Libraries KW - Post-crash KW - Postcrash phase KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Testing KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472111 AU - Basu, S AU - Chatterjee, A AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF COMBINING HVOSM AND BARRIER VII. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 47 p. AB - This report discusses the results of a feasibility study dealing with the development of a new simulation program by combining the two existing simulation programs HVOSM and BARRIER VII. The first of these programs has a sophisticated vehicle model including vehicle handling and maneuvering and one of its versions, HVOSM-RD2, even has the reported capability of crash simulation. Note that the barrier model in HVOSM-RD2 is very crude. The second program, BARRIER VII, has a good barrier model but its vehicle model is unrealistically simple. The idea, therefore, arose about the feasibility of combining the good features of both programs to make one improved crash simulation program. This study concludes that it is theoretically feasible to combine HVOSM and BARRIER VII to obtain a new program with improved vehicle and barrier simulation features. However, many practical problems are associated with such a development, and the effort required to accomplish this task may far outweigh its benefits. The study further concludes that the new simulation program, if developed, will at best be able to simulate the gross barrier behavior. Two finite element simulation programs, CRUNCH and GUARD, already exist to study barrier and vehicle behavior in great detail. It is not, therefore, cost-effective to develop a new program. These conclusions are supported by thorough comparison of HVOSM and BARRIER VII with regard to program description, mathematical model, computer program structure, and input/output requirements. The results of the study are reported in detail in the text. Modifications were then analyzed from a cost-benefit standpoint. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driving KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Handling characteristics KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472200 AU - Dash, U AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PIN-PILE WALL EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 174 p. AB - A pin-pile wall was constructed for correcting a landslide along PA Route 66 northeast of Pittsburgh, PA. The wall was 310 feet long and varied in height from 16 to 28 feet. The wall consisted of a 6 ft-wide 3 ft-deep reinforced concrete cap-beam through which 375, 5-inch diameter cast-in-place reinforced concrete piles (pin-piles) were installed at different angles to both horizontal and vertical direction. The wall was instrumented and tested. The results lead to the following conclusions. 1. The pin-pile system provides a positive solution for correction of smaller landslides. 2. This system has the advantage over conventional methods by requiring no excavation and providing rapid construction and an economical alternate. 3. The present design method appears to work, but needs additional study for developing a more rational method. 4. Some amount of movement is required before the pin-pile wall can provide the necessary support. 5. There are many aspects of design such as size, density and geometry of pin-piles that are currently based on experience and need to be rationalized based on wall height, soil conditions, etc. A suggested chart for this purpose is developed by the author. 6. Additional pin-pile construction and studies are needed to fully develop standard design procedures. KW - Design methods KW - Economics KW - Landslides KW - Pin piles KW - Rapid methods KW - Retaining walls KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472178 AU - Bullard, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA FROM THE KATY AND NORTH TRANSITWAYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 138 p. AB - A major commitment has been made in the Houston metropolitan area to develop physically separated authorized vehicle lanes (AVLs) or transitways in the medians of the existing freeway system. These lanes are reserved for high-occupancy vehicles. To date, portions of two transitways are operational -- one on the Katy Freeway in West Houston and one on the North Freeway serving North Houston. This report presents the results of transitway user and nonuser surveys performed in the Katy and North Freeway corridors. In addition to obtaining socioeconomic, demographic and travel information, the surveys were designed to: 1) determine perceptions of the level of utilization of the transitways; 2) identify why individuals have chosen their present travel mode; and 3) assess attitudes and impacts pertaining to the transitways. KW - Authorized vehicle lanes KW - Carpools KW - Consumer behavior KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Median lanes KW - Surveys KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463313 AU - Knauer, H S AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVERGREEN RETAINING WALL SYSTEM. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/03 SP - 22 p. AB - This report covers the construction phase of the Evergreen Retaining Wall System on Section 100 of Interstate Route 476, the Mid County Expressway (or more commonly referred to as the Blue Route) in Ridley Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The report discusses the fabrication of the precast units; their shipment to the project, foundation preparation, and erection; and the evaluation of various construction-related factors. The evaluation indicates that no unusual problems were encountered or identified related to the construction phase of this project. Planting of the retaining wall system will be performed in the Spring and/or Fall of 1987 and will be evaluated in future reports. KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction problems KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Retaining walls KW - Segmental construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01469354 AU - Darrag, Ahmad Amr AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pile Capacity Predictions Using Static and Dynamic Load Testing PY - 1987/02/03 SP - 328p AB - Recommendations regarding the most reliable and economical load test methods needed by highway agencies for the design and control of bridge piles are introduced. The report contains an intensive review of the state-of-the-art of the loading equipment and instrumentations for the measurement of load and deformation. A review of the state-of-the-art of dynamic measurements and their potential uses is included. Recommendations are made concerning the necessary equipment and the associated costs. The phenomenon of residual stresses due to pile driving is discussed in detail. A simple approach was developed for the prediction of such stresses to make better predictions of pile capacity and to facilitate better interpretation of load results. A computer program, named PPILENF, was developed for the purpose of predicting additional pile loads due to negative skin friction. A complete user's manual is given, including several illustrative examples. KW - Bridge substructures KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation curve KW - Dynamic loads KW - Load tests KW - Negative skin friction KW - Pile driving KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Residual stress KW - State of the art KW - Static loads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314122 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218906 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00464671 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - DARRAG, A A AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE CAPACITY PREDICTIONS USING STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02/03 SP - 271 p. AB - Recommendations regarding the most reliable and economical load test methods needed by highway agencies for the design and control of bridge piles are introduced. The report contains an intensive review of the state-of-the-art of the loading equipment and instrumentation for the measurement of load and deformation. A review of the state-of-the-art of dynamic measurements and their potential uses is included. Recommendations are made concerning the necessary equipment and the associated costs. The phenomenon of residual stresses due to pile driving is discussed in detail. A simple approach was developed for the prediction of such stresses to make better predictions of pile capacity and to facilitate better interpretation of load results. A computer program, named PPILENF, was developed for the purpose of predicting additional pile loads due to negative skin friction. A complete user's manual is given including several illustrative examples. KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Forecasting KW - Load tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Negative friction KW - Negative skin friction KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Recommendations KW - Residual stress KW - State of the art studies KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584035 AU - Berney, Robert E AU - Wallace, Nancy AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pricing Policy for the Washington State Ferry System PY - 1987/02//Final Report SP - 118p AB - This study considers how prices are first set in the private sector using simple, micro-economic models. Second, it considers how prices should be set in the public sector using the theoretical framework of user charges in public finances. Third, it looks at how prices are established in the transportation literature, with the highway transportation literature being considered the more relevant. Then, how prices are determined in Washington's transportation system, in general, and the ferry system, in specific, were analyzed. Empirical evidence on Washington's ferry system fares and subsidies were studied as was evidence on the price elasticity of demand for various transportation services. Finally, the impacts of changing the price level for ferry services was considered as were a number of recommendations for pricing policy changes. KW - Elasticity (Economics) KW - Fares KW - Ferry service KW - Policy KW - Pricing KW - Subsidies KW - Washington (State) KW - Washington State Ferries UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/100.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01582315 AU - Hallenbeck, Mark E AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Truck Weight Using the FHWA Bridge Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) System PY - 1987/02//Final Report SP - 94p AB - This report documents Washington State's experiences with the Federal Highway Administration's bridge weigh-in-motion system. The system was tested on four concrete bridges (one arched slab, one box girder and two pretensioned concrete girders) with moderate to heavy traffic volumes. The system gave reasonable axle and gross vehicle weights under ideal conditions, but showed major limitations under high volumes. Over the life of the project, mean gross vehicle weight errors for individual trucks ranged between 11 and 18 percent with tandem and single axle weights having high mean errors. Errors for mean population gross vehicle weight estimates averaged two percent. KW - Errors KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Trucks KW - Washington (State) KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/092.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1375489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418753 AU - Beddow, B AU - Berger, S AU - Keegel, J C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - An evaluation of stop signs used with flashing traffic signals PY - 1987/02 IS - FHWA/RD-87-066 SP - 50P KW - Accident KW - Before and after studies KW - Before and after study KW - Crashes KW - Flashing light KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Highway traffic control KW - Red interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Red light KW - Stop sign KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Variability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414493 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Michie, J D AU - Calcote, L R AU - Hancock, K L AU - Mayer, J B AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge rail design and performance standards, Volume 1: Research report PY - 1987/02 IS - FHWA/RD-87-049 SP - 220p AB - This project evaluated bridge railings. State bridge rail designs submitted to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) were rated and the best of each type were selected for crash test evaluation. When necessary, the designs were improved and retested. Most of the crash tests were conducted with 4500 lb (2025 kg) cars at 60 mph (95 km/h) and a 25 degree angle and 1800 lb (800 kg) cars at 60 mph (95 km/h) and a 20 degree angle. Performance standards proposed in 1986 are presented, along with bridge railing geometric design considerations to minimize vehicle snagging. Design drawings of the successfully tested bridge rails are included (A). KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Guardrails KW - Safety KW - Safety fence KW - Structural design KW - Structural design KW - Structural safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01173179 AU - Smith, Kurt D AU - Snyder, Mark B AU - Darter, Michael I AU - Reiter, Michael J AU - Hall, Kathleen T AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pressure Relief and Other Joint Rehabilitation Techniques PY - 1987/02//Final Report SP - 284p AB - A study of four major concrete pavement joint rehabilitation techniques has been conducted, including: pressure relief joints, full-depth repairs, partial-depth repairs and joint resealing. The products of this research include the following for each technique: a summary of published research, detailed documentation of the design and performance of the 36 projects, conclusions and recommendations of the state highway engineers panel, "Design and Construction Guidelines" and "Guide Specifications. " The latter two products are prepared for use by state highway agencies. The results of this study are based upon a review of literature, extensive field surveys and analysis of 36 rehabilitation projects, and the experience of an expert panel of state highway engineers. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Joint resealing KW - Joint sealing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pressure relief joints KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Road construction UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19886 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33700/33755/FHWA-RD-86-XXX.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33700/33756/FHWA-RD-86-XXX-App.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/933254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463309 AU - Kuo, N M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NORTH FREEWAY TRANSITWAY: EVALUATION OF THE FIRST YEAR OF BARRIER-SEPARATED OPERATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 111 p. AB - This report documents the development, construction, and subsequent first year's operation of the North Freeway (I-45N) Transitway in Houston, Texas. The facility and its immediate predecessor, the North Freeway Contraflow Project, are described. A detailed discussion of the problems and unique solutions encountered during the construction and contraflow-to-transitway transition process are also described. Impacts to mainlane traffic, both in the peak and in the off-peak direction, are assessed through an analysis of travel times and speeds, vehicle and passenger flow rates, and freeway accident rates. Transitway operation is assessed through an analysis of HOV demand volumes and peaking characteristics, park-and-ride volumes, travel time savings, occupancy rates, violation rates, disabled vehicle incident rates, and a variety of other performance measures. Comparisons of corridor operations during the contraflow operating period, during the construction period, and during the transitway operating period are discussed and evaluated. Finally, projected facility direct benefits and costs are provided and analyzed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bus lanes KW - Contraflow lanes KW - Crash rates KW - Freeway operations KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic violations KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463308 AU - Nungesser, L G AU - Ledbetter, N P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING PARK-AND-RIDE DEMAND IN LARGE TEXAS CITIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 100 p. AB - Numerous park-and-ride lots are being developed in Texas. This report develops techniques to estimate the ranges in ridership that will likely occur at park-and-ride lots in large urban areas. The data base employed to develop these techniques uses the experiences of 16 park-and-ride lots in Houston, Texas. Several of these models are then applied to Dallas park-and-ride lots. The demand estimation techniques presented are intended to be relatively easy and inexpensive to apply and use only data that are readily available for Texas urban areas. These techniques are also developed to estimate the impact of high-occupancy vehicle lanes, also called authorized vehicle lanes, on park-and-ride lot utilization. KW - Demand KW - Estimating KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Park and ride KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472091 AU - Noel, E C AU - Dudek, C L AU - Pendleton, O J AU - McGee, H W AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Dudek & Associates AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED CONTROL THROUGH WORK ZONES: TECHNIQUES EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 46 p. AB - This report presents the implementation and evaluation of four techniques for improving the effectiveness of speed zoning in construction areas on multi-lane freeways. The techniques are (a) the flagging procedure of the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD), (b) the use of the MUTCD flagging procedure as well as motioning motorists to slow and pointing at a nearby speed limit sign with the free hand of the flagger, (c) a marked police car with cruiser lights and radar active, and (d) a uniformed police officer standing to control traffic. Each of the techniques were applied continuously on six-lane freeways for a period of 10-15 days. The results of the analysis indicate that all four techniques can derive significant reduction in traffic speed through highway construction zones. The flagging methods were effective in construction areas where one lane remained open to traffic. The law enforcement methods demonstrated a stronger speed reduction capability, particularly when the lane closures result in two or more lanes open. The construction projects used for the field data collection required speed reduction from the regulatory 55 mph to an advisory 45 mph. Although the law enforcement techniques were determined to be effective, their implementation requires a high degree of administrative coordination and cooperation involving police departments, highway officials and construction contractors. A User Guide on speed control in work zones is provided in Appendix B. KW - Effectiveness KW - Flaggers KW - Flagging KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police traffic direction KW - Police vehicles KW - Radar KW - Signs KW - Speed control KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/87004/87004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00752097 AU - Ridnour, R AU - Schaaf, D V AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT SURFACE TEXTURE ON NOISE AND FRICTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS PY - 1987/02 SP - 38 p. AB - An experimental modification of the transverse groove surface texture of a section of an urban interstate highway was performed by the Iowa Department of Transportation. Transverse groove texturing is a design feature required by the Federal Highway Administration to reduce skidding under wet pavement conditions. Adjacent residents claimed the texturing was the cause of especially annoying tonal characteristics within the traffic noise. A research proposal to modify the existing texture pattern by surface grinding and to study the noise and friction effects was approved for funding by the Iowa Highway Research Board. Results in the form of a comparison between traffic noise before modification and traffic noise immediately after and 15 months after modification indicate that the change in surface texture has lowered overall traffic noise levels by reducing a high frequency component of the traffic noise spectrum. Friction testing data show reduced capacity of the roadway to inhibit wet pavement skidding as a result of the surface modification. KW - Before and after studies KW - Friction KW - Friction reduction KW - Grinding KW - Modifications KW - Noise KW - Pavement grooving KW - Pavements KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Seal coats KW - Skid resistance KW - Sound level KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texture KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/13455 UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/44000/44700/44736/hr281.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474854 AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Knoblauch, R H AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS' COMPREHENSION OF REGULATORY, WARNING, AND SYMBOL SIGNS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III: APPENDICES PY - 1987/02 SP - 211 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to identify, from existing research on warning, regulatory, and symbol signs, where deficiencies in motorists' understanding may pose safety or operational problems and to define acceptable levels of motorists' comprehension. The study developed alternative designs to remedy the identified deficiencies. These proposed alternatives were laboratory tested, and final sign designs were evaluated in a simulated highway environment. The results of the simulator evaluation were verified in closed field tests. See also Volume I: Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/111 and Volume II: Technical Report - FHWA/RD-86/112. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Regulatory signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474853 AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Knoblauch, R H AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS' COMPREHENSION OF REGULATORY, WARNING, AND SYMBOL SIGNS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 121 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to identify, from existing research on warning, regulatory, and symbol signs, where deficiencies in motorists' understanding may pose safety or operational problems and to define acceptable levels of motorists' comprehension. The study developed alternative designs to remedy the identified deficiencies. These proposed alternatives were laboratory tested, and final sign designs were evaluated in a simulated highway environment. The results of the simulator evaluation were verified in closed field tests. See also Volume I: Executive Summary - FHWA/RD-86/111 and Volume III: Appendices - FHWA/RD-86/113 KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Regulatory signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602730 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - ABDULSHAFI, A AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION AND REVISION OF DEVELOPED CONCEPTS FOR ODOT PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. VOLUME II: PAVEMENT CONDITION RATING MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 118 p. AB - The rating method is based upon visual inspection of pavement distress. Although the relationship between pavement distress and performance is not well defined, there is general agreement that the ability of a pavement to sustain traffic loads in a safe and smooth manner is adversely affected by the occurrence of observable distress. The rating method provides a procedure for uniformly identifying and describing, in terms of severity and extent, pavement distress. The mathematical expression for pavement condition rating (PCR) provides an index reflecting the composite effects of varying distress types, severity, and extent upon the overall condition of the pavement. KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474818 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Michie, J D AU - Calcote, L R AU - Hancock, K L AU - Mayer, J B AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RAIL DESIGNS AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 165 p. AB - This project evaluated bridge railings. State bridge rail designs submitted to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) were rated and the best of each type were selected for crash test evaluation. When necessary, the designs were improved and retested. Most of the crash tests were conducted with 4500-lb (2025-kg) cars at 60 mph (95 km/h) and a 25-degree angle and 1800-lb (800-kg) cars at 60 mph (95 km/h) and a 20-degree angle. Performance standards proposed in 1986 are presented, along with bridge railing geometric design considerations to minimize vehicle snagging. Design drawings of the successfully tested bridge rails are included. KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Geometric design KW - Impact tests KW - Quality of work KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488226 AU - Tilsworth, T AU - Travis, M D AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FISH PASSAGE THROUGH POPLAR GROVE CREEK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 108 p. AB - This study was conducted in 1985 to investigate the swimming performance of Arctic grayling through a highway culvert in Alaska. An existing culvert at Poplar Grove Creek was used for this project. The culvert is 110 ft. long, 5 ft. in diameter and is inadequate when evaluated for Alaska Department of Fish and Game fish passage criteria. The drainage area experienced a 20 year flood during the study period. Excessive pipe velocities, as high as 12 fps, prevented fish from passing the culvert for 8 days. A visual technique to observe tagged fish was used to monitor fish migration through the pipe when abnormally high velocities receded. Some 70% of the fish passed at velocities of 7.3 fps and 95% passed at velocities of 6.9 fps. The present design criteria for allowable maximum flowrate for a culvert of this size is 1.8 fps. A cost analysis of a proposed headwall and culvert installation 10 ft. in diameter and 50 ft. long, designed to replace the existing pipe, showed a 20 fold increase in cost. Fish passage observations at this site indicate that the design criteria requiring such a large replacement culvert are excessively conservative. Recommendations for improved design criteria are included with this report. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fish ladders KW - Fish passage KW - Flow KW - Flow rate UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476026 AU - Arens, J B AU - Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) TI - THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF AUTOMOTIVE HEADLIGHT CHANGES ON THE VISIBILITY OF REFLECTORIZED HIGHWAY SIGNS PY - 1987/02 SP - 12 p. AB - The performance of five types of sealed-beam and three types of European sharp-cutoff units was examined on a divided 4-lane rural roadway with a 1000-ft straight and level approach to a sign bridge containing three large overhead signs. All sealed-beam headlamps provided sufficient light to make non-illuminated, reflectorized overhead signs located in rural areas visible and legible. Sharp-cutoff headlamps, unless designed with optics to provide a small quantity of upward light, will render reflectorized, non-illuminated overhead signs almost invisible. KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Performance KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Rural areas KW - Sealed beam headlights KW - Sharp cutoff headlights KW - Vehicle lighting devices KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473192 AU - Ganung, G A AU - Larsen, D A AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A HOT-MIXED BITUMINOUS RECYCLED PAVEMENT, ROUTE 4, BURLINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 47 p. AB - In June 1980, a 0.71-mile section of a longer reconstruction of Rt 4 in Burlington was reserved as a testbed for hot-mix asphalt concrete recycling project. The observation sections included a full-depth recycled portion, a full-depth conventional asphalt pavement serving as a control, a 2 1/2-inch recycled overlay, and a 2 1/2-inch conventional overlay control. The recycled material is a blend of 30% milled material and 70% virgin aggregate. Testing was initiated in October 1980 and consisted of condition surveys, friction tests, photologging, roughness measurements, transverse-surface profiles and extraction tests on cores. Distress on the full-depth sections consisted almost entirely of longitudinal cracking, initiating approximately 1 1/2 years after placement, with a rapid increase beginning in 1985. As of September 1986, the full-depth recycled portion shows about 2 1/4 times the total crack length as the control. Total crack lengths are slightly greater in the westbound direction, probably due to heavier truck loads. Friction numbers on all sections show a strong seasonal variation and are marginal as of 1986. Roughness is low and no rutting has been detected. Extraction tests show that asphalt viscosities are higher on the recycled than on the control, possibly accounting for the greater cracking on the recycled. This condition is reversed on the short, overlaid sections. This cannot be explained at this time. Past research by others suggests that rapid aging may be inherent with recycled asphalts. Economic analysis shows a potential saving with recycling if modifications are made in the batch plant. Recommendations include a continuation of the observations for another two years including further extraction tests. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Chemical analysis KW - Condition surveys KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Economic analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Friction tests KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Photologging KW - Recycling KW - Resource extraction KW - Roughness KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Transverse profile KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472681 AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PENNSYLVANIA BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 252 p. AB - A Bridge Management Work Group developed the engineering concepts and requirements and assisted the system contractor in the development of a total Bridge Management System (BMS). The general objective for the BMS was to develop a management tool which will enable a systematic determination of present needs for maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement of bridges in Pennsylvania and to predict future needs using various scenarios, along with a prioritization for maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement, which will provide guidance in the effective use of designated funds. The Work Group had the responsibility for the development of comprehensive technical/engineering concepts which (1) integrate and utilize data from the Structure Inventory Records System (SIRS) and other data bases, (2) enhance and expand the SIRS data base, (3) systematically evaluate the deficiencies and associated costs, (4) record maintenance and construction cost history, and (5) yield a spectrum of information designed to enable cost-effective management of the bridge system. The software implementation date was December 24, 1986, with full implementation completed February 28, 1987. The Department assumed responsibility for the BMS software on March 1, 1987. A separate Commentary and Sensitivity Analysis Report dated April 1987 is available. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469337 AU - Beddow, B E AU - BERGER, S AU - Keegel, J C AU - Development Assistance Corporation AU - Savez Gradjevindkih Inzenjera I Tehnicara Jugoslav AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STOP SIGNS USED WITH FLASHING TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 53 p. AB - The City of Orlando proposed to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) that an evaluation be conducted of blank-out signs at intersections where traffic signals are in a flashing mode for a good part of the day or night. The signs are two-position devices which display a STOP message in one position. The structure of the project included objectives of determining the safety benefits of the blank-out sign installation and resultant cost-effectiveness ratios. KW - Benefits KW - Blank-out signs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468637 AU - Owings, R P AU - Rhomicron, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF MECHANICS TO ROADSIDE SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 170 p. AB - The report summarizes the analysis procedures and concepts used by the highway research community to design roadside safety appurtenances. The concepts of momentum, kinetic energy and work are presented. Applications to the design of impact attenuators, breakaway hardware, and longitudinal barriers are discussed. The objective of the report is to present the state of the practice in applying mechanics to the design of roadside safety appurtenances. KW - Barrier design KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash cushions KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Roadside KW - Safety equipment KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464617 AU - Morales-Valentin, G E AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT ON THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER DEFLECTIONS USED FOR STRUCTURAL EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 134 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflection data. The data were collected on a controlled test facility and on in-service pavements. The thrust of the study was the investigation of the effect of vertical temperature differential on the FWD deflections. A methodology for either avoiding or removing the effect of the DT on the FWD deflections is presented. This methodology will improve the present state of the structural evaluation of rigid pavements. KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural analysis KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475004 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Bruno, N J AU - Fortuniewicz, J S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN ECONOMIC MODEL TO COMPARE MEDIAN BARRIER COSTS. SECOND INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 39 p. AB - The New York State Department of Transportation specifies concrete safety-shaped barrier in narrow medians on high-volume urban expressways, where frequent impact repairs would result in traffic delays and high repair costs if steel barriers were used. Because of the higher initial cost of the concrete barrier, its cost-effectiveness has been questioned. This report describes a model developed to compare the total costs of concrete safety-shaped and heavy-post blocked-out W-beam median barrier. This model considers construction, repair, and user accident costs, using input values selected from construction and repair cost, and accident data compiled by New York and others. The model was used to determine which barrier is the better economic choice for various situations. A manual worksheet and computer spreadsheet solutions were developed to permit designers to solve the model for other highway situations, and to use alternative values for the input parameters. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the effects of the various input parameters on the break-even traffic volume at which the two systems provide equal cost. Because it has a higher initial cost but lower repair cost, the concrete barrier is the more economical at higher traffic volumes. KW - Accident costs KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economics KW - Mathematical models KW - Median barriers KW - Models KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Shape KW - Steel structures KW - Structural steel KW - Traffic volume KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474852 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Biotechnology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTORISTS' COMPREHENSION OF REGULATORY, WARNING, AND SYMBOL SIGNS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/02 SP - 25 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to identify, from existing research on warning, regulatory, and symbol signs, where deficiencies in motorists' understanding may pose safety or operational problems and to define acceptable levels of motorists' comprehension. The study developed alternative designs to remedy the identified deficiencies. These proposed alternatives were laboratory tested, and final sign designs were evaluated in a simulated highway environment. The results of the simulator evaluation were verified in closed field tests. See also Volume II: Technical Report - FHWA/RD-86/112 and Volume III: Appendices - FHWA/RD-86/113. KW - Design KW - Driving simulators KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Regulatory signs KW - Symbols KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472204 AU - Nihan, N L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACTS OF FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL ON EASTBOUND SR 520. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 84 p. AB - This project analyzed and evaluated the impacts of ramp metering and a new ramp HOV lane on eastbound SR520 which connects Seattle and the Eastside suburbs. Data analyzed included origin-destination surveys, manual vehicle occupancy counts, floating car travel-times, queue-length counts, electronic volume and lane-occupancy values, and bus travel-times. The results showed that the numbers of carpools and vanpools were significantly increased on the ramp with the new HOV lane and overall level-of-service was improved for mainline SR520. A significant number of trips were diverted from the local neighborhood to I-5. Queue-lengths and travel-times to the ramp mergers with the mainline increased significantly for both ramps. This was an expected result and had the desired effect of diverting trips from the neighborhood and increasing HOV ridership. KW - Bus lanes KW - Carpools KW - Freeway operations KW - Freeway ramps KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Lane occupancy KW - Origin and destination KW - Queuing KW - Ramp metering KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel time KW - Vanpools KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/099.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281019 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471879 AU - Campbell, R AU - Christopherson, A AU - Nottingham, D AU - Peratrovich, Nottingham & Drage, Incorporated AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF FINS ON PILES FOR INCREASED TENSION CAPACITY (SPIN-FIN PILES). FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 50 p. AB - Tension capacity of pipe piles with screw-type fins (spin-fins) is compared to tension capacity of pipe piles with straight fins and without fins. Spin-fin piles are driven piles with welded fin attachments which modify pile behavior under both tensile and compressive loads. Uplift load test results on 2", 8 5/8", and 16" diameter piles form the core of the report, and discussion of relative pile characteristics and capacities augments these results. A short summary of the pile test procedures and a graphical summary of pile test results are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of spin-fin piles are summarized and potential applications are presented. Test results indicate that spin-fin piles have the following advantages over unmodified pipe piles: increased ultimate tension and compression capacity, no loss of strength after repetitive loading beyond yield point, and failure mode is progressive, not catastrophic. It is expected that spin-fin piles will increasingly be used to replace unmodified piles in many applications. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Compression tests KW - Driven piles KW - Finned piles KW - Load tests KW - Pile behavior KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pipe KW - Pipe piles KW - Repeated loads KW - Tensile load KW - Tension KW - Tension capacity KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Uplift pressure KW - Uplift resistance, piles UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472205 AU - Nihan, N L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK IMPLEMENTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 52 p. AB - The Telecom Link established between the University of Washington and the WSDOT Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) was updated during this project in order to handle the shift made by the TSMC from a 1700 loop surveillance system to a 2200 loop system. Special computer programs were also written to provide specialized summary statistics for key stations. The new software allowed statistics for key stations to be collected and summarized during data transfer. The entire transfer retrieval system was streamlined during the Telecom II project to reduce costs. Finally, freeway incident analysis was performed with a volume/occupancy data set to demonstrate the use of the new system for TSM research. KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information retrieval KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Telecommunications KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Transportation system management UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/109.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463310 AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Bonilla, C R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY AND OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF SHOULDERS ON URBAN FREEWAYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 191 p. AB - This report presents accident investigations and findings of various Texas and California freeway segments, where data and cross section characteristics allowed for statistical comparisons. This report presents the findings of motorist surveys and observations of vehicles stopped on freeway shoulders. It also analyzes the placement of autos and trucks traveling the inside lane where concrete barrier walls have been erected. The principle objective of the study is to document the safety and operational impacts of freeway cross sections operating with shoulders of less than standard width. This report investigates freeway segments provided with no, partial, and full shoulders; that is, those whose shoulder widths are zero to two feet, three to seven feet, and eight or more feet, respectively. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Road shoulders KW - Traffic surveys KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463312 AU - Highlands, K L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF WABOCRETE FMV EXPANSION DAM SYSTEM. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/02 SP - 17 p. AB - This research project will evaluate the construction and performance of expansion dam systems which use elastomeric concrete to anchor strip seal expansion dam assemblies to bridge decks. There are four experimental construction sites on this research project. This report details the construction of an expansion dam system using Wabocrete FMV elastomeric concrete. The installation took place on a dual three-span steel I-beam bridge located Eastbound on Interstate 70, L.R. 267 in Fulton County. Because of cold ambient temperatures on the installation day, torpedo heaters and metal covers were used to heat the air over the joint and shorten the curing time. The Wabocrete FMV elastomeric concrete placed at this site was efficiently mixed. No significant problems were encountered during placement of the expansion dam system. KW - Anchorages KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction problems KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457961 AU - Crowl, Timothy AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Behavior of Mucks and Amorphous Peats as Embankment Foundations: Executive Summary PY - 1987/01//Final Report SP - 20p AB - The construction of highway embankments over deposits of amorphous peat and muck is made difficult by the low shear strengths, high compressibilities, and excessive amounts of creep typically associated with soils of this nature. This report begins with a review of the compression behavior of these soils, including a method for predicting embankment settlements from the results of laboratory tests. A soil testing program is then developed for the determination of parameters required for embankment design and construction. Field vane shear tests are recommended for the measurement of the undrained shear strength, and creep tests are recommended for calculation of the parameters required for settlement prediction. The report concludes with the presentation of a procedure for design and construction of embankments over amorphous peats and mucks. The procedure relies upon the use of stage loading, preloading, and in some instances geotextiles, to overcome the problems ordinarily encountered during construction over such soft soils. Design examples illustrating this procedure are provided. KW - Compressibility KW - Creep KW - Embankment foundations KW - Geotextiles KW - Ground settlement KW - Peat KW - Soft soils KW - Soil tests UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314606 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01428903 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Hoban, C J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Low cost methods for improving traffic operations on two lane roads: information guide PY - 1987/01 IS - FHWA/IP-87-2 SP - 104P AB - This report is an informational guide for highway agencies on the use of low cost improvements to alleviate operational problems on two lane highways. The guide addresses both passing and turning improvements that can be constructed for a lower cost than construction of a continuous four lane highway. The passing improvements presented in the guide include passing lanes, climbing lanes, short four lane sections, turnouts, shoulder driving, and shoulder use sections. The turning improvements included are intersection turn lanes, shoulder bypass lanes, and two way left turn lanes. Design and traffic control guidelines presented for these improvements include location and configuration guidelines, geometric design criteria, recommended signing and marking practices, and operational and safety effectiveness estimates. Guidelines for planning operational improvements over an extended section of two lane highway are provided. The guide also reviews evaluation procedures for passing and turning improvements, with particular emphasis on the application of the 1985 highway capacity manual procedures for two lane highways. A case study involving the evaluation of passing lane effectiveness on two lane highways is also presented (a). KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Highway KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Level of service KW - Level of service KW - Overtaking KW - Passing KW - Road design KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1196692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416549 AU - National Highway Institute TI - Status report: rural technical assistance program; a review of 58 projects from FY 1982 through FY 1987 PY - 1987/01 SP - 84P KW - Activity report KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Education KW - Education KW - Financing KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Local government KW - Local government KW - Road authority KW - Road funding KW - Road maintenance KW - Road management KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer KW - Transport authority KW - Transportation departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01366345 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Hoban, C J AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Low-Cost Methods for Improving Traffic Operations on Two-Lane Roads: Informational Guide PY - 1987/01//Implementation Guide SP - 104p AB - This report is an Informational Guide for highway agencies on the use of low-cost improvements to alleviate operational problems on two-lane highways. The Guide addresses both passing and turning improvements that can be constructed for a lower cost than construction of a continuous four-lane highway. The passing improvements presented in the Guide include passing lanes, climbing lanes, short four-lane sections, turnouts, shoulder driving, and shoulder use sections. The turning improvements included are intersection turn lanes, shoulder bypass lanes, and two-way left-turn lanes. Design and traffic control guidelines presented for these improvements include location and configuration guidelines, geometric design criteria, recommended signing and marking practices, and operational and safety effectiveness estimates. Guidelines for planning operational improvements over an extended section of two-lane highway are provided. The Guide also reviews evaluation procedures for passing and turning improvements, with particular emphasis on the application of the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual procedures for two-lane highways. A case study involving the evaluation of passing lane effectiveness on two-lane highways is also presented. KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Passing KW - Turning traffic KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1134894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481032 AU - Parker, F AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRIPPING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE - PHYSICAL TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 48 p. AB - The freeze-thaw stress pedestal test, the boil test and the indirect tensile test were evaluated for assessing the stripping potential of typical Alabama asphalt concrete mixes and the effectiveness of antistripping additives. This was accomplished by testing surface and base/binder mixes with five aggregate combinations, two sources of asphalt cement and three antistripping additives. Because of the test complexity and lack of a strong correlation with stripping performance, the freeze-thaw stress pedestal test is not recommended. The boil and indirect tensile tests, in combination, offer a viable, although, imperfect, system for stripping evaluation. The lack of a strong correlation with reported field performance detracts from both tests. However, the imprecise and subjective nature of the reported performance and the correlations obtained by others are mitigating factors. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Boil test KW - Boiling KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physical tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tension tests KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481033 AU - Tarrer, A R AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRIPPING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE - CHEMICAL TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 190 p. AB - Although it is generally felt that the mechanism of stripping is the displacement by water or moisture of asphalt films from the aggregate surfaces, the action of water in stripping is still not entirely explained. Various methods have been developed and used to prevent stripping in asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Common practice is to use chemical antistripping additives. The objectives of the present investigation were to develop a better understanding of the nature of adhesion and stripping phenomena, to relate stripping propensity with aggregate characteristics, to identify the fundamental properties of additives that are primarily responsible for effectiveness, and to develop criteria for selection and use of antistripping additives. The boil test was chosen for studying the stripping process. An UV spectroscopic method to detect polyamine type antistripping additives was used successfully. Also a definitive method for quantifying the additives in asphalt cement by using a tracer metal was developed. Aggregates which impart a relatively high pH value to contacting water and/or which have relatively high surface potential show higher stripping propensity. The effectiveness of an antistripping additive can be determined by observing the contact angle of an asphalt drop on an aggregate immersed in water. Additive dosage level was more important than the type additive, and 0.5 to 1.0% was the typical dosage for desired performance. It was found from their IR spectra, that all proprietary additives tested were amines or chemical compounds containing amines. All additives tested were thermally unstable at temperatures above 300 deg F. The effectiveness of an antistripping additive could be maximized when applying it directly to the aggregate and could be improved considerably by storing the asphalt-aggregate mixture at a high temperature (about 300 deg F) for several hours. The addition of most antistripping additives softened asphalt and reduced age-hardening. Certain organometallic additives, however, increased the age-hardening of asphalt. KW - Adhesion KW - Age hardening KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Amines KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Boil test KW - Boiling KW - Chemical tests KW - Dosage KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - pH value KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tests KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) KW - Ultraviolet spectroscopy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481031 AU - Parker, F AU - Tarrer, A R AU - Auburn University AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRIPPING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE - SUMMARY PY - 1987/01 SP - 11 p. AB - Stripping in asphalt concrete has long been recognized as a cause of premature pavement damage. The stripping mechanism, the nature of antistripping additives, tests for assessing stripping potential and antistripping agent effectiveness, and procedures for detecting additives in asphalt cement were studied. Aggregate, asphalt cement and antistripping additives typical of Alabama were utilized in a testing program. Stripping is a complex phenomenon related to numerous physical and chemical properties of all mix constituents (aggregate, asphalt cement and additives). Each mix must be tested individually and any change in constituents can affect results. Antistripping additives should be tested only after aging for times and temperatures approximating construction conditions. The boil and tensile strength tests, in combination, provide a viable, although imperfect, system for assessing mix stripping potential and antistripping additives effectiveness. The tensile strength test measures basic properties and permits simulation of construction and environmental conditions and, as a result, is recommended for assessing mix stripping potential and antistripping agent effectiveness. The boil test is simplier and correlates reasonably well with the tensile strength test. The boil test on complete mixes or on one size standard aggregate is recommended for quality control. KW - Aggregates KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Boil test KW - Boiling KW - Chemical properties KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Physical properties KW - Quality control KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477362 AU - Vannoy, D W AU - Ghorbanpoor, Al AU - White, E J AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION DETECTION AND MONITORING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE COMPONENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 267 p. AB - Over ten thousand highway bridges in the United States reach their fatigue life limits every year. This emphasizes on the need for developing an effective method for evaluation of the structural integrity of those structures. The current inspection of highway bridges depends on the visual examination, ultrasonic and occasional radiographic techniques that have shown a low degree of reliability in detecting small cracks. Application of acoustic emission technique in the aerospace and nuclear industries have proved considerable capabilities in detecting extremely small crack growth increments. This technique was used in this study to characterize acoustic emission signals that are related to the growth of fatigue cracks in bridge components. A number of welded and rolled beams and small specimens were subjected to cyclic loadings in the laboratory. Acoustic emission data were obtained and evaluated in the time and frequency domains. It was concluded that the acoustic emission technique may provide a positive solution to the existing problem of detecting small fatigue cracks in highway bridge structures. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472116 AU - Dudek, C L AU - McCasland, W R AU - Burns, E N AU - Dudek & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROMOTIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO OFF-SITE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 46 p. AB - The research documented in this report involved a review of legal and insurance issues relative to off-site accident investigation locations, referred to as Accident Investigation Sites (AISs), through library searches and contact with a limited number of individuals, organizations, and agencies involved in the coordination or administration of legal and insurance matters as related to traffic accidents. In addition, the literature regarding the use of AISs was reviewed. AISs are low-cost special designated and signed areas off the freeway where damaged vehicles can be moved, motorists can exchange information, and police and motorists can complete the necessary accident forms. These areas are located such that the motorists involved in the accident, the investigating police and the tow truck operators are out of view from freeway drivers. Thus "rubbernecking" and consequently, freeway congestion, is reduced. Freeway congestion is also reduced because the motorists involved in property-damage-only accidents have a place where they can move their vehicles while waiting for the police investigators to arrive. Experiences with AISs in Houston, Texas resulted in a benefit-cost ratio of 28:1 during the first year of operation. Data indicated that the potential benefit-cost ratio could be as high as 35:1, that is, $35 return for every $1 invested. The AIS concept is applicable for a variety of metropolitan area traffic management strategies. Three broad catagories of situations are as follows: 1) No electronic surveillance and control traffic management system exists - AISs can be implemented; 2) an agency is planning to implement an electronic freeway surveillance and control traffic management system - AISs can be included as part of the overall system; and 3) existing urban freeway networks which have operating electronic surveillance and control traffic management systems - AISs can be added. The report identifies and discusses the administrative, location, design, operational, legal and insurance issues that must be addressed by highway and police agencies in order to successfully implement and operate AISs. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Insurance KW - Legal factors KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468740 AU - Eck, R W AU - Sack, W A AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING FEASIBILITY OF WEST VIRGINIA OIL AND GAS FIELD BRINES AS HIGHWAY DEICING AGENTS. PHASE 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/01 SP - 7 p. AB - Phase 1 of the research effort indicated that use of natural brines as a highway deicing agent was technically feasible and appeared to be cost-effective in a variety of situations. It seemed appropriate to proceed from the essentially laboratory and pilot scale research level to a larger scale use of brines. However, a number of practical issues needed to be resolved before statewide conversion to brine could become a reality. KW - Brines KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deicing KW - Feasibility analysis KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468184 AU - Frederick, G R AU - Ardis, C V AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PRECAST CONCRETE BOX SECTIONS INSTALLED WITHOUT SHEAR CONNECTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - n.p. AB - Based upon our earlier research (1984), the Ohio Department of Transportation no longer requires the use of shear connectors on precast concrete box culverts conforming to ASTM Standard C 850-76. ODOT does not require the use of edge beams when shear connectors are not used. This investigation was undertaken to collect strain and deflection data on box culverts, subjected to highway loading, which were installed without shear connectors. After interpreting these data, the necessity of the AASHTO edge beam requirement was assessed and a precast box section with less than two feet of cover was re-designed for HS 20 loading. Our re-design was used for an ODOT bridge replacement in 1985 and was successfully tested in the field. Testing of one-sixth size scale models was also performed. This yielded more strain information than was possible to collect during the field testing phase. It also provided additional verification of the re-design. Based upon the results of this research, it is concluded that present ASTM C 850 box sections are over-designed structurally and the AASHTO edge beam requirement need not be enforced for box culverts. It is recommended that the present ASTM C 850 specification be discontinued. It is further recommended that the ASTM C 789 specification with four feet of cover serve all cases when the cover is four feet or less. For cover cases greater than four feet, the current ASTM C 789 specification could continue to be used, or perhaps they should be re-designed. KW - Box culverts KW - Deflection KW - Design standards KW - Fasteners KW - Field tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Scale models KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Specifications KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467824 AU - Havens, J H AU - Hopwood, T AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECKS AND OVERLAYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 72 p. AB - The report presents a historical perspective of the Transportation Cabinet's bridge deck construction and maintenance efforts directed toward increasing bridge deck durability. Bridge decks crack in specific patterns that primarily depend upon bridge designs. Normal deck cracking is due to load-induced and thermal effects. Each type of cracking has a distinct pattern. One-hundred and nineteen experimental bridge deck overlays were inspected. Included were 9 membrane bridges, 87 latex concrete overlays and 23 low-slump overlays. The overlays had been placed originally on both new and existing bridge decks on various routes throughout the state. Most of the overlays were rated in good to excellent condition. None of the overlay methods was discernibly superior to the others. Thirty-four integral abutment bridges were inspected. Nearly all of those bridges are in good to very good condition. Only one bridge had a problem caused by settlement. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Durability KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Jointless bridges KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slump test KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467825 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Havens, J H AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE FEATURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 61 p. AB - Experimental bridge features and service problems investigated during this study are reviewed. Those were epoxy-coated reinforcing steel, stay-in-place forms, experimental deck features (rotary compaction and broomed deck finishing), precast segmental bridges, steel-corrosion control methods (weathering steel and hot-dipped galvanizing), microsilica concrete, failures of masonry coatings, and failures of aluminum guardrail-retaining nuts. Several features including latex and low-slump overlays, epoxy-coated reinforcing steel, and broomed deck finishes (for state-built bridges), are now in common use. Most of the other experimental bridge features were performing satisfactorily. A corrosion problem was observed on one weathering steel bridge. Analyses of failures of masonry coatings and the aluminum nuts resulted in identification of the probable causes of the failures and remedial recommendations. The report also contains recommendations for further research. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete forms KW - Corrosion protection KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Failure analysis KW - Galvanizing KW - Guardrails KW - Hot dip galvanizing KW - Masonry construction KW - Microsilica concrete KW - Nuts (Fasteners) KW - Precast concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Rotary compaction KW - Segmental construction KW - Silica fume KW - Stay in place forms KW - Structural design KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464661 AU - Boyce, C AU - Hudson, W R AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED SAFETY INDICES FOR PRIORITIZING BRIDGE PROJECTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 100 p. AB - This report introduces the Structural Safety Index and the Geometric Safety Index. Both of these indices represent improvements that could be made to the current procedure used by the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation to select and/or prioritize bridge projects for rehabilitation and replacement. It is also shown in this report where the indices fit into the developed Computerized Bridge Project Selection Program. Background information is provided on the condition of bridges in Texas and nationwide. Current selection and prioritization methods are reviewed and the federal Sufficiency Rating is critiqued. The Structural Safety Index is implemented using information contained in the guidelines for determining condition ratings. The Geometric Safety Index is implemented using Texas accident data for 1985. Examples are used to illustrate calculation of the indices. Methods for using the indices are presented and illustrated with an example. Directions for future research are included. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Geometric design KW - Guidelines KW - Indexes (Information management) KW - Maintenance KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural design KW - Sufficiency rating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464609 AU - Hammer, J B AU - Tye, E J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERHEAD YELLOW-RED FLASHING BEACONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 53 p. AB - Intersection accidents are a major safety problem on highways. In rural areas, 27 percent of all accidents and 17 percent of fatal accidents occur at intersections. The use of flashing yellow-red beacons is considered desirable for controlling intersection traffic. However, reviews of "Before and After" accident experience at some intersections controlled with yellow-red flashing beacons show that reductions in accident rates and severity may occur only for the short term. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term effects of overhead center-mounted yellow-red flashing beacons. Factors which were found to be related to the level of accidents occurring at intersections controlled by a flashing beacon include: 1) Intersection Type, 2) Driver Impairment, 3) Adjacent Development. Also, it was found that flashing beacons do not significantly reduce the number of fatal accidents at intersections. Additionally, the ratio of traffic volumes among the legs of an intersection do not affect the number of right-angle or the total number of accidents at intersections with flashing beacons. Finally, flashing beacon use should be avoided at "Y", offset, or intersections with more than four legs. The geometry of these intersections frequently does not provide an adequate line of sight from all intersection legs to a center mounted beacon. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Driver impairment KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Flashing beacons KW - Four leg intersections KW - Four way intersections KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intersections KW - Long term KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Right angle crashes KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rural highways KW - Three leg intersections KW - Time duration KW - Traffic volume KW - Y intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475112 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF HYDRATED LIME AS AN ANTISTRIPPING ADDITIVE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 30 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of six test sections of asphalt concrete that contained no additive, hydrated lime, and a chemical additive. Tests were also conducted on pavement samples taken periodically to determine whether hydrated lime slows the hardening rate of asphalt cement as has been reported by others. Visual examination of pavement samples generally revealed less stripping in pavements containing hydrated lime than in pavements with no additive or with the chemical additives that are routinely used. The tensile strength ratio correlated reasonably well with the amount of stripping observed; but there were some exceptions that were possibly caused by differences in the permeabilities of the pavements. The stripping has not caused any significant pavement distress. The correlation between the hardening of the asphalt cement and age of the pavements was poor for five of the projects. The only project which produced acceptable correlations showed no significant difference in the hardening rates of the various mixes. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Test sections KW - Testing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36685/87-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474821 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Rutherford, M S AU - Hicks, R G AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SPRING HIGHWAY USE RESTRICTIONS PY - 1987/01 SP - 15 p. AB - This report is a supplement to the video presentation "Guidelines for Spring Highway Use Restrictions." Air temperature based criteria (thawing index) were developed which can be used to estimate when to apply and remove load restrictions. This supplement provides guidelines for where to apply load restrictions, the amount of the load restrictions to apply and when to apply and remove load restrictions. Example calculations and a blank data collection sheet are also included. KW - Guidelines KW - Highway travel KW - Load limits KW - Restrictions KW - Spring breakup KW - Temperature KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474909 AU - Boyce, C AU - Hudson, W R AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENTS IN ON-SYSTEM BRIDGE PROJECT PRIORITIZATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 88 p. AB - This report presents information on possible improvements to the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation's 1985-86 method of on-system bridge project prioritization. Within this project the method has been computerized, giving speed, consistency, and efficiency to the selection process. The program's output divides projects into three groups of bridges, termed Qualifying bridges, Marginal bridges, and Non-Qualifying bridges. Funding recommendations involving Qualifying and Non-Qualifying bridges are relatively straightforward and can be presented via computer. Marginal bridges require additional information and analyses before funding recommendations are made; the computer program produces a list of Marginal bridges and summarizes decision-making information for each. A variety of program inputs can be used and the results from several input files can be compared, offering new information to the decision maker. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Decision making KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472676 AU - Hewett, D L AU - Miley, W G AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE SURVEY OF FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA'S SURFACE COURSES (1986). ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 113 p. AB - This report summarizes Florida's Statewide Survey of Friction Characteristics of Surface Courses for the year 1986, covering the measuring devices and calibration procedures, types of testing involved and test results. Approximately 8476 lane miles of Florida's surface courses were tested in 1986. Results and analysis of the test values are presented in this report. KW - Calibration KW - Florida KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Measuring instruments KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472106 AU - Morales, J M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETROREFLECTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNS - A STOP SIGN CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 28 p. AB - This study determined the performance of STOP signs based on their retroreflective properties. Thirty-five 30-inch STOP signs, including engineering grade and high intensity, were measured in the laboratory to determine their retroreflective properties. A subset of ten signs was taken to the field to determine how far they could be recognized by paid subjects. Mathematical relationships between the various retroreflective properties and recognition distance were developed. The overall specific intensity per unit area (SIA) was found to be a good measure for estimating the recognition distance of STOP signs. By computing the minimum sign viewing distance for various approach speeds, the required integrated SIA of STOP signs was found. Findings from this study will (1) aid in establishing minimum in-service levels of retroreflectivity for STOP signs, (2) assist field personnel to determine whether a particular STOP sign is providing the desired recognition distance or whether it should be replaced, and (3) give an insight to the feasibility of creating minimum in-service retroreflective standards for other types of traffic signs. KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Distance KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Luminous intensity KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Perception KW - Recognition KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Speed KW - Standards KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472176 AU - Eck, R W AU - Sack, W A AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING FEASIBILITY OF WEST VIRGINIA OIL AND GAS FIELD BRINES AS HIGHWAY DEICING AGENTS -- PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 100 p. AB - The research described in this report represents the second phase of a comprehensive research project to determine the feasibility of West Virginia oil and gas field brines as highway deicing agents. Phase II focused on the development and testing of a portable, truck-mounted spray applicator system powered by the hydraulic system on the truck. Based on two winters of field testing on a section of state highway, it was concluded that low-pressure application is a viable approach to deicing winter highways. The applicator, with its ground-speed-control capabilities, proved to be more effective than either the high-pressure or gravity application which had been field tested in earlier work. Since the quality and quantity of brines used on roadways needs to be controlled, a model set of guidelines and conditions relative to the use of oil and gas field brines was prepared. Any large scale usage of brine for deicing will require written agreements between the highway agency and oil and gas producers. A typical agreement, outlining the responsibilities of both parties in terms of providing, transporting, and storing brine, was developed and is included in the final report. KW - Brines KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Effectiveness KW - Equipment KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Handling KW - Handling and storage KW - Handling characteristics KW - Low pressure KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pressure KW - Regulations KW - Sprayers KW - Storage facilities KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463327 AU - LEE, J Y AU - Chang, D-J AU - Vitello, D J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACR SCHEDULING AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 81 p. AB - Two different microcomputer based methods were developed to aid the SDHPT personnel in the ACR (Automatic Cumulative Recorders) scheduling activities. First, a dBASE-III data base management system was used to generate a master data base which contains all the station information for District 17. Any future ACR data collection schedule can be generated directly from this master data base. Secondly, a network optimization program was developed in FORTRAN-77 to generate an optimal schedule that can be used for ACR data collection activities. KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Microcomputers KW - Optimization KW - Scheduling KW - Software KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463150 AU - Highlands, K AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFABRICATED PAVEMENT BASE DRAIN. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 31 p. AB - This research project will evaluate the construction and performance of Monsanto's prefabricated drainage system called Monsanto Drainage Mat (MDM) or "Hydraway" on two Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PADOT) construction projects. Hydraway is a registered trademark of the Monsanto Company. Approximately 3,880 L.F. of MDM was installed along U.S. Traffic Route 22 in Huntingdon County and approximately 5,776 L.F. of MDM was installed along U.S. Traffic Route 30 in Bedford County. The MDM was mechanically placed into a narrow trench, backfilled with material just excavated from the trench, and then compacted using either a vibratory compactor or a tamper with a shoe designed to fit into the narrow width trench. Advantages and disadvantages of this backfill operation are discussed and illustrated in this report. The flow of both the MDM and pavement base drain control section will be measured using tipping buckets. The installation and design of these tipping buckets are mentioned in this report. A cost comparison indicates that MDM may provide economical highway drainage if its performance is satisfactory. Attached at the end of this report are Monsanto's MDM material specifications and PADOT's prefabricated pavement base drain specification. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Field performance KW - Filter materials KW - Filters KW - Geotextiles KW - Highway drainage KW - Mats KW - Mats (Footings) KW - Performance KW - Specifications KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462983 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - McDevitt, C F AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELF-RESTORING MEDIAN BARRIERS AND BRIDGE RAILINGS - RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/01 SP - 67 p. AB - The development of the self-restoring (SERB) guardrail system for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) demonstrated that a high performance flexible barrier that was damage resistant was technically and economically feasible. This report (Volume I) describes the design and development of the SERB bridge rail retrofit and SERB median barrier systems which have been fully evaluated. The barriers were subjected to a full range of impacts including 40,000-lb (18,000-kg) buses and 1,800-lb (800-kg) cars. Volume II (Appendices A and B) contains detailed design and crash test information. The SERB bridge rail retrofit consisting of an articulated tubular thrie beam mounted on a narrow safety walk/parapet installation can be used on 3R/4R projects with inadequate bridge rails and no widening. The system can be modified to fit most existing bridges with safety walks; removal of the existing railing is not required. This system is appropriate for urban areas where large vehicle containment is a serious consideration. Low to no maintenance is expected for most impacts. The SERB median barrier concept constructed of single thrie beams with internal truss shear webs is well suited for 3R/4R projects where the median barrier extends across the bridge due to its low weight, 50 lb/linear ft (75 kg/m). The barrier performs over a wider range than the standard concrete median barrier and is expected to require little to no maintenance. Both soil-mounted and structure-mounted post systems were evaluated in tests which were considered to be successful. KW - Bridge railings KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Retrofitting KW - Self-restoring barriers KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580493 AU - Lane, O J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Thin Bonded Concrete Overlay with Fast Track Concrete PY - 1987///Condition and Performance Report SP - 17p AB - This report is a supplement to one issued in late summer 1986 which covered construction on U.S. 71, in Buena Vista County, Iowa. The work involved rehabilitation of an older 20 foot wide pavement by placing a four inch thick bonded concrete overlay monolithically with two feet of widening on each side. The work was performed on one lane at a time while construction traffic and limited public traffic used the adjacent traffic lane. When work on the first lane was complete traffic was moved onto it and rehabilitation was completed on the second lane. This report covers the condition of the rehabilitated roadway in May 1987 after the first winter. The condition is described by visual observations, core conditions, and various test results including core compressive strength, direct shear tests on cores for bond strength, profilometer results and delamtect test results. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Buena Vista County (Iowa) KW - Concrete overlays KW - Fast track concrete KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement widening KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Thin bonded overlays KW - Two lane highways UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16826 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01513203 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-10 in Washington County, MN and Pierce County, WI : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1297527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01511642 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Sears Island dry cargo terminal and access road construction, Searsport : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: D,F(2v), FDsup1(2v), FDsup2(2v) (Alternatives analysis report), FDsup3 (Traffic impact analysis),FDsup4 (Distribution of eelgrass),FDsup5 (Socioeconomic baseline study),FDsup6 (Visual impact assessment),FDsup7 (Compensatory mitigation site r KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295966 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508633 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20 (Dodge St) improvement, Dubuque : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416634 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - Elling, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Offices of Research, Development and Technology TI - Sprayable electrically conductive polymer concrete coatings PY - 1987 IS - FHWA/RD-85-102 SP - 27P AB - A sprayable electrically conductive polymer concrete coating for vertical and overhead applications has been developed. This technology, in conjunction with impressed current cathodic protection, can be used to prevent corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel in concrete girders, piers, columns, and beams. A formulation of an electrically conductive polymer concrete, which holds the conductive filler in suspension and can be sprayed in thin uniform coatings, was developed. This coating is permeable, yet has low electrical resistivity, (less than 10 ohm-cm) good bond strength to concrete substrates, and good weatherability. The commercially available spray equipment can be used to spray mixtures containing up to 60 wt per cent calcined coke breeze and 40 wt per cent resin on vertical or overhead surfaces (a). KW - Coating KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Polymer KW - Polymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161141 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northwest Hillsborough Expressway construction, I-275 to SR-597, Hillsborough County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161140 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-100 extended from I-95 to MD-3-I-97, Howard/Anne Arundel counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161139 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Eagle River Loop Road to Hiland Drive connection, extension, Eagle River : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161138 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-95-SR-736 improvements, Davie Blvd vicinity, Broward County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft supplement to the final, Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161137 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-13 relief route construction, DE-7 to US-113 and US-13 : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final Engineering report, selected alternative B1(fol) KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161136 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-20 widening, Hill St to Columbia Drive, Atlanta and DeKalb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161135 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-41, Edison bridge replacement, Ft.Myers and North Ft.Myers : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161134 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-316 extension, US-29 to US-78, Gwinnett County / Barrow County / Oconee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161133 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 improvements, east of Cimarron : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922117 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161132 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CO-7 (Forest Hwy 26) reconstruction : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Final KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161131 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KY-44 reconstruction, Taylorsville : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922115 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161130 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East-west arterial construction in southern Hot Springs : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161129 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CSAH-18 replacement from I-494 to TH-13-101, Scott/Hennepin counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161128 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-64 and Blankenbaker Road interchange, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134133 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 interchanges improvements, Merriman and Middlebelt roads, Romulus : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134132 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-10 from Egret Blvd to I-35W, Anoka/Ramsey counties, Wetlands finding : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894891 ER - TY - SER AN - 01119794 JO - VTRC ; AU - Perfater, Michael A AU - Harris, Gwendolyn AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - An investigation of the uses of videotape in transportation operations : final report PY - 1987 SP - 181 p. ; AB - The report presents the findings of a survy on the use of video technology in the transportation industry. A search of transportation related publications was performed, and all state transportation departments were asked how videotape was being used to enhance operations. The study revealed that videotape was being used for training, the documentation of research, and traffic studies. Several departments had replaced photolog systems with videolog systems using tape convertible to video laser discs. KW - Communication systems KW - Highway departments KW - United States KW - Videotapes UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/87-r20.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36752/87-R20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/879966 ER - TY - SER AN - 01119779 JO - VTRC ; AU - Arnold, E D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - Changes in travel in the Shirley Highway corridor, 1983-1986 PY - 1987 SP - x, 43 p. AB - On June 5, 1985, a comprehensive, computer-controlled traffic management system (TMS) was implemented on a section of 1-95 and 1-395 in Northern Virginia. The roadway is a major commuter route into the District of Columbia. A before-and-after evaluation of the TMS was initiated by the Virginia Department of Transportation in the spring of 1983 in anticipation of a summer 1983 implementation. Due to a series of events, the TMS was two years late in being implemented, and data were not collected after its implementation until the spring of 1986. Accordingly, this study describes changes in travel characteristics between these two periods; it recognizes that several major events occurred that likely caused the changes. Changes in travel on local streets as well as on the interstate are described. Changes in traffic volumes, speeds, travel times, delays, vehicle miles of travel, vehicle hours of travel, and accidents are reviewed. Finally, information on incident detection and management is presented. KW - Expressways KW - Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time KW - Virginia UR - http://www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/87-r34.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36714/87-R34.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/879951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061825 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-92 improvement, Washington County, EA-FONSI PY - 1987///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821318 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061824 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-67 Clinton bypass, US-30 to North Stockwell Lane, Clinton County, EA-FONSI PY - 1987///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061822 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CT-72 extension, Plainville to Bristol : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Final KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061821 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hardin St rerouting, upgrading, bridge construction, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061820 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 12th St and I-495 interchange, arterial St construction, Wilmington : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft KW - Delaware KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061819 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-96 BL improvement, Cloverland Drive to Mt Hope Road, Ingham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061816 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-36 construction on new location, Seldom Seen Road to Buskirk Hollow Road, Allegany County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061813 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Beltway 8, section VI (US-59-I-45) construction, Houston : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061812 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Silas Creek Parkway completion, Winston-Salem : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061810 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Forest Hwy 11 continuous alignment construction, St Louis/Lake counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061806 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LR-121, Section 001, Mount Union traffic relief study, Mount Union Borough, Huntington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061805 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GA-400 extension, Atlanta : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061804 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-85 transportation corridor, Route 101 to Route 280, Santa Clara County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061803 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Monroe and Lincoln Couplet, Main Ave to intersection of Wall St and Monroe St, Spokane : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061801 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-77 and I-494 interchange area improvements, Bloomington and Richfield : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061800 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-680 and SR-24 interchange reconstruction and freeway improvement, Contra Costa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061799 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-34 bypass construction, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061798 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Apollo Hickory corridor from Apollo 11 Blvd at US-1 to Aurora Road at US-1, Brevard County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061797 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Moanalua Road from Pali Momi St to Aiea interchange, Honolulu : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061796 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-71-US-290 improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061793 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Santa Ana Freeway widening, Orange County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061785 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Taconic State Parkway, Hawthorne Interchange to Campfire Road : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061784 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-205 and Lester Ave interchange : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061782 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pacific Coast Hwy widening project, Orange County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final, Final Appendix KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061780 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VA-600 improvements from VA-603 to VA-762 : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061779 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 28, Sully Road, Fairfax and Loudoun County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061777 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 2-Alewife Brook Parkway project, Arlington/Belmont/Cambridge : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061776 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-22 improvements, Bel Air to I-95, Hardford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061774 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-26, Mt Hood Hwy widening, Wildwood to Rhododendron, Clackamas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1987///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821264 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00771737 JO - Future National Highway Program 1991 and Beyond PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saxton, Lyle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCEMENTS IN AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY PY - 1987 SP - 41 p. AB - The objective of this paper was to examine the key trends and advances in automobile technology. The scope included forecasting to the years 2000 and 2020 the likely automobile technology and the effects of such technology on future highway policies and programs. KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492515 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00771740 JO - Future National Highway Program 1991 and Beyond PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saxton, Lyle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCEMENTS IN TELECOMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AFFECTING HIGHWAY TRAVEL PY - 1987 SP - 32 p. AB - This paper deals with the "demand side" impacts of telecommunications and computer technology. The advances to be expected in telecommunications and computer technology for the years 2005 and 2020 are also discussed. In addition, travel characteristics and probable changes in the nature of highway travel are studied. KW - Telecommunications KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772109 JO - ITS Working Paper PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Xu, Yvette Q AU - May, Adolf D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL PY - 1987 SP - v, 68 p. AB - The Garden Grove Freeway in Orange County, California, is used as a test site for studying the confidence of traffic detector information and traffic data analysis and traffic characteristics from operational situations. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Automatic incident detection KW - Freeway management systems KW - Freeways KW - Reliability KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00771738 JO - Future National Highway Program 1995 and Beyond PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saxton, Lyle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCEMENTS IN MOTOR TRUCK TECHNOLOGY PY - 1987 SP - 11 p. AB - This paper reviews possible future truck technologies, what circumstances might influence their entry to the market place and the effect of these changes in truck technology on our highway system. KW - Marketing KW - Trucking KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492516 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00771741 JO - Future National Highway Program 1991 and Beyond PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maring, Gary E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN AND SUBURBAN HIGHWAY CONGESTION PY - 1987 SP - 83 p. AB - The primary focus of this report is to identify and quantify current ( 1985) and projected (2005) levels of congestion utilizing the Highway Performance Monitoring System database. A brief section is contained on the assessment of various techniques for reducing congestion by managing both the supply and demand of urban highway travel. Congestion reduction techniques or approaches which are available today are expected to comprise the essential core of strategies utilized over the period ending in 2020. Advanced systems technologies in areas of traffic control, motorist information, navigation and route guidance, vehicle location and identification, and automatic vehicle control should play valuable roles in future congestion reduction efforts, but their full potential is not expected to be realized until after 2020. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488291 AU - Johnson, J B AU - Buska, J S AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FROST HEAVE FORCES ON H AND PIPE PILES EMBEDDED IN FAIRBANKS SILT PY - 1987 SP - 83 p. AB - The magnitude and variation of forces and shear stresses, caused by frost heaving in Fairbanks silt and the adfreeze effects of a surface ice layer and a gravel layer, were determined using electric strain gauges as a function of depth along the upper 2.75 m (9.0 ft) of a pipe pile, 30.5-cm I.D. x 0.95-cm wall (12 in. x 3/8 in.) and an H pile, 25.4-cm web x 85 kg/lineal m (HP 10 x 57), for three consecutive winter seasons (1982-1985). The peak frost heaving forces on the H pile during each winter were 752, 790 and 802 kN (169, 178 and 180 kips). Peak frost heaving forces on the pipe pile of 1118 and 1115 kN (251 and 251 kips) were determined only for the second and third winter seasons. Maximum average shear stresses acting on the H pile were 256, 348 and 308 kPa (37, 50 and 45 psi) during the three winter seasons. Maximum average shear stresses acting on the pipe pile were 627 and 972 kPa (91 and 141 psi) for the second and third winter seasons. Ice collars were placed around the tops of both piles during the first and third winter seasons to measure the adfreeze effects of a surface ice layer. The ice layer may have contributed 15 to 20% of the peak forces measured on the piles. A 0.6-m (2.0-ft) thick gravel layer replaced the soil around the tops of both piles for the second and third winter seasons to measure the adfreeze effects of a gravel backfill. The gravel layer on the H pile may have contributed about 35% of the peak forces measured. The forces for both piles generally increased after a decrease in air temperature and decreased after an increase in air temperature. Changes in forces acting on the piles usually lagged behind corresponding air temperature changes by 1 to 8 days. Maximum heaving forces and shear stresses occurred during periods of maximum cold and soil surface heave magnitude. These were not related to the depth of frost penetration for most of the winter since frost was present at all depths extending to the permafrost table. Soil surface displacements of 2 to 7 cm (0.8 to 2.8 in.) were measured at the experiment site during the study. The mechanisms that determine the magnitude of uplift heave forces are soil heaving and soil temperature. KW - Adfreeze effects KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Frost heaving soils KW - Gravel KW - H bearing piles KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pipe KW - Pipe piles KW - Shear stress KW - Silts KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Soil temperature KW - Soils KW - Surface ice layer KW - Temperature UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468259 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 190 p. AB - Annual series of selected statistical tabulations relating to highway transportation in 3 major areas are presented: (1) highway use - the ownership and operation of motor vehicles; (2) highway finances - the receipts and expenditures for highways for public agencies; and (3) the highway plant - the extent, characteristics, and performance of the public highways, roads and streets in the U.S. The first three sections of the publication cover motor fuel use and taxation, vehicle ownership, and driver licensing. The fourth section deals with the financing of highways by all government agencies. The fifth section provides data on highway mileages and performances. The sixth section gives statistics for American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. KW - Driver licensing KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ownership KW - Performance KW - Statistics KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482385 AU - Council, F M AU - Stewart, J R AU - Rodgman, E A AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE MEASURES FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY ANALYSIS. VOLUME 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987 SP - 114 p. AB - The report describes the results of a study of exposure to accidents at urban signalized intersections. The result is a series of exposure measures for head-on, rear-end, sideswipe, angle, and left-turning exposure for intersections characterized by unprotected, protected, and protected/permissive left-turn phasing. The work represents a step in the ongoing process of defining and refining exposure measures for use in the formation of accident rates. KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Frontal crashes KW - Left turns KW - Permissive phasing KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Signalized intersections KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479559 AU - Wood, E M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE GRAYING OF AMERICA PY - 1987 SP - 23 p. AB - In this discussion of the graying of America, several facts are pointed out: after the turn of the century there will be a significantly greater proportion of older people in the United States and an even larger ratio of older drivers in the traffic stream; older drivers as a group have the greatest physical and mental deficiencies and therefore are more apt to become involved in a motor vehicle accident than their younger counterparts; and when involved in an accident an older person is more likely to sustain a serious injury or be killed. Countermeasures are then pointed out from the highway engineering viewpoint. Long term countermeasures include changing highway standards and interdisciplinary actions. Immediate countermeasures include the following: clear, unambiguous road information; highway lighting; wider shoulders/lanes; easier grades (better sight distance); one-way systems; divided highways; reducing roadside hazards; intersection improvements; and reduced speed. KW - Aged KW - Aged drivers KW - Countermeasures KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway safety KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287774 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471954 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roper, David H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOS ANGELES, 1984 OLYMPIC GAMES PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 107-116 AB - The possibility of essentially congestion-free operation of the Los Angeles transportation system was not so evident when transportation agencies first assembled in 1982 to begin planning for 1984 Olympic traffic. On the freeway system alone, motorists experience daily congestion on nearly 225 of the 700 miles in the morning peak and 275 miles in the afternoon/evening peak. The Olympics would hit this system with an estimated 6 million spectators at 24 venues spread throughout the basin with events scheduled throughout the day and nearly 25,000 athletes, world media, and Olympic family members transported to the venues on set timetables. As planners had neither time nor money to develop major new transportation facilities, planning and managing Olympic traffic had to be accomplished essentially through transportation system management techniques. Also, it became evident that the success of any plan would depend upon the willingness of each transportation and law enforcement agency to perform its traditional functions in cooperation with each other. This paper presents a scenario of the entire project and concludes with a discussion of those factors that contributed the most to its success. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Reconstruction KW - Special events KW - Traffic planning for special events KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283915 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475383 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS AND CHARTS 1986 PY - 1987 SP - 35 p. AB - Tables, charts, and figures are used to present statistics relating to the following: motor fuel(motor fuel use, motor fuel receipts, gasahol); motor vehicles (registrations, revenues); driver license (age and sex of licensees); federal taxes (net revenue to the highway trust fund, apportionment of highway/interstate funds); highway finance (receiipts, disbursements, price trends and consumer price index, user revenue, disposition of receipts from state imposts; state highway capital outlay and maintenance); roadway (total mileage by surface type, mileage by functional class, and by federal aid system); vehicle miles(travel by category and fuctional class); and other miscellaneous items. KW - Driver licenses KW - Finance KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Transportation KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474833 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD USER AND PROPERTY TAXES ON SELECTED MOTOR VEHICLES. 1987 PY - 1987 SP - 45 p. AB - This report provides basic information for 1987 from each State on road-user taxes and property taxes levied on a selected group of vehicles. Individual road-user tax payments are compared for each vehicle, and total direct State road-user and personal property taxes are measured. This enables comparisons to be made among vehicles, among States, and among types of service. Taxation information is provided for vehicles which range from a motorcycle to an 80,000 pound truck-trailer combination. The information is presented in tables that show highway user taxes paid to each State; bar charts in which States are ranked by highway-user and total taxes paid; and maps that show the States with personal property taxes on motor vehicles and mileage or ton-mile taxes on trucks operated intrastate. KW - Highway user taxation KW - Motorcycles KW - Property taxes KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285567 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471943 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bay, Paul N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEALING WITH THE TRAFFIC IMPACTS OF URBAN FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION: MITIGATION MEASURES PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 55-57 AB - The following six areas of impact come quickly to mind when discussing plans for managing traffic in highway construction zones: (1) Actual delay to motorists, especially peak period commuters, involving significant increases in daily travel time; (2) day-to-day uncertainty in travel time; (3) losses to businesses adjacent to highway work zones whose normal access has been disrupted; (4) major delays and disruptions to truckers and to those businesses throughout an urban area that rely on regular, timely truck deliveries; (5) accidents and safety problems for motorists and highway construction workers; and (6) political problems that arise when the public's perception of construction impacts may hamper completion of needed highway programs. Possible mitigation measures to deal with these six areas are presented in this paper. They include (1) mitigation through design techniques, (2) mitigation through construction techniques, (3) mitigation through traffic system management techniques, and (4) mitigation through improved public communication. The effectiveness and financing of mitigation measures are briefly discussed. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Communication media KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Design methods KW - Effectiveness KW - Financing KW - Freeways KW - Information dissemination KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283904 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471945 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Berentson, Duane AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REMARKS ON PUBLIC INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATIONS PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 60-63 AB - This paper discusses the experience of the Washington State Department of Transportation in the area of public information and public relations. Included in the discussion are the relationship between public information and the continuation of Washington State Department of Transportation programs; some of the techniques that have been used across the country to control construction under traffic; and some thoughts on future needs. It is concluded that the keys to success in Washington and other states are very simple. Transportation planners must use a multidisciplinary approach to the problem. They must also plan early and stay committed to the plan. At the same time, they must employ the expertise of planning professionals; traffic engineering, design, and construction engineers; experts in print communication; experts at targeting audiences; and public relations coordinators. The real basis and need for public relations and public information is the same as the purpose underlying all of the work of state transportation departments and other transportation professionals: to improve the transportation systems of the states and the nation as a service to the taxpayers. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Information dissemination KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic engineering KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471947 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Christiansen, Dennis L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF INCENTIVE/DISINCENTIVE CONTRACTING PROVISIONS FOR EARLY PROJECT COMPLETION PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 69-76 AB - In Houston, Texas, the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO), in cooperation with the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT), used incentive/disincentive (I/D) provisions to expedite a joint project to construct a transitway in an existing freeway median while the freeway was being rehabilitated. This project, the first of its kind for both agencies, was successfully completed ahead of schedule, but not without some difficulty for both contractor and agency personnel. At METRO's request, the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) examined both the benefits and difficulties resulting from the effort to speed up the pace of this (and other) projects. The Institute also reviewed current practice with I/D provisions elsewhere to help identify ways to speed up future construction projects while minimiing the adverse effects of the additional effort needed to do so. The findings of the TTI study are presented in this paper in condensed form. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Contract administration KW - Contracts KW - Disincentives KW - Incentives KW - Reconstruction KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471949 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Simberg, Richard N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SYRACUSE, INTERSTATE 81 PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 85-87 AB - The upstate New York city of Syracuse, with a population of approximately 150,000, is the business hub of surrounding Onondaga County (population 500,000). Interstate 81 is a major through Interstate that runs north-south through the city, just to the east of the central business district. By the 1970s, I-81, planned 30 years before, had reached its capacity as a four-lane Interstate carrying annual average daily traffic of approximately 70,000. In the late 1970s, reconstruction work started on some 10 miles to add two more traffic lanes and replace and modernize three major urban interchanges. By 1984 construction under way in the corridor had cost well over $100 Million. Traffic was maintained on two lanes in each direction most of the time and always on at least one lane in each direction. Nevertheless, significant delays occurred throughout the construction season. To complicate the situation further, some 2.8 miles of the narrow three-lane viaduct and adjacent structures carrying south bound traffic through the I-81 interchange with I-690, including on- and off-ramps for the downtown business area, were slated for major bridge deck rehabilitation and some substructure repair. The length and narrowness of the structures required complete closure to traffic for most of the work. This paper presents the case study of Syracuse, Interstate 81, concluding that the most cost effective strategies, retrospectively, are: open and frank discussion with the media before closure, aided by paid commercial media advertisements; traffic signal improvements on local streets; additional transit service in conjunction with outlying park-and-ride lots; some of the police deployment; use of the HOV lane; and expanded carpooling service. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Carpools KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Information dissemination KW - Interchanges KW - Maintenance KW - Mass media KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic lanes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471946 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Leathers, Rex C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FHWA PERSPECTIVES: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 64-68 AB - This paper considers six areas which must be addressed as major rebuilding programs are approached. These six areas are corridor analysis , traffic management, work zone safety, public information, contract administration, and coordination. What must be understood are the trade-offs that exist in trying to balance the need to facilitate travel by the public with economic, engineering, and design concerns. This requires establishing a comprehensive view of major highway reconstruction projects. A first step toward accomplishing this is the conference at which this paper was presented. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Conferences KW - Construction safety KW - Contract administration KW - Coordination KW - Highway traffic control KW - Project management KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471953 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LaPlante, John N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CHICAGO, LAKE SHORE DRIVE PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 104-106 AB - Chicago's most important recent construction project has been the reconstruction and relocation of Lake Shore Drive between Huron and Monroe Streets. The major portion of this project began in May 1984, and was scheduled for completion in late 1986. The project consists of the complete reconstruction of Lake Shore Drive between Huron and Monroe Streets, including the elimination of the dangerous S-curve just south of the Chicago River. The reconstruction will also eliminate four intersections with signals, which will be replaced with a complicated ramping system, including a two-level bridge and roadway over the Chicago River north to Grand Avenue. This paper discusses this project under the following headings: planned development and policy issues; TSM measures; plan implementation and management; construction and contracting issues; public information; and effectiveness and lessons learned. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Contracts KW - Development KW - Effectiveness KW - Information dissemination KW - Land use planning KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Planned development KW - Policy KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471938 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, Michael D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION. PREFACE AND CONFERENCE OVERVIEW PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp iii, 3-4 AB - To better assess the state of practice of corridor traffic management during major highway reconstruction, the Transportation Research Board held a conference in Chicago on September 28 - October 1, 1986, under the sponsorship of the Federal Highway Administration. The objectives of this conference were: to provide an educational forum for exchanging technical information on planning, implementing, and managing highway reconstruction to minimize traffic disruption; to ensure that project planners consider contract administration items that can minimize traffic impacts without affecting construction quality; to promote TSM actions as means of managing travel demand and easing congestion; and to identify recommendations or related research to address issues discussed at the conference. Representatives from the Federal Highway Administration, over 30 state transportation agencies, several cities, public transit agencies, regional planning agencies, contractors, and private consultants attended the conference. This large number of experts with an impressive range of experience in executing successful projects shared their experiences in workshops, developed an extensive checklist of factors to be considered in planning and managing major reconstruction projects, and now offer them in this Transportation Research Board Special Report for the use of others contemplating similar projects. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Contract administration KW - Highway traffic control KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471939 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Deen, Thomas B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION. CONFERENCE WELCOME PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 5-6 AB - In welcoming participants to the conference, Thomas B. Deen, Executive Director of the Transportation Research Board, pointed to the fact that besides serving as an excellent medium for information exchange among themselves, this meeting had an obligation to deliver results to the sponsor, the Federal Highway Administration. He referred to the effort to insure a balanced view of the issues addressed at the conference by including a variety of viewpoints and types of agencies that have an interest in the problems generated by rebuilding urban freeways. In conclusion, he stated that the opportunity presented by the conference to focus on recommendations derived from discussing a wide variety of experience suggests that those recommendations should be both valid and valuable. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Recommendations KW - Reconstruction KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471942 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Haack, Harvey AU - Transportation Research Board TI - POLICY AND PLAN DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO CORRIDOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 47-54 AB - Policy and plan development for corridor traffic management during major highway reconstruction raises certain specific issues. This paper discusses these issues, classifying them as follows: (1) Importance of having an overall plan for dealing with reconstruction projects; (2) political implication of doing a good (or bad) job; (3) need to look at the entire system to identify potential problems; (4) determination of project design criteria to meet future construction and maintenance needs; (5) level of service acceptable for highway users during reconstruction projects; (6) importance of a corridor management team or some institutional framework to guide the project; (7) need for funding mitigating measures or improvements on alternate routes; and (8) trade-off between scheduling project construction to minimize disruption or speeding up the construction process. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway traffic control KW - Level of service KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Politics KW - Problem identification KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Reconstruction KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471952 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bockstruck, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SEATTLE, SHIP CANAL BRIDGE PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 100-103 AB - Seattle is reconstructing many parts of its freeways. Much of the work involves resurfacing bridges that are 20 years old and showing their age. To keep track of how each project is affecting traffic and be sure that the two main highways are not closed simultaneously, the Seattle office of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) created the Urban Construction Coordination Office. The staff of this office use two approaches to coordination: (1) The urban construction coordinator has a background in traffic and handles the day-to-day project coordination. He also reviews traffic control plans for future projects. (2) The urban construction public information officer is responsible for informing the public about the projects, their effects, and what motorists can do to reduce their frustration and confusion. These officials report to the Urban Construction Impacts Task Force. The task force handles policy issues and directs the work of the coordinator and the information officer. The primary goal is to complete a high-quality job while minimizing the effects on the public. This new coordination office proved its worth during the summers of 1984 and 1985, when WSDOT resurfaced two bridges with latex-modified concrete on Interstate 5 just north of the Seattle central business district. This paper discusses this project under the following headings: project description; transportation system management measures; construction/contracting issues; public information; results; and lessons learned. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Contracts KW - Coordination KW - Freeways KW - Information dissemination KW - Maintenance KW - Project management KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Resurfacing KW - Transportation system management KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471948 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gendell, David S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONSTRUCTION AND CONTRACT ISSUES PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 77-81 AB - This paper is presented in outline form. Nine issues are presented, each followed by a list of descriptive statements. These nine issues are: (1) cost effectiveness of accelerated contracting procedures to traffic management (includes the use of incentive/disincentive clauses); (2) negotiating or establishing amounts of incentives or disincentives (I/D); (3) application of new materials or techniques to speed construction; (4) benefits/disadvantages of speeding up construction; (5) contractual responsibilities: What needs to be in the contract for better traffic management; (6) enforcement of contract; (7) legal considerations; (8) contractor/agency relationship; and (9) innovations. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Contract administration KW - Contracting KW - Contracts KW - Coordination KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Disadvantage KW - Disincentives KW - Enforcement KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incentives KW - Innovation KW - Legal factors KW - Negotiated contracts KW - Reconstruction KW - Responsibilities KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Transportation disadvantaged persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471950 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Eichorn, Werner AU - Morasco, Lois M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PHILADELPHIA, SCHUYLKILL EXPRESSWAY PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 88-95 AB - Designed as one of a network of expressways ringing the metropolitan Philadelphia area, Interstate 76, or the Schuylkill Expressway, as it is more commonly known, was fully opened to traffic in 1961, 10 years after construction began. In the ensuing 25 years, I-76 came to stand virtually alone, as community opposition halted construction of almost all of the remaining proposed highways. For most of its 21-mile length from the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Montgomery County to the Walt Whitman Bridge in Philadelphia, I-76 is a four-lane, limited access highway, with some short stretches of six or eight lanes. The highway carries between 80,000 to 143,000 vehicles daily. Much of the highway passes through difficult terrain composed of steep rock cuts, high embankments, and wide, deep gullies. These restrictions, along with other constraints imposed by an adjacent railroad, parkland, and residential properties, are responsible for the variation in width and lack of progress by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to widen the highway to provide additional expressway capacity. In about the mid 1970s, it became obvious that both the expressway pavement and bridges in the 17.7-mile section between the Turnpike and University Avenue in Philadelphia were rapidly deteriorating, making any further interim remedial action ineffective. Of the 50 bridges within these limits, 38 required redecking, including the 1500-foot Pencoyd Viaduct, which crosses a Conrail freight line and the Schuylkill River. Because of the highway's importance and urgent need for rehabilitation, Secretary of Transportation Larson committed the department to reconstructing the expressway as quickly as possible with the least amount of disruption to motorists. This paper discusses that reconstruction project under the following headings: keeping traffic moving; origin and destination survey; the strategies; mitigation measures; traffic monitoring; and informing the public. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Expressways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information dissemination KW - Maintenance KW - Origin and destination KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471937 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - 134 p. AB - Contents: Preface, M.D. Meyer; Part 1 - Conference Overview, M.D. Meyer; Conference Welcome, T. B. Deen; Major Highway Reconstruction in the United States: What's Ahead, L.P. Lamm; Luncheon Address, H. Kassoff; Part 2 - Roundtable Summaries, Checklist, and Recommendations; Part 3 - Discussion Papers - Policy and Plan Development Related to Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, H. Haack; Dealing with the Traffic Impacts of Urban Freeway Reconstruction: Mitigation Measures, P.N. Bay; Active Plan Management, D.H. Roper; Remarks on Public Information and Public Relations, D. Berentson; FHWA Perspectives: A Comprehensive Approach to Major Highway Reconstruction Projects, R.C. Leathers; An Analysis of the Use of Incentive/Disincentive Contracting Provisions for Early Project Completion, D.L. Christiansen; and Construction and Contract Issues, D.S. Gendell; Part 4 - Case Studies - Syracuse, Interstate 81, R.N. Simberg; Philadelphia, Schuylkill Expressway, W. Eichorn and L.M. Morasco; Atlanta, Freeway System Reconstruction, A.L. Dowd, Jr.; Seattle, Ship Canal Bridge, R.E. Bockstruck; Chicago, Lake Shore Drive, J.N. LaPlante; and Los Angeles, 1984 Olympic Games, D.H. Roper; Bibliography of Conference Handouts; Participants; Steering Committee Biographical Information. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Contracts KW - Disincentives KW - Freeways KW - Highway planning KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Incentives KW - Public relations KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic KW - Traffic planning KW - Transportation system management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471944 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roper, David H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ACTIVE PLAN MANAGEMENT PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 58-59 AB - This paper briefly discusses the role of the plan manager in charge of traffic management during a construction project. It concludes that the development of a good traffic management plan is important, but its success or failure will depend on the operation of the plan. Planners can't sit back and hope it will work--they need to manage the plan to make sure it does the job. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Reconstruction KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471951 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dowd, Alton L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ATLANTA, FREEWAY SYSTEM RECONSTRUCTION PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 96-99 AB - The 130-mile freeway system in Atlanta was completed in 1967 with typical sections of 4 and 6 lanes. No additional work was done on the system until 1978, when a transportation plan for the city was approved. Its emphasis was on reconstructing the freeway system in Atlanta which had become grossly inadequate due to population growth. The plan called for adding additional lanes to the existing system and constructing a 100-mile rail transit system. Officials identified three major areas of concern: cost, environmental effects, and construction under traffic. Much of the cost was taken care of by Interstate financing, for which Atlanta became eligible for various reasons. The major environmental concern was identified as noise, which was solved by the construction of noise barriers. To solve the problem of maintaining traffic during construction, contractors and construction engineers worked together with the designers and many modifications of stage construction plans were developed where money and time could be saved without compromising safety or existing traffic capacity. The Georgia DOT now has all work either completed or under contract, except for one segment of Interstate 20. All of this has been accomplished since 1978. The total cost to is $1.4 billion. When the project is finished in 1990, 130 miles of urban freeway will have been completely reconstructed in 12 years. This paper discusses in greater detail the reconstruction of some of the main roadway segments. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Environmental impacts KW - Financing KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Noise barriers KW - Reconstruction KW - Safety factors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471940 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lamm, Lester P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION. MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES: WHAT'S AHEAD PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 7-9 AB - This introductory article to the National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction states that the major implication for this conference is that the national highway program is clearly entering a new era, one that will focus more and more on the need to reconstruct many aging and traffic-saturated urban highways. Greater emphasis than ever should be put on preconstruction plans and procedures for work zone safety practices. And once these plans have been made, project sponsors should stress additional monitoring to assure that the desired practices are properly carried out at each work zone site. Most highway departments must also start emphasizing the benefits derived from highway construction and reconstruction. The private sector role can and will expand over the coming years. The private sector has already made important contributions to many urban transportation improvements. A few private sector actions of particular importance are ramp metering, high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lanes, incident control management, traffic surveillance, and parking regulations. Increased capital will be necessary at all levels of government to meet current and future highway needs. Both public and private sectors must get involved in the money solution, because better highways are among the most effective investments any metropolitan area can make. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Economics KW - Governments KW - Highway traffic control KW - Private enterprise KW - Reconstruction KW - Safety KW - Urban highways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00471941 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kassoff, Hal AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION. LUNCHEON ADDRESS PY - 1987 IS - 212 SP - pp 10-13 AB - In this luncheon address at the National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, Hal Kassoff, State Highway Administrator in the Maryland Department of Transportation, reflects on the past, present, and future of the nation's highway system. In the past new roads were built on new locations, and managing traffic was simply not a horrendous problem. But now, in 1986, traffic volumes have grown, drivers are used to the convenience of freeways, a demanding and impatient public has grown to rely on the highway system, and public transportation capacities are generally lower than they were a generation ago. The future depends on the response to a fundamental choice. This is the choice of whether providing an acceptable quality of highway service during the perennial process of highway reconstruction remains a desirable but adjunct factor to consider among the myriad factors that must be taken into account - factors such as funding, engineering, environment, construction management and maintenance of traffic - or, and this is the choice, whether the provision of adequate traffic service becomes a compelling, overriding objective - an objective of paramount concern. U1 - National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction, 1986, Chicago, Illinois, USAFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationChicago,Illinois,United States StartDate:19860928 EndDate:19861001 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Conferences KW - Future policies KW - Highway traffic control KW - Policy KW - Quality of service KW - Reconstruction KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463323 AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES. DIRECTORY OF TRAINING COURSES PY - 1986/12/22 SP - 226 p. AB - This Directory contains information on subject matter, location, price and availability of highway training and technology resources available to the Rural Technical Assistance Program sponsored T2 Centers. It will be supplemented with additional data periodically. The material is appropriate for local roads government agencies serving populations of 50,000 or less. KW - Directories KW - Highway engineering KW - Local government KW - Programs KW - Rural areas KW - State government KW - Technical assistance KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274687 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453792 AU - Okonkwo, Ignatius Okechukwu AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Martin County, Indiana PY - 1986/12/10/Final Report SP - 186p AB - The engineering soils map of Martin County, Indiana was prepared primarily by interpretation of aerial photographs using accepted principals of observations. Additional information was obtained from the bedrock geology map of Vincennes Quadrangle. The Agricultural Soil Survey report for the County was used to compile the subsurface profiles indicated on the attached map. Several field trips were made to the county to classify the soil boundaries that were difficult to establish from the aerial photos. Field evidence of the geotechnical problems experienced within the county was also collected during the trips. The aerial photographs were taken in February and July 1940 for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and have an approximate scale of 1:20,000. The engineering soils map was prepared at a scale of 1:63,360. Standard symbols developed were used to identify landform-parent material associations and soil textures on the engineering soils map. The text of this report includes a general description of the study area, descriptions of the engineering soils types, and a discussion of the engineering problems associated with the soils and bedrock found in Martin County, Indiana. Appendix A contains boring logs and laboratory test data on specific soil samples. KW - Bedrock KW - Boring KW - Engineering soils KW - Indiana KW - Landforms KW - Soil mapping KW - Texture UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314604 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584037 AU - Brooks, Rhonda L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Technology Transfer: A Strategy for Innovation Adoption at the Washington State Department of Transportation PY - 1986/12//Final Report SP - 108p AB - This study was initiated as part of a department-wide strategic planning effort of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to assess whether a coordinated technology transfer program will enhance innovation adoption. Interviews with WSDOT employees in all divisions and districts provide the basis of an inventory of current technology practices. A literature review describes the process of technology transfer and the issues relating to an individual's ability to adopt innovation. Additionally, the structure of the organization and the barriers to innovation adoption are discussed based on information obtained from a literature review. Examples of technology transfer programs in other organizations are described to understand how the process is used to adopt innovation. Based on the employee interviews, and the literature review, specific recommendations and implementation plans are provided in the report. These recommendations are intended to enhance technology transfer in WSDOT and thus increase the ability of the organization to adopt innovation into work methods and practices. KW - Innovation KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/097.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580251 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sprinkle Treatments for Asphalt Concrete PY - 1986/12//Final Report SP - 13p AB - The frictional values of asphalt concrete pavements are highly dependent on the characteristics of the aggregates incorporated into the mixture. With the energy crisis, it is very expensive to transport aggregates for long distances and, therefore, in many cases is not economically feasible to import hard, sharp, durable aggregates to provide more desirable or increased frictional qualities. Economically, it is more desirable to use locally available aggregate. The predominant aggregates available in Iowa for highway construction are crushed limestone or dolomite. Iowa began experimental investigation of improving frictional quality on asphalt concrete pavement by sprinkling a hard, durable aggregate on the surface of the fresh mat in 1974. This report includes a performance evaluation of the sprinkle treatment used on I-35 in Iowa in 1979. Friction number, texture depth and economics are examined. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Friction KW - Iowa KW - Mix design KW - Surface treating KW - Texture UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19688 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418557 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Cynecki, M J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Selection of cost effective countermeasures for utility pole accidents; user's manual PY - 1986/12 IS - FHWA/IP-86-9 SP - 185P KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident rate KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Frangible joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Location KW - Location KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418556 AU - Johnson, T C AU - Berg, R L AU - Chamberlain, E J AU - Cole, D M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Frost action predictive techniques for roads and airfields; a comprehensive survey of research findings PY - 1986/12 IS - DOT/FAA/PM-85-23 SP - 52P KW - Airport runways KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing cycle KW - Frost KW - Frost KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Runway KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418402 AU - Zeigler, A J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Guide to management of roadside trees PY - 1986/12 IS - FHWA/IP-86-17 SP - 75P KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Landscaping KW - Landscaping KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Roadside management KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Vegetation KW - Vegetation KW - Vehicle KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416594 AU - Young, G K AU - Phillippe, J AU - Bellomo, S J AU - Normann, J AU - Hughes, W E AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Bridge deck drainage guidelines PY - 1986/12 IS - FHWA/RD-87-014 SP - 55P AB - Bridge deck design, at present, often includes costly bridge deck drainage provisions. Many bridge engineers have questioned the need for bridge deck drainage appurtenances, at least to the extent presently included in typical bridge design. This document presents criteria to determine if bridge drainage scuppers and drains are required. A design nomograph allows a rapid decision to be made. A key variable, design rain intensity, is analyzed: the rational method is reviewed and new methods for setting design rain intensity are presented that consider hydroplaning and driver vision. Regardless of the need for scupper, bridge end drainage is necessary, and methods are given. If scuppers are needed, this document provides sound drainage design practice for bridge drainage. This document, plus HEC No 12 and NCHRP synthesis No 67 provide very complete reference material for bridge drainage. Good engineering judgment is still a factor for locating scuppers. For example, if theoretical scupper spacing is 150 ft and piers are 100 ft apart, the scupper spacing should be set at 100 ft to accommodate vertical downpipes and provide adequate support (a). KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Design KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00979967 AU - Smith, M D AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SILANE CHEMICAL PROTECTION OF BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1986/12 SP - 76 p. AB - This report describes the performance of alkyltrialkoxysilane chemical products and their ability to protect bridge structures from moisture, chloride ingression, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. As a result of the evaluation, the following recommendations are made: (1) The application of silane should be used to protect bridge structures from moisture and chloride ingression, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. (2) The silane treatment should be used on both new and existing bridge structures in which the chloride content at the rebar depth has not exceeded 2.5 lb/cu yd, or the corrosion potentials over the bridge deck area numerically do not exceed -350 millivolts. (3) A dry concrete surface is essential for successful application. An application rate of 125 sq ft/gal for horizontal surfaces and 175 sq ft/gal for vertical surfaces is recommended. After application, and the silane has penetrated, water should be applied to assure sufficient moisture for chemical reaction between the silane and concrete. (4) The Oklahoma Department of Transportation field testing of the bridge decks selected for the silane performance evaluation should be continued through 1996 to determine the long term performance. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride barriers KW - Corrosion protection KW - Field tests KW - Moisture barriers KW - Performance KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Silane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/740745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463263 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHOENIX METROPOLITAN AREA EXTERNAL TRIP STUDY. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - v.p. AB - The Maricopa Association of Governments Transportation Planning Office is updating the computer models used to prepare forecasts of traffic volume in the Phoenix area. One element of the modeling effort involves external travel or trips having both origin and destination outside the area but passing through the area. Roadside interviews were conducted to gather data on such trips to aid in model calibration. Specifically, data was gathered on the following items: trip origin, trip destination, trip purpose, vehicle garaging location, vehicle occupancy, vehicle classification, and vehicle registration. This document describes the procedures utilized in the gathering of the described data. KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - External trip KW - Methodology KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Origin and destination KW - Registrations KW - Surveys KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463264 AU - Barton-Aschman Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHOENIX METROPOLITAN AREA EXTERNAL TRIP STUDY. VOLUME II: SURVEY PROCEDURES MANUAL PY - 1986/12 SP - 33 p. AB - The Maricopa Association of Governments Transportation Planning Office is currently involved in a major effort to update all aspects of the transportation model for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. One component of the model estimates external travel and the purpose of this study is to update the external trips portion of the model to reflect current conditions and state of the art advancements. In performing this task an extensive literature search was conducted and new methodologies examined. Sampling procedures were developed and coding and factoring of sample results was accomplished and documented. Based on the sample results, an external trip model was developed and the transferrability of that model to other areas was described. KW - Calibration KW - External trip KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical sampling KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610212 AU - Gentry, C AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PATCHING OF OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 82 p. AB - The report presents the state of the practice of patching open-graded asphalt friction courses. The report is based on data collected from selected States. Current policies, practices, procedures, and methods are discussed. The performance of open-graded asphalt friction courses, patching problems associated with them and alternatives are included. The study findings are presented together with recommendations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Patching KW - Pavement performance KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464616 AU - Zarling, J P AU - Braley, W A AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THAW STABILIZATION OF ROADWAY EMBANKMENTS CONSTRUCTED OVER PERMAFROST. DRAFT FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 34 p. AB - The thermal degradation of permafrost beneath Alaskan roads leads to expensive maintenance and repair costs. This project evaluated three methods to stabilize the thaw. Snow sheds were built along two sections of roadways to shade the ground during summer and prevent snow from acting as an insulating blanket during winter. The second method consisted of removing snow during the winter months to reduce surface temperature. Third, thermosyphon devices were installed along two roadway sections to extract heat over the winter season. The results show that the snow sheds were most effective in decreasing the ground surface temperature and, as such, the concept should be further developed. KW - Effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Prevention KW - Shading KW - Snow removal KW - Snow sheds KW - Surface temperature KW - Thaw KW - Thermosyphon devices UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600444 AU - Trivedi, R AU - Schonfeld, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART STUDIES/PRELIMINARY WORK SCOPES: ARTERIAL WEAVING ANALYSIS METHODS. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 23 p. AB - A state-of-the-art study was conducted to identify methods for analyzing weaving movements on arterial streets. Information on such methods was sought through a review of the transportation literature and through mail and phone surveys of traffic engineers. The authors' assessment of the literature and survey responses is that no adequate methods are currently available for analyzing arterial weaving. Although traffic engineers frequently face such problems, they use extremely crude improvisations or adaptations of the Highway Capacity Manual freeway weaving methods whose unrealistic assumptions and lack of demonstrated validity are fully recognized. KW - Analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Data collection KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Interviewing KW - Methodology KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Streets KW - Surveys KW - Weaving traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343966 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00495819 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Stephens, B W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD HUMPS FOR THE CONTROL OF VEHICULAR SPEEDS AND TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1986/12 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - p. 82-90 AB - This is a discussion of the purpose and development of road humps, the effectiveness of road humps relevant to safety issues, signing and marking requirements, the benefits and problems of road humps, and other considerations. An assessmesnt is made by city engineers, planners, and local highway administrators of the feasibility of establishing regulations and legislation on the road hump as a traffic control device. The article concludes that humps are a viable means of controlling speeds of passenger vehicles on residential streets. The evidence indicates that judicious placement of these devices can enhance safety and improve traffic distribution. KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Residential roads KW - Residential streets KW - Road markings KW - Speed control humps KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/309293 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00462390 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Eck, R W AU - Sack, W A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF OIL AND GAS FIELD BRINES AS HIGHWAY DEICING AGENTS PY - 1986/12 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - p. 73-81 AB - An ongoing West Virginia project is reported which is evaluating a major natural brine deicing program. Laboratory and field studies have been conducted to study the following: the brine quality from the major producing formations (including both the major salts and the minor trace constituents); comparison of brines with commercial deicing agents relative to melting, skid resistance, and refreezing of roadway surfaces; and corrosion of metals and concrete and bituminous pavement deterioration characteristics. The brine characteristics were studied of 49 natural samples in Phase 1 of the project. Each of these areas are described in detail. The results are reported of field testing conducted for 4 winters using two different applicator systems and three different spray modes. The results are also given of 8 field runs using high-pressure application. Four runs were made with gravity flow and 17 runs have been made using the low-pressure system. It is concluded that many natural brines from the Central Appalachian Region are suitable for use as highway deicing agents. KW - Brines KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing KW - Field studies KW - Gasoline KW - Laboratory studies KW - Metals KW - Oils KW - Salts KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462986 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SAFETY BIBLIOGRAPHY. SELECTED CURRENT RESEARCH AND STUDIES PY - 1986/12 SP - 19 p. AB - This annotated bibliography summarizes selected current research and studies on pedestrian safety. The studies address pedestrian problems and issues, provide pertinent statistical information and findings, and offer countermeasures, improvements and training programs. This bibliography is intended to assist local and state safety planners, researchers, and other persons interested in assessing their local/state pedestrian safety problems, in instituting effective countermeasures, and in creating awareness and promoting pedestrian safety. KW - Awareness KW - Bibliographies KW - Countermeasures KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491143 AU - Coetzee, N F AU - Glaum, L W AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT LAYER ELASTIC MODULUS ESTIMATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 154 p. AB - An existing set of deflection data measured on Alaskan pavements was analyzed to investigate the possibility of correlating the back-calculated elastic modulus of pavement layer materials with the fines content, as measured by the percentage passing the #200 sieve (P200). Moduli were estimated using an existing back-calculation computer program (MODCOMP2). Material data, specifically P200, was available from samples taken at or near the deflection measurement sites. No strong correlation was found, although the analysis does appear to support previous findings that, as P200 increases, the probability of a low modulus increases substantially. This finding does not conclude that no such correlation exists, but that the data available were not adequately controlled. The question of nonlinear material behavior was considered, and it was concluded that this needs extensive further materials research, and that the finite element technique probably should be used to deal with nonlinear behavior. Initial development of such a program, dubbed AKFE, was carried out. Preliminary, rudimentary analyses considering anisotropic material behavior appear extremely promising. KW - Anisotropy KW - Anisotropy (Physics) KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Finite element method KW - Materials characterization KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_30.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303503 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478193 AU - Eichhorn, C L AU - Hicks, R G AU - Noble, R AU - Zhou, H AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR OREGON. VOLUME I - INTERIM REPORT. BACKGROUND AND FRAMEWORK PY - 1986/12 SP - 224 p. AB - This report is the first in a three-volume series dealing with the development of an improved overlay design procedure for Oregon. This report presents the results of the first-year findings and includes: (1) a detailed review of the literature; (2) the development of the framework for an improved procedure; and (3) an evaluation of data from three projects using several procedures including the proposed AASHTO procedures (NDT methods 1 and 2). The results of this report indicated the following: (1) the AASHTO procedures have several advantages over the presently used ODOT procedure; (2) the major limitation of the AASHTO procedure is lack of reliable backcalculation procedures (NDT method 1); and (3) NDT method 2 appears to work well for low-volume roads and should be tested on high-volume roads. KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488227 AU - Esch, D C AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSULATION PERFORMANCE BENEATH ROADS AND AIRFIELDS IN ALASKA PY - 1986/12 SP - 10 p. AB - In 1986 the Alaska Department of Highways constructed its first experimental installation of expanded plastic foam for frost heave control at a site 11 miles south of Anchorage. This was followed, in 1969, by construction of both the first insulated roadway section over permafrost in North Amaerica at a site near Chitina, and the first insulated airfield runway at Kotzebue. Since that time, six additional roadway sections on permafrost, totalling 3.6 lane-miles, have been insulated by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities, along with four additional airport installations. Applications of insulation for frost heave control have been numerous, totalling 11 lane-miles. Materials used for subgrade insulations have been primarily extruded-expanded polystyrene foam (Dow's Styrofoam HI and UCI Foamular) with one installation of polyurethane foam and three of molded polystyrene "beadboard." Evaluations of the long-term performance of these installations have included sampling and testing of the insulations to determine the retained thickness, thermal conductivity, and compresssive stength properties. Based on these observations, foamed-in-place polyurethane insulation is not accepted for use as a subgrade insulation by the Department, while extruded polystyrene insulation has demonstrated superior performance and longevity. Molded polystyrene beadboard insulation layers have given acceptable performance, but must be installed at a thickness 30 to 50% greater than the extruded polystyrenes to provide comparable thermal performance. Comparisons were made between measured late summer permafrost thaw depths for insulated airfields, and calculated thaw depths using the "Modified Berggren" calculation method and actual site soil and insulation properties. These comparisons demonstrated that this method of calculation results in calculated thaw depths slightly greater than the actual values, but provides reasonable values for a conservative design. KW - Airport runways KW - Alaska KW - Compressive strength KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Frigid regions KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Highway pavement KW - Insulating materials KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permafrost KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thaw KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472097 AU - Hinch, J AU - Sawyer, D AU - STOUT, D AU - Manhard, G AU - Owings, R AU - ENSCO, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT ATTENUATORS - A CURRENT ENGINEERING EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT - TECHNICAL VOLUME PY - 1986/12 SP - 267 p. AB - This study investigated the impact performance of inertial barrel and GREAT (Guard Rail Energy Absorption Terminal) impact attenuator systems using full scale crash testing of small and large test vehicles. In all, 20 tests were performed: 16 with inertial barrels and 4 with the GREAT system. The 16 inertial barrel tests studied large car versus small car, angled versus head-on positions, pea gravel versus sand fill material, frozen versus nonfrozen crash tests, loose sand versus bagged sand and two different brand attenuator barrels. The four GREAT tests using a six-bay system studied head-on versus angled positions and large car versus small car impacts. All tests used instrumented dummies and a NHTSA digital data tape was generated for each (with the exception of Tests E-01 and E-02). Results of the program showed small car performance to be generally acceptable when using NCHRP 230 and dummy anaysis procedures. The large car produced higher decelerations and in some cases the values exceeded the limits specified. KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Energy absorption KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Inertia (Mechanics) KW - Inertial navigation systems KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Small car KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469224 AU - Rausche, F AU - Likins, G E AU - Goble, G G AU - Hussein, M AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE OF PILE DRIVING SYSTEMS INSPECTION MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 92 p. AB - A study was undertaken on the performance of pile driving systems and the existing technology for the measurement of performance parameters was reviewed. This report is an inspection manual for use by pile driving inspectors and engineers to ascertain that the pile hammer conforms to certain minimum standards, and to record observations on hammer and driving system behavior. The manual considers only impact hammers; i.e., a large weight is alternately being raised and then accelerated downward, impacting against the pile top. Vibratory hammers, which operate on a different principle altogether, have been excluded from this manual. In addition to pile impact hammers, the manual addresses the complete driving system to include cushions, helmets, and leads. Also included as an aid to the inspector/engineer, are comprehensive field inspection data forms. KW - Compliance KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Hammers KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Performance KW - Pile driving KW - Standards UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46539/FHWA-RD-86-160.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279720 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479420 AU - Kopperman, S AU - SRA Technologies, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILITY POLE ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES EVALUATION PROGRAM AND INPUT PROCESSOR--USER'S MANUAL PY - 1986/12 SP - 85 p. AB - This is a user's manual for the UPACE and UPACE1 on IBM-PC and compatible microcomputers. The Utility Pole Accident Countermeasure Evaluation (UPACE) computer program is a tool to facilitate the cost effectiveness analysis of utility pole accident countermeasures. The program undertakes analysis of roadway sections relative to utility pole accident problems and treatments, and provides the information needed for decision making. The UPACE program was originally developed for the mainframe computer. It has been converted to run under the MS DOS operating system on IBM-PC and compatible microcomputers. An input processor was developed to assist users in creating and modifying input data files. KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464610 AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATUS REPORT FOR SELECTED PROJECTS CONTAINING EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 86 p. AB - Projects containing experimental features or innovative concepts were selected for long-term monitoring and are reported herein. Certain projects are recommended for more intensive investigation under other appropriate ongoing studies. KW - Experimental data KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Technological innovations KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274914 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464613 AU - Cousins, T E AU - Johnston, D W AU - Zia, P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BOND OF EPOXY COATED PRESTRESSING STRAND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 191 p. AB - The effect of the epoxy coating on transfer length and development length properties of three diameters of prestressing strand was investigated. The epoxy coated prestressing strand was seven-wire strand coated with an epoxy and impregnated with a crushed glass grit. Approximately sixty specimens were cast to determine the transfer length and development length of both epoxy coated and bare prestressing strand. The transfer length was determined by measuring concrete strains before and after release. Development lengths were determined through a series of flexural tests. A cyclic loading was applied to twelve specimens to determine the effect of fatigue on bond of epoxy coated strand. Analytical expressions were developed for estimating transfer length and development length. The transfer length model was based on plastic and elastic zones of bond stress within the transfer length. The development length model was based on the transfer length model plus a plastic bond stress relationship throughout the flexural bond length. The experimental and analytical results from this research were compared to the results in the literature and previously proposed bond provisions. KW - Bonds KW - Coatings KW - Development length KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Estimating KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexural bond KW - Flexural strength KW - Mathematical models KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Repeated loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Time duration KW - Transfer length KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471876 AU - Uchtmann, D L AU - Drablos, CJW AU - Bratschun, T D AU - Jones, B A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS DRAINAGE LAWS: RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF HIGHWAY AUTHORITIES AND LANDOWNERS ADJACENT TO HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 111 p. AB - This publication provides an extensive treatment of Illinois drainage law as it applies to local, county, and state highway authorities and adjacent landowners in both agricultural and urban environments. It focuses on court decisions, state and federal statutes, and administrative regulations relevant to drainage-related issues. It discusses the judicial development and current status of the basic principle of drainage law in Illinois: that higher lands can be drained onto and across lower lands in most circumstances. The rule is qualified by a "reasonableness" requirement which necessitates a thorough examination of the surrounding factual circumstances. It addresses relative responsibilities of highway authorities, drainage districts, sanitary districts, municipalities, and other public and private entities to construct and maintain bridges or culverts. Also discussed are the impacts of environmental laws and regulations on drainage, including a discussion of the judicially created law of nuisance; the Federal Clean Water Act; the National Environmental Policy Act; additional federal laws regarding wetlands, fish and wildlife, and endangered species; and the Illinois Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control program. A brief discussion of the juridiction of Illinois courts in resolving drainage disputes, and the kinds of relief that may be granted by the courts or obtained outside of the courtroom is also included. KW - Administration KW - Drainage KW - Environmental protection KW - Governments KW - Highway administration KW - Highway operations KW - Illinois KW - Jurisdiction KW - Land KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Ownership KW - Regulations KW - Responsibilities KW - Statute cases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469475 AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RUTTING CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT MIXES USING LOADED-WHEEL TESTER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - v.p. AB - The purposes of this study are: 1) to assess the rutting potential of the GaDOT type B asphalt mixes and the six different modified mixes using aggregates from three different sources, and 2) to suggest the mix(es) that could provide better resistance to rutting. The modified mixes include the following: (1) 3M: 3% mineral filler from Ga. Marble Co.; (2) 5M: 5% mineral filler from Ga. Marble Co.; (3) 5T: 5% mineral filler from Trenton Sand Co.; (4) 5S: 5% Sylacauga sand from Sylacauga, Alabama; (5) HM: hand mixed gradation to increase minus #50 size particles; and (6) 6K: 6% Kraton polymer added to asphalt cement. Prediction of rutting potential was based on a laboratory procedure in which the asphalt beam samples were made in the laboratory and were subjected to a repetitive wheel load to a certain prescribed number of repetitions. The rut-depth developed along the wheel path on the beam samples was measured and was used as the basis for evaluating the rutting potential of the mixes. Comparing the rutting resistance of the standard Type B mixes determined in this study, the 3M and 5M modified mixes can improve rutting resistance, the effectiveness of the 5T and 5S modified mixes is mixed and requires further investigation, the benefit of using the HM modified mixes is significant, and the 6K modified mixes have the potential of improving rutting resistance. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by source KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Effectiveness KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repeated loads KW - Resistance KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469240 AU - Radwan, A E AU - SADEGH, A AU - Matthias, J S AU - Rajan, S D AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL PLANNING, DESIGN AND OPERATIONS. VOLUME 3: RECOMMENDED SOFTWARE OUTPUT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 461 p. AB - The main goal of this study was to comparatively assess a group of selected computer programs for traffic signal planning, design, and operations. A comprehensive inventory was conducted and a detailed list of the currently available computer software was developed. A short description of individual software was provided, and a comparative processor software, and network software. The final recommendation of software included seven programs for isolated intersections, three preprocessor software, and five network software. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Isolated intersections KW - Recommendations KW - Software KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469166 AU - Lee, R C AU - Nydahl, J E AU - Pell, K M AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A WATER POWERED HEAT PIPE SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE HEATING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 101 p. AB - This report discusses the design, construction, testing and evaluation of a bridge heating system that utilized ammonia heat pipes to extract energy from shallow well water and distribute it to condenser pipes near the deck surface. This efficient heat exchanger permits the use of water as a heat source without the hazards of circulating it within the deck. Even though the well water temperature at Laramie, Wyoming was only 8 deg C, this system was able to reduce the snow cover time on a non-traffic lane by 72% relative to an unheated portion of the deck, and to prevent all preferential freezing of the deck relative to the adjacent highway. The steady state conductance between the water and the deck surface was approximately 15 W/sq m deg C which implies that over 110 W/sq m was supplied by these units during a melting event. The ratio (COP) of the thermal power delivered to the deck's surface to the power required to pump the water from a 33 meter well, through the system, and then back into the ground was around 25. The use of an enhanced nucleate boiling surface should increase the above performance perimeters by approximately 35%. Since the COP increases linearly with water temperature, the use of 12 deg C water, which is a typical value at lower northern elevations, would increase the above melting event heat flux and COP values by 50%. Continuously circulated fire hydrant water or a waste heat source in close proximity of a site represent some alternative sources to wells, while geothermal water supplied the thermal energy for a previous test. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Deicing KW - Design KW - Heat pipes KW - Heating KW - Icing KW - Performance evaluations KW - Preferential icing KW - Prevention KW - Testing KW - Water temperature KW - Wells UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469239 AU - Radwan, A E AU - SADEGH, A AU - Matthias, J S AU - Rajan, S D AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL PLANNING, DESIGN AND OPERATIONS. VOLUME 2: SOFTWARE DESCRIPTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 461 p. AB - The main goal of this study was to comparatively assess a group of selected computer programs for traffic signal planning, design, and operations. A comprehensive inventory was conducted and a detailed list of the currently available computer software was developed. A short description of individual software was provided, and a comparative processor software, and network software. The final recommendation of software included seven programs for isolated intersections, three preprocessor software, and five network software. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Isolated intersections KW - Recommendations KW - Software KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469238 AU - Radwan, A E AU - SADEGH, A AU - Matthias, J S AU - Rajan, S D AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL PLANNING, DESIGN AND OPERATIONS. VOLUME 1: STUDY APPROACH, ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 461 p. AB - The main goal of this study was to comparatively assess a group of selected computer programs for traffic signal planning, design, and operations. A comprehensive inventory was conducted and a detailed list of the currently available computer software was developed. A short description of individual software was provided, and a comparative processor software, and network software. The final recommendation of software included seven programs for isolated intersections, three preprocessor software, and five network software. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Comparative analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Isolated intersections KW - Recommendations KW - Software KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468144 AU - Desai, H R AU - Reel, R AU - Deen, R C AU - Southgate, H F AU - Noble, R AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC FORECASTING FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 164 p. AB - The need for improved traffic estimation procedures has been emphasized by several studies that demonstrated that previously available data were not adequate. Some data were not considered representative of actual traffic conditions because of overloaded trucks avoiding weighing scales and insufficient traffic sampling programs. In addition, previous forecasting procedures did not reflect the increases in legal load limits, the significant increase in the number of heavy trucks, or the shift toward larger vehicle types that has occurred in recent years. Improved estimates of current traffic loadings based on larger samples of much higher quality data would allow development of procedures for making improved estimates of historical traffic loadings and better forecasts of traffic loadings during the design period. The emergence of automatic vehicle classification equipment, permanent and portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems, and the application of microprocessors and microcomputers to these data acquisition functions now offer tools that may be used effectively in meeting these needs. Representatives from four states (Florida, Kentucky, Oregon and Washington) met on several occasions to discuss the subject of traffic forecasting for pavement design. Information was compiled on all aspects of the traffic forecasting process, options were presented for each step of the process, and recommendations were developed to assist highway agencies in improving current practices and procedures. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Estimates KW - Improvements KW - Microcomputers KW - Microprocessors KW - Pavement design KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463311 AU - Stark, D AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PAVEMENT DESIGN AND MATERIALS IN D-CRACKING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 92 p. AB - A two-phase program was undertaken to verify, under field conditions, that reducing maximum aggregate particle size can minimize or eliminate D-cracking. This study was carried out also to determine the role of other materials and environmental factors in D-cracking which are not amenable to laboratory study. One phase consisted of repeat pavement surveys of existing pavements to determine whether reducing maximum particle sizes has alleviated D-cracking. The other, primary, phase consisted of monitoring the performance of a test road near Vermilion, Ohio, using visual inspections and moisture measurements and examinations of concrete cores. Visual inspections confirm that reducing the maximum particle size does minimize or eliminate D-cracking. Other observations indicate that pavement concrete on clay subgrade, stabilized and granular bases with and without artificial drains, and vapor barriers, performed similarly with respect to the initial development of D-cracking. Type of joint seal, including no seal, had no significant effect on D-cracking. Moisture measurements of cores indicated an increase in degree of saturation of concrete after one year, with a general leveling off after that period. Saturation levels were, overall, somewhat higher near the bottom than near the top of the slab. Examination of cores revealed that D-cracking is developing upward from near the bottom of the slab. Other observations revealed that where maximum aggregate particle size was reduced to avoid D-cracking, a greater incidence of intermediate transverse cracking developed with attendant faulting. It is recommended that the test road continue to be monitored through visual inspection and examination of cores. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clay KW - Concrete pavements KW - D cracking KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Granular bases KW - Highway drainage KW - Joint sealers KW - Pavement design KW - Percent saturation KW - Stabilized materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463148 AU - McCormick, F C AU - Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE STUDY OF A GRP PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 83 p. AB - Static and cyclic load tests were conducted on a 16-ft long bridge constructed with fiberglass materials. Approximately 1.6 million cycles of loads were applied to the deck to study the fatigue characteristics of the bridge. The location and magnitude of the loads were selected to accelerate failure of elements and joints in the structure. Upon completion of the cyclic load program, an ultimate static load of 16,640 lb was reached before the bridge failed. Experimental strains, deflections, and acoustic emissions were monitored during the load tests. Test results indicated that cracks in the bonded joints formed and extended under cyclic loading. The strength of the bridge was not impaired with the development of the cracks, but deflections increased progressively with the growth of the cracks. Viscoelastic creep occurred to a minor extent during sustained loading. A theoretical analysis of the behavior of the bridge was conducted by means of a finite element model. The agreement between the experimental and theoretical investigations were satisfactory. Recommendations are offered to improve the performance of the structure. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Breaking loads KW - Deflection KW - Fiberglass KW - Footbridges KW - Glass fiber reinforced plastics KW - Load tests KW - Repeated loads KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36600/36680/87-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462982 AU - Colpitts, K AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FILMS FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 185 p. AB - This document provides abstracts on audiovisual aids of potential interest to highway safety and traffic engineers. Each film abstract includes: a description of the film's contents; the source(s) from which it is available for purchase, rental, or loan; the format(s) in which it is available; the length of the film (or number of slides); and, where available, the production year and identity of the target audience. The films abstracted in this synthesis come from a variety of sources, both public and private. While some are very technical in nature, others would be suitable for general audiences. For example, a number are aimed at teaching traffic safety skills to children, others are targeted at driver education students, and still others stress the importance of using seat belts or the dangers of drinking and driving. A subject index of key words is provided for all the films, which are listed in alphabetical order. Addresses for sources from which to order films are also provided. The index of contents appears on the back cover. KW - Abstracts KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Driver education KW - Highway safety KW - Motion pictures KW - Traffic engineers KW - Traffic safety education KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464587 AU - Rock, B A AU - Vliet, G C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ENERGY SOURCES FOR ROADSIDE REST AREAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 134 p. AB - This study investigates the conventional and alternate energy sources for roadside rest areas. Conservation, solar-thermal, photovoltaics, and natural lighting are described, as are other factors which influence energy usage. The analysis of alternate energy systems using computer codes is also discussed. Recommended solutions to energy needs are presented throughout the report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Daylight KW - Energy conservation KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Evaluation KW - Information processing KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474916 AU - Young, G K AU - Phillippe, J AU - Bellomo, S J AU - Normann, J AU - Hughes, W E AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE-DECK DRAINAGE GUIDELINES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 55 p. AB - Bridge-deck design, at present, often includes costly bridge-deck drainage provisions. Many bridge engineers have questioned the need for bridge-deck drainage appurtenances, at least to the extent presently included in typical bridge design. This document presents criteria to determine if bridge drainage scuppers and drains are required. A design nomograph allows a rapid decision to be made. A key variable, design rain intensity, is analyzed: the rational method is reviewed and new methods for setting design rain intensity are presented that consider hydroplaning and driver vision. Regardless of the need for scuppers, bridge-end drainage is necessary, and methods are given. If scuppers are needed, this document provides sound drainage design practice for bridge drainage. This document, plus HEC No. 12 and NCHRP Synthesis No. 67 provide very complete reference material for bridge drainage. Good engineering judgment is still a factor for locating scuppers. For example, if theoretical scupper spacing is 150 ft. and piers are 100 ft. apart, the scupper spacing should be set at 100 ft. to accommodate vertical downpipes and provide adequate support. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge scuppers KW - Bridges KW - Drainage KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Guidelines KW - Hydroplaning KW - Location KW - Nomographs KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - Structural design KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475023 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGN TECHNOLOGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 25 p. AB - The report reviews the operational experience of the three principal types of Changeable Message Signs (CMS) used on freeways and Interstate highways in the continental United States. The three types examined here are the light bulb matrix, rotating drum, and disc matrix. These types have experienced only minor technical improvements since their introduction in the 1970s. Part 1 of the report describes each type, lists operational experience, and reports on new CMS technology. Part 2 reports on the radically new 3-dimensional imaging medium called holography. A survey of current manufacturers of holographic materials was conducted to assess the potential use of holography to present more effective sign messages to motorists. Fourteen responses from manufacturers are summarized, and recommendations made for further work on this promising new sign technology. KW - Data collection KW - Holography KW - Industries KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology assessment KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285678 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472094 AU - Rice Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 37 p. AB - This report documents ways to involve the private sector in the planning and implementation of highway and transit systems, and recommends procedures for improving public/private partnerships in urban transportation at the State, regional, and local levels. The report provides a broad overview of the opportunities available and briefly reviews a wide variety of techniques followed by successful applications in 20 cities across the Nation. These case studies cover the highway and transit modes and represent all major groups of private sector participants, including local businesses and community groups, major developers and transit service providers. Six of those cases were studied in greater detail. The six cases include: three examples of private sector involvement in the planning process; two examples in providing transit services; and, one example in coordinating and formulating a zoning ordinance. Examples of private sector involvement in the planning process include: regional mobility planning efforts in Chicago, Illinois' northern suburbs; a city-wide effort to address Cleveland, Ohio's deteriorating infrastructure, and a neighborhood transportation management plan for Dallas, Texas. Examples of private sector involvement in providing transit service are drawn from Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California. Lastly, the example of private sector involvement in coordinating and formulating a development fee ordinance is drawn from Los Angeles, California. KW - Case studies KW - Highway transportation KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56500/56513/privatesectorinv00join_1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472202 AU - PETERS, A J AU - Gietz, R H AU - Walter, J P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT MIX RECYCLING EVALUATION IN WASHINGTON STATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 38 p. AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the beginning of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT's initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very well. Although the other fourteen projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicate equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Economics KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/098.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471507 AU - Rice Center AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation TI - PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION. CASE STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 65 p. AB - Study objectives are to assist local and regional agencies by examining new approaches and procedures for involving the private sector in the planning and implementation of highway and transit systems, and to recommend ways to improve public/private partnerships, emphasizing the mutual benefits that can be derived. The four cities highlighted in this study are Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas and Los Angeles. Detailed documentation of the experiences in the four cities is provided along with a brief overview of the transportation planning process and private sector initiatives of each. KW - Case studies KW - Implementation KW - Private enterprise KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5500/5587/791a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471877 AU - Kinney, T C AU - Reckard, M AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SALTS ON ROAD EMBANKMENT STABILITY UNDER FREEZING AND THAWING CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 34 p. AB - A frost heave test performed on a base course material as part of an earlier study indicated that the addition of 0.1% calcium chloride reduced heave by 50%, while 0.5% reduced heave by 95%. The gravel was of a type widely used in Interior Alaska for highway base and subbase materials. In response to this, a more detailed study was undertaken to assess the effects of salt on soil stability, principally frost heaving. Gravels from the original study source and others typical of Interior Alaska were used. Frost heave tests were performed in the laboratory under various conditions of soil salt content, temperature, temperature gradient, and overburden pressure. CBR tests were also performed to assess thaw weakening. Field samples were gathered from highway locations where known quantities of calcuim chloride had been applied in the past. The dissipation rate of field-applied salts was examined by analyzing the salt content of these samples. The study found that frost heave effects due to salt varied widely with soil type and freezing conditions and could not be predicted using standard soil tests. It also indicated that little salt remains in a road section several years after application. It was concluded that the use of salt is probably not a practical or economical design alternative for increasing the frost stability of embankment materials. KW - Calcium chloride KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Freeze thaw cycles KW - Freezing KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overburdens KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Temperature KW - Temperature gradients KW - Testing KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472203 AU - PETERS, A J AU - Gietz, R H AU - Walter, J P AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOT MIX RECYCLING EVALUATION IN WASHINGTON STATE: APPENDIX - PROJECT EVALUATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 183 p. AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has completed construction of twenty-four hot-mix recycle projects as of January, 1985. At the beginning of this study there were sixteen completed projects that were to be examined. Evaluation of the laboratory and pavement performance data shows that WSDOT's initial two projects, Renslow to Ryegrass (1977) and Yakima River to West Ellensburg Interchange (1978), are still performing very well. Although the other fourteen projects have been constructed only within the last two and a half years, the early data indicate equally promising results. Because of the impressive pavement performance exhibited by the recycled pavements, together with hot-mix recycle benefits such as conservation of natural resources, feasibility of construction, and its cost advantage over new ACP, hot-mix recycling has become an attractive addition to the WSDOT paving program. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Economics KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/098.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463266 AU - Mellott, D B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF CHEMCRETE MODIFIED ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 9 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to evaluate the service performance of ID-2 wearing course material using CAC (Chemcrete Asphalt Concentrate) modified AC-10 asphalt in comparison to unmodified AC-10 and AC-20 asphalts. The aging properties of the modified and unmodified asphalt binders and asphaltic mixes and their relation to pavement durability were studied in detail. The use of CAC did not change the production or placement characteristics significantly. To date, no significant increase in the performance has been noted. The crack surveys indicated that the CAC modified test sections developed the most cracks. This would indicate that the CAC modified asphalt is more susceptible to low temperature cracking than either the unmodified AC-10 or AC-20 asphalt. Based on these findings, the continued use of Chemcrete is not recommended in Pennsylvania. KW - Additives KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Low temperature KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274645 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00462389 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Stephens, B W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD HUMPS FOR THE CONTROL OF VEHICULAR SPEEDS AND TRAFFIC FLOW PY - 1986/12 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - p. 82-90 AB - The purpose and development of road humps, their relevance to safety issues, signing and marking requirements, the benefits and problems of road humps, as well as other considerations are discussed in this article. The article also assesses the feasibility of establishing regulations and legislation on the road hump as a traffic control device. The development of design specifications for road humps is discussed and the 4 basic requirements of a road hump configuration are listed. The physical characteristics of road humps, and road hump parameters that have been varied empirically in test programs are also discussed. A summary is presented of the effectiveness in terms of speed reduction of various road hump configurations without regard to specific configuration characteristics. It is concluded that road humps are a viable means of controlling speeds of passenger vehicles on residential streets. The judicious placement of these devices can enhance safety and improve traffic distribution. KW - Automobiles KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Regulations KW - Residential roads KW - Residential streets KW - Road markings KW - Speed control humps KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic distribution KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462989 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1986 FHWA FEDERALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (FCP) PROGRESS REPORTS OF RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/12 SP - 77 p. AB - This executive summary gives an overview of projects being conducted under the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology during the period from October 1, 1985 through September 30, 1986. Topics covered in this report include highway and traffic control design and technology. In previous years a six-volume full progress report was published for the current fiscal year. The executive summary is the only volume of the series being published this year, because fiscal year 1986 is the last year before the beginning of the new management program, the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Research, Development, and Technology. KW - Development KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic control KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274415 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00462388 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gibson, DRP AU - Williams, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ARTERIAL ANALYSIS PACKAGE PY - 1986/12 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - p. 91-96 AB - This article discusses the three component traffic signal timing programs of the Arterial Analysis Package (AAP). The AAP, which was conceived as a tool for timing traffic signals on arterial streets, gathers the most widely used design and analysis programs to provide a framework for solving signal timing problems using commonly available traffic engineering data. The component timing programs discussed here are as follows: the Signal Operations Analysis Package (SOAP), Progression Analysis and Signal System Evaluation Routine (PASSER), and the Traffic Network Study Tool (TRANSYT). The article also discusses how to define a problem for analysis, how to prepare the input deck using the support programs, how to interpret results, and how the AAP was tested. KW - Analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programs KW - Streets KW - Testing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/277363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462345 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIVE MOBILITY IN TEXAS CITIES, 1975 TO 1984. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/12 SP - 51 p. AB - The major urban areas in Texas have experienced a period of unprecedented growth. Along with that growth came significant increases in traffic congestion with corresponding declines in urban mobility. This study uses available traffic data to assess the relative mobility levels in Austin, Corpus Christi, Dallas, El Paso, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio between 1975 and 1984. An estimate of the number of years before congestion reaches an undesirable level was generated for each major urban area. KW - Mobility KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveys KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462984 AU - Zeigler, A J AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDE TO MANAGEMENT OF ROADSIDE TREES. USERS MANUAL PY - 1986/12 SP - 75 p. AB - This guide to management of roadside trees was prepared for local and State authorities responsible for maintaining roads. This revised guide is a result of field testing during 1984-85 as part of an evaluative study to determine the ease or difficulty in using this step-by-step approach. Following years of research by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), this guide addresses safety versus environmental issues. Survey forms, text format, and descriptive sections have been revised to attain a more practical document. A method to identify and treat both existing and potential locations having a higher risk of vehicle/tree accidents is included, along with a methodology to be more responsive to conditions and accident frequencies specific to local and State jurisdictions. Information is included to identify and evaluate higher risk roadside environments, and to provide guidance for implementing roadside tree removal and for addressing environmental issues, alternative treatments, mitigation, and maintenance practices. KW - Environmental protection KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Removal KW - Roadside KW - Trees UR - http://safety.transportation.org/htmlguides/trees/assets/GuideMgmtRoadSideTrees.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576151 AU - Narotam, Champak L AU - Miner, William E AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Iowa System of Bridge Deck Rehabilitation with Cathodic Protection PY - 1986/11//Construction and First Year Operating Report SP - 37p AB - Bridge deck and substructure deterioration due to the corrosive effects of deicing chemicals on reinforcing steel is a problem facing many transportation agencies. The main concern is protection of older bridges with uncoated reinforcing steel. Many different methods have been tried over the past years to repair bridge decks. The Iowa system of bridge deck rehabilitation has proven to be very effective. It consists of scarifying the deck surface, removing any deteriorated concrete, and overlaying with low slump dense concrete. Another rehabilitation method that has emerged is cathodic protection. It has been used for many years in the protection of underground pipelines and in 1973 was first installed on a bridge deck. Cathodic protection works by applying an external source of direct current to the embedded reinforcing steel, thereby changing the electrochemical process of corrosion. The corroding steel, which is anodic, is protected by changing it to a cathodic state. The technology involved in cathodic protection as applied to bridge decks has improved over the last 12 years. One company marketing new technology in cathodic protection systems is Raychem Corporation of Menlo Park, California. Their system utilizes a Ferex anode mesh that distributes the impressed direct current over the deck surface. Ferex mesh was selected because it seemed readily adaptable to the Iowa system of bridge deck rehabilitation. The bridge deck would be scarified, deteriorated concrete removed, Ferex anode mesh installed, and overlaid with low slump dense concrete. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) promotes cathodic protection under Demonstration Project No. 34, "Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks." KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Iowa KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforcing steel UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/20133 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418425 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Kimball, C E AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Retrofit railings for narrow through truss and other obsolete bridge structures PY - 1986/11 IS - FHWA/RD-82-099 SP - 230P KW - Bridge superstructure KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Crash test KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Safety fence KW - Structural design KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962838 AU - Zink, D L AU - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANGING DEMANDS ON NORTH DAKOTA'S ROAD AND BRIDGE NETWORK PY - 1986/11 SP - 44 p. AB - Management and utilization of North Dakota's transportation network is extremely dynamic in nature. This has always been the case, but particularly so in the past 5 to 10 years. Several factors have accelerated the changes in demands on the transportation system and its management. These factors, which are examined in this report, include the following: agricultural marketing patterns; shifting demographics; expanded use of tourist and recreational facilities; and the trend toward increased maximum truck weights. KW - Agricultural industry KW - Bridges KW - Demographics KW - Highways KW - Management KW - Marketing KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - North Dakota KW - Recreational trips KW - Tourism KW - Trucking KW - Utilization KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/660866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806316 AU - Kasinskas, Michael M AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF A SULFUR EXTENDED ASPHALT MIX ON A PAVEMENT REHABILITATION PROJECT PY - 1986/11 SP - 25 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, placed 16,905.6 tons of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) on a major rehabilitation project. This report covers the mixing, placement and testing of a two-inch SEA overlay. Gas emissions in the form of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide produced by the SEA mix are also discussed. KW - Construction KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hydrogen sulfide KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Sulfur dioxide UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622379 AU - Gemayel, C A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SILANE ANTI-STRIP AGENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 20 p. AB - A previous ADOT research project resulted in strong evidence that the use of organo-silane as an asphalt additive was very effective in preventing stripping in asphalt concrete pavements. A test section approximately 2800 ft long and 12 ft wide incorporating a silane agent, Dow Corning 990, was placed on the crossroad of the east Williams T.I. on SR 64 between MP 185.3 and 185.7 in October 1981 to verify that claim. Pave Bond Special (PBS) anti-strip agent was used on ehe remaining portion of the roadway. The PBS sections directly adjacent to the silane test section were designated as control sections. In January 1984, visual observations of the silane test section indicated that the pavement surface experienced slight raveling throughout the section and moderate to severe raveling at several localized areas. The PBS control section was in excellent condition. The experimental test section was overlayed by 1 in. ASCS in October 1984 which prevented further field evaluation. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete samples obtained at the time of construction and on cores taken from the silane and PBS sections 5 months and 3 years after construction. The results showed that the PBS treated material has superior properties. However, several factors made the results questionable: difference in bulk densities between PBS and silane cores, clay material was observed in both mixtures and therefore increasing the moisture susceptibility, and long delays between the time the cores were drilled and the time they were tested. Because of the limited field evaluation and the limitations on the validity of the laboratory results, no major conclusions can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of the silane in preventing stripping. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Field tests KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Silane KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Vision UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26935/EP8101-text.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362888 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473177 AU - Mechler, A M AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATED TRAFFIC COUNTING SYSTEM WITH TURNING MOVEMENT FLOW ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 114 p. AB - The feasibility of developing an automated system for making vehicular traffic counts for at-grade intersections was investigated. Various conceptual approaches were explored; however, all calculation methods which attempted to deduce traffic-turning volumes directly from detector information were found to produce fewer than the required number of independent equations. A new technique based upon real-time forecasts of the time required for making right-turn movements is proposed. The technique utilizes the right-turn forecasting technique as a means of supplementing information collected from a system of detectors on inbound and outbound lanes, and thereby allows calculation of all traffic movements through the intersection. The accuracy of the method is improved by sensing the "state" of the intersection signal controller. The signal-controller status permits direct calculation of all turning movements except right-turns made during green-signal indications. The proposed counting methodology was implemented through the use of off-the-shelf hardware consisting of an open-architecture microcomputer and a TTL-compatible data-acquisition board. Although the technique is independent of detector type, use of a vehicle, rather than an axle detection device, is strongly preferred. As an extension of the primary research effort, several right-turn related problems were examined. Equivalence relationships for right-turn and straight-through traffic movements within the context of volume warrants for signal installation were developed. KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Hardware KW - Methodology KW - Microcomputers KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Right turns KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic flow KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478033 AU - Richardson, J M AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. PART 2 - APPENDICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 75 p. AB - This study determined concrete properties of compressive strength, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, elastic moduli in compression, and relative shrinkage. The relationship and variability of these properties were established, as well as the manner in which these relations are influenced by the cement content and the water cement ratio. KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Tensile strength KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488660 AU - Zink, D L AU - Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COUNTY ROAD MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS IN NORTH DAKOTA PY - 1986/11 SP - 48 p. AB - A survey of county officials was conducted to identify specific problems and issues encountered by North Dakota counties relative to local road management. The survey was conducted in two parts. The first portion was a personal interview of 13 county road managers in the state. The remaining counties in the state were surveyed by questionnaire. A high degree of variability in types and extent of county road management problems was discovered through the survey. Local officials were asked to identify the local road system condition, priority routes within counties, and types of vehicles predominant on local routes. They were also asked to rate the severity of several common problems such as bridge condition, adequacy of funds, surface condition needs, and others. Other significant problems identified by local officials included availability of good quality gravel, vulnerability to lawsuits due to road and bridge conditions, and the inappropriateness of the county farm-to-market program for today's needs. Also, costs to maintain the local system were estimated, as well as costs of construction/reconstruction of gravel and paved roads. Recommendations regarding local road management in North Dakota are presented. KW - County roads KW - Data collection KW - Gravel roads KW - Interviewing KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Needs assessment KW - North Dakota KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476141 AU - Cheok, G S AU - Stone, W C AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology AU - National Science Foundation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - California Department of Transportation TI - BEHAVIOR OF 1/6-SCALE MODEL BRIDGE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC INELASTIC LOADING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 291 p. AB - Circular, spirally reinforced concrete bridge columns were subjected to cyclic inelastic loading in the laboratory. The bridge columns were one-sixth scale models of prototype columns designed in accordance with current California Department of Transportation specifications. A total of six models were tested. Three of the models were constructed with microconcrete, and three were constructed with ready-mix concrete using pea gravel. Variables included the aspect ratio, magnitude of axial load, and the use of microconcrete versus ready-mix. The models were subjected to slow reversed cyclic loading with the axial load held constant. Results from the tests are presented in the form of energy absorption, load-displacement curves, longitudinal steel strains, and displacement profiles. Comparisons of the ultimate moment capacities, measured displacement ductilities, plastic hinge lengths, and the failure mode for the six models are discussed. Comparisons with previous studies are presented along with a discussion of design codes in the U.S., New Zealand, and Japan. A series of graphics-based computer programs, developed to speed the analysis and interpretation of the experimental data, are discussed. Source code is provided. KW - Aspect ratio KW - Axial loads KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Design standards KW - Energy absorption KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load displacement KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microconcrete KW - Ratios KW - Ready mixed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repeated loads KW - Scale models KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478032 AU - Richardson, J M AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. PART 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 44 p. AB - This study determined concrete properties of compressive strength, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, elastic moduli in compression, and relative shrinkage. The relationship and variability of these properties were established, as well as the manner in which these relations are influenced by the cement content and the water cement ratio. KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Tensile strength KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475125 AU - Sheu, J-C AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Roesset, J M AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS-OF-SURFACE-WAVES METHOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 306 p. AB - The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is an in situ seismic method for nondestructively determining the modulus profiles of geotechnical, pavement, and structural systems. This method requires no boreholes and is performed entirely from the surface of the system being tested. Measurements are made at strains below 0.001 percent where elastic properties of the materials are independent of strain amplitude. The versatility and relatively easy deployment of this method represent two of the strengths of the method. By generating and measuring surface waves in the field, a dispersion curve, a plot of surface wave velocity versus wavelength, is constructed. This dispersion curve is then inverted in the office. Inversion is an analytical process for reconstructing the shear wave velocity profile from the field dispersion curve. Layering and the Young's modulus of each layer are readily obtained from the shear wave velocity profile. Due to the complex nature of surface wave propagation, a half space with infinite lateral extent was assumed in the past for most theoretical analyses. As a result, the existence of reflected waves from any reflecting boundary was neglected. To understand the impact from the existence of reflecting boundaries in the real world such as joints or edges in a pavement system, a simplified model was developed. Field experiments were then performed to verify this model. Based on the results from both model and field studies, remedial measures for minimizing the effects of reflections in SASW testing are recommended. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the versatility of the SASW method, and a MASSCOMP minicomputer was introduced in an attempt to automate the SASW method. KW - Case studies KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Mathematical models KW - Minicomputers KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - S waves KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismicity KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Wave dispersion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473180 AU - Maffei, J R AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION AND BEHAVIOR OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 158 p. AB - Pavements of prestressed concrete are feasible and potentially cost-efficient for highways and airport runways. The design of prestressed concrete pavements requires an accurate knowledge of physical parameters, which include coefficient of base friction, coefficient of thermal expansion of the concrete, modulus of elasticity of the concrete, and temperature changes in the pavement. In order to determine ways of improving the analysis, and consequently the design, of prestressed concrete pavements, a one-mile experimental prestressed concrete pavement was studied. This report describes in detail the development and implementation of an instrumentation program used to monitor the behavior of the experimental prestressed pavement. The measurements taken include continuous measurement of ambient and concrete temperatures, horizontal slab movement, slab curling, and concrete strain. Data are also presented on tendon elongation, very early concrete strength, concrete modulus of elasticity, and slab cracking. Many aspects of the instrumentation program are ongoing, but an examination of some of the data has revealed: (1) Very early post-tensioning of prestressed concrete pavements (within 8 to 15 hours after concrete placement) is effective in preventing any pavement cracking, but direct testing of concrete strength at the time of post-tensioning is recommended; (2) the coefficient of base friction for the prestressed concrete pavement slabs is around 0.48, significantly lower than the value, developed from field tests, that was used in the original design; and (3) concrete modulus of elasticity at very early ages generally runs higher than values calculated according to the concrete's compressive strength. KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Curling KW - Elongation KW - Experimental roads KW - Horizontal movement KW - Instrumentation KW - Length KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature measurement KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469336 AU - Sumner, R L AU - Tarnoff, P J AU - Andrle, S J AU - Farradyne Systems, Incorporated AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF INTEGRATING URBAN TRAFFIC OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES. VOLUME 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 21 p. AB - The study developed various ways in which existing or planned traffic operations techniques could be integrated. Three case studies, Rochester, Cincinnati, and Los Angeles were included to determine the potential of integrated systems under realistic conditions. Integrated systems were found to be feasible and highly cost-effective. KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Integrated systems KW - Traffic KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472105 AU - Solash, J AU - Energy & Minerals Research Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREFERRED DRYING METHODS OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE SOLUTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 67 p. AB - Sodium chloride is currently used to remove ice from roads. While cheap, sodium chloride is corrosive and contaminates groundwater and streams. The Department of Transportation under the aegis of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) began a search for a sodium chloride substitute. Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) has been identified as an excellent candidate deicing material. The objectives of this project were to examine the best way to prepare dry CMA from CMA solutions and to determine the ice melting ability of CMA. An optimum process for producing solid CMA would then be recommended. Energy & Minerals Research Company (EMR) examined approximately 19 different drying methods for CMA solutions. In addition, they attempted to recrystallize CMA using organic liquids. Several drying methods were finally selected for initial evaluation. Small quantities of CMA were produced, and the product properties were evaluated. Two methods were then selected for further evaluation. Larger quantities were produced and further evaluated. This report contains the data generated during the course of this study and the conclusions based on this data. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Drying KW - Preparation KW - Production methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468148 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF THE FIELD COMPACTION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 184 p. AB - This report summarizes the density data which were obtained from 17 construction projects in Texas. The data were analyzed to determine the level of density and variations being achieved. In addition, an evaluation of the adequacy of various density determination techniques was conducted. Also included is a limited evaluation of nuclear density measurements. KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Data analysis KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear density KW - Specific gravity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465666 AU - Jones, L S AU - Purdue University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SYNOPSIS, 1986 PY - 1986/11 SP - 35 p. AB - The purpose of this final report is to summarize presentations made at an Equipment Management Symposium held in Indianapolis, Indiana, November 18-20, 1986. Presentations were related to the experiences of various State and County equipment managers with implementation of automated Equipment Management Systems (EMS). Status reports were made by four of the five States that contracted with the FHWA in 1979 and 1980 to test the implementation of automated EMS using as a guide a manual titled "Equipment Management Systems" prepared by the consulting firm of Cresap, McCormick, and Paget, Inc., sponsored by the FHWA and funded by contributions of 12 States. Additional presentations were made by other State and local agencies on a variety of topics related to equipment management. KW - Automation KW - Conferences KW - Counties KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Management KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464659 AU - Chia, W S AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF PRESTRESS ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 130 p. AB - This report presents results of a series of regression analyses carried out on data from both the Portland Cement Association and The University of Texas at Austin's test program on fatigue of prestressed concrete beams. Among the topics investigated were (1) the effect of prestress on the fatigue life of concrete, (2) the interaction of the static stresses due to prestressing and the dynamic stresses due to vehicular loadings, (3) the effect of prestress in delaying micro-crack propagation in concrete, and (4) the effect of prestress on the elasto-plastic behavior of prestressed concrete. As a result of this investigation, some salient facts about current fatigue design considerations for prestressed concrete pavement seem to emerge. (1) Present fatigue design is too conservative because it does not consider the beneficial effect of prestressing in helping to delay crack propagation. (2) For prestress levels of 300 psi or less, the current fatigue design is conservative because the fatigue life of the prestressed specimens was higher than the fatigue life of plain concrete. However, there is a strong indication that this may not be true with prestress levels higher than 300 psi. (3) The current design method of using superposition of stresses may not be valid because the fatigue life is dependent on the interaction between the static and dynamic stresses due to the prestressing and vehicular loading, respectively. (4) Prestressing helps in maintaining elasto-plastic behavior, which is ignored in current fatigue design. KW - Beams KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dynamic loads KW - Elastic plastic analysis KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Interaction KW - Microcracking KW - Pavement design KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Regression analysis KW - Static loading KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464660 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Anagnos, J N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEGREGATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES--CAUSES, IDENTIFICATION AND CURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 70 p. AB - This report contains a summary of the causes of segregation in asphalt mixtures, methods for reducing segregation, a guide for identifying the causes, and recommendations for eliminating or minimizing the extent and severity of segregation. The intent of the report is to serve as a field guide for inspectors and engineers for use in understanding and eliminating segregation in asphalt paving mixtures. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Mix design KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Segregation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474694 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Scherocman, J A AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRUM MIX PLANTS--EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 174 p. AB - This report contains a summary of the theory of drum mix plant operations and describes the procedures for proper operation of typical drum mix plant components. KW - Air quality management KW - Asphalt plants KW - Cold feed KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Dryer drum process KW - Guidelines KW - Mixers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474912 AU - Meyer, A H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Saraf, C L AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTED RIGID PAVEMENT FOR MULTIPURPOSE RESEARCH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 102 p. AB - This report summarizes the design, construction, and use of an instrumented portland cement concrete pavement research facility. Instrumentation includes devices to monitor static deflections, temperature gradient of the slab, and moisture contents of the supporting layers. These data can be automatically collected and stored. The slab contains a movable doweled joint with tapered dowels such that load transfer across the joint can be varied by opening and closing the joint. Two voids were constructed under the slab, one at a joint corner and the other at the edge of the pavement for the purpose of evaluating the void detection capabilities of various devices. The facility is equipped with environmental devices to monitor ambient temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity, and solar radiation. Research has been conducted at the facility to evaluate deflection measuring equipment for its ability to estimate insitu properties of the pavement layers, to detect voids underneath the pavement, and to measure load transfer efficiency at joints. Data have been collected to evaluate environmental effects on the slab and how those effects influence deflection measurements. The facility is located at the Balcones Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Experimental roads KW - Instrumentation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Temperature gradients KW - Test facilities KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473182 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN--DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF OVERLAY APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 156 p. AB - This report covers a detailed characterization of the performance of prestressed concrete pavement, in terms of failures, joint movement, steel stresses, and prestressed concrete pavement stresses, that has been derived from information collected in previous general and specific studies in connection with this project. This project has contributed information in connection with strand placement, anchorage, early stressing, subbase friction, and fatigue tests. Using this information, a detailed design procedure has been developed that considers the interaction of thickness, joint spacing, and post tensioning range and level to cover a wide range of input variables for a specific location. In addition, the report also presents information collected in connection with the design, construcion, and performance monitoring of a one-mile project on IH-35 in McLennan County, Texas. In addition, the report presents new concepts that may be used in the design and construction of prestressed concrete pavement to expedite the operations and possibly improve performance that will net a more efficient expenditure of public funds. KW - Design methods KW - Failure analysis KW - Fatigue tests KW - Friction KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Monitoring KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Spacing KW - Stresses KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473172 AU - Swan, C W AU - Wright, S G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF P-Y BASED PROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS OF "SHORT" DRILLED SHAFTS SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOADS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 202 p. AB - This report presents the results of theoretical studies performed to understand and be able to predict better the response of "short" drilled shafts. A "short" drilled shaft has been defined as a shaft which undergoes less than two points of zero deflection when subjected to lateral loads. The first portion of this study was directed towards developing simplified procedures for estimating when a drilled shaft would respond as a "short" shaft, taking into account at least approximately the nonlinear response of the soil. The second portion of this study was directed toward improving the present procedure for predicting the response of "short" drilled shafts. Several modifications were made to existing procedures based on "p-y" curves to improve their ability to predict the response of short drilled shafts. These modifications were incorporated into a computer program with other modifications, which are presented in a companion project report. KW - Computer programs KW - Drilled shafts KW - Drilling KW - Forecasting KW - Lateral loads KW - Response KW - Theoretical studies KW - Tunnel shafts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473174 AU - Nazarian, S AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN SITU DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC MODULI OF PAVEMENT SYSTEMS BY SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS-OF-SURFACE-WAVES METHOD (THEORETICAL ASPECTS). INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 134 p. AB - The Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method is an in situ testing method for determining shear wave velocity profiles of soil sites and stiffness profiles of pavement systems. The method is nondestructive and is performed entirely from the pavement or ground surface. Measurements are made at strains below 0.001 percent where elastic properties of the materials are independent of strain amplitude. The key elements in SASW testing are the generation and measurement of surface waves. Transient impacts containing wide ranges of frequencies are transmitted to the pavement surface by means of simple hammers. Surface waves generated by these impacts are captured and recorded by the receivers using a spectral waveform analyzer. The analyzer is used to transform the waveforms into the frequency domain and then to perform spectral analyses on them. The points of interest from this operation are the phase information of the cross power spectrum and the coherence function. By evaluating the coherence function during testing, the range of frequencies which is not contaminated with random background noise can be quickly identified. Phase information from the cross power spectrum is indicative of the relative phase shift of each frequency propagating between the receivers. By knowing the distance between receivers and the phase shift for each frequency, phase velocity and wavelength associated with that frequency are calculated. One of the most important steps in SASW testing is the inversion process which has been the missing link in engineering applications. The theoretical foundation of the SASW method is discussed in detail in this report, with an emphasis placed on the theoretical aspects of the inversion process. KW - Field tests KW - Frequency analyzers KW - Ground profile KW - Insitu methods KW - Inversion process KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Phase velocity KW - Rayleigh waves KW - S waves KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Theory KW - Velocity KW - Velocity spectrum KW - Waveform KW - Waveform analysis KW - Wavelength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473176 AU - Mangum, W D AU - Bermudez-Goldman, A J AU - Whitney, D P AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIRING CRACKS IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE USING POLYMERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 122 p. AB - Cracking in portland cement concrete pavements and bridge decks causes many problems including reduced stiffness which leads to greater deflections and additional cracking. Water and chlorides are able to penetrate cracks resulting in freeze-thaw deterioration and corrosion of reinforcement. Several methods of repairing cracks were investigated in the study. One method consisted of using polymer concrete in enlarged cracks in pavements. The cracks were enlarged with a crack cutter. Sand was placed in the crack and saturated with monomer to form a strong polymer concrete which bonded well to the portland cement concrete. Evaluations of many miles of repaired cracks on I-610 indicate very good performance. The disadvantage of the method is the length of time required to enlarge the cracks. Epoxy injection was investigated in the laboratory using different crack widths and three different ambient temperatures in cracked slabs. The slabs were recracked to determine recracking strength and location of the second crack. For the epoxy used, the recracking strength was good for 70 degrees F and higher; the results at 40 degrees F reflected the slow curing of the epoxy. Generally epoxy injection provided a good bond but crack preparation was found to be very important. Limited field tests were conducted. High molecular weight methacrylate monomer systems (HMWM) were investigated for brushing on the surface of cracked concrete. The monomer filled the cracks in dry laboratory slabs to 95 percent of the crack length for cracks as narrow as 0.2 mm. Moisture in the crack reduced the penetration but more than adequate filling was observed. Recracking strength was good. Some success was achieved with spraying cracked concrete overhead. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methacrylate KW - Monomers KW - Performance KW - Polymers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Repairing KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473181 AU - Dunn, B W AU - Burns, N H AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRICTION LOSSES IN UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING TENDONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 72 p. AB - An important factor to be considered in the design of prestressed concrete pavements is the effective level of prestressing that the concrete feels. The effective prestress level must be high enough to prevent detrimental tensile stresses from developing in the concrete under service loads. This study investigates the amount of the initial prestressing that is lost due to friction along the length of the post-tensioning tendons. Knowing the amount of friction losses that occur is essential in order to determine the effective prestress force at any point along the tendon. Experimental tests were carried out on four test slabs with different configurations of unbonded post-tensioning tendons. The calculated losses were used to predict losses that would occur in an actual prestressed pavement. Friction losses measured during post-tensioning of the actual pavement were then compared to the calculated losses. KW - Friction losses KW - Pavement design KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete pavements KW - Prestressing KW - Tendons KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473171 AU - Rogers, L E AU - Wright, S G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF WETTING AND DRYING ON THE LONG-TERM SHEAR STRENGTH PARAMETERS FOR COMPACTED BEAUMONT CLAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 146 p. AB - This report describes results of a series of laboratory tests performed to understand better the strength properties of highly plastic clays used in the construction of embankments in Texas. Previous studies showed that such embankments failed by sliding many years (10-30) after construction and that the apparent shear strengths in the field were substantially lower than the long-term shear strengths determined on the basis of laboratory tests on compacted specimens. This report presents the laboratory procedures and results for several series of tests in which specimens of compacted Beaumont clay were subjected to repeated cycles of wetting and drying and then sheared to measure the shear strength parameters in terms of effective stresses. Results of the tests show that repeated wetting and drying can produce a significant reduction in the effective stress cohesion intercept. Factors of safety were calculated using the reduced laboratory strengths for an embankment which had failed. Although the computed factors of safety were still somewhat greater than unity, even using the reduced shear strengths due to wetting and drying, the factors of safety were significantly reduced by the effects of wetting and drying. Although the factors of safety were still somewhat higher than unity, this may have been caused by small amounts of scatter and uncertainty in the data, which is especially critical for the relatively low cohesion values involved (less than 100 psf). Further laboratory testing is needed to more fully reproduce and understand the effects of wetting and drying on the long-term strength properties of highly plastic clays. KW - Cohesive strength KW - Cohesive values KW - Compacted clays KW - Drying KW - Effective stress KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Field strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Safety factors KW - Shear strength KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Time duration KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473173 AU - Wright, S G AU - Cuenca, F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILITY COMPUTATION PROCEDURES FOR EARTH SLOPES CONTAINING INTERNAL REINFORCEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 100 p. AB - This report presents the fundamental limit equilibrium slope stability equations required to compute the stability of earth slopes containing synthetic reinforcement ("geogrids"). The limit equilibrium equations were incorporated into a computer program, UTEXAS2, which was then used to perform a number of calculations for verification. Results of the calculations were compared with other published solutions and with the results of other limit equilibrium slope stability computations based on several simplified approximations. An important consideration in the design of reinforced slopes is the magnitude of the force which can be developed in the reinforcement. A series of finite element calculations were performed to estimate potential elongation strain in reinforcement. The finite element computations simulated the expansion of soil in a compacted earth slope and were used to estimate probable strain in reinforcement. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Elongation KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Finite element method KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Internal reinforcement KW - Length KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473175 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Smith, R D AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIME AND CEMENT TREATMENT OF SOILS FOR REPAIR OF EARTH SLOPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 108 p. AB - This report summarizes a study to evaluate lime and cement treatment of soils for the repair of earth slopes. The study involved three Texas soils, two treatment levels using both portland cement and hydrated lime, two levels of compaction for one soil, and two levels of pulverization for soils treated with portland cement. Testing involved the determination of Atterberg limits and wet and dry unconfined compressive strengths after curing for various time periods. Lime was shown to be best with highly plastic, dry soils and soils compacted to a high level of density. Cement tended to be superior at low densities and with low plasticity, sandy soils. Both soils tended to experience significant losses of strength when allowed to absorb water. The losses, however, were generally much less for lime treated materials. In terms of slope stability analyses, both treatments produced strength values, even when wet, exceeding the strength values at which slope failures would be expected to occur. It is felt that the loss of strength and resulting slope failures probably are associated with cracking of the treated soil. Further, evaluations under conditions of wetting and drying should be conducted to further analyze the use of cement and lime for soil slopes which have failed. KW - Atterberg limits KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Cement treated soils KW - Compressive strength KW - Drying KW - Portland cement KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil compaction KW - Testing KW - Unconfined compression tests KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472201 AU - Babaei, K AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HALF-CELL CORROSION DETECTION TEST FOR CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 89 p. AB - This report includes three chapters. The first chapter discusses the corrosion of steel in concrete and provides information on the half-cell corrosion detection technique. In the second chapter, WSDOT's use of the test is reviewed, its concerns with the test are discussed, and the reliability of data collected is determined based on the field tests conducted. In the third chapter, a systematic procedure is developed with which to incorporate half-cell data into the WSDOT's bridge deck repair priority and protective system selection program. The findings of this work support the use of the half-cell test on bridge decks for classifying their overall condition. The use of half-cell data for designating specific bridge deck areas needing repair, however, is not recommended. The criteria presented in ASTM for evaluating the significance of half-cell potentials can be used for interpretation of data at this time. However, the empirical criteria may be modified in the presence of more data. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Half-cell test KW - Ratings KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Reliability KW - Repairing KW - Strategic planning KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/095.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281016 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472100 AU - Sumner, R L AU - Tarnoff, P J AU - Andrle, S J AU - Farradyne Systems, Incorporated AU - SG Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF INTEGRATING URBAN TRAFFIC OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES - VOLUME II - TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 85 p. AB - This report describes the results of a feasibility study designed to investigate the potential for integrating urban traffic management systems. Most existing traffic management systems are designed and implemented independently of other management systems that are either in operation or planned. This approach leads to redundancies in manpower and underutilization of both communications networks and hardware. This study developed various ways in which existing or planned traffic operations techniques could be integrated. Three case studies, Rochester, Cincinnati, and Los Angeles, were included to determine the potential of integrated systems under realistic conditions. Integrated systems were found to be feasible and highly cost effective. Apart from financial savings they are also beneficial to the driver as more responsive traffic operations are possible. The report also contains recommendations on further research, feasibility studies, institutional considerations, regulatory and funding issues. KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Integrated systems KW - Integrated traffic data system KW - Operations research KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic operations research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00472175 AU - Keane, E AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR PRIORITIZED SCHEDULING OF ASPHALTIC CONCRETE PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE. HANDBOOK PY - 1986/11 SP - 28 p. AB - This handbook is intended to aid maintenance personnel in determining the location of specific pavement deficiencies, determining the severity of each distress type, and identifying potential corrective measures that may be appropriate. The data collection processes, condition definitions, and computer printouts are provided including: field testing of ride index, friction index, structural condition, cracking and rut depth; pavement deficiency descriptions; printouts of pavement deficiencies (delivered to all maintenance stations in the state); corrective actions recommended for each deficiency - tied into Maintenance Foreman's Handbook; and priorities set for corrective actions. KW - Defects KW - Deficiencies KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Injury severity KW - Location KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Ratings KW - Scheduling KW - Severity KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280991 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463324 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Ayoub, N A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF AUTOMATING TRUCK TIRE PRESSURE DATA COLLECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 43 p. AB - Recent field studies have established that operational truck tire inflation pressures are much higher than those typically assumed in the pavement design process. Field data have shown that tire inflation pressures for trucks operating on the highway average between 95 and 100 pounds per square inch (psi) while 75 to 80 psi is usually assumed in pavement design. Other work has shown that these tire pressures are not uniformly distributed across the area of contact between the tire and the road surface. One of these studies indicated that contact pressures at the outer edge of the contact area can be as high as twice the tire inflation pressure. This situation is suspected of causing significant levels of premature failure in the State of Texas' pavement structures. This report presents the results of a study into the feasibility of automatically monitoring the contact tire pressures produced by trucks while they are in motion by monitoring tire footprint dimensions and weight. The work undertaken has included: a review of principles of tire contact pressure measurement and available sensor technology; an assessment of the feasibility of using each principal/technology for truck contact pressure measurement; and development of the concept for an independent tire contact pressure measurement system as well as options for operational truck weighing-in-motion (WIM) systems. KW - Automation KW - Contact pressure KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Inflation KW - Measurement KW - Pressure KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463145 AU - Beal, D B AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF A CORRUGATED-METAL BOX CULVERT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 50 p. AB - Strain and deflection were determined for a 22-ft 3-in aluminum box culvert during backfilling and under static live load. The structure was instrumented at the crown and haunches with electrical-resistance strain gages on the structural plates and stiffening ribs, and curvature meters on the plates. This instrumentation permitted determination of average bending on five corrugations (each 9-in. wide) across a 54-in. wide structural plate. In addition, crown displacement was monitored at five locations with potentiometers. The structure was assembled and loaded in the laboratory to permit calibration of measured response with bending moment and thrust. The laboratory testing showed that the structural plates and stiffening ribs were not fully composite in resisting applied loads, with the amount of composite action being less at the haunches than the crown. The structure's response was determined at 18 increments of backfill from the footing to 22 in. over the crown. Response under the final asphalt paving was also measured. For the live-load test, a 32-kip dual-tire truck axle was staticaly positioned at a number of locations over the crown. These tests were performed on the subgrade and with the finished paving in place. Measured response of the structure is compared with estimates from finite-element analysis and design equations. KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Backfilling KW - Box culverts KW - Deflection KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Live loads KW - Response KW - Static tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463283 AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LARGER TRUCKS ON TEXAS HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 23 p. AB - This report contains the summarized results of the major research tasks in this study. The tasks, which have been reported in detailed separate reports, were: 1) annotated bibliography on truck elements (Report 397-1); 2) truck accident frequencies and severities (Report 397-4); 3) effects of larger trucks on passenger car equivalents - PCE (Report 397-2); and 4) channelization of trucks at at-grade intersections (Report 397-3). KW - Bibliographies KW - Channelized intersections KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Highway capacity KW - Passenger car equivalence KW - Truck effect on highway capacity KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463287 AU - Messer, C J AU - Vinson, S B AU - Brouwer, G A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURVEY OF FIRE ANT INFESTATION IN TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 21 p. AB - This report is the first in a series of reports expected to be prepared on research being conducted to develop practical treatments for preventing imported fire ants from damaging traffic signal systems. This initial report describes the findings of a one-week field survey conducted in the states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Additional information from Texas was added to the survey. The survey found that fire ants are a concern to all agencies contacted, including four cities and five state departments of transportation. A wide variety of insecticides are being used. The report contains a list of these treatments, evaluates them in a preliminary sense, and recommends a future course of research to be pursued within this study to achieve contract objectives. KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Insecticides KW - Insects KW - Loss and damage KW - Prevention KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463265 AU - Dahir, S H AU - Hunt, J E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT RESTORATION. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - v.p. AB - Techniques and procedures have been developed to prolong the life of portland cement concrete pavements which are structurally sound but have relatively small areas of deterioration and limited problems at joints and cracks. Several of these techniques and procedures were demonstrated and discussed at a seminar on May 9, 1984, on a concrete pavement section of US 322 (L.R. 139 Parallel) near Hershey, PA. These techniques included: full-depth slab replacement, spall repair, subsealing, diamond grinding, joint rehabilitation/resealing, and restoration of load transfer at cracks. Details of the application of these techniques and procedures at the demonstration are discussed in this report. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Grinding KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Replacement KW - Restoration KW - Slabs KW - Spalling KW - Subsealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463315 AU - KINNISON, R R AU - University of Nevada, Las Vegas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPANDED MONTANA ASPHALT QUALITY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 62 p. AB - Asphalts were obtained from pavements in 15 states and subjected to high pressure gel permeation liquid chromatography. Additional data was obtained describing the pavements, climatic conditions, and traffic load of the roads from which the pavement samples were obtained. Two types of statistical analyses on these data were done for this report: (1) nonparametric test for association among the variables (the nonparametric equivalent of correlation analysis), and (2) logistic regression to determine if certain road conditions or composition could be used to predict a high probability of pavement in need of repair. KW - Asphalt tests KW - Climate KW - Correlation analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462434 AU - Lindholm, J M AU - Young, H H AU - Radwan, A E AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISUAL PROCESSING AND DRIVING SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 133 p. AB - The normal aging process appears to be associated with a progressive decline in information processing capabilities necessary for safe driving. In order to improve highway safety, the roadway system should be adjusted to accomodate older drivers with diminished capabilities, and driver licensing instruments should be developed to identify individuals with disabilities of a severity to preclude safe driving. These goals require a better understanding of the nature and extent of age-related changes in perceptual and cognitive functioning. This project constitutes an early phase in the research necessary to achieve such understanding. Based on a previously advanced account of age differences in visual processing time, a battery of computer based laboratory tasks was developed and administered to young, middle-aged, and elderly drivers. The tasks differed in the techniques used to assess processing time, the cognitive processes upon which a response was based, and the characteristics of the stimulus set. As expected, aging was associated with longer processing times in most of these experiments. The attempt to account for the magnitude of the age effect was not successful. The relative age difference varied with both the stimulus and the requirements of the task. In certain tasks, stimulus attributes that had only a small effect on the performance of young subjects had a large effect on the performance of elderly subjects. The results are discussed with respect to development of a valid screening instrument for driver licensing, and with respect to improved geometric design and operation standards for the roadway system. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driver age KW - Driver licensing KW - Driver performance KW - Driver reaction KW - Driver vision KW - Drivers KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Reaction time KW - Screenings KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462347 AU - Furr, H L AU - Pendleton, O AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONDITION SURVEY OF CONTINUOUS BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 56 p. AB - A field survey was conducted to evaluate the performances of Texas highway bridges with continuous decks, and to compare those performances with comparable bridges with noncontinuous decks. The visual inspections were geographically distributed over the entire state to account for different climatic conditions found in the state. Bridges with continuous steel girders, reinforced concrete pan formed girders, prestressed concrete steel girders, and prestressed concrete girders made continuous for live load made up the sample of 257 bridges. The most common defects found are: (1) transverse deck cracks, (2) longitudinal cracks in formed girder bridges, (3) spalls and cracks at ends of closure pours in prestressed concrete girders made continuous for live loads, (4) bent cap and beam end spalls in simple pan formed girder bridges, and (5) damaged joint seals in simple spans. Less common are (1) deicing salt damage over bents in continuous slabs and (2) cracks at dowel ends of doweled pan formed girder bridges. It is concluded that the service lives of continuous deck and simple deck bridges should be comparable if all are well maintained and if the steel is protected from deicing salt. It is recommended that special precautions be made to protect reinforcing steel in cracked regions over bents. KW - Bents KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Joint sealing KW - Loss and damage KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Spalling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462439 AU - Knight, N E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATION OF HEILMAN GENERAL PURPOSE ROAD REPAIR MATERIAL. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 16 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate a cold plant mix "Heilman General Purpose Road Repair Material" as an alternative to FB-1 in the rehabilitation of secondary roads. The Heilman GP mix was placed on Legislative Route 10027, Butler County with a control section of FB-1. The handling, compaction, stability, weatherability, and other properties will be evaluated after a three year period and a cost/benefit analysis prepared. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cold plant KW - Compaction KW - Durability KW - Field performance KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Performance KW - Secondary roads KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461949 AU - Courage, K G AU - Wallace, C E AU - Reaves, D P AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARTERIAL ANALYSIS PACKAGE (AAP) USER'S MANUAL PY - 1986/11 SP - 311 p. AB - The Arterial Analysis Package (AAP) combines three of the most popular traffic signal timing optimization and traffic flow analysis models into a single package. The separate programs that have been integrated into the AAP are: SOAP, an isolated intersection model; PASSER II, an arterial bandwidth model; and TRANSYT, a sophisticated macroscopic simulation and system optimization model. The AAP has the advantage of allowing the traffic engineer or analyst direct access to all three of these programs using simple, unified inputs and outputs. Thus designs can be based on either maximizing the bandwidth or minimizing stops, delay and fuel consumption by coding one input data file and simply selecting the appropriate component program. The AAP contains microcomputer based input processors that further simplify the input coding process. The AAP operates in both mainframe and microcomputer environments. KW - Arterial highways KW - Bandwidth KW - Computer programs KW - Intersections KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461679 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Kimball, C E AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETROFIT RAILINGS FOR NARROW THROUGH TRUSS AND OTHER OBSOLETE BRIDGE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/11 SP - 230 p. AB - Through truss structures are unique in that the superstructure of the bridge is exposed to impacts from errant vehicles. Effective bridge railings must not only exclude these vehicles from contacting the critical truss members by limiting system deflection, but must also prevent heavy vehicles from rolling over the barrier and contacting a truss member. Complete collapse of truss structures has resulted from automobile impacts as well as heavy vehicle impacts. Two bridge railing retrofit systems were systematically designed and developed in this project. The high performance system is designed to contain and limit vehicle roll of 20,000-lb (9000-kg) buses impacting at 55 mph (90 kmph) and a 15-deg angle. The low service retrofit system contains and redirects a 4500-lb (2000-kg) car impacting at 60 mph (95 kmph) and a 15-deg angle without endangering the truss members behind the retrofit system. Crash tests with vehicles ranging from the bus to an 1800-lb (800-kg) minicompact vehicle were used in the development and evaluation. Design drawings of the bridge rails, bridge attachment detail and approach rail are included in the report. KW - Automobiles KW - Bridge railings KW - Buses KW - Impact tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Subcompact automobiles KW - Subcompact cars KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453802 AU - Humphrey, Dana Norman AU - McCarron, William Oris AU - Holtz, R D AU - Chen, Wai-Fah AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Finite Element Analysis of Plane Strain Problems with PS-NFAP and the CAP Model: User's Manual: Implementation Report (1) PY - 1986/10/14/Implementation Report SP - 201p AB - This user's m.inual describes the operation of PS-NFAP, a finite element program developed for the analysis of plane strain problems with the cap soil behavioral model. In addition, two programs (CPCALC and CAP) that assist in calculating the cap model parameters from typical soil tests results, a preprocessor program (AUTOCEN) that generates the PS-NFAP input file, and an auxiliary program (NFM1NX) that optimizes the FE mesh node numbering are described. PS-NFAP has special features for analysis of reinforced and unreinforced embankments constructed on soft ground. A detailed example to illustrate how the series of programs are used to analyze a reinforced embankment is given. The programs are written in FORTRAN IV and FOKTRAK77. They are implemented on two computer systems: (1) IBM 3063 mainframe using VS-FORTRAN; and (2) the series of IBM personal computers with a math co-processor chip using Ryan-McFar lane FORTRAN, version 2 .0 {Ryan-McFarland , 1985). The IBM personal computers include the IBM-PC, IBM-XT, IBM-AT, or compatible computers. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Computer programs KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Plane strain UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314117 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453734 AU - Tyree, John L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Shelby County, Indiana PY - 1986/10/14/Final Report SP - 57p AB - The engineering soils map of Shelby County was prepared at a scale ratio of 1:63,630 primarily by interpretation of aerial photographs. Accepted techniques of observation were used to delineate landforms-parent material associations by steroscopic inspection. The aerial photographs used were taken for the U.S. Department of Agriculture in September 1941. They were printed at a scale of 1:20,000 (1 mile = 3 inches). The Agricultural Soil Survey of Shelby County was used as a reference to confirm soil boundaries. A field trip was taken to the county to verify interpretations made from the aerial photographs. The text of this report includes a general description of the area and a discussion of the engineering soil areas and the problems associated with the soils and bedrock in the county. Standard symbols developed were employed to distinguish landform-parent material associations and surface soil textures on the map. The shallow soil profiles of the different landform-parent materials were constructed from information obtained from the Shelby County Soil Survey, field sampling and borehole records. KW - Bedrock KW - Boreholes KW - Engineering soils KW - Indiana KW - Landforms KW - Soil mapping KW - Texture UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314601 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453731 AU - Humphrey, Dana Norman AU - Holtz, R D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABL6 with Reinforcing Layer Option: User's Manual: Implementation Report (2) PY - 1986/10/14/Implementation Report SP - 46p AB - The capability to analyze reinforced embankments has been incorporated into the STABL slope stability analysis program. The new program is called STABL6. This user's manual describes how the simplified Bishop's method was modified to include reinforcing layers. The modified program can analyze multiple reinforcing layers and allows the orientation of the reinforcing force to be specified. Input instructions and an example problem for the reinforcing layer option are given. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Limiting equilibrium KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slope stability UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314118 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453721 AU - Humphrey, Dana Norman AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Reinforced Embankments: Executive Summary PY - 1986/10/14/Final Report SP - 30p AB - A study was made of reinforced embankments constructed on undrained soft foundations using the finite element (FE) method with a cap elastic-plastic work hardening soil behavior model. A straightforward procedure was developed to obtain the cap input parameters from standard soil test results. The FE analyses showed that crust strength and foundation compressibility have the greatest influence on the benefit possible with reinforcement. The main effect of the reinforcement is to reduce shear stresses in the foundation near the embankment toe. Reinforcement was found to be very beneficial for widening and raising the grade of existing embankments. Underlying assumptions of modified limiting equilibrium methods were examined. The assumption of no change in normal stress on the portion of the slip surface passing through the fill due to reinforcement appears to be valid. In addition, a thorough summary of reinforced embankment case histories was presented and evaluated. KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Foundations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shear stress UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314116 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00472271 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Humphrey, D N AU - Holtz, R D AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABL6 WITH REINFORCING LAYER OPTION -- USER'S MANUAL. IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PY - 1986/10/14 SP - 33 p. AB - The capability to analyze reinforced embankments has been incorporated into the STABL slope stability analysis program. The new program is called STABL6. This user's manual describes how the simplified Bishop's method was modified to include reinforcing layers. The modified program can analyze multiple reinforcing layers and allows the orientation of the reinforcing force to be specified. Input instructions and an example problem for the reinforcing layer option are given. KW - Computer programs KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slope stability KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/284029 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00472269 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Humphrey, D N AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1986/10/14 SP - 23 p. AB - A study was made of reinforced embankments constructed on undrained soft foundations using the finite element (FE) method with a cap elastic-plastic work hardening soil behavior model. A straightforward procedure was developed to obtain the cap input parameters from standard soil test results. The FE analyses showed that crust strength and foundation compressibility have the greatest influence on the benefit possible with reinforcement. The main effect of the reinforcement is to reduce shear stresses in the foundation near the embankment toe. Reinforcement was found to be very beneficial for widening and raising the grade of existing embankments. Underlying assumptions of modified limiting equilibrium methods were examined. The assumption of no change in normal stress on the portion of the slip surface passing through the fill due to reinforcement appears to be valid. In addition, a thorough summary of reinforced embankment case histories was presented and evaluated. KW - Elastic plastic analysis KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement widening KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear stress KW - Soil behavior KW - Soil mechanics KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/284027 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00472268 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Humphrey, D N AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF REINFORCED EMBANKMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10/14 SP - 423 p. AB - A study was made of reinforced embankments constructed on undrained soft foundations using the finite element (FE) method with a cap elastic-plastic work hardening soil behavior model. A straightforward procedure was developed to obtain the cap input parameters from standard soil test results. The FE analyses showed that crust strength and foundation compressibility have the greatest influence on the benefit possible with reinforcement. The main effect of the reinforcement is to reduce shear stresses in the foundation near the embankment toe. Reinforcement was found to be very beneficial for widening and raising the grade of existing embankments. Underlying assumptions of modified limiting equilibrium methods were examined. The assumption of no change in normal stress on the portion of the slip surface passing through the fill due to reinforcement appears to be valid. In addition, a thorough summary of reinforced embankment case histories was presented and evaluated. KW - Elastic plastic analysis KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Embankment foundations KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement widening KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear stress KW - Soil behavior KW - Soil mechanics KW - Widening UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314602 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/284026 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00472270 JO - Purdue University/Indiana State Highway Comm JHRP PB - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Humphrey, D N AU - McCarron, W O AU - Holtz, R D AU - Chen, Wai-Fah AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS WITH PS-NFAP AND THE CAP MODEL -- USER'S MANUAL. IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PY - 1986/10/14 SP - 184 p. AB - This user's manual describes the operation of PS-NFAP, a finite element program developed for the analysis of plane strain problems with the cap soil behavioral model. In addition, two programs (CPCALC and CAP) that assist in calculating the cap model parameters from typical soil tests results, a preprocessor program (AUTOGEN) that generates the PS-NFAP input file, and an auxiliary program (NFMINX) that optimizes the FE mesh node numbering are described. PS-NFAP has special features for analysis of reinforced and unreinforced embankments constructed on soft ground. A detailed example to illustrate how the series of programs are used to analyze a reinforced embankment is given. The programs are written in FORTRAN IV and FORTRAN77. They are implemented on two computer systems: (1) IBM 3083 mainframe using VS-FORTRAN; and (2) the series of IBM personal computers with a math co-processor chip using Ryan-McFarland FORTRAN, version 2.0 (Ryan-McFarland, 1985). The IBM personal computers include the IBM-PC, IBM-XT, IBM-AT, or compatible computers. KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Personal computers KW - Plane strain KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Soil behavior KW - Soil mechanics KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/284028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463267 AU - Stephens, L B AU - Rissel, M C AU - Taylor, J F AU - Drake, P G AU - Rissel, M H AU - Byrd, Tallamy, MacDonald & Lewis AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY REHABILITATION ENGINEERING MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10/11 SP - 401 p. AB - During the last 10-20 years, highway engineering responsibilities have shifted from concentration on new construction to rehabilitation. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation has gained considerable experience during this period. This manual synthesizes published guidelines, standards, procedures, and the accumulated knowledge and experience of key individuals within the Department into a manageable, easy-to-use technical manual on highway rehabilitation in Pennsylvania. The manual is organized into two parts: rehabilitation procedures and rehabilitation techniques. Part I explains how rehabilitation projects fit into the overall program of the Department and how projects are identified, designed, and constructed. Part II provides detailed information on specific activities, or techniques, for the rehabilitation of pavements, bridges, and roadside and drainage features. KW - Drainage structures KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roadside structures KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01576087 AU - Jordison, Donald AU - Smith, Richard D AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Asphalt Cement Concrete Pavement Recycling: Cass and Montgomery Counties PY - 1986/10//Final Report SP - 58p AB - This demonstration project consisted of three adjacent highway resurfacing projects using asphalt cement concrete removed from an Interstate highway which had become severely rutted. The salvaged asphaltic concrete was later crushed and hauled to a plant site where it was combined with virgin materials to resurface the three projects. Only two of the projects were used for performance evaluation as the third project was in an interchange area including ramps and was otherwise too short. It was concluded that recycling was cost effective and a high quality surface can be constructed using recycled asphalt cement concrete. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Demonstration projects KW - Iowa KW - Pavement performance KW - Recycling KW - Resurfacing UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16398 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1366841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01501138 AU - Colan, O R AU - O.R. Colan Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methods to Determine Public Improvement Increase or Decrease in Value PY - 1986/10//Final Report SP - v.p. AB - This document presents appraisal methods that can be properly used to avoid consideration of project related increases or decreases in value on the Federal aid highway system. The methodologies that can be used to ascertain or isolate public improvement-related increases or decreases in market value are discussed. These materials and principles apply to any federally assisted project, whether it is undertaken by a Federal, State, County, City or other governmental agency. KW - Appraisals KW - Construction projects KW - Economic analysis KW - Eminent domain KW - Federal aid highways KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1279692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418404 AU - Kraemer, S R AU - Smith, A D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Geocomposite drains, volume 1: engineering assessment and preliminary guidelines PY - 1986/10 IS - FHWA/RD-86-171 SP - 76P KW - Compression KW - Compression KW - Creep KW - Creep KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Drainage KW - Drainage KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Geotextile KW - Geotextiles KW - Polymer KW - Polymers KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Prefabrication KW - Test KW - Tests KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1186202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416635 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methods for predicting truck speed loss on grades - final technical report PY - 1986/10 IS - FHWA/RD-86-059 SP - 170P AB - Truck speed loss on grades reduces highway capacity and increases the risk of accidents. The rational design of a truck climbing lane as a solution to this problem requires means for predicting truck speed changes on grades. Experimental measurements of the speed loss of trucks operating on highways were conducted at 20 sites throughout the country. These data were analyzed to compare performance to present guidelines for highway design embodied in the AASHTO policy on geometric design of highways and streets. The performance of the straight truck and tractor trailer population is notably better than that reflected in the AASHTO publication. Methods were developed for modeling the hill climbing performance of the four major truck classes at the 12.5 And 50 percentile population level using empirically determined weight to power values. Speed distance plots are provided for each class on constant grades, along with a simple computer program for calculating speed versus distance on arbitrary grades defined by the user. These speed loss models are recommended as alternatives to the AASHTO standard for highways carrying primarily straight trucks and tractor trailers. Trucks pulling trailers, and doubles and triples are the truck classes with lowest hill climbing performance. For the limited data obtained, the AASHTO model appears to provide a reasonable performance prediction for the 12.5 percentile population. Methods for estimating performance at the 12.5 percentile level for mixed truck populations are presented. The need of a rationale for making design decisions with mixed truck populations is recognized (a). KW - Acceleration KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Geometric segments KW - Road geometry KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00462346 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Stokes, R W AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSITWAY SURVEILLANCE, COMMUNICATIONS, AND CONTROL. CHAPTER 4 OF THE MANUAL FOR PLANNING, DESIGNING AND OPERATING TRANSITWAY FACILITIES IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 83 p. AB - Transitways are exclusive, physically separated, limited access roadway facilities for high occupancy vehicles (buses, vans, carpools). The complexity of operations (reversible flow) and, in many applications, the restrictions to cross-section width, emphasizes the need for an active traffic operations management system which includes capabilities for surveillance, communications, and control. The importance of coordinating Surveillance, Communications and Control (SC&C) considerations with both the planning and design processes for transitways cannot be overstated. Operation of a transitway is critical and should be considered early in the design phase. This report addresses Transitway Surveillance, Communication, and Control as Chapter 4 of the previously prepared "Manual for Planning, Designing and Operating Transitway Facilities in Texas" (Research Report 425-2F). This chapter of the manual presents information for assessing the need for SC&C systems on transitways, describes the basic concepts, systems and technologies associated with SC&C, outlines some general guidelines for selecting the appropriate SC&C system, and provides criteria for the actual design of a SC&C system. KW - Busways KW - Communication systems KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Guidelines KW - Guideways KW - Manuals KW - Texas KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00463466 AU - Transportation Accounting Consortium AU - Michigan Department of Social Services AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Department of Health and Human Services TI - RURAL TRANSPORTATION ACCOUNTING. A MODEL UNIFORM ACCOUNTING SYSTEM FOR RURAL AND SPECIALIZED TRANSPORTATION PROVIDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - v.p. AB - This manual describes how to use a streamlined accounting system developed for small bus systems serving rural areas or elderly and handicapped persons. It combines several of the techniques explored by the Transportation Accounting Consortium into one standard system with broad applicability and a fair amount of flexibility. The chart of accounts (standard list of cost categories) used by the system is based on UMTA's Section 15 standard accounting system, but modified slightly to meet the requirements of social service agencies sponsoring or operating transportation services. The system was specifically designed to allow microcomputer use to facilitate processing of its management and reporting information. KW - Accounting KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Public transit KW - Rural areas KW - Standardization KW - Transit services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806317 AU - Ganung, George A AU - Larsen, Donald A AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT RECYCLING, I-84, WATERBURY PY - 1986/10 SP - 43 p. AB - A 1000-ft section on I-84 WB in Waterbury, Connecticut, was reconstructed in 1979-80, using recycled portland cement concrete derived from the original pavement. A 600-ft control section of new concrete was laid adjacent to the above. Upon completion, a semiannual series of visual observations and friction tests was initiated, continuing into early 1986. Development of cracking and other distress was monitored during these surveys. Swiss Hammer and sand patch texture measurements were performed in 1986 on completion of the study. Cracking was found to be almost entirely transverse with some minor joint spalling. As of 1986, the recycled section exhibited 541 ft of cracking, and the control, 234 ft, or 39 ft per hundred ft of pavement for the control and 54 ft per hundred on the recycled. Neither section suffered any structural failure associated with the cracking. The increased cracking on the recycled pavement may be the effect of a higher coefficient of expansion. Friction numbers are quite low on both sections, but average 3-4 numbers lower on the recycled. Laboratory tests indicate that there may be slightly lower solubility of the recycled concrete in acid rain, reducing differential etching, thereby reducing the skid number. Sand patch and Swiss Hammer tests showed no difference between the sections with respect to compressive strength or texture depths (unworn areas). Texture depths are slightly greater in the control section wheelpaths than in the recycled. KW - Acid rain KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Depth KW - Friction tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycled concrete KW - Recycling KW - Skid resistance KW - Spalling KW - Texture KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496651 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ENERGY ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS. VOLUME II. APPENDICES PY - 1986/10 SP - v.p. AB - Modern seismic design provisions for highway bridges rely on the energy-absorption capabilities of the ductile components and the ability of the overall system to dynamically respond so the ductile components can absorb energy. In the absence of physical data on the dynamic response of highway bridges, obtained either by physical tests or from actual earthquakes, bridge engineers must resort to analytical means to assess the dynamic response characteristics of bridges. Analytical procedures, which are developed herein for evaluating the energy-absorption characteristics of highway bridges, are incorporated into a new version (NEABS-II) of the computer program NEABS (Nonlinear Earthquake Analysis of Bridge Systems). A nonlinear beam-column element is developed for reinforced concrete bridge columns that has kinematic hardening, which permits the yield surface to translate in a force-space without changing size or shape. A gapped tension-compression, tie-bar element having bilinear force-displacement relationships was developed for the NEABS-II nonlinear expansion-joint element. Case studies are conducted with NEABS-II on three actual bridges having distinctly different dynamic response and energy-absorbing characteristics. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Case studies KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Energy absorption KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Seismic loading KW - Tie bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/312374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496650 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Penzien, J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ENERGY ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES UNDER SEISMIC CONDITIONS. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 332 p. AB - Modern seismic design provisions for highway bridges rely on the energy-absorption capabilities of the ductile components and the ability of the overall system to dynamically respond so the ductile components can absorb energy. In the absence of physical data on the dynamic response of highway bridges, obtained either by physical tests or from actual earthquakes, bridge engineers must resort to analytical means to assess the dynamic response characteristics of bridges. Analytical procedures, which are developed herein for evaluating the energy-absorption characteristics of highway bridges, are incorporated into a new version (NEABS-II) of the computer program NEABS (Nonlinear Earthquake Analysis of Bridge Systems). A nonlinear beam-column element is developed for reinforced concrete bridge columns that has kinematic hardening, which permits the yield surface to translate in a force-space without changing size or shape. A gapped tension-compression, tie-bar element having bilinear force-displacement relationships was developed for the NEABS-II nonlinear expansion-joint element. Case studies are conducted with NEABS-II on three actual bridges having distinctly different dynamic response and energy-absorbing characteristics. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Case studies KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Energy absorption KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Seismic loading KW - Tie bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476085 AU - Schiefferly, C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TEST OF CONE TRUCK FOR OPERATOR SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 51 p. AB - With the thousands of miles of interstate and state highways in our nation, safe and efficient methods for maintenance of highways is crucial to our national transportation system. The cone truck has become a valuable tool in achieving safety and efficiency in highway maintenance operations. The objective of this research was to evaluate and improve, if necessary, the crashworthiness of the cone truck. KW - Cone trucks KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Impact tests KW - Safety KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00461682 AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Wellander, C A AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVENESS OF PARK-AND-RIDE LOTS IN THE PUGET SOUND REGION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 301 p. AB - A cost effectiveness evaluation and a cost-benefit analysis was performed on a park-and-ride system consisting of 26 park-and-ride lots in the Seattle metropolitan area. Costs and benefits of the system were examined with respect to the user, the community at large, and the public agencies responsible for providing for the community's transportation needs. A user survey was conducted at the 26 lots. Using the survey data and other data as input, a model was developed to calculate the total incurred trip costs of both the park-and-ride trip and the corresponding trip not involving the park-and-ride lot. These trip costs were compared in a "before" and "after" analysis. In addition, the park-and-ride system was analyzed for its effect on the following transportation system measures of effectiveness: travel time, person miles traveled (PMT), vehicle miles traveled (VMT), traffic volumes, vehicle emissions, accidents, and energy consumption. General results indicated that the park-and-ride system in the Seattle area is cost effective. The average park-and-ride trip was estimated to be 11.6 percent less expensive than the corresponding average previous trip by another mode. Results also indicate that the lots have had a slightly negative impact on travel time and PMT (i.e., these measures have increased), but VMT, traffic volumes, accidents, vehicle emissions, and energy consumption have all been reduced. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Energy consumption KW - Exhaust gases KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Park and ride KW - Passenger miles KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/094.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/273638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475191 AU - Blogg, T AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PROTOCOL CONVERTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1986/10 SP - 12 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a process of acquisition and evaluation of various types of Protocol Converters by the Information Systems Group of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The goal of the study was to determine a practical approach to facilitate access to the ADOT mainframe computer systems from personal computers, this access to be made available through a standard, easy to use interface and without a continuing involvement on the part of the Information Systems Group programming staff or other support personnel. KW - Computers KW - Evaluation KW - Personal computers KW - Protocol converters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285810 ER -