TY - RPRT AN - 00476088 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TEAMS: A DESCRIPTION AND ACTION PLAN FOR VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 20 p. AB - A traffic management team improves the overall traffic operations in an urban area, especially along urban corridors, through the communication, coordination, and cooperation of the transportation-related operational agencies in the area. Since various state, county, and city agencies are responsible for the ground transportation system in an urban area for optimal traffic management, it is essential that these agencies work together. Guidelines for a traffic management team based on what has been successful for existing teams are presented. The guidelines include organizational structure, conduct of team meetings, keys to success, and measures of effectiveness. An action plan for implementation of traffic management teams in Virginia was developed. In the plan, urban areas where traffic management teams would be useful are identified, and steps to implement a traffic management team are identified. It is recommended that traffic management teams be implemented in all urban areas in Virginia. These teams would be especially advantageous for the Northern Virginia, Richmond, and Tidewater areas. KW - Cooperation KW - County government KW - Guidelines KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Interagency relations KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - State government KW - Teams KW - Traffic KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36741/89-TTR1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475448 AU - Palmer, R P AU - Olsen, MPJ AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TTICRCP - A MECHANISTIC MODEL FOR THE PREDICTION OF STRESSES, STRAINS, AND DISPLACEMENTS IN CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 276 p. AB - The accuracy of the CRCP-1, CRCP-2, and CRCP-3 models developed by the Center for Transportation Research at the University of Texas, Austin, for predicting the behavior of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is limited, in part, by many of the simplifying assumptions that were made for their development. Modeling the bond stress distribution between the concrete and the steel reinforcing as an average stress acting over a development length is, in particular, a gross simplification of actual behavior. The TTICRCP model was developed by assuming that the bond stress relationship between the concrete and the steel could be approximated accurately by a bond stress-slip function. The function was used for the generation of a system of linear, 2nd order differential equations that describe the CRCP slab. The correct solution to the system of differential equations yields the displacement functions of the concrete and the steel, which, in turn, allow the stress distributions for both the steel and the concrete to be found. Time dependency was incorporated into the model to allow for multi-day analysis of a CRCP system. Material properties, drying shrinkage, environmental conditions, and wheel loads were all assumed to be time dependent. KW - Accuracy KW - Bonding KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deformation curve KW - Differential equations KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement performance KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470956 AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STATEWIDE PAVEMENT MARKING POLICY. FOURTH INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This report describes development of a statewide pavement-marking policy by the New York State Department of Transportation. An overview of the Department's marking program under the previous policy is presented, including program scope, material costs, and marking durability. Shortcomings of the former policy are reviewed, and considerations for the new policy are discussed. Several options are outlined and evaluated in terms of costs and program effectiveness. The Department has set a goal of providing effective year-round markings on all state-maintained highways. To accomplish this, durable marking materials will be applied by contract on all expressways and high-volume urban arterials. Highway Maintenance Division forces will mark other highways with an improved chlorinated-rubber traffic paint. Several improvements in the program will result in better marking performance and reduced unit costs. The net result is expected to be a substantial improvement in the pavement-markng program with only a nominal cost increase. KW - Chlorinated rubber KW - Contracting KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Expressways KW - Freeways KW - Performance KW - Policy KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21140/PB99100372.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280544 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475452 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES PY - 1988/07 SP - 273 p. AB - Under the Rural Technical Assistance Program (RTAP), The Technology Transfer (T2) Center program was initiated to provide a transfer of technology to local road programs in governmental units of under 50,000 population. At present, there are 44 T2 centers with 37 of the centers located at universities and 7 at the State level. One of the goals of the program was to conduct seminars and/or training sessions, particularly the basic "how-to" workshops designed for professionals, technicians, and elected officials having the responsibility for roads, bridges, and public transportation in their community. With the number of training efforts appearing, there developed a need for coordinating efforts to optimize the resources of the centers and the States. Therefore, the concept of a training and technical information clearinghouse came into existence. The concept is being implemented through an RTAP-funded contract between FHWA and the American Public Works Association. This clearinghouse directory gives specific information on available training resources for each of the following subjects: bridges; drainage; engineering; equipment; management; other resources; road surface; roadside; safety; subgrade; traffic control; and winter. Each resource in the directory is composed of the following: title; permanent identification number; date of entry of the item into the data bank; classification of the type of product (such as course, lecture, or videocassette); contact who can give further information; short description of the product; targeted audience; and keywords line. The directory will be updated at 6-month intervals. KW - Bridges KW - Directories KW - Documents KW - Drainage KW - Engineering KW - Equipment KW - Management KW - Pavements KW - Publications KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475453 AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EXAMINATION OF THE OPERATION AND MOTORIST USAGE OF VIRGINIA'S HIGHWAY REST AREAS AND WELCOME CENTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 43 p. AB - This study was conducted to examine existing conditions at Virginia's interstate rest areas and welcome centers and to assess what impact additional services, such as vending machines, might have on the service delivery of these facilities. A selected sample of seven rest areas and four welcome centers were visited in October 1986, May 1987, and August 1987 for a 1- to 2-day period for the purpose of obtaining data. Traffic counts, vehicle occupancy, length of stay, restroom and amenity usage, and parking lot occupancy rates were all recorded. Videotapes were made to record general condition. Stopping motorists were asked to respond to a mailback survey, and interviews were conducted with rest area custodians. The impact of vending machines, which were installed at 7 sites in May 1987, was also assessed. The study generally revealed that the interstate traveler is quite dependent on rest areas and welcome centers. It also pointed out the need for additional and refurbished facilities in Virginia, especially with respect to women's restrooms. Vending machines were found to be enthusiastically received by the public, to generate approximately 30 percent more refuse but little in the way of litter, to incur some vandalism but only while attendants were not on duty, and to generate a substantial amount of revenue for the VDOT and Virginia State Department for the Visually Handicapped. KW - Condition surveys KW - Custodians KW - Data collection KW - Improvements KW - Interviewing KW - Level of service KW - Litter KW - Needs assessment KW - Operations KW - Parking KW - Questionnaires KW - Refuse KW - Revenues KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveys KW - Traffic counts KW - Utilization KW - Vandalism KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Vending equipment KW - Vending machines KW - Videotapes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36739/89-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477442 AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Seifert, W AU - Kevork, H AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF OPEN STEEL GRID DECKS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1988/06/30 SP - 318 p. AB - Open steel grid decks are commonly used for rehabilitating older bridges because they are lightweight and easy to install. However, many field studies have revealed that these decks are experiencing severe maintenance problems such as fatigue cracking of grid deck components and/or plug welds connecting these components. Since the AASHTO load distribution procedures for these decks are found to be erroneous, simple transverse load distribution formulas within the open steel grid deck and for the deck-stringer system are developed, herein. Problem parameters investigated through this experimental research include: main bar spacing and its direction with traffic flow, load position, composite action, residual stress build-up during manufacturing, stringer spacings, braking/accelerating forces, galvanization, and fatigue effects on local regions, stringers and adjacent panels. Based on the theoretical and experimental research of this study, a few pertinent conclusions and recommendations are: (1) composite action between the grid deck and stringer is found to be negligible; (2) deflections and moments from laboratory tests are within 10% and 20%, respectively, of the proposed design equations; (3) fatigue resistance for welded grid decks is close to the one given for Category E of AASHTO Standard Specification for design and construction of grid decks; and (4) recommendations are made in terms of future research, construction and manufacturing. KW - Composite action KW - Design KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Galvanizing KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Open steel grid decks KW - Research KW - Residual stress KW - Transverse loading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476092 AU - Nihan, N L AU - Kirkemo, G W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER INFORMATION SERVICES: THE FEASIBILITY OF USING LOCAL ACCESS CABLE TV. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06/23 SP - 95 p. AB - The feasibility of using local access cable TV as a driver information tool is explored. A literature review and a series of interviews were conducted and are described in the report. A survey of commuters in the Seattle metropolitan area was also conducted and is described. Analysis included developing a probabilistic model and using a computer-based model developed by the Federal Highway Administration. An implementation plan and evaluation strategies are provided. Conclusions include recommendations for further research. KW - Cable tv KW - Commuters KW - Data collection KW - Driver information systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Interviewing KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Surveys KW - Television KW - Transportation system management UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/159.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476093 AU - Ifie, A AU - Hinze, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF FLAGGING TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06/15 SP - v.p. AB - Various methods of controlling traffic through construction zones are examined. The accident statistics concerning construction flagging are summarized, indicating the need for improvements in construction flagging techniques. A research methodology is presented for implementing and evaluating several flagging techniques. KW - Crashes KW - Evaluation KW - Flaggers KW - Flagging KW - Statistics KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/160.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478038 AU - Fwa, T F AU - Riverson, JDN AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIORITY ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE NEEDS AND OPTIMAL PROGRAMMING. INTERIM REPORT (TASKS E AND F) PY - 1988/06/06 SP - 116 p. AB - This report presents the findings of the research work that was undertaken to determine the priorities of maintenance work as perceived by unit foremen as well as to develop an optimization routine that can be used to develop periodic work schedules. The model uses an integer programming formulation for application at the network level. The model parameters were developed on the basis of a survey of various subdistrict personnel in Indiana. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Needs assessment KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Scheduling KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974094 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dresser, G B AU - Davis, N R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF ANALYSIS TOOLS TO EVALUATE THE TRAVEL IMPACTS OF HIGHWAY RECONSTRUCTION WITH EMPHASIS ON MICROCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS PY - 1988/06 SP - 172 p. AB - The objective of this report is to provide guidance to highway agency officials on the use of available analysis tools to evaluate the travel impacts of major highway reconstruction projects. A process for travel impact evaluation is outlined. Guidelines on the selection of appropriate analysis tools are presented. Specific recommendations are made for three project scenarios (minor capacity reduction, partial closure, total closure). Five categories of available analysis tools with potential application to the evaluation process are reviewed: network-based highway and transit planning models, quick-response estimation techniques, highway capacity analysis procedures, traffic simulation models, and traffic optimization models. Corridor traffic management planning efforts in five cities (Pittsburgh, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Minneapolis) are also reviewed. KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Case studies KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway corridors KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Lane closure KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Optimization KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Reconstruction KW - Street closure KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic simulation KW - Travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/8304.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489989 AU - Seible, F AU - Latham, C AU - Krishnan, K AU - University of California, San Diego AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE OVERLAYS IN BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION - SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, ANALYTICAL STUDIES AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1988/06 SP - 84 p. AB - Full depth structural concrete overlays are commonly used in bridge deck repair and rehabilitation. Beneficial structural effects, such as increase in structural depth, can only be considered in the design if monolithic action of the overlaid slab can be assured beyond the flexural ultimate limit state of the bridge deck. A three phase experimental program to study the effect of different surface preparations and dowels between the "old" deck and the overlay on the overall bridge deck behavior under service loads (monotonic, cyclic, dynamic), overloads and ultimate limit state loads is presented in this report. The three test phases comprised triplet shear block tests, full scale transverse deck slab panel test (simply supported and continuous) as well as the full scale prototype testing of a 60 ft long highway bridge section (Gepford Overhead) which had been in service for 25 years prior to being repaired and tested under laboratory conditions. Results from the experimental program strongly suggest, that a "clean" and "rough" interlayer surface can ensure monolithic behavior beyond the flexural yield limit state, thus rendering dowel reinforcement ineffective to participate in horizontal shear transfer. A summary of experimental results is presented in this report together with comparative studies and comprehensive design recommendations. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete overlays KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Horizontal shear KW - Interlayer slip KW - Monolithic behavior KW - Prototype tests KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Surface preparation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489638 AU - Mottola, V E AU - Kauffman, G AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROUTE I-78 SHOULDER REHABILITATION EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 26 p. AB - This report describes the field evaluation and performance results of several shoulder rehabilitation techniques after six years of service on a six-lane interstate highway through rolling terrain in north central New Jersey. The techniques varied from simple maintenance repairs and slurry sealing to 8-in.-thick tied concrete shoulders. The cost effectiveness of each treatment was determined using an Equivalent Uniform Annual Cost method. Because most of the distress noted in the test sections was water related, the importance of providing and maintaining good surface and subsurface drainage is stressed in the report. Recommendations on the most cost effective rehabilitation techniques are provided. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field tests KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Lime fly ash KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Road shoulders KW - Slurry seals KW - Soil cement KW - Subsurface drainage KW - Surface drainage KW - Tied concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486063 AU - Merchant, D AU - Kofron, M AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED ANALYTICAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR APPLICATION TO PHOTOLOG IMAGERY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 18 p. AB - Methods of analytical photogrammetry were applied to photolog type imagery to produce measurements of depicted points, lines and objects appearing along roadways. The development of the hardware to measure on two contiguous, uncut frames of photolog imagery is discussed. Software for both the measurement and calibration functions is described. Some early results obtained from the delivered comparator, computer, and software developments are presented. KW - Calibration KW - Hardware KW - Highways KW - Imagery KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photoimagery KW - Photologging KW - Software KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496662 AU - Abdul-Malak, M-AU AU - Papaleontiou, C G AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF SEAL COAT PAVEMENT SURFACES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 48 p. AB - Numerous factors, including aggregate characteristics, construction variables, traffic volume, and environment, are believed to be affecting the frictional performance of highway pavements. The objective of this phase of the study was to investigate the effects of these factors on the field frictional resistance of seal coat surfaces. The investigation involved establishing seal coat test sections in different climatic regions in the State of Texas with various aggregate types and sources and under different traffic volumes. Samples of the aggregates used were examined in the laboratory to determine their physical properties, polish and wear characteristics, resistance to weathering, resistance to impact and abration, and petrographical and mineralogical qualities. Field tests which involve measuring friction and texture are being performed on the surface of test sections twice a year at random intervals. Annual and periodical climatological data are being collected for each test section. An in-depth statistical analysis will be performed on the data in order to formulate probabilistic models for predicting seal coat friction. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Climate KW - Construction KW - Construction variables KW - Field tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Seal coats KW - Skin resistance KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test sections KW - Texture KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310310 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490651 AU - Kostyniuk, L P AU - Maleck, T L AU - Taylor, W C AU - Hamad, A-RI AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE DETROIT FREEWAY OPERATIONS (SCANDI) PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 124 p. AB - The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) presently manages a project for providing operational control and service for a portion of the freeway system within the city of Detroit. This Detroit freeway operations group is well known as the Surveillance Control and Driver Information (or SCANDI) System. A contract was executed with the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University (MSU) to evaluate the effectiveness of the project, test alternative strategies, and make recommendations. The project consists of four subsystems: Motorist-Aid Telephones, Changeable Message Signs, Television Surveillance, and Ramp Metering. The benefits from ramp metering are more than anticipated and could be even greater with revisions to the metering plan. The television surveillance operation is performing adequately in detecting freeway incidents along critical sections of the Ford Freeway. The motorist aid telephones are used fairly extensively despite their poor condition and limited reliability. The changeable message signs cannot be properly evaluated because of their very poor visibility, but it is believed that they should play a role of informing the motorist as part of an incident management plan. It is evident that the continuing need for maintenance is a major burden to the cost effective operation of this project. If the continued operation of this project is to be successful, MDOT should explore the use of current state-of-the-art technology in minimizing maintenance and operational costs. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Detroit (Michigan) KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ramp metering KW - Recommendations KW - Television KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478040 AU - Phillips, R G AU - Bryden, J E AU - Herring, D G AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BOX-BEAM TERMINALS FOR RESTRICTED CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 86 p. AB - Seventeen full-scale crash tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of box-beam guiderail terminals designed for roadway situations where geometric restrictions preclude use of the standard terminal length and offset flare. A design was developed that provided good redirection close to the end of the terminal and eliminated snagging by departing vehicles. Good performance was achieved in end-on impacts with 1800-lb sedans at moderate speeds, but it was not possible to obtain complete compliance with NCHRP Report 230 suggested criteria for 60-mph end-on impacts. KW - Box beams KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Redirection KW - Structural design KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286954 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477314 AU - McKnight, J A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER IMPROVEMENT INDEX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 109 p. AB - This study provides an analysis of the current Driver Improvement Program and the associated traffic violation point reduction scheme for Arizona. The analysis is accomplished under five main tasks: (1) to review the current literature and ongoing research regarding alternative programs of point allocation for traffic violations and to review alternative driver improvement programs; (2) to conduct a complete inventory of the Arizona driver improvement system and compare it to systems used by other states; (3) to perform an analysis of the effectiveness of point allocation systems and develop an effective and feasible system for Arizona; (4) to perform an analysis of the effectiveness of driver improvement educational programs and develop improvements for the driver improvement educational program structure for Arizona; and (5) to perform an experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of an improved Arizona driver improvement educational program as a deterrent to accidents and violations. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Deterrents KW - Driver education KW - Driver improvement KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Point demerit systems KW - Programs KW - Safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475450 AU - Messer, C J AU - Stover, V G AU - Gattis, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY TO DEVELOP WARRANTS FOR CONVERSION TO ONE-WAY FRONTAGE ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 69 p. AB - This report contains the results of a HP&R research project to develop warrants for conversion of two-way frontage roads in Texas to one-way. A set of volume-based warrants was developed. This report also provides the analyses, documentation and implementation procedures for the warrants. KW - Conversion KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - One way traffic KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483869 AU - Rogerson, A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL STEEL COATINGS AND PRETREATMENTS FOR USE IN LIEU OF BLAST CLEANING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - v.p. AB - A total of 41 specialty coatings designed for application to rusted, hand-cleaned steel surfaces were evaluated. Coatings were classified according to type of vehicle or mode of action into seven categories. Those categories were pretreatments, rust converters, surface-tolerant latex paints, nonhardening waxy paints, epoxy mastics, urethanes and solvent-borne, air-drying types. Testing was primarily restricted to coatings having low volatile organic compound (VOC) content. Low VOC coatings were materials containing no more than 250 to 275 grams of VOC per liter of material as applied excluding water and any solvents determined to be exempt by the California Air Resources Board. Coatings were evaluated through accelerated laboratory tests applied to clean, abrasive-blasted steel panels and to rusted, hand-cleaned steel panels. Most of the paints were also applied to panels which were exposed beneath the Golden Gate Bridge for two years. The best performing coating overall was a solvent-borne, phenolic resin based coating having a high content of tung oil. Rust converter type coatings applied to rusted steel performed the poorest of all coatings evaluated. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Cleaning KW - Coatings KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural steel KW - Surface treating KW - Urethane UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483860 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS IN CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE WORK ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 63 p. AB - This report includes documentation of the two following phases of the study: 1) analysis of statewide accidents for the period 1983 through 1986 in which "road under construction" was listed as a contributing factor; and 2) analysis of accident data and traffic control devices used at 20 case study locations. At the case study locations, accident data were analyzed for a three-year period before construction and compared to the period during construction. Results from the statewide analysis indicate that even though the level increased, there have not been significant increases in work zone accidents. The number of accidents reported as occurring in work zones has remained at approximately 500 per year for the period 1983 through 1986. In general, characteristics of work zone accidents are that they are more severe than other accidents, there are high percentages of rear end and sideswipe accidents, following too close was the most frequently listed contributing factor, and there was a high percentage of accidents involving trucks. Results from the analysis of case study locations revealed that at most sites (14 of 19) the accident rates during construction exceeded those before construction. It also was found that 10 of the 14 sites had rates during construction that exceeded statewide averages and 6 of the 14 exceeded statewide critical rates. Only four case study sites had rates during construction that exceeded the statewide critical rate with the before period less than the statewide critical rate. Similar characteristics (types of accidents and contributing factors) were found to exist at the case study locations when compared to statewide work zone accidents. Traffic control at case study sites was generally found to be in conformance with specified standards. Two-lane, two-way operations were used successfully at five case study sites. KW - Case studies KW - Construction sites KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Following distance KW - Following distance, of vehicles KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Rear end crashes KW - Side crashes KW - Traffic control devices KW - Trucks KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483829 AU - Powell, L C AU - Breen, J E AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE ART EXTERNALLY POST-TENSIONED BRIDGES WITH DEVIATORS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 62 p. AB - This report is the first in a series outlining a major study of the behavior of post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges with post-tensioning tendons external to the concrete section. It presents an extensive literature review tracing the history and development of the technology connected with the use of external post-tensioning systems for bridges. Many of the references summarized have previously been available only in French or German language versions. The report summarizes the historical development of external post-tensioning, the advantages and disadvantages of external post-tensioning, and highlights the design and construction details for deviators. It presents the general basis for a detailed investigation of deviator design and briefly describes development of a complex testing rig for external tendon deviator tests. KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Deviators KW - External tendons KW - Girder bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482354 AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR BRIDGE DECKS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 28 p. AB - This report covers the construction of a 3/8-inch Flexolith overlay on a concrete-filled steel grid bridge deck on SR 0060 in Allegheny County. The application procedure is straightforward with no special equipment needed. However, the contractor's inexperience with the material created application problems on the eastbound deck. Patches were made between coats to level low areas created by non-uniformity of the first two applications. These application problems were eliminated by the westbound deck and no intermediate patches were required. KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482388 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - DAVIES, P AU - Garza, I F AU - LEE, J Y AU - Metro Systems Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST TRUCK WEIGHING SYSTEM. DESIGN AND OPERATOR MANUAL PY - 1988/06 SP - 87 p. AB - The design and operator manual for the FHWA low-cost truck weighing system provides users with an overview of the system and a simple yet complete set of instructions for fabricating, installing, and collecting data with the FHWA equipment. Detailed design drawings and technical specifications required for construction of the system as well as a discussion of the theory of operation of the mat amplifier are included in the appendix of the manual. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Development KW - Drawings KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Manuals KW - Operations KW - Prototypes KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Specifications KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482292 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Romere, P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TEST OF MODIFIED TEXAS C202 BRIDGE RAIL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 58 p. AB - In 1980 a standard Texas traffic rail type C202 was modified to increase its height and strength to restrain and rediredt an 80,000 lb (36,300 kg) van type tractor-trailer under 50 mph (80.5 km/h), 15 deg angle impacts. The concrete parapet was increased to 36 in. (91 cm) high, and an elliptical steel rail was mounted on steel posts to increase the rail height to 54 in. (137 cm). In 1980 one crash test was conducted on the bridge rail. The truck was restrained and smoothly redirected. This promising high performance bridge rail was never tested with passenger cars as called for in NCHRP 230. The bridge rail was successfully crash tested with a 1,918 lb car at 61.3 mph and 21 deg angle and also with a 4,400 lb car at 59.4 mph and 25.9 deg angle. KW - Automobiles KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481041 AU - Vollo, S D AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOLAR ENERGY FOR UTILIZATION IN A GEORGIA REST AREA (SPACE & DOMESTIC WATER HEATING). FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 48 p. AB - This report presents data acquired for a thermal solar energy system designed and constructed under FHWA Demonstration Project #52. Data were obtained after completion of the new solar rest area building and instrumentation incorporated. Collection of data began in 1984 and continued on through 1987. The solar system provides space and domestic water heating for a rest area situated on I-75 (SBL) in the vicinity of Calhoun, Georgia. An analysis of the data collected shows that for two comparative 12 month periods savings in electrical energy consumption increased substantially. Total solar fractions for the earlier 12 month period were 33% whereas for the latter period the solar fraction was 70% of the total energy load. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Solar energy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479419 AU - Parker, M R AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Parker (Martin R) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONFLICT TECHNIQUES FOR SAFETY AND OPERATIONS: ENGINEER'S GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 114 p. AB - This guide provides basic background information and standard procedures for using traffic conflicts to analyze safety and operational problems at signalized and unsignalized intersections. The guide was prepared for engineers and supervisors who have the responsibility for analyzing conflict data and using the results to make decisions and recommendations for improvements. Based on previous research and experiences, the procedures provide a standard, cost-effective method for using traffic conflicts to diagnose safety and operational problems at intersections. The guide contains definitions with illustrations and examples of conflict types, step-by-step procedures for conducting a conflict study, methods for analyzing and interpreting the data, and guidelines for using conflict data to select countermeasures. Because the reliability of conflict data is dependent upon the ability of the observers to record conflicts accurately, a section of the guide is devoted to training data collectors. KW - Countermeasures KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway operations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287704 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00479587 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Dwiggins, M E AU - Hall, J P AU - Darter, M I AU - Flowers, C L AU - DuBose, J B AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL DESIGN OF THE ILLINOIS PAVEMENT FEEDBACK SYSTEM. PHASES III & IV. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This report documents the work accomplished during Phases III and IV of the development of the Illinois Pavement Feedback System (IPFS). Phase III involves the logical design and Phase IV is the physical design of IPFS. The overall scope and capabilities of the IPFS are described. KW - Databases KW - Illinois KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/290706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479584 AU - Ellifritt, D S AU - Hampton, M S AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF STEEL BRIDGE RATINGS USING AUTOSTRESS CONCEPT: A FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1988/06 SP - 77 p. AB - In an effort to make the ratings of older bridges compatible with today's increased truck loads, the most cost-effective solution would be to re-rate the bridges using a higher level analysis. The Autostress procedure--a design method that permits continuous steel bridges to experience a partial plastic hinge at the pier, and a subsequential redistribution of moment from the negative region to the positive region, via the Automoment--is one such analysis. The purpose of this research is to see if the Autostress design procedure for new bridges can be easily adapted to an Autostress rating (ASR) procedure for existing bridges. An ASR flow chart was developed and used to rate three bridges--a two span non-composite, a two span composite, and a three span composite. The same bridges were then rated using the Load Factor Rating (LFR) procedure. The two ratings were compared for each bridge to determine if a preliminary upgrading rating factor could be formed. All three bridges were first rated without cover plates in the negative moment region. For the two span non-composite bridge the ASR and the LFR were virtually the same. For the two span composite bridge ASR permitted a 30% increase over LFR. For the three span composite bridge ASR permitted a 17% increase over LFR. The two span composite bridge was then analyzed with negative moment region cover plates and it was established that the LFR increased tremendously while the ASR remained practically the same. The net result was that cover plates caused the ASR to be 4% lower than the LFR. It was concluded that, since most existing continuous steel bridges have cover plates, it is not feasible to develop a preliminary upgrading rating factor of Load Factor rated bridges. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Autostress KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Load factor KW - Metal bridges KW - Ratings KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479591 AU - Meyer, H D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TENSAR REINFORCED SOIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 70 p. AB - This report presents the results of a 3-year study of the performance of geogrid reinforced soil embankments constructed with oversteepened slopes using on-site, native material. Two embankments, which had failed as a result of undercutting by La Honda Creek of Route 84 near La Honda in San Mateo County, were replaced in late 1985. Both sites had right-of-way restrictions which prevented roadway relocation. Two-way traffic was maintained during construction. These restrictions dictated that the embankments be reconstructed at slopes of approximately 0.75 to 1. The Department was presented with an opportunity to test an innovative solution based on the design and construction of a geotextile or geogrid reinforced embankment. Tensar Corporation's TENSAR SR2 soil reinforcing system was selected. Instrumentation consisting of extensometers, slope indicators and survey reference points, was installed during and after construction to monitor the performance of the embankment. Records of horizontal, vertical and slope movement have been collected since completion of construction. This report evaluates the effect of the TENSAR SR2 on embankment design, constructability, cost and stability, roadway maintenance effort and the effect of time and ultraviolet radiation on TENSAR SR2 integrity. KW - Costs KW - Embankments KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slope stability KW - Soil reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479594 AU - Attaway, R W AU - Babcock, W F AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 181 p. AB - Pavement markings are one of the most effective traffic control devices available to the traveling public. They serve to guide, warn, and regulate the motorist in the use of highways and streets during the day and night. For many years traffic paints were the only materials available for pavement markings. Even today the vast majority of pavement markings are painted. Much research and effort, however, has been employed in the development of marking materials more durable than paint. This report looks at two of the leading durable marking materials available to the traffic engineer today: long life pavement marking tape and thermoplastic. Three major findings emerge from this research report. First, currently available long life pavement marking tapes used as special markings or symbols are not performing acceptably due to reflectivity after only two years of service on high volume roadways (5,000 ADT). Second, thermoplastic pavement markings are providing 5 to 8 years of acceptable service (including reflectivity) when used as long lines on high volume asphalt roadways in North Carolina. Third, life-cycle costs indicate that thermoplastic used in a long line condition is less expensive than paint on high volume asphalt roadways (5,000 to 20,000 ADT) and approximately equal in cost to paint on asphalt roads with ADTs over 20,000. Life cycle costs for special markings and symbols shows thermoplastic's life cycle cost is approximately one third that of paint on urben and high volume routes and approximately equal to the cost of paint on low volume routes. These same life cycle costs indicate that the cost of long life tape is 3 to 5 times more expensive than either paint or thermoplastic. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Performance KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479578 AU - Eckert, W C AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING SUPERPLASTICIZERS FOR PRODUCING FLOWING CONCRETE IN HOT WEATHER. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 242 p. AB - This report consists of results, observations, and conclusions from an experimental program investigating the effect of superplasticizers on fresh and hardened concrete properties. Tests for workability, air content, unit weight, setting times, strength, and durability were conducted for the mixes that made up this study. Variables for these mixes included initial slump, coarse aggregate type, cement content, retarder dosage, time of addition, and admixture combinations. The results from this study show that superplasticizers can provide desirable characteristics for a concrete mix such as increased workability, increased compressive and flexural strengths, and increased resistance to abrasion. However, superplasticizers can also produce undesirable and deleterious characteristics for a concrete mix such as rapid slump loss, loss of air, and delayed finishing due to delayed setting times. This report provides the resident engineer with recommendations for production of superplasticized flowing concrete and suggestions for further research. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Cement content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Physical properties KW - Slump test KW - Strength of materials KW - Superplasticizers KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479585 AU - Herbsman, Z AU - Ellis, R D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHING CONTRACT DURATION BASED ON PRODUCTION RATES FOR FDOT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 174 p. AB - This study was undertaken by the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Florida, at the request of the Construction Division of the Florida Department of Transportation. The purpose was to examine the production rates currently used by the FDOT and to recommend revisions to the rates where appropriate. The research procedure involved collection of data from three sources: a survey of production rates used by other state DOTs; a field survey of production rates on FDOT projects; and discussions with FDOT contractors. Evaluation and analysis of the data resulted in a recommended revised schedule of production rates to be used as a reference guide for determining contract durations. Additionally, the current FDOT method for determining total work time was reviewed. A revised procedure which considers the logic of the construction process was recommended. A sample form for calculating the estimate of contract duration was suggested. KW - Contract duration KW - Contracts KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Estimating KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Productivity KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479252 AU - Masch, F D AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE UNINSTRUMENTED TEST OF BRICK MAILBOX STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 15 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of crash tests conducted on two masonry mailbox structures. The first is a 2 ft by 2 ft by 4 1/2 ft high brick mailbox stand with a hollow interior, representing about 85 percent of the brick mailbox stands, and the second a 2 ft by 2 ft by 4 1/2 ft high brick mailbox stand with a solid grout interior, representing the remaining 15 percent of the brick mailbox stands along the roadside. The test results conclusively support the conclusion that masonry mailboxes are a hazard and should not be allowed alongside of roadways. This report is suitable for the State or local maintenance engineer or foreman to use in discussing the mailbox safety problem with local officials and residents. KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Masonry construction KW - Roadside structures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479243 AU - Bullard, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA FROM THE KATY AND NORTH TRANSITWAYS, APRIL 1985 THROUGH OCTOBER 1987. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 159 p. AB - Within the Houston metropolitan area, a major commitment has been made to develop physically separated transitways in the medians of the existing freeway system. These lanes are reserved for the exclusive use by high-occupancy vehicles. Portions of the first two transitways to be completed are located on the Katy Freeway in west Houston and on the North Freeway serving north Houston. This report presents the results of transitway user and nonuser surveys performed in the Katy and North Freeway corridors. In addition to obtaining socioeconomic, demographic and travel information, the surveys were designed to: 1) determine perceptions of the level of utilization of the transitways; 2) identify why individuals have chosen their present travel mode; and 3) assess attitudes and impacts pertaining to the transitways. The data in this report cover the time period from April 1985 through October 1987. KW - Attitudes KW - Carpools KW - Data collection KW - Demographics KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Medians KW - Reserved lanes KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys KW - Traffic lanes KW - Travel KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479245 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Ranft, S E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE KATY FREEWAY TRANSITWAY, EVALUATION OF OPERATIONS DURING 1987, THE THIRD YEAR OF OPERATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 144 p. AB - This report evaluates the operation of the Katy Freeway (I-10) Transitway in Houston, Texas for calendar year 1987. This represents an evaluation of the third year of transitway operation. Two previous reports have documented experiences during the first two years of transitway operation. This research report provides an analysis of trend data related to: 1) operation of the transitway; 2) operation of the freeway mainlanes; 3) combined transitway and freeway data; and 4) data relating to transit usage and operations. In comparing a.m. peak direction data collected at Bunker Hill from before the transitway was implemented to data (combined freeway and transitway) representative of December 1987: 1) peak-hour person movement increased by 93%; 2) peak-hour vehicle occupancy increased by 21%; 3) total peak-period carpool volume increased by 127%; 4) peak-period bus passenger trips increased by 176%; and 5) vehicles parked in corridor park-and-ride lots increased by 138%. A peak-hour measure of effectiveness frequently associated with high-occupancy vehicle projects is passenger-miles/hour (the multiple of passengers times miles per hour). This measure of effectiveness (expressed in 1000's) has increased from a pre-transitway value of 36 to a value of 86 in December 1987, an increase of 139%. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bus transit KW - Bus transportation (Intracity) KW - Carpools KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway operations KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Park and ride KW - Peak periods KW - Traffic KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477307 AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF ALABAMA HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT WEIGH IN MOTION DEMONSTRATION PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 27 p. AB - This project was directed to a demonstration and evaluation of the Radian Corporation/Rainhart Company weigh in motion system as a tool for vehicle weight enforcement and for gathering highway planning data. Field work for this study consisted of use of the equipment to assist in actual vehicle weight enforcement operations and gathering data for a regularly scheduled loadometer study. Observations and conclusions of the staff conducting this study is included in the report. KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation KW - Field studies KW - Law enforcement KW - Loadometers KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477373 AU - Race, KEH AU - National Safety Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PROGRAM: AN EVALUATIVE REVIEW OF EXISTING EDUCATION MATERIALS. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - n.p. AB - The principal objective of this study was to develop a comprehensive set of educational materials for use in a National Pedestrian Safety Program: Walk Alert. Accordingly, existing materials were identified and collected from 217 out of the 452 organizations and agencies contacted throughout the U.S. and in other countries. A total of 274 pedestrian safety educatioonal materials were forwarded to the National Safety Council. These materials were subjected to an evaluative review which consisted of a standardized procedure of independent review and group consensus guided by 11 criteria. The objectives of this evaluative review were to: (1) determine the accuracy, quality and adequacy of existing materials, (2) identify information gaps in existing materials, and (3) recommend material development needs and priorities. 44 educatioonal materials were selected for national program use, including 10 print pieces, 6 programs and 18 audiovisuals for children; 2 print materials and 1 audiovisual for older adults; and 3 print materials and 4 audiovisuals for adults. To facilitate the completion of the second and third objectives of this evaluative review, pedestrian safety messages were identified and organized into 10 message groups: (1) search behavior, (2) being seen (conspicuity), (3) supervision, (4) boundaries, (5) developmental/aging differences, (6) recreation, (7) traffic signs, signals and markings, (8) visual screens, (9) intersections, and (10) alcohol. These message groups were arranged by target audience and for each audience materials and messages were compared to identify information gaps, new materials and the message content of these proposed pieces. Conclusions and recommendations regarding the national program and materials are then presented and discussed. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Documents KW - Evaluation KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Publications KW - Safety education KW - Safety programs KW - Traffic safety education UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477363 AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTAL CONCRETE PAVEMENTS IN NEW YORK PY - 1988/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This report summarizes a 22-year study of concrete pavement design features. It included construction of a test road with numerous variables, two roads with several major design changes, and several roads among the first to incorporate a major change in load-transfer devices across transverse joints. The work involved the first major contract in New York to use a slip-form paver, the first short-slab unreinforced pavements, the first concrete shoulders, and skewed transverse joints. Performance of all these items is discussed, along with a number of minor changes. Since a great deal of monitorng was needed, many types of measurements are reviewed, along with their practicality and importance in assessing pavement performance. In addition, several pieces of equipment were developed or refined and others were evaluated. This large monitoring program will provide standards for measurement and interpretation on future work. Many findings have been implemented and have improved performance and/or cost-effectiveness of concrete pavements in New York. Experience gained through this work also led to improved assessment of other features, including rationales for not investigating some design options. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Experimental roads KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Skewed joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Slip form paving KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476869 AU - Anderson, D AU - Palacios, M AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTION OF PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 32 p. AB - Pavemnet condition data are presented and processed to aid in making better pavement maintenance related decisions. Three types of computer output are generated for each maintenance station to document pavement condition, identify any deficiencies that exist on these pavements, and recommend a potential strategy to correct these deficiencies. This information is intended to improve the selection of hard surface maintenance activities, better compare manpower needs with availability, identify sites for contractual maintenance, improve estimates of required material quantities, and more accurately obtain cost estimates for each maintenance activity. Steps are outlined to more closely coordinate maintenance activities with UDOT's overall Pavement Management System. The consequences of deferring pavement maintenance were investigated. An estimated $40 million could be saved annually by eliminating the existing shortfall of about $7 million. KW - Accuracy KW - Decision making KW - Deferred maintenance KW - Estimating KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475944 AU - Kim, O-K AU - Bell, C A AU - Wilson, J E AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES FOR CONTROLLING THE EFFECT OF INCREASED TIRE PRESSURE ON ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT DAMAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 172 p. AB - As the axle load increases, higher tire pressures become more popular for long-haul truck operators. To collect data on tire pressures and the types of tires in use, a survey was carried out at a weigh station located on Interstate 5 in Oregon during the summer of 1986. Of the tires surveyed, 87% were of radial construction. The average measured pressures (hot) of the radial and bias tires were 102 psi and 82 psi, respectively. This study investigates the influence of increased tire pressures on the fatigue and rutting performance (in terms of vertical compressive stress, tensile strain, and compressive strain) of asphalt-surfaced pavements, through use of elastic layer analysis (ELSYM5), for two typical state highways in Oregon. This theoretical analysis shows that the effect of increased tire pressure on vertical compressive stress is significant in the asphalt wearing layer. As tire pressure increases, the maximum tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer increases. Theoretical equivalency factors for the two asphalt pavements (SN=3.0 and 3.4) were developed using ELSYM5 to take into account tire pressures (80, 100, 125, and 150 psi) and number of tires per axle (2, 4, and 8 tires). A single axle with an 18-kip load, dual tires, and a tire pressure of 80 psi was used as a standard axle load and tire pressure. The results indicate that a 25% increase in tire pressure could result in a 40 to 60% increase in the equivalency factor for a dual-tired single axle with an 18-kip load or a tandem axle with a 34-kip load. In order to evaluate current asphalt concrete specifications and mix design criteria, aggregates from four different sources were tested. Two of the aggregates were treated with 1% lime slurry prior to testing. Six different aggregate gradations were tested. In general, the creep stiffness decreased proportionally to the percentage of fines passing the #200 sieve. Results show that treating the aggregates with 1% lime slurry improves the resistance to deformation of the asphalt concrete mixes. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Axle loads KW - Compressive strain KW - Compressive strength KW - Compressive stress KW - Creep tests KW - Data collection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Inflation KW - Materials tests KW - Mix design KW - Radial ply tires KW - Radial tires KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Specifications KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Surveys KW - Tension KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286022 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475994 AU - STOUT, D AU - Hinch, J AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF GUARDRAIL TERMINALS BURIED-IN-BACKSLOPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 100 p. AB - Six full-scale crash tests were conducted to evaluate two types of buried-in-backslope terminal designs. The first was constructed in accordance with FHWA and AASHTO design guidelines. After one modification this rail was successfully full-scale crash tested to NCHRP 230 test types 10 and S13 criteria. The second design, which is typical of those installed by states, was a 62.5-ft parabolic terminal. A test type 10 impact showed inadequate performance, but a test type S14 impact showed potentially acceptable performance, with high vehicle slowdown during the impact. The report also presents a survey of several state practices and a design and cost analysis of several designs. Engineering drawings of the two tested designs were generated and are submitted as part of the final report. KW - Buried-in-backslope terminals KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Engineering drawings KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Performance tests KW - Structural design KW - Technical drawings KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476091 AU - Stanton, J F AU - Banerjee, S AU - Hasayen, I AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHAKING TABLE TESTS ON PILES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 117 p. AB - This research was undertaken to explore the interaction behavior of soil-pile systems subjected to static and dynamic lateral loads. The principal objective of the study was to assess the applicability and accuracy of one of the prominent methods of analysis by comparing the predicted responses with the measured responses. Presented in this report are a brief survey of the related literature on the existing analysis techniques and previous experimental studies, the details of the experimental work performed under the current study, and the appraisal of the performance of a finite element program adopted for making theoretical predictions of the experimental responses. In the present study, both static and dynamic experiments were conducted to obtain experimental data against which the analytical predictions could be verified. The experiments included laboratory simulation of the response of piles subjected to static or dynamic lateral loads applied at the pile-head and of piles embedded in a soil deposit subjected to bedrock motions. Finite element analyses of the model systems were carried out using reasonable estimates of the system parameters. No attempts were made to establish the model parameters through rigorous identification procedures. It is shown that the agreement between the predicted and measured responses can be excellent even if the properties and parameters of the soil-pile system are only roughly estimated. KW - Accuracy KW - Dynamic tests KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Shaking table tests KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Static tests UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/158.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470934 AU - TIELKING, J T AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ON THE RETENTION OF REFLECTIVE RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 73 p. AB - This report contains the results of a study directed toward increasing the retention time of raised pavement markers on asphalt concrete pavement. The kinematics of a tire impacting a pavement marker was studied by high-speed photography, to guide development of a laboratory apparatus that simulates pavement loading by a tire rolling over a marker. A laboratory investigation of the effect of adhesive type on fatigue strength of asphalt pavement was made. It was found that bituminous adhesive is distinctly superior to epoxy adhesive on new asphalt surfaces. The distinction between bituminous and epoxy adhesive is less pronounced on stiffer (seasoned) pavements. An instrumented pavement marker to record the number of tire hits received was also developed during the study. The circuitry is descried and hit count data obtained with instrumented lane line markers is reported. The report concludes with an analysis of data from several long-term (5 year) adhesive test sections on a state highway. Data from another test section show that it is possible to replace a missing marker with a new marker installed directly on the pavement failure spot, instead of along side of it. KW - Adhesives KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fatigue strength KW - Field tests KW - High speed photography KW - Impacts KW - Instrumentation KW - Kinematics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Retention time KW - Testing equipment KW - Time duration KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470960 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 13 p. AB - Freeways that are already operating at or near capacity are becoming more congested because of frequent incidents such as accidents, disabled vehicles, etc. In an effort to initiate an incident management program in Virginia, information from other states concerning incident management techniques was obtained for the purpose of helping understand the nature of the problem along with ways of combating it. Suggestions for the initiation of a program are also presented. KW - Data collection KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Emergency response time KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Incidents KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/impva.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/impva.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36732/88-R25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470959 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NEW ASPHALT CONCRETE DENSITY SPECIFICATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 17 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a new asphalt concrete density specification that utilizes a nuclear gauge and a control strip technique. The specification was studied on two field projects, and recommendations were made in improve it. The recommendations were to eliminate the correction factor, increase the number of density determinations, adopt a uniform policy in establishing the Marshall density, and provide instruction concerning roller patterns. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Density KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Nuclear gages KW - Recommendations KW - Roller pattern KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36733/88-R30.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470932 AU - Bligh, R P AU - Sicking, D L AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUARDRAIL TO BRIDGE RAIL TRANSITION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 131 p. AB - This report describes the development and testing of a guardfence-to-rigid bridge rail transition. The transition consists of a tubular W-beam supported on 7 inch diameter round wood posts. It is designed to transition to a vertical wall or to the concrete safety shaped barrier. It can be used on new construction or as a retrofit for existing installations. Based on a full-scale vehicular crash test program, the design was judged to be in compliance with recommended impact performance criteria as presented in NCHRP Report 230. Also described is a tentative design for approach guardfence at bridge ends near an abutting roadway. The design consists of short radius, curved guardrail supported on weakened round wood posts. Tubular W-beam and nested W-beam elements were examined and both appear to offer acceptable performance for a design impact speed of approximately 40 mph. KW - Approach rails KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Curvature KW - Design KW - Guardrail transition sections KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Posts KW - Retrofitting KW - Testing KW - Transition zones KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470970 AU - Ulberg, C AU - McCormack, E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTO OCCUPANCY MONITORING STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 32 p. AB - There are only limited opportunities to add significantly to the transportation infrastructure in the Puget Sound region in the next 15 to 20 years. For this reason, there is a growing interest in improving the efficiency of the existing system. One way to do this is to increase the average vehicle occupancy (AVO) on freeways and arterials. Programs to accomplish this must be capable of evaluation. Therefore, accurate and up-to-date information on AVO is required. This research project investigated various methods to measure AVO in order to determine the feasibility and costs of a continuous, ongoing data collection program. Since it was determined that there are no promising approaches using automatic methods employing new technology, the study focused on the use of human observers. The degree of accuracy was studied using three observers counting the occupancy of the same vehicles at the same time. The results showed the observers can be highly accurate (correct 97 percent of the time) and that environmental conditions such as weather, light, traffic density, and traffic speed do not have exceptionally strong effects on accuracy (within reason). Furthermore, observers can easily count up to a half hour at a time without fatigue affecting their performance. Taking the results of this and previous research into account, it was determined that it is possible to provide quarterly counts of AVO at 26 sites that are accurate to within about 1.5 percent for about $50,000 per year. This is about the cost of one data analyst, when benefits and overhead are taken into account. KW - Accuracy KW - Arterial highways KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Human beings KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/157.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475449 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE HIGHWAY PERFORMANCE MONITORING SYSTEM FOR USE IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 90 p. AB - The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) was developed by the Federal Highway Administration to collect sample dta on the public highway system in the United States and to provide information to the U.S. Congress and others on the current status of the highway system and future needs. This report covers a detailed examination of the HPMS sample data for possible use in estimating Texas' needs. The report presents the results of a simulation model used to estimate the accuracy of various sample sizes and stratification strategies. They are compared to the assumed accuracy, to make recommendations on the sample size required to make needs estimates at the district level in Texas. The report also gives some comparisons of the HPMS construction costs with estimates of Texas construction costs. KW - Accuracy KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Evaluation KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Needs assessment KW - Recommendations KW - Sample size KW - Simulation KW - Statistical sampling KW - Stratification KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470931 AU - Mak, K K AU - DeLucia, B H AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Brackett, R Q AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS FOR URBAN FREEWAYS. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 142 p. AB - A process was developed in this study to aid the District personnel of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) in their tasks of: identifying high accident locations on urban Interstate highways and urban non-Interstate freeways; analyzing accident causative factors associated with these high accident sites; and determining and evaluating appropriate remedial measures at these sites. A conceptual approach was first developed, which was then revised and improved based upon experience gained from field tests of 10 sites selected from three participating SDHPT Districts. It was found that, in order for the process to be useful, it is necessary to automate the process to the extent possible. An existing mainframe computer program, known as WINDOW, was modified to identify high accident locations and to create an analysis file for use with a Microcomputer Accident Analysis Program (MAAP). The MAAP program identifies accident characteristics at the high accident locations that are overrepresented when compared to the average for similar highway type in the same county. The program also has the capability to produce various tables and reports for detailed evaluation of the high accident locations. The MAAP program was field tested with 30 sites from the three participating Districts. KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash causes KW - Data analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Freeways KW - High risk locations KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470933 AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT ADDITIVES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 95 p. AB - Controlled field experiments were installed in north central and extreme south Texas to evaluate the comparative performance of six different additives in hot mixed asphalt concrete pavements. In north Texas, additives were incorporated in a 3-inch surface course which was applied to rehabilitate a continuously reinforced concrete pavement. In south Texas, additives were used in a 3-inch surface course on a newly constructed pavement. Additives evaluated included styrene butadiene rubber (latex), styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer, ethylene vinyl acetate, finely dispersed polyethylene, and pelletized carbon black. The additives were blended with AC-10; whereas, the control mixtures contained AC-20. Samples of paving materials were collected during and shortly after construction and tested in the laboratory. Tests included rheological properties of binders before and after artificial aging, characterization of aggregate, Hveem and Marshall stability, stiffness as a function of temperature, tensile properties before and after moisture treatment and artificial aging and air void content. After one year in service all test pavements are performing equally well. The additives had little effect on Hveem and Marshall stability, moisture sensitivity, and oxidative aging of paving mixtures. Additive modified mixtures, carbon black in particular, require more compactive effort and/or higher temperatures to achieve density levels of similar unmodified mixtures. Standard tests used in mixture design do not show benefits of additives as well as tests that measure fundamental materials properties. KW - Acetates KW - Additives KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Aging KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Carbon black KW - Copolymers KW - Ethylene resins KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyethylene KW - Rheological properties KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Styrene butadiene copolymers KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469721 AU - Gattis, J L AU - Messer, C J AU - Stover, V G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELAY TO FRONTAGE ROAD VEHICLES AT INTERSECTIONS WITH RAMPS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/06 SP - 79 p. AB - This report contains details of and results from investigations of the delay incurred by two-way frontage road traffic at intersections with freeway ramps. All of the studies were conducted where frontage road traffic yielded to the ramp traffic. Studies were conducted on both lanes of a two-way frontage road at an intersection with an exit ramp, and on a lane of a two-way frontage road opposing the traffic turning onto the entry ramp. One study was conducted at an exit ramp intersection with a two lane, one-way frontage road for contrast with the two-way situations. All of the studies were situated in medium-sized towns in Texas. The Poisson arrival process and queueing theory were utilized to derive predictive models of delay for the four study cases. These models predict delay as a function of ramp volume, frontage road volume, and gap acceptance parameters. KW - Forecasting KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway ramps KW - Frontage roads KW - Gap acceptance KW - Intersections KW - Medium sized cities KW - Poisson ratio KW - Poissons ratio KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280011 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00469113 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cayes, L R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL MODELING FOR AUTOSTRESS DESIGN BY LOADING THROUGH A PRECAST DECK PY - 1988/06 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-12 AB - Research efforts are described that aimed at developing design methods that will permit designers to apply the autostress concept to plate girder bridges, and to incorporate these concepts into the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) bridge specifications. The autostress research is aimed at maintaining simplicity of completed steel structures to minimize total cost including fabrication. The main thrust of the modular concrete deck portion of the research involves the extended use of higher strength concretes and modular deck panels. The primary emphases of the deck research are listed. An additional thrust of the research is the study of the distribution of live loading to the individual girders. Details are given of the design approach, model bridge design, fabrication and erection, and instrumentation. The model bridge test plan is summarized. Results collected to date indicate that the behavior of the bridge agrees with elastic theory. KW - Autostress KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Concrete KW - Facilities KW - High strength concrete KW - Installation KW - Plate girders KW - Research KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282558 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00469111 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chollar, B H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE DURING THE WINTER OF 1986-87 PY - 1988/06 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 13-18 AB - The key findings of field deicing studies of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) conducted in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, California, and Ontario are discussed. Various features of CMA spreading that have become apparent are discussed, and practical problems are noted. Storage and handling characteristics of CMA are also noted. The trials tested the comparative deicing effects of both CMA and salt in snowstorms with temperatures ranging from 24 to 32 degrees F. It was found that CMA deices roadways as effectively as salt, but requires a longer period of time to accomplish this. The amounts of CMA used and the application rates are discussed. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Field studies KW - Materials management KW - Snow and ice control KW - Storage tanks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282556 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00469112 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bonaquist, R AU - Churilla, C AU - Freund, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF LOAD, TIRE PRESSURE, AND TIRE TYPE ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESPONSE PY - 1988/06 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-7 AB - The results are summarized of a study which measured the effects of load, tire pressure, and tire type on the response of an asphalt concrete pavement. Measurements were made of surface deflection, surface strain, and strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer. Fatigue equivalency factors were developed using an exponential relationship between the number of cycles to failure and the magnitude of the tensile strain at the asphalt layer's bottom. The study found that each of the responses was affected more by load than by tire pressure. Correspondingly, the equivalency factors, too, are more influenced by load. A summary is presented of the research approach, test results, analyses, and major findings and conclusions. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inflation KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Tension KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475996 AU - Wood, L E AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ASPHALT COMPOSITION AND COMPACTION ON THE PERFORMACE OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05/23 SP - 134 p. AB - This report is presented in two parts. The first part presents the work done to characterize the fabric of this asphalt sand mix surface and to reproduce this fabric in the laboratory. In addition, it examines the field compaction time requirements for these materials. The second part evaluates the use of blended asphalts, as well as the use of high pressure-gel permeation chromatography to characterize the chemical composition of asphalts. Based upon the comparison of the pore-size distribution of the fabric of both laboratory and field compacted mixtures, the gyratory and kneading compactors created satisfactorily equivalent laboratory fabrics to those of field cores. Very limited performance data suggested that good performance is associated with fabric that has a wide spread of void sizes, with no major portion being concentrated at any one size. No major differences in behavior were found for the artificially blended asphalts, in general, although rich asphaltene asphalts show a higher hardening rate at high temperatures. Blended ROSE asphalts do not create differences in performance than straight-run produced asphalts. The asphalt chemical composition does appear associated with individual performance characteristics; this suggests promise for the use of HP-GPC in the continuing effort to produce quality performance of asphalt pavement mixtures. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Blended asphalt KW - Chemical composition KW - Compaction KW - Field tests KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure gel permeation chromatography KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Pore size distribution KW - Pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475995 AU - Wood, L E AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ASPHALT COMPOSITION AND COMPACTION ON THE PERFORMACE OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT MIXTURES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/05/23 SP - 13 p. AB - This report is presented in two parts. The first part presents the work done to characterize the fabric of this asphalt sand mix surface and to reproduce this fabric in the laboratory. In addition, it examines the field compaction time requirements for these materials. The second part evaluates the use of blended asphalts, as well as the use of high pressure-gel permeation chromatography to characterize the chemical composition of asphalts. Based upon the comparison of the pore-size distribution of the fabric of both laboratory and field compacted mixtures, the gyratory and kneading compactors created satisfactorily equivalent laboratory fabrics to those of field cores. Very limited performance data suggested that good performance is associated with fabric that has a wide spread of void sizes, with no major portion being concentrated at any one size. No major differences in behavior were found for the artificially blended asphalts, in general, although rich asphaltene asphalts show a higher hardening rate at high temperatures. Blended ROSE asphalts do not create differences in performance than straight-run produced asphalts. The asphalt chemical composition does appear associated with individual performance characteristics; this suggests promise for the use of HP-GPC in the continuing effort to produce quality performance of asphalt pavement mixtures. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Blended asphalt KW - Chemical composition KW - Compaction KW - Field tests KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure gel permeation chromatography KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance KW - Pore size distribution KW - Pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750041 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF U.S. 30 IN STORY COUNTY (IOWA), PROJECT NUMBER FR-30-5(61)--2G-85 PY - 1988/05/04 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has determined that the existing alignment alternative for the improvement of U.S. 30 in Story County, Iowa, will have no significant impact on the human environment. This finding is based on the attached Environmental Assessment which has been independently evaluated by the FHWA and determined to adequately and accurately discuss the need, environmental issues, and impacts of the proposed project and appropriate mitigation measures. It provides sufficient evidence and analysis for determining that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is not required. KW - Environmental assessments KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Story County (Iowa) KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477305 AU - Hancock, K L AU - Mayer, J B AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF GREAT LAKE STATES TIMBER SPECIES FOR GUARDRAIL POSTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05/02 SP - 386 p. AB - The American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials (AASHTO) allows only two species of wood for use in constructing strong post guardrail systems, Douglas Fir and Southern Yellow Pine. Neither of these species are readily available in the great lakes region of the United States. This report examines twelve species of wood that are available in the great lakes region for use as guardrail posts. Pendulum testing was performed on all species in addition to several full-scale crash tests (NCHRP 230). As a result of this work it is suggested that a total of seven new species be added to the AASHTO specification. In addition, it has been established that the pendulum fracture energy needed to correspond to a successful full-scale crash test could be lowered from approximately 6.0 to 5.5 ft kips. KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Posts KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414475 AU - Stratfull, R F AU - Noel, E C AU - Seyoum, k AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Evaluation of cathodic protection criteria for the rehabilitation of bridge decks PY - 1988/05 IS - FHWA/RD-88-141 SP - 74p AB - During the replacement of a bridge as a result of corrosion of the reinforcing steel caused by deicing salts, sections of the deck were salvaged to evaluate various cathodic protection criteria. These included the 100 mV and 300 mV change in half cell potential, -0.77 and -0.85 volt CSE half cell potentials, and evaluation of the half cell potential and constant current values obtained from the beginning of the Tafel slope on the E log I curve. The effectiveness of each criterion was monitored by means of electrical resistance probes (bars) that changed their electrical resistance when affected by corrosion. They were embedded in salt contaminated concrete at the level of the top and bottom mat of reinforcing steel. The cathodic protection currents were applied to the concrete by cutting 3/8 inch (9.3 mm) wide and at a depth of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) longitudinal anode grooves on spacings of 1 foot (305 mm) center to center. The grooves contained an electrically conductive strand of carbon filament and were back filled with electrically conductive polymer concrete. Measurements were made to determine the current distribution when the anodes were electrically energized on a 1 foot (305 mm) center to center spacing. Procedures are given for obtaining an E log I curve using an oscilloscope so that the measurements are not adversely affected by turning the current on and off to obtain polarized potentials (A). KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Cathodic protection KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814132 AU - Richardson, D G AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE AUTOMATIC ROAD ANALYZER "ARAN" FOR MEASURING ROUGHNESS AND RUT DEPTH PY - 1988/05 SP - 58 p. AB - This project was conducted to evaluate the performance of Highway Products International, Inc.'s Automatic Road Analyzer (ARAN). Even though the ARAN is a multi-dimensional testing unit, the primary objectives were the roughness and rut measuring modes. A total of 56 test sections of varying roughness levels, surface types and rutted wheel tracks were tested in this correlation study. The results of the roughness test between the ARAN and the Georgia Modified Rainhart Mays Trailer (GMRT) showed there is a very good correlation. The evaluation of the ARAN's ability to recognize rutting was also performed with less favorable results. The measurements made by the ARAN unit and manual measurements made of the roadway, when compared, showed no correlation could be made. Even though a correlation could not be made, it is recognized the ARAN unit could still determine where rutting did occur on the road surfaces. During operation, there were very few problems with the ARAN equipment that could not be explained. The usual driver-operator and environmental factors could be corrected. KW - Automatic road analyzer KW - Automatic test equipment KW - Depth KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roughness KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629096 AU - Lerner, N D AU - Williams, A N AU - Sedney, C A AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RISK PERCEPTION IN HIGHWAY DRIVING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 210 p. AB - This report describes research studies of risk perception in highway driving. The objectives of the project were to gain a better fundamental understanding of how people perceive driving risk and to identify situations where risk may be consistently underestimated, providing danger to the driver or others. As part of this work, practical methods for the meaningful assessment of driving risk perception, as well as for an objective measure of the actual hazard at a site, were to be developed. The study focused on the normal, non-impaired driving public. A sequence of four experimental studies was conducted, using both videotaped scenes and on-the-road methods. A method for obtaining a continuous quantitative measure of the perceived level of hazard was developed and evaluated; both the magnitude of perceived risk, and the temporal aspects of changes in perceived risk, would be assessed. Perceived risk was related to both the actual hazard value and to overt vehicle control aspects (speed). People's subjective experience of risk was found to be generally accurate, but there were also some general misperceptions. In particular there was an underappreciation of the risk at intersections, potential traffic conflict situations, and night driving. Some potential applications of the methods developed, and potential safety intervention strategies, were suggested. KW - Automobile driving KW - Behavior KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Experiments KW - Field studies KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Intervention KW - Night KW - Night driving KW - Risk assessment KW - Risk perception KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489990 AU - Seible, F AU - Latham, C AU - Krishnan, K AU - University of California, San Diego AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE OVERLAYS IN BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION - EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II PY - 1988/05 SP - 158 p. AB - Full depth structural concrete overlays are commonly used in bridge deck repair and rehabilitation. Beneficial structural effects, such as increase in structural depth, can only be considered in the design if monolithic action of the overlaid slab can be assured beyond the flexural ultimate limit state of the bridge deck. A three phase experimental program to study the effect of different surface preparations and dowels between the "old" deck and the overlay on the overall bridge deck behavior under service loads (monotonic, cyclic, dynamic), overloads and ultimate limit state loads is presented in this report. The three test phases comprised triplet shear block tests, full scale transverse deck slab panel test (simply supported and continuous) as well as the full scale prototype testing of a 60 ft long highway bridge section (Gepford Overhead) which had been in service for 25 years prior to being repaired and tested under laboratory conditions. Results from the experimental program strongly suggest, that a "clean" and "rough" interlayer surface can ensure monolithic behavior beyond the flexural yield limit state, thus rendering dowel reinforcement ineffective to participate in horizontal shear transfer. A complete set of experimental results is presented in this report. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete overlays KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Horizontal shear KW - Interlayer slip KW - Monolithic behavior KW - Prototype tests KW - Recommendations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Surface preparation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299257 ER - TY - SER AN - 00470951 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Thompson, M R AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR HIGH STRENGTH STABILIZED BASE (HSSB) PAVEMENTS PY - 1988/05 SP - 30 p. AB - The basic concepts and the development of a proposed THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR HIGH STRENGTH STABILIZED BASE (HSSB) PAVEMENTS are presented. Traffic (IDOT traffic factor), subgrade modulus, HSSB design compressive strength, asphalt concrete surface thickness, and design reliability factors are considered. ILLI-PAVE based design algorithms are utilized in the procedure. HSSB fatigue consumption is the design criteria. The procedure can be easily modified to accommodate conditions other than those considered in the design procedure presented in Appendix A. KW - Algorithms KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Fatigue strength KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Stabilized materials KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-048.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/283429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491150 AU - Giuliano, G AU - Nohalty, P AU - Waters, C AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION FOR FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 124 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of using closed-circuit television (CCTV) for incident verification on urban freeways. Closed-circuit television cameras were installed on a 12-mile section of the I-10 freeway in Los Angeles, California. The CCTV system was used on a demonstration project basis for incident verification. The purpose of the project was to determine whether using CCTV could reduce the duration and therefore the delay impacts of freeway incidents. The impact of using CCTV for incident verification was measured by conducting a before/after analysis of incident duration within the study area. Statistical models of incident duration were developed and estimated. After controlling for incident type, lane closures, and truck involvement, model results showed no significant impact of CCTV on the duration of incidents. These results are explained as follows: Verification makes up a small proportion of incident duration (5 minutes of an average 37-minute incident), and incident duration has a large random component; thus small systematic changes that may have occurred were not observable. In contrast, CCTV verification was found to be effective as a back-up system to inductive loop detector systems, as it provides an easy means to screen out false alarms. Research results suggest that CCTV use be expanded to detection, particularly at high incident rate locations and during periods when inductive loop detector systems are less effective. KW - Before and after studies KW - Closed circuit television KW - Demonstration projects KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Incidents KW - Mathematical models KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490607 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1986 PY - 1988/05 SP - 60 p. AB - This publication represents the 1986 compilation of accident reports submitted to the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers (OMC) by motor carriers of property in interstate or foreign commerce. These accident reports are a vital source of information upon which the OMC relies in administering its regulatory and enforcement responsibilities. The accident statistics reported in this publication were generated by motor carriers of property filing accident reports with the OMC. These statistics do not represent all accidents that have occurred within the regulated motor carrier industry. In January 1986, the reportable property damage level was raised from $2,000 to $4,200 resulting in a substantial decrease in reported property damage-only accidents accompanied by a substantial decrease in injuries and a slight decrease in fatalities. KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Interstate commerce KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478024 AU - MARTIN, T AU - Kreider, T AU - High, M AU - Kolaja, R AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OFFICE AUTOMATION. VOLUME I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 21 p. AB - This research project was aimed at increasing the productivity of construction, office, and laboratory functions. Application of microcomputer procedures in highway construction has replaced existing manual procedures for construction progress estimate processing and material test computations. The project has enhanced the information flow to project engineers, area engineers, district engineers and headquarter managers in an efficient manner. It has developed a total microcomputer hardware/software configuration that enables interfacing with the mainframe computer. The existing field office personnel can operate each of the systems with less than one week training of each system. Volume I describes the system hardware selection process and the development, implementation, training, conclusions, and recommendations for each of the Construction Progress Estimate and Construction Material Testing systems. Volume II is the Construction Progress Estimate Manual. Volume III is the Construction Material Testing Manual. KW - Automation KW - Construction management KW - Estimates KW - Information dissemination KW - Manuals KW - Materials tests KW - Microcomputers KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286939 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478025 AU - MARTIN, T AU - Kreider, T AU - High, M AU - Kolaja, R AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OFFICE AUTOMATION. VOLUME II - CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS ESTIMATE MANUAL PY - 1988/05 SP - 135 p. AB - This research project was aimed at increasing the productivity of construction, office, and laboratory functions. Application of microcomputer procedures in highway construction has replaced existing manual procedures for construction progress estimate processing and material test computations. The project has enhanced the information flow to project engineers, area engineers, district engineers and headquarter managers in an efficient manner. It has developed a total microcomputer hardware/software configuration that enables interfacing with the mainframe computer. The existing field office personnel can operate each of the systems with less than one week training of each system. Volume I describes the system hardware selection process and the development, implementation, training, conclusions, and recommendations for each of the Construction Progress Estimate and Construction Material Testing systems. Volume II is the Construction Progress Estimate Manual. Volume III is the Construction Material Testing Manual. KW - Automation KW - Construction management KW - Estimates KW - Information dissemination KW - Manuals KW - Materials tests KW - Microcomputers KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478110 AU - Johnston, D W AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 9 p. AB - Executive summaries are presented of two studies to develop components of a bridge management system. In the first, a bridge management analysis method considering owner costs and user costs was developed to determine the optimum improvement action and time for each individual bridge in a system under various level of service goals. A computer program incorporating parameters and relationships of bridge ownership and user costs was created to analyze North Carolina bridges as an example. Based on the optimum improvement alternative selected for each individual bridge, the future funding needs, bridge conditions, load capacity, and bridge level of service deficiencies were predicted under different combinations of maintenance condition level of service goals and user level of service goals. Final Report No. FHWA/NC/88-004 documents the study. The second study deals with the problem of identifying optimal maintenance levels of service for bridge maintenance activities. A systematic, objective methodology and a non-linear optimization program was utilized to structure and analyze a bridge maintenance model. A working group from the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Bridge Maintenance Unit provided resource data and value assessments used in the analysis. The non-linear program, Algorithm for the Selection of Optimal Policy (ASOP), was modfied for use on the NCDOT commputer system. The program was applied to North Carolina bridge maintenance needs and was used to identify optimal levels of service for various amounts of available resources. Final Report No. FHWA/NC/88-003 documents the study. KW - Algorithms KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Needs assessment KW - Nonlinear programming KW - Optimization KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478026 AU - MARTIN, T AU - Kreider, T AU - High, M AU - Kolaja, R AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OFFICE AUTOMATION. VOLUME III - CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL TESTING MANUAL PY - 1988/05 SP - 191 p. AB - This research project was aimed at increasing the productivity of construction, office, and laboratory functions. Application of microcomputer procedures in highway construction has replaced existing manual procedures for construction progress estimate processing and material test computations. The project has enhanced the information flow to project engineers, area engineers, district engineers and headquarter managers in an efficient manner. It has developed a total microcomputer hardware/software configuration that enables interfacing with the mainframe computer. The existing field office personnel can operate each of the systems with less than one week training of each system. Volume I describes the system hardware selection process and the development, implementation, training, conclusions, and recommendations for each of the Construction Progress Estimate and Construction Material Testing systems. Volume II is the Construction Progress Estimate Manual. Volume III is the Construction Material Testing Manual. KW - Automation KW - Construction management KW - Estimates KW - Information dissemination KW - Manuals KW - Materials tests KW - Microcomputers KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476870 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EXTRUDED THERMOPLASTICS AS LANE DELINEATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 24 p. AB - This study involved an evaluation of large-scale installations of both hydrocarbon and alkyd extruded thermoplastics as lane delineation on sections of interstate highways having open-graded surfaces. The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of thermoplastics as lane delineation and to compare the performance of hydrocarbon versus alkyd formulations. Data were collected on a periodic basis over an 18-month period. Data collection consisted of daytime observations of the appearance and durability of the thermoplastic material along with reflectivity measurements using a portable retroreflectometer. The evaluation revealed that both the hydrocarbon and alkyd extruded thermoplastic material maintained their appearance, durability, and reflectivity over the 18-month study period. It was found that the alkyd formulation maintained a higher level of reflectivity than the hydrocarbon formulations. Based on performance, it was recommended that extruded thermoplastic continue to be used as a lane delineation material, and its use be expanded to other bituminous pavements on high volume roadways. Either formulation could be used, but it was recommended that the installations on the open-graded pavements continue to be monitored to determine if either formulation performs substantially better on a long-term basis. KW - Alkyd resins KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485596 AU - Osegueda, R A AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAPID BRIDGE DECK REPLACEMENT: A FIELD DEMONSTRATION AND LOAD TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 73 p. AB - This report describes a full-size field demonstration of a rapid bridge deck replacement concept put forward several years ago. The concept was to utilize a sand mortar made with a rapid setting epoxy to provide the shear tie between precast concrete deck panels and existing steel stringer beams. The demonstration site was a 50 ft simple span that serves as part of the SPUR 326 overpass over the AT&SF railroad tracks in downtown Lubbock, Texas. The demonstration bridge is one of two identical bridges, side-by-side; the other was redecked using a conventional poured-in-place technique. Eight precast panels, each 6 ft 3 in. x 45 ft x 8 in., were used to form the experimental deck. Each panel was cast with blockouts (holes) positioned directly over the supporting steel beams. When the original concrete deck was removed, the steel shear studs were cut away leaving the top of the flanges of the steel beams clean and flat. The precast panels were then positioned atop of the steel in an operation lasting less than 5 hours, the new steel studs were welded into place through the blockouts in about 4 hours, and then the panels were epoxied into place in less than 2 full working days. Subsequent load tests and deflection measurements were compared to results obtained using a 3D computer model. The comparison provided convincing evidence of the composite performance of the completed bridge. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Deflection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Load tests KW - Performance KW - Precast concrete KW - Rapid methods KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469229 AU - Stratfull, R F AU - Noel, E C AU - Seyoum, K AU - Automated Management Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION CRITERIA FOR THE REHABILITATION OF BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 74 p. AB - During the replacement of a bridge as a result of corrosion of the reinforcing steel caused by deicing salts, sections of the deck were salvaged to evaluate various cathodic protection criteria. These included the 100 mV and 300 mV change in half cell potential, -0.77 and -0.85 volt CSE half cell potentials, and evaluation of the half cell potential and constant current values obtained from the beginning of the Tafel slope on the E log I curve. The effectiveness of each criterion was monitored by means of electrical resistance probes (bars) that changed their electrical resistance when affected by corrosion. They were embedded in salt-contaminated concrete at the level of the top and bottom mat of reinforcing steel. The cathodic protection currents were applied to the concrete by cutting 3/8-inch (9.3-mm) wide and at a depth of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) longitudinal anode grooves on spacings of 1 foot (305 mm) center-to-center. The grooves contained an electrically conductive strand of carbon filament and were backfilled with electrically conductive polymer concrete. Measurements were made to determine the current distribution when the anodes were electrically energized on a 1-foot (305-mm) center-to-center spacing. Procedures are given for obtaining an E log I curve using an oscilloscope so that the measurements are not adversely affected by turning the current on and off to obtain polarized potentials. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Corrosion protection KW - Effectiveness KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Evaluation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483857 AU - Wood, L E AU - Noureldin, A S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HOT-MIX RECYCLED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/05 SP - 9 p. AB - A detailed laboratory investigation was performed to characterize the performance of the hot mix recycled asphalt pavement in comparison with a virgin mix. A virgin mixture and three recycled mixtures were evaluated. Marshall size specimens were fabricated and evaluated using the pulse velocity, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, Hveem stability and Marshall stability tests. In addition the recycled binder itself was evaluated using a stage extraction technique and the thin film oven test results. Long term aging of recycled mixtures was also studied. Subjective conclusions were established for the performance of recycled mixtures under various conditions. Virgin mixture stiffness and strength parameters were higher than those of recycled mixtures. However, long term aging properties of two of the recycled mixtures were better than the virgin mix, especially when regarding the failure tensile strain. The thin film oven test and the indirect tensile test were identified as additional criteria for the choice of type and amount of recycling agent to be used. The results of this study will provide the highway engineer with a better understanding of the effect of different factors on the tensile and resilient characteristics of hot recycled bituminous paving mixtures. KW - Aging KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Marshall test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Oven tests KW - Performance KW - Pulse velocity KW - Pulses KW - Recycling KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Tension tests KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Time duration KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292847 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483858 AU - Wood, L E AU - Noureldin, A S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HOT-MIX RECYCLED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 159 p. AB - A detailed laboratory investigation was performed to characterize the performance of the hot mix recycled asphalt pavement in comparison with a virgin mix. A virgin mixture and three recycled mixtures were evaluated. Marshall size specimens were fabricated and evaluated using the pulse velocity, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, Hveem stability and Marshall stability tests. In addition the recycled binder itself was evaluated using a stage extraction technique and the thin film oven test results. Long term aging of recycled mixtures was also studied. Subjective conclusions were established for the performance of recycled mixtures under various conditions. Virgin mixture stiffness and strength parameters were higher than those of recycled mixtures. However, long term aging properties of two of the recycled mixtures were better than the virgin mix, especially when regarding the failure tensile strain. The thin film oven test and the indirect tensile test were identified as additional criteria for the choice of type and amount of recycling agent to be used. The results of this study will provide the highway engineer with a better understanding of the effect of different factors on the tensile and resilient characteristics of hot recycled bituminous paving mixtures. KW - Aging KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Marshall test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Oven tests KW - Performance KW - Pulse velocity KW - Pulses KW - Recycling KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Tension tests KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Time duration KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482430 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Dietz, D A AU - Woods, M L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS USING NDT TECHNIQUES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 207 p. AB - An evaluation of NDT equipment and acquisition of a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) for the Illinois Department of Transportation was accomplished. This was followed by an extensive testing program using the FWD to evaluate concrete pavements in Illinois. Test results were evaluated and procedures developed for testing and evaluation of jointed and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. Results show that some causes of incipient distresses can be detected using the FWD device including subgrade strength, loss of load transfer and development of voids. Recommendations for rehabilitations are presented in the final report. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479409 AU - Thenoux, G AU - Bell, C A AU - Wilson, J E AU - Eakin, D AU - Schroeder, M AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT PROPERTIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT: PART 1. PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION OF DATA PY - 1988/05 SP - 120 p. AB - The report is Part 1 of the final report for the research project titled "Evaluation of Asphalt Properties and Their Relationship to Pavement Performance". The overall objective of the research was to implement an analytical chemical procedure that could be used to characterize asphalt pavement materials. Results from the chemical analysis were subsequently used for the evaluation of pavement performance. The chemical test procedure used corresponded to that developed by Corbett and Swarbrick. Fractional compositions were statistically related to a number of physical tests and asphalt temperature susceptibility indices. The report also presents an evaluation of four different asphalt extraction/recovery procedures and an evaluation of a pressure oxygen bomb device used for asphalt laboratory aging. KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical analysis KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479464 AU - Delaware Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT PROCESS. U.S. ROUTE 13 RELIEF ROUTE. ROUTE 7 TO U.S. ROUTE 113 PY - 1988/05 SP - 41 p. AB - Since the late 1950's, the Delaware Department of Transportation has been faced with a serious and seemingly unresolvable transportation problem. The principal north-south traffic arterial in the central part of the state, U.S. Route 13, has experienced steadily increasing traffic volumes, ever-worsening traffic congestion and deteriorating safety conditions. Yet every proposed solution failed to be implemented. Reviewing these failed attempts revealed that the failure resulted from intense opposition to the solutions and their impacts by one or more components of the central Delaware community. With this knowledge, a new attempt was begun in 1984. This report documents the community involvement process used in this new U.S. Route 13 Relief Route Study. The process played an important role in the development of a solution which has received the support of appropriate federal and state agencies and, most importantly, of the citizens of Delaware. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Delaware KW - Highway location KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Location KW - Public participation KW - Public relations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479582 AU - Cooper, C D AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EIGHT-HOUR CARBON MONOXIDE PERSISTENCE FACTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 109 p. AB - A critical step in the modeling of the impacts of mobile sources on air quality (carbon monoxide) is predicting an 8-hour CO concentration given a modeled "worst-case" 1-hour concentration. The 1-hour concentration is multiplied by a meteorological persistence factor (MPF) to account for the variability over 8 hours of wind speed, wind direction, stability class, and temperature, and by a vehicular persistence factor (VPF) to reflect lower traffic volumes during the off-peak hours. The product of an MPF and a VPF is a total persistence factor (TPF). In this study, hourly meteorological data for ten years for four cities in Florida were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center. The CALINE3 model was run for each hour of each day in the CO season (October through February) using a constant vehicle volume on a single road to obtain hourly CO concentrations at a single receptor. The hourly CO concentrations were combined for different time periods of the day to derive MPF's for each city, for each day of each winter season. The MPF's were statistically analyzed to determine the maximum, second-maximum, mean, standard deviation, and various percentiles. Similarly, VPF's were derived from hourly vehicle counts on one busy roadway in each city. The mean VPF multiplied by the second-highest MPF was defined as the worst-case TPF. These worst-case TPF's increased significantly as more hours of nighttime were included in the 8-hour averaging time but were fairly consistent from city to city. In general, the results suggest worst-case total persistence factors in the range of 0.4 to 0.5, lower than has been recommended by EPA in the past. KW - Air pollution KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Mathematical models KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Persistence factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479589 AU - LAU, M Y AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL DEVELOPMENT: SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 207 p. AB - An intuitive methodology of developing injury, property-damage only (PDO) and fatal accident models for signalized intersections based on the Traffic Accident Surveillance and Analysis System (TASAS) in California is illustrated. A fairly new grouping and classifying technique called Classification and Regression Trees (CART) was used as a building block for developing prediction models. The proposed methodology includes a 3-level prediction procedure with a "tree" structure for easy interpretation and applications. It also includes an adjustment procedure for different reporting levels of PDO accidents in different police jurisdictions. Applications of accident prediction models are also discussed in detail. Macroscopic-type models for injury, and PDO accidents per year were derived, and the following factors were found to be significant: traffic intensity, proportion of cross street traffic, intersection type, signal type, number of lanes, and left-turn arrangements. Relevant factors for fatal accidents are traffic intensity, intersection type, and design speed. Based on the results, it is also apparent that the models derived from the proposed methodology and TASAS provide more intuition and flexibility than the existing models used in California and some other models derived from site observations and accident record systems. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Forecasting KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trees (Mathematics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478030 AU - Woodham, D B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLASTIC PIPE USE UNDER HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 20 p. AB - Plastic storm sewer pipes were used on 2 projects in Colorado in 1984 and 1985. The installation of the pipes was documented and their performance was observed for 3-1/2 years. No problems were encountered with the plastic pipes, although they were prone to float if care was not used during backfill and compaction operations. The cost savings due to reduced material costs are significant. KW - Backfilling KW - Building KW - Compaction KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Performance KW - Plastic pipe KW - Savings KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478028 AU - Derakhshandeh, M AU - BARRETT, R K AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMBANKMENT SETTLEMENT IN GLENWOOD CANYON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 48 p. AB - This study consisted of monitoring and evaluating the performance of two different kinds of reinforced earth retaining walls built on compressible soils in Glenwood Canyon in Colorado. The walls were designed by the Reinforced Earth and the VSL companies and were constructed side by side near the east end of the canyon. Both walls were constructed with similar procedures, and the finished products looked exactly alike. The only difference was the type of reinforcement used by each company. One inch wide metal ribbed strips and #5 rebars were used by the Reinforced Earth and the VSL companies, respectively. In addition, 10 foot wide and 20 foot high concrete fascia panels were used to complete the walls. This was the first use of the full height fascia panels, and their long-term performance was of utmost importance. The results of this study indicated that both walls performed well and are suitable to be used in future canyon projects. The only problem was the excessive outward movements of the fascia panels, and we recommend solving this problem before the full height fascia panels are utilized. As a result of this study, the investigation was continued, and it was found that the future Reinforced Earth walls should be constructed in two phases. First, they are built with a temporary facing, and after completion of the primary settlements, the full height panels are placed in front of the temporary facing and connected to the wall. KW - Compressible soils KW - Embankments KW - Fascia panels KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retaining walls KW - Settlement (Structures) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477384 AU - Mendelsohn, D H AU - EKTRON Applied Imaging, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CRACK RECORDING (PCR) BY SLIT INTEGRATION. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 76 p. AB - A research program and first prototype development is described for an electro-optical system to provide automated pavement surface crack density ratings. The program objective was to develop an affordable system, suitable for daylight use at highway speeds, and retrofittable to existing state DOT data collection vehicles. The design exploits an optical preprocessing technique called slit integration which allows real-time data reduction, yielding statistical indices of transverse and longitudinal crack densities. At the termination of the development, the transverse crack detectors performed reasonably well, but the longitudinal crack detector could generally not exceed fair results. This volume, Volume I, summarizes the program, presents field test results, and provides recommendations for further development. Volume II contains technical design details and Volume III is an Operator's Manual. KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Density KW - Detectors KW - Electrooptic materials KW - Electrooptical devices KW - Field tests KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Prototypes KW - Recording instruments KW - Slit integration KW - System design KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286570 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477386 AU - Mendelsohn, D H AU - EKTRON Applied Imaging, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CRACK RECORDING (PCR) BY SLIT INTEGRATION. VOLUME III: PROTOTYPE OPERATOR'S MANUAL PY - 1988/05 SP - 59 p. AB - A research program and first prototype development is described for an electro-optical system to provide automated pavement surface crack density ratings. The program objective was to develop an affordable system, suitable for daylight use at highway speeds, and retrofittable to existing state DOT data collection vehicles. The design exploits an optical preprocessing technique called slit integration which allows real-time data reduction, yielding statistical indices of transverse and longitudinal crack densities. At the termination of the development, the transverse crack detectors performed reasonably well, but the longitudinal crack detector could generally not exceed fair results. This volume, Volume III, is an Operator's Manual for the prototype system. Volume I presents a program summary and Volume II provides technical design details. KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Density KW - Detectors KW - Electrooptic materials KW - Electrooptical devices KW - Field tests KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Prototypes KW - Recording instruments KW - Slit integration KW - System design KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477311 AU - Cohen, S L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF LEFT-TURN PHASE SEQUENCE IN SIGNALIZED CLOSED NETWORKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 38 p. AB - The report is in two parts. Part 1 describes the effects of constraining the optimization of the TRANSYT-7F program so as to preserve the progression bands on one or more arterials within a network. Part 2 describes the effect of optimizing left turn phase sequence in signalized networks. KW - Arterial highways KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Optimization KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477385 AU - Mendelsohn, D H AU - EKTRON Applied Imaging, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT CRACK RECORDING (PCR) BY SLIT INTEGRATION. VOLUME II: TECHNICAL DESIGN DOCUMENT PY - 1988/05 SP - 140 p. AB - A research program and first prototype development is described for an electro-optical system to provide automated pavement surface crack density ratings. The program objective was to develop an affordable system, suitable for daylight use at highway speeds, and retrofittable to existing state DOT data collection vehicles. The design exploits an optical preprocessing technique called slit integration which allows real-time data reduction, yielding statistical indices of transverse and longitudinal crack densities. At the termination of the development, the transverse crack detectors performed reasonably well, but the longitudinal crack detector could generally not exceed fair results. This volume, Volume II, presents the details of the system design, including electronic schematics, mechanical drawings, software, and optical arrangement. Volume I is a program summary and Volume III is an Operator's Manual. KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Data reduction KW - Density KW - Detectors KW - Electrooptic materials KW - Electrooptical devices KW - Field tests KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Prototypes KW - Recording instruments KW - Slit integration KW - System design KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286571 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476000 AU - Higgins, J D AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN GUIDE FOR CUT SLOPES IN LOESS OF SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON PY - 1988/05 SP - 70 p. AB - This guide presents criteria for site exploration, laboratory testing, and design of cut slopes in loessial soils for southeastern Washington State. Design schemes for slope drainage systems are presented also. A design checklist keyed to this guide is included in the appendix. A summary of typical soil properties and cut slope behavior is included. KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Embankments KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loess KW - Properties of materials KW - Site investigation KW - Soil properties KW - Soils UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/145.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475447 AU - Yette, R AU - Young, D AU - Provines, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT ANALYSIS FOR URBAN FREEWAYS. VOLUME II. MAAP USER MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 96 p. AB - This volume of the final report represents the computer software documentation of the Microcomputer Accident Analysis Program (MAAP). This report describes in detail the actions to be taken by the analyst and the results the analyst can expect as the computer program is executed. An overview of the process used to create the analysis data is included to provide the analyst with the necessary information to interpret the computer-generated reports. This report is designed to be used by traffic engineers and highway safety analysts in the District offices throughout Texas. KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Freeways KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Software KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470958 AU - Bell, C A AU - Kliewer, J E AU - Kramer, B W AU - Thenoux, G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT PROPERTIES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT. PART 2 - A MICROCOMPUTER INVENTORY FOR ROUTINE ASPHALT DATA PY - 1988/05 SP - v.p. AB - The Oregon State Department of Transportation, Highway Division, Materials Section, currently maintains its asphalt sample data manually. A computer database program has been developed and documented to maintain this data efficiently on a microcomputer. This report describes the database management program, applications, operation procedures, examples of data summaries, statistics, and program documentation. In its current form, the program may be used for simple storage, sorting, and retrieval of data. It has been developed in a modular fashion to enable future development if desired. The asphalt laboratory test data files are managed using commercial computer software. The software is dBASE III PLUS published by the Ashton Tate Corp. This software was selected based on efficiency of database collection, management, and user friendliness. In this program the entered data is stored in a database file. The user can change, find, rearrange, analyze, relate, and print any data stored in the database. This report presents data evaluation examples. The first example considers laydown temperatures, and from an examination of the database, concludes that the current Oregon State Highway Division practice of using a temperature of 280 deg F (138 deg C) is sound practice. The second example attempted to establish a relationship between penetration ratio (PR) and penetration index (PI), with a view towards recommending use of a required temperature susceptibility in asphalt specifications. No relationship was determined and therefore no ensuing recommendation was made. KW - Asphalt KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Information retrieval KW - Inventory KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Software KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469934 AU - Hunt, J E AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL COUPLERS IN CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT PATCHES. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/05 SP - 15 p. AB - In an effort to develop a more cost-effective method for repairing continuously reinforced concrete pavements, mechanical couplers for reestablishing the continuous reinforcing steel when installing full depth pavement patches were installed for comparison to PennDOT's standard method of lap splicing and tieing. These methods are compared on the basis of initial cost. Their performance will be evaluated and compared over the next 5 years. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Fasteners KW - Mechanical connectors KW - Patching KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469163 AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED TRAFFIC/TRUCK WEIGHT MONITORING EQUIPMENT (WEIGH-IN-MOTION). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINAL REPORT AND SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1988/05 SP - 256 p. AB - This report documents work undertaken in the demonstration of a low-cost Automatic Weight and Classification System (AWACS). An AWACS procurement specification and details of the results of the project are also included. The intent of the project is to support and encourage transferring research knowledge to state and local agencies and manufacturers through field demonstrations. Presently available, Weigh-in-Motion and Classification Systems are typically too expensive to permit the wide deployment necessary to obtain representative vehicle data. Piezo electric technology has been used in the United Kingdom and Europe and is believed to be the basic element in a low-cost AWACS. Low-cost systems have been installed at two sites, one in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement in Iowa and and the other in Asphaltic Cement Concrete (ACC) pavement in Minnesota to provide experience with both types of pavement. The systems provide axle weights, gross vehicle weight, axle spacing, vehicle classification, vehicle speed, vehicle count, and time of arrival. In addition, system self-calibration and a method to predict contact tire pressure is included in the system design. The study has shown that in the PCC pavement, the AWACS is capable of meeting the needs of state and federal highway agencies, producing accuracies comparable to many current commercial WIM devices. This is being achieved at a procurement cost of substantially less than currently available equipment. In the ACC pavement the accuracies were less than those observed in the PCC pavement which is concluded to result from a low pavement rigidity at this site. Further work is needed to assess the AWACS performance at a range of sites in ACC pavements. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Automatic weight and classification system (awacss KW - Contact pressure KW - Demonstration projects KW - Low costs KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pressure KW - Procurement KW - Self calibration KW - Specifications KW - Technology transfer KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19652 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01083344 AU - Pigman, Jerry G AU - Agent, Kenneth R AU - Deacon, John A AU - Kryscio, Richard J AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Unmanned Radar Installations PY - 1988/04/27/Combined Interim and Final Report SP - 100p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the speed effects of unmanned radar installations on I75 in northern Kentucky. Emphasis was placed on the collection and analysis of speed-related data. In addition, a survey of radar detector usage was made and historical accident patterns were documented. The following types of data were collected and analyzed: 1) Automatic speed data, 2) Manual speed data, 3) Speed data for vehicles with and without radar detectors, 4) Speed data with and without the presence of active police enforcement, 5) Radar detector usage data, and 6) Accident data. Speed measures analyzed included mean speed, standard deviation (variance) in speed, percentages or numbers of vehicles exceeding specified speed levels, and 85th-percentile speed. Statistical tests were used to evaluate the effects of radar. Results indicate that unmanned radar was an effective means of reducing the number of vehicles traveling at excessive speeds on the study section of I75. The daily reduction in number of vehicles exceeding the speed limit (55 mph) by 15 mph was determined to be approximately 900 at Florence. At Ft. Wright (where the speed limit was 50 mph for cars and 45 mph for trucks), the number exceeding the speed limit (50 mph) by 15 mph was approximately 350 vehicles per day. When comparing mean speeds with "radar on" and "radar off", there was no statistical difference at Ft. Wright. At Florence, the mean speeds showed a statistically significant decrease with "radar on". Results from the data collected manually did not reveal any significant differences when comparing mean speeds with "radar on" and "radar off". Apparently the sampling periods were insufficient to identify differences that were shown at locations where automatic equipment was used to collect continuous data. Approximately 42% of the trucks and 11% of the cars were found to be equipped with radar detectors. The use of radar detectors had a significant effect on vehicle speeds. With "radar on" the speeds of vehicles with radar detectors decreased significantly compared to the "radar off" speeds, while the speeds of vehicles without detectors were not affected. Accidents in the northbound direction of I75 between Ft. Mitchell and the Ohio River decreased in the one-year period after July 1986, as compared to the three-year period before. Data after July 1986 corresponded to the start of the truck diversion and original installations of the unmanned radar units. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash data KW - Data collection KW - Kentucky KW - Radar KW - Radar detectors KW - Speed control KW - Speeding KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/25000/25700/25751/DOT-HS-EPX-034.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/842640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477313 AU - Taylor, W C AU - Coleman, F AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF SPEED ZONING EFFECTIVENESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04/18 SP - 50 p. AB - This study was undertaken to determine if the procedure used to establish the speed limit in speed zones on the Michigan State Trunkline System results in a significant savings in accidents. An additional objective was to determine if specific speed distribution characteristics, enforcement levels, or environmental and geometric factors are related to the reduction in accidents within speed zones. Twenty speed zones established in 1982 and 1983 were analyzed. There is no evidence that the current procedure of using the 85th percentile of observed speeds is inappropriate from a safety perspective. In fact, the aggregate reduction in accidents in these twenty zones (when compared to control sites) was statistically significant. On an individual zone basis, nine of the twenty zones showed a reduction in accidents, three showed an increase in accidents and the remaining eight zones either showed no change or the number of accidents was too small to conduct an analysis. Four of the nine zones in which accidents were reduced demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in accident frequency. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Effectiveness KW - Environment KW - Geometry KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Safety KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417985 AU - Ray, M H AU - Michie, D J AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J S AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Safety Design Division TI - Evaluation of design analysis procedures and acceptance criteria for roadside hardware, volume 5: hazards of the redirected car PY - 1988/04 IS - FHWA/RD-87-100 SP - 70P AB - This research was conducted to identify and investigate aspects of nchrp report 230 which require additional technical research. This report deals with assessing the potential hazards of the redirected vehicle. KW - Accident analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash test KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Road safety KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Safety fence KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417851 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Ray, M H AU - Mayer, J B AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Guardrail bridge rail transition designs; volume 1: research report PY - 1988/04 IS - FHWA/RD-86-178 SP - 188P AB - This project was concerned with the transition designs used between w beam and thrie guardrail, and rigid bridge rail parapets or wingwalls. State designs submitted to the federal highway administration (fhwa) were rated and designs selected for crash test evaluation. New designs were also formulated and subjected to crash test evaluation. Most of the crash tests were conducted with 4500 lb (2000 kg) cars at 60 mph (95 km/h) and a 25 degree angle. Design drawings are presented along with recommendations for use of these transition designs. Guidelines for transition features are given and design procedures for independent end blocks are given (a). KW - Automobiles KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructure KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Car KW - Damage KW - Guardrails KW - Safety KW - Safety fence KW - Structural safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01024446 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Safety Performance - 1986. Fatal and Injury Accident Rates on Public Roads in the United States PY - 1988/04 SP - 89p AB - This is the fifth report to Congess under Section 207 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (P.L. 97-424). The reports contain an extension of a series of statistical data published annually since 1967 under the title, "Fatal and Injury Accident Rates on Federal-Aid and Other Highway Systems," until 1982 when it assumed its present title. The report presents data which can be used in the evaluation of the highway safety performance of the States. The data were submitted by the States through the Highway Performance Monitoring System operated by the Federal Highway Administration. The traffic accident statistics for 1986 show an increase of about 2,200 fatalities over 1985. A disproportionate share of these fatalities occurred on non-Federal-Aid collector and local highways. The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel was 2.51, which was higher than the record low of 2.47 set in 1985. KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highway Performance Monitoring System KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Non-federal aid highways KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - United States KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20919/PB98158413.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/782328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00789836 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONGESTION ON VIRGINIA'S URBAN HIGHWAYS PY - 1988/04 SP - 11 p. AB - Congestion on our nation's highways, most commonly found in the urban areas, is a serious problem that is growing steadily worse. While Virginia is predominantly rural, there are few Virginians who have not experienced congestion at some time in their travels throughout the state. The magnitude of this congestion is not known. Accordingly, statewide congestion statistics are needed in order to define and evaluate the problem and to establish the level of effort needed to solve it. Based on a procedure developed by the Federal Highway Administration using Highway Performance Monitoring System data, this report documents statewide recurring congestion on Virginia's interstate roadways. Estimates of nonrecurring congestion, congestion in the year 2000, and congestion on other urban roadways are also provided. KW - Estimates KW - Highway Performance Monitoring System KW - Interstate highways KW - Nonrecurrent congestion KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways KW - Virginia UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/arnold.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/arnold.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38533/88-R24.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/647986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675355 AU - Magdaleno, J A AU - Faller, R K AU - Kittrell, K R AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS ON PLASTIC DRUMS WITH TYPE III OBJECT MARKERS PY - 1988/04 SP - 51 p. AB - The Missouri Highway and Transportation Department is proposing the use of a two-piece breakaway channelizer for delineating traffic. This configuration consists of a Plastic Drum with a Type III Object Marker mounted on top of it using two polycarbonate plastic connectors between the drum and the object marker. The reason for using this type of channelizer stemmed from many anticipated benefits such as: First, plastic connectors pose a lesser threat to traffic than metal connectors if detachment should occur. Second, since the object markers are above the splash zone, they stay cleaner during extreme weather conditions. Third, the object markers are less expensive than warning lights and, with the exception of cleaning, no maintenance is required after installation. To determine whether or not the configuration was satisfactory for implementation, two full-scale crash tests were conducted in accordance with the "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Appurtenances", from the NCHRP Report 230, TRB, March, 1981. Results of both tests showed that all of the required performance criteria had been met; therefore, the Plastic Drum with a Type III Object Marker was considered satisfactory. KW - Crashes KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Impact tests KW - Plastic connectors KW - Plastic drums KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Type iii object markers UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/MR87-2_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489644 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIONS FOR MANAGING TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND SPEEDS ON THE KATY TRANSITWAY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 50 p. AB - Houston has made a major commitment to developing freeway transitways--special lanes designated for the use of high-occupancy vehicles. These lanes are beginning to become operational, and a major effort is being undertaken to evaluate these initial facilities in order to learn from the early experience. This research project is jointly funded by the two operating agencies -- the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. A major concern involves what vehicles will be allowed to utilize the transitway. After 2+ carpools were allowed onto the priority facility, demand grew rapidly. Volumes began to approach capacity. In response to this situation, Texas Transportation Institute evaluated alternative approaches for managing vehicular demand on the Katy Transitway. That analysis is documented in this research report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Carpools KW - Demand KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway traffic control KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Priority treatment KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469926 AU - Ardani, A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPRING BREAKUP STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 37 p. AB - The effect of an increase in moisture content of subgrade soil was evaluated on S.H. 131 in western Colorado. Dynaflect and moisture/temperature probes were used to obtain pavement surface deflections and subgrade moisture content. Analysis of the data obtained demonstrated that the load-carrying capacity of the pavement decreased rapidly as the moisture content was increased above the plastic limit (PL) during the spring thawing period. High pavement surface deflection taken during this period confirmed this phenomenon. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Plastic limit KW - Soil water KW - Spring breakup KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Temperature KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490662 AU - Ferrell, R E AU - Arman, A AU - Baykal, G AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF COMBINED LIME AND FLY ASH STABILIZATION ON THE ELASTIC MODULI OF MONTMORILLONITIC SOILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 196 p. AB - The study reports the results of physical, mineralogical, and micromorphological tests on laboratory prepared mixtures of bentonite (75wt%), Class C fly ash (20wt%), and lime (5wt%). Combined results of X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength tests, and elastic modulus calculations on the same test specimens after curing for periods of time up to 180 days at 23 deg C or 50 deg C provide much insight on the stabilization reaction mechanisms in a montmorillonite-rich material. Ettringite, C-S-H gel, and afwillite create a 3-dimensional network of bound particles that is responsible for increased compressive strengths and elastic moduli 15-17 times greater than the untreated bentonite. Test results produced after one day of curing at 50 deg C are comparable to those obtained after 28 days of curing at 23 deg C. KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Diffraction KW - Electron microscopy KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lime fly ash KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Montmorillonite KW - Soil stabilization KW - Test results KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478198 AU - McManis, K L AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF FLY ASH TREATED EMBANKMENT AND BASE MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 142 p. AB - This study was undertaken to provide the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development with a data base from which recommendations can be made concerning the modification or stabilization of soils using a Class C fly ash as a full or partial replacement for hydraulic cement or hydrated lime. It includes test data from two road base soils and two soils that are used in embankment construction. The test specimens were combined with lime, cement, and/or fly ash from three generating plants in Louisiana. The base soils consisted of an A-3 sand and an A-2-4 sandy silt. Unconfined compressive and vacuum saturation strengths were compared to those presently required for stabilization using cement as a single additive. The test results indicate the importance of the characteristics of the gradation of the materials and the effects of the presence of fines in the soil. Two clays, an A-6(9) and an A-7-6(20), were evaluated by comparing the improvements in the plastic properties and the gain in soil support with the addition of fly ash and/or lime. The amount of free lime present in the Class C fly ashes tested was insufficient to effectively compete with lime alone in modifying the plasticity of the clays. The fly ash did enhance the soil's resistance or R-Value when combined with lime. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Bearing capacity KW - Calcium oxide KW - Cement KW - Clay KW - Embankments KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Fly ash KW - Gradation KW - Lime fly ash KW - Plasticity KW - Resistance value, r KW - Sand KW - Silty sands KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil support value KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20204.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478199 AU - Wu, T H AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EMBANKMENTS WITH SYNTHETIC REINFORCEMENTS: DESIGN OF FIELD MEASUREMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 70 p. AB - The objective of this research is to design the field measurement system to be used in prospective test embankments with synthetic reinforcements. The test embankments should have steep side slopes and will be reinforced by geogrids or geotextiles. The choice of embankments to be used in the field studies will be made after consultation with the Ohio Department of Transportation engineers responsible for design of embankments. In order to design the measurement system, the important elements of embankment performance that pose questions to designers were identified. The major issues in embankment performance are: safety with respect to tension failure of the reinforcement, shear failure in the soil and slip at the soil-reinforcement interface. Trial designs were made to obtain the approximate dimensions of the embankment and reinforcement system. Soil properties considered to be representative of cohesionless and cohesive soils in Ohio were used. The trial designs are summarized in Figures 2.7 through 12. Available instrumentation was reviewed with respect to applicability to this project. The result is a list of proposed instrumentation, which is given in Table 3.2. Cooperative work arrangements in the installation of instrumentation and data collection are also recommended. KW - Cohesive soils KW - Data collection KW - Embankments KW - Failure KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Granular soils KW - Instrumentation KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Safety KW - Shear failures KW - Slip (Fluid mechanics) KW - Slips KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476872 AU - Broussard, D T AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEIGH-IN-MOTION FOR PLANNING APPLICATIONS IN LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 64 p. AB - Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) is a method of weighing vehicles at highway speeds with the use of scales on or flush with the road surface. It has been used experimentally in Louisiana since 1976, but until recently little was done to prove its accuracy and usefulness as a highway design or planning tool. In this study, two WIM locations were selected near permanent Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LDOTD) scales to provide weight comparisons between dynamic (WIM) weighing and static (stationary) weighing. At present, the LDOTD Traffic and Planning Section collects weights every other year at 12 sites for approximately four hours at each site, using portable scales. This procedure is very labor intensive, requiring 10 to 15 persons, and provides only a small data base. Using the WIM system, a large data base was collected over an 18-month period utilizing only 2 to 3 persons. After processing the WIM data, between 80 to 85% of WIM vehicles collected were usable for analysis. Manual traffic counts were used to supplement WIM vehicle counting. Statistical analysis showed that there is very good correlation between WIM, static and portable scales. An analysis of the WIM data was used to calculate EAL (18-kip equivalent axle load) design factors at both sites. Based on the accuracy of the WIM system established in this study, it was recommended that WIM equipment be used at various locations to show variations of truck loading for design purposes. KW - Accuracy KW - Databases KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Traffic counting KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_196.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486137 AU - Rockwell International Corporation AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GPS FOR COMPUTER AIDED ROAD INVENTORY AND MAPPING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 42 p. AB - The project involves the investigation and application of satellite positioning technology to improvements in road inventory and computer-aided mapping through the use of coordinates acquired from the Global Positioning System (GPS). This report provides a summary of Phase I and the results of Phase II of the study. Phase I identifies a test area and test scenario, and then develops the prototype hardware and software necessary to carry out a proof-of-concept demonstration. The primary objective was to test the concept feasibility and identify the detailed effort of using the GPS for mapping. Phase II involves a System Definition and Evaluation phase, The emphasis shifts from inventory data collection to base map data collection, and the ability to correlate the available inventory data to a road alignment location. The end result is a base map produced using the Intergraph System which shows inventory information selected by the user. KW - Alignment KW - Artificial satellites KW - Data collection KW - Global Positioning System KW - Hardware KW - Information processing KW - Intergraph world mapping system KW - Inventory KW - Mapping KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485733 AU - Powers, J C AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENTER BARRIER DELINEATOR SPACING STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 50 p. AB - This study reviews delineator spacing intervals of 40, 80 and 160 feet placed along median barrier divided roadways. Optimum spacing of the delineators was determined by having observers view film of several installations. Spacings of delineation were considered undesirable when, in the raters opinions, the delineators provided an inadequate amount of information to be considered an effective aid for nighttime driving. Primary considerations for driver information were the ability to detect the path of the road ahead and the lateral location of the barrier. Reduced spacing distances were identified for specific geometric situations. The following conclusions have been made: (1) Desirable levels of delineation can be provided as long as the spacing between delineators does not exceed 160 feet where roadway geometry is straight and level; (2) The spacing of delineators should be no more than 80 feet where roadway geometry contains crest vertical curves whose ratio of percent change in grade to hundreds of feet of run is .4 or more; and (3) The spacing of delineators should be 40 feet where horizontal curves are 2 degrees (3000 foot radius) or more. Based on the costs of installation, the impacts on maintenance and the desirable spacing, delineators should be spaced at 80 feet in general and 40 feet whenever engineering judgement indicates an additional need for delineation. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Highway delineators KW - Median barriers KW - Night visibility KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481056 AU - Won, M AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PROPOSED TEXAS SDHPT DESIGN STANDARDS FOR CRCP. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 48 p. AB - There is a strong correlation between the structural responses and the frequency of distress in CRCP. Hence, the primary factors to be considered in the design of continuously reinforced concrete pavement are the structural responses: crack spacing, crack width, and steel stress. The structural responses in CRCP are the outcome of the interactions among material characteristics, environmental conditions, and traffic loading. Since at least three-quarters of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate, concrete properties, such as thermal coefficient, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and drying shrinkage are different for concrete made with different types of coarse aggregates. Hence, even under identical environmental and traffic loading conditions, diverse structural responses will result from using different coarse aggregates. In this study, the CRCP Design Standards were evaluated for concretes made with various coarse aggregates. Two types of steel reinforcement are used in continuously reinforced concrete pavement construction: deformed bar and deformed wire fabric. Different structural responses are expected due to different structural mechanisms between the two reinforcement types. The Design Standards for two reinforcement types were separately evaluated. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design standards KW - Pavement cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481037 AU - Hunt, H AU - Bakker, T AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF RECLAIMED WATER ON HIGHWAY PLANTINGS, SOILS, AND IRRIGATION EQUIPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 78 p. AB - The use of reclaimed wastewater for highway landscape plantations was studied. The objectives were to determine reclaimed wastewaters effects on soils, landscape vegetation, and irrigation equipment. Literature and field studies were performed. Five test sites using tertiary treated reclaimed wastewater and two potable water control sites were used. Soil and vegetation and aesthetic analyses were performed. Tertiary treated reclaimed wastewater has no adverse impacts on soils, plants, aesthetics, irrigation equipment, water quality or public health if properly used. A set of guidelines was developed to assist highway workers in determining whether or not reclaimed wastewater should be used in highway proojects. KW - Aesthetics KW - Decision making KW - Field studies KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Guidelines KW - Irrigation equipment KW - Landscape KW - Public health KW - Recycling KW - Soils KW - Vegetation KW - Wastewater KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479383 AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR ASPHALT CONTENT GAUGE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 29 p. AB - This research investigation was initiated to ascertain if the Troxler Model 3241 Gauge could accurately determine the asphalt content of bituminous concrete mixtures by nuclear means. The study was divided into three phases. Phase I was conducted in the Central Laboratory where a series of controlled tests were performed for variables that may affect the gauge's asphalt content determinations. Phase II evolved into a cooperative study between the Maryland State Highway Administration and several bituminous concrete producers. Phase III was to report the findings of the study and make a recommendation on the overall practical application of the gauge. The results indicate that the gauge can accurately determine asphalt contents on normal surface and base bituminous mixtures. Open Graded Friction Courses and mixtures containing recycled bituminous material were not tested. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nuclear gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479590 AU - Southern California Association of Governments AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN BUSINESS DECENTRALIZATION: TRANSPORTATION AND LAND-USE IMPACTS. PHASE I FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 238 p. AB - One means of managing regional growth and reducing VMT is to decentralize jobs from urban centers to housing-rich, jobs-poor outlying areas. This study examines the extent to which telecommunications is facilitating, or motivating, business relocation of a portion of operations from a headquarters location to outlying areas. Detailed survey information was obtained from 35 firms with 250 or more employees that made major recent moves (generally from 1980-86). Responses from the 18 firms that decentralized operations indicated that companies tended to disperse in response to employee/transportation-related issues such as performance/hiring/retention, travel time/distance/stress, and quality of life. Transportation issues, including employee-related issues and accessibility to suppliers and customers, were given as reasons for choosing a particuular location in 74% of cases, the largest category of response. Telecommunications influenced the decision to move for 43% of the companies but influenced site selection in only 20% of cases. The lesser role of telecommunications is partially due to the recency of many telecommunications developments relative to the relocation decisions, most of which were made over five years ago. The observed trend toward dispersed operations (particularly among manufacturing firms) will decrease commute travel and increase regional job-housing balance. KW - Businesses KW - Data collection KW - Decentralization KW - Decision making KW - Jobs-housing balance KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Surveys KW - Telecommunications KW - Transportation KW - Travel time KW - Trip length UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476866 AU - Liu, C C AU - SRA Technologies, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROGRAMS--IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 49 p. AB - This report summarizes the testing and implementation experience of one State highway administration (Iowa DOT) with three computerized methodologies for prioritizing safety improvement projects. The three safety resource allocation models--incremental benefit-cost analysis, integer programming, and dynamic programming--were developed by the FHWA and are aimed at maximizing total net accident savings under a given budget constraint by selecting the optimal mix of accident locations and the preferred countermeasure alternatives at those locations. The entire model application process, from data collection through interpretation and analysis of model outputs as conducted at Iowa DOT, is described. The State's views toward implementing the models and/or integrating them into its existing highway safety improvement procedures are presented. Major implementation constraints and model limitations as experienced by the State are also identified, along with the required computer and personnel resources for applying the models. The microcomputer version of the resource allocation models and its accompanying input processor program are documented separately in a User's Manual, report number FHWA-IP-88-20. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Countermeasures KW - Dynamic programming KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Integer programming KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Ratings KW - Resource allocation KW - Strategic planning KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286262 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476860 AU - Liu, C C AU - Chen, H AU - SRA Technologies, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROGRAMS AND INPUT PROCESSOR -- USERS MANUAL PY - 1988/04 SP - 61 p. AB - This report is the users manual for the SRAP (Safety Resource Allocation Programs) microcomputer program package on IBM-PC and compatible microcomputers. The SRAP package contains three computerized methodologies--incremental benefit-cost analysis, integer programming, and dynamic programming--developed by the FHWA to aid highway safety planning decisions by prioritizing projects based on their costs and benefits. The three models maximize total net accident savings under a given budget constraint by selecting the optimal mix of accident locations and the preferred countermeasure alternatives at those locations. Also included in SRAP is an interactive input processor to assist users in creating and modifying input data files. The input processor, through a menu-driven, full-screen editing interface, relieves the user of the "clerical" requirements of data coding, such as card types, card order, data fields, and data formats. A related report documenting the field testing and implementation experience with SRAP in the State of Iowa is "Safety Resource Allocation Programs--Implementation Technique" (Report number FHWA-TS-88-20). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Decision making KW - Dynamic programming KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Integer programming KW - Interactive computing KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Personal computers KW - Planning KW - Ratings KW - Resource allocation KW - Strategic planning KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475945 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Hutter, W AU - Kiljan, J P AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PROFILE SMOOTHNESS SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS, FT. COLLINS, COLORADO, OCTOBER 5-8, 1987. VOLUME I: DATA SEMINAR OVERVIEW. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 72 - AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1988/04 SP - 95 p. AB - The objective of this seminar was to demonstrate the state of the art in data collection equipment used in measuring pavement roughness and profile. In a workshop environment, information was provided for managers and technicians to meet the following specific objectives: (1) to present the theory of operation of pavement monitoring equipment, including items such as the characteristics of pavement profile, theory of equipment sensing devices, data storage, and data processing; and (2) to provide an overview of use and application of data in conjunction with planning, pavement management, and design. The report documenting the program is prepared in three volumes. Volume I, Data Seminar Overview, presents a general overview of the seminar. Volume II, Data Collection Equipment, provides detailed descriptions of the equipment demonstrated and data collected. Volume III, workshop summaries, contains a report on the workshop findings. Each volume is published separately. KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Equipment KW - Information processing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - State of the art studies KW - Theoretical studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286023 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475946 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Hutter, W AU - Kiljan, J P AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PROFILE SMOOTHNESS SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS, FT. COLLINS, COLORADO, OCTOBER 5-8, 1987. VOLUME II: DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 72 - AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1988/04 SP - 307 p. AB - The objective of this seminar was to demonstrate the state of the art in data collection equipment used in measuring pavement roughness and profile. In a workshop environment, information was provided for managers and technicians to meet the following specific objectives: (1) to present the theory of operation of pavement monitoring equipment, including items such as the characteristics of pavement profile, theory of equipment sensing devices, data storage, and data processing; and (2) to provide an overview of use and application of data in conjunction with planning, pavement management, and design. The report documenting the program is prepared in three volumes. Volume I, Data Seminar Overview, presents a general overview of the seminar. Volume II, Data Collection Equipment, provides detailed descriptions of the equipment demonstrated and data collected. Volume III, workshop summaries, contains a report on the workshop findings. Each volume is published separately. KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Equipment KW - Information processing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - State of the art studies KW - Theoretical studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475947 AU - Donnelly, D E AU - Hutter, W AU - Kiljan, J P AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PROFILE SMOOTHNESS SEMINAR PROCEEDINGS, FT. COLLINS, COLORADO, OCTOBER 5-8, 1987. VOLUME III: WORKSHOP SUMMARIES. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 72 - AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1988/04 SP - 65 p. AB - The objective of this seminar was to demonstrate the state of the art in data collection equipment used in measuring pavement roughness and profile. In a workshop environment, information was provided for managers and technicians to meet the following specific objectives: (1) to present the theory of operation of pavement monitoring equipment, including items such as the characteristics of pavement profile, theory of equipment sensing devices, data storage, and data processing; and (2) to provide an overview of use and application of data in conjunction with planning, pavement management, and design. The report documenting the program is prepared in three volumes. Volume I, Data Seminar Overview, presents a general overview of the seminar. Volume II, Data Collection Equipment, provides detailed descriptions of the equipment demonstrated and data collected. Volume III, workshop summaries, contains a report on the workshop findings. Each volume is published separately. KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Equipment KW - Information processing KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - State of the art studies KW - Theoretical studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475454 AU - Baber, T T AU - Hilton, M H AU - McKeel, W T AU - Barton, F W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD MONITORING ON THE I-295 BRIDGE OVER THE JAMES RIVER. INSTRUMENTATION INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION PERIOD STUDIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 90 p. AB - This report reviews the various techniques considered for instrumenting the Route I-295 cable-stayed bridge over the James River near Richmond, Virginia. From this review an instrumentation plan is developed to meet the following objectives: (1) to determine the live load stress range in several critical cable stays; (2) to obtain data that will indicate the magnitude of the torques introduced into the cable-stayed box girders as a result of service loads and stay cable forces; (3) to obtain thermal gradient data for a typical box girder section, pylon section, and stay cable; and (4) to evaluate the performance of the delta frame assemblies that connect the two box segment roadways to the central, single plane, stay-cable system. The instrumentation and data acquisition systems to be used to accomplish these objectives are presented and discussed in the report. KW - Box girders KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Data collection KW - Frames KW - Instrumentation KW - Live loads KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pylons KW - Stresses KW - Temperature measurement KW - Torque UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36738/88-R23.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470935 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dudek, C L AU - Creasey, F T AU - Allen, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELINEATION OF CONCRETE SAFETY-SHAPED BARRIERS AND URBAN FREEWAY GORE AREA CRASH CUSHIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 38 p. AB - This report is a consolidation of results of research conducted on Study 408 regarding delineation of concrete safety-shaped barriers (CSSBs) and urban freeway gore area crash cushions. Specific details about the research performed on each of these topics are covered in two interim reports: TTI Report 408-1, "Delineation of Concrete Safety-Shaped Barriers"; and TTI Report 408-2, "Delineation of Urban Freeway Gore Area Crash Cushions". Based on the results of this research, recommendations regarding the delineation of both CSSBs and urban freeway gore area crash cushions are presented. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash cushions KW - Delineation KW - Freeways KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Highway delineators KW - Median barriers KW - Recommendations KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470946 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - JHK & Associates AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF TEMPORAL DEMAND SHIFTS TO IMPROVE HIGHWAY SPEED MODELING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 91 p. AB - In the past ten years, there has been a clear trend away from federal funding of transportation projects. An increasing share of the cost of highways and public transportation must now be borne by state and local governments for whom generating the necessary revenue is far more politically sensitive, and therefore, more difficult. With the shift to state and local finance has come not only an increase in the detail by which capacity needs are evaluated but also an increase in the concern about the benefits that are gained from improvements. Travel time savings, air quality improvements, and improvements in traffic safety are all being examined with greater attention to quantitative estimation. For that reason, it is important that modeling systems accurately predict not only the volume of travel during the periods of peak demand but also the speed at which that travel will occur. This report presents the results of research on the phenomenon of peak-spreading on congested roadways conducted for the Arizona Transportation Research Center (ATRC) of the Arizona Department of Transportation. KW - Accuracy KW - Air pollution KW - Benefits KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470945 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Calcote, L R AU - Ray, M H AU - Mayer, J B AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL-BRIDGE RAIL TRANSITION DESIGNS. VOLUME 1: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 188 p. AB - This project was concerned with the transition designs used between W-beam and thrie guardrail, and rigid bridge rail parapets or wingwalls. State designs submitted to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) were rated and designs selected for crash test evaluation. New designs were also formulated and subjected to crash test evaluation. Most of the crash tests were conducted with 4500-lb (2000-kg) cars at 60 mph (95 km/hr) and a 25-degree angle. Design drawings are presented along with recommendations for use of these transition designs. Guidelines for transition features are given and design procedures for independent end blocks are given. KW - Blocks KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - End blocks KW - Guardrail transition sections KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Impact tests KW - Recommendations KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams KW - Transition zones KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469693 AU - Ulberg, C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY RESEARCH DESIGN GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 39 p. AB - This manual is intended for use by state departments of transportation to design and carry out highway research. The examples in the manual cover a wide range of typical research projects, from testing pavement overlays to evaluation of transportation system management experiments. The manual is divided into two parts. The first deals with issues in research design. Eight potential pitfalls in research are idenfitied and ways to deal with them are discussed. The second section contains a discussion of simple statistical methods likely to be encountered in highway research. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highways KW - Manuals KW - Project management KW - Research KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/154.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469729 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health TI - REPORT TO CONGRESS. COMMERCIAL VEHICLE HEALTH AND SAFETY STUDY. PURSUANT TO SECTION 220, MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ACT OF 1984 PY - 1988/04 SP - v.p. AB - In this report, the Department of Transportation focuses on safety issues, (accidents) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) concentrates on health hazards. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) presents an analysis of data gathered during the inspection program administered by that agency. The major findings emerging from the safety portion of this study are grouped according to whether they are traffic or nontraffic related accident and injuries. In terms of mitigating or eliminating these hazards, the conclusion reached in the DOT analysis is that most of the safety problems encountered in the motor carrier industry are either already regulated by the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers or the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or they are not amenable to regulatory solutions within the authority of the DOT. Regarding health hazards, the NISOH input to the report is concerned almost exclusively with defining and identifying the major health hazards faced by operators of commercial vehicles, and the potential health problems associated with these hazards. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Crashes KW - Hazards KW - Injuries KW - Motor carriers KW - Occupational diseases KW - Occupational safety KW - Professional drivers KW - Regulations KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469923 AU - Niemiera, A X AU - Goy, M AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY LANDSCAPE MAINTENANCE WATER CONSERVATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 30 p. AB - The Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) uses leaf temperature and air vapor pressure deficit data to calculate a relative amount of water stress. The CWSI has been successfully applied to agronomic plants but has not been applied to landscape plants. The Arizona Department of Transportation funded a research project to determine if the CWSI can be used to efficiently irrigate freeway landscape plants. Nine species of landscape plants were studied on the Superstition Freeway in Mesa, AZ. Leaf temperatures were measured with an infrared thermometer (IRT). Results showed that the CWSI was suited to two of the nine species. Two factors were essential for the successful application of the CWSI. First, plants had to have a sufficiently dense canopy so that only foliage is viewed by the IRT. Second, well watered plants needed to transpire at a maximum rate duriing midday. The use of the CWSI to irrigate freeway landscape plants appears to be limited based on the low proportion of plants which were suited to the CWSI. KW - Crop water stress index KW - Infrared thermometry KW - Irrigation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Plants KW - Water conservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469694 AU - Kramer, S L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF P-Y CURVES FOR ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED PILES IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 91 p. AB - A comprehensive review of literature pertaining to p-y curve analysis of laterally loaded piles was conducted. Methods of analysis of laterally loaded piles were reviewed with particular emphasis on the applicability of p-y curve analysis. Various existing procedures for development of p-y curves, and the data on which they are based, were also reviewed. Case histories of well-documented, full-scale, field lateral load tests were identified and the soil conditions in which they performed were summarized. The applicability of existing p-y curve criteria to western Washington soil conditions was evaluated. Analysis of pile group behavior and full-scale, field lateral load test procedures were reviewed. KW - Case studies KW - End bearing piles KW - Field tests KW - Lateral supports KW - Laterally loaded piles KW - Loads KW - P-Y curves KW - Pile behavior KW - Pile groups KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil conditions KW - Soils KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/153.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469924 AU - Keller, E J AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE SHOULDERS IN GEORGIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - v.p. AB - This study, conducted by the Georgia Department of Transportation's Research Bureau, evaluated doweled Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement projects with tied PCC shoulders with reference to design, and compared their load transfer performance against undoweled and doweled PCC pavement projects with asphalt shoulders. To evaluate PCC pavement performance, PCC pavement projects with asphalt shoulders, tied PCC shoulders, and varying bases were compared. Figure 5 in the Results section illustrates the progress of PCC pavement performance with changes in base design, addition of dowels in the main line pavement, and exchange of asphalt shoulders for tied PCC shoulders. According to data acquired for this report, the best main line pavement performance was achieved by using asphalt concrete mix design H and/or econocrete for a base material, dowels in the pavement and tied PCC shoulders. Other benefits of tied PCC shoulders include: 1) structural support to the PCC pavement, 2) distribute loads from PCC pavement, 3) reduce flexural stresses and strains in the extreme outside fibers of the PCC pavement, 4) reduce deflections at PCC pavement edge, 5) when used in conjunction with a joint sealer, decrease surface water infiltration at the longitudinal shoulder joint, reduce base, subbase, subgrade saturation and erosion, and reduce voids, faulting and general pavement deterioration, and 6) reduce shoulder settling and deterioration from repetitive truck loadings by truck encroachment. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Benefits KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Econocrete KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Road shoulders KW - Tied concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469699 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dudek, C L AU - Allen, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELINEATION OF CONCRETE SAFETY-SHAPED BARRIERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 95 p. AB - This report summarizes research activities regarding the delineation of concrete safety-shaped barriers (CSSBs) in situations where the barrier is located close to the travel lane. Included in this report are: a summary of current barrier delineation practices in Texas; review of past CSSB research; discussion of results of field studies of CSSB delineation treatments on urban freeways in Austin and Houston, TX; and discussion of several mechanisms suggested for cleaning CSSB delineators. Field study results at a lighted urban freeway site in Houston suggest that some delineation treatments may have a small effect upon the distance at which drivers travel from the barrier as compared to a no-delineation condition under nighttime dry-weather conditions. However, it was not possible to determine whether this effect is of practical significance in terms of traffic safety and operations. It was also found that dirt and road film affect delineation types differently. In particular, the visibility of cube-corner delineators did not deteriorate as quickly or as extensively as did high-intensity reflective sheeting applied to brackets or wrapped around cylinders. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Cleaning KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Crash cushions KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Highway delineators KW - Median barriers KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469493 AU - Scullion, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCORPORATING A STRUCTURAL STRENGTH INDEX INTO THE TEXAS PAVEMENT EVALUATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 76 p. AB - The current Pavement Evaluation System used in Texas rates the condition of pavements in terms of visual distress and present serviceability index. This report discusses the addition of another dimension to the rating system; that of a Structural Strength Index. The Falling Weight Deflectometer is to be used for this purpose. In this report, an overview is given of the FWD and data analysis techniques, a discussion on sample size is presented and two possible structural strength schemes are proposed. The first is a simple statistically based scheme which ranks pavement strength in terms of key deflection bowl parameters, and includes weighting factors for traffic level and rainfall. The second is a mechanistic approach in which a remaining service life is calculated. These two approaches were pilot tested on data collected in several Texas districts. It was recommended that the statistically based scheme be implemented. Although the mechanistic scheme shows promise at the project level, several factors including incomplete layer information and insufficient traffic data, currently limit its applicability at the network level. KW - Data analysis KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Index (Coefficient) KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Sample size KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Statistical sampling KW - Structural strength KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469231 AU - Chen, Y H AU - Cotton, G K AU - Simons, Li and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF ROADSIDE CHANNELS WITH FLEXIBLE LININGS PY - 1988/04//Final Report SP - 150p AB - Flexible linings provide a means of stabilizing roadside channels. Flexible linings are able to conform to changes in channel shape while maintaining the overall lining integrity. Permanent flexible lining such as riprap, gravel, or vegetation reinforced with synthetic mat are suitable for hydraulic conditions similar to those requiring rigid linings. Vegetation or temporary linings are suited to hydraulic condition where uniform flow exists and shear stresses are moderate. Design procedures are given for rock riprap, wire-enclosed riprap, gravel riprap, woven paper net, jute net, fiberglass roving, curled wood mat, synthetic mat, and straw with net. Special design procedures are presented for composite channels and channels with steep gradients. The design procedures are based on the concept of maximum permissible tractive force. Methods for determination of hydraulic resistance and permissible shear stress for individual linings are presented. Nomographs are provided for solution of uniform flow conditions in trapezoidal channels. Nomographs are also provided for determination of resistance characteristics for vegetation and permissible shear stress for soils. KW - Channel linings KW - Channels (Drainage) KW - Curled wood mat KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Ditches KW - Fiberglass KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible linings KW - Gravel KW - Hydraulics KW - Jute mat KW - Linings KW - Nomographs KW - Riprap KW - Rovings (Fiber bundles) KW - Shear stress KW - Straw KW - Synthetic fibers KW - Temporary KW - Tractive forces KW - Uniform flow KW - Vegetation KW - Woven paper net UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/engineering/hydraulics/pubs/hec/hec15si.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468700 AU - Deloitte Haskins & Sells AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALID COST COMPARISON BETWEEN DEPARTMENT AND CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE OF DEPARTMENTAL OPERATONS. FINAL REPORT FOR RESEARCH PROJECT 84-06 PY - 1988/04 SP - 85 p. AB - This report presents the findings of the effort to develop a methodology to permit a valid comparison of the true cost of performing highway maintenance, design and inspection projects using either state personnel or contractors. It presents the basic approach to the project, the cost centers reviewed and which were included, and a basic overview of the approach taken in developing the methodology. A detailed presentation of the specific cost factors included in the comparison and the basic structure of the methodology is presented in the User's Manual which is Appendix A of this report. The actual methodology is presented on electronic medium on a separately provided floppy disk. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contractors KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Inspection KW - Manuals KW - Methodology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468747 AU - Rasoulian, M AU - BURNETT, C AU - Desselles, R AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION OF SILANE TREATMENT ON BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 67 p. AB - In this project the effectiveness of silane-based chemicals as concrete sealants was evaluated for selected bridges throughout the state of Louisiana for a five-year period. The field evaluation was initiated after satisfactory results in the laboratory. In conjunction with this study, Louisiana State University conducted an additional investigation on detection of silane reaction using infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained from the field study indicated that the silane-based chemicals provide some hydrophobic characteristics. The effects are not long-lasting and absorption decreased to 30% improvement over the untreated surface after four years. No changes in the chloride content or the corrosion activities were observed in treated or untreated bridges. The results of infrared spectroscopy indicated a depth of silane penetration of between 0 and 0.1 inch in the treated bridges. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sealing compounds KW - Silane KW - Silane sealants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468699 AU - Long, R R AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CONCRETE ROADWAYS IN VIRGINIA. PHASE I: CONDITION RATINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/04 SP - 41 p. AB - This report traces the development of a rating system proposed by the author and reviewed by a subcommittee of the Pavement Management Research Advisory Committee for use in evaluating the service condition of Virginia's portland cement concrete pavements. The service condition is assessed in terms of distress roughness, i.e., that portion of a pavement's poor ride characteristics directly attributable to the occurrence of certain key distress types. The key distresses identified for jointed concrete pavements are permanent patching, lane/shoulder separation, transverse joint faulting, transverse joint seal damage, and scaling, map cracking, or crazing. For continuously reinforced pavements, spacing of transverse cracks, lane/shoulder separation, and scaling, map cracking, or crazing were identified. Field surveys of the occurrence of these distresses provided the necessary data for estimating distress roughness through the use of prediction equations that have been established from the standard statistical analysis of pavement section distress data and roughness measurements. The use of distress roughness to reflect a pavement's service condition provides a common basis for comparison of pavement sections. This, in turn, enables managers to set priorities for pavement rehabilitation. These rating procedures and a comprehensive system for managing portland cement concrete pavements will be implemented in a subsequent project. KW - Block cracking KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crazing KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Faulting KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Joint sealers KW - Lane/shoulder separation KW - Loss and damage KW - Patching KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Scaling KW - Strategic planning KW - Transverse joints KW - Types of cracking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36759/88-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479251 AU - Parrish, F K AU - Georgia State University, Atlanta AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF A SHORELINE ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUE FOR WETLANDS IMPACT MITIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03/31 SP - 86 p. AB - An attempt was made to mitigate the impact of highway construction on a wetland (beaver pond) margin by enhancing the shoreline of the roadfill. One hundred 20-ft.-long finger-like extensions 10 ft. wide were constructed 10 ft. apart along the roadfill. The extensions increased the pond-roadfill margin by a factor of 3. In addition, weeping willows and blackwillows were planted on the southeastern edge of the fingers. Despite the repeated destruction of the beaver dam by county surveyors, and two successive drought years, the procedure appeared successful. Transects were compared in 3 areas; the improved, with the fingers; an unimproved section of roadfill; and a "control" across the pond from the roadfill. Sampling of the pond margin communities over a three period revealed up to 89% the number of benthic invertebrates in the improved area as in the control; only 44% of benthos in the unimproved as in the control. Trees occurred on the fingers at a rate 2.3 times greater and with higher species diversity in the improved compared to the unimproved. Fish utilized the improved area about 4 times as much as the unimproved. A modification of the USFWS HEP showed 9 times the Habitat Units in the improved over the unimproved per linear ft. of road bed. Recommended modifications of the shoreline include making the fingers longer and wider, the sloughs wider and deeper, and erosion control and less slope to prevent excessive sedimentation. KW - Beautification KW - Coasts KW - Effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Erosion control KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Planting KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Protection KW - Road construction KW - Shoreline enhancement KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trees KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476009 AU - Diamond, S AU - Olek, J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLY ASH CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY USE. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/03/24 SP - 14 p. AB - A series of investigations were carried out to examine the potential for routine use of fly ash in highway concrete, with special reference to Indiana. Existing methods of mix proportioning of fly ash concretes were reviewed in detail, and a new method developed to better assure good durability characteristics despite expected fluctuations in fly ash properties. Extensive investigations were carried out on the properties of concretes designed by this method and using representative Indiana fly ashes of both Class F and Class C varieties. In general these concretes exhibited compressive strengths and other mechanical properties at least as satisfactory as those of presently specified plain portland cement concretes, and the potential durability appeared to be significantly improved. The development of early flexural strengths was found to lag those of plain concretes somewhat, but after several months this lag disappeared. Provision of an adequate air content is necessary to assure freeze-thaw durability, and it was found that the necessary dosage of air entraining agent varied with the fly ash, but could be determined very easily by use of the foam index test. A number of technical conclusions were drawn with respect to reactions within the fly ash concretes, and a chapter on recommendations and cautions has been supplied. KW - Air content KW - Air entraining agents KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476010 AU - Diamond, S AU - Olek, J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLY ASH CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY USE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03/24 SP - 363 p. AB - A series of investigations were carried out to examine the potential for routine use of fly ash in highway concrete, with special reference to Indiana. Existing methods of mix proportioning of fly ash concretes were reviewed in detail, and a new method developed to better assure good durability characteristics despite expected fluctuations in fly ash properties. Extensive investigations were carried out on the properties of concretes designed by this method and using representative Indiana fly ashes of both Class F and Class C varieties. In general these concretes exhibited compressive strengths and other mechanical properties at least as satisfactory as those of presently specified plain portland cement concretes, and the potential durability appeared to be significantly improved. The development of early flexural strengths was found to lag those of plain concretes somewhat, but after several months this lag disappeared. Provision of an adequate air content is necessary to assure freeze-thaw durability, and it was found that the necessary dosage of air entraining agent varied with the fly ash, but could be determined very easily by use of the foam index test. A number of technical conclusions were drawn with respect to reactions within the fly ash concretes, and a chapter on recommendations and cautions has been supplied. KW - Air content KW - Air entraining agents KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Durability KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mix design KW - Physical properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478036 AU - Kaufman, M K AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RE-EVALUATION OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE PRESTRESSED I-BEAM SECTIONS. PRODUCTION AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED IN PRECAST PRESTRESSED I-BEAMS FOR THE STATE OF INDIANA. VOLUME I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/03/23 SP - 40 p. AB - This report describes engineering properties and current production procedures of concrete for precast prestressed I-beams in the state of Indiana. Current production techniques used in precast plants to obtain higher strength concrete are evaluated. The results of this study indicate that proper quality control and the use of admixtures have facilitated the production of concrete with 28 day compressive strength exceeding 7000 psi. A survey of 5 precast plants in Indiana and Kentucky indicated that an increase in the 28 day compressive strength requirement could be specified without major changes or additional cost to the product. Data from a year round study with field cured specimens indicated that the current empirically derived expressions to determine modulus of elasticity and tensile strength could be used in concretes with compressive strength up to 9000 psi. KW - Admixtures KW - Beams KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete plants KW - Concrete properties KW - High strength concrete KW - I beams KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Physical properties KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Production methods KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478037 AU - Kaufman, M K AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RE-EVALUATION OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE PRESTRESSED I-BEAM SECTIONS. PRODUCTION AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED IN PRECAST PRESTRESSED I-BEAMS FOR THE STATE OF INDIANA. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03/23 SP - 74 p. AB - This report describes engineering properties and current production procedures of concrete for precast prestressed I-beams in the state of Indiana. Current production techniques used in precast plants to obtain higher strength concrete are evaluated. The results of this study indicate that proper quality control and the use of admixtures have facilitated the production of concrete with 28 day compressive strength exceeding 7000 psi. A survey of 5 precast plants in Indiana and Kentucky indicated that an increase in the 28 day compressive strength requirement could be specified without major changes or additional cost to the product. Data from a year round study with field cured specimens indicated that the current empirically derived expressions to determine modulus of elasticity and tensile strength could be used in concretes with compressive strength up to 9000 psi. KW - Admixtures KW - Beams KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete plants KW - Concrete properties KW - High strength concrete KW - I beams KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Physical properties KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Production methods KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418174 AU - Brophy, J W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Research and Development TI - Automated imaging system for bridge inspection PY - 1988/03 IS - FHWA/RD-87-090 SP - 75P AB - This report describes the design, operation, and capabilities of the ultrasonic imaging system developed for fhwa. The system uses computerized data acquisition and a lightweight scanner to obtain color coded images of defects in metal bridge components. Several types of images are obtained, including holographic reconstruction of defects. Defect size, location, and type can be obtained from the images (a). KW - Bridge inspection KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Image processing KW - Image processing KW - Material properties KW - Non destructive test KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417527 AU - Desai AU - Deen AU - Noble AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Traffic forecasting for pavement design PY - 1988/03 IS - FHWA/TS-86-225 SP - 162P AB - The need for improved traffic estimation procedures has been emphasized by several studies that demonstrated that previously available data were not adequate. Some data were not considered representative of actual traffic conditions because of overloaded trucks avoiding weighing scales and insufficient traffic sampling programs. In addition, previous forecasting procedures did not reflect the increases in legal load limits, the significant increase in the number of heavy trucks, or the shift toward larger vehicle types that has occurred in recent years. Improved estimates of current traffic loadings based on larger samples of much higher quality data would allow development of procedures for making improved estimates of historical traffic loadings and better forecasts of traffic loadings during the design period. The emergence of automatic vehicle classification equipment, permanent and portable weigh in motion (wim) systems, and the application of microprocessors and microcomputers to these data acquisition functions now offer tools that may be used effectively in meeting these needs. Representatives from four states (florida, kentucky, oregon, and washington) met on several occasions to discuss the subject of traffic forecasting for pavement design. Information was compiled on all aspects of the traffic forecasting process, options were presented for each step of the process, and recommendations were developed to assist highway agencies in improving current practices and procedures (a). KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Equivalent standard axle (ESA) KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Traffic KW - Traffic KW - Vehicle weighing KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00942275 AU - Behlke, C E AU - Kane, D L AU - McLean, R F AU - Reynolds, J B AU - Travis, M D AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPAWNING MIGRATION OF ARCTIC GRAYLING THROUGH POPLAR GROVE CREEK CULVERT, GLENNALLEN, ALASKA - FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 177 p. AB - Specification of appropriate culvert design criteria for fish passage has been a source of considerable, long-standing controversy within the state of Alaska. The purpose of this study was to document the conditions that permitted or prevented Arctic grayling passage through the culvert and to recommend guidelines for fish passage through this and other culverts. Successful fish passage through the culvert ranged from 12% to 79% at mean culvert outlet velocities of 1.94 m/s to 1.81 m/s (6.35 fps to 5.94 fps) and water temperatures of 2.4C to 7.1C, respectively. Weighted average water velocities for the entire length of the culvert barrel ranged from 0.91 m/s to 0.79 m/s (2.98 fps to 2.59 fps), respectively, during this period. Water velocities near the culvert wail (the area actually utilized by fish while ascending the culvert barrel) ranged from 0.77 m/s to 0.73 m/s (2.53 fps to 2.4 fps), respectively, during this period. Radio telemetry techniques for monitoring fish movements through culverts were assessed and proved useful. Stream hydrology, culvert hydraulics, water quality, and temperature and fish sexual maturity data were collected and related to observed swimming performance. Velocity distribution profiles were measured to further evaluate the V-occupied zone concept (the zone used by fish during culvert passage.) KW - Alaska KW - Arctic grayling KW - Culverts KW - Fishes KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Migration KW - Streams KW - Temperature KW - Velocity KW - Water quality UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_09.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/643035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479580 AU - Post, G J AU - Frank, K H AU - Tahmassebi, B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING RESIDUAL FATIGUE LIFE OF BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 118 p. AB - This manual describes the capabilities and operating procedures for an automated bridge testing system. The system was developed for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation to provide a portable, self-contained, and user-friendly means for evaluating the residual fatigue life of steel girder bridges. The bridge testing system has been designed so that it can be easily installed on a bridge in less than a day and can record data automatically for up to two weeks. The system has been enclosed to protect the electronic components from the environment and the entire system can be clamped onto a bridge girder. The main components of the system are a Campbell Scientific eight channel datalogger and a Data General portable computer. The Data General computer is used to program the Campbell to record strains measured using conventional strain gages or special clamp-on strain transducers. The system is very flexible with respect to the types of data that can be collected, and programs have also been written to analyze the data. This user's manual has been written to provide the information required to conduct a bridge test. KW - Automation KW - Data collection KW - Data logging KW - Data recording KW - Dataloggers KW - Estimating KW - Fatigue life KW - Girder bridges KW - Manuals KW - Residual KW - Strain gages KW - Testing KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287792 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675404 AU - Harris, G S AU - Allen, G R AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE EICHLEAY FORMULA FOR UNABSORBED OVERHEAD IN DELAY CLAIMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 13 p. AB - This report presents an assessment of the accuracy of alternatives available to calculate unabsorbed overhead in construction delay claims submitted by contractors. The report reviews the alternatives available, concludes that the Eichleay Method, used by many in submitting claims, is subject to error and proposes alternatives that overcome the criticisms associated with the standard Eichleay Method. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calculation KW - Construction delay claims KW - Eichleay method KW - Unabsorbed overhead UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36726/88-R19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615575 AU - Mingo, R AU - Robertson, H D AU - Davis, S E AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES AND CONFLICTS. VOLUME III. MEASURING PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES. A USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 17 p. AB - The User's Manual outlines a step-by-step procedure to measure pedestrian volumes using small count intervals. Appendixes are given to present and discuss the methodology of the procedure, the MUTCD Warrant 3 minimum pedestrian volume, and the accuracy and reliability of the procedure. Other volumes in the series are: Volume I, Pedestrian Volume Sampling (Report); Volume II, Accident Prediction Model (Report); and Volume IV, Accident Prediction Model (User's Manual). KW - Accuracy KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Methodology KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Reliability KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615576 AU - Mingo, R AU - Robertson, H D AU - Davis, S E AU - King, E AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES AND CONFLICTS. VOLUME IV. PEDESTRIAN/VEHICLE ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL. A USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 24 p. AB - The User's Manual presents guidelines in the development of models that can be used to predict occurrence of pedestrian accidents in a particular city. A group-type analysis approach for the prediction of pedestrian/vehicle accidents using pedestrian/vehicle conflicts and exposure measures is discussed in terms of statistical methodology, results of approach, and applications of techniques developed. Appendixes are included to discuss the discriminant analysis techniques and to present examples of the applications of the model. Other volumes in the series are: Volume I, Pedestrian Volume Sampling (Report); Volume II, Accident Prediction Model (Report); and Volume III, Pedestrian Volume Sampling (User's Manual). KW - Crash exposure KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic conflicts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490218 AU - McNamara, R L AU - Miley, W G AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE LASER ROAD SURFACE TESTER FOR USE AS A PRODUCTION CONDITION SURVEY SYSTEM IN FLORIDA PY - 1988/03 SP - 69 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings when comparing the Department s 1987 Pavement Condition Survey data to that of the Infrastructure Management Services for data collected within the Second District. The report compares ride data collected with the Department's Mays Ride Meters to that collected using the Infrastructure Management Services' Laser System. Comparisons are also made between rut depth taken with a six foot straightedge and rut depth as measured with the laser system. Finally, a comparison between a subjective cracking measurement and cracking from the laser unit are compared. The data compared consisted of 1206 sections of flexible pavement and 70 sections of rigid pavement. Results and analyses of the test data are presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Condition surveys KW - Data analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Lasers KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Pavement cracking KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road meters KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Straightedges KW - Subjective analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494522 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES FOR TESTING AGGREGATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 95 p. AB - This report summarizes findings of a research study conducted to evaluate aggregate testing procedures as related to aggregate soundness and durability. The objectives of the study were to determine a suitable replacement or modification of Kentucky's existing Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test for aggregates which would more accurately reflect in-service performance of concrete pavements and bridges, to correlate freezing and thawing durability data and other test data with sodium sulfate soundness data, and to develop a rational implementation criterion for use of new or modified testing procedures. There were no observable correlations between the various test methods evaluated and the Sodium Sulfate Soundness Test for aggregate types. Continued use of the soundness test, in strict accordance with Kentucky's Standard Test Method is recommended to evaluate aggregate soundness. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Evaluation KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Materials tests KW - Recommendations KW - Sodium sulfate test KW - Soundness test KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478031 AU - Ruth, B E AU - Miller, M D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHOVING OF DENSE-GRADED FRICTION COURSES AT INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 142 p. AB - An investigation was conducted to determine the extent, severity, and causes of shoving (plastic deformation) of dense graded friction courses (FC-4) throughout the state of Florida. Field investigations of intersections which exhibited shoving distress were performed by documenting the type and extent of distress and by laboratory evaluation of pavement cores. The results of the study indicated that shoving of the friction course was related to a variety of deficiencies: lack of bond, high mineral filler content, excessively fine gradation, poor base, poor drainage, inadequate structural mix quality, and excessive lift thickness. Not one case of shoving was encountered where the FC-4 mixture conformed to the specifications or had not been affected by deficiencies in bond or underlying layer support. Furthermore, the extent of shoving throughout the state of Florida is minor and is not related to deficiencies in mixture specifications or mix design. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Plastic deformation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477310 AU - WOO, T H AU - Hoel, L A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY TRUCK DATA IN VIRGINIA: COLLECTION, USES, AND NEEDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 103 p. AB - This report describes the collection and uses of heavy truck data by Virginia agencies. Data categories include: (1) classification counts, (2) accidents; (3) off-tracking; (4) passenger car equivalents (PCE), (5) equivalent axle load (EAL), (6) speed, and (7) size and weight. The extent to which national statistics about trucks are utilized by state agencies is also described. These data bases include: (1) HPMS, (2) TWS, (3) FARS, (4) BMCS accident file, (5) NASS, and (6) TIUS. This study is confined to a direct examination of data gathering and its use within Virginia, and no comparative evaluation is made with the way this activity is carried out in other states. A state-of-the-art paper with an annotated bibliography is contained in the report. KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Information organization KW - Statistics KW - Trucks KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36728/88-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286498 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470948 AU - Hintz, R J AU - Degner, J D AU - Ruth, B E AU - Karakadas, C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF A COMPUTERIZED PHOTOLOGGING SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PAVEMENT CRACKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 177 p. AB - A close range photogrammetric collection system followed by computerized analysis has been developed for measurement and analysis of pavement cracking and rutting. The photographic collection system consists of two 70 mm format non-metric Hasselblad cameras that are mounted on a bar apparatus on the front of a van and can be controlled from inside the vehicle. Its capabilities and limitations were explored by means of test runs on various road conditions. When compared to the visual method currently in use by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), the photogrammetric system allows for faster data collection, prevents significant interference with traffic, provides permanent data records (photos) that can be analyzed whenever needed or convenient, allows the selection of different measuring schemes dependent upon the constraints and information that is required, and reduces reliance upon personal judgement of the significance and extent of affected pavement. From the photogrammetric point of view, the major innovation of the system is the combination of mobility with the least possible control requirements. This characteristic makes the system well suited for other uses, such as traffic accident reconstruction, that require quick data collection followed by office analysis. The same system is easily adapted to stationary applications, with or without the vehicle mount. KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Pavement cracking KW - Performance KW - Photogrammetry KW - Photologging KW - Photologging systems KW - Rapid methods KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470953 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF STEEL-GRID BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 44 p. AB - This project is the 350 feet steel-grid bridge deck of I-10 over the Pascagoula River. The steel-grid deck was completed approximately three years before it was opened to traffic. The first series of skid tests produced very high skid numbers; but, the steel polished under the small volume of construction traffic. The skid numbers remained high; but, they dropped a great deal during the three years of light construction traffic. After it was opened to through traffic, the skid numbers decreased rapidly for about a year. During the next six months, they bottomed out and were expected to stabilize at the point. Instead, they started increasing and have stabilized at about 37. After construction of the steel-grid bridge deck, but before completion of the approaches, there was concern about its rideability, which led to several special inspections and driving tests both before and after opening to traffic. The annual inspections proved to be worthwhile. It is recommended that annual inspections be required for all steel-grid bridge decks until another interval can be justified for each deck by actual inspections of that deck. It is recommended that open grid bridge decks not be considered for future use. KW - Bridge decks KW - Grids (Coordinates) KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Inspection KW - Recommendations KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Skid number KW - Skid resistance tests KW - Skidding KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280541 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470998 AU - Hays, C O AU - Constantinides, I A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOP MODIFICATIONS AND ENHANCEMENTS TO EXISTING BRIDGE RATING PROGRAMS SALOD & FORCE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2 PY - 1988/03 SP - 134 p. AB - The computer system BRUFEM (Bridge Rating Using the Finite Element Method) is presented to aid in the analysis and rating of highway bridges. The BRUFEM system is developed because of the need for more accurate methods of assessing the lateral load distribution on highway bridges and more practical and efficient ways of evaluating their load capacity. Prestressed concrete bridges with both standard American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Bulb-T girders, steel girder bridges, T-Beam bridges, and flat slab bridges can be efficiently analyzed with BRUFEM. The analysis of these bridges is based on the finite element method. The BRUFEM system consists of a preprocessor, a finite element program, and a postprocessor. The preprocessor creates an analytical structural bridge model by using a relatively small amount of input. In the analytical model, the composite behavior between the slab and the girders, the effects of edge stiffening, the construction sequence of prestressed concrete bridges, continuity, and skew can be represented. The model created by the preprocessor is solved using the McAuto STRUDL program, which has the types of finite elements necessary for the analysis as well as the capability to handle fairly large models. Bridge rating is performed by the postprocessor. Rating is performed at two load levels: inventory and operating. At the present time, the postprocessor is developed only for prestressed concrete bridges with standard Bulb-T girders. A parametric study is also presented. The study determines distribution factors for steel girder continuous bridges using the BRUFEM computer system and compares them to distribution factors obtained using a simplified approach recommended by the Ontario Code and the SALOD program which was developed for simple spans. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway capacity KW - Lateral loads KW - Load transfer KW - Metal bridges KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Ratings KW - Steel bridges KW - T beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469937 AU - Brophy, J W AU - Sigma Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED IMAGING SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE INSPECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 75 p. AB - This report describes the design, operation, and capabilities of the ultrasonic imaging system developed for FHWA. The system uses computerized data acquisition and a lightweight scanner to obtain color-coded images of defects in metal bridge components. Several types of images are obtained, including holographic reconstruction of defects. Defect size, location, and type can be obtained from the images. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Color codes KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Holography KW - Imaging radars KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radar KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Ultrasonics KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483854 AU - Wu, T H AU - Siel, B D AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF GEOGRID AND GEOTEXTILES IN EMBANKMENT REINFORCEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 82 p. AB - The Colorado Department of Highways constructed an embankment on a weak foundation on I-76 near Tennyson Street in Denver. In order to strengthen the embankment, a layer of Tensar SS-2, a polypropylene geogrid was placed between the foundation and the embankment prior to embankment construction. The foundation was instrumented with inclinometers, settlement transducers, and piezometers to measure the vertical and horizontal movements and pore water pressures. A study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of using Tensar SS-2 geogrid by comparing the settlements resulting when using Tensar SS-2 geogrid, Trevira 1127 nonwoven geotextile, a steel reinforcement and using no tensile reinforcement. Because it was not practical to construct multiple embankments, the study also used a finite element analysis. The field measurements and laboratory test data were used to determine the material parameters used in the analysis. The finite element analysis results indicated that the use of Tensar SS-2 geogrid reinforcement has little effect in reducing the settlement of the embankment, nor did the other tensile reinforcements. This is primarily because the deformation of the embankment is predominantly in the vertical direction. Implementation: Use of tensile reinforcement for strengthening embankments constructed over weak foundations may or may not be effective, depending on each individual site condition. Preliminary analysis of its effectiveness prior to each future application is recommended. KW - Effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Ground settlement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pore water pressures KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482381 AU - MITCHELL, J C AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE SUBSTITUTIONS TO IMPROVE WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 20 p. AB - The objective of the study was to determine if the polishing characteristics of an aggregate used in a bituminous concrete mix which displays a tendency to polish under traffic could be improved by the substitution of a portion of that aggregate fraction with another aggregate which had shown resistance to polish. These substitutions had to be controllable and the results predictable. The ability to use locally available aggregate would result in a reduction of the use of polish resistant aggregates which are currently imported from areas of Maryland and adjacent states which are not in close proximity to the bituminous plants requiring them. Results of the study indicate that substitutions in the fine aggregate fraction had a negligible effect on the Polish Value of a mixture. Substitutions in the coarse aggregate fraction will affect the Polish Value and results are predictable. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Durability KW - Fine aggregates KW - Local materials KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Substitution KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476874 AU - Fuca, T A AU - Sasor, S R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOLAR DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEM. HARDING TOWNSHIP REST AREA BUILDING, I-287. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 79 p. AB - A retrofit solar domestic hot water (DHW) system was designed and installed in a highway safety rest area building adjacent to I-287 in Harding Township, New Jersey. Monitoring instrumentation was included in the installation, and system performance was monitored for two years from Nov. 8, 1982 to Nov. 9, 1984. Since its installation the system has operated quite satisfactorily with only minor problems occurring. During the first year of operation the system provided a 77.6% solar contribution to the domestic hot water heating load. During the second year the solar contribution was 58.1%. This reduction was due primarily to leaks which developed in lavatory faucets during more than two months of operation, and increased hot water demand. A life cycle cost analysis based on actual costs and performance for the first two years of operation was performed. The results of the life cycle cost analysis indicate that for a 20 year life the cost of the solar system, including a backup system capable of supplying 100% of the DHW heating load, is slightly higher than the cost of a conventional system. However, the difference is judged not significant given inaccuracies in predicting future cost. Since the original involvement with the Harding Township rest area solar system, DHW solar systems have been installed in all five safety roadside rest area buildings in New Jersey. KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476087 AU - Woodham, D B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-SERVICE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SAFETY APPURTENANCES. EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. 7. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 37 p. AB - This study involves the evaluation of the performance of new or prototype guardrail barriers which are in-service and are subject to actual traffic experiences. The State of Colorado has installed three types of roadside safety appurtenances to be evaluated under this demonstration project: the Self-Restoring Barrier (SERB), the Modified Thriebeam Guardrail and the Colorado Type 3F Median Barrier End Treatment. The study consisted of collecting accident data, recording damage to the guardrail, and recording damage repair costs for any of the installations. Results show that the performance of all three appurtenances is satisfactory. The SERB and Modified Thriebeam Guardrails are cost effective in areas with a history of frequent guardrail hits. The Colorado Type 3F Median Barrier End Treatment has performed well in a limited number of documented accidents. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - End treatments KW - Guardrails KW - Loss and damage KW - Median barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repair costs KW - Repairing KW - Self restoring barriers KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476048 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT REHABILITATION MANUAL - SEPTEMBER 1985. SUPPLEMENTED: APRIL 1986, JULY 1987, AND MARCH 1988 PY - 1988/03 SP - 354 p. AB - The pavement rehabilitation manual contains state-of-the-practice information for practicing engineers on the design and construction of ten rehabilitation techniques: (1) Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) Pavement Recycling; (2) Full Depth Concrete Patching of Jointed Rigid Pavement; (3) Slab Undersealing; (4) Crack Sealing of Flexible Pavements; (5) Cracking and Seating; (6) Asphalt Pavement Recycling; (7) Diamond Grinding; (8) Asphalt Overlays; (9) Pressure Relief Joints; and (10) Longitudinal Edgedrains. The informaion contained in the manual is intended to supplement the contents of the revised AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Edge drains KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Full-depth asphalt pavements KW - Grinding KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Manuals KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Pressure relief joints KW - Pressure relief valves KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Seats KW - State of the art studies KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470947 AU - Collier, C A AU - Najafi, F T AU - Nassar, F AU - Alqasem, R AU - Ozgul, E AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPROVING URBAN AT GRADE INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 174 p. AB - A simple and practical procedure is developed for evaluating improvements to isolated signalized intersections involving operational, economic and safety impact considerations. The result is a step-by-step procedure by which planners and engineers can compare the benefits and costs of improvements to isolated signalized intersections. The procedure was synthesized from literature and a survey of current practices in Florida at city, county and state levels. The sketch planning process incorporates benefit/cost techniques and the Signal Operations Analysis Package (SOAP) thus improving upon previous methods. Factors incorporated into the process include right-of-way needs, fuel consumption, benefit/cost ratio, staged improvement options, and safety considerations. In a case study, the average delay and level of service attributable to alternative staged improvement plans (during the planning horizon) is exhibited graphically illustrating the adaptability of the system to achieving an acceptable level of service at a specified future date. The case study shows that the sketch planning process developed in this research can be applied to almost any urban isolated signalized intersection, providing that accurate input data are available and that practical results can be generated. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fuel consumption KW - Improvements KW - Level of service KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Safety KW - Signalized intersections KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470937 AU - Walker, R S AU - Lin, H-T AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROFILOGRAPH CORRELATION STUDY WITH PRESENT SERVICEABILITY INDEX (PSI). DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 72. AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DATA COLLECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 71 p. AB - The report provides correlations between Present Serviceability Index (PSI), as obtained from the Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP), and Profile Index (PI) from the California and Rainhart Profilograpphs. Two tenths mile sections in three areas of Texas new and old rigid pavements were measured with these devices for the study. In addition to the correlations with PSI, correlations are also provided between each profilograph with one another and between roughness data from the Walker Roughness Device (WRD). A mathematical model of the two profilographs is provided and the measuring capability of the two profilographs to various road profile frequencies or wavelength components is illustrated. Power Spectral estimates of the road profile for the various PSI classes are also presented. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Profilographs KW - Profilometers KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road meters KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470936 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Ullman, G L AU - Balke, K N AU - Krammes, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL FOR SHORT DURATION AND STOP-AND-GO MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS ON FOUR-LANE DIVIDED ROADWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 96 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of research conducted to develop and evaluate reduced traffic control set-ups for short duration and stop-and-go maintenance operations (those lasting less than 20 minutes per work location) on four-lane, divided highways. Several candidate signing treatments were developed and compared to the standard Texas Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices (TMUTCD) set-up for a minor operation on multilane divided roadways. Comparisons were made of (1) the effect of the signing treatments on where drivers exited the closed lane as they approach the lane closure, and (2) the manpower and time requirements for the set-up and removal of the TMUTCD treatment and one of the candidate treatments. Study results indicate that a changeable message sign or a Texas "LANE BLOCKED" sign placed 1500 ft before the cone taper results in drivers exiting the closed lane farther upstream than other signing treatments or the TMUTCD treatment. Studies of the set-up and removal times for the TMUTCD and the "LANE BLOCKED" treatments show that the "LANE BLOCKED" treatment requires significantly less time to install and remove than the TMUTCD treatment. KW - Deployment KW - Divided highways KW - Effectiveness KW - Four lane highways KW - Highway maintenance KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance practices KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Time KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469696 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Kay, R K AU - Jackson, N C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 25 p. AB - The WSDOT PMS database was used to develop regression equations for three pavement surface types: bituminous surface treatments, asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete. The primary regression equations developed were to predict Pavement Condition Rating (PCR) which is a measure of the pavement surface distress (ranges from 100 (no distress) to below 0 (extensive distress)). Overall, the equations fit the data rather well given the expected variation of pavement performance information. The relative effects of age (time since construction or reconstruction) were illustrated for the three surface types. KW - Age KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surface treatments KW - Databases KW - Defects KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Regression analysis KW - Surface treating UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/143.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469933 AU - Arellano, J L AU - Staudt, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT ON CEMENT-TREATED BASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 19 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to evaluate the performance of plain cement concrete pavement on cement-treated base as compared to an equivalent structural design flexible pavement. Two sections of each type pavement were used in the study for a total of 3.5 miles of rural highway. The unreinforced concrete pavement was constructed, without dowel bars at transverse joints, in 1972-73. The road was opened to traffic in June 1973. The plain cement concrete continues to be in good condition after 15 years of use. Most of the defects can be attributed to construction problems or foundation factors. Plain cement concrete pavement standard drawings were issued in Pennsylvania in May 1979. Today the majority of all concrete paving jobs, regardless of traffic volume, are using plain cement concrete. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Construction specifications KW - Defects KW - Foundation problems KW - Foundations KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement KW - Rural highways KW - Specifications KW - Unreinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469695 AU - Babaei, K AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE DECK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 88 p. AB - This report documents development of a systematic bridge deck management system for the Washington State Department of Transportation. This system determines present and future bridge deck condition, estimates required reconstruction and its associated costs, and prioritizes and selects reconstruction while considering either budget constraints or condition level constraints. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge management systems KW - Constraints KW - Costs KW - Estimating KW - Ratings KW - Reconstruction KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/152.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280001 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469225 AU - Houston, R M AU - Hudson, J C AU - Magnavox Electronic Systems Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MALFUNCTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. VOLUME I. FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 22 p. AB - This study developed a functional specification for incorporating malfunction management techniques into existing microprocessor-based intersection control systems. Various techniques were investigated and tested, including: cabinet subsystem monitoring, error detection, error logging/reporting, redundant components, and fallback modes of operation. A prototype Malfunction Management System (MMS) was constructed using a combination of existing equipment and assemblies designed during this study. The prototype MMS was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of various malfunction management techniques. Redundancy was determined to be a cost-effective technique for flashers, load switches, and detector amplifiers. A basic level of data acquisition and control capability is required in the MMS, as is the ability to report malfunctions. This volume contains the functional specification developed during this study. The specification is intended to guide the overall design of a malfunction management system without forcing the designer into a particular implementation. It is comprehensive, yet flexible, and should be useful to all jurisdictions and applicable to different types of systems. Volume II is the final report for the study, and contains the justification for the functional specification. The tradeoffs that were made in developing the specification are discussed, as well as the details of the prototype MMS. KW - Errors KW - Fault location KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Mechanical failure KW - Microprocessors KW - Prototype tests KW - Redundancy KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469226 AU - Houston, R M AU - Hudson, J C AU - Magnavox Electronic Systems Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MALFUNCTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 131 p. AB - This study developed a functional specification for incorporating malfunction management techniques into existing microprocessor-based intersection control systems. Various techniques were investigated and tested, including: cabinet subsystem monitoring, error detection, error logging/reporting, redundant components, and fallback modes of operation. A prototype Malfunction Management System (MMS) was constructed using a combination of existing equipment and assemblies designed during this study. The prototype MMS was developed to demonstrate the feasibility of various malfunction management techniques. Redundancy was determined to be a cost-effective technique for flashers, load switches, and detector amplifiers. A basic level of data acquisition and control capability is required in the MMS, as is the ability to report malfunctions. This volume is the final report for the study, and contains the justification for the functional specification. The tradeoffs that were made in developing the specification are discussed, as well as the details of the prototype MMS. Volume I contains the functional specification developed during this study. The specification is intended to guide the overall design of a malfunction management system without forcing the designer into a particular implementation. It is comprehensive, yet flexible, and should be useful to all jurisdictions and applicable to different types of systems. KW - Errors KW - Fault location KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Mechanical failure KW - Microprocessors KW - Prototype tests KW - Redundancy KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469164 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC FORECASTING FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 162 p. AB - The need for improved traffic estimation procedures has been emphasized by several studies that demonstrated that previously available data were not adequate. Some data were not considered representative of actual traffic conditions because of overloaded trucks avoiding weighing scales and insufficient traffic sampling programs. In addition, previous forecasting procedures did not reflect the increases in legal load limits, the significant increase in the number of heavy trucks, or the shift toward larger vehicle types that has occurred in recent years. Improved estimates of current traffic loadings based on larger samples of much higher quality data would allow development of procedures for making improved estimates of historical traffic loadings and better forecasts of traffic loadings during the design period. The emergence of automatic vehicle classification equipment, permanent and portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems, and the application of microprocessors and microcomputers to these data acquisition functions now offer tools that may be used effectively in meeting these needs. Representatives from four States (Florida, Kentucky, Oregon, and Washington) met on several occasions to discuss the subject of traffic forecasting for pavement design. Information was compiled on all aspects of the traffic forecasting process, options were presented for each step of the process, and recommendations were developed to assist highway agencies in improving current practices and procedures. KW - Pavement design KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468668 AU - Schmertmann, J H AU - Schmertmann & Crapps, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING THE CPT, CPTU AND MARCHETTI DMT FOR GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN. VOLUME IV - DMT DESIGN METHODS AND EXAMPLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 135 p. AB - Volume IV of the four volume set of Guidelines continues Volume III by focusing on the more commonly used design methods that incorporate DMT data. These include consolidation settlement calculations using the Janbu method, immediate settlements, and the lateral loading of piles. It also deals with the use of the DMT in stability problems, such as the bearing capacity of shallow foundations, the bearing capacity of deep foundations, and the calculation slope stability with or without the use of pore pressures. It also includes consideration of various special problems such as pipe trench backfills, the pressures against existing walls, deep compaction control, CBR estimates and liquefaction evaluation. Finally, it contains a section on combining and coordinating DMT and CPT sounding investigations with the currently more conventional exploration methods using the standard penetration test and sampling and laboratory testing. This volume includes an extensive list of references, and example calculations for embankment settlement and rate of settlement. In the Appendices, which apply to both Volumes III and IV, the reader will find copies of 3 key references and 2 computer programs used for data reduction. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Dilatometer test KW - Dilatometers KW - Field tests KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Information processing KW - Insitu methods KW - Piezocone KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Soil penetration test KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279492 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468863 AU - Borchardt, D AU - Ranft, S F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NORTH FREEWAY TRANSITWAY: EVALUATION OF THE SECOND YEAR OF BARRIER-SEPARATED OPERATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 82 p. AB - This report documents the second year's operation of the I-45 North Freeway Transitway in Houston, Texas. The second year covers the period from December 1985 to November 1986. A detailed discussion of the construction sequencing and traffic control strategies implemented is also presented. Impacts to the freeway mainlane traffic are assessed through an analysis of travel times and speeds, vehicle and passenger flow rates, and freeway accident rates. Transitway operation is assessed through an analysis of high-occupancy vehicle demand volumes and peaking characteristics, park-and-ride volumes, travel time savings, occupancy rates, violation rates, disabled vehicle incident rates, and a variety of other performance measures. Comparisons are made for the second year of transitway operation with that of the previous year. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Construction scheduling KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Park and ride KW - Sequencing KW - Traffic control KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468665 AU - Schmertmann, J H AU - Schmertmann & Crapps, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING THE CPT, CPTU AND MARCHETTI DMT FOR GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN. VOLUME I - SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 78 p. AB - Volume I is the first of a four volume guideline series that presents the final work product for PennDOT Research Project 84-24. Volume I introduces the reader to the two types of insitu geotechnical investigation tests around which this research revolved, namely the Dutch cone penetration test (CPT), the CPT with pore pressure measurement (piezocone, CPTU) and the Marchetti Dilatometer Test (DMT). This volume presents a brief introductory discussion of each of these tests along with discussing associated equipment and costs and an introduction to the geotechnical engineering properties predicted by these tests. To familiarize the reader with the potential broad useage of the results from these tests in engineering design, there are chapters on embankments, piles, footings and earth pressure and other problems. These are intended to introduce the user to the broad applicability of these tests into the design process for these foundation problems commonly encountered by Department of Transportation engineers. The appendices include typical examples of the computer-reduced data from CPT and DMT soundings, examples of DMT-based settlement calculations for bridge abutments, an example slope stability problem, and finally extensive CPT plus CPTU and DMT bibliographies. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Dilatometer tests KW - Dilatometers KW - Field tests KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Information processing KW - Insitu methods KW - Piezocone KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Soil penetration test KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468705 AU - Kostem, C N AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLOADING BEHAVIOR OF STEEL MULTIGIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 36 p. AB - This report presents the summary of the research program on the prediction of overload response of steel multigirder highway bridges with reinforced concrete deck. The analytical developments and parametric studies were presented in previous technical reports. This report presents the highlights of the observations made in different phases of the research. Recommendations and conclusions based on the overall research program have been enumerated with appropriate referencing to the detailed description of the relevant problem area. An in-depth study of the research program summarized in the report requires close scrutiny of the technical reports referenced herein. KW - Computer programs KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468862 AU - Mounce, J M AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Ranft, S F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE KATY FREEWAY TRANSITWAY: EVALUATION OF THE SECOND YEAR OF OPERATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 77 p. AB - The operation of the Katy Freeway Transitway in the second year was evaluated. This second year of the transitway operation was characterized by a nine-month period when only authorized vehicles were allowed to use the transitway, followed by a 3-month period when the authorization was lifted, and vehicles with 2 or more persons were allowed on the transitway. The introduction of 2+ carpools resulted in the number of vehicles and persons using the transitway to increase to about 4,300 vehicles and nearly 14,000 persons per day, respectively. Despite the many-fold increase in the number of vehicles on the transitway after 2+ carpools were introduced, the time savings for the transitway traffic relative to the traffic on the parallel freeway mainlanes remained substantial. The benefit in terms of time savings accrued to the transitway users during the second year of transitway operation was estimated to be 670 person-hours of time saved per day...an approximate 7 percent increase in the number of person-hour savings per day relative to the first year of transitway operation. During the second year of transitway operation, two transitway-related accidents were reported. The accident rate on the Katy Transitway for the second year of operation was calculated to be 0.96 accidents per million vehicle miles (MVM). The number of disabled vehicles on the transitway increased substantially from about 5 to about 23 vehicles per month. The number of vehicles not eligible but were reported to use the transitway more than doubled. The amount of vehicle traffic on the freeway mainlanes in the morning and the afternoon periods during the second year of transitway operation increased by about 6 percent relative to the level in the year prior to the opening of the transitway. Total traffic volumes for the combined Katy Freeway (mainlanes plus transitway) for the morning and afternoon peak periods were shown to have increased similarly during this second year of transitway operation. The presence of the transitway lane in the freeway median was not shown to have resulted in a higher number of accidents on the freeway mainlanes in either the first or second year of operation. A calculated accident rate of 1.34 accidents per MVM for the second year of operation for the Katy Freeway adjacent to the transitway is comparable to other Houston freeways. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash rates KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Freeways KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Modal split KW - Park and ride KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468187 AU - Buth, C E AU - Olson, R M AU - Morgan, J R AU - Campise, W L AU - Heslop, J C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK-MOUNTED ATTENUATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 25 p. AB - This report contains an overview of the availability, cost, deployment methods, and performance of various truck-mounted attenuator (TMA) systems. These systems have been designed to reduce the severity of collisions between errant vehicles and shadow trucks used to protect highway work crews. KW - Availability KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Highway maintenance KW - Performance KW - Supply KW - Truck mounted attenuators KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468186 AU - Morgan, J R AU - Buth, C E AU - Olson, R M AU - Campise, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETROFIT RAILINGS FOR THROUGH-TRUSS BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/03 SP - 23 p. AB - Through-truss bridges that have remained in service are required to handle traffic having characteristics that are greatly different from those that existed when they were constructed. Today's traffic is composed of heavier vehicles which travel faster and have different operating characteristics, making it desirable to have wide lanes, longer curves, and more sight distance. Some older through-truss bridges may have adequate load-carrying capacity, but are considered functionally obsolete because they are too narrow or have inadequate railings. Retrofit bridge rails can make it possible to leave many of these bridges in service until their replacement is economically feasible. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridges KW - Highway capacity KW - Narrow bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468146 AU - Cable, J K AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Lee, D Y AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1988/03//Interim Report SP - 120 p. AB - The report documents the development and installation of an instrumented pavement on I-80 in Iowa for the purposes of demonstration and answering current pavement questions. Its two primary objectives include documentation of the installation and verification of existing design procedures through monitoring of the continuous traffic stream reactions in the pavement. Some 120 instruments were installed in a forty foot segment of reconstructed pavement. The instruments included concrete strain gages, weldable strain gages on dowels, LVDT-deflection gages and temperature sensors in the concrete and base material. Five tubes were placed under three joints and two midslabs to measure the relative moisture and density at the interface between the pavement and base with atomic equipment. The instruments were placed ahead of the paving and over 92% of the instruments responded after paving. Planning requirements, problems encountered and costs of installation are presented. The site will use piezoelectric cables in a weigh-in-motion arrangement to trigger the data collection, a microcomputer controlled data acquisition system to analyze multiple sensors simultaneously, and telemetry to monitor the site remotely. Details provide the first time user of instrumentation with valuable information on the planning, problems, costs and coordination required to establish and operate such a site. KW - Building KW - Coordination KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Microcomputers KW - Monitoring KW - Nuclear gages KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Planning KW - Remote sensing KW - Strain gages KW - Telemetry KW - Temperature sensors KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17289 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279251 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00467933 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Fegan, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY STEPS FOR PEDESTRIANS PY - 1988/03 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - p. 109-112 AB - This article describes a slide-tape presentation entitled "Safety Steps for Pedestrians" which has been developed to help older adults increase their safety as predestrians. The presentation is the result of a joint effort between the Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of Retired Persons. The presentation emphasizes 3 types of messages: (1) the older pedestrians's responsibility for the individual's own safety; (2) engineering techniques to increase pedestrian safety; (3) organizing the local community to address pedestrian safety problems particularly with regard to the older citizen. Each of these areas is discussed in some detail. KW - Aged KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Public participation KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety equipment KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282119 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00467935 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Awadallah, F I AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF THE SERVICE LIFE OF WARNING SIGNS PY - 1988/03 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - p. 116-122 AB - The retroreflectivity service life (RSL) model is described which predicts when a sign has reached the end of its useful life. The model is based on providing drivers with the minimum visibility distance required for safe and efficient responses to the sign message. The RSL model comprises 3 sub-models: minimum required visibility distance sub-model; minimum required retroreflectivity sub-model; and the deterioration sub-model. Each of these sub-models are described in some detail. A microcomputer program has been developed to simplify the use of the retrereflectivity service life model. It is noted that while application of the RSL model is very limited, the study has proved that the modeling sign retroreflectivity deterioration is feasible. KW - Computer programs KW - Deterioration KW - Forecasting KW - Materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Models KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Service life KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00467934 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chollar, B H AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE ON REINFORCED STEEL CONCRETE PY - 1988/03 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - p. 113-115 AB - A Federal Highway Administration-initiated project to study calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) as an alternative deicer is reported. The project included 4 major tasks: (a) evaluation of the effects of CMA on environment; (b) determination of the feasibility and development of its economical production; (c) determination of the physical and chemical properties and deicing ability; and (d) the evaluation of the effects on highway and transportation materials. Study results show that the potential of the black steel rebars in slabs ponded with salt solutions started increasing numerically within the first 3 months of exposure, while that of rebars in slabs ponded with CMA solution did not increase at all during that time period. The CMA solutions did not cause any significant potential shift or corrosion after 4 years on/of ponding in an outdoor environment. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Calcium magnesium acetate (Cma) KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Rebars KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282120 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00467936 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Jones, W R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE CORES FROM A CATHODICALLY PROTECTED BRIDGE DECK PY - 1988/03 VL - 51 IS - 4 SP - p. 123-127 AB - Conflicting results have been obtained in tests of bar pull-out strength in bridge decks subjected to cathodic protection current levels. A limited study is reported of a few concrete cores extracted from a bridge deck under cathodic protection. Visual test results are reported as well as those of chemical analysis. Pull-out rebar strength tests are also reported. The tests indicated no apparent deterioration of the paste around the upper rebar after the deck was under cathodic protection for 7 years. Further pull-out strength of the top rebar was significantly higher than the minimum often required. Similarly, scratch-hardness tests did not reveal any differences between paste around the top rebar and the rest of the concrete surface. These results contradict those obtained earlier. The conflicting results strongly indicate the need for another control research study to ascertain the condition of concrete around rebars and pull-out strengths for the designed life of active cathodic protection systems under realistic field conditions. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete tests KW - Pull out test KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/282122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625099 AU - Osseiran, A H AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HILFIKER RETAINING WALLS WITH FULL HEIGHT CAST-IN-PLACE PANELS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 149 p. AB - Construction of retaining walls utilizing full height panels introduces a degree of indeterminacy to the structure. The ability to effectively analyze the internal behavior of such systems, and limited field performance, qualifies them as appropriate to the experimental category. Arizona recently utilized this technique for building three permanent earth retaining structures at the interchange of I-10 and 24th Street in Phoenix, Arizona. The construction technique chosen was the Hilfiker Reinforced Soil Embankment with cast-in-place concrete facing. The construction of the N.E. wall started in September 1986 and finished in January 1987, while the construction of the S.W. wall started in October 1986 and finished in November 1987. The construction of the S.E. wall started in August 1987 and finished in December 1987. Settlement and movement of the walls are monitored by surveying bench marks embedded in the walls caps. Settlement up to 0.65 in. was measured in the N.E. wall with a maximum lateral movement of 1.1 in. after three months of construction. Hairline cracks and air pockets are visible in the finished sections of the concreted panels for these walls. KW - Cast in place structures KW - Construction KW - Cracking KW - Lateral movement KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26986/EP8601-construction.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615574 AU - Carter, Everett C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNAL SYSTEMS: METHODOLOGY FOR PROJECT SELECTION. VOLUME I - SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 33 p. AB - This is a summary of a study to determine if computer simulation programs could be used to evaluate the operation of new signal systems. The study showed that both NETSIM and TRANSYT 7F models accurately estimate travel time, delay and fuel consumption, and can be used in establishing priorities among candidate signal systems. A more complete description of the project is contained in the Final Report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Signal systems KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610094 AU - Carter, Everett C AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNAL SYSTEMS: METHODOLOGY FOR PROJECT SELECTION. VOLUME II - FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 154 p. AB - A study of three recently installed signal systems in Maryland included travel time, fuel consumption and traffic volumes for all movements at all signalized intersections. A field after study, a field before study (system modified to represent before - uncoordinated - conditions), and computer simulation runs were compared, using travel time, delay and fuel consumption MOE's. Both NETSIM and TRANSYT 7F models were used. It was shown that computer simulation models can be used to predict changes in these parameters which can then be used to make decisions on which of several candidate new signal systems will likely be the most cost effective to meet budget constraints. KW - Before and after studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel consumption KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Signal systems KW - Signalized intersections KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603620 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR WSDOT MATERIAL APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 80 p. AB - This document represents the course notes used in training Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) personnel on regression modeling techniques. This work was done in conjunction with the development of pavement performance equations by WSDOT personnel which were based on data in the WSDOT Pavement Management System. KW - Equations KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/143.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496646 AU - Sirisoponsilp, S AU - Schonfeld, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART STUDIES/PRELIMINARY WORK SCOPES: IMPACTS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF FREEWAY TRUCK LANE RESTRICTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 52 p. AB - A state-of-the-art study has been conducted to investigate the strategies used by state highway agencies to restrict trucks from certain lanes on urban freeways, and the impacts of such restrictions on traffic operation and safety. The study was based on a review of literature pertaining to truck lane restrictions and a survey of state highway agencies about their experience with such restrictions. The information obtained from both sources was used to assess the objectives and effectiveness of the restrictions, current restriction methods, enforcement practices, and procedures for evaluating the restrictions. It was found that although truck lane restrictions have been imposed in a number of states for many years, the effects on traffic operation and safety are still not well known and their cost effectiveness is still in doubt until some comprehensive studies are made. The study also provides suggestions to improve the evaluation of operational and safety impacts of current lane restrictions on the Capital Beltway in Maryland. Finally, the study proposes a methodology for predicting the operational impacts of the restrictions. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Impact studies KW - Laws KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Methodology KW - Restrictions KW - Reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478191 AU - Anderson, S M AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF WITHHOLDING MIXING WATER AND RETEMPERING ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 128 p. AB - The effects of withholding mixing water at initial batching followed by retempering of the mix at the job-site on the properties of the concrete produced for highway applications was examined in an experimental program. Additionally, the effects of redosage with water above and beyond that called for in the specified mix design was examined. Tests were performed to determine the effects on slump, air content, unit weight, compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance. The effects of varying the withholding amount, withholding time, and cement content on the fresh and hardened concrete properties mentioned above were examined. The concrete examined was produced at a ready-mixed concrete facility in order to duplicate as closely as possible job-site conditions arising in typical concrete construction. The results of the study show that significant detrimental effects occur when mixing water is withheld and concrete is retempered at a later time. Slump, air content, abrasion resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance are all adversely affected. The effects were found to vary with variations in both withholding time and cement content. The strength was not affected when water was withheld and concrete was retempered, but a reduction in strength accompanied an increase in water-cement ratio above design values at redosage. The properties changed lead to concrete of reduced quality and questionable performance. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Air content KW - Cement content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete mixing KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Moisture content KW - Physical properties KW - Retempering, concrete KW - Slump test KW - Superplasticizers KW - Water cement ratio KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477523 AU - Zaniewski, P AU - John, B AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF LANDSLIDES, LITERATURE REVIEW AND FIELD TESTING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - v.p. AB - Landslides occur throughout California along state highways. These landslides can pose a safety hazard and are an inconvenience to the traveling public. These landslides are expensive and time-consuming to stabilize using conventional methods. The initial purpose of this research was to identify chemicals with the potential for stabilizing an area subject to long-term creep. A secondary purpose was to place the chemicals in the soil and monitor the area to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. This interim report deals with the first phase of the project, a detailed literature search. Two types of chemicals were identified, resins and silicates. KW - Chemical treatments KW - Chemicals KW - Creep KW - Landslides KW - Resins KW - Silicates KW - Slope stability KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287975 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485430 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Cassidy, M J AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1985 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 111 p. AB - This report identifies areas of the 1985 Highway Capapcity Manual (i.e., procedures, equations, values) which may not be completely applicable to California roadway conditions. The report also documents areas of the Manual which may be in need of validation, modification, or simple clarification. Wherever possible, this report provides guidelines aimed at assisting the reader in exercising professional judgement when dealing with potential "problem areas" of the Capacity Manual. The contents of this report are a result of a critical review performed on the entire 1985 Highway Capacity Manual. Reviews, of each chapter in the Manual were independently performed by researchers at the Institute of Transportation Studies and by over 100 traffc and transportation professionals who each volunteered to review one or more chapters. It is hoped that this report will benefit transportation professionals using the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual to analyze and design traffic facilities in California and elsewhere. KW - California KW - Guidelines KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300284 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485432 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Cassidy, M J AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALSIG: AN ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 130 p. AB - This report describes a proposed procedure for the design and analysis of signalized intersections. The procedure is an integration of existing methodologies, with each methodology incorporating a separate capacity and/or level of service analysis. The result is a procedure which is modular in form and possesses several "levels" of analysis. The proposed procedure can be discontinued immediately following each "level" of analysis. The procedure also incorporates design elements which can generate designs for any intersection parameter not established a priori. The procedure's design elements can also aid the user in identifying operational deficiencies and in implementing design improvements. KW - Analysis KW - Design KW - Highway capacity KW - Level of service KW - Methodology KW - Signalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300286 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485434 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - SANCHEZ, I AU - Cassidy, M J AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALSIG SOFTWARE USER'S MANUAL. TECHNICAL DOCUMENT PY - 1988/02 SP - 44 p. AB - This paper describes the use of the CALSIG software package for designing and analyzing signalized intersections. The software, like the CALSIG Manual procedure, is an integration of existing methodologies, with each methodology incorporating a separate capacity or level of service analysis. The software also incorporates design elements. KW - Analysis KW - Design KW - Highway capacity KW - Level of service KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Signalized intersections KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485431 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Cassidy, M J AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH PROBLEM STATEMENTS FOR THE 1985 HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 52 p. AB - This report presents research problem statements related to the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual. This list of research problem statements identifies research needs currently existing in the 1985 Manual. The research needs were identified as a result of a critical review performed on the entire 1985 Highway Capacity Manual. Reviews of each chapter of the Manual were independently performed by researchers at the Institute of Transportation Studies and by over 100 traffic and transportation professionals who each volunteered to review one or more chapters. It is hoped that this report will help direct future research efforts in the area of highway capacity. KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Research KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483859 AU - Pigman, J G AU - Agent, K R AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF WORK ZONE LITERATURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 70 p. AB - A literature search was conducted with the objective of identifying sources of information related to safety in highway work zones. Included is an annotated bibliography of 165 references. From the references, a list of recommendations were made to improve safety in highway work zones. The recommendations were organized into the following six categories: 1) flagging; 2) delineation; 3) traffic control devices; 4) accidents; 5) design; and 6) policy. KW - Bibliographies KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Flaggers KW - Flagging KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Improvements KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481036 AU - Langston, M C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BAR CODE READING OF MOVING TRUCKS, PHASE II, FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 33 p. AB - An eighteen month research project determined that the use of bar codes is a feasible means of automatically identifying commercial vehicles. During initial field testing, this system proved capable of providing a first time read rate of over 75% of the vehicles which passed by the scanner. Results from Phase I indicated the need for additional research in two areas prior to full scale implementation: (1) maximization of system hardware to achieve above a 95% first-pass read rate; and (2) research to provide a bar code emblem which will last the anticipated life of the truck. This report details the results of research in the above two areas, conducted between June 1, 1987 and November 30, 1987. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Bar codes KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Hardware KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensors KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481048 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 63 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of accidents in construction zones on rural state highways in New Mexico. Previous research has shown that the accident record system does not properly reflect the frequency of crashes in these areas. This study used construction project records and project managers' diaries to determine the location and duration of 167 major projects. The researchers merged this information with the accident record file to identify those collisions that occurred during highway construction. Compared with the period one year before construction, this study found that the accident rate increased by 17-33% during reconstruction. Most accident patterns during construction were similar to those in the previous year. However, collisions involving multiple vehicles, rear-end impacts, and large trucks, occurred with higher than expected frequency. The contributing factors of "following too closely" and "improper lane change" are also more common in these zones. The investigator recommends that the NMSH&TD provide better descriptions of project locations and continue educational efforts for field personnel. In addition, the Department should evaluate some innovative forms of traffic control used in other states. Finally, the NMSH&TD should consider starting its own reporting system for accidents in construction zones. KW - Construction sites KW - Crash rates KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Increase KW - New Mexico KW - Rural highways KW - State highways KW - Traffic safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479583 AU - Dunn, S E AU - Haydon Burns Building, 605 Suwannee Street AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NOISE BARRIERS ALONG I-275 AND I-95. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 31 p. AB - A study to determine the effectiveness of permanent and temporary highway noise barriers in two regions of Florida has been undertaken. Measurements of A-weighted sound levels in terms of equivalent energy levels which characterize conditions without the barriers and with the barriers are employed to determine the extent to which the barriers reduce highway sound levels at noise sensitive sites. A comparison of measured sound level reductions to predicted sound level reductions is also included. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Noise barriers KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479381 AU - Hopwood, T AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF THE ACOUSTIC EMISSION WELD MONITOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 68 p. AB - The Kentucky Transportation Research Program conducted an extended 10-month evaluation of the Acoustic Emission Weld Monitor (AEWM) in a bridge fabrication shop. That device was used to detect welding flaws during typical production of butt-welds on flanges and webs used in steel bridges. A total of 153 welds were monitored. AEWM test results were compared with visual inspection and double-blind results of conventional nondestructive testing routinely conducted on the welds. The AEWM did not miss any flaws detected visually or by nondestructive testing. Three AEWM flaw indications were confirmed by conventional nondestructive testing (radiography). A large number of AEWM indications were not related to any detected flaws (228 of 263 indications). Those were attributed to AE noise that occurs away from the weld and small flaws that were either missed or overlooked by visual and nondestructive inspection or were removed prior to inspection by normal fabrication procedures. The AEWM has shown the sensitivity to detect AWS code-rejectable defects. In part, the high number of overcalls was caused by use of excessive system sensitivity. Due to the success of the unit in detecting flaws, further development is warranted. Specific recommendations for further research are provided. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Defects KW - Inspection KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reliability KW - Steel bridges KW - Weld defects KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479592 AU - Nguyen, M X AU - Sollenberger, D A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE SENSORS AND THEIR PLACE IN HIGHWAY PLANTINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - v.p. AB - With rising water costs and increasing water shortages, Caltrans needs to evaluate methods of reducing the amount of water used in the irrigation of highway landscapes. This report deals with the use of moisture sensors as one of the methods to reduce the amount of water used. Ten sensors were initially evaluated at TransLab and three were chosen for field testing. The three moisture sensors were installed adjacent to the freeway in Sacramento and Oakland. The two locations were in existing landscaped areas that had automatic irrigation. They were monitored for two years to determine if they would operate in Caltrans landscaping and what the water savings would be. The sensors tested provided acceptable installation and reliability results in their usage of overriding individual irrigation valves. All sensors showed water savings varying from 10 to 72 percent. This study only investigated the use of one moisture sensor per irrigation valve. Due to the cost requirements, it is anticipated that in most instances one sensor per valve would be too cost prohibitive. KW - Costs KW - Field tests KW - Irrigation KW - Irrigation water KW - Laboratory tests KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Moisture sensors KW - Performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Water conservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479405 AU - Warburton, R G AU - Betenson, W B AU - Hanson, D I AU - Jones, W C AU - Harvey, R AU - Western Association of State Highway & Transp Off AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT PAVEMENT RUTTING - WESTERN STATES: FOLLOW-UP REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 119 p. AB - A series of workshops was conducted to develop guidelines to assist the WASHTO States in preventing or reducing rutting in asphalt pavements. The asphalt pavement design and construction practices used by the Western States were collected and analyzed. These practices, along with a series of recommendations for immediate implementation and a list of recommended areas for future research, were discussed in Report No. FHWA-TS-84-211. The current report, FHWA-TS-88-041, discusses the progress that has been made in implementing the recommendations from the previous report. Tables are included which compare the procedures and requirements in several States to the recommendations in the report. Detailed discussions of State practices are also provided. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Prevention KW - Recommendations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287690 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479249 AU - Tikalsky, P J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE SULFATE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 110 p. AB - The durability of concrete is determined by its ability to endure the physical and environmental surroundings without losing the functional properties and structural integrity of the original design. Concrete containing fly ash can be proportioned to meet the durability requirements of a wide range of applications, such as concrete for mass structure, pavements, structural members, and high strength applications. One area where the long term performance of concrete containing high calcium fly ash has been suspect is in sulfate environments. The sulfate attack mechanism in concrete containing fly ash has been related in recent years to the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of portland cement and fly ash and their proportions, and the sulfate resistance of concrete containing fly ash. This report summarizes the results of the first year of the study. Fourteen fly ashes and four portland cements have been studied at four cement replacement levels and two different workability levels. A wet chemistry analysis was performed to determine the bulk chemical properties of both the fly ashes and the portland cements. The mineralogy of the fly ash was determined by XRD analysis. Over 500 concrete specimens have been exposure tested in a 10 percent sodium sulfate solution and monitored for mass change and linear expansion. The study has revealed a possible correlation between the tricalcium aluminate content of the high calcium fly ash and sulfate deterioration. In addition, the results to date indicate that lignitic fly ashes result in sulfate resistant concrete. KW - Chemical properties KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Expansion KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mineralogy KW - Portland cement KW - Sulfate resistance KW - Sulfates KW - Tricalcium aluminate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479248 AU - Schumann, D C AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Farbiarz, J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT ON THE MECHANISM OF ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTION IN CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 108 p. AB - Although aggregates were once thought to be inert, it is now known that all aggregates are chemically reactive. The chemical reactions between the aggregates and the cement paste are responsible for beneficial effects such as enhanced bond, but also for other effects that can be deleterious to the durability of the concrete. Alkali-aggregate reaction is one of such chemical reactions. Its chemistry and mechanism are not yet very well known but several hypotheses have been presented over the years and are reported herein. The prevention of expansion in concrete due to alkali-aggregate reaction has been widely investigated by many researchers around the world. It is now known that the proper use of mineral admixtures in concrete can reduce the cost of concrete, improve many material properties, and inhibit alkali-silica reaction. The effect of fly ash and silica fume and a summary of the probable mechanisms in which pozzolans affect the expansion caused by alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete is also reviewed, as well as the different methods of predicting the reactivity of aggregates and a discussion of their relative accuracy and validity. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Concrete KW - Fly ash KW - Pozzolan KW - Silica fume KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477807 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER/VEHICLE OUT-OF-SERVICE CRITERIA PY - 1988/02 SP - 44 p. AB - The purpose of these appendices is to identify driver violations that render the commercial vehicle operator unqualified to drive or out of service. Except where state, provincial or federal laws preclude enforcement of a named item, motor carrier safety enforcement personnel and their jurisdictions shall comply with these driver standards. Driver violations and conditions detected during the inspection process can potentially be assigned to one of the following three categories, namely general violations, out-of-service violations, and restricted service conditions. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Criteria KW - Driver license revocation KW - Driver license suspension KW - Driver licenses KW - Motor carriers KW - Revocation KW - Standards KW - Suspensions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478192 AU - Barrow, R S AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF FLY ASH ON THE TEMPERATURE RISE IN CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 198 p. AB - One of the most serious problems facing the concrete industry in Texas is the effect of high temperatures in concrete on concrete performance. Hot weather and the hydration of cement produce high temperature conditions. One of the major problems associated with high temperatures in concrete is the potential for thermal cracking. The temperature rise can be lowered through the use of mineral admixtures such as fly ash. This report is the first in a comprehensive study which addresses the effect of fly ash on the temperature rise in concrete and the thermal gradient in concrete resulting from the hydration of cement. This report presents the results from a research program in which the temperature rise in mortar samples and the thermal gradient in concrete are examined. Other tests were conducted to monitor the thermal gradient along the vertical cross section of concrete members having various dimensions, curing conditions, and mix proportions. The results of this study show that the replacement of cement with Type A fly ash results in a reduction in the temperature rise in concrete, whereas replacement of cement with Type B fly ash has no significant effect on the temperature rise in concrete. The results also show that the thermal gradient is not linear through the depth of a concrete member from mid-depth to the exposed concrete surface. Most of the temperature drop within a concrete member occurs near the exposed concrete surface. The project engineer is provided with guidelines to produce more durable concrete structures by reducing the internal concrete temperature, thus reducing the potential for thermal cracking. KW - Admixtures KW - Cement KW - Concrete KW - Concrete cracking KW - Cracking KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Guidelines KW - High temperature KW - Hydration KW - Mix design KW - Temperature KW - Temperature gradients UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470973 AU - Smith, B J AU - Stratton, F W AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK HOLLOW PLANE REPAIR USING INJECTED EPOXY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 57 p. AB - Four delaminated bridges were epoxy injected and compared to noninjected bridges so that information on delamination repair durability, frequency, and costs could be collected. The injection history, cores, and condition reports for each bridge demonstrated that the plane of delamination once repaired, stayed repaired, but a new delamination may form above, below or adjacent to the one repaired, yet the deck surface remained intact even when the frequency of repair was once every three or four years. Using 1984 repair costs and comparing with 1984 calculated thin bonded overlay costs it is proposed that a bridge deck can be repaired by epoxy injection (if it is started when delaminations are few) at lower costs than by using a thin bonded overlay. Decks with greater delamination area can be effectively repaired and remain safely serviceable until other repairs can be scheduled. The use of timely epoxy repair for a bridge undergoing untimely delamination extends the useful life of the original deck. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Delamination KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Injection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Thin bonded KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475443 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS - GO FOR THE GREEN. VIDEOTAPE PY - 1988/02 SP - n.p. AB - This video stresses an overall approach to good signal system management performance. A review and reminder is also provided for traffic engineers and technicians of the best current practices. The two-part videotape is accompanied with brochures. Part I is designed for the general public and public officials. Part II is designed for traffic engineers and traffic technicians. KW - Traffic signals KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469496 AU - Tom, GKJ AU - Elcock, K L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK SPEEDS ALONG DOWNGRADES IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1988/02 SP - 109 p. AB - The speeds of 4,258 trucks were measured on downgrades along rural freeways and expressways in California during 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 and 1987. The speeds of trucks were measured at eleven grades with lengths ranging from about 1.4 miles to 11.8 miles and average rates of downgrade ranging from about 3.5% to 7.1%. The results did not provide any definite relationships between truck speeds and rate of downgrade from which downgrade truck speeds can be obtained for any given situation. Each location has its unique set of characteristics which might influence truck speeds on downgrades. Therefore, the information in this report would be helpful for planning and designing freeways at areas where there will be downgrades with similar characteristics. KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Expressways KW - Freeway design KW - Freeway planning KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Rural areas KW - Speed KW - Speed measurement KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469932 AU - Highlands, K L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENTERLINE JOINT REPAIR USING PREFORMED JOINT INSERTS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 39 p. AB - This experimental project examines the use of two types of preformed joint inserts as a method of creating a longitudinal joint in a centerline joint repair. In September, 1987, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation installed approximately equal lengths of SEALINSERT II preformed joint insert material, KOLD-SEAL preformed joint insert material, and a standard sawed and sealed control section. Construction problems were encountered when installing each type of preformed joint insert material. Both preformed joint inserts rose in the plastic concrete and remained higher in the repair than was originally designed. At places, the SEALINSERT II material remained above the finished repair surface, exposing it to damage by traffic. Conceptually, the KOLD-SEAL design seems somewhat inappropriate to provide sealed pavement joints. Without a rubber sealant, it is questionable whether the KOLD-SEAL joint will provide a sealed pavement joint over an extended period of time. A detailed account of the construction methods and a cost comparison of the three joint formation and sealing methods is included in the report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Building KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction problems KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Joint sealing KW - Preformed sealers KW - Preforming KW - Repairing KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469228 AU - Whiting, D A AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIP OF CONSOLIDATION TO PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 144 p. AB - A study was made of the influence of consolidation on properties of portland cement concrete. Consolidation was found to have a strong influence on compressive strength, bond of concrete to reinforcing steel, and permeability of concrete. There is a lesser effect of consolidation on resistance to freezing and thawing. There is a loss of about 30 percent in compressive strength for every 5 percent decrease in consolidation. A variety of nuclear density gauges were evaluated for use in monitoring consolidation of concrete. Use of these gauges has remained fairly constant, at relatively low levels, since 1977. A combination of techniques such as consolidation monitoring device (CMD) and commercial direct transmission gauges shows promise as a means of monitoring consolidation during the paving process. A model acceptance sampling plan for concrete consolidation is proposed. The plan is of the inspection by variables type and requires a sample size of eight per lot. The plan provides for buyer's and seller's risks of 5 percent. The plan was field tested in Idaho and Iowa. Field testing indicated that monitoring concrete pavement consolidation is practical and economically feasible. KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Bonding KW - Compressive strength KW - Consolidations KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Monitoring KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Paving KW - Permeability KW - Portland cement concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469162 AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF WABOCRETE FMV AND CEVA CRETE 300 EXPANSION DAM SYSTEMS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 30 p. AB - The purpose of this research project is to evaluate the performance of two elastomeric concrete expansion dam systems. They are "Wabocrete FMV" manufactured by Watson-Bowman & Acme Corporation and "Ceva Crete 300" manufactured by E-Poxy Industries, Inc. This report covers the installation of one "Wabocrete FMV" expansion dam and two "Ceva Crete 300" expansion dams. All three are located on Interstate 70 in Fulton County. The "Wabocrete FMV" expansion dam was easily installed. The "Ceva Crete 300" expansion dam was a little more difficult to install and required twice as many laborers. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Concrete KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468561 AU - Stein, A AU - Scullion, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION FUND REQUIREMENTS FOR A TRANSPORTATION NETWORK. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 199 p. AB - In the early 1980's the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation implemented its Pavement Evaluation System. This system was designed to (a) document trends in network condition and (b) generate a one year estimate of rehabilitation funding. The information generated by this system has been used for many purposes including funding request, project prioritization and documenting the consequences of changes in funding levels. However, a limitation of this system was its inability to project future conditions and make multi-year needs estimates. This is the subject of this research report. Regression equations were built for each major distress type from a pavement data base containing a 10 year history of condition trends from over 350 random sections in Texas. These equations were used to age individual sections which did not qualify for maintenance or rehabilitation in a particular year. A simple decision tree was developed to estimate the maintenance requirements if rehabilitation is not warranted. This decision tree represents the opinions of experienced maintenance engineers. A case study and sensitivity analysis are presented. KW - Case studies KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Estimating KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Rehabilitation KW - Sensitivity analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468666 AU - ROBERTSON, P K AU - Campanella, R G AU - University of British Columbia, Vancouver AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR USING THE CPT, CPTU AND MARCHETTI DMT FOR GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN. VOLUME II - USING CPT AND CPTU DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 235 p. AB - This Guidelines Volume II of IV is devoted almost entirely to the electronic static cone (CPT) and piezocone (CPTU) tests. The authors served as special consultants to the project with the primary task of preparing this volume. Chapter 2 presents a detailed discussion of equipment and procedures, including data acquisition and processing, calibration and maintenance. Chapter 3 discusses data reduction, including the factors effecting CPT and CPTU measurements and the presentation and evaluation of CPT and CPTU data. Chapter 4 discusses the interpretation of CPT and CPTU data, including the factors effecting interpretation, the various soil classification methods, stratigraphic logging, interpretations in drained and undrained soil and in problem soils. It includes the effects of groundwater conditions and presents SPT-CPT correlations. The final Chapter 5 presents design recommendations, including shallow foundations, deep foundations, embankments and slope stability, liquefaction, compaction control, and other applications. This volume includes a list of references and four Appendices that include copies of very recent papers by the authors on the CPT and CPTU, a copy of the ASTM Standard D3441, and worked design examples. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Dilatometer test KW - Dilatometers KW - Field tests KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Information processing KW - Insitu methods KW - Piezocone KW - Pore pressure KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Site investigation KW - Slope stability KW - Soil penetration test KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468710 AU - Flak, M A AU - Witkowski, J M AU - Perkins, D D AU - JHK & Associates AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ARIZONA'S FATALITY RATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 104 p. AB - A procedure is presented to estimate the State traffic fatality rate based on an alternative method of estimating statewide vehicle-miles of travel (VMT). The VMT model is based on fuel sales and a weighted miles-per-gallon (mpg) estimate for the state vehicle fleet. The weighted mpg value reflects vehicle mix by roadway functional classification, the driving environment, vehicle type mpg factors by vehicle model year, and a regional adjustment factor. The model considers four vehicle types and two roadway functional classifications each in the urban and rural travel environment. The model produced an estimate of 30,740 million VMT and a statewide fatality rate of 2.91 fatalities per hundred million vehicle miles for Arizona for 1985. The estimated VMT was 5 percent higher than the estimate generated by the existing State method, and significantly higher than the estimate based on the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) data. The Federal Highway Administration has approved publication of this report with reservations. FHWA believes that the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is capable of providing reliable estimates of VMT and agrees that updating of the HPMS sampling frame is important. However, FHWA will continue to require that VMT and related data submitted to FHWA be developed in harmony with HPMS and the recently distributed Traffic Monitoring Guide. KW - Arizona KW - Estimating KW - Fatalities KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Mathematical models KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468143 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESISTANCE TO CHLORIDE ION PENETRATION OF CONCRETES CONTAINING FLY ASH, SILICA FUME, OR SLAG. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 40 p. AB - The effects of two pozzolanic admixtures, fly ash and silica fume, and a ground-granulated blast furnace slag on the chloride ion intrusion of concretes prepared with low water-to-cementitious material ratios (w/c) (0.35 to 0.45) were investigated. Results of the rapid permeability test (AASHTO T 277) showed that the resistance of concrete to the penetration of chloride ions increases significantly as the w/c is decreased for the same proportion of solid ingredients. Usually, concretes with pozzolans or slag exhibited higher resistance to chloride ion penetration than the control concretes containing portland cement as the cementitious material. Results of the 90-day ponding test (similar to AASHTO T 259), which was conducted with 0.40 w/c concretes only, indicated minimal chloride content at depths below 3/4 in (19 mm) for all the test concretes. Strength values for all concretes made with the pozzolans and slag at 90 days were in excess of 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa), which is satisfactory. KW - Admixtures KW - Chloride ions KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Fly ash KW - Granulated slag KW - Ions KW - Measurement KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Pozzolan KW - Silica fume KW - Strength of materials KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36718/88-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468198 AU - Valdez, S AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE ADDCO FLIP-DISC VARIABLE MESSAGE SIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/02 SP - 24 p. AB - This paper reports the results of a study to evaluate the performance of a flip-disc variable message board as fabricated by ADDCO Manufacturing of St. Paul, Minnesota. The evaluation included a general comparison with a bulb-matrix type message board which is commonly used by the Georgia Department of Transportation. The particular bulb sign used in this study was manufactured by Sunshine Electronic Display Corporation of St. Joseph, Missouri. The evaluated ADDCO flip-disc variable message sign met the minimum distance requirements on legibility of a variable message board as established by current Georgia specifications. The conclusions reached are as follows: (1) The day legibility distance of the flip-disc sign is 900 feet which is 100 feet more than the bulb-matrix's legibility of 800 feet. (2) The night legibility distance of the flip-disc sign is 650 feet which is 100 feet less than the bulb-matrix's legibility of 750 feet. The flip-disc's 650 feet of legibility barely meets the 648 feet required by the Georgia specifications. (3) The flip-disc's message cycle time may affect its night legibility for drivers at highway speeds due to its lower night readability distance. (4) The flip-disc's letter contrast with respect to the board background is significantly lower during the night than during the day. Recommendations are as follows: (1) The use of ADDCO flip-disc signs in their current condition is not recommended. (2) Current specifications on variable message boards that will include the use of the flip-disc signs need to be updated. (3) Further performance studies of flip-disc variable message boards that are recommended for use should be conducted to determine a more accurate, annual operation cost for the various models of this type sign. (4) General placement and message displaying strategies for all variable message boards need to be developed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Contrast KW - Days KW - Distance KW - Evaluation KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Night KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Placement KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Traffic signs KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470985 AU - Shi, D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN AUTOMATIC, QUANTITATIVE IMAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/01/26 SP - 25 p. AB - An image analysis software system has been developed for a UNIX operating system and a Tektronix terminal. It is designed for the particles and/or pores in construction materials. This system provides a means to measure many discrete fields of view, in order to obtain statistically meaningful results. The system can process images from either an electron or light microscope, or from an ordinary camera. Either negatives or positives can be used. A new method based on fuzzy probability has been developed to segment digital images into binary images. It is more consistent than existing techniques. The accuracy of the system has been verified with images having known geometric properties. Measurements have an error of less than 1% with an image of appropriate resolution. The system makes different measurements on separate particles and cut planes through massive samples. In the former case, the measurements are: the perimeters, areas, and maximum chords of particles in orthogonal directions, the maximum, minimum and mean values of these parameters, and their distributions. Also, the area of the image, the area fraction of particles and the number of particles are measured. In the case of the cut planes, the estimated parameters are: volume fraction of particles, surface area per unit bulk volume, and surface area per unit particle volume. The size distribution, total number of particles and mean diameter can also be estimated. KW - Accuracy KW - Building materials KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Image analysis KW - Image processing KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particles KW - Sieve analysis KW - Software KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470986 AU - Shi, D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN AUTOMATIC, QUANTITATIVE IMAGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT. PY - 1988/01/26 SP - 131 p. AB - An image analysis software system has been developed for a UNIX operating system and a Tektronix terminal. It is designed for the particles and/or pores in construction materials. This system provides a means to measure many discrete fields of view, in order to obtain statistically meaningful results. The system can process images from either an electron or light microscope, or from an ordinary camera. Either negatives or positives can be used. A new method based on fuzzy probability has been developed to segment digital images into binary images. It is more consistent than existing techniques. The accuracy of the system has been verified with images having known geometric properties. Measurements have an error of less than 1% with an image of appropriate resolution. The system makes different measurements on separate particles and cut planes through massive samples. In the former case, the measurements are: the perimeters, areas, and maximum chords of particles in orthogonal directions, the maximum, minimum and mean values of these parameters, and their distributions. Also, the area of the image, the area fraction of particles and the number of particles are measured. In the case of the cut planes, the estimated parameters are: volume fraction of particles, surface area per unit bulk volume, and surface area per unit particle volume. The size distribution, total number of particles and mean diameter can also be estimated. KW - Accuracy KW - Building materials KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Image analysis KW - Image processing KW - Particle size distribution KW - Particles KW - Sieve analysis KW - Software KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469930 AU - Fan, J-C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF EROSION ON CUT OR FILL SLOPES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/01/26 SP - 14 p. AB - Previous research relative to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and rainfall simulators are reviewed. A programmable rainfall simulator was modified and successfully operated on highway slopes with slope steepness from 9% to 50% at Putnamville and Evansville, Indiana in 1985 and 1986. Special techniques were introduced for preparation of the test plots and operation of the simulator. Distribution of the simulated rainfall intensity and its effects on soil erosion were studied under conditions of different nozzle heights, different slope steepnesses and different nozzle tilting angles. The slope steepness factor was extended from 18% to 50%. The soil erodibility factor was measured and compared with that proposed by previous researchers. A rotational shear device was modified and operated to obtain critical shear stresses of soil samples to rate the soil erodibility factor. Examples are given for predicting soil erosion on highway slopes at five locations in or around the state of Indiana, using the USLE. KW - Angularity KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Fills KW - Forecasting KW - Rain KW - Shear stress KW - Simulation KW - Slope steepness KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Universal soil loss equation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469931 AU - Fan, J-C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION OF EROSION ON CUT OR FILL SLOPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01/26 SP - 386 p. AB - Previous research relative to the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and rainfall simulators are reviewed. A programmable rainfall simulator was modified and successfully operated on highway slopes with slope steepness from 9% to 50% at Putnamville and Evansville, Indiana in 1985 and 1986. Special techniques were introduced for preparation of the test plots and operation of the simulator. Distribution of the simulated rainfall intensity and its effects on soil erosion were studied under conditions of different nozzle heights, different slope steepnesses and different nozzle tilting angles. The slope steepness factor was extended from 18% to 50%. The soil erodibility factor was measured and compared with that proposed by previous researchers. A rotational shear device was modified and operated to obtain critical shear stresses of soil samples to rate the soil erodibility factor. Examples are given for predicting soil erosion on highway slopes at five locations in or around the state of Indiana, using the USLE. KW - Angularity KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Fills KW - Forecasting KW - Rain KW - Shear stress KW - Simulation KW - Slope steepness KW - Slopes KW - Soils KW - Universal soil loss equation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01111350 AU - Allen, Benjamin AU - Stough, Roger AU - George Mason University AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Falls Church TI - Commercial Fleet Management Project PY - 1988/01//Final Report SP - 74p AB - Interest in the effects on businesses that have implemented Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies has been growing. And, as the federal and state governments have begun to realize, without proof of the advantages inherent in these technologies transportation companies have been reluctant to acquire them. In response to this interest, the Center for Transportation and Land Policy in The Institute of Public Policy at George Mason University designed a project to measure the effects of an ITS technology shortly after it had been developed and implemented by a courier company. The report of the study details the effectiveness of the technology and the software development process. The report includes descriptions of the development process, the software product, and the methodology devised to measure the productivity factor and the results of surveying drivers and dispatchers before and after implementation. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Development KW - Fleet management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Productivity KW - Software KW - Technology KW - Vehicle fleets UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16400/16473/PB2000104015.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/871169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496568 AU - Khorsandian, F AU - Schonfeld, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF IMPACT ATTENUATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 56 p. AB - This report investigates the cost-effectiveness of various design alternatives and operating policies for crash attenuators. Methods are developed to determine the preferred designs, restoration priorities and inventory policies under various circumstances. The information required for this study was obtained from literature review, field observations, interviews, and a mail survey of transportation agencies in the 50 states. Lack of appropriate data was a major problem in this study. Although analytic techniques were developed to work around data shortcomings, it is clear that more useful results could be obtained with better data. The design comparison focused on the three attenuator types presently used in Baltimore, namely HI-DRO Cell Sandwich, G.R.E.A.T., and Sand Barrels. Expected accident frequency was identified as the main selection factor at any given location, although many other variables influence the choice significantly. An illustrative analysis based on cost data from Baltimore shows that Sand Barrels are less costly at locations with less than 2.9 accidents per year and HI-DRO Cell Sandwich units are preferable at locations with higher accident frequency. G.R.E.A.T. attenuators are the least economical solution and are justified primarily where other considerations (e.g., space limitations, work crew safety, post-crash debris) discourage the use of Sand Barrel or HI-DRO Cell Sandwich units. The sensitivity of the accident frequency threshold (e.g., 2.9 repairs/year) to initial costs, repair costs, lifetimes, and other variables are shown through sensitivity analysis. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Interviewing KW - Inventory KW - Policy KW - Restoration KW - Reviews KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485326 AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY AND ARTERIAL MANAGEMENT EFFORT (FAME) RESEARCH PLAN. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 36 p. AB - FAME (Freeway and Arterial Management Effort) will be performed as nine separate but related tasks. These tasks will be pursued parallel to each other and will integrate together as they are completed. The basic tasks to be performed are as follows: improve motorist information system; develop incident management systems; implement traffic management systems for construction projects; design and implement real-time freeway management systems; design and implement real-time arterial management systems; integrate the arterial and freeway management systems; analyze the potential effects of new technologies for relieving congestion; develop improved treatment for HOVs; and improve methods for managing traffic demand of new developments. The above tasks will be conducted in a manner that produces a series of tools and products that can be incrementally implemented to improve the flow of traffic in the state's urban areas. KW - Arterial highways KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway traffic control KW - Implementation KW - Incidents KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Streets KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic incidents KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development KW - Urban freeways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/171.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494497 AU - Sirisoponsilp, S AU - Schonfeld, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK VOLUME ANALYSIS PROCEDURES. VOLUME 2 - TRUCK VOLUME FORECASTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 80 p. AB - The study develops a methodology for forecasting future truck volumes. The proposed methodology projects truck traffic on a link-by-link basis and does not account for the interrelation among links. The study determines the relations between truck volumes and selected explanatory variables observed at certain locations and then develops a forecasting process which applies the estimated relationship between truck traffic and selected explanatory variables to forecast future truck traffic. Recommendations are also provided for improving and updating the proposed forecasting methodology. KW - Forecasting KW - Improvements KW - Methodology KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305174 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477519 AU - Burns, N H AU - Quade, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISTRIBUTION OF POST-TENSIONING FORCES PRIOR TO GROUTING TENDONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 174 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the simplification of design procedures for continuous post-tensioned members using an average-tendon stress as opposed to the current-design procedure of using a variable-tendon stress at different design control points along the length of a tendon profile. This report evaluates the tendon stress distribution due to frictional effects during jacking and seating of several tendon profiles. Measured strand stress values along the tendon profile are compared to predicted theoretical stress values. After seating, the redistribution of strand stresses was observed to determine the magnitude of tendon stress equalization and the necessary time period for redistribution to occur. The results of laboratory and field experimental studies are summarized in this report. KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Field tests KW - Force KW - Grouting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476140 AU - Speer, D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILES INSTALLED WITH DIESEL HAMMERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 156 p. AB - A study has been conducted to evaluate Case-Goble soil damping constants (J sub c) used in the pile driving wave equation procedure for computing static bearing capacity. Open-end diesel hammers were used in this study. Static bearing capacities were calculated from dynamic measurements of strain and acceleration during pile driving on ten projects. Full-scale static load tests were performed to verify the static bearing capacities. A pile capacity failure criterion was defined. The results were used to develop a correlation between J sub c and standard penetration test (SPT) values measured for silts and sands at the pile tip. KW - Constants KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Failure KW - Failure criterion KW - Load tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Sand KW - Silts KW - Soil penetration test KW - Static loads KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468709 AU - Hays, C O AU - Schultz, D L AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION OF IMPROVED ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR DESIGN AND RATING OF CONTINUOUS HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 210 p. AB - The Eau Gallie Bridge, near Melbourne, Florida, was field tested by the Florida Department of Transportation using two tractor trailer trucks applying a maximum load of approximately 202,000 pounds each. Readings were taken of deflection, bottom strain and top strain at the midspan of both the first and second spans on the east end of the bridge. A finite element model of the bridge was created. This model used both beam and slab elements incorporating the eccentricity capability of STRUDL to simulate the three-dimensional nature of the bridge. The bridge was constructed using prestressed Florida Bulb-Tee girders that were posttensioned to form four-span continuous units. The construction sequence of the bridge was modeled. Plots of strain versus moment indicate some nonlinear behavior at a high load level in the first interior span. This behavior was investigated by looking at the possibility of cracking due to several different factors. The deflection profiles showed better correlation with the model than did the strain profiles. The complete deflection profiles that were available tend to indicate that the model is giving a reasonable representation of the bridge response. The results of the finite element model generally match the shapes of the test deflections and strain profiles, but underestimate their magnitudes. The above comparisons indicated that the model is adequate for obtaining a conservative design or finding maximum allowable vehicle loads. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482357 AU - Castrodale, R W AU - Burns, N H AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF PRETENSIONED HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE GIRDERS IN COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES--LABORATORY TESTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 234 p. AB - Recent studies have shown that it is commercially feasible to produce prestressed concrete girders utilizing concrete strengths in the 12,000 psi range. However, current codes and specification provisions for flexural strength are based on tests using concrete strengths less than 6000 psi. This program was undertaken to evaluate the adequacy of current design provisions for flexural capacity when applied to high strength concrete girders. Due to the lack of data in the literature on composite bridge construction with high strength concrete pretensioned girders, two test programs were developed to provide data that would allow evaluation of the use of high strength concrete in the design of pretensioned bridge girders. The first series was a limited comparison of transfer characteristics of 0.5-in.-diameter strand in normal and high strength concrete. These tests provided data to evaluate whether current transfer length provisions found in the codes could be applied to high strength concrete members. The second series involved testing of scale-model high strength concrete pretensioned girders with a normal strength composite deck, representative of actual long-span bridge designs. Tests of two one-third scale girder specimens provided data for the evaluation of current design provisions, for verification of analysis techniques, and permitted development of recommendations where revision of the codes was necessary as covered in a subsequent report. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridges KW - Design standards KW - Flexural strength KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway capacity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Revisions KW - Scale models KW - Transfer characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482390 AU - Hopkins, T C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHEAR STRENGTH OF COMPACTED SHALES. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 221 p. AB - Some basic physical and engineering properties of a broad range of different types of shales located in Kentucky are examined. Physical testing included liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, particle-size analysis, natural water content, and jar-slake determinations. These tests were performed on some forty different types of shales selected from various geological formations of different periods. Engineering tests included slake-durability, bearing ratio, consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests with pore-pressure measurements, moisture-density relationships, swell deflection and pressure, mineralogy, and Shore sclorescope. Ten different slake-durability testing procedures, including the original procedure proposed by Franklin and Chandra, are examined in detail. A new slake-durability testing procedure is recommended, although the "standard" (a modified form suggested by Gamble) procedure was found to be satisfactory for identifying important properties of Kentucky shales. Bearing ratios were determined on soaked and unsoaked compacted specimens of fourteen different types of shales. Nine types of shales were selected for triaxial tests. The triaxial tests were performed on specimens remolded to conform to standard, modified, and low-energy compaction. Preliminary results from three shale test embankments compacted according to a special provision are presented. The intermediate and soil-like shales of the embankments were compacted with heavy compactors. Finally, an empirical method, based on long-term measurements of settlement, for predicting shale embankment settlement is proposed and compared to other settlement criteria. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bearing ratio KW - California bearing ratio KW - Compaction KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Kentucky KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Shale KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Test procedures KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292249 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481053 AU - KIM, K H AU - Dominguez, J M AU - Klingner, R E AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BEHAVIOR OF ONTARIO-TYPE BRIDGE DECKS ON STEEL GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 174 p. AB - An experimental and analytical investigation was conducted regarding the behavior of reinforced concrete skew bridge decks with Ontario-type reinforcement. A series of parametric studies was also conducted to investigate the effect on bridge performance of some design variables which were not studied experimentally. In the experimental part of the investigation, a full-scale model representing the essential behavior of a full skew bridge was built and tested in the Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory of The University of Texas at Austin. Using a finite element analysis program, the skew bridge test specimen was developed to behave like the full skew bridge. The test specimen had details similar to those required by the Ontario Highway Bridge Code, modified as recommended by the Texas SDHPT. Three series of tests were conducted: two at the skew edges, and one at the center. At each test location, the skew bridge specimen was first loaded statically to approximately 60 kips (about 3 times the current AASHTO HS20 truck load, including impact factor). The specimen was then tested to failure at each test location, using monotonically increasing load. KW - Bridge decks KW - Destructive testing KW - Finite element method KW - Girders KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical tests KW - Models KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Skew bridges KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Steel girders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480939 AU - Culp, J D AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE GIRDER BUTT WELDS - RESISTANCE TO BRITTLE FRACTURE, FATIGUE, AND CORROSION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 83 p. AB - Welded butt joints, typical of those used in the flange splicing of steel plate girders, were welded by the electroslag, electrogas, and submerged arc processes in ASTM A36 and A588 steel plates. A complete series of mechanical and physical tests were conducted on the weldments. Three series of fracture toughness tests were conducted on the weldments and the base plates. The first series utilized the standard Charpy V-notch impact test (ASTM Standard Test Method E23). The second series was the three-point bend specimen fracture toughness test (ASTM Standard Test Method E399). The third series was a modified E399 type of fracture toughness test designed to circumvent problems encountered in submerged arc weldments where large residual compressive stress zones prevent the growth of a straight fatigue crack front. The two series of fracture tests on the three-point bend specimens were conducted at a test temperature of -30 deg F (lowest anticipated service temperature for Michigan) and a 1-sec. loading rate which is typical of bridge loading tests. These tests reveal that electroslag and electrogas weldments are lower in fracture toughness than submerged arc weldments. In some cases, especally in A588 steel, the electroslag and electrogas weldments exhibited brittle fracture behavior, i.e., valid plain-strain fracture occurred in accordance with the ASTM E399 test method. Some valid plain-strain fractures were also encountered in the A588 base plate. The modified fracture toughness tests illustrate a method for comparing the fracture resistance of weldments which contain residual stress fields that prevent the growth of straight fatigue crack fronts that are necessary in the E399 test method. KW - Butt welds KW - Corrosion KW - Electrogas welding KW - Electroslag welding KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fracture properties KW - Girders KW - Loading rate KW - Loads KW - Steel plates KW - Submerged arc welding KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Testing KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479581 AU - Castrodale, R W AU - KREGER, M E AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF PRETENSIONED HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE GIRDERS IN COMPOSITE HIGHWAY BRIDGES--DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 306 p. AB - Recent developments have made concrete with strengths up to 12,000 psi commercially available for construction of pretensioned highway bridge girders. The implementation of this material has preceded the full understanding and documentation of its behavior and effect on the design of bridge structures. Therefore, a review of code, practice, and the literature is necessary for high strength concrete to be used safely and efficiently in pretensioned bridge girders. Selected girder cross-sections are reviewed to determine their sensitivity to different design parameters and their effectiveness with the use of high strength concrete. A series of sections is proposed that make more efficient use of high strength concrete than some sections currently in use. Several factors are identified that limit the design potential of some sections. AASHTO and ACI codes are reviewed for application to high strength concrete. Test data and analytical studies related to the use of high strength concrete are also reviewed. Based on the review of codes, literature, test data, and additional analytical studies, proposals and recommendations are made regarding the design of pretensioned high strength concrete bridge girders. KW - Design KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479247 AU - Hartmann, D L AU - Breen, J E AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHEAR CAPACITY OF HIGH STRENGTH PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 272 p. AB - Recent studies have shown that it is commercially feasible to produce prestressed concrete girders utilizing concrete strengths in the 12,000 psi range. However current codes and specification provisions for important structural parameters such as shear strength are largely empirical and are based on tests using concrete strengths less than 6000 psi. This program was undertaken to evaluate the adequacy of current design provisions for shear capacity when applied to high strength concrete girders. This report summarizes the results of the shear testing of ten pretensioned girder specimens made from concretes with compressive strengths ranging from 10,800 psi to 13,160 psi. Both monolithically cast slabs of high strength concrete and compositely cast slabs of 3300 psi and 5350 psi concrete were utilized. Web reinforcement ratios varied from unreinforced webs and very lightly reinforced webs near current minimum web reinforcement ratios to very heavily reinforced webs with web reinforcement substantially above current maximum shear capacity limits. The tests indicated that the current maximum shear reinforcement limits could be substantially increased. In addition to the laboratory tests performed, a comprehensive evaluation of shear tests in high strength concrete girders reported in American literature was carried out. All of the test results were evaluated in comparisons with the current AASHTO/ACI provision, the compression field theory recommendations of the Canadian Code, and the variable inclination truss models proposed in Study 248. All three methods gave generally conservative results for both reinforced and prestressed high strength concrete members. These design methods are acceptable for concrete strengths ranging to at least 12,000 psi. All three design procedures showed little change in conservatism as a function of concrete strengths. The tests indicated that the current maximum shear reinforcement limits could be substantially increased. KW - Design methods KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Pretensioning KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Shear capacity KW - Shear properties KW - Shear tests KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476086 AU - Guo, JC-Y AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A RISK-COST METHODOLOGY FOR DETOUR CULVERT DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - v.p. AB - A detour drainage structure is a temporary structure serving for several months. Many existing design guidelines are not applicable to determining the design capacity of a detour drain. In this study, a risk-cost methodology has been developed to assist the engineer in making decisions. A non-dimensional linear cost-capacity function has been established through an extensive cost data analysis on concrete box culverts and corrugated metal pipes. It is found that the cost-capacity coefficient varies within a narrow range between 0.3 to 0.5. The method developed in this study also allows engineers to adjust their decisions with the different damage-cost ratios, depending upon the local situations. This capability further allows the engineer to take more factors into account in a decision-making process. KW - Box culverts KW - Capacity KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Costs KW - Culverts KW - Data analysis KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Detour culverts KW - Detours KW - Hazards KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metal pipe KW - Risk assessment KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476011 AU - Allen, D L AU - Drnevich, V P AU - Sayyedsadr, M AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MITIGATION OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 97 p. AB - Concern has grown in recent years, over the seismic activity of the New Madrid seismic zone located in the central United States. Western Kentucky is located in this region. To permit emergency medical, supply, and equipment traffic into this area after an earthquake has occurred, the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet is interested in the possibility of keeping selected routes passable. This report lists the routes that have been investigated and recommended as being routes that should be maintained in passable conditions. These recommended routes have been visually surveyed and all seismically significant features cataloged. These features are listed in Appendix A. In addition, a discussion on retrofitting bridges for seismic safety is included. A number of general recommendations are made concerning "hardening" the transportation system against earthquakes. KW - Bridges KW - Contingency planning KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Hazards KW - Mitigation KW - Retrofitting KW - Routes KW - Safety KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469941 AU - Isaacson, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW CHARTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 41 p. AB - This Implementation Package contains an annotated flow chart of each major environmental subject area for which the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has a responsibility. The specific concerns have evolved from focused laws, regulations, and executive orders; such as the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, 36 CFR 800 (Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties), the Wetlands Executive Order, etc. Comprehensive environmental concerns are derived from the language of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Section 109(h) of Title 23. Flow charts for these issues and processes are not included in this package. The loose leaf format will facilitate changes and revisions as the various requirements change. The individual pages can be joined together to produce a fold out chart for each subject. Users are free to modify the charts in any way they feel is useful and appropriate. The charts do not constitute a rule, regulation, or standard. KW - Aesthetics KW - Air pollution KW - Coastal KW - Coasts KW - Endangered species KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Farms KW - Fishes KW - Flood plains KW - Flow charting KW - Flow charts KW - Hazardous materials KW - Historic preservation KW - Rivers KW - Scenic highways KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic noise KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Waste products KW - Water quality KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468635 AU - Decabooter, P H AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WISCONSIN TRUCK TIRE PRESSURE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 11 p. AB - The majority of the semi-tractor/trailers operating in Wisconsin are using tires that are inflated to the manufacturers' recommended cold pressure. The recommended cold tire pressure of today ranges from 85 psi to 105 psi, according to tire size, type, and manufacturer. Todays' recommended cold pressures exceed those recommended by manufacturers of the early 1960s by 20 to 30 psi. A frequency distribution of the measured tire pressures shows that 12% of the semi-truck/trailers operating in Wisconsin are over-inflated by more than 10 psi above the manufacturers' recommended cold pressure. The over-inflation of semi-tractor/trailer tires may be a factor contributing to damage to Wisconsin highway pavements. KW - Axle loads KW - Inflation KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailers KW - Truck highway damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468199 AU - Stover, V G AU - Gattis, J L AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ATTITUDES CONCERNING TWO-WAY AND ONE-WAY FRONTAGE ROADS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 104 p. AB - This report presents the results of an attitude survey concerning one-way and two-way freeway frontage roads. This research was part of a two-year study for developing warrants for conversion from two-way to one-way frontage roads. Interviews were conducted with 121 individuals in 15 different small and medium-sized cities in Texas. All of the 15 cities have freeways with two-way or one-way frontage roads. The results of the attitude survey showed that the increased safety associated with one-way frontage roads is universally recognized by all interest groups. Operational considerations, such as capacity, are much less understood. The survey found that city staff and city council members exhibit some views compatible with SDHPT interests. However, the results of the survey also suggest that city council members desire analyses of one-way versus two-way operation which are specific to the frontage roads in their city. On the other hand, and not unexpectedly so, the survey indicates that many persons with real estate or business interests are very "localized" in their views. Working closely with city staff and councilpersons may facilitate needed frontage road conversions to one-way. KW - Attitudes KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Local government KW - Medium sized cities KW - One way traffic KW - Public relations KW - Small cities KW - Surveys KW - Traffic warrants KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279284 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467771 AU - Herrmann, L R AU - Hamidi, R AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARINGS: VOLUME II - USER'S MANUAL FOR NEBBA2 - A TWO-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR, FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 80 p. AB - A nonlinear theory and finite element analysis describing the behavior of elastomeric bridge bearings is presented. The theory includes the nonlinearities resulting from the large deformations and deflections, and the nonlinear elastic behavior of the elastomer. In addition, the large deflection of the reinforcement and possible nonlinear behavior due to "lift-off" between the bearing and the loading surface are included. Two (2-D and 3-D) FORTRAN 77 computer programs for the evaluation of the analysis are described. The validity and applicability of the theory and analysis are demonstrated by the results of an extensive "validation" study which compares predictions of bearing behavior to available experimental evidence. The results of a "parameter study" for bearings of various designs and subjected to a wide range of loading conditions are presented. While the chief motivation for the study was to demonstrate the utility of the theory and analysis, the results of the study would be of use in addressing problems arising in bearing design. An outgrowth of the study was the development of a "correction factor" to the traditional "shape factor" definition. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Elastomers KW - Finite element method KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279091 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467770 AU - Herrmann, L R AU - Hamidi, R AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARINGS: VOLUME I - THEORY AND APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 200 p. AB - A nonlinear theory and finite element analysis describing the behavior of elastomeric bridge bearings is presented. The theory includes the nonlinearities resulting from the large deformations and deflections, and the nonlinear elastic behavior of the elastomer. In addition, the large deflection of the reinforcement and possible nonlinear behavior due to "lift-off" between the bearing and the loading surface are included. Two (2-D and 3-D) FORTRAN 77 computer programs for the evaluation of the analysis are described. The validity and applicability of the theory and analysis are demonstrated by the results of an extensive "validation" study which compares predictions of bearing behavior to available experimental evidence. The results of a "parameter study" for bearings of various designs and subjected to a wide range of loading conditions are presented. While the chief motivation for the study was to demonstrate the utility of the theory and analysis, the results of the study would be of use in addressing problems arising in bearing design. An outgrowth of the study was the development of a "correction factor" to the traditional "shape factor" definition. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Elastomers KW - Finite element method KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467772 AU - Herrmann, L R AU - Hamidi, R AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE BEARINGS: VOLUME III - USER'S MANUAL FOR NEBBA3 - A THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR, FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/01 SP - 88 p. AB - A nonlinear theory and finite element analysis describing the behavior of elastomeric bridge bearings is presented. The theory includes the nonlinearities resulting from the large deformations and deflections, and the nonlinear elastic behavior of the elastomer. In addition, the large deflection of the reinforcement and possible nonlinear behavior due to "lift-off" between the bearing and the loading surface are included. Two (2-D and 3-D) FORTRAN 77 computer programs for the evaluation of the analysis are described. The validity and applicability of the theory and analysis are demonstrated by the results of an extensive "validation" study which compares predictions of bearing behavior to available experimental evidence. The results of a "parameter study" for bearings of various designs and subjected to a wide range of loading conditions are presented. While the chief motivation for the study was to demonstrate the utility of the theory and analysis, the results of the study would be of use in addressing problems arising in bearing design. An outgrowth of the study was the development of a "correction factor" to the traditional "shape factor" definition. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Elastomers KW - Finite element method KW - Loading KW - Loads KW - Nonlinear equations KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467829 AU - Sheffield, J P AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE USE OF POWER PLANT POND ASH IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1988/01 SP - 74 p. AB - The objective of this study is to evaluate power plant pond ash as a base course material. Pond ash consists of fly ash and bottom ash that have been codisposed of by sluicing to a disposal pond. The different base courses containing pond ash are: (1) 6-in. course of fine pond ash and 7 percent (by weight of pond ash) lime; (2) 6-in. course consisting of 5 parts coarse pond ash and 1 part sand clay plus 7 percent (by weight of pond ash) lime; (3) 6-in. course consisting of 5 parts coarse pond ash and 1 part sand clay plus 7.5 percent (by weight of pond ash) portland cement; (4) 8-in. course consisting of 50 percent each of pond ash and sand clay plus 2 percent (by weight of pond ash) lime; and (5) 8-in. course consisting of 50 percent each of pond ash and sand clay plus 6 percent (by weight of pond ash) lime. To date, all pond ash courses appear superior to the control section which is an 8-in. course consisting of sand clay mechanically stabilized with washed gravel. The pond ash sections and the control section will continue to be evaluated on an annual basis for three years. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bottom ash KW - Calcium oxide KW - Evaluation KW - Fly ash KW - Pond ash KW - Portland cement KW - Proportion KW - Sandy clays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01509543 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - US-10, Wadena to Motley, Wadena County / Todd County / Morrison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1293867 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01417775 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office Of Highway Safety TI - Guide for monitoring and enhancing safety on the national truck network SN - 087262644X PY - 1988 SP - 123-90 U1 - American Society of Civil Engineers National Convention, 1988, Nashville, Tennessee, USA StartDate:00000 EndDate:00000 KW - Monitoring KW - Monitoring KW - Transport safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185573 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01416515 TI - Light rail transit: new system successes at affordable prices: papers SN - 309047137 PY - 1988 IS - 221 SP - 667p U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Bus KW - Buses KW - Delay KW - Economics KW - Guideway KW - Guideways KW - Level of service KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transport KW - Management KW - Public transit KW - Public transport KW - Rail transport KW - Railroad transportation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Transport costs KW - Transport costs KW - Transport economics KW - Transport management KW - Transport mode KW - Transport performance KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation modes KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Urban transport KW - Urban transportation KW - Vehicle maintenance KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01411754 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Manual on uniform traffic control devices for streets and highways PY - 1988 SP - 1 vol (various pagings) KW - Pavement marking KW - Road markings KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1179552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161154 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Connector relocation from SR-371 to I-85, Forsyth County / Gwinnett County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161153 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-5 (US-1) upgrading, SR-922 (NE 123rd St) to NE 203rd St, Dade County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161152 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Beaver Dam Road widening from Beaver Court to Padonia Road, Baltimore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161151 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-5 (Branch Ave) reconstruction from north of I-95 to south of US-301, Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161150 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-28 west of MD-124 to I-270, Montgomery County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161149 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Keystone rural corridor improvement, Indianapolis : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Indiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161147 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-127, Anderson County line to I-64 interchange, Franklin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161146 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mansell Road extension and interchange with GA-400, Fulton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/discussionpapers/DP200929.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161145 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-65 bypass, proposed, Pine Bluff : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161144 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warren Road extension, York Road to I-83, Baltimore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161143 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Georgetown bypass construction, Scott County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105838 AU - Heath, John A AU - Parmelee, Richard A AU - Federal Highway Administration Office of Implementation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for developing inspection manuals for segmental concrete bridges PY - 1988 SP - v, 92 p. KW - Authorship KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Documentation KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Inspection KW - Technical manuals KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073691 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rogue River Bridge to Gold Beach. Oregon Coast Highway (U.S.101) Curry County, Oregon PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062317 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wishkah River bridge replacement, West Wishkah Road, environmental assessment (EA) PY - 1988///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821814 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061895 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North I-25 corridor bus-HOV project, Denver, EA PY - 1988///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061894 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-70 improvement in Columbus Junction, Louisa County, EA PY - 1988///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061893 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 reconstruction, Linn County / Cedar County, EA PY - 1988///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061892 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-67 relocation, Clinton, EA PY - 1988///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061891 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-31E-150, Bardstown-Louisville Road reconstruction, Jefferson/Bullitt/Spencer/Nelson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061890 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southwest Lockport bypass from Robinson Road to NY-31, Niagara County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821384 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061887 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bobby Jones Expressway proposed extension, Richmond County, GA and Aiken County, SC : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061884 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-90 replacement, Taylorsville to I-40, Tredell/Alexander counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061883 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-19 upgrading, SR-694 to SR-595, Pinellas County / Pasco County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061878 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Santa Ana Freeway (Route 5) widening, reconstruction of interchanges, Route 22 to Route 55, Santa Ana : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061877 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-77 Fore River bridge replacement, Portland to South Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maine UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061875 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lockport Expressway extension, Erie County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821369 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061874 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pacific Hwy, Hayesville interchange-Battlecreek interchange, Marion County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061869 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-206 improvement, CR-518 to Somerville Circle, Somerset County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061868 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-444 (Bowers Hill-Belleville connector), Chesapeake and Suffolk : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061864 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-311 bypass, High Point East Belt, Guilford/Randolph counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821357 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061863 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NM-516, Santa Fe-Los Alamos corridor study, phase C, Santa Fe/Los Alamos counties D; NM-594, Santa Fe-Los Alamos corridor study, phase C : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Mexico UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821356 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061862 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 290 relocation, DeWitt and Manlius, Onondaga County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061861 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SH-71 (US-290) improvements, Travis County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061860 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airport Way widening and additions, I-205 to I-84, Portland and Gresham : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061858 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-405 South Renton interchange to Sunset Blvd, Transit and carpool improvements project, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061855 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-117 construction of connector from Mt.Olive bypass to I-40 near Faison, Wayne/Duplin/Sampson counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821348 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061854 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PA-23, LR-1124, section B01, Lancaster County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061848 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tualatin-Sherwood-Edy Road, I-5 to Hwy 99W, Washington County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061847 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 642 upgrading, existing Route 234 to east of Route 64 intersection, Prince William County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061846 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Columbia Road corridor, overpass widening, Gateway Drive to 32nd Ave, Grand Forks : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821339 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061844 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-83, I-94 to STH-16, Waukesha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821337 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061841 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Nonconnah Parkway, proposed construction from I-240 to SR-57, Shelby County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061834 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MS-301 reconstruction, MS-304 to Tennessee state line, De Soto County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Mississippi UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821327 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061832 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Corridor arterial, US-12 to US-53, Eau Claire County : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061831 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-10 and College Drive interchange modifications, Baton Rouge : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061826 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-138 improvements, Jamestown Bridge replacement project to Newport Bridge toll plaza, Jamestown : environmental impact statement PY - 1988///Volumes held: Final supplement to the final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Rhode Island UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061518 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improvements of Iowa 5 (IA-5), Polk County PY - 1988///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00969833 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1986-1987 BIENNIAL REPORT OF FHWA RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PY - 1988 SP - 72 p. AB - This report is a continuation of the series of annual reports previously entitled "Federally Coordinated Program of Highway Research, Development, and Technology" and published for fiscal years 1974 through 1985 by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of Research, Development, and Technology (RD&T). The revised title of the report series more clearly reflects the broad scope of the programs that coordinate the varied research activities in highway transportation; the accomplishments of the Nationally Coordinated Program of Highway Research, Development, and Technology; other RD&T activities; and the organization, funding, and facilities of the FHWA's Offices of RD&T. This 1986-1987 report is the twelfth in the series and covers the period from October 1985 through September 1987. KW - Biennial reports KW - Development KW - Financing KW - Highway transportation KW - Organization KW - Research KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/680821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00948951 AU - Khosla, N Paul AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS. PY - 1988 IS - 07100 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/601897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469935 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TAXES AND FEES: HOW THEY ARE COLLECTED AND DISTRIBUTED, 1988 PY - 1988 SP - 94 p. AB - This publication presents tabular information on State laws that provide for the taxation of motor fuel, motor vehicles, motor carriers and licensed drivers, and the distribution of these taxes and fees. Also included are tables that show the use of other State taxes for highways and the involvement of Federal agencies and Federal funds in highway activities. The information presented is based on data obtained from State authorities and the laws of the various States. KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government KW - Fees KW - Fuels KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway user taxation KW - Laws KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - States KW - Tables (Data) KW - Tax receipts KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773075 AU - Shepard, Frank D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA PY - 1988 SP - 12 p. AB - In an effort to initiate an incident management program in the state of Virginia, information was obtained from other states concerning incident management techniques. This report presents this information. KW - Incident management KW - Traffic surveillance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36732/88-R25.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772804 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Research Report PB - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Hawkins, H Gene AU - Mounce, John M AU - Albert, Stephen AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MOTORIST INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSITWAYS PY - 1988 SP - xix, 123 p. AB - This study identifies the user information needs of high-occupancy vehicle lanes or transitways and how to best meet these needs. The results of the study indicate that the unique characteristics of transitways require special treatment in order to meet these motorist information needs. The study proposes guidelines for the use of traffic control devices on transitways, which include distinctive markings for transitway signs, more effective use of lane-use control signals, and specialized regulatory signing. KW - Driver information systems KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493241 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772384 AU - Giuliano, Genevieve AU - Nohalty, Paula AU - Waters, Carleton AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION FOR FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE PY - 1988 SP - 124 p. in various pagings AB - This report presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of using closed- circuit television (CCTV) for incident verification on urban freeways. The results of a demonstration project on I-10 in Los Angeles, California, are presented. It is reported that CCTV use can be expanded to detection, particularly at high incident rate locations and during periods when inductive loop detector systems are less effective KW - Closed circuit television KW - Freeways KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491470 ER - TY - SER AN - 00771739 JO - Future National Highway Program 1991 and Beyond PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saxton, Lyle AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCEMENTS IN VEHICLE AND TRAFFIC CONTROL TECHNOLOGY PY - 1988 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - An evaluation was made of current and anticipated technological developments which, if implemented, would be expected to substantially improve the flow of road traffic, especially in heavily trafficked intercity corridors and congested road networks in U.S. cities and metropolitan areas. The objectives of this evaluation were: 1) to identify the technologies which had greatest promise for increasing traffic flow, improving opportunities for increased mobility and inducing greater safety to road transport, 2) to evaluate the cost and benefit attributes of such new traffic control technologies, 3) to consider the pros and cons of so- called " cooperative systems" which require "real-time" communication between road operating authorities and drivers, and 4) to make time-line projections as to important mileposts for the implementation and use of new traffic control technologies. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Technology assessment KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772359 AU - Zuieback, J M AU - Wonacott, G D AU - Bailey, J D AU - SPARTA, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS. VOLUME I, SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1988 SP - v, 49 p. AB - This report develops a procedure to calculate pavement smoothness requirements for weigh-in-motion (WIM) installations to achieve specified accuracy levels KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488982 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00484084 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES. 1988 EDITION PY - 1988 SP - v.p. AB - Traffic control devices are all signs, signals, markings, and devices on, over, or adjacent to a street or highway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction to regulate, warn, or guide traffic. The need for uniform standards was recognized long ago. In 1927, AASHTO published a manual for rural roads and in 1929, the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety published a manual for urban streets. In 1935, a joint committee of AASHTO and NCSHS published the first edition of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices. This manual sets forth the basic principles that govern the design and usage of traffic control devices. This manual presents traffic control device standards for all streets and highways open to public travel regardless of type or class or the governmental agency having jurisdiction. KW - Curb markings KW - Curbs KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Guide signs KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Road markings KW - Speed signs KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control device uniformity KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs KW - Traffic warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620438 AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REMOVAL OF LEAD-BASED BRIDGE PAINTS: REPORT ON FHWA WORKSHOP, MARCH 1-2, 1988, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA PY - 1988 SP - 123 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) held a workshop on March 1-2, 1988, in Washington, D.C., addressing the subject of removing and disposing of lead-containing bridge paints in response to growing concerns among highway agencies regarding this subject. The objectives of the workshop were as follows: review and describe the major problems and needs in lead paint containment; identify magnitude and consequences of removal problem; and identify specific research, development, and evaluation programs, and other approaches and responses. The 140 attendees were assigned to one of the three topic groups for the workshop breakout sessions. Topic groups were (A) Equipment and Containment, (B) Regulations and the Environment, and (C) Maintenance and Management Strategies. Three sessions were held for each of the three breakout groups: (1) Problem Definition; (2) Approaches to Solutions; and (3) Consensus Development. The workshop ended with a Wrap-Up Session where each task group presented a summary of its position and all the participants were given an opportunity to make final comments. This report contains the discussions, findings, and recommendations of the workshop. KW - Bridges KW - Containing equipment KW - Containment KW - Environmental protection KW - Equipment KW - Lead based paint KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Regulations KW - Removal KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478048 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 192 p. AB - This publication is the 43rd of an annual series. It presents the 1987 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1986 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. A listing of the data is given in the table of contents and a brief description is given in the text accompanying each section. KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State aid KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486271 AU - Thornton, S I AU - Elliott, R P AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINES CONTENT OF GRANULAR BASE MATERIAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988 SP - 68 p. AB - The influence of aggregate fines content and moisture content on the rapid shear strength of eight aggregate sources from throughout Arkansas was studied. The rapid shear strength, a dynamic triaxial test, is an indicator of aggregates' relative contribution to pavement performance. A pavement with a high shear strength base can be expected to resist heavier traffic loadings and be more rut resistant. All specimens were compacted in split mold using a vibratory force. Tests, conducted with a 5 psi chamber pressure, consisted of applying an axial load at a rate of two inches per second for one second. Conclusions were as follows: (1) Fine grained material decreases the rapid shear strength of aggregate base material, and all material fines through the No. 40 sieve (0.425 mm) affected the strength with strength decreasing as fines content increases; (2) Angular particles have higher rapid shear strength than rounded particles, crushed stone is stronger than crushed gravel, and uncrushed gravel is weakest; and (3) Base material is stronger when density is high and moisture content is low. KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by source KW - Crushed gravel KW - Crushed rock KW - Density KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Granular bases KW - Gravel KW - Moisture content KW - Particle shapes KW - Particles KW - Shape KW - Shear strength KW - Test procedures KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208703.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477353 AU - Freund, D M AU - Conley, C G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PAVEMENTS DATABANK: A RESEARCH APPLICATION OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1988 SP - 8 p. AB - This paper discusses the development and pilot testing of a nationwide "Databank" of pavement research results built as an end user application of a nationwide geographic system (GIS) network. A technical study performed to support policy review processes for the 1982 Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) called for a determination of potential need to apply weather-related factors to apportionment formulas to lessen the burden on States whose harsher climates may subject pavements to earlier and more severe deterioration. Information from a national monitoring system provided insufficient detailed pavement engineering data to permit clear conclusions. A decision was made to establish a data base of research-oriented pavement data for use in future work. Location references in the source data bases are maintained while they are tied into a GIS-based highway network, developed by others in the agency. The GIS basis of the Databank permits other geographically-based non-highway data, such as weather records, to be accessed for statistical and other analysis needs. The data base is designed to maintain compatibility with other current and proposed nationwide systems. The entire structure of the Databank uses off-the-shelf mainframe software for storage, retrieval, and analysis. KW - Data banks KW - Databases KW - Fund allocations KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488298 AU - Ryer, J AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALASKA DOT&PF 1987 HIGHWAY PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE INVENTORY PY - 1988 SP - v.p. AB - In 1986 the Federal Highway Administration recommended that the State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) update its pavement skid resistance program to meet the requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Highway Program Manual. In response to this recommendation, the task of inventorying the skid resistance of Alaska's paved highways was assigned to the DOT&PF's Statewide Research Section. The inventory results indicated that most Alaskan highways have good average skid numbers although all Alaskan highways have some specific locations which have low skid numbers. The inventory sampled approximately 85% of Alaska's paved highways. KW - Alaska KW - Highway pavement KW - Inventory KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480936 AU - Olin, D A AU - Atkins, J B AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Alabama State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS AND VOLUMES FOR ALABAMA STREAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988 SP - 31 p. AB - Flood hydrographs and associated flood volumes are useful tools in evaluating the effect of proposed highway structures on lives, property, and stream stability. For design purposes, the Alabama Highway Department needs information on flood hydrographs and volumes associated with flood peaks of specific recurrence intervals (design floods) at proposed or existing bridge crossings. Computer programs and methods to estimate flood hydrographs and volumes for ungaged streams have been developed in Georgia. These computer porgrams and methods were applied to streams in Alabama. The report gives detailed instructions on how to estimate flood hydrographs for ungaged rural or urban streams in Alabama with drainage areas less than 500 square miles, without significant in-channel storage or regulations. KW - Alabama KW - Computer programs KW - Design flood KW - Estimating KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Flood peaks KW - Floods KW - Highway bridges KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478218 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS AND CHARTS 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 36 p. AB - This publication contains selected highway statistics and charts relating to the following topics: motor fuel; motor vehicles; driver licenses; federal taxes (Highway Trust Fund and federal aid apportionment); highway finance; roadway mileage; vehicle miles of travel; and several miscellaneous categories - relationships of population, drivers, vehicles, fuel, and travel; highway travel and fuel consumption; state capital outlay per mile; state expenditures per mile for maintenance; state highway user revenue per vehicle mile of travel; fatality rates; and federal highway user fees. KW - Charts KW - Driver licenses KW - Fatalities KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Fuel consumption KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State aid KW - Statistics KW - Taxation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477352 AU - Lord, B N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRAM TO REDUCE DEICING CHEMICAL USAGE PY - 1988 SP - 13 p. AB - Our Nation's transportation system has become the veins and arteries of the lifeblood of our national economy. Rapid, reliable movement of people, goods, and services to supply raw materials and the work force to produce and deliver are critical to the health and welfare of our society. This capability must be year-round. In our northern States, this requires the maintenance of clear open roads and streets throughout the winter. Over the years (since about 1948), our dependency on deicing chemicals has been increased to provide "bare pavement" for safe and efficient winter transportation. Concern about the effects of sodium chloride (salt) on our environment and water quality and on automobile and highway bridge deck corrosion also increased with this chemical usage. Beginning in the late 1960's and culminating today with an $8 million research effort in the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), the highway community--industry, government, and academia--has undertaken measures to minimize our dependency on chemicals. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Corrosion KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Environmental impacts KW - Snow and ice control KW - Sodium chloride KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477309 AU - Askeland, D R AU - Kisslinger, F AU - Wolf, R V AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL REPORT TO MISSOURI HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION ON INVESTIGATION OF BRIDGE PIN FAILURES PY - 1988///Final Report SP - 36 p. AB - A metallurgical examination was conducted to determine the mechanism of cracking and fracture of bridge pins. The results are presented in this report. KW - Bridges KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Metallography KW - Pins UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/87-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286497 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476825 AU - Lavigne, R C AU - Heywood, H M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL HARDWARE RELIABILITY PY - 1988 SP - 6 p. AB - This paper evolved from efforts by staff in the Office of Research, Development and Technology and the Office of Traffic Operations to identify needed FHWA-sponsored research in the traffic control hardware reliability areas. This effort quickly grew into discussion of more basic causes or issues which have resulted in the present hardware reliability state-of-the-art. Traffic control systems now in use have experienced difficulties in mainitaining reliable operations. The case is made that a considerable portion is due to poor design, poor construction methods, lack of trained staff, and inadequate maintenance facilities. The causes of these problems are related to failure to utilize available guidelines and information, inexperience with sophisticated electronic systems and failure to properly plan for the procurement and maintenance of these systems. A great deal of research has been accomplished and guidelines and training provided that, if utilized, will enable States and local agencies to install reliable systems. Additional research, training, and guidelines are needed, but the primary need is better utilization of presently available guides and training. KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Hardware KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Reliability KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Training KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286242 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469114 AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MCTRANS/TIME CENTERS TO PUBLISH SOFTWARE AND SOURCE BOOK PY - 1988 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 2 p. AB - The McTrans Center at the University of Florida and the Transit Industry Microcomputer Exchange (TIME) Support Center at Vanderbilt University will jointly publish the "Microcomputers in Transportation--Software and Source Book." The publication was originally published by the Department of Transportation's Urban Mass Transportation Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. The software listings will be maintained in the continued publication, as will also be its functional lines: transit operations; transportation planning; traffic engineering; paratransit planning; and operations and general utilities. The new features of the publication are listed. Costs of the publication, and purchasing information are also given. KW - Documents KW - Microcomputers KW - Paratransit services KW - Public transit KW - Publications KW - Software KW - Traffic engineering KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468562 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. CALENDAR YEAR 1987 PY - 1988 SP - 26 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal-Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various States during 1987. The data excludes Federal-Aid contracts for work on the Federal-Aid secondary system and work off the Federal-Aid systems. Data for Interstate contracts includes both initial construction and resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction (I-4R) projects. KW - Bids KW - Contractors KW - Contracts KW - Data KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highway maintenance KW - Road construction KW - States KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469928 AU - Morre, D J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST REDUCTION AND INCREASED EFFICACY OF GROWTH RETARDANT MIXTURES FOR VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ALONG INDIANA ROADSIDES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/12/31 SP - 28 p. AB - A cost-effective program of chemical mowing for use on Indiana roadsides has been developed. A single spring application of a combination of new materials gives season-long control of seedheads in bluegrass and fescue as well as control of broad-leaf weeds and suppression of grass growth. The cost of materials and application are equal to or less than the cost of a single mowing cycle. The treatment is environmentally safe when applied in early spring before most agricultural crops have been planted. Problems of carry over with repeated applications to the same area have been reduced or eliminated by low overall application rates recommended. The effectiveness and low cost of the combination is based on the ability of certain growth regulatory materials, referred to as additives, that may be only weakly effective as growth retardants themselves, to interact in a synergistic fashion with mefluidide to increase overall efficacy and to reduce the required application rates sufficiently to make chemical mowing an economically sound practice. The combination has been field tested for five years under actual use conditions, and was found to be effective for full season management of mixed bluegrass-tall fescue turf to permit considerable cost savings when compared to 2-cycle or 3-cycle mechanical mowing. On secondary and narrow right-of-way roadsides, seedheads from smooth brome and from later-germinating annual grasses such as foxtails and barnyard grass cause additional problems. For use on such roads, a new combination has been developed that includes trichlopyr (Garlon) plus an agent for pre-emergence control of annual grasses. Implementation is expected to increase potential cost-savings even further through reductions in force-account mowing and in reduced necessity to purchase costly mowing equipment. KW - Chemicals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Grasses KW - Growth retardants KW - Herbicides KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Management KW - Plant growth KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469929 AU - Morre, D J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST REDUCTION AND INCREASED EFFICACY OF GROWTH RETARDANT MIXTURES FOR VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ALONG INDIANA ROADSIDES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12/31 SP - 144 p. AB - A cost-effective program of chemical mowing for use on Indiana roadsides has been developed. A single spring application of a combination of new materials gives season-long control of seedheads in bluegrass and fescue as well as control of broad-leaf weeds and suppression of grass growth. The cost of materials and application are equal to or less than the cost of a single mowing cycle. The treatment is environmentally safe when applied in early spring before most agricultural crops have been planted. Problems of carry over with repeated applications to the same area have been reduced or eliminated by low overall application rates recommended. The effectiveness and low cost of the combination is based on the ability of certain growth regulatory materials, referred to as additives, that may be only weakly effective as growth retardants themselves, to interact in a synergistic fashion with mefluidide to increase overall efficacy and to reduce the required application rates sufficiently to make chemical mowing an economically sound practice. The combination has been field tested for five years under actual use conditions, and was found to be effective for full season management of mixed bluegrass-tall fescue turf to permit considerable cost savings when compared to 2-cycle or 3-cycle mechanical mowing. On secondary and narrow right-of-way roadsides, seedheads from smooth brome and from later-germinating annual grasses such as foxtails and barnyard grass cause additional problems. For use on such roads, a new combination has been developed that includes trichlopyr (Garlon) plus an agent for pre-emergence control of annual grasses. Implementation is expected to increase potential cost-savings even further through reductions in force-account mowing and in reduced necessity to purchase costly mowing equipment. KW - Chemicals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Grasses KW - Growth retardants KW - Herbicides KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Management KW - Plant growth KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478047 AU - Price Waterhouse and Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND COMPLIANCE PROCEDURES FOR A NATIONAL WEIGHT-DISTANCE TAX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12/18 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of a comprehensive investigation of administrative and compliance costs incurred if the current Federal heavy vehicle use tax and excise taxes on tires and new heavy vehicles were replaced with a weight-distance tax (WDT). The report was done as part of a study of the feasibility of a national WDT, mandated in Section 933 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984. Potential impacts of a national WDT, and possible barriers to both the acceptance and implementation of such a tax are also discussed in this report. KW - Administration KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Federal government KW - Impact studies KW - Taxation KW - Weight distance tax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457945 AU - Cochran, David L AU - Gray, Leroy AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 121 PY - 1987/12/01 SP - 41p AB - This report documents the May-August 1987 study of free flow automobile and truck speeds on tangent, level and dry sections of rural interstate, rural four-lane, rural two-lane and urban interstate highways in Indiana. The results of this report show that all types of vehicles, on all types of Indiana highways, had an average free flow speed of 59.3 mph in 1987. This indicates an increase of 0.7 mph from 1986. If the two urban interstates are excluded, the average speed on all types of rural highways in Indiana becomes 59.1 mph in 1987. This also represents an increase of 0.7 mph from 1986. All types of vehicles on rural interstate highways had an average speed of 62.3 mph, which is up by 2.2 mph from 1986. This is not unexpected, due to the implementation of the 65 mph speed limit on Indiana rural interstate highways effective June 1, 1987. KW - Free flow speeds KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314607 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418172 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - Sayers, M W AU - Hagan, M R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Methodology for road roughness profiling and rut depth measurement PY - 1987/12 IS - FHWA/RD-87-042 SP - 47P AB - This document presents an overview of a profiling and rut depth project. The objectives were to (1) assess the capabilities that are needed to measure profile and rut depth at highway speeds, (2) develop a design tailored to minimize life costs of the system, (3) build the system for delivery to fhwa, and (4) validate the system. A system based on the ibm pc microcomputer was designed. With the exception of a signal conditioning unit, the system is constructed from commercial components. The software controls the measurement of road profile and rut depth, the viewing of the data, and daily checks of the hardware integrity. A prototype - presently known as the prorut system - was built and delivered to the fhwa. A road profilometer meeting (rpm) was organized to determine performance limits of the profiling capabilities of the prorut and 10 other profilometers. (The capability for measuring rut depth was added after the meeting; thus, the rut depth performance has not yet been tested to the same extent as the profiling capabilities). KW - Depth KW - Depth KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Road surface properties KW - Roughness KW - Roughness KW - Rutting KW - Rutting KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417298 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - Carsten, O AU - Mathew, A AU - Dill, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Improving the dynamic performance of multitrailer vehicles: a study of innovative dollies: volume I - technical report PY - 1987/12 IS - FHWA/RD-86-161 SP - 246p AB - This study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer articulated vehicles has led to the development of guidelines for the design of innovative dollies that will improve the roll stability and trailing fidelity of doubles combinations. The major effort of this project involved identification, analysis, and further development of innovative dolly and trailer hitching hardware showing potential for the reduction of rearward amplification and prevention of rollover of the second trailer. Specifically, the project (1) reviewed the current state of the art in innovative coupling mechanisms, (2) performed a parametric sensitivity study, based on computer simulation techniques, on combination vehicles using existing and proposed coupling mechanisms, and incorporating various combinations of 96 and 102 inch width hardware, (3) developed a new type of dolly believed to provide superior safety performance, (4) conducted full scale tests of combination vehicles using various dollies, including a prototype of the new dolly, and (5) examined the potential safety and economic impacts of the use of innovative dolly hardware (a). KW - Articulated vehicle KW - Braking KW - Braking KW - Driving KW - Heavy duty vehicles KW - Motor vehicle dynamics KW - Stability analysis KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle handling KW - Vehicle stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748722 AU - Davidson, J AU - Doyle, K L AU - McKim, D AU - Elmer, S AU - Tompkins, J AU - Johnson County Council of Governments AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC ACCIDENT LOCATION REPORT FOR THE IOWA CITY URBANIZED AREA PY - 1987/12 SP - 30 p. AB - This report was compiled using data from the Iowa Department of Transportation Accident Location Analysis System (ALAS). It identifies the highest accident locations in the Iowa City urbanized area in 1986. The report is organized as follows: (1) Description of the evaluation process; (2) Identification of the 1986 high accident locations; (3) Analysis of the 15 highest accident locations; and (4) Identification of potential improvements for accident reduction. KW - Countermeasures KW - High risk locations KW - Iowa City (Iowa) KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619196 AU - Mueller, P E AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT PATCHING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 41 p. AB - Current Arizona Department of Transportation practice regarding acceptance of concrete patching materials involves pre-approval of a product based on laboratory testing only. Experience has shown this process may not assure product performance under field and traffic conditions. This study is intended to develop a process of involving both field and laboratory testing to assure higher levels of field performance for any and all approved concrete patching materials. The practices of several state highway agencies with sizable mileages of concrete pavements were reviewed to define the state of the art in partial depth patching. No concrete pavement patching material is totally predictable in terms of laboratory testing versus field performance. Portland cement concrete patching mixtures appear to have the best overall record, although several proprietary rapid-sets have good service records in certain geographic areas. Recommendations for standard tests and field performance analysis is presented that will lead to pre-approval of any product based on a three-step approval procedure. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rapid-setting materials KW - Recommendations KW - Resurfacing KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - State of the art studies KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361727 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479380 AU - Matthew, A AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P AU - DILL, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEET EXPERIENCE OF THE PROTOTYPE CONTROLLED STEERING B-DOLLY TASK REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 64 p. AB - The purpose of this task report is to provide an assessment of the performance of the CSB-dolly throughout the field service trial program. Primary objectives of overall assessment considered fleet experiences with respect to dynamic stability, offtracking, ease of operation, coupling, loading, backing, and life-cycle costs. Actual experience with the CSB-dolly after 100,000 km has been very satisfactory as regards functional and operational considerations. An economic analysis indicates that use of the CSB-dolly represents a cost penalty within the current regulatory environment, except where operational benefits can provide a means for improved productivity and associated cost savings. KW - Dollies KW - Economic analysis KW - Fleet management KW - Fleets KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469233 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Hummer, J AU - Herf, L AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Hunter, W AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF INCREMENTAL CHANGES IN CROSS-SECTION DESIGN--INFORMATIONAL GUIDE PY - 1987/12 SP - 97 p. AB - This guide presents information for estimating the costs and safety benefits which would be expected due to various improvements on specific sections of rural, two-lane roads. Such improvements covered in this guide include lane widening, shoulder widening, shoulder surfacing, sideslope flattening, and roadside improvements. This guide will be useful to those involved with the design of 3R-type projects, particularly for improvement projects which will be constructed on existing vertical and horizontal alignment and within the existing right-of-way. The accident relationships with roadway geometrics and cost data contained in this guide resulted from research conducted for the Federal Highway Administratioon. FHWA research report FHWA/RD-87/008 entitled "Safety Effects of Cross-Section Design for Two-Lane Roads, Volume I, Final Report" contains the major results and conclusions of the study. FHWA research report number FHWA/RD-87/009 subtitled "Volume II, Appendixes" contains details on the data base and the data analysis. KW - Benefits KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Cross sections KW - Estimating KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pavement widening KW - Prevention KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Side slopes KW - Slopes KW - Surfacing KW - Traffic lanes KW - Two lane highways KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490583 AU - Hays, C O AU - Miller, M A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOP MODIFICATIONS AND ENHANCEMENTS TO EXISTING BRIDGE RATING PROGRAMS SALOD AND FORCE. VOLUME 1 - FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 79 p. AB - SALOD and BRUFEM are computer programs developed in research at the University of Florida sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation. Originally a program entitled SALOD was developed. The function of SALOD is to predict a lateral load distribution factor (LLDF) for design and rating of simple span bridges. A data base of influence surfaces was developed using finite element model. The finite element model considered the three-dimensional nature of the distribution of individual wheel loads throughout the full superstructure. The data base was developed to represent existing simple span bridges in the State of Florida. SALOD has been in use by Florida DOT for several years now. They use the program to obtain lateral load distribution factors in conjunction with the rating of simple span bridges subjected to standard and overload vehicles. This volume (Volume 1 of 2) documents recent changes in the SALOD program. Bulb tee girders and a seventh girder for all girder types have been added to the data base. Also, a procedure is reviewed which permits consideration of bridges with more than seven girders. The program was also modified to accept a wider range of special vehicles than previously permitted. Other minor changes included adding a new standard vehicle and introducing a probability reduction factor for bridges loaded by two or more vehicles. In order to make the data base of influence surfaces reasonable in size, a number of simplifying assumptions were made in the modeling. Now the BRUFEM program is being developed as a complete bridge rating program using a finite element model as the basic analysis tool. Volume 2 documents the original development of BRUFEM. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Girder bridges KW - Lateral loads KW - Load transfer KW - Ratings KW - Structural design KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478194 AU - Zhou, H AU - Hicks, R G AU - Rwebangira, T AU - Noble, R AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR OREGON. VOLUME II - EVALUATION OF PROCEDURE PY - 1987/12 SP - 106 p. AB - This report is the second in a three-volume series dealing with the development of an improved overlay design procedure for Oregon. This report presents the results of the second-year findings. Data from five projects were collected and analyzed using both NDT methods 1 and 2 from the 1986 AASHTO Guides. The overlay thickness using the AASHTO procedure was compared with the overlay thickness using the Caltrans and Oregon DOT methods. Though the results indicate there is reasonable comparison between the various methods, the authors have concluded that: (1) NDT method 1 still needs further work, particularly in developing reliable backcalculation methods; and (2) NDT method 2 can be used now with reasonable confidence. KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478195 AU - Zhou, H AU - Hicks, R G AU - Noble, R AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR OREGON. VOLUME III - FIELD MANUAL PY - 1987/12 SP - 177 p. AB - This report is the third in a three-volume series dealing with the development of an improved overlay design procedure for Oregon. This report presents technical guidelines for using the proposed overlay design procedure. Four areas are described, including preliminary work for an overlay design, deflection data analysis methods, overlay design procedures for four types of pavement combination (AC/AC, AC/PCC, PCC/AC, and PCC/PCC) and a guideline for the use of the design procedure. Detailed descriptions of AASHTO NDT method 1 and method 2 have been included. Three computer programs necessary to implement the NDT method 1 are described. Computerized approach for the NDT method 2 has been developed. Examples of overlay design using the proposed procedure are also provided. KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Manuals KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287037 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477367 AU - SAYERS, M W AU - Gillespie, T D AU - HAGAN, M R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USERS MANUAL FOR THE UMTRI/FHWA ROAD PROFILING (PRORUT) SYSTEM PY - 1987/12 SP - 66 p. AB - The objectives of this project were to assess the capabilities that are needed in a road profilometer and develop a design tailored to minimize life costs of the system. This led to the development of a system based on the IBM PC microcomputer. With the exception of a signal conditioning unit, the system is constructed from commercial components. The software controls the measurement of road profile and rut depth, the viewing of the data, and daily checks of the hardware integrity. This document is the users manual for the system--presently known as the PRORUT. It is intended for the operator of the PRORUT, and describes how to use the system to obtain plots of elevation profile, roughness, and rut depth. It also gives step-by-step instructions for performing daily checks to ensure that the measures being obtained are valid. There are three companion reports prepared as part of the same project. One gives an overview of the project (FHWA/RD-87/042), another is a reference manual containing details of the hardware and software design (FHWA/RD-87/044), and the third describes the validation of the system along with other profilometers at a profilometer meeting (FHWA/RD-86/100). KW - Data collection KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Microcomputers KW - Personal computers KW - Profilometers KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477368 AU - HAGAN, M R AU - SAYERS, M W AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFERENCE MANUAL FOR THE UMTRI/FHWA ROAD PROFILING (PRORUT) SYSTEM PY - 1987/12 SP - 302 p. AB - The objectives of this project were to assess the capabilities that are needed in a road profilometer and develop a design tailored to minimize life costs of the system. This led to the development of a system based on the IBM PC microcomputer. With the exception of a signal conditioning unit, the system is constructed from commercial components. The software controls the measurement of road profile and rut depth, the viewing of the data, and daily checks of the hardware integrity. This document is the reference manual for the system--presently known as the PRORUT system. The manual in intended to document the software and hardware components of the system, and is of special interest to the technical staff responsible for maintenance, repair, or modification of the system when required. There are three companion reports prepared as part of the same project. One gives an overview of the project (FHWA/RD-87/042), another is the PRORUT User's manual (FHWA/RD-87/043), and the third describes the validation of the system along with other profilometers at a profilometer meeting (FHWA/RD-86/100). KW - Data collection KW - Hardware KW - Manuals KW - Measurement KW - Microcomputers KW - Personal computers KW - Profilometers KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470997 AU - Hays, C O AU - Miller, M A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOP MODIFICATIONS AND ENHANCEMENTS TO EXISTING BRIDGE RATING PROGRAMS SALOD & FORCE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1987/12 SP - 79 p. AB - SALOD and BRUFEM are computer programs developed in research at the University of Florida sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation. Originally a program entitled SALOD was developed. The function of SALOD is to predict a lateral load distribution factor (LLDF) for design and rating of simple span bridges. A data base of influence surfaces was developed using finite element model. The finite element model considered the three-dimensional nature of the distribution of individual wheel loads throughout the full superstructure. The data base was developed to represent existing simple span bridges in the State of Florida. SALOD has been in use by Florida DOT for several years now. They use the program to obtain lateral load distribution factors in conjunction with the rating of simple span bridges subjected to standard and overload vehicles. This volume (Volume 1) documents recent changes in the SALOD program. Bulb tee girders and a seventh girder for all girder types have been added to the data base. Also, a procedure is reviewed which permits consideration of bridges with more than seven girders. The program was also modified to accept a wider range of special vehicles than previously permitted. Other minor changes included adding a new standard vehicle and introducing a probability reduction factor for bridges loaded by two or more vehicles. In order to make the data base of influence surfaces reasonable in size a number of simplifying assumptions were made in the modeling. Now the BRUFEM program is being developed as a complete bridge rating program using a finite element model as the basic analysis tool. Volume 2 documents the original development of BRUFEM. KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Databases KW - Finite element method KW - Girders KW - Lateral loads KW - Load transfer KW - Ratings KW - Simple span KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470957 AU - Lambe, P C AU - Jayaratne, N N AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALLS FROM THE TOP DOWN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 203 p. AB - Tied back walls and soil nailed walls are constructed from the top down as soil is excavated from in front of the wall. These walls are superior to bottom up walls for cut situations when holes can be economically drilled to install the tiebacks or soil nails. This report discusses the important issues involved in the construction of top down retaining walls in light of the NCDOT's past experience constructing retaining walls to support excavated slopes. Two databases were established to collect information both on retaining walls constructed in NC to support cut slopes and on the properties of the soils behind those walls. Although these databases are currently small, they will hopefully provide a nucleus on which to build. An organized collection of data can provide the background for future design since the capacity of both soil nails and tiebacks are empirically estimated and then verified by means of field load tests. Both tied back and soil nailed walls are typically designed by specialty contractors under a design build arrangement. This report describes a computer program NAIL which was developed to analyze the internal stability of soil nailed walls. The NCDOT can use this program to evaluate the safety of the contractor's design. The implementation of top down retaining walls in NC will require an effective specification that provides the contractor flexibility to use his special procedures while clearly describing the proof testing procedure necessary to verify the design assumptions. In addition, NC should probably instrument their first such wall to verify the design and to test for its long term behavior. This report illustrates these issues using three tied back wall projects and one soil nailed project. Finally for NC's first permanent top down such wall, they should select one of the more experienced specialty contractors to insure a good experience. KW - Computer programs KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction specifications KW - Contractors KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Nails KW - Properties of materials KW - Retaining walls KW - Safety KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tiebacks KW - Tiedback walls KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483839 AU - Sharp, M R AU - McVay, M C AU - Townsend, F C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING CAPACITY AND DEFORMATION OF PILE GROUPS. VOLUME 1: AN EVALUATION OF AXIAL PILE CAPACITY FROM INSITU TESTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 250 p. AB - A database consisting of results from in-situ tests and load tests pertaining to 28 piles was established to evaluate four computer programs which predict ultimate capacity and/or load settlement curves for axially loaded piles. Two of these programs, Bulletin 121 and CONEPILE, are being used by the FDOT. The other two programs, COYLE and PILECPT, were obtained from Texas A&M University. Comparisons between field load test results based upon Davisson and FDOT failure criteria and predicted capacities were used to evaluate the programs. Results revealed that all of the programs tended to overpredict ultimate pile capacities. Also, the programs that utilized cone penetration test data generally yielded more accurate capacity predictions than did those that used standard penetration test results. The load settlement curves predicted by the two settlement programs generally did not agree with the field curves. Both of the programs tended to underpredict settlement at measured ultimate loads, primarily as a result of their overprediction of ultimate capacity. KW - Accuracy KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Deformation KW - Design methods KW - Estimating KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Load settlement KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464668 AU - Ravn, T AU - Cassellius, R AU - Olson, R AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS AND MATERIALS FOR REDUCING CRACK REFLECTANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 40 p. AB - This study was initiated to study methods, procedures and/or materials that may reduce premature pavement failures of an asphaltic concrete overlay on an existing bituminous road. The methods included in this study were asphalt additives in the wearing course, full coverage fabric, asphalt rubber interlayer (SAMI) and asphalt rubber seal coat (SAM). No material or method was found to totally eliminate reflective cracking. The test sections using softer asphalt (200-300 PEN) in the wearing course provided the best results, with the carbon black and sulfur additives minimizing the flushing that was prevalent in the 200/300 PEN control section. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Carbon black KW - Fabrics KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Seal coats KW - Sulfur KW - Test sections KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477370 AU - Davis, S AU - King, E AU - Robertson, D AU - Mingo, R AU - Washington, J AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES AND CONFLICTS. VOLUME I. PEDESTRIAN VOLUME SAMPLING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 126 p. AB - This final report presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the study conducted to develop a model to predict pedestrian volumes using small sampling schemes. This research produced four pedestrian volume prediction models (i.e., 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hour models) using 5-, 10-, 15-, and 30-minute volume counts. These volume counts best predicted the hour and multihour volumes when sampled at the midpoint of the sampling period. A validation study was conducted to determine the level of accuracy of the models. Recommendations for further research are suggested to investigate the validity and reliability of the developed models using data from other cities. Other volumes in the series are: Volume II, Accident Prediction Model (Report); Volume III, Pedestrian Volume Sampling (User's Manual); and Volume IV, Accident Prediction Model (User's Manual). KW - Accuracy KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Sampling UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34000/34067/FHWA-RD-88-036.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477371 AU - Davis, S AU - King, E AU - Robertson, D AU - Mingo, R AU - Washington, J AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURING PEDESTRIAN VOLUMES AND CONFLICTS. VOLUME II. ACCIDENT PREDICTION MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 101 p. AB - This final report presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the study conducted to model pedestrian/vehicle accidents. A group-type analysis approach for the prediction of pedestrian/vehicle accidents using pedestrian/vehicle conflicts and exposure measures is discussed in terms of statistical methodology, results of approach, and applications of techniques developed. Three- and two-accident group models were developed for two cities. The findings of this study were hampered due to the limited accident data base. Recommendations for further research are offered in order to investigate the use of other variables and the relationship between conflicts and exposure measures. Other volumes in the series are: Volume I, Pedestrian Volume Sampling (Report); Volume III, Pedestrian Volume Sampling (User's Manual); and Volume IV, Accident Prediction Model (User's Manual). KW - Crash exposure KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Traffic conflicts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/33000/33400/33449/FHWA-RD-88-037.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477518 AU - Koesno, K AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY ON INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 610 NORTH, HOUSTON, TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 50 p. AB - The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the bonded concrete overlay project on IH 610 North in Houston and implement the findings in other studies on bonded concrete overlay. Field measurements were conducted periodically and laboratory testings were performed on the cores obtained from experimental sections. Then an assessment of overlay pavement life was made to arrive at conclusions and recommendations that would enable the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation to design overlays for rehabilitation programs on CRCP. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cores KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470954 AU - Nawy, E G AU - Kudlapur, P AU - HANAOR, A AU - Balaguru, P N AU - Rutgers University, New Brunswick AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR OF BRIDGE DECK STRUCTURES IN COLD WEATHER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 217 p. AB - The research project presented in this report addresses the problem of concrete bridge deck repair in cold weather. Five materials were selected for in-depth investigation: M1 - TRANSPO - a methyl methacrylate based polymer concrete; M2 - CONCRESIVE - nominally identical to M1; P1 - SET 45 - a water based magnesium phosphate mortar; P2 - BOSTIK 276 - a liquid (non-water) based magnesium phosphate concrete; and U - PERCOL - a polyurethane based polymer concrete. The investigation identified methyl methacrylate (MMA) and magnesium phosphate based materials as performing satisfactorily under the test conditions. The MMA based materials show somewhat superior performance over the magnesuim phosphate materials, particularly with regard to durability. The water based magnesium phosphate material demonstrated inferior durability. When, on the other hand, handling of the materials is taken into account, the magnesium phosphate based materials and particularly the water based variety, show a distinct advantage over the volatile and malodorous methacrylates. It is recommended to adopt methyl methacrylate or liquid based magnesium phosphate as long-term patching materials. Water based magnesium phosphate can be used for short term patching (less than 5 years) or when protected from deterioration due to freezing and thawing. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cold weather KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Inorganic phosphates KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Magnesium phosphate KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Patching KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer concrete KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Recommendations KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280542 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470949 AU - Herbsman, Z AU - Coons, W W AU - Najafi, F T AU - Jorge, J AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHOD FOR DETERMINING EQUIPMENT RENTAL RATES FOR THE STATE OF FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 172 p. AB - Construction equipment rental rates represent a considerable portion of the costs incurred by contractors when submitting claims for force account work to the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). These rates vary widely, depending on factors such as type and age of equipment, capacity, operating costs, availability, and the geographic and climatic conditions at the jobsite. The FDOT currently uses two methods to establish reimbursement of equipment costs: negotiations with the contractor, or the use of the Rental Rate Blue Book (BB). Negotiations may lead to inequitable compensation for the same equipment services, while the use of a nationwide rental rates guide, such as the BB, in which the user has no control over the costs and formulas used may likewise lead to inflated compensation of equipment costs. Research included a thorough investigation of the equipment cost factors involved in the determination of rental rates; a nationwide survey of state departments of transportation and several federal agencies; analysis of the methodology and formulas of the most commonly used rental rate guides; and the study of federal guidelines concerning equipment cost reimbursement. The analysis of data gathered led to the recommendation that the State of Florida develop its own statewide rental rates guide by establishing the necessary policies and guidelines to create a standard, equitable and realistic method of compensation for the use of equipment when contract prices are not applicable. KW - Construction equipment KW - Costs KW - Equipment leasing and rental businesses KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Inflation KW - Ownership, leasing and rental KW - Rates KW - Recommendations KW - Reimbursable costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280537 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469927 AU - LaForce, R F AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 16 p. AB - This report documents the laboratory evaluation of rubber modified asphalt concrete, marketed as "Plus Ride." This material is produced by substituting rubber particles for some of the aggregate in a standard asphalt concrete mix. Gap-grading of the aggregate is necessary to allow room for these rubber particles. This study revealed several problems with testing this mix in the laboratory: swelling of the mix, mix sticking to the molds, and problems compacting the mix. A loaded cooling cycle, silicon grease, and a kneader compactor were used to mitigate these problems. The optimum rubber-asphalt design required two percent more asphalt cement than the standard mix. The test data based on the modified Lottman indicates that under lab conditions with low void content, the "Plus Ride" mix has adequate resistance to moisture damage. The lab testing also demonstrated that many of the variables in the Hveem design method such as stability and cohesiometer are not applicable to the flexible "Plus Ride" mix. Even immersion-compression results may not be applicable because of the low compression strengths. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compressive strength KW - Design KW - Laboratory tests KW - Optimization KW - Optimum design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469938 AU - Gillespie, T D AU - SAYERS, M W AU - HAGAN, M R AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR ROAD ROUGHNESS PROFILING AND RUT DEPTH MEASUREMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 50 p. AB - This document presents an overview of a profiling and rut depth project. The objectives were to (1) assess the capabilities that are needed to measure profile and rut depth at highway speeds, (2) develop a design tailored to minimize life costs of the system, (3) build the system for delivery to FHWA, and (4) validate the system. A system based on the IBM PC microcomputer was designed. With the exception of a signal conditioning unit, the system is constructed from commercial components. The software controls the measurement of road profile and rut depth, the viewing of the data, and daily checks of the hardware integrity. A prototype--presently known as the PRORUT system--was built and delivered to the FHWA. A Road Profilometer Meeting (RPM) was organized to determine performance limits of the profiling capabilities of the PRORUT and 10 other profilometers. (The capability for measuring rut depth was added after the meeting; thus, the rut depth performance has not yet been tested to the same extent as the profiling capabilities.) KW - Design KW - Hardware KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Profilometers KW - Prototypes KW - Roughness KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Software KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469165 AU - Yura, J AU - Frank, K AU - Polyzois, D AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS FOR BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 146 p. AB - An extensive experimental program was conducted to evaluate the performance of both black and galvanized high strength bolts for bridges. Seventy-two A325 black bolts, 145 hot-dip galvanized A325 bolts, 85 mechanically galvanized A325 bolts, and 83 black A490 bolts from several different suppliers, were tested under direct and torqued tension in order to evaluate the current installation practices and ASTM Standard requirements for high strength bolts and to develop guidelines which will ensure proper installation and satisfactory performance of these bolts. An important parameter in the test program was the thread conditions of the bolts and nuts. Four thread conditions were examined: as-received, cleaned, weathered and lubricated. Several types of lubricants were considered in the course of the experimental program. The results indicate that a great deal of the problems associated with the performance of high strength bolts lies in the vagueness of the current ASTM Standards and the failure of the bolt suppliers to follow the requirements stated in these standards. A major recommendation in this study is to establish a unified standard which will cover the performance of fastener assemblages (bolt-nut-washer) under the responsibility of one committee. Guidelines for proper installation of high strength bolts are also given. KW - Bolts KW - Bridges KW - Building KW - Direct tension tests KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - High strength bolts KW - Installation KW - Lubricants KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - Tension tests KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469244 AU - Herring, D G AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - W-BEAM GUIDERAIL TRANSITION FROM LIGHT TO HEAVY POSTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 30 p. AB - A transition between light- and heavy-post W-beam guiderail was evaluated through two full-scale crash tests. The transition consisted of lowering the rail height from 30 to 27 in. and reducing the spacing of the light posts as the heavy-post section is approached. The crash test impacts were just upstream of the heavy-post section using 1800- and 4500-lb sedans. Test results were generally acceptable in terms of NCHRP criteria. Although the exit trajectory of the 4500-lb sedan exceeded the recommended threshold limits, the vehicle was not judged to present a significant threat to other vehicles. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Height KW - Impact tests KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Post spacing KW - Posts KW - Spacing KW - Structural design KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Transition zones KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468633 AU - Tavakoli, A AU - Alhaj, S R AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRESS SCHEDULING AND CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 110 p. AB - This report addresses the problems in "Progress Scheduling and Control of Construction Projects" for ODOT, examines the present scheduling environment, and provides recommendations for improvement. The different studies conducted are: (1) ODOT's existing construction scheduling and control process; (2) other DOTs construction scheduling and control processes; (3) contractors own scheduling and control processes on ODOT's projects; (4) existing construction scheduling and control methods in practice; and (5) recommendations on improving ODOT's present process. The recommendations can be summarized in the following points: (1) revision of ODOT's present scheduling forms and their use; (2) using S-curves for monitoring progress; (3) capturing of productivity rates and enhancing the feedback and the documentation processes; and (5) suggestions for future improvements and computer utilization. KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Construction projects KW - Construction scheduling KW - Improvements KW - Recommendations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468718 AU - Winkler, C B AU - Fancher, P S AU - CARSTEN, O AU - Mathew, A AU - DILL, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF MULTITRAILER VEHICLES: A STUDY OF INNOVATIVE DOLLIES--VOLUME I, TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 246 p. AB - This study of the dynamic performance of multitrailer articulated vehicles has led to the development of guidelines for the design of innovative dollies that will improve the roll stability and trailing fidelity of doubles combinations. The major effort of this project involved identification, analysis, and further development of innovative dolly and trailer hitching hardware showing potential for the reduction of rearward amplification and prevention of rollover of the second trailer. Specifically, the project (1) reviewed the current state of the art in innovative coupling mechanisms, (2) performed a parametric sensitivity study, based on computer simulation techniques, on combination vehicles using existing and proposed coupling mechanisms, and incorporating various combinations of 96- and 102-in-width hardware, (3) developed a new type of dolly believed to provide superior safety performance, (4) conducted full-scale tests of combination vehicles using various dollies, including a prototype of the new dolly, and (5) examined the potential safety and economic impacts of the use of innovative dolly hardware. KW - Articulated vehicles KW - Design KW - Dollies KW - Double trailers KW - Dynamics KW - Economic impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Hitches KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Prototype tests KW - Roll stability KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Trailing fidelity KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468202 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - Hawkins, N M AU - Chang, J-B AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF THE FRENCH PIEZO-ELECTRIC CABLE WEIGH-IN-MOTION (WIM) TRUCK SCALE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 65 p. AB - This report documents the testing of a piezo-electric cable weigh-in-motion (WIM) truck scale. The equipment tested was developed by the French national laboratory, Laboratorie Central des Ponts et Chausees. Tests were made on the accuracy of the system's static weight estimates, its estimates of vehicle speed, and its classification of vehicles. Speed and vehicle classification estimates were quite good. Weight estimates did not meet the proposed HELP system specifications. The standard deviation of the difference between WIM and static gross vehicle weights was approximately 20 percent. Tests were also performed to examine the effects of tire pressure, speed and lane position on the voltage output of the cable. Of these variables, tire pressure was determined to most highly effect cable voltage output. Reduction of tire pressures from 105 psi to 75 psi had a statistically significant effect on cable voltage output. KW - Accuracy KW - Cables KW - Equipment KW - Estimates KW - France KW - Inflation KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Speed KW - Technology KW - Testing KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle weight KW - Voltage KW - Voltage measurement KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/141.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468203 AU - Higgins, J D AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - MARTIN, T AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING DESIGN IN LOESS SOILS OF SOUTHEASTERN WASHINGTON. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 133 p. AB - Part I of this report focuses on the comparison of strength parameters of the loess soils of southeastern Washington obtained by laboratory triaxial shear testing and in situ testing using the Iowa Borehole Shear Test (IBST). Also, the disturbance of samples due to sampling technique is addressed. Loess samples tested with the IBST generally produce a lower cohesion but higher friction angle than if the same soils were tested by a UCU triaxial test. Also, the IBST produces a higher cohesion and a lower friction angle than a CU test. The failure envelopes tend to merge at higher normal stresses. Part II of this report suggests drainage schemes to protect cut slopes in loess from rapid deterioration by erosion. This part of the report is a continuation of work completed under an earlier contract (WA-RD-69.1). Specific drainage schemes to divert surface water around or over cut slopes in loess are discussed. KW - Boreholes KW - Cohesion KW - Drainage KW - Embankments KW - Engineering, erosion control KW - Environmental engineering KW - Erosion KW - Field tests KW - Friction KW - Friction angle KW - Insitu methods KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loess KW - Loess soils KW - Sampling KW - Shear stress KW - Shear tests KW - Triaxial shear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/145.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468201 AU - Lagergren, E A AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGN RETROREFLECTIVITY MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN OBSERVERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 155 p. AB - This report is an investigation of the current methodology used to evaluate traffic sign retroreflectvity under actual highway conditions. The report consists of three parts: a literature survey, a questionnaire, and the training and analysis of human observers to rate traffic sign retroreflectivity. The literature survey and questionnaire concluded that human subjectivity judgment is almost exclusively used to evaluate traffic sign retroreflectivity. Instruments are not used for large inventories because of cost and computer-based sign management systems are in the early stages of development and not used. The questionnaire also revealed that few states have any policy for sign replacement. The main objective of the research was to assess the accuracy of using human observers to evaluate traffic sign retroreflectivity. Observers were trained to rate warning and stop sign retroreflectivity in two experiments. After the training the observers evaluated signs on two highway courses. The observer sign ratings and sign rating calculated using a retroreflectometer were incorporated into a decision model to replace or not replace a sign based on the sign condition and environment. The individual observers made correct decisions on 74 percent of the warning signs and 75 percent of the stop signs. The literature survey and questionnaire concluded that at present there is no method of sign review other than the trained observer that is suitable for large sign inventories. The experiments have demonstrated that a trained observer is a valuable part of a sign maintenance program. Agencies will have to continue to rely on observers' judgments for some time to come. KW - Accuracy KW - Decision making KW - Equipment replacement KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Policy KW - Questionnaires KW - Replacement KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Subjective analysis KW - Traffic signs KW - Training UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/140.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467782 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Public Works Association TI - STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES PY - 1987/12 SP - 254 p. AB - This directory gives specific information on available training resources for each of five functions: design, construction, operation, maintenance, and administration. It will be updated at 6-month intervals. Each resource in the directory is composed of the following components: title; permanent identification number; date of entry of the item into the data bank; classification of the type of product (such as workshop, lecture, or videocassette); contact who can give further information; short description of the product; targeted audience; and keywords. KW - Administration KW - Directories KW - Highway administration KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Local government KW - Natural resources KW - Operations KW - Road construction KW - States KW - Technology transfer KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279101 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467789 AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Denby, G AU - Higgins, J D AU - ALI, N AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC RESPONSE OF TIEBACK RATAINING WALLS - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 75 p. AB - The current design practice used by WSDOT for the design of permanent tieback walls is to assume that the static design of a tieback wall retaining clayey soils provides an adequate reserve of strength to prevent failure during seismic loading. This design procedure is based largely on the assumption that the soil and the wall move together during ground shaking and that significant dynamic loads are not produced. For tieback walls retaining sandy soils, it is assumed that dynamic loads are produced. Mononobe-Okabe dynamic soil pressures are added to the static design pressure to account for the dynamic load. The validity of these assumptions and the resultant design practices is evaluated in this study. A pilot numerical study was conducted on a forty foot high wall with three levels of tiebacks using the program FLUSH. It was found that the wall and the soil tend to move in-phase and only negligible dynamic tie forces are generated. However, the soil above and below the excavation level tends to move out-of-phase, leading to significant dynamic pressures and bending moments in the wall and near the excavation level. It appears that in some cases, tieback walls with an adequate static safety factor may suffer significant damage or fail during seismic loading and that the use of Mononobe-Okabe dynamic prssures may be conservative. KW - Bending moments KW - Clay soils KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earth pressure KW - Failure KW - Retaining walls KW - Safety factors KW - Sandy soils KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Static pressure KW - Structural design KW - Tiebacks UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/138.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279108 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467817 AU - Temple, W H AU - Shah, S C AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOUISIANA EXPERIMENTAL BASE PROJECT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 125 p. AB - The Louisiana Experimental Base Project is a research study evaluating the design/performance characteristics of three tyes of base courses as incorporated into comparable flexible pavement systems on a full-scale test road. Fourteen different test sections were constructed to evaluate the study variables, which included base course type (soil cement, stabilized sand clay gravel, and asphaltic concrete), design life (5, 10, and 15 years), and surface thickness (3 1/2 and 5 1/2 inches). The test road is U.S. Route 71, south of the city of Alexandria. Fundamental engineering properties of paving materials were determined in the laboratory using a variety of tensile and compressive tests utilizing repeated loading techniques. Layer moduli were also determined from field deflection tests using Dynaflect data. Field monitoring of serviceability and structural number were compared to trends derived from AASHTO equations. Measured values of serviceability decline, cracking, and rutting were also compared to predicted values using the VESYS IIIA program. Vehicle load equivalency factors were evaluated using Weigh-In-Motion data collected during the course of the study. Structural layer coefficients for design were examined in terms of commonly specified materials properties and in terms of fundamental materials properties. Resilient moduli were measured and compared to R-value results at typical optimum moisture contents for sand, silts, and clay soils. Observations are made regarding materials properties determination for design, distress mechanisms affecting performance, and performance prediction models. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Clay soils KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Repeated loads KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sand KW - Serviceability KW - Silts KW - Soil cement KW - Stabilized materials KW - Tensile test KW - Tension tests KW - Test sections UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/Report%20192.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467764 AU - Shapiro, P AU - Doherty, M AU - Comsis Corporation AU - JHK & Associates AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIP ATTRACTION RATES STUDY. VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT. APPENDICES PY - 1987/12 SP - 246 p. AB - The objectives of this study, conducted for the Arizona Department of Transportation, were to 1) efficiently collect data on current non-residential trip attraction rates, non-home-based (NHB) trips and NHB trip length (duration), 2) analyze these data in order to develop trip attraction rates by major land use type and development category and make recommendations for the revision of trip attraction relationships used by the Tucson area trip generation models, and 3) develop a new NHB trip length distribution for comparison with the current simulation and update the associated model friction factors, if necessary. The study was conducted in two parts, Spring, 1986 and Fall, 1986, and encompassed 45 different sites. The sites represented 6 of the 12 employment categories PAGPTD, the local MPO, uses in its trip generation model. Overall, more NHB travel was observed than was predicted in the model. Community shopping centers (CSC) and other retail (OR) had large increases in their NHB trip rates. Another result was, for some development categories, the observed trip rates were the same as those used in the modelling process. As the other non-retail (ONR) category is especially sensitive to shifts in the economic makeup of the community, it was suggested that the category be further disaggregated. Another possible change to the model system is the elimination of the CBD as a land use/development category. The results are mixed in attempting to balance the trip production and trip attraction generation models. Home-based other (HBO) trips move in the correct direction (towards productions), while home-based work (HBW), home-based shopping (HBS) and NHB do not. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Land use KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Real estate development KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Trip attraction KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467763 AU - Shapiro, P AU - Doherty, M AU - Comsis Corporation AU - JHK & Associates AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIP ATTRACTION RATES STUDY. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 95 p. AB - The objectives of this study, conducted for the Arizona Department of Transportation, were to 1) efficiently collect data on current non-residential trip attraction rates, non-home-based (NHB) trips and NHB trip length (duration), 2) analyze these data in order to develop trip attraction rates by major land use type and development category and make recommendations for the revision of trip attraction relationships used by the Tucson area trip generation models, and 3) develop a new NHB trip length distribution for comparison with the current simulation and update the associated model friction factors, if necessary. The study was conducted in two parts, Spring, 1986 and Fall, 1986, and encompassed 45 different sites. The sites represented 6 of the 12 employment categories PAGPTD, the local MPO, uses in its trip generation model. Overall, more NHB travel was observed than was predicted in the model. Community shopping centers (CSC) and other retail (OR) had large increases in their NHB trip rates. Another result was, for some development categories, the observed trip rates were the same as those used in the modelling process. As the other non-retail (ONR) category is especially sensitive to shifts in the economic makeup of the community, it was suggested that the category be further disaggregated. Another possible change to the model system is the elimination of the CBD as a land use/development category. The results are mixed in attempting to balance the trip production and trip attraction generation models. Home-based other (HBO) trips move in the correct direction (towards productions), while home-based work (HBW), home-based shopping (HBS) and NHB do not. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Land use KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Real estate development KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Trip attraction KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279083 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465652 AU - Wyman, J AU - Braley, G AU - Stevens, R AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA DEMONSTRATION PROJECT #966. AUTOMATED TRAFFIC/TRUCK WEIGHT MONITORING EQUIPMENT (WEIGH-IN-MOTION (W.I.M.)). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/12 SP - 19 p. AB - Six WIM systems were obtained and operated for periods of up to a year. The systems available were the CMI-IRD load cell system, the PAT bending plate system, the Streeter-Richardson bending plate system and Capacitance Pad system, the Golden River Capacitance Pad system and the Bridge Weigh Systems, Inc. unit. All systems operated with a minimum of maintenance problems and supplied data within the range of approximately plus or minus 10-15% on gross weights when installed on typical pavements. Costs of systems range from about $25,000 to $100,000. The two most important future needs are systems in the $5,000 class and a foolproof method of calibration of the scale systems. KW - Calibration KW - Costs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Equipment KW - Equipment cost KW - Monitoring KW - Testing KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465675 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1987 FHWA NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (NCP). PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 88 p. AB - This executive summary gives an overview of the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology for the period from October 1, 1986 through September 30, 1987. This report covers technologies for highway design, construction, and operation including the specific categories of highway safety, traffic operations, pavements, structures, materials and operations, policy and planning, and motor carrier transportation. In previous years, a six-volume full progress report was published for the fiscal year. Since fiscal year 1985, the annual executive summaries are the only volumes of the series published due to the transition to the new management program, i.e., the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Research, Development, and Technology. KW - Development KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Operations KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Structures KW - Technology KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465663 AU - Etti-Williams, J L AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FABRIC FORM WITH CEMENT FLY ASH MIXTURE FOR EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 64 p. AB - A study was conducted in Oklahoma in 1983 to determine the performance of fabric form mats filled with different proportions of fly ash cement grout mixtures. They were used to repair a 285 ft long severely eroded ditch. The mat was filled with three different mixtures. They were composed of 100 percent cement, a 50-50 mixture of fly ash and cement, and an 80 percent fly ash 20 percent cement mixture. The project was evaluated by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation Research Division for a period of four years following the installation of the fabric form mat. A cost analysis was made comparing the fabric form material to conventional concrete ditch liner. It was concluded that fabric form performs well and is cost effective, and that Class C fly ash be allowed in grout mixtures. It is recommended that the fabric form installation be monitored with core samples taken periodically for the next 10 years. A proposed specification is included in the appendix of this report. Also, a video tape showing the installation of the fabric form mat is available upon request. KW - Building KW - Cement KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Ditches KW - Erosion control KW - Fabric form mats KW - Fabrics KW - Facilities KW - Fly ash KW - Grout KW - Installation KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465648 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF THE DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICHED PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/12 SP - 20 p. AB - The studies reported herein concern one of the basic pavement design types used by the Virginia Department of Transportation for many years. Known as a sandwiched pavement design, the pavement consists of a relatively weak aggregate base layer between a strong, asphaltic concrete upper layer and a strong cement-treated stone or cement-stabilized soil lower layer. Included in the studies were deflection analyses, performance evaluations, and the collection of aggregate base mechanical properties. The studies show that the sandwiched pavements generally do not perform as well as conventional pavements where layers grow successively weaker from the top to the bottom of the pavement. The life expectancy for sandwiched pavements was on the average two years shorter. Studies also showed that the deflection characteristics and therefore the performance of the sandwiched pavements is strongly influenced by the amount of minus 200 material in the aggregate base layer. A recommendation to management that the Department consider greater use of a graded aggregate base with no more than 8 percent minus 200 is included. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Deflection KW - Mechanical properties KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Sandwich construction KW - Service life KW - Soil cement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36712/88-R9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464564 AU - Idaho Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PCCP RESTORATION OF I-84 AND I-184 NEAR BOISE, IDAHO PY - 1987/12 SP - v.p. AB - This is a summary of a rehabilitation project performed in the Boise, Idaho vicinity under projects IR-84-1(17)44, Meridian I.C. to Wye I.C. to Garden Street. This publication gives information on the climate, location, original road and pavement design, and the original construction materials and methods, and then goes on to describe the pre-rehabilitation condition survey. Details are given of the maintenance history, current pavement design, repairs and procedures, and the construction, including the construction materials. A cost analysis is given, and the post-construction monitoring and performance are described. Comments are made on improving PCCP restoration procedures. Appendices provide additional data. KW - Analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Post-construction KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restoration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418114 AU - Graham, J L AU - Loumiet, J R AU - Migletz, J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Portable concrete barrier connectors PY - 1987/11 IS - FHWA/TS-88-006 SP - 158P AB - This report contains the results of a survey of pcb use, an analytical analysis of connector strengths, review of crash test results and narratives on visits to highway agencies to learn about current application and performance. The pin and loop variety of connector is used in 46 agencies, however, design specifications even within this connector variety vary widely. The tongue and groove and plate insert connectors are the next most widely used connectors. The most widely used connectors are the least crash tested, and a number of connectors presently being used have never been tested. Analysis of connector strengths reveals that pins in pin and loop connectors should be anchored to prevent pins from jumping or bending out of connector loops. Some connectors currently used have major application and performance problems (a). KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Connector KW - Construction site KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mobile barrier KW - Road safety KW - Safety fence KW - Securing and joining equipment KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417314 AU - McGee, H W AU - Mace, D L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Direct Federal Programs TI - Retroreflectivity of roadway signs for adequate visibility: a guide PY - 1987/11 IS - FHWA/DF-88-001 SP - 49P AB - This manual deals with the reflectivity of traffic signs. It interprets and explains the specifications and test procedures in the standard specifications for construction of roads and bridges on federal highway projects (fp-85) dealing with retroreflective sheeting and related matters and provides guidance where appropriate. Topics covered include: 1) principles of retroreflection and characteristics of sign reflective sheeting. 2) Considerations in selecting different sheeting types. 3) Fp-85 specifications and test procedures. 4) Sign fabrication. 5) Handling, stockpiling, and installing. 6) Inventory, inspection, and replacement. 7) Maintenance. KW - Material properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic sign inventory KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Visibility KW - Vision KW - Visual science UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465646 AU - Borden, R H AU - Gabr, M A AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF COMPACT POLE-TYPE FOOTINGS. LTBASE: COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR LATERALLY LOADED PIER ANALYSIS INCLUDING BASE AND SLOPE EFFECTS. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/11 SP - 11 p. AB - Rigid pier foundations are used to support a variety of structures including light poles, highway overhead signs and bridges. In many practical situations, the foundations supporting such structures are constructed on flat ground surfaces although numerous instances exist where piers must be installed in either cut slopes or sloping compacted embankments. In general, the load-deflection analysis of laterally loaded rigid piers is conducted without consideration for the influence of soil resistance at the base of the pier. Also, no solution has been reported in the literature to indicate the significance of sloping ground surface on pier load-deflection behavior. A nonlinear finite difference model for the evaluation of lateral load-deflection response of rigid piers including base resistance was developed. Also, three dimensional force equilibrium model was used to derive a theoretical solution for the ultimate lateral capacity of piers constructed in both cohesionless and C-phi soil profiles having sloping ground surfaces. A computer program "LTBASE" was developed for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded piers. The findings of the theoretical analysis were incorporated in the computer program. The results of 9 field load tests performed within this study and 17 external load tests are also presented. The general applicability of the formulated models to estimate the load-deflection behavior of the test piers is demonstrated by presenting a comparison between the predicted and measured responses. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge foundations KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Finite differences KW - Footings KW - Forecasting KW - Granular soils KW - Lateral loads KW - Load deflection KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Pier foundation KW - Residual soils KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622387 AU - Radwan, A E AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC OPERATION COUNTERMEASURES TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION. STATE-OF-THE-ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 26 p. AB - The increasing air pollution problem in metropolitan areas presents a serious threat to the health of the public. It has been reported that during the years 1983-85, 76 U.S. cities had violated the ozone pollution standards and 81 cities violated the limits on carbon monoxide. The Environmental Protection Agency has begun enforcement actions against cities that either have failed to develop an approved plan to reduce the pollution or have failed to carry out previously approved plans. Motor vehicle emissions are the major contributors to air pollution in urban areas. An effective solution to this problem is the reduction of motor vehicle emissions by means of a comprehensive transportation plan. This plan includes short term solutions such as automobile use management during certain days of the week, traffic management strategies, short term transit strategies, and parking management. This study: 1) developed a state-of-the-art report on the topic of "Evaluation of Traffic Operation Countermeasures to Reduce Air Pollution"; 2) recommended that further research be done to assess the effectiveness of different control strategies and motorist information systems on air pollution; and 3) developed a research work plan for the proposed topic. KW - Air pollution KW - Countermeasures KW - Effectiveness KW - Exhaust gases KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway traffic control KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619195 AU - McCullagh, F R AU - Wolfe, T W AU - D'Souza, M AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE JOINT SEALANTS IN HOT CLIMATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 38 p. AB - A research project was initiated in 1979 on project IR-17-1(126) to compare and evaluate several joint sealants. In 1982 another test section on project F 028-1-506 was established to evaluate several other sealants. This report documents the placement and performance of these sealants, and presents recommendations for sealant material in hot climates. The 1979 project is located on the northbound lanes of the Black Canyon Freeway, in Phoenix, between the Northern Avenue underpass and the Northern Avenue northbound on-ramp. The test section is approximately 1500 ft long and includes three lanes of PCCP in each direction. A total of five products were evaluated on the Black Canyon Freeway: Dow Corning 888, Superseal 444, Overflex-MS2, ARCO III, and ADOT's own formula of MC250 with rubber. The second experimental project was initiated in October 1982 and is located on both the eastbound and westbound lanes of the Superstition Freeway between Gilbert Road and Lindsey Road in Mesa, Arizona. Four products were evaluated on the Superstition Freeway: General Electric's low modulus silicone SCS 4403, Tremco's THC-900 and Kitimine, and Superseal 444. Based on these two test sections it was found that if a silicone sealant is placed properly it will perform better than the PVC coal tar, asphalt-rubber, and polyurethane products that were tested. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Coal tars KW - Concrete pavements KW - Hot climates KW - Pavement joints KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Sealing compounds KW - Silicones KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26980/EP7904.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616580 AU - Fiechtl, A L AU - Fenves, G L AU - Frank, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF HORIZONTALLY CURVED GIRDER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 96 p. AB - The design of multigirder bridge units with horizontal curvature is complicated by the torsional forces induced by the curvature. The proportioning of girders for preliminary design requires an approximate analysis that accounts for the curvature. This report presents the development and an evaluation of an approximate analysis procedure for curved girder bridges. The V-load method is named because the effects of curvature are represented by self-equilibrating vertical loads acting on the girders. The V-load method, as implemented in the analysis procedure described in this report, is suitable for approximate analysis of preliminary bridge designs. The analysis procedure includes composite behavior, and allows variable radius of curvature and skew supports. Envelopes of bending moment and shear force due to moving track loads can be generated. The V-load method is evaluated by comparing the approximate response with the response from a more refined finite element analysis for a variety of bridge configurations. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Composite action KW - Curvature KW - Curved bridges KW - Curved girders KW - Girder bridges KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Shear forces KW - Shear stress KW - Skewed structures KW - Skewness KW - Structural design KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Torsion KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477520 AU - Wimsatt, A J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Burns, N H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODS OF ANALYZING AND FACTORS INFLUENCING FRICTIONAL EFFECTS OF SUBBASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 84 p. AB - This final report for Research Project 459 reviews available information relating to the subbase frictional effect, especially an unpublished Portland Cement Association report for the Federal Highway Administration on cement stabilized subbases. Experimental results of push off tests on an unbound shell subbase layer underlying an in-service jointed reinforced concrete pavement are given and discussed. The report also lists and discusses the results of push off tests to find the effects of subbase depth and surface texture on the frictional resistance of an asphalt concrete pavement. Actual crack spacing values for continuously reinforced concrete pavements were then correlated to values predicted by the CRCP computer program in this report, using the subbase friction information found from this project study. Results of estimating subbase friction using the indirect tensile strength testing of subbase cores are shown and discussed, and implications of the subbase frictional effect on concrete pavements are presented. The report ends with a summary of conclusions and recommendations for future testing. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Depth KW - Friction KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Pavement cracking KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Tension tests KW - Testing KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486207 AU - Straughan, W T AU - Fowler, D W AU - Perry, K W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF REST AREA REQUIREMENTS--APPENDIX: PERTINENT REST AREA LITERATURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 66 p. AB - Rest areas are an important part of our highway system, particularly on the interstate system. This report presents the findings of an extensive investigation to determine requirements for rest areas, with particular emphasis on comfort stations. Many sources of information were used in the study. Officials in other states were visited and surveyed, rest areas were inspected, comfort stations within the states operated by other agencies were visited, and modular restroom manufacturing facilities were visited. Rest area surveys were conducted, district maintenance personnel were consulted, and complaint letters received by the department were reviewed. Accepted design procedures for determining number of fixtures are presented. An extensive appendix is included, which contains detailed information on the surveys and interviews. Future reports will include specific recommendations. This volume contains Appendices A through F. KW - Comfort stations KW - Complaints KW - Data collection KW - Design methods KW - Fixtures KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Interviewing KW - Machinery KW - Modular structures KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490542 AU - Ragan, R M AU - Hollister, J AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maryland Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AN INTERACTIVE, REAL-TIME, COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM FOR STATEWIDE HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS. PHASE 1. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 101 p. AB - Hydrologic models having parameters defined in terms of watershed conditions provide important information needed for hydraulic design decisions. In an effort to improve the efficiency of the hydrologic modeling activities of the Maryland State Highway Administration (MSHA), a one-year duration Type B project was undertaken. The key objective was to provide the MSHA engineer with a menu driven, intelligent workstation built around an IBM PC or PC-AT that will allow him to quickly assemble land cover, slope and soil data for any watershed in the State and then make the necessary interface to define the hydrologic parameters and run the SCS family of models. The studies and experiments conclude that such an approach is feasible within present technologies. A strategy for implementation and the hardware/software configurations for each component is presented. KW - Databases KW - Hardware KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Interactive computing KW - Land use KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Personal computers KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Slopes KW - Software KW - Soils KW - Structural design KW - User interfaces (Computer science) KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299533 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490550 AU - Frantzen, J AU - Stratton, F W AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - P-Y CURVE DATA FOR LATERALLY LOADED PILES IN SHALE AND SANDSTONE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 81 p. AB - A total of eight 8.6 inch diameter, 15 foot long model piles socketed in Pennsylvanian Age sandstone and shale were tested under lateral load. The lateral load was applied by a manually operated 50 ton hydraulic jack set between two steel load transfer saddles. The applied load was measured with an electronic load cell. Pile deflection under load was measured with coaxially mounted inclinometers for subsurface measurement and dial gauges for above ground movement. Each pile was subjected to a series of 3 ton cyclic and up to 20 ton static lateral loads. The nondimensional method for analysis of laterally loaded piles was used to develop a set of p-y curves for each pile. The resulting p-y curves were used with computer program COM624 to check the validity of the experimental curves. The experimental curves were used to develop a "typical" p-y curve for sandstone and sandy shale. The tests also demonstrated the applicability of the stiff clay above the water table p-y curves for the prediction of lateral deflections of piles in low and moderate strength clay shales. The uninstrumented pile lateral load test described in the report has proven to be a very useful method of obtaining p-y curve data at minimum cost. KW - Deflection KW - End bearing piles KW - Lateral supports KW - Laterally loaded piles KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Repeated loads KW - Sandstones KW - Shale KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490653 AU - Tascione, T AU - Hudson, W R AU - Burns, N H AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE PROJECT SELECTION FOR TEXAS PY - 1987/11 SP - 152 p. AB - The computerized bridge project selection program for Texas is a State and District level closed-loop process for the proper selection of bridge rehabilitation and replacement projects. The process described addresses a need for the consistent and effective evaluation of over 47,000 disparate inventoried structures. The State level of the process is driven by two computer programs and the proposed District level of the process is driven by a third. The one State-level program applies existing Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) criteria to the complete bridge inventory while the other program applies tighter State Department of Highways and Public Transportation criteria to those projects passing the FHWA screening. Statistical evaluations are used for the prioritization of projects within the system. The District level of the process evaluates the automated selections and feeds back the results to the State-level computer programs. The input for the State-level programs can then be adjusted to better reflect the concerns of the District Engineers. Variables for use in the State-level prioritization program are developed to complement existing evaluators. The Service Indices developed consider separately cost-effective, essential, and functional services of each proposed project. Elements of the process have recently been used for the determination of budget distributions for the 1987-1991 Off-State System Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program. The procedure implemented to calculate these distributions and its results are presented. Conclusions and recommendations regarding the overall process and the elements which comprise it complete the document. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Budgeting KW - Computer programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Fund allocations KW - Maintenance KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478045 AU - Govind, S AU - Faria, D A AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Walton, C M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS AND FORECAST OF TRUCK TRAFFIC LOADS AND THE RELATIVE DAMAGE TO PAVEMENT SYSTEMS AS A FUNCTION OF AXLE CONFIGURATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 224 p. AB - The rate of deterioration of highway pavement in Texas over the years appears to have been accelerating. During this time, there has also been an observed increase in truck weights and sizes. This report is the first in a series regarding a study entitled "Evaluation of Truck Sizes, Weights, and Tire Pressures on Pavement Deterioration," being conducted by the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin. The overall study examines several aspects of possible cause and effect relationships between increasing truck weights, sizes, tire pressures and pavement deterioration. The first phase of this study includes three scenarios. The first is a base scenario, which is characterized by an assessment of the effects on pavements of the entire vehicle fleet operating with currently prescribed weight limits and pre-1973 tire pressures. The second is an existing traffic scenario, characterized by the most recently-observed (1984) SDHPT vehicle weight data and tire pressures. The third is a future-traffic scenario, whereby hypothetical vehicle configurations are utilized to evaluate a possible way of reducing pavement damage. This report presents methods of data forecasting that are required for the overall study. The second phase of the study focuses on the problem of pavement damage as related to axle configurations. Theoretical models are developed to relate axle configurations to pavement damage. ESAL values for a wide range of single axle weights are computed based on this theory. The results are compared with the AASHTO ESAL values. The model is then applied to the forecasting of pavement damage as a function of axle spacing in tandem axles and ESAL values are computed for different tandem axle profiles. The methodology is general and it may be applied to any truck axle configuration for determining its effect on the pavement with respect to a standard axle weight. KW - Axle configurations KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Defects KW - Forecasting KW - Inflation KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle size KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286959 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478027 AU - Bakker, T AU - Ehsan, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIP IRRIGATION STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - v.p. AB - The use of drip emitters to irrigate highway landscaping helps to conserve two of our critical resources, water and energy. The California Department of Transportation used drip emitters for many projects during the 1970's and early 1980's. The use of drip emitters has decreased since 1980 because of clogging problems. Transportation Laboratory personnel conducted a study to determine the causes of emitter clogging. Three field locations were selected to study these problems. The primary water quality parameters selected for this study were total dissolved solids and turbidity. As a result of studies at these three sites and other field investigations, it was found that waters containing high levels of total dissolved solids and that were given continuous chemical treatment created the most severe emitter clogging problems. Most of the flow reduction occurred after the watering schedule was changed to twice per week for a total of 10.5 hours per week. KW - Clogging KW - Drip emitters KW - Field studies KW - Irrigation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Turbidity KW - Water conservation KW - Water quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488750 AU - Scharfe, C W AU - Malina, J F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS AT HIGHWAY REST AREAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 84 p. AB - The majority of Texas highway rest areas were built in the 1960's. The water and wastewater systems at these rest areas reflect the technology available at that time. This report summarizes the current state-of-the-art technologies for water and wastewater systems at highway rest areas in the United States. Methods for determining rest area water demands, wastewater flows, pump sizes, storage tank volumes, and fixture requirements were explored. Various wastewater systems used at rest areas in outside states were evaluated. The two problems most frequently encountered in rest area water systems are inadequate water supply and/or water pressure. Water demand data for Texas rest areas is non-existent and thus water meters need to be installed at all Texas rest areas. Meters should separate the volume of water used in rest rooms from outside water demands at the rest area. For more immediate purposes, water demands can be estimated using the Zaltzman method. Ideal water pressure at rest areas is 40 psi with 20 to 60 psi being acceptable. Water system component sizing should be based on peak water demands. Rest area wastewater systems best suited for Texas, in order of preference, are (1) evaporative ponds, (2) overflow ponds, (3) overland flow or spray irrigation, and (4) evapotranspiration beds. Failed septic systems can be renovated using the systems listed above during rest area high use periods. Land requirements for rest area wastewater disposal systems are a minimum of approximately 3 acres and can be upwards to 10 acres. Recreational vehicles and water saving toilets will increase concentrations of organic wastewater constituents delivered to wasterwater systems and will require changes in the operation of the treatment systems, such as more frequent septic tank pumpout. KW - Demand KW - Evaporative ponds KW - Evapotranspiration KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Renovation KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Septic tanks KW - State of the art studies KW - Wastewater KW - Water KW - Water demand KW - Water pressure KW - Water supply structures KW - Water supply systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298986 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476014 AU - Hall, S P AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIVE AGGREGATES FOR SKID RESISTANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 43 p. AB - The objectives of the study were 1) to identify sources of native aggregates with varying histories of skid resistance performance; 2) to evaluate and correlate native aggregate characteristics, processing techniques, and other factors with skid resistance and surface mixture performance; and 3) to provide guidelines for implementation of research findings. Limestone, sandstone, river gravel, and control aggregates (granite, traprock, and slags) were subjected to a battery of tests to determine physical relationships between aggregate type and skid resistance. Laboratory results were analyzed for correlations among themselves and for correlations with skid number data obtained from pavements containing aggregates involved in the study. No significant correlation could be found between any of the laboratory results and field skid numbers. This was particularly disturbing with reference to the KTRP test. It was thought that it could be used to adequately predict field skid performance. However, preliminary findings have shown no such relationship. It is recommended that the KTRP test be amended to provide a more defined weight loss over time to attempt to explain the behavior of an aggregate's skid resistance over time. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Correlation analysis KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470930 AU - O'Malley, E S AU - Wright, S G AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH TESTING METHODS USED BY THE TEXAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 188 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the various laboratory test methods used by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation for determining the undrained shear strengths of clays. Shear tests were performed using the Texas Triaxial, Texas Transmatic, conventional (ASTM) unconsolidated-undrained, and vane shear apparatus. Tests were performed on a variety of specimens including: (1) soft remolded specimens prepared by packing soil into specially fabricated tubes; (2) stiffer, remolded specimens prepared by a "vacuum extrusion" process; (3) specimens prepared by compaction using Standard Proctor Compactive effort; (4) undisturbed specimens obtained from the north approach embankment of the proposed State Highway 87 bridge over the Neches River in Port Arthur, Texas; and (5) artificial specimens cast from polyurethane. Strengths measured by the various test procedures were compared and recommendations are made regarding appropriate procedures for use by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT). KW - Clay KW - Compaction KW - Evaluation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polyurethane resins KW - Preparation KW - Recommendations KW - Remolded soil samples KW - Remolded soils KW - Specimens KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Undisturbed samples KW - Undrained shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485425 AU - Perry, K W AU - Fowler, D W AU - Scharfe, C W AU - Malina, J F AU - Vliet, G C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN MANUAL FOR REST AREA COMFORT STATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 44 p. AB - A site near Victoria on U.S. 59 was selected as a site for the design of a prototype rest area comfort station. Rest room facilities were designed for 500,000 users per year with provisions made for additional units to be constructed later as the number of users increases. Separate parking facilities were provided for small and large vehicles. Rest room buildings were designed with dual men's and women's facilities to insure that at least one rest room will always be available, even during maintenance. Two doors are provided in each rest room. Rest rooms are designed to eliminate illegal sexual activities. Fixtures and materials were selected with ease of maintenance and durability in mind. Rest rooms are heated and air conditioned. The calculations of heating and cooling loads are shown, along with the design of the water and wastewater systems. Plans, elevations, sections, and details are included. KW - Air conditioning systems KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Fixtures KW - Heating KW - Machinery KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Materials KW - Parking facilities KW - Roadside rest areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485508 AU - McCuen, R AU - Vannoy, D W AU - Hooker, L AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART STUDIES PRELIMINARY WORK SCOPES: MATERIALS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 60 p. AB - The materials testing laboratories of highway agencies have been recording materials test results for many years in a format that is computer compatible. Currently, most data entry and data storage is done manually. This makes the data difficult to use and a considerable amount of space is needed to physically store the data. Full advantage of the available information is not being taken. A comprehensive literature review was conducted of database management systems and the applicability to State highway data. The conclusion is that implementing a materials management information system is certainly feasible and warranted. KW - Data management KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Management information systems KW - Materials management KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469698 AU - CARRASQUILLO, P M AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED CONCRETE QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES INCLUDING THIRD POINT LOADING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 194 p. AB - In order to improve the quality of concrete construction in the state of Texas, the SDHPT must always search for better and improved ways to ensure the quality of the concrete used in construction. Traditionally, SDHPT has used the center point flexural load test as its main test procedure for determining the strength of concrete. However, due to the large scatter in the test results obtained using this procedure, it is often not clear what the actual strength of the concrete is, thus rendering the test procedure inadequate. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop the necessary information to allow the use of a different quality control procedure by resident engineers in the field. The test procedure adopted must be one which provides for more consistent test results while being easy to perform, low cost, and sensitive to variations in the strength of the concrete. This study investigated the use of center point loading versus third point loading in determining the flexural strength of concrete. A total of over seven hundred beam specimens were cast from fourteen different mixes. Factors investigated to determine their effect on flexural strength test results included specimen size, coarse aggregate size and type, and concrete strength. Statistical analyses were performed to determine standard deviations, coefficients of variation, and acceptable between-laboratory variations for each flexural strength test method. Current Texas highway specifications should be modified to incorporate the use of flexural strength testing by third point loading. Flexural strength requirements need to be made compatible with third point testing, using the correlation determined herein. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Center point loading KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Flexural strength KW - Quality control KW - Quality control testing KW - Size KW - Specimen size KW - Specimens KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Third point loading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485689 AU - Hens, A T AU - Cirasole, G N AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SYNTHETIC FABRICS TO REDUCE REFLECTIVE CRACKING OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 28 p. AB - The effectiveness of two synthetic fabrics, Bituthene 5300 and Y78 Petromat was evaluated, when used to control reflective cracking on bituminous concrete overlays. The installation of the fabrics was on I-695, the Baltimore Beltway, between Benson Avenue and the Patapsco River. The pavement was placed in the summer of 1982 and monitoring continued until the spring of 1987. At the end of the evaluation period, no definite conclusion could be reached regarding the ability of the fabrics to retard reflective cracking. Informal observations of this test area will continue for the next several years. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking KW - Synthetic fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483828 AU - Fowler, D W AU - Malina, J F AU - Perry, K W AU - Vliet, G C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REST AREAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 14 p. AB - Based on the findings presented in previous reports, recommended design procedures are presented. Recommendations include spacing, site requirements, example architectural designs, materials, mechanical systems, and operations and maintenance. Recommendations for energy sources, water systems, and wastewater systems are made. KW - Architecture KW - Design KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Spacing KW - Wastewater UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468698 AU - Hutter, W AU - PRICE, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAFLECT/BENKELMAN BEAM CORRELATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 41 p. AB - With recent rehabilitation work progressing on Colorado's Interstate Portland Cement Concrete Pavements (PCCP), the Department of Highways found that many new PCCP condition surveys would be required. An important part of the condition survey is the deflection measurements at joints, midslab, and cracks of the plain jointed PCCP. This study looked at primarily the joints and cracks in the pavement for its evaluation. Deflections are presently measured with a department-owned Dynaflect or a Benkelman Beam. The beam is cumbersome, making it slow and costly to use. As a result, a project was initiated to correlate results from the faster Dynaflect to the results of the labor-intensive Benkelman Beam. This report describes the procedures and results of the Benkelman Beam/Dynaflect correlation. Based on the data collected for this study, there is no conclusive evidence that a valid correlation exists between the two devices. If the Dynaflect or a Benkelman Beam is to be used for deflection evaluation of rigid pavements, equipment operating recommendations within this report should be strongly considered. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Correlation analysis KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Evaluation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481055 AU - Abdul-Malak, M-AU AU - Price, D A AU - Fowler, D W AU - Meyer, A H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE COATING PROBLEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 42 p. AB - The objective of this research was to determine the causes of and to find remedies for the darkening and/or peeling problems experienced with some types of concrete coatings. Other states were surveyed and field inspections of several locations in Texas districts were performed in order to identify possible variables which may cause darkening or peeling of coatings. The variables identified included type and thickness of coatings, level of concrete and coating textures, and condition of concrete surfaces. A test panel program was then conducted in which the effect of each variable or a combination of variables was investigated. Recommendations are made which should reduce or eliminate many of the problems. KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Darkening KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Peeling KW - Surfaces KW - Texture KW - Thickness KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481054 AU - Straughan, W T AU - Fowler, D W AU - Perry, K W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF REST AREA REQUIREMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 14 p. AB - Rest areas are an important part of our highway system, particularly on the interstate system. This report presents the findings of an extensive investigation to determine requirements for rest areas, with particular emphasis on comfort stations. Many sources of information were used in the study. Highway officials in other states were visited and questioned, rest areas were inspected, comfort stations within the states operated by other agencies were visited, and modular restroom manufacturing facilities were visited. Rest area surveys were conducted, district maintenance personnel were consulted, and complaint letters received by the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation were reviewed. Accepted design procedures for determining number of fixtures are presented in this report. Volume 2 of this report contains detailed information on the surveys and interviews. Reports 442-4 and 442-5F will include specifc recommendations. KW - Comfort stations KW - Complaints KW - Data collection KW - Design methods KW - Fixtures KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Interviewing KW - Machinery KW - Modular structures KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481039 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Wright, C W AU - Florida A&M University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCORPORATION OF LIFE CYCLE COST INTO PROJECT DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 166 p. AB - This report presents a standard methodology for making a life-cycle cost comparison of transportation alternatives. Standard formulas and calculation procedures are presented. Emphasis is placed on developing updated highway user costs (time costs, vehicle operating costs, and accident costs) for Florida. Three case studies are presented: (1) comparison of highway design alternatives, with emphasis on comparison of 2-lane, 4-lane undivided, and 4-lane divided highways in rural areas; (2) evaluation of intersection signalization; and (3) comparison of bridge widening with bridge replacement. KW - Accident costs KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Florida KW - Highway design KW - Highway user costs KW - Intersections KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Pavement widening KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Replacing KW - Rural areas KW - Traffic signals KW - Travel time KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479382 AU - Perl, J AU - Chen, H-J AU - Mirza, M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE ART STUDIES/PRELIMINARY WORK SCOPES. TASK B - PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE COSTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 450 p. AB - Pavement maintenance cost is one of the three major components of the total life cycle cost for a specific highway segment. The capability of accurately estimating pavement maintenance cost depends directly on the quality of the available maintenance data. Two previous studies on life cycle cost of flexible and rigid pavements, conducted by the Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Maryland, for the Maryland State Highway Administration, encountered difficulties in estimating maintenance cost due to the lack of a complete maintenance data base. This study was undertaken to review and compile existing pavement maintenance data from other sources. The report consists of three parts. The first part presents the framework developed for compiling the data. This framework presents the organization of the compiled data and illustrates the content of a complete data set. The second part presents the compiled data, which includes data from 32 different States. Finally, the third part of the report summarizes the compiled data, according to the framework presented in Part I. KW - Databases KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478029 AU - Price, D A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT REPAIR - BENNETT TO STRASBURG. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 43 p. AB - The rehabilitation of concrete pavements is becoming increasingly important, especially as much of the Interstate system approaches its design life and is in need of repair and reconstruction. Numerous sections of concrete highway in Colorado will need rehabilitation in the next 10 years, using techniques for stabilizing and sealing the original concrete slabs before overlay. A project located on Interstate 70 near the Strasburg interchange was chosen to perform two experimental features for evaluation. The experimental features included slab stabilization through proof rolling and undersealing. Also included was an evaluation of fly ash as a crack filler. The three year evaluation showed a small improvement in reflective cracking on the proof rolled sections over that of the standard, but the improvement was not significant enough to warrant the cost of proof rolling. Undersealed sections showed no improvement over the standard section during this period. Fly ash used as a crack filler appeared to crumble shortly after installing producing large reflective cracks in the overlay. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Fly ash KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Proof rolling KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475186 AU - Dayman, B AU - Rubenstein, L D AU - California Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF INTERMITTENT CUT-AND-COVER HIGHWAY TUNNELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 158 p. AB - This document summarizes the experimental studies carried out for predicting air quality in and about passively-ventilated (no mechanical ventilation), intermittently-covered highways (such as cut-and-cover freeways). The information is presented in a handbook manner so it can readily be used by highway planners and designers to estimate the distribution of the concentrations of vehicle exhaust for many types of multiple-tunnel highway system designs. This report complements the already established design processes normally used for determining the air quality of single highway tunnels. It shows how to predict the air flow patterns and to incorporate the available exhaust emission and dispersion information in order to determine the resulting distributions of vehicle exhaust concentrations. The results of this report can be used to lower the acquisition, construction, and/or operation costs of freeways in central business districts by making more feasible the use of intermittent, unventilated, multiple tunnels as opposed to ventilated tunnels or open cuts. All this can be accomplished while minimizing: adverse effects of a freeway dividing and/or interrupting the established traffic/pedestrian patterns of an urban area; and loss of the tax base. KW - Air KW - Air flow KW - Air quality KW - Central business districts KW - Costs KW - Cut and cover tunneling KW - Exhaust gases KW - Flow KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Handbooks KW - Structural design KW - Tunnel design KW - Tunnels KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476835 AU - Aslam, M F AU - Saraf, C L AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STEEL REINFORCEMENT OF CRCP. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 48 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the variations in properties of concrete mixes composed of limestone and siliceous river gravel aggregates on the design and performance of CRC pavements. Laboratory testing of concrete mixes composed of these two aggregate types was carried out at the Balcones Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin. A statistical analysis was performed on these laboratory measurements to develop models to predict concrete properties for the two aggregate types. These models reflect differences in the properties of concrete mixes composed of limestone and siliceous river gravel aggregate types. Utilizing these concrete property models and formulating a factorial based on environmental conditions, pavement geometry, and steel reinforcement variables, an analysis was performed with the CRCP-4 computer program. The pavement performance predictions from this program were used to develop aggregate based CRC pavement steel reinforcement design models. The variation in concrete properties due to the choice of limestone or siliceous river gravel aggregates was accordingly translated into different steel reinforcement requirements for the two aggregate types. As a further refinement of the CRC pavement design procedure a concept of design reliability based upon the observed field performance of pavements has been developed. This concept, which identifies the aggregate type, should be incorporated into the criteria for developing design recommendations. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete properties KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field performance KW - Forecasting KW - Gravelly soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Physical properties KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reliability KW - Rivers KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous river gravel KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476013 AU - Deacon, J A AU - Pigman, J G AU - MOHSENZADEH, A AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC VOLUME ESTIMATES AND GROWTH TRENDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 150 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop a procedure to forecast highway traffic volumes through the use of growth factors representative of Kentucky highways and reflecting effects of important socioeconomic and demographic variables. A two-stage modeling process was used. In the first, linear regression models were used to relate average daily travel on Kentucky roadways to personal income, price of fuel, and total miles of streets and highways. In the second, cross-tabulation models were used to relate growth in volume at a specific site--expressed relative to the statewide ADT--to highway functional classification, rural/urban location, county population growth, SMSA/non-SMSA designation, and volume level. The growth model yields estimates not only of the most likely rate of growth at a particular site but also of the range experienced at similar sites statewide. In collecting historical volume data for model calibration, a file was developed representing approximately 15,000 sites on the state highway system at which counts had been taken during the 1963-86 base period. On average, there were about 5.8 counts for each of these sites. Data in the file is instantly accessible by microcomputer users through dBASE software. A piecewise linear regression routine is used to provide estimates for past years during which counts were not taken. The historical volume database has been designed for continuous updating as new counts are made. Similarly, the forecasting models have been designed for convenient recalibration at annual intervals. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Classification KW - Databases KW - Demographics KW - Estimates KW - Fuel prices KW - Fuels KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Income KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Population growth KW - Prices KW - Rural areas KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470929 AU - Papaleontiou, C G AU - Meyer, A H AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE 4-CYCLE MAGNESIUM SULFATE SOUNDNESS TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 62 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the 4-cycle magnesium sulfate soundness test to control quality of coarse aggregates for use in hot mix asphaltic concrete and seal coats. A total of 41 aggregates were tested for the purpose of this study in the laboratory and the behavior of eight of the aggregates was evaluated in the field by examining roadway performance. The soundness test was found to be the best method for predicting performance among specific gravity, absorption, aggregate durability index, freeze-thaw, Los Angeles abrasion, and a modified Texas wet ball mill (called Texas degradation) tests. Specific recommendations have been suggested to improve the soundness procedure. Also specification limits for hot mix and seal coat projects have been included. The repeatability of the soundness test was approximately equal to that of durability index and lower than the repeatability of Texas degradation. Statistical analysis showed high correlation between soundness and other tests at soundness losses less than 20 percent, and low correlation at higher values. Texas degradation showed the best correlation with the soundness test. The model that describes their relationship has R-squared equals 0.72. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Correlation analysis KW - Degradation, aggregate KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Improvements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Magnesium compounds KW - Magnesium sulfate KW - Performance KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - Repeatability KW - Seal coats KW - Soundness test KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280517 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469943 AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Loumiet, J R AU - Migletz, J AU - Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORTABLE CONCRETE BARRIER CONNECTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 158 p. AB - Portable concrete barriers (PCB) keep traffic from entering work areas, protect workers, separate two-way traffic and protect construction such as falsework for bridges. The barrier connector is normally regarded as the weakest part of the barrier system. Recently, a number of chronic problems have been observed in the use of PCB, mainly related to the connector system. This report contains the results of a survey of PCB use, an analytical analysis of connector strengths, review of crash test results and narratives on visits to highway agencies to learn about current application and performance. The pin and loop variety of connector is used in 46 agencies, however, design secifications even within this connector variety vary widely. The tongue and groove and plate insert connectors are the next most widely used connectors. The most widely used connectors are the least crash tested, and a number of connectors presently being used have never been tested. Analysis of connector strengths reveals that pins in pin and loop connectors should be anchored to prevent pins from jumping or bending out of connector loops. Some connectors currently used have major application and performance problems. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Connectors KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Fasteners KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Pin and loop connectors KW - Plate insert connectors KW - Specifications KW - Strength of materials KW - Surveys KW - Temporary barriers KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Tongue and groove joints KW - Utilization KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469697 AU - Brion, L M AU - Mays, L W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF BACKWATER AT BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 188 p. AB - A finite element modeling system for analyzing two-dimensional hydrodynamics in the horizontal plane has been modified to run on an IBM personal computer. Some theoretical aspects about the method of finite elements in relation to the governing equations are discussed. An extensive guideline is given for data preparation and model implementation. A review of previous work using the same finite element program done within and outside the United States has been given to show wide acceptance and applicability of this particular computer code. Two example applications on the mainframe version of the same computer code are reproduced to demonstrate some of the capabilities of the PC version. A natural stream with a bridge crossing was analyzed to show that early convergence of the finite element solution to the two-dimensional free-surface flow equations is possible by the specification of an initial solution obtained from one-dimensional backwater calculations. A fully interactive and graphics-oriented computer modeling system is suggested as the primary goal for future research. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Flow equations KW - Free surface KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Mathematical models KW - Personal computers KW - Two dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469936 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARKING FOR HANDICAPPED PERSONS STUDY. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PURSUANT TO SECTION 161 OF THE SURFACE TRANSPORTATION AND UNIFORM RELOCATION ASSISTANCE ACT OF 1987, P.L. 100-17 PY - 1987/11 SP - v.p. AB - Focusing on handicapped person parking ordinances and regulations, this report addresses two areas: problems encountered by handicapped persons in parking motor vehicles; and whether or not each State should establish parking privileges for handicapped persons and grant to nonresidents of the State the same parking privileges as are granted to residents. Information in this report was obtained by reviewing each State's Motor Vehicle Code or Statutes dealing with parking privileges extended to handicapped persons (see Appendix B). In addition, background information on the parking problems encountered by handicapped persons was solicited from organizations acutely aware of the difficulties facing the handicapped. These organizations include the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA), the National Governors Association, the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA), and the American Automobile Association (AAA). Several inconsistencies among the States emerged as problems faced by handicapped persons in parking motor vehicles. These are: lack of a uniform definition of who is entitled to special handicapped parking privileges; lack of a uniform method for identifying motor vehicles as owned by or transporting a handicapped person; lack of uniform parking privileges extended to handicapped persons; varying degrees of enforcement of handicapped parking laws and severity of penalties imposed on violators; and lack of reciprocity between the States in recognizing out-of-State handicapped parking permits, license plates, etc. At the conclusion of this study it was found that development of a uniform State law on handicapped parking was needed. However, it was also found that the issue of uniform handicapped parking regulation has been addressed by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances (NCUTLO). In November 1984, the NCUTLO adopted provisions to be added to the UVC (Uniform Vehicle Code) that defined a handicapped person, prohibited parking in any space designated by the International Symbol of Access unless the vehicle displayed that symbol, and generally established handicapped parking regulations. These revisions were published and distributed to the States in 1986, and therefore, have not yet been fully adopted by all the States. KW - Disabled drivers KW - Local government KW - Parking regulations KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Reciprocity KW - State government KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic laws KW - Traffic regulations KW - Uniform Vehicle Code UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468706 AU - McGee, H W AU - Mace, D L AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - RETROREFLECTIVITY OF ROADWAY SIGNS FOR ADEQUATE VISIBILITY: A GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 49 p. AB - This manual deals with the reflectivity of traffic signs. It interprets and explains the specifications and test procedures in the Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects (FP-85) dealing with retroreflective sheeting and related matters and provides guidance where appropriate. Topics covered include: (1) principles of retroreflection and characteristics of sign reflective sheeting; (2) considerations in selecting different sheeting types; (3) FP-85 specifications and test procedures; (4) sign fabrication; (5) handling, stockpiling, and installing; (6) inventory, inspection, and replacement; and (7) maintenance. KW - Building KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Fabrication KW - Facilities KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Inventory KW - Manuals KW - Reflectivity KW - Replacing KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468145 AU - Mayer, J B AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - North Dakota State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LITERATURE REVIEW OF SELECTED GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 31 p. AB - The objective of this study was to determine if any of the guardrail systems currently in use in North Dakota are similar to any that have been tested and approved in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. Results of this study show that five of the six design features submitted for review have not been crash tested. It is recommended these five features be tested, four with minor modifications. KW - Guardrails KW - North Dakota KW - Structural design KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467822 AU - Wu, T H AU - Takriti, O S AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CREEP CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTEXTILE IN THE CONFINEMENT OF SOILS UNDER SUSTAINED LOADING - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 80 p. AB - A study was undertaken to investigate the stress-strain and creep behaviors of a non-woven, needle-punched, polyester geotextile. A total of eight stress-strain tests (all these tests were repeated to check for test repeatability) and seven creep tests were performed using test devices designed at the University of Colorado at Denver. The tests were conducted with the geotextile in isolation as well as in the confinement of soils of variable overburden pressures (8.36 psi, 10 psi, and 16.53 psi), soil densities (107 pcf and 110 pcf), soil types (No. 30 Ottawa and Monterey No. 0/30 sands), and geotextile specimen sizes (3 inches wide by 1.5 inches long and 3 inches wide by 1 inch long samples). It was found that the geotextile exhibited very different behavior in isolation and in the confinement of soil. The stress-strain-creep characteristics of the geotextile was significantly different in the confinement of the two sands prepared at the same density. This study is Phase I of a research project of which the objective was to develop a rational procedure for evaluation of the creep characteristics of geotextiles over the design life of geotextile-reinforced earth structures. KW - Confinement KW - Creep properties KW - Deformation curve KW - Density KW - Geotextiles KW - Loads KW - Nonwoven textiles KW - Overburdens KW - Polyester resins KW - Soils KW - Sustained loading KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467784 AU - Button, J W AU - Little, D N AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT ADDITIVES FOR INCREASED PAVEMENT FLEXIBILITY. FINAL REPORT (REVISED) PY - 1987/11 SP - 221 p. AB - Research was performed to evaluate asphalt additives as economic treatments to reduce premature cracking without adversely affecting rutting. Five asphalt additives were selected and evaluated in a comprehensive laboratory test program. Additives selected for evaluation included block copolymer rubber, SBR latex, ethylene vinyl acetate, polyethylene and carbon black. Asphalts two grades softer than that normally used in HMAC from two sources with widely differing properties were blended with each additive. Assessments of the effects of these additives were based on rheological and physicochemical properties of asphalt cement and on mixture stability, stiffness, tensile properties, and resistance to fatigue, thermal cracking, plastic deformation and moisture damage. Although each additive tested reduced the temperature susceptibility of both asphalts and showed the potential to reduce cracking and/or rutting in asphalt concrete pavements, no additive surfaced as a cure-all. KW - Acetates KW - Additives KW - Asphalt KW - Carbon black KW - Ethylene resins KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex KW - Physicochemical properties KW - Plastic deformation KW - Polyethylene KW - Rheological properties KW - Rubber KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279103 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467821 AU - Augeri, F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLACEMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURE UTILIZING AN ASPHALT ADDITIVE - "VERGLIMIT" PY - 1987/11 SP - 22 p. AB - In response to Experimental Project No. 3 - Evaluation of Asphalt Additives, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Connecticut Department of Transportation has chosen to place an experimental bituminous concrete pavement, incorporating the additive "Verglimit." Composed of calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide encased in linseed oil, this capsule-like material is added to the bituminous mix during production. Once in place as pavement, the Verglimit is designed to retard the formation of ice on the friction surface, particularly on bridge decks. ConnDOT has placed approximately 85 tons of Verglimit mix on one side of a newly constructed bridge, using the other as a control. Construction difficulties and material costs are addressed in this report. The pavement durability and ice-retardant capabilities of the Verglimit mix will be evaluated for a period of five years. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium chloride KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Costs KW - Deicing KW - Durability KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Linseed oil KW - Pavements KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Verglimit (Deicing chemical) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279131 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465649 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE CONCRETE -- A LABORATORY STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 42 p. AB - In the cathodic protection of existing reinforced concrete bridge decks, there is a need for a simple secondary-anode system to facilitate the distribution of direct current over the structure being protected. It is believed that a durable, electrically conductive concrete can fill this need by serving both as an overlay and a secondary-anode system. In pursuit of such a system, three relatively conductive concrete mixtures were examined. Two of these mixtures contained carbon fibers alone, whereas the third contained carbon fibers and carbon black. Comparisons with some physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of a control mixture indicated that a conductive mixture containing fibers alone can be readily designed to be sufficiently durable and conductive to satisfy the need. KW - Bridge decks KW - Carbon fibers KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Electrical conductivity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36713/88-R8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464667 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Wilson, J L AU - Chen, S S AU - Lehigh University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REDUNDANCY OF SIMPLE SPAN AND TWO-SPAN WELDED STEEL TWO-GIRDER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/11 SP - 279 p. AB - To minimize the consequences of fracture of steel girder bridges AASHTO requires that reduced allowable fatigue stress ranges be used for nonredundant load path structures. Two-girder bridges are classified as nonredundant by AASHTO. The purpose of this investigation is to study the behavior of three real two-girder bridge spans, determine if redundant load paths exist, and if so, suggest design guidelines and procedures for ensuring redundancy of these two-girder study bridges. Elastic-plastic analyses of the two-girder study bridges were conducted. Lower bound incremental elastic-plastic finite element analyses were performed using the computer-integrated engineering system owned and operated by the Department of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University. Upper bound rigid-plastic analyses were performed using discontinuous virtual displacement fields to satisfy the mechanism condition. The use of computer graphics coupled with the finite element lower bound analyses was quite helpful in suggesting practical mechanisms for the upper bound analyses. Design procedures and guidelines were developed and used to redesign the study bridges to not only ensure redundancy but also to ensure after fracture serviceability of the study bridges. The results of this investigation suggest application of these design procedures and guidelines to other types and configurations of two-girder bridges as well as to multi-girder steel bridges. KW - Beams KW - Computer graphics KW - Design methods KW - Elastic plastic analysis KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Guidelines KW - Metal bridges KW - Redundancy KW - Simple span KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Two-girder bridges KW - Two-span KW - Welded steel beams KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457957 AU - Lindly, Jay K AU - White, Thomas D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of an Overlay Design Procedure for Flexible Pavements in Indiana PY - 1987/10/21/Final Report SP - 343p AB - A procedure for designing the thickness of asphaltic concrete overlays of flexible pavements was developed at Purdue University in response to a request from the Indiana Department of Highways (IDOH). The research included testing on 30 flexible pavement test sections. Two approaches to the problem were taken: an empirical approach which calculates the overlay thickness required to provide functional performance (ride quality and resistance to distress) over the life of the pavement, and a structural overlay method which calculates thickness required to prevent structural failure. Flexible overlay design Method 2 of the 1986 AASHTO Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures was selected for structural capacity design. Method 2 uses nondestructive testing (NDT) deflection data input to calculate overlay thickness. A negative value for overlay thickness indicates that sufficient structural capacity is present without adding an overlay. The functional performance approach used Indiana flexible pavement historical data to produce a regression equation relating overlay thickness to traffic, design life oil the overlay, pavement condition at the end of the design life, and estimated subgrade California bearing ratio. Various NDT deflection measurements, climate zone data, and pavement layer thickness variables were included in a variety of empirical analyses, but they were not significant in the analyses. Simultaneous use of the two design methods was recommended to IDOH. If values from both methods are positive, the larger value governs the design. If the structural value is negative, a thickness equal to the functional performance design may be milled and recycled back to the pavement. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Thickness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314131 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457949 AU - Lindly, Jay K AU - White, Thomas D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of an Overlay Design Procedure for Flexible Pavements in Indiana: Executive Summary PY - 1987/10/21 SP - 24p AB - A procedure for designing the thickness of asphaltic concrete overlays of flexible pavements was developed at Purdue University in response to a request from the Indiana Department of Highways (IDOH). The research included testing on 30 flexible pavement test sections. Two approaches to the problem were taken: an empirical approach which calculates the overlay thickness required to provide functional performance (ride quality and resistance to distress) over the life of the pavement, and a structural overlay method which calculates thickness required to prevent structural failure. Flexible overlay design Method 2 of the 1986 AASHTO Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures was selected for structural capacity design. Method 2 uses nondestructive testing (NDT) deflection data input to calculate overlay thickness. A negative value for overlay thickness indicates that sufficient structural capacity is present without adding an overlay. The functional performance approach used Indiana flexible pavement historical data to produce a regression equation relating overlay thickness to traffic, design life oil the overlay, pavement condition at the end of the design life, and estimated subgrade California bearing ratio. Various NDT deflection measurements, climate zone data, and pavement layer thickness variables were included in a variety of empirical analyses, but they were not significant in the analyses. Simultaneous use of the two design methods was recommended to IDOH. If values from both methods are positive, the larger value governs the design. If the structural value is negative, a thickness equal to the functional performance design may be milled and recycled back to the pavement. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indiana KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Thickness UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314132 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470987 AU - Diamond, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE INFLUENCE OF FLY ASH INCORPORATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF LATEX-MODIFIED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/10/21 SP - 23 p. AB - This interim report provides current results on a continuing project design to examine the effects of fly ash incorporation in latex-modified concrete designed for bridge deck overlays. Concretes batched with commercial styrene-butadiene latex and incorporating 15% and 25% of fly ash were prepared and the results of compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride permeability testing over a six-month period are reported. Four different Indiana fly ashes, including one Class C and three Class F ashes of varying properties were used. It was found that the fly ashes did not seriously degrade the development of strength in the latex-modified concretes, and actually improved the chloride permeability test results significantly. Some variation was found between the effects of the different fly ashes, the particular Class C ash used showing generally superior effectiveness, but the differences did not appear to be of great practical importance. The differences between the results for 15% and 25% fly ash treatment levels for a given fly ash were not very great. Research is continuing on several other aspects of the behavior of latex-modified concretes incorporating fly ash. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride permeability KW - Chlorides KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Copolymers KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Permeability KW - Research KW - Styrene butadiene copolymers KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584041 AU - Toney, Carl A AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Internally Sealed Concrete Using Wax Beads PY - 1987/10//Final Report SP - 31p AB - The use of wax beads to internally seal a concrete bridge deck to reduce the intrusion of chloride for the protection of the reinforcing steel is reported. Test panels of the internally sealed concrete were constructed to determine the best heating method and amount of time required to melt the wax beads. The test panel and bridge deck mix design, construction, heating, and evaluations are documented. The low chloride content test and low half cell potential tests indicate that the internally sealed, wax bead, concrete is performing as designed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion protection KW - Internally sealed concrete KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Wax beads UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/132.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584033 AU - Toney, Carl A AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fiber Reinforced Asphalt Concrete Pavements - City of Tacoma PY - 1987/10//Final Report SP - 22p AB - The use of BoniFibers™ fiber reinforced Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP) at three City of Tacoma intersections is reported. Product selection, fiber reinforced ACP mix design, old pavement removal, construction and evaluations are documented. BoniFibers™ fabric reinforced ACP appears to provide a durable roadway at intersections that have a high volume of turning and heavy traffic. Continued monitoring of the City of Tacoma fiber reinforced ACP is recommended until major deterioration occurs. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced asphalt concrete KW - Intersections KW - Mix design KW - Polymer fibers KW - Tacoma (Washington) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/133.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1376701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418080 AU - Daniels, J H AU - Wilson, J W AU - Yen, B T AU - Lai, L Y AU - Abbaszadeh, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Weigh in motion and response study of four inservice bridges PY - 1987/10 IS - FHWA/RD-86-045 SP - 200P AB - This report presents the results of a 30 month investigation at lehigh university during which an fhwa wim system was redesigned and used to acquire and process simultaneous truck weight plus bridge response data from 19,402 trucks crossing 4 inservice bridges in pennsylvania. The new system is designated the wim+ response system in the report. The wim+ response system is capable of acquiring and processing data to provide information on simultaneous bridge loading and response including gvw and stress range distributions, strain rates, maximum stresses, load distribution, and dynamic effects. Detailed information is provided in this report on gvw distributions for the four inservice bridges plus stress range distributions, strain rates, and maximum stresses at 16 locations on each of the 4 bridges. Girder stresses are compared with AASHTO design stresses and with stresses from a detailed finite element analysis of the superstructure (a). KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge loads KW - Bridge-vehicle interaction KW - Condition surveys KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle bridge interaction KW - Vehicle weighing KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416984 AU - Gifford, D G AU - Kraemer, S R AU - Wheeler, J R AU - Mckown, A F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Spread footings for highway bridges PY - 1987/10 IS - FHWA/RD-86-185 SP - 229p AB - A long term study of the settlement performance of 21 bridge foundations supported on cohesionless soil sand or silt was completed to provide a reliable database for engineering evaluation. The observations documented the successful performance of the foundations where total average settlement of 0.75 In was recorded while an average of only 0.25 In of settlement was noted after construction of the bridge decks. Geotechnical engineering methods for prediction of settlement of foundations on sand were evaluated with five methods compared in detail to observed data. Recommendations for design are provided. Geotechnical instrumentation monitoring systems for observation of settlement and tilt and related parameters are described along with preparation of a computerized data base for data storage and retrieval. Design recommendations for foundations on rock as well as risk based design concepts are presented. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge foundation KW - Bridge foundations KW - Database KW - Databases UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416777 AU - Little, D N AU - Button, J W AU - White, R M AU - Ensley, E K AU - Kim, Y AU - Ahmed, S J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Investigation of asphalt additives PY - 1987/10 IS - FHWA/RD-87-001 SP - 330P AB - The overall objectives of this research were to (1) identify through laboratory testing, the most promising types of additives or admixtures for reducing rutting and cracking in hot mixed asphalt pavements, (2) develop guidelines showing how the additives can be incorporated into actual pavements and (3) develop procedures for evaluating additives. Additives selected for evaluation included latex, block copolymer rubber, ethylene vinylacetate, polyethylene, and carbon black. The additives were combined with asphalt cements from two sources with widely differing chemical composition and rheological properties. Asphalts two grades softer than that normally used in hot mixed asphalt concrete were used with the additives. Binder tests included penetration at two temperatures, viscosity at various temperatures and by various methods, softening point, flash point, specific gravity, rolling thin film oven test, ductility, heat stability, infrared analysis before and after artificial aging, nuclear magnetic resonance, viscoelastic analysis, stress relaxation, and rostler- sternberg and corbett analyses. Energies of interaction between selected asphalts and additives were measured using a microcalorimeter. Paving mixture tests included hveem and marshall stabilities, resilient modulus vs temperature, indirect tension vs temperature and loading rate, resistance to moisture damage, flexural fatigue, creep/ permanent deformation, fracture resistance and fracture healing. The mixture test results were used with the vesys iv structural subsystem to predict the effects of the additives on pavement performance, cracking, rutting and roughness. All additives demonstrated the ability to substantially alter the temperature susceptibility of asphalt concrete mixtures (a). KW - Additives KW - Admixture KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement materials KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement properties KW - Physical properties KW - Polymer KW - Polymers KW - Properties of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01416774 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Hummer, J AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Herf, L AU - Hunter, W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Safety effects of cross section design for two lane roads - volume 1: final report PY - 1987/10 IS - FHWA/RD-87-008 SP - 207P AB - This study was intended to quantify the benefits and costs resulting from lane widening, shoulder widening, shoulder surfacing, sideslope flattening, and roadside improvements. Detailed traffic, accident, and roadway data were collected on 4,951 miles of two lane roads in seven states. An accident predictive model and statistical tests were used to determine expected accident reductions related to various geometric improvements. Factors found to be most related to reduced accidents were wider lanes and shoulders, improved roadside conditions, and flatter sideslopes. Paved shoulders were found to have a marginal safety benefit compared to unpaved shoulders. Detailed accident analyses were also conducted for roadside features. Factors associated with increased fixed object accidents include higher traffic volumes, greater numbers of roadside objects, and closer distance of roadside objects to the road. Roadside objects associated with high accident severities include culverts, trees, utility and light poles, bridges, rocks, and earth embankments. Construction cost data from several states were used to develop a cost model for numerous types of roadway and roadside projects. This volume contains the final report and four appendixes. The final report contains detailed information on data collection and data analysis and conclusions and recommendations. The appendixes contain detailed information on the literature review, photographs used for the rural and urban roadside hazard scales, and economic analysis inputs (a). KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Cross section KW - Cross sections KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01018655 AU - Paul, Harold R AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chemkrete Modified Asphaltic Concrete Field Trial: Construction and Three Year Evaluation PY - 1987/10 SP - 21p AB - This report documents a Chemkrete modified asphaltic concrete field trial construction and presents three year performance data. Normal plant and roadway operations were maintained throughout the production of the Chemkrete modified mix. Initial binder testing, however, indicated the possibility of non-uniform blending of the Chemkrete additive. An additional problem surfaced during production control and acceptance testing: stabilities below specification limits. While upon curing the mix attained stabilities greater than the control mix, the low initial stabilities may require changes in control and acceptance procedures. Performance evaluations were conducted on an annual basis and included pavement ratings, structural evaluation and the examination of binder properties (as extracted and recovered from roadway samples). No discernable performance differences were observed on the basis of these parameters. Both the conventional AC-30 binder and the Chemkrete modified binder demonstrated excessive aging characteristics. The aged binders, both conventional and modified, have contributed to loss of surface fines and wider than normal reflected shrinkage cracking from the soil cement base. The benefits of Chemkrete could not be ascertained during this evaluation period. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous binders KW - Construction KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Production control KW - Specifications UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_199.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/771663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750943 AU - Darter, M I AU - Carpenter, S H AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - National Highway Institute TI - TECHNIQUES FOR PAVEMENT REHABILITATION: TRAINING COURSE. PARTICIPANT'S NOTEBOOK. THIRD REVISION PY - 1987/10 SP - 923 p. AB - The training course is presented in 9 blocks, each containing subdivisions referred to as modules. Block 1, Course Introduction, introduces the participant to this training course and to the 4R (restoration, recycling, resurfacing, reconstruction) program. This block contains three modules consisting of the background information of interest to the participant. Block 2, Project Survey and Evaluation, provides training in the collection and evaluation of the information necessary to design and construct a 4R project. Block 3, Restoration, contains many different methods of repair of both concrete and asphalt pavements. Although many of these methods have been performed in various ways by maintenance crews, the same procedures need careful reconsideration when applied to large 4R projects by contractors. Block 4, Recycling, will familiarize the participant with recycling alternatives for both rigid and flexible pavements. Block 5, Resurfacing, will familiarize the participant with the use of findings from the pavement surveys and evaluation in the overlay design process, criteria for minimum overlay thickness and procedures for thickness design for structural overlays, methods used to retard reflective cracking, and selection of the overlay type best suited for a particular situation. Block 6, Other Considerations for 4R Projects, acquaints the participant with other factors such as available right-of-way, available funds, environmental considerations, safety, geometric design of the existing facility, and traffic through the construction zone. Block 7, Selection of the Preferred 4R Alternative, provides further instruction in the development and evaluation of 4R design alternatives for a given project, and the selection of the "preferred" alternative. Block 8, Workshop on 4R Project Design, provides the participant with practical workshop examples of the development of a 4R project. Block 9, Summary and Student Evaluation of 4R Training Course, provides a summary of the material presented in the eight previous blocks, and gives the participant an opportunity to evaluate the course and the instructors. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Financing KW - Flexible pavements KW - Geometric design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Reconstruction KW - Recycling KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Restoration KW - Resurfacing KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Safety KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622384 AU - Wortman, R H AU - Mayer (Peter A) and Associates AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAPACITY OF DUAL LEFT-TURN LANES. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 32 p. AB - Based on available literature, the applications, guidelines for use, and capacity of dual left-turn lanes were reviewed. This review revealed that there is variation in the application and use of dual left-turn lanes. Most applications involve exclusive turn lanes and protected signal phases; however, other operational configurations and traffic control may be found. Research studies related to dual left-turn lanes have generally dealt with quesitons related to capacity, and the findings indicate considerable variation. A recent study found that dual left-turn saturation flow rates at sites in a larger city approach through movement values. That study also found variations in the results from different cities. A commonly quoted current practice guideline suggests that a left-turn volume of 300 vehicles per hour or more merits consideration of a dual left-turn lane. The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual documents the analysis of standard intersections with exclusive dual left-turn lanes and protected signal phases. Work by Leisch and the Canadian Capacity Guide for Signalized Intersections contain information on the analysis of other geometric and operational conditions. Recommendations for further research are included in the report. KW - Dual left turn lanes KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Left turn lanes KW - Research KW - Saturation flow KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622386 AU - RUSSELL, P AU - Smith, J AU - Russell (Paul) AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOOP DETECTOR SENSITIVITY VARIATION DUE TO BURIAL DEPTH. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 32 p. AB - The characteristics and sensitivity of inductive loop detectors have been predicted for particular vehicle configurations and have been established empirically through years of experience. This report summarizes the information available and extends the sensitivity versus height calculations to include different models for vehicles of varying size. The degenerative effect on loop sensitivity of reinforcing steel in the roadway has been calculated. In the absence of reinforcement, loop sensitivity is predicted to decrease at a rate of 4% for each additional inch separation between the loop and the average height of the vehicle. This decreased rate is independent of vehicle size. Size and magnetic field distribution essentially determine loop application. Large loops exhibit reduced sensitivity to small vehicles. The magnetic field distributions for a small 6 ft x 6 ft quadrupole loop is stronger near its center. As a result it is more sensitive to small vehicles and provides better lane discrimination. A major deficiency in loop theory is the lack of verification of results obtained from calculations. To verify theoretical models, a detailed experimental plan is presented. The result of successful experimental verification will produce refined design criteria for determining presence, count and speed from inductive loop detector applications. KW - Burial depth KW - Loop detectors KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sensitivity KW - State of the art studies KW - Vehicle size KW - Verification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362895 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622385 AU - Radwan, A E AU - Upchurch, J E AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF RIGHT TURNING VEHICLES ON TRAFFIC SIGNAL VOLUME WARRANTS. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 33 p. AB - Nationally accepted traffic signal warrants are provided in the Manual on Unifrom Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). There are 11 warrants recommended in the MUTCD; four of these are vehicular volume related warrants. These warrants are: Warrant No. 1 - Minimum Vehicular Volume; Warrant No. 2 - Interruption of Continuous Traffic; Warrant No. 9 - Four Hour Volume; and Warrant No. 11 - Peak Hour Volume. In all four of these warrants the minor street minimum hourly volume is defined. This volume is the total volume of right turn, through, and left turn movements from the minor street approach. A recent change to the MUTCD states that a portion of the right turn volume may be deducted from the total minor street approach volume: "The analysis should consider the effects of the right turn vehicles from the minor street approaches. Engineering judgmment should be used to determine what, if any, portion of the right turn traffic is subtracted from the minor street traffic count when evaluating the count against the above warrants." This study: 1) developed a state-of-the-art report on the topic of "Effect of Right Turning Vehicles on Traffic Signal Volume Warrants"; 2) recommended that further research be done leading to the development of guidelines for excluding or including right turning vehicles in the total approach volume for evaluation of the need for a traffic signal; and 3) developed a research work plan for the future. KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Minor trafficway KW - Research KW - Right turns KW - State of the art studies KW - Streets KW - Traffic volume KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619194 AU - Tomasik, J AU - Mountain West AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIOECONOMIC AND LAND VALUE IMPACT OF URBAN FREEWAYS IN ARIZONA. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/10 SP - 21 p. AB - This study analyzes the impact of freeway construction on residential property values and the attitude of residents about the development of freeways in close proximity to their property. Changes in land use along two corridors in the Phoenix Metropolitan area where freeways were developed are also analyzed. This was done using time series aerial photographs and county records of zoning changes. KW - Aerial photography KW - Attitudes KW - Freeway location, selection KW - Freeways KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Land values KW - Location KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Property values KW - Residential areas KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Time series KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban growth KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616536 AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Prevedouros, P D AU - Rophail, N AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS IN ILLINOIS. FINAL REPORT. PY - 1987/10 SP - 97 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to calibrate the "new" 1985 Highway Capacity Manual using signalized intersections near Chicago and to derive platoon progression factors. Channelized intersections with turn lanes and full-actuated traffic signal control were studied. Capacity analyses were calculated for the intersections using the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual; then traffic volumes were measured in the field for comparison. Significant differences were found in 3 areas: (1) Through-lane saturation flow rates (measured traffic volumes) were 11% greater than calculated by the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual; (2) Time periods for accurate traffic volume measurements varied from 33% to 133% of the 15 minute interval recommended by the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual; and (3) Measured intersection delay was less than calculated and less dependent on platoon arrival types. Recommended platoon progression factors are significantly lower than 1985 Highway Capacity Manual values. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Calculation KW - Calibration KW - Channelized intersections KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Computation KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Progression KW - Progression (Mathematics) KW - Saturation flow KW - Signalized intersections KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic platooning KW - Traffic volume KW - Turning lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488295 AU - Yapp, M AU - Hicks, R G AU - Connor, B AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA. VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 303 p. AB - The state of Alaska is currently developing a pavement management system for their road system. An important input to the system is the determination of flexible overlays based on the structural adequacy of the existing pavement. The current overlay procedure (the Asphalt Institute method) does not always show a need for overlays, despite the poor surface condition of the pavement and high traffic volumes. Therefore, an improved procedure that would consider not only traffic but also surface distress, the structural properties of the pavement, and, most importantly, the effects of a freezing and thawing of the base, subbase, and subgrade layers are needed. This report recommends two such methods for further consideration: a simplified mechanistic method using equations developed in Pennsylvania, and a mechanistic procedure employing a backcalculation computer program known as ELSDEF. The results of these analyses are compared with those of the Alphalt Institute procedure. It was determined that the Asphalt Institute procedure was inappropriate and underdesigned the overlay for the road sections. The Pennsylvania equations tended to be slightly more conservative than the mechanistic method using ELSDEF except for cases where the pavement fatigue life had been utilized completely by past traffic loads. It is recommended that Alaska utilize the mechanistic approach to design overlays and ELSDEF as the backcalculation procedure. The Pennsylvania equations can be used in those cases not requiring considerable accuracy. KW - Alaska KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Frigid regions KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_06.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476012 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DESIGNS BASED ON WORK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 50 p. AB - Thickness design curves presented in the report provide a systematic methodology for the selection of equivalent pavement designs for a broad range of layered systems. This is a unified system since the failure criteria are founded on the same concept of work strain and work. The analyses of stress-strain fields in the layered systems are based on elastic layered theory. This theory is represented by the Chevron N-layered computer program. The report also summarizes the historical development and evolution of pavement design in Kentucky. KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation curve KW - Design curves KW - Elastic theory KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Failure KW - Failure criterion KW - History KW - Layered system mechanics KW - Pavement design KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488294 AU - Yapp, M AU - Hicks, R G AU - Connor, B AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA. VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1987/10 SP - 43 p. AB - The state of Alaska is currently developing a pavement management system for their road system. An important input to the system is the determination of flexible overlays based on the structural adequacy of the existing pavement. The current overlay procedure (the Asphalt Institute method) does not always show a need for overlays, despite the poor surface condition of the pavement and high traffic volumes. Therefore, an improved procedure that would consider not only traffic but also surface distress, the structural properties of the pavement, and, most importantly, the effects of a freezing and thawing of the base, subbase, and subgrade layers are needed. This report recommends two such methods for further consideration: a simplified mechanistic method using equations developed in Pennsylvania, and a mechanistic procedure employing a backcalculation computer program known as ELSDEF. The results of these analyses are compared with those of the Alphalt Institute procedure. It was determined that the Asphalt Institute procedure was inappropriate and underdesigned the overlay for the road sections. The Pennsylvania equations tended to be slightly more conservative than the mechanistic method using ELSDEF except for cases where the pavement fatigue life had been utilized completely by past traffic loads. It is recommended that Alaska utilize the mechanistic approach to design overlays and ELSDEF as the backcalculation procedure. The Pennsylvania equations can be used in those cases not requiring considerable accuracy. KW - Alaska KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Equations KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Frigid regions KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_06a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470922 AU - Southgate, H F AU - Deen, R C AU - Cain, D H AU - Mayes, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFICATIONS TO CHEVRON N-LAYER COMPUTER PROGRAM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 81 p. AB - This report documents changes made to the Chevron N-layer computer program to: (1) include superposition principles; (2) calculate strain energy density (or work) at specified locations within the pavement structure; (3) analyze pavement response at specified radii from one circularly loaded area to permit comparison of analyses by the program as originally written with results incorporating superposition principles; (4) evaluate pavement response to any combination of loads on circular areas defined by XY coordinates on the surface--loads and contact pressures are permitted to be different from one loaded area to another, but must be constant for any one loaded area; and (5) simulate dynamic loads as the difference between the root mean squares of the maximum and minimum dynamic loads. This analysis is appropriate for constant vibratory testers such as Road Raters and Dynaflects. Moduli of asphaltic concrete must be adjusted for frequency effects. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Computer programs KW - Contact pressure KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynamic loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Loads KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Pressure KW - Road raters KW - Simulation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Superposition KW - Superposition (Geology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496539 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF SAFETY PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLES PURSUANT TO SECTION 218 MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ACT OF 1984. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1987/10 SP - 49 p. AB - Section 218 of the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 directs the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a study of the safety performance of commercial motor vehicles being operated in intrastate commerce and the effectiveness in promoting safety of individual State regulations governing the operations of such vehicles. This report is the result of such a study which was conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The goal of the study was to discover, through the examination of available data bases, studies, and related information, the accident record of intrastate motor carriers as compared to the accident record of interstate carriers. The FHWA reached inconclusive results. This occurred primarily because of the scarcity of accident data on intrastate vehicles, and the lack of FHWA jurisdiction in the area. However, the FHWA had success in examining the effect of federal safety regulations on vehicles being operated in interstate commerce. Past studies have shown that interstate motor carriers with good compliance practices tend to have fewer accidents than those motor carriers with poor compliance practices. The findings of these studies point to the possibility that intrastate motor carriers may also benefit from complying with the federal safety regulations or similar State regulations. In addition, the national programs and laws passed by Congress are working to bring intrastate motor carrier operations under a uniform national truck and bus safety regulatory system. It is the conclusion of the report that additional actions to bring intrastate trucks under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations are not necessary. KW - Compliance KW - Crash rates KW - Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations KW - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards KW - Interstate commerce KW - Intrastate commerce KW - Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 KW - Motor carriers KW - Regulations KW - Trade KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00495330 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTRODUCTION TO RIDESHARING. A MANUAL FOR NEW RIDESHARING COORDINATORS PY - 1987/10 SP - V.P. AB - This manual is designed to serve as an orientation for new ridesharing coordinators. It will be of interest to personnel working for state and local ridesharing agencies, particularly those who are new and relatively inexperienced. Contents include: Module 0: Introduction; Module 1: Ridesharing Overview; Module 2: Data Processing and Applicant Placement; Module 3: Working with Employers; Module 4: Marketing Ridesharing; Module 5: Ridesharing During Major Highway Reconstruction; Module 6: Model Laws and Code; Module 7: Funding; Module 8: Evaluation; and Module 9: Networking. An Appendix is also included. KW - Buses KW - Carpools KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Information processing KW - Laws KW - Manuals KW - Marketing KW - Networking KW - Ridesharing KW - Road construction KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490584 AU - Akkari, M M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PANELIZED INPUT TO PCFRAME, A NONLINEAR TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS PROGRAM. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 258 p. AB - Recently, the research project entitled "Nonlinear Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns", F83SD16, was completed at the University of California, Berkeley. This project was also known as "Column Loads Due to Superstructure Shortening". A computer program called PCFRAME was used in the research to carry out the nonlinear time dependent analysis of columns when subjected to imposed deformations. The main objective of CALTRANS' second phase of the research (program implementation) is to simplify and panelize the input format required to run PCFRAME. A computer program called INFRAME has been developed by the author as an attempt to achieve this objective. INFRAME is a user friendly panel program which enables the user to pre-process and prepare the required input file for PCFRAME. In Volume I of this report a summary of PCFRAME main features and mathematical modeling are discussed. Three example problems are introduced to familiarize the reader with the input data preparation and data generation of INFRAME panel program. In the first example a uniformly loaded Timoshenko beam is considered for geometric and material nonlinear analysis. The second example is for time dependent nonlinear analysis of a column subjected to imposed deformation. In the third example a post-tensioned, four-cell, box girder bridge is considered for time dependent nonlinear analysis. PCFRAME output using the prepared input for these examples in given in this volume, Volume II. KW - Box girders KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Data preparation KW - Data processing operations KW - Deformation KW - Girder bridges KW - Information organization KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489597 AU - Breen, J E AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Farbiarz, J AU - Anderson, R B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD VERIFICATION OF BRIDGE DECK POST-TENSIONING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 49 p. AB - The study documents the results of measurements made during longitudinal and transverse prestressing of the decks of two spans of a full scale pretensioned girder and slab bridge crossing the Colorado River near LaGrange, Texas. It addresses such important design areas as the effective distribution of edge prestressing force across a bridge slab as affected by both diaphragm and girder restraints as well as some organizational and technical problems encountered by the constructor during prestressing. The results of the field measurements of deck strains are summarized. KW - Bridge decks KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing KW - Strain measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299133 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476834 AU - Solanki, A I AU - Fowler, D W AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION VARIABLES ON THE BOND BEHAVIOR OF CRCP OVERLAYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 50 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of Report 457-4, "A Study of the Effect of Construction Variables on the Bond Behavior of CRCP Overlays," and describes a series of research activities concerned with the development of the bond between an existing CRCP pavement and a new CRCP overlay. This report includes a summary of activities related to preparation of the surface, and determination of the effect of moisture level, grout condition, vibration level, and locations in CRCP overlays. Results of general linear model (GLM) analysis are used to find the best and worst interactions of variables. Various texture measurement and bond evaluation devices are evaluated in terms of time, economy, and repeatability. KW - Bonding KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Grout KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Moisture content KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paving KW - Surface preparation KW - Texture KW - Variables KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476089 AU - Akkari, M M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PANELIZED INPUT TO PCFRAME, A NONLINEAR TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1987/10 SP - 104 p. AB - The main objective of CALTRAN's second phase of the research project "Column Loads Due to Superstructure Shortening" (program implementation) is to simplify and panelize the input format required to run PCFRAME. A computer program called INFRAME has been developed by the author as an attempt to achieve this objective. INFRAME is a user friendly panel program which enables the user to pre-process and prepare the required input file for PCFRAME. In this report a summary of PCFRAME main features and mathematical modeling are discussed, and three example problems are introduced to familiarize the reader with the input data preparation and data generation of INFRAME panel program. In the first example a uniformly loaded Timoshenko beam is considered for geometric and material nonlinear analysis. The second example is for time dependent nonlinear analysis of a column subjected to imposed deformation. In the third example a post-tensioned, four-cell, box girder bridge is considered for time dependent nonlinear analysis. PCFRAME output using the prepared input for these examples is given in Volume II of this report. KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Structural engineering KW - Time dependence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286104 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476024 AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Anderson, M AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BREAKING AND SEATING OF RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1987/10 SP - n.p. AB - Breaking and seating has been utilized extensively in Kentucky to rehabilitate portland cement concrete pavements. Experience over three or four years with this type of design and construction are summarized and reported. Breaking to a range of nominal fragments is evaluated. Evaluation of two roller weights for seating is reported. The use of dynamic deflections to evaluate the effectiveness of the breaking and seating process and to measure the appropriateness of the asphaltic concrete overlay is discussed. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Rollers KW - Seats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476090 AU - Akkari, M M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PANELIZED INPUT TO PCFRAME, A NONLINEAR TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II PY - 1987/10 SP - 258 p. AB - The main objective of CALTRAN's second phase of the research project "Column Loads Due to Superstructure Shortening" (program implementation) is to simplify and panelize the input format required to run PCFRAME. A computer program called INFRAME has been developed by the author as an attempt to achieve this objective. INFRAME is a user friendly panel program which enables the user to pre-process and prepare the required input file for PCFRAME. In this report a summary of PCFRAME main features and mathematical modeling are discussed, and three example problems are introduced to familiarize the reader with the input data preparation and data generation of INFRAME panel program. In the first example a uniformly loaded Timoshenko beam is considered for geometric and material nonlinear analysis. The second example is for time dependent nonlinear analysis of a column subjected to imposed deformation. In the third example a post-tensioned, four-cell, box girder bridge is considered for time dependent nonlinear analysis. PCFRAME output using the prepared input for these examples is given in Volume II of this report. KW - Beams KW - Box girders KW - Columns KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Input KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Nonlinearity KW - Structural engineering KW - Time dependence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485668 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#5-87. REVISION 1.0 PY - 1987/10 SP - 73 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1981 Plymouth Champ impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned 12 in. behind the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. Although the pole did break away with a low change in velocity of the vehicle, severe intrusion of the pole into the passenger compartment provided for a severe accident. The pole intrusion caused the door to come open. This allowed the dummy to be ejected. Dummy parameters were all low in magnitude. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485667 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#4-87. REVISION 1.0 PY - 1987/10 SP - 75 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1980 Plymouth Champ impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned with the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. Although the pole did break away with a low change in velocity of the vehicle, severe intrusion of the pole into the passenger compartment provided for a severe accident. The pole intrusion caused the door to come open. Dummy parameters were all very high in magnitude. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485280 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTRODUCTION TO RIDESHARING. A MANUAL FOR NEW RIDESHARING COORDINATORS PY - 1987/10 SP - v.p. AB - This manual is designed to serve as an orientation for new ridesharing coordinators. As such, it will be of interest to personnel working for State and local ridesharing agencies, particularly those who are new and relatively inexperienced. Ridesharing is essentially two or more persons traveling by any mode of transportation, including but not limited to: carpooling, vanpooling, buspooling, and public transit. Its benefits are many--less traffic congestion, less air pollution, reduced parking demand, energy savings, etc. Ridesharing draws from several widely differing disciplines, including planning, marketing, engineering, computer sciences, research, and even law. Hence, it is important for every ridesharing coordinator to become an informed generalist. This manual delves into these and other disciplines and highlights things new ridesharing coordinators need to know. The contents are divided into the following modules: (0) Introduction; (1) Ridesharing Overview; (2) Data Processing and Applicant Placement; (3) Working with Employers; (4) Marketing Ridesharing; (5) Ridesharing during Major Highway Reconstruction; (6) Model Laws and Code; (7) Funding; (8) Evaluation; and (9) Networking. KW - Applications KW - Buspools KW - Carpools KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Incentives KW - Information processing KW - Laws KW - Manuals KW - Marketing KW - Networking KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485666 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#3-87. REVISION 1.0 PY - 1987/10 SP - 73 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1981 Dodge Colt impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned with the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. Although the pole did break away with a low change in velocity of the vehicle, severe intrusion of the pole into the passenger compartment provided for a severe accident. Dummy related parameters produced outputs which exceeded the recommended levels. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297518 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485593 AU - Han, M Y AU - Olsen, MPJ AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE THE FIRST 90 DAYS. INTERIM REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1987/10 SP - 220 p. AB - This report includes an extensive literature review and laboratory investigations for selected physical properties of concrete mixtures used in the construction of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). Nine test parameters were investigated in this study: temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed; concrete temperature, type of aggregate, amount of mixing water and replacement of fly ash; and mixing time and consolidation effort. A total of 116 tests were performed in three categories: strength tests such as compressive, pullout, flexural and modified compressive strength; volume and weight change tests such as shrinkage and weight loss of bar specimen, moisture content, and loss measurements of cube specimen; and other tests such as time of setting and abrasion resistance. An evaporometer developed by SDHPT was used to measure evaporation rates for several environmental conditions, and to congregate the environmental factors into one variable. The results showed good correlations with the PCA evaporation chart within the ranges tested and were found to be a very promising single parameter which can predict most of the physical properties of concrete, such as strength development and shrinkage characteristics. Design curves were developed based on the evaporation rate measured by the Evaporometer for 7 day flexural strength, half time shrinkage, and ultimate shrinkage. A procedure for correcting the strength and shrinkage with respect to the duration of the environmental condition is also presented. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Concrete strength KW - Consolidations KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaporation KW - Evaporation rate KW - Fly ash KW - Humidity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mixing KW - Mixing time KW - Moisture content KW - Physical properties KW - Shrinkage KW - Strength of materials KW - Temperature KW - Time KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468142 AU - STEWART, C F AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRACKING IN FULLY REINFORCED BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS AND PCC TAPERED APPROACH SLABS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 84 p. AB - In 1984, the California Department of Transportation started a new concept for rehabilitating deicing salt damaged bridge decks. It consists of placing a fully reinforced (epoxy coated), full depth deck overlay on the existing deck. The new deck is tied to the old with reinforcing steel dowels grouted in predrilled holes along girder centerlines. When the original approach is PCC, tapered PCC approaches are installed. The construction is usually done in stages, with traffic using one portion of the deck while an overlay is being placed on another. Inordinate cracking occurred in some of the first 20 concrete placements. This report documents the extent of cracking and covers possible causes for the cracking in both these and subsequent placements. It also discusses the role traffic, weather and construction practices may have had. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Construction management KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel dowels KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482383 AU - Adamus, P R AU - Clairain, E J AU - Smith, R D AU - Young, R E AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WETLAND EVALUATION TECHNIQUE (WET). VOLUME 2. METHODOLOGY. OPERATIONAL DRAFT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 171 p. AB - The manual outlines a Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET) for the assessment of wetland functions and values. Wetland functions are the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of a wetland. Wetland values are those characteristics that are beneficial to society. WET evaluates the following functions and values: ground water recharge, ground water discharge, floodflow alteration, sediment stabilization, sediment/toxicant retention, nutrient removal/transformation, production export, wildlife diversity/abundance, aquatic diversity/abundance, uniqueness/heritage, and recreation. KW - Aquatic life KW - Discharge KW - Ecology KW - Environmental impacts KW - Evaluation KW - Filtration KW - Flood protection KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Groundwater KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Nutrients KW - Present value KW - Recharge KW - Recreation KW - Sediments KW - Value KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467783 AU - Jobse, H J AU - Concrete Technology Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATIONS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 29 p. AB - This document presents the results of a study and experimental work to determine the potential benefits of using high strength (10,000 psi compressive strength) concrete for highway bridge construction. Current knowledge and applications of high strength concrete are reviewed and related to use with the AASHTO bridge specifications. Conceptual designs are developed that show the potential of increased span lengths and/or wider girder spacings for commonly used prestressed concrete girder shapes. The designs show that cross sectional areas of compression members (such as struts) can be reduced and thinner sections can be used for segmental bridges, arch bridges, and piers. The capacity of thin concrete plates in buckling is studied. A computer program is presented that is capable of developing comprehensive interaction diagrams to determine whether local thin plate buckling or overall stability is the controlling factor for square hollow piers made with thin plates of high strength concrete. Piers 15-feet (4.6 m) long, 5-feet (1.5 m) square with 1-1/2-inch (40 mm) thick walls were load tested under varying eccentricities to confirm the interaction diagrams. Code proposals and concepts for more rapidly adapting the use of high strength concrete to highway bridges are suggested. KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridge spans KW - Buckling KW - Compression members KW - Computer programs KW - Eccentricity KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Length KW - Load tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Spacing KW - Specifications KW - Structural supports KW - Struts KW - Thin plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279102 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479465 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY: PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1987/10 SP - 262 p. AB - This publication describes the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology, a management framework, which replaced the Federally Coordinated Program (FCP) in fiscal year 1987. The NCP continues the aims of the FCP: to ensure resource concentration on common problems, to minimize duplicated efforts among researchers, and to identify and highlight gaps in research. As with the FCP, the NCP includes the Highway Planning and Research (HP&R) program, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), and the Federal Highway Administration staff and contract research programs. In addition, the NCP includes work under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP); FHWA research on highway policy, planning, and motor carrier transportation; and research, development, and technology transfer activities funded by the States. The categories included in the NCP are highway safety, traffic operations, pavements, structures, materials and operations, policy and planning, motor carrier transportation, R&D management and coordination and other National Highway Institute/Rural Technical Assistance Program activities. Each NCP category is further broken into programs, projects, and tasks. KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Management KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464670 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Hummer, J AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Herf, L AU - Hunter, W AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFETY EFFECTS OF CROSS-SECTION DESIGN FOR TWO-LANE ROADS - VOLUME II - APPENDIXES - FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 72 p. AB - This study was intended to quantify the benefits and costs resulting from lane widening, shoulder widening, shoulder surfacing, sideslope flattening, and roadside improvements. Detailed traffic, accident, and roadway data were collected on 4,951 miles of two-lane roads in seven States. An accident predictive model and statistical tests were used to determine expected accident reductions related to various geometric improvements. Factors found to be most related to reduced accidents were wider lanes and shoulders, improved roadside conditions, and flatter sideslopes. Paved shoulders were found to have a marginal safety benefit compared to unpaved shoulders. Detailed accident analyses were also conducted for roadside features. Factors associated with increased fixed object accidents include higher traffic volumes, greater numbers of roadside objects, and closer distance of roadside objects to the road. Roadside objects associated with high accident severities include culverts, trees, utility and light poles, bridges, rocks, and earth embankments. Construction cost data from several States were used to develop a cost model for numerous types of roadway and roadside projects. This volume contains appendixes E - J. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridges KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Cross sections KW - Culverts KW - Data collection KW - Fixed object KW - Flattening KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement widening KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rocks KW - Safety KW - Side slopes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trees KW - Two lane highways KW - Utility poles KW - Widening KW - Width UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30800/30875/FHWA_RD_87_009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475126 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Grubbs, A B AU - Vitello, D J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVERHEAD VEHICLE SENSOR SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 76 p. AB - The current practice of installing traffic sensors on or in the highway has often caused serious traffic delays and congestion due to lane closures along with hazardous working conditions for the Department's employees. In recognition of these problems and with the recent availability of non-contact sensor technology, the Department funded Study 426, "Development of an Overhead Vehicle Sensor System." This report presents the research and results of this study along with procedures for operating the prototypes which were constructed. After careful evaluation, a prototype was constructed using the infrared sensor technology. However, it was discovered that the infrared was too sensitive for use as a remote vehicle sensor. After further investigation, an ultrasonic ranging device was chosen for implementation as an overhead vehicle sensor. A prototype was then constructed and tested under laboratory and field conditions and was accepted as being well-suited for use as an overhead vehicle sensor system. Several more prototypes were constructed and put into operation during the period June 1986 through the present. They operate continuously and their accuracy is checked periodically with traffic counts collected with inductive loops. KW - Accuracy KW - Field tests KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Infrared detectors KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prototypes KW - Remote sensing KW - Sensors KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476871 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Oka, V K AU - Deen, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF HIGH-RISK STEEL BRIDGES BY NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 89 p. AB - Fatigue-crack related failures of high-risk (fracture-critical) steel bridges may be prevented through application of nondestructive tests (NDT). Economical reliability assessment of those structures requires 1) application of a suitable NDT method, 2) testing of fatigue-susceptible members, and 3) periodic retests of those members to preclude problems with growing or previously undetected flaws. Six conventional NDT techniques were tested in the laboratory using butt-weld configured specimens having intentionally embedded cracks. Those NDT methods were 1) visual inspection, 2) magnetic-particle testing, 3) dye-penetrant testing, 4) fluorescent-enhanced surface testing, 5) eddy-current testing, and 6) ultrasonic testing. The other NDT methods provided better crack-detection capabilities than visual inspection. Visual inspections by different personnel produced low detection rates. Tests using the fluorescent magnetic-particle method missed several indications because of marginal test conditions. The other NDT methods detected all cracks. A stand-alone, microcomputer-based data acquisition and data processing system was designed and assembled to assist highway personnel in planning and prioritizing bridge inspections. The system has been tested and is capable of providing crack-initiation data useful for scheduling or prioritizing nondestructive inspections of bridges. Histogram stress data derived from the programs may be used with commercially available fracture-mechanics software to predict growth rates of fatigue cracks and critical crack sizes for failure. That information may be used to select the appropriate NDT method and periodic reinspection interval for fatigue-prone bridge details. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Inspection KW - Metal bridges KW - Microcomputers KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ratings KW - Reliability KW - Steel bridges KW - Strategic planning KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476002 AU - Itani, R Y AU - Hiremath, G S AU - Vasisth, U AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BRIDGES USING PRECAST, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS WITHOUT ENDBLOCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 111 p. AB - This study investigated the feasibility of eliminating endblocks from pretensioned continuous bridge girders. The removal of endblocks is estimated to reduce girder costs by 5 to 10 percent. The girders studied were the Washington State Department of Transportation's "Series 14". These girders are characterized by 5 inch thick webs and are prestressed with both harped and straight 1/2 inch diameter grade 270 strands. Previous research had recommended the elimination of endblocks for simple span bridges. This study dealt with continuous bridges. The research consisted of a field test and a destructive laboratory test. The field test was used to identify a basis for the destructive testing. A "Series 14" girder with endblocks and two "Series 60" girders without endblocks were instrumented with strain gages and monitored from the time they were manufactured to the time loads were tested on the bridge. The laboratory test was performed with a balanced cantilever arrangement using two 20-ft long "Series 14" girders without endblocks. The joint at the support was made continuous by providing deck reinforcement in a manner similar to the reinforcing details used by the WSDOT. Concentrated loads were incrementally applied at a distance of 13 ft. 10 inches from the continuous support. The modified girders performed effectively under the applied loads. Therefore, endblocks may be removed from continuous "Series 14" girders with normal diaphragms. The study recommends that one "Series 14" continuous girder without endblocks be designed and monitored through the various stages of construction and service in another bridge. KW - Blocks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Continuous structures KW - Destructive testing KW - End blocks KW - Field tests KW - Girders KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanical tests KW - Monitoring KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Strain gages KW - Structural design UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/155.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470955 AU - Balgowan, R M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, EFFECTIVENESS, EXPANSIBILITY, AND ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF THE SCAN 16 EF MOISTURE, FROST AND ICE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 44 p. AB - The New Jersey Department of Transportation installed a SCAN 16 EF (SCAN) Moisture, Frost and Ice Early Warning System in the Fall of 1984. The system was not operational until the winter of 1985/86 due to problems in obtaining an FCC license. In the evaluation of the accuracy of the SCAN system, pavement and atmospheric data were collected from four sites in Region IV that contained SCAN remote processing units (RPU's), pavement sensors and various atmospheric gauges. A comparison of field collected data to the data supplied by the SCAN system showed that the data from the SCAN system was accurate (91% accurate overall). The system hardware, software and other appurtenant equipment was evaluated for reliability relative to breakdown. The system was found to be highly reliable; however, phone line communications were not as reliable as radio communications. The only RPU communicating over a phone line was in communication failure nearly 50% of the time. The system is effective as an early warning system. It appears that utilization of the system should result in a reduction of snow and ice related accidents. KW - Accuracy KW - Communication systems KW - Detectors KW - Effectiveness KW - Frost KW - Hardware KW - Ice KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reliability KW - Remote sensing KW - Safety KW - Snow KW - Software KW - Traffic safety KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280543 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469925 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURVEY OF STATES' AGGREGATE SOUNDNESS TEST METHODS AND SPECIFICATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 37 p. AB - This report summarizes findings of a national survey to determine aggregate durability test methods and specification requirements of the various states. Also inclued are specifications and test methods concerning allowable shale contents in aggregates and requirements for percntages of crushed particles in aggrgates. KW - Aggregates KW - Chemical composition by material content KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Data collection KW - Durability KW - Shale KW - Shale content KW - Soundness test KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469921 AU - Denson, K H AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRID ANALYSIS OF WIDE, SHORT-SPAN CONTINUOUS CURVED BOX GIRDERS UTILIZING CURVED MEMBER PROPERTIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 121 p. AB - A computer analysis method based on curved beam and transverse slab elements is presented for box girder bridges. A program in FORTRAN 77 language and a user's guide is included. The torsional stiffness of beam elements is obtained by dividing the total torsional stiffness of the box girder between individual beam elements. The program includes an automated routine for generating global Cartesian coordinates and numbering of nodal points. The analysis method and program are suitable for the analysis of: wide or narrow box girders, straight or curved elements, skewed abutments and piers, with or without integral pier caps, and simple or complex curvature. Results are presented in terms of shears, moments, torques and displacements in beam and slab elements. Results of this project are expected to be useful to practicing bridge designers in State Bridge Divisions. KW - Box girders KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Girder bridges KW - Grid analysis KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Shear strength KW - Stiffness KW - Torque KW - Torsion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469242 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEZE-AND-THAW DURABILITY OF FLY ASH CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 23 p. AB - The primary objective of this study was to investigate strength, freeze-and-thaw durability, and air-void system characteristics of concrete utilizing fly ash to replace various amounts of cement in the mix design. All mixes were designed with 6.1 sacks of cement per cubic yard, 45% of aggregate as sand, and 5.5% air. Limestone aggregate from two sources was used with Class C fly ash from four sources. Cement was replaced with fly ash on a pound for pound basis at percentages of 0, 10, 20, and 30. Durability of concrete generally decreased slightly as percentage of fly ash increased. Strength gain was generally slower for concrete with fly ash than for control concrete. Air-void system characteristics were comparable for all concretes. Fly ash is presently allowed as a replacement, on a pound for pound basis, for up to 15% of cement except in concrete requiring high early strengths. Results of this study indicate that replacement of more than 15% cement with fly ash would require more extensive testing of each source of fly ash, cement, and aggregate and cannot be justified. No major revision of present requirements is anticipated at this time. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Strength of materials UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP84-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468419 AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration AU - Maryland Mass Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NORTHEAST EXTENSION OF THE BALTIMORE METRO, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SUBMITTED PURSUANT TO THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT 42 U.S.C. 4332(2) (C) PY - 1987/10 SP - v.p. AB - During preliminary engineering, the Preferred Alternative, a 1.5 mile extension of the Baltimore Metro rail transit system from the existing Charles Center Station to Johns Hopkins Hospital, was considered in conjunction with a TSM Alternative and a No-Build Alternative. The Preferred Alternative includes two new stations: Market Place Station and Johns Hopkins Hospital Station. The proposed rail extension addresses the need for increased accessibility from Baltimore's Northeast Corridor to MetroCenter as well as linking areas currently served by Metro to the major employment center at Johns Hopkins Hospital. The FEIS examined several potential areas of impact including transportation, land use, economic, historic and archaeological resources, air quality, noise and vibration, parklands, and construction. Mitigating measures for impacts are identified; there are no unresolved significant impacts. The FEIS includes revisions to the DEIS. Vertical lines in the right margin indicate revisions to the DEIS text. The EIS concentrates on the study area of the Preferred Alternative and includes further refinement and analyses carried out during preliminary engineering; a summary of the comments and recommendations received on the DEIS; a list of persons, organizations, and public agencies commenting on the DEIS; and responses to substantive comments raised in the review and consultation process. KW - Accessibility KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Impact studies KW - Line extensions (Rail transit) KW - No build KW - Transportation system management KW - Umta section 8 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/281680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467826 AU - Montenegro, F M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Joint Highway Research Project AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PROCEDURE TO ASSESS HIGHWAY ROUTINE MAINTENANCE NEEDS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. INTERIM REPORT (REVISED) PY - 1987/10 SP - 124 p. AB - This is the first interim report covering the first three tasks of the study. This phase included the development of a procedure for the assessment of routine maintenance needs. The proposed procedure is based on unit foremen's evaluation of highway deficiencies. The validity of the proposed approach was tested in different randomly selected maintenance units. The research team objectively measured the distresses on those sections that were subjectively evaluated by the unit foremen. Both subjective and objective data together with estimations of expected work load by unit foremen provided the basis for statistical analyses of the proposed approach. The report includes a plan for implementation of the procedure. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance management KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467781 AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Hawkins, R A AU - Vgaz, O G AU - Vesic, A S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE GROUP PREDICTION SYMPOSIUM: SUMMARY. VOLUME II: CLAY SOIL PY - 1987/10 SP - 64 p. AB - This technical sharing report presents the summary of a pile group prediction symposium held on June 25 and 26, 1980 at the University of Maryland campus. Eleven foundation experts representing consulting firms, universities and Federal and State transportation agencies presented their predictions on the results of single and pile group tests in clay that were conducted on a site at the University of Houston campus, Houston, Texas. The principal objective of the symposium was to evaluate current pile group design methods and measured performances of single pile and pile group foundations in clay. KW - Clay soils KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile design KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Structural design KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279100 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467788 AU - Babaei, K AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR BRIDGE APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 104 p. AB - This report documents performance of 12 concrete bridge decks that were rehabilitated and/or protected with latex-modified concrete and low-slump dense concrete overlays in order to prevent future de-icing salt penetration and reinforcing steel corrosion. Regardless of concrete deterioration caused by rebar corrosion, the overlaid bridge decks will require maintenance in the form of resurfacing in the future. This maintenance may be due to traffic action and a severe environment causing surface distress such as scaling, rutting, and a lack of skid resistance, or stripping of the overlays from the decks. There are indications that the continued corrosion of reinforcing steel in the salt contaminated underlying decks is less extensive in the absence of overlay surface cracking. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Defects KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Density KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Environment KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Maintenance KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Resurfacing KW - Slump test KW - Traffic UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/137.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467780 AU - Dimillio, Albert F AU - Ng, E S AU - Briaud, J-L AU - O'Neill, M W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILE GROUP PREDICTION SYMPOSIUM: SUMMARY. VOLUME I: SANDY SOIL PY - 1987/10 SP - 160 p. AB - This technical sharing report presents the summary of a pile group prediction symposium held on June 17 and 18, 1986 at the University of Maryland campus. Eleven foundation experts representing consulting firms, universities, and Federal and State transportation agencies presented their predictions on the results of single and pile group tests in sands, that were conducted on a site at the Hunter's Point Naval Base, San Francisco, California. The principal objective of the symposium was to evaluate current pile group foundations in sands. KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile design KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Sandy soils KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Structural design KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467786 AU - Hughes, C S AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF IMPROVED COMPACTION BY RUBBER-TIRE ROLLERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 13 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to determine whether or not significant benefits can be derived from the addition of a rubber-tire roller to the compaction train. The study consisted of a review of the literature and field testing on five projects. The field testing on each project consisted of rolling a conventional section using the contractor's steel-wheel rollers and rolling a test section using a rubber-tire roller as an intermediate roller. The primary benefits found were decreased variability transversely when the rubber-tire roller was used and some improvement in joint density as measured by the nuclear gauge. While some benefits were obtained, there was not, in the author's opinion, sufficient improvement to make a rubber-tire roller a general requirement. Consideration should be given to using a rubber-tire roller when the compaction train being used does not provide sufficiently dense joints or reasonably uniform compaction. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Compaction equipment KW - Compactors KW - Density KW - Field tests KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Nuclear gages KW - Paving KW - Rollers KW - Rubber tired rollers KW - Standardization KW - Steel KW - Steel wheel rollers KW - Wheels UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36723/88-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467767 AU - Tomasik, J AU - Mountain West AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOCIOECONOMIC AND LAND VALUE IMPACT OF URBAN FREEWAYS IN ARIZONA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 260 p. AB - This study analyzes the impact of freeway construction on residential property values and the attitude of residents about the development of freeways in close proximity to their property. Changes in land use along two corridors in the Phoenix Metropolitan area where freeways were developed are also analyzed. This was done using time series aerial photographs and county records of zoning changes. KW - Aerial photography KW - Attitudes KW - Freeway location, selection KW - Freeways KW - Land use KW - Land use effects KW - Land values KW - Location KW - Property values KW - Residential areas KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Time series KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban growth KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279087 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467831 AU - Colony, D C AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF MIX DESIGN VARIABLES ON INITIAL SURFACE FRICTION OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 164 p. AB - A series of factorial experiments were performed for laboratory study of initial surface friction of bituminous surfaces as a function of mix design variables: aggregate type, asphalt content and aggregate gradation. British Pendulum Number (BPN) was the dependent variable in all cases. Certain interactions among mix design parameters were found to be very significant, and not capable of being predicted by superimposing the known effects on BPN of single mix design variables. Such interactions as that between percent asphalt and percent aggregate passing the number 200 sieve are non-linear and consequently non-additive, apparently the results of complicated physical or chemical processes. The importance of the finest aggregate size fractions stood out clearly in all experimental results. Microtexture provided by this fine material is especially important at the relatively low speeds characteristic of secondary roads and urban streets. In general, high initial skid resistance is promoted by adhering to the "fine" side of the ODOT 404 gradation limits, especially for material passing the No. 50 sieve. This rule applies to both gravel and limestone aggregate, but mixtures made with limestone are substantially more sensitive to changes in aggregate gradation and exhibit generally more complex behavior than gravel mixed with respect to BPN. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - British pendulum number KW - Friction KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Local street KW - Low speed KW - Microtexture KW - Mix design KW - Secondary roads KW - Skid resistance KW - Streets KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465644 AU - Gifford, D G AU - Kraemer, S R AU - Wheeler, J R AU - McKown, A F AU - Haley & Aldrich, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPREAD FOOTINGS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 229 p. AB - A long -term study of the settlement performance of 21 bridge foundations supported on cohesionless soil--sand or silt--was completed to provide a reliable data base for engineering evaluation. The observations documented the successful performance of the foundations where total average settlement of 0.75 in. was recorded while an average of only 0.25 in. of settlement was noted after construction of the bridge decks. Geotechnical engineering methods for prediction of settlement of foundations on sand were evaluated with five methods compared in detail to observed data. Recommendations for design are provided. Geotechnical instrumentation monitoring systems for observation of settlement and tilt and related parameters are described along with preparation of a computerized data base for data storage and retrieval. Design recommendations for foundations on rock as well as risk-based design concepts are presented. Related risk based documents include: FHWA/RD-87/010, Geotechnical Risk and Reliability: The State of the Art; and FHWA/RD-87/011, Geotechnical Risk Analysis: A User's Guide. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Foundation engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Granular soils KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Monitoring KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Risk analysis KW - Sand KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Silts KW - Spread footings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275347 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465647 AU - Hauskins, J B AU - Mancini, F AU - Kolaja, R AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARIZONA'S SALT GRADIENT SOLAR POND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 37 p. AB - This research project for designing and constructing a salt gradient solar pond within the State of Arizona was requested by the Arizona Solar Energy Commission during a period when an oil embargo was still a possibility. The project was built at the Gray Mountain Maintenance Camp of the Arizona Department of Transportation, approximately 50 miles north of Flagstaff on Highway 89. The purpose of this study was to develop a reasonably low-cost method of generating useful thermal energy from a reusable resource. The solar pond has offered that potential. The salt gradient solar pond is a body of water characterized by unique conditions which enable it to gather and store heat from the sun. The hot solar pond has been used for heating a maintenance building through a heat extraction process. The design of this facility was planned to provide a number of unique design and construction criteria which are described in this report. The cost estimate for the pond was on the order of $7.50 per square foot of pond area. The actual cost was about $13.58 per square foot. The costs were higher because of a rock excavation at the site which took several months to complete. The economics were projected based on a pond with a minimum of 1 acre; this pond is less than one fifth of that size. It is anticipated that the solar pond concept may become a viable alternative source of energy if the installation cost can be brought down to approximately $2.00 per square foot. The production of energy from such a facility is also dependent upon the quality of routine maintenance and other factors described in the report. KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Energy resources KW - Energy sources KW - Estimates KW - Ponding KW - Ponds KW - Productivity KW - Rock excavation KW - Solar energy KW - Thermal power KW - Thermal power generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465674 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Ray, M H AU - Mayer, J B AU - Brauer, S K AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEDIAN BARRIER TERMINALS AND MEDIAN TREATMENTS. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES B AND C. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 361 p. AB - Wider medians that do not require median barriers often contain isolated hazards such as bridge piers, large sign supports, and openings between twin bridge structures. The treatment of these hazards has varied considerably among the States with a large number of different designs. Based on a state-of-the-art review, the bullnose or closed barrier envelope around the hazard was selected as the most promising concept. A high-performance guardrail system, the modified thrie beam, was selected as the guardrail system for design/development in this project. This system has successfully contained both a 20,000-lb (9040 kg) school bus and a 32,000-lb (14,500 kg) intercity bus striking the barrier at 60 mi/h (95 km/h) and a 15-degree angle. A total of sixteen crash tests were conducted on bullnose designs using 1800-lb (800 kg) and 4000-lb (2000 kg) cars and a 5400-lb (2500 kg) pickup truck. These tests were conducted with the barrier installed in a representative ditch determined to be a typical depressed median. Thus, minimal site work is believed to be needed for application of the design to typical median cross section geometries. Results of the tests are promising; however, additional testing will be required to complete the evaluations of the final recommended design. Drawings of the installation are included in Appendix A of this report. This report (Volume II) contains full-scale test reports and a summary of the state-of-the-art review; Volume I contains a summary of the work conducted in this project (FHWA No. RD-88/004, Research Report and Appendix A). KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Performance KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465673 AU - Bronstad, M E AU - Ray, M H AU - Mayer, J B AU - Brauer, S K AU - Southwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEDIAN BARRIER TERMINALS AND MEDIAN TREATMENTS. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT AND APPENDIX A. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 121 p. AB - Wider medians that do not require median barriers often contain isolated hazards such as bridge piers, large sign supports, and openings between twin bridge structures. The treatment of these hazards has varied considerably among the States with a large number of different designs. Based on a state-of-the-art review, the bullnose or closed barrier envelope around the hazard was selected as the most promising concept. A high-performance guardrail system, the modified thrie beam, was selected as the guardrail system for design/development in this project. This system has successfully contained both a 20,000-lb (9040 kg) school bus and a 32,000-lb (14,500 kg) intercity bus striking the barrier at 60 mi/h (95 km/h) and a 15-degree angle. A total of sixteen crash tests were conducted on bullnose designs using 1800-lb (800 kg) and 4000-lb (2000 kg) cars and a 5400-lb (2500 kg) pickup truck. These tests were conducted with the barrier installed in a representative ditch determined to be a typical depressed median. Thus, minimal site work is believed to be needed for application of the design to typical median cross section geometries. Results of the tests are promising; however, additional testing will be required to complete the evaluations of the final recommended design. Drawings of the installation are included in Appendix A of this report. This report (Volume I) contains a summary of the work conducted in this project; Volume II contains full-scale test reports and a summary of the state-of-the-art review (FHWA No. RD-88/005, Appendixes B and C). KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Performance KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464669 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Hummer, J AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Herf, L AU - Hunter, W AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SAFETY EFFECTS OF CROSS-SECTION DESIGN FOR TWO-LANE ROADS - VOLUME I - FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/10 SP - 207 p. AB - This study was intended to quantify the benefits and costs resulting from lane widening, shoulder widening, shoulder surfacing, sideslope flattening, and roadside improvements. Detailed traffic, accident, and roadway data were collected on 4,951 miles of two-lane roads in seven States. An accident predictive model and statistical tests were used to determine expected accident reductions related to various geometric improvements. Factors found to be most related to reduced accidents were wider lanes and shoulders, improved roadside conditions, and flatter sideslopes. Paved shoulders were found to have a marginal safety benefit compared to unpaved shoulders. Detailed accident analyses were also conducted for roadside features. Factors associated with increased fixed object accidents include higher traffic volumes, greater numbers of roadside objects, and closer distance of roadside objects to the road. Roadside objects associated with high accident severities include culverts, trees, utility and light poles, bridges, rocks, and earth embankments. Construction cost data from several States were used to develop a cost model for numerous types of roadway and roadside projects. This volume contains the final report and four appendixes. The final report contains detailed information on data collection and data analysis and conclusions and recommendations. The appendixes contain detailed information on the literature review, photographs used for the rural and urban roadside hazard scales, and economic analysis inputs. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridges KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Cross sections KW - Culverts KW - Data collection KW - Fixed object KW - Flattening KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement widening KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside improvement KW - Rocks KW - Safety KW - Side slopes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Slopes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Trees KW - Two lane highways KW - Utility poles KW - Widening KW - Width UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31037/FHWA-RD-87-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474825 AU - Earnhart, G AU - Simon, L AU - KRW Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCESSIBILITY FOR ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED PEDESTRIANS - A MANUAL FOR CITIES PY - 1987/10 SP - 206 p. AB - Since publication in 1980 of FHWA's manual entitled "Development of Priority Accessible Networks: An Implementation Manual - Provisions for the Elderly and Handicapped Pedestrians", Federal rules and standards have been updated and revised. Cities across the country have also been building up their own body of knowledge by testing and evaluating accessibility techniques. This manual includes two sections. Part I: Planning and Programming describes the four planning stages and provides guidance for planners and other officials to follow in developing an accessibility program. Some examples from successful city programs are included. Part II: Design provides explanations of the details needed in executing the accessibility plans in Part I. Each design chapter provides definitions, Federal and other standards if they exist, illustrations, and an extensive part on Problems and Recommended Solutions. In this part, a checklist of commonly encountered general and specific design problems is provided, and then recommended solutions are listed by each problem. KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Computer programming KW - Curb ramps KW - Design KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Programming KW - Standards KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01470292 AU - Nmai, Charles K AU - Bowman, Mark D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crack Growth Gages for Monitoring Fatigue Damage PY - 1987/09/09/Informational Report SP - 204p AB - This study examines the use of notched crack gages to provide a clear indication of the onset of fatigue crack growth in structural steel details. The crack gage consists of a thin steel coupon that can be bonded to a structural member in the vicinity of a known stress raiser, such as at the end of a cover plate or near a welded stiffener. The crack gage concept has traditionally been used in the aerospace industry to correlate fatigue crack growth in the gage to crack growth in the structure. The present emphasis is to use the crack gage to detect the onset of fatigue crack growth. The geometry of the crack gage is designed such that either initiation or significant crack propagation in the gage provides a direct indication that the structural element has developed a detectable fatigue crack. In this study, the structural element selected for study is a transverse welded butt joint member containing a full-length lack of penetration (LOP) discontinuity. The effect of the LOP discontinuity on the fatigue behavior of transverse welded butt joints is examined, with particular emphasis on the fraction of the cyclic life spent in fatigue crack initiation. The crack gage fatigue test results are compared with analytical predictions of the fraction of cyclic life spent in crack initiation and crack propagation. Based on these comparisons, the suitability of the crack gage concept for field use is discussed. Also, the fatigue test results of the LOP specimens and the sound weld specimens from this study are compared with those from other studies. A procedure that can be used to design fatigue crack gages to monitor typical structural details is recommended, and two examples that illustrate the design procedure are presented. KW - Butt joints KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Measuring instruments KW - Structural health monitoring UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314126 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01418173 AU - Uddin, W AU - Hudson, W R AU - Elkins, G E AU - Reilley, K T AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Implementation TI - Evaluation of equipment for measuring voids under pavements PY - 1987/09 IS - FHWA/TS-87-229 SP - 186P AB - This report documents the research performed on evaluation of equipment for measuring voids under portland cement concrete pavements. The following equipment was evaluated based on field tests conducted by several state dot's: proof roller, the benkelman beam, dynaflect, falling weight deflectometer (fwd), ground penetrating radar (gpr) equipment developed by gulf applied radar and donohue and associates inc, and transient dynamic response (tdr) equipment. The devices were evaluated through information obtained from a literature search, synthesis of field test data provided by the states and additional telephone contacts conducted for this study. The field tests were performed on pcc pavements in these states during undersealing projects. Records of grout quantity were the prime source to verify voids. Cores and, in some cases, lifting of the entire pcc slabs provided further evidence of the presence of voids. Gpr and tdr data were interpreted by their participants. Deflection data were interpreted by the states or analyzed in this study using standard procedures. The report concludes that, based on the interpretation of field test data and field verifications, none of the methods or equipment can yet be classified as an excellent tool to measure voids. Deflection methods are the least satisfactory because pavement deflections are influenced by daily temperature cycles and load transfer deficiencies across transverse joints. All methods require extensive manual data analysis and data interpretation. The tdr method is very labor intensive and needs further study in relation to the influence of slab curling due to temperature cycles and the effect of load transfer inadequacy. Ground penetrating radar methods hold good promise if the data interpretation techniques are enhanced and their subjective and time consuming reporting aspects are improved (a). KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Ground penetrating radar (GPR) KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Porosity KW - Porosity KW - Test method KW - Test procedures KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105056 AU - Osseiran, Abdallah H AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crack and Seat Concrete Pavement PY - 1987/09//Construction Report SP - 60p AB - Prevention of reflective cracking in HMAC overlays placed over PCCP has been based on experience gained from trial and error methods of in-service pavements in many states. Arizona recently utilized this technique on a PCCP section of Interstate 40 between MP 152.1 and MP 158.6 EB and WB prior to placing a 4 inch HMAC overlay. Two sections, 500' in length, were cracked and seated on the WB roadway using 2 ft . x 2 ft . and 4 ft. x 6 ft. patterns, respectively. The remaining six miles of project IR-40-3(59)C were cracked and seated using a 3 ft. x 3 ft. pattern for both the EB and WB roadways. A Michigan whiphammer was used for cracking the pavement and a fifty ton pneumatic roller used for seating it. Visual identification of the cracking was difficult, but indicated a spider-web like crack pattern has been produced. The project, constructed in the fall of 1986, will be evaluated by ADOT annually for five years as Project AZ8604. The evaluation of this construction experimental feature will document the performance of the crack and seat technique and the effects of varying the crack pattern. A nine month evaluation is included with the construction report. KW - Arizona KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflective cracking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26987/EP8604-construction.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629094 AU - Pyskadlo, R M AU - Ewing, J P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COATINGS FOR CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 41 p. AB - Polymer-coated steel culverts were first installed in New York State in late 1978 and 1979 on two sections of the Genesee Expressway in Livingston County. A roller-coated product (Beth-Cu-Loy PC) was used in Section 7A and a laminate (Nexon) in Section 7B. Shortly after installation, several Nexon-coated pipes showed signs of abrasion and delamination. This study was initiated to determine the causes of this early failure and to provide the Department with guidelines for future use of polymer coatings. Included is a summary of site conditions at each of 71 culverts, together with condition surveys conducted over a 9-year period. In addition, several 2- by 4-ft polymer and metallic coated plates (eight different products in all) were installed in three other sites in New York State to compare their relative performances. These plates have been observed for up to 8 years. KW - Abrasion resistant coatings KW - Coatings KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Delamination KW - Failure analysis KW - Metal pipe KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymers KW - Protective coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622381 AU - Wolfe, T M AU - Tritsch, S L AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JOINT SEALANT STUDY. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 62 p. AB - ADOT has approximately 550 lane miles of jointed portland cement pavement under its jurisdiction. The current practice is to saw and seal the joints at the time of construction and reseal the joints under a rehabilitation project. ADOT does not specify a performance criteria for joint sealant. To evaluate the performance of currently available products, a 0.7 mile test section was constructed on I-17 near Flagstaff. The test section, constructed on the southbound roadway from milepost 330.5 to 331.2 compared two silicones, Dow Corning 888 and Superseal 888, and three hotpours, Allied-Koch 9001, Craftco Roadsaver 231 and W. R. Meadows SOF-SEAL. The sealants were placed in July, 1986 by Change Order on project IR-17-2(104). This project consisted of resealing 26 miles of plain jointed concrete pavement constructed in 1974. A total of two hundred transverse joints extending across the entire roadway were sealed. The sealants were placed in a specified pattern alternating one product after another until forty joints of each material had been placed (i.e., within any five joint interval all five products were placed). The sealant performance will be monitored semi-annually for a period of four years with cores obtained after one, two and four years. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint sealing KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Sealing compounds KW - Silicones KW - Transverse joints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26989/EP8618.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490658 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS: WEAP86 PROGRAM 1987 ISSUE. VOLUME 2. GENERAL USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 192 p. AB - The WEAP Program, written and documented under a previous FHWA contract in 1976 and updated in 1981, was further developed. The new program referred to as WEAP86 includes all of the WEAP features plus the following new models: separate models for liquid and atomized fuel injection of diesel hammers; residual stress analysis; and realistic splice model. An important addition was an updated and/or revised hammer data file with the new efficiency values based on research performed under another contract for the FHWA. Furthermore, extensive tables covering helmets, cushions, and piles were compiled and included in the documentation. Another important facet of the WEAP86 work was the development of a program version for personal computers. KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Manuals KW - Personal computers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Tables (Data) KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299601 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490660 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS: WEAP86 PROGRAM 1987 ISSUE. VOLUME 4. USER'S MANUAL FOR PC (PERSONAL COMPUTER) APPLICATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 63 p. AB - The WEAP Program, written and documented under a previous FHWA contract in 1976 and updated in 1981, was further developed. The new program referred to as WEAP86 includes all of the WEAP features plus the following new models: separate models for liquid and atomized fuel injection of diesel hammers; residual stress analysis; and realistic splice model. An important addition was an updated and/or revised hammer data file with the new efficiency values based on research performed under another contract for the FHWA. Furthermore, extensive tables covering helmets, cushions, and piles were compiled and included in the documentation. Another important facet of the WEAP86 work was the development of a program version for personal computers. KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Manuals KW - Personal computers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Tables (Data) KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490659 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS: WEAP86 PROGRAM 1987 ISSUE. VOLUME 3. PROGRAM INSTALLATION MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The WEAP Program, written and documented under a previous FHWA contract in 1976 and updated in 1981, was further developed. The new program referred to as WEAP86 includes all of the WEAP features plus the following new models: separate models for liquid and atomized fuel injection of diesel hammers; residual stress analysis; and realistic splice model. An important addition was an updated and/or revised hammer data file with the new efficiency values based on research performed under another contract for the FHWA. Furthermore, extensive tables covering helmets, cushions, and piles were compiled and included in the documentation. Another important facet of the WEAP86 work was the development of a program version for personal computers. KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Manuals KW - Personal computers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Tables (Data) KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490657 AU - Goble, G G AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WAVE EQUATION ANALYSIS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS: WEAP86 PROGRAM 1987 ISSUE. VOLUME 1. BACKGROUND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 120 p. AB - The WEAP Program, written and documented under a previous FHWA contract in 1976 and updated in 1981, was further developed. The new program referred to as WEAP86 includes all of the WEAP features plus the following new models: separate models for liquid and atomized fuel injection of diesel hammers; residual stress analysis; and realistic splice model. An important addition was an updated and/or revised hammer data file with the new efficiency values based on research performed under another contract for the FHWA. Furthermore, extensive tables covering helmets, cushions, and piles were compiled and included in the documentation. Another important facet of the WEAP86 work was the development of a program version for personal computers. KW - Computer programs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Manuals KW - Personal computers KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Tables (Data) KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299600 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485329 AU - Belrose, W AU - Hildebrand, D AU - Minneapolis, City of AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EVALUATION OF PASSIVE BUS DETECTORS IN MINNEAPOLIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 36 p. AB - The Passive Bus Detector (PBD) is comprised of two components: a conventional inductive loop detector embedded in the pavement, and a bus classifying unit installed in an adjacent traffic signal controller cabinet. The PBD, originally developed by the Federal Highway Administration, is designed to accurately detect the presence of transit buses in a mixed stream of motor vehicles, in order to provide them priority treatment at signalized intersections. The PBD is "passive" in that no special action or cooperation is required of the bus driver in order for the PBD to function. This report describes the results of a year-long study of the PBD by the City of Minneapolis. The detailed evaluation of the PBD equipment, installed at 42 locations on several of the city's major bus routes, proved that the device is both durable and reliable. KW - Bus priority KW - Buses KW - Durability KW - Loop detectors KW - Minneapolis (Minnesota) KW - Passive sensors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reliability KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297381 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00469942 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Hudson, W R AU - Elkins, G E AU - Reilley, K T AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING VOIDS UNDER PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 186 p. AB - This report documents the research performed on evaluation of equipment for measuring voids under portland cement concrete pavements. The following equipment was evaluated based on field tests conducted by several State DOT's: proof roller, the Benkelman Beam, Dynaflect, falling weight deflectometer (FWD), ground-penetrating radar (GPR) equipment developed by Gulf Applied Radar and Donohue & Associates Inc., and transient dynamic response (TDR) equipment. The devices were evaluated through information obtained from a literature search, synthesis of field test data provided by the States and additional telephone contacts conducted for this study. The field tests were performed on PCC pavements in these States during undersealing projects. Records of grout quantity were the prime source to verify voids. Cores and, in some cases, lifting of the entire PCC slabs provided further evidence of the presence of voids. GPR and TDR data were interpreted by their participants. Deflection data were interpreted by the States or analyzed in this study using standard procedures. The report concludes that, based on the interpretation of field test data and field verifications, none of the methods or equipment can yet be classified as an excellent tool to measure voids. Deflection methods are the least satisfactory because pavement deflections are influenced by daily temperature cycles and load transfer deficiencies across transverse joints. All methods require extensive manual data analysis and data interpretation. The TDR method is very labor intensive and needs further study in relation to the influence of slab curling due to temperature cycles and the effect of load transfer inadequacy. Ground penetrating radar methods hold good promise if the data interpretation techniques are enhanced and their subjective and time-consuming reporting aspects are improved. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Concrete pavements KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect equipment KW - Dynamic response KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Proof rolling KW - Transient loads KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479588 AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE ZONES: AN INVESTIGATION OF ACCIDENTS AND ACCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEMS IN ILLINOIS. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 129 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to estimate the added accident hazard due to the presence of highway work zones on the Chicago Area Expressway System. The study also evaluates existing practices in reporting construction zone accidents in Illinois and documents discrepancies between IDOT standards and observed traffic control layouts at 46 construction zones in the study area. Finally, an accident case study is presented for a long-term construction project which was monitored by the research team in the summer of 1986. KW - Case studies KW - Crash reports KW - Freeways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479579 AU - Green, W J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - McCullough, B F AU - Saraf, C L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COARSE AGGREGATE FOR PCC--PILOT STUDY EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 38 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate material properties of CRC pavements that used siliceous river gravel or crushed limestone as the coarse aggregate material. Laboratory measurements of the concrete mix properties were made for both coarse aggregates. These measurements were used to develop a set of predictive equations to simulate concrete behavior by coarse aggregate type. Predictive equations of concrete behavior were used as input to CRCP-4 program analysis. A strategy for developing CRCP steel specifications was formulated on the basis of CRCP-4 program analysis results. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crushed limestone KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Gravelly soils KW - Laboratory tests KW - Physical properties KW - Rivers KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous river gravel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464620 AU - Ostler, W K AU - Allred, K L AU - NPI AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED RECOVERY OF NATIVE VEGETATION ON ROADWAY SLOPES FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION. VOLUME I - GENERAL PRINCIPLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 139 p. AB - This report presents methods and approaches to enhancing the recovery of native vegetation on disturbed slopes adjacent to roads. Its main objective is to provide those involved with road construction such as engineers, designers, and nonprofessionals in vegetation management, with information that is generally unavailable to those disciplines. This information can be an important component of road construction and maintenance and attempts to show that savings and efficiencies are possible from early interaction of vegetation specialists in the planning and design phases rather than only after completion of construction. Volume I discusses techniques that should be a part of any revegetation programs and provides specific information on techniques to enhance native vegetation. The techniques discussed are general, and specific applications have to be worked out on a site specific basis. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Recovery KW - Revegetation KW - Road construction KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464614 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE SEALERS AND MULTIPLE LAYER POLYMER CONCRETE OVERLAYS. INTERIM REPORT NO. 1 PY - 1987/09 SP - 64 p. AB - The report presents comparisons of initial evaluations of several concrete sealers and multiple layer polymer concrete overlays. The sealers evaluated included a solvent-dispersed epoxy, a water-dispersed epoxy, a silane, and a high molecular weight methacrylate. The multiple layer polymer overlays evaluated were constructed with two polyester resins and silica sand, two flexible epoxies and basalt aggregate, and three EP5-LV epoxies and silica sand. The report presents information on the permeability to chloride ion, the bond strength between the overlay and the base concrete, the skid number, and the cost of the sealers and overlays. The performance of the sealers and multiple layer polymer overlays will have to be evaluated for at least five years to allow for an accurate assessment of life-cycle costs. KW - Basalt coarse aggregates KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete overlays KW - Costs KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Life cycle costing KW - Methacrylates KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Polyester resins KW - Polymer concrete KW - Sealing compounds KW - Silane KW - Silica sands KW - Skid number KW - Skidding UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36709/88-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464621 AU - Ostler, W K AU - Allred, K L AU - NPI AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED RECOVERY OF NATIVE VEGETATION ON ROADWAY SLOPES FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION. VOLUME II - REPRESENTATIVE SITES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 103 p. AB - This report presents methods and approaches to enhancing the recovery of native vegetation on disturbed slopes adjacent to roads. Its main objective is to provide those involved with road construction such as engineers, designers, and nonprofessionals in vegetation management, with information that is generally unavailable to those disciplines. This information can be an important component of road construction and maintenance and attempts to show that savings and efficiencies are possible from early interaction of vegetation specialists in the planning and design phases rather than only after completion of construction. Volume II provides information and discussions of 15 sites that were chosen as representative of problems that are occurring within the various regions. These sites were chosen by an interagency group composed of representatives of the National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Federal Highway Administration. These sites were used to provide information for the general principles section that was applicable to real problems or solutions that are being experienced by field personnel. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Recovery KW - Revegetation KW - Road construction KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464622 AU - Ostler, W K AU - Allred, K L AU - NPI AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED RECOVERY OF NATIVE VEGETATION ON ROADWAY SLOPES FOLLOWING CONSTRUCTION. VOLUME III - BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED REFERENCES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 26 p. AB - This report presents methods and approaches to enhancing the recovery of native vegetation on disturbed slopes adjacent to roads. Its main objective is to provide those involved with road construction such as engineers, designers, and nonprofessionals in vegetation management, with information that is generally unavailable to those disciplines. This information can be an important component of road construction and maintenance and attempts to show that savings and efficiencies are possible from early interaction of vegetation specialists in the planning and design phases rather than only after completion of construction. Volume III contains selected bibliographies of research that has been done specifically related to native species and revegetaion of disturbed sites particularly roadways. The references are listed by ecoregions. KW - Highway maintenance KW - Management KW - Planning KW - Recovery KW - Revegetation KW - Road construction KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475117 AU - Borden, R H AU - Gabr, M A AU - Hsu, C-H AU - Lien, W-C AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LATERAL COEFFICIENT OF SUBGRADE REACTION USING THE DILATOMETER TEST PY - 1987/09 SP - 134 p. AB - The Winkler or subgrade reaction approach is one of the most common techniques for the analysis of laterally loaded piles. The Winkler model simulates the soil-pile interaction mechanism by simply relating the pier deflection at a point to the soil pressure at that point, through a constant of subgrade reaction, referred to as K sub ho. The subgrade reaction concept provides a rational approach which enables the description of the nonlinear soil-structure interaction behavior of the problem readily, if only, approximately. In practice, the K sub ho values are used in the formulation of load-deformation curves, usually termed p-y curves. The p-y curves, developed as a function of depth, are used in conjunction with several analytical methods which model the pile using beam theory to predict the response of piles subjected to lateral loads. The use of the Marchetti dilatometer test (DMT) to estimate the coefficient of lateral subgrade reaction, K sub ho, was investigated. A model is proposed for the evaluation of K sub ho in cohesionless soils. The proposed methodology utilizes test data obtained using the NCSU calibration chamber. The calibration chamber was used for testing K sub o consolidated dry sand specimens subjected to lateral compression loading. Concurrently, the flat dilatometer was penetrated into the 1m diameter by 1m high specimens and DMT profiles were obtained. A field study was carried out to assess the applicability of the developed procedure. The K sub ho values obtained using the proposed model were used to formulate p-y curves for drilled piers tested in the field. Using these p-y curves as input data for the computer program "LTBASE", good correlation between predicted and measured load-deflection behavior was achieved. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dilatometers KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Granular soils KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474692 AU - Lytton, R L AU - Picornell, M AU - Garcia, C AU - Huang, C C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTION AND SIZING OF SURFACE CRACKS IN EXPANSIVE SOIL DEPOSITS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 141 p. AB - The depths of surface cracks in expansive clay deposits control the depths of the active zone in many cases. Rainfall and surface runoff can fill up these cracks and the water in the cracks can travel, impelled only by gravity, wherever the crack goes. If it goes beneath a pavement, the water will remain there, soaking into the soil on each side of the crack, and cause swelling. Thus, the depth of the surface cracks determines the depth to which a vertical moisture barrier should be placed in order to control moisture beneath a pavement. There is a need to be able to determine this depth of surface cracks by some means, and this report investigates a site investigation method which uses wave propagation. The report presents a definition of the ideal characteristics of an appropriate site reconnaissance using wave propagation to detect the presence of cracks and estimate their depth within reasonable tolerances. A summary review of the wave types is included, considering their generation, propagation, and alteration at a crack, and feasibility of detection and positive identification of the crack. This is complemented by the selection of several trial procedures for detecting surface cracks and estimating their depth. The results of field tests using several trenches excavated to different depths and naturally occurring shrinkage cracks are presented. The experimental set-ups that were used in these are illustrated. The field data are analyzed using a Fast Fourier algorithm to transform the recorded wave to the frequency domain. The depth of the crack is backfigured from the increase in travel time of the surface wave caused by the crack. KW - Cracking KW - Data analysis KW - Depth KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Expansive clays KW - Field tests KW - Fourier transforms KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Moisture barriers KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Site investigation KW - Size KW - Surface cracks KW - Surfaces KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00470950 AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF CAUSES OF BLISTERING OF ASPHALT LAYERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 52 p. AB - The objective of this research was to identify causes and mechanisms which may contribute to the formation of blisters on asphalt concrete overlays through information gathering and synthesizing. The major cause of blistering was found to be the thermal expansion of entrapped gas and water beneath the unbonded areas between the thin asphalt overlay and the subsurface. An analytical blister model was developed based on the fracture mechanics concept. Analytical solutions of the deformed profile and critical pressure for the onset of adhesive bond failure were obtained. KW - Adhesion KW - Adhesive bond KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Blistering KW - Causes KW - Entrapped air KW - Failure KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Mathematical models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Thermal expansion KW - Unbonded areas KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468630 AU - Anderson, J L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLUSRIDE AND BONIFIBERS PAVEMENT EVALUATION: SR-530, STANWOOD VICINITY. POST-CONSTRUCTION AND ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 46 p. AB - Asphalt mixes modified with the addition of reclaimed rubber granules (PlusRide) and polyester fibers (BoniFibers) were used in a 0.12-ft overlay of a badly distressed section of AC pavement. The distress consisted of transverse and longitudinal cracking which was reflecting through from the underlyinng old PCC pavement and severe alligator cracking which was an age related fatigue problem. A section of standard Class B dense graded ACP was also put down to serve as a control section for judging performance. The three sections are to be monitored over a period of three years to determine the effectiveness of the asphalt additive products in preventing the reflection of the distresses noted in the underlying pavement from showing through in the overlay. The first year inspection revealed that the PlusRide section was showing some longitudinal cracking over the old PCC lane edge. The BoniFibers section was also showing the same longitudinal distress over the lane edge of the underlying PCC plus a small amount of transverse cracking. KW - Additives KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Effectiveness KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyester resins KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rubber KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/147.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468712 AU - Bagate, M AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MECHANISTIC DESIGN FOR THIN-BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 70 p. AB - This report is concerned with the design of concrete overlays of old concrete pavements with some remaining fatigue life considering three criteria: (1) wheel load stresses; (2) volume change stresses; (3) interface bond stresses. The finite element method is used for the wheel load stresses and accounts for a more precise modeling of continuously reinforced concrete pavements, jointed reinforced concrete pavements, and jointed concrete pavements with various loading configurations: at edge, at joint, and at cracks. A computer program is presented which performs the required structural analysis using ANSI standard Fortran 77 language and is fully compatible with CDC 170/75 and IBM 3081 hardwares. The structural design has been verified and calibrated using field data from a recently completed thin-bonded concrete overlay (TBCO) experimental project on South IH-610 in Houston. Final design and construction recommendations are made based on this, and previous studies. The design method developed in this study should assist the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonds KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Interfaces KW - Pavement design KW - Recommendations KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Volume changes KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468210 AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED UTCS SOFTWARE - SYSTEM SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION - VOLUME 3. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 390 p. AB - This document presents all hierarchical charts and diagrams for the enhanced traffic control software. Section 2 summarizes the functions in the software system, and Section 3 contains the structure charts and detailed hierarchical input process output (HIPO) diagrams. KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468208 AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED UTCS SOFTWARE - SYSTEM SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION - VOLUME 1. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 522 p. AB - This document presents all hierarchical charts and diagrams for the enhanced traffic control software. Section 2 summarizes the functions in the software system, and Section 3 contains the structure charts and detailed hierarchical input process output (HIPO) diagrams. KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468205 AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED UTCS SOFTWARE - APPLICATION MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 73 p. AB - This document has been prepared for software analysts. It provides the necessary background to allow modifications to the software. Section 2 presents an overview of the complete system in the form of routine and file inventories and gives a brief discussion of the operation of the system. Section 3 examines three types of modifications: modifying system functionality, modifying system control capacity, and installing the system on different computers. Finally, Section 4 discusses computer resource requirements in terms of both capacity and functionality. KW - Manuals KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468206 AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED UTCS SOFTWARE - DATA BASE SPECIFICATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 211 p. AB - This document presents all the data elements associated with the enhanced traffic control software. The information is incorporated into three tables, which make up Sections 2, 3, and 4. Section 2, Data List Description, defines all the list data structures in the system. Section 3, Data Element/Software Routine Cross Reference, lists all the software routines that use each of the data elements. Section 4, Data Element Description, defines all the software variables in the system. KW - Databases KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468207 AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED UTCS SOFTWARE - OPERATOR'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 153 p. AB - The software described in this operator's manual is a complete reference for operating the enhanced traffic control software system. It is written for the traffic engineer and system operator. Section 2 presents operator input, system response and output procedures for on-line operation of the traffic control system. Section 3 defines procedures for the off-line system operation. KW - Manuals KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00468209 AU - Honeywell Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED UTCS SOFTWARE - SYSTEM SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION - VOLUME 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 660 p. AB - This document presents all hierarchical charts and diagrams for the enhanced traffic control software. Section 2 summarizes the functions in the software system, and section 3 contains the structure charts and detailed hierarchical input process output (HIPO) diagrams. KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467787 AU - Chalupnik, J D AU - Anderson, D S AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ROADWAY SURFACES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 29 p. AB - This project studies the ways in which tire noise changes as the pavement on which they run ages and wears. Initial measurements of the levels and spectral distribution of noise generated at the tire-road surface interface have been made on a number of road surfaces of a variety of asphaltic and concrete compositions. In all, noise characteristics from thirty-one roadway sections are under biannual study. All of these sections were freshly completed within six months of the initiation of the study. Data from the first four biannual sessions are presented in graphical form. KW - Acoustic properties KW - Aging KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Sound level KW - Surfacing KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Traffic noise KW - Wear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/129.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279106 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00467830 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ilves, G J AU - ABDULSHAFI, A AU - Kaloush, K E AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDY OF COLD ASPHALT MIX RECYCLING IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 120 p. AB - This report presents a study initiated in 1984 to develop specification guidelines and mix design recommendations and to obtain performance data on cold-mix recycling projects in Ohio. Future investment planning was the motivation for the Ohio Department of Transportation to consider cold-mix recycling of local roads as a maintenance alternative. Two mainline, low volume roads and one shoulder pavement were selected for this study. Documentation and evaluation of the projects are discussed generally in two parts. The first part includes the site selection criteria, pre-construction evaluation, mix designs, construction specifications and construction monitoring. The second part discusses performance evaluation through field inspection, data collection and laboratory evaluation of material properties. It is concluded that cold recycling is a feasible option when being used to build up base courses for local roads or to stabilize deteriorated shoulders prior to an overlay. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low volume roads KW - Materials characterization KW - Mix design KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycling KW - Road shoulders KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/279140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465690 AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCORPORATED MUNICIPALITIES, MUNICIPAL OFFICIALS AND STATE STREET AID ALLOCATIONS. 1987 PY - 1987/09 SP - v.p. AB - This publication presents information in 4 sections as follows: (1) list of all legally incorporated municipalities in North Carolina, showing the county in which located; (2) names of municipal officials in active cities and towns; (3) amounts of State Street Aid allocations paid the participating municipalities, along with population and local city street mileage, and (4) a summary of expenditures and balances of State Street Aid as reported by the participating municipalities. KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Expenditures KW - North Carolina KW - Resource allocation KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00465651 AU - Kiljan, J AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRD PARTY CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - v.p. AB - This study reviews the efficiency, advantages, disadvantages, and potential pitfalls of contracting construction engineering services that would normally be provided by the Colorado Department of Highways to third party consultants. This is the final report; an interim report was published as report number CDOH-DTP-R-86-4. The report evaluates 1) overall administration of projects by a consultant; 2) construction surveying as a bid item; and 3) consultant testing under contract to the CDOH. The report concludes that these procedures are workable but that they should only be used for short-term increases in the workload. The conclusions and recommendations discuss the quality of the agreements, the long-term effects on state employees, the need for improved cost data, additional costs, and inconsistencies in specification enforcement. KW - Bids KW - Consultants KW - Contract administration KW - Contracting KW - Contractors KW - Contracts KW - Costs KW - Enforcement KW - Specifications KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/275758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464618 AU - Osegueda, R A AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POSITIVE MOMENT TESTS FOR PRECAST CONCRETE PANEL-DECKED COMPOSITE BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 190 p. AB - Bridge deck replacement using precast concrete panels minimizes replacement time as well as traffic interference. An experimental study consisting of static load test on a 1/3 scale model of a 60-ft long steel I-girder bridge with precast concrete panels connected with epoxy mortar and shear connectors to accomplish composite action is described. Three major static load tests were conducted. The first test was conducted on the bare steel stringers. The second was conducted with the precast concrete panels connected to the steel stringers only by pocket connections consisting of epoxy mortar and shear connectors. The third test was conducted with the precast panels connected to each other by built-in shear key joints grouted with epoxy mortar in addition to being connected by the pocket connection to the steel stringers. The results of the static load tests were evaluated as the 1/3 model went through a transition from noncomposite to composite. Composite action was accomplished when the epoxy mortar of the pocket connections and shear key joints cured. No significant composite action was developed by the pocket connections alone. KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fasteners KW - Girder bridges KW - Load tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Productivity KW - Replacing KW - Scale models KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Static tests KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464664 AU - Azab, M A AU - Helwig, R D AU - Malasheskie, G J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY DUTY MEMBRANES FOR THE REDUCTION OF REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE OVERLAYS - A FOLLOW-UP REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 19 p. AB - Seven types of heavy duty membranes were tested to determine their effect on reducing reflective cracks in bituminous overlays of rigid pavement. The final report for this project which was completed in August 1985 indicated significantly better performance of the treated transverse cracks and joints, and recommended the approval of four membranes for this specific use. This follow-up report reexamined the ability of these membranes in reducing reflective cracks six years after their original application. It is concluded that there is no need for using heavy duty membranes to treat longitudinal joints and cracks. Based on the analysis of crack data from this survey it is apparent that the same degree of reflective cracking occurred in the membrane-treated sections as over the untreated joints and cracks, if the cracking observed on all the membrane sections is combined together. However, based on individual product section cracking two types are recommended to remain on the approved list for treatment of transverse cracks and joints. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464619 AU - Bonilla, F E AU - JAMES, R W AU - Osegueda, R A AU - Noel, J S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPOSITE ACTION OF PRECAST PANEL BRIDGE DECKS IN NEGATIVE MOMENT REGIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 169 p. AB - A one-third scale composite steel-concrete bridge model with a precast deck was tested under negative moments to investigate the behavior of the structure before and after cracking of the deck. The model was simply supported and an upward concentrated load was applied at midspan to develop negative moments while the supports were restrained against uplift. The experiment included loading sequences before and after cracking of the concrete deck. The first was used to determine the section properties of the model, and the second to study the loss of composite action due to cracking of the concrete deck. The results show that the effects of the epoxy-grouted joints between the deck panels on the stiffness of the structure are not significant, and that the behavior of the model under positive moments is different from that under negative moments due to the lower modulus of elasticity of concrete in tension. Cracks in the deck were observed first at the joint locations even though these were not the most highly stressed regions. A loss in composite action was observed in a region of length equal to about 18 deck thicknesses due to the development of a crack. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge decks KW - Composite materials KW - Cracking KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Precast concrete KW - Scale models KW - Static tests KW - Tension KW - Tension cracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00464615 AU - Yu, S L AU - Li, J Y AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR STORM DRAIN HYDRAULIC GRADELINE COMPUTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 47 p. AB - A microcomputer software module was developed for the computation of hydraulic gradeline in storm sewer systems. The computer module has been attached to the program "HYDRA", which is being adopted by the FHWA organized Pooled Fund Study on Integrated Drainage System as the program for storm drain design and analysis. The module developed in this study, called HYGRD, would allow a user to check design adequacy and also to analyze the performance of a sewer system under assumed in flow conditioning. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Design KW - Hydraulic gradeline KW - Microcomputers KW - Performance KW - Software KW - Storm sewers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36710/88-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/274919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475122 AU - Anderson, K W AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT-RUBBER OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSE. I-5: VANCOUVER VICINITY. POST-CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 12 p. AB - This report describes the construction of experimental asphalt-rubber and polymer-asphalt open graded friction course overlays on Interstate 5 in Vancouver, Washington. A 1200 foot section of conventional open-graded pavement was included as a control section. Evaluations will be conducted over a period of three years to measure the performance of the rubber and polymer sections against the control section of conventional open-graded pavement. Initial observations and tests show no significant differences between the control and the asphalt-rubber and polymer sections. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/131.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475114 AU - Highlands, K L AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBBASE PERMEABILITY AND PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 36 p. AB - This project, constructed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), demonstrated that open-graded, permeable subbase materials can be designed which provide constructability and pavement support as well as good internal drainage at a competitive cost. Five types of subbases, ranging from an impermeable cement stabilized material to a very permeable, uniformly-graded crushed aggregate, were evaluated during this seven-year research project. PennDOT's open-graded subbase is also discussed. Deflections in the 10-inch reinforced concrete pavement over the various subbase sections were measured with PennDOT's Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). These FWD measurements were used to determine the effects the various subbases had on pavement slab deflection, joint efficiency, and void formation. The effects of pavement temperature on slab deflections are also examined. Roughness measurements, made throughout the evaluation, are analyzed to determine the effects the various subbases had on short-term pavement performance. KW - Deflection KW - Drainage KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Roughness KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475119 AU - Schultz, R L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLUSRIDE (REGISTERED TRADEMARK) ASPHALT PAVEMENT. SR-82, CONTRACT 2318, BRIDGE NO. 82/205. FINAL EVALUATION REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 15 p. AB - This is the final report of PlusRide (registered trademark) being used as the wearing course on a bridge deck overlay. A Class D Asphalt Concrete pavement which is an open graded friction course was used on an adjacent bridge as a control for the PlusRide (registered trademark). The PlusRide (registered trademark) claims were high friction resistance, reduced noise, increased fatigue properties and deicing characteristics. The PlusRide (registered trademark) cost 50 percent more than the Class D and the friction resistance, noise levels and fatigue properties were the same for the PlusRide (registered trademark) and Class D. The deicing characteristics could not be confirmed due to the absence of surface icing on highways in the Yakima area. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Costs KW - Deicing KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Skin resistance KW - Sound level KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/127.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475001 AU - Marsella, M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF INSERTION LOSS FOR TRAFFIC NOISE BARRIER ALONG I-676 IN CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 38 p. AB - Traffic noise data was collected at a site adjacent to I-676 in Camden, N.J. in order to determine the insertion losses resulting from a noise barrier constructed along the northbound side of the highway. The barrier was a concrete post-and-panel structure placed atop a concrete parapet to give an effective height of ten feet. Data was collected using five microphones: a reference microphone was placed at the barrier and five feet higher than its top, in order to eliminate interference from the barrier; one set of field microphones (one at five feet and one at ten feet) was placed 150 feet from the reference microphone; a second set of field microphones at the same heights was placed 300 feet from the reference microphone. All positions were along a line perpendicular to the highway. Noise data, traffic counts, and speeds were all recorded simultaneously. Observations were nominally six minutes long. The noise observations were later edited to remove extraneous noise so that the final samples contained only four-minute observations of "clean" traffic noise. Traffic counts were prorated to four minutes. Since it was not possible to obtain or to simulate data from before the barrier was constructed, it was necessary to use predicted levels to determine insertion losses. STAMINA 2.0, the current design model at NJDOT, was first tested by comparing predicted levels with those obtained from field measurements. The predicted data proved to be acceptably close to the field data for all microphone positions, so the predicted "before" and predicted "after" data sets were used to find the insertion loss at each. Analysis of the data by non-parametric statistical methods yielded insertion losses and confidence limits of 4.3 to 7.2 dB, plus or minus 0.4, the lower figure being for the microphones placed at 300 feet from the barrier. KW - Accuracy KW - Before and after studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Forecasting KW - Insertion losses KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Noise barriers KW - Sound level KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474908 AU - Khisty, C J AU - Rahi, M Y AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INEXPENSIVE TRAVEL DEMAND TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 70 p. AB - Conventional urban travel demand models, which are data-hungry, costly and mainly meant for large cities and metropolitan areas are not suitable for small urban areas with a population of 50,000 or less. These small urban areas generally lack the staff, expertise and budget to operate the conventional models. This report examines the applicability of simplified travel demand models suitable for small urban areas. The scope of this research is limited to simplified travel demand forecasting techniques that make use of routinely collected traffic ground counts. A total of thirteen methods are examined, of which four are discussed in detail, by applying them in a common setting. Their input requirements and usability are examined. Contacts with selected MPOs, COGs, Planning Commissions in the State of Washington reveal that such methods will be useful in small urban areas considering the staff, expertise, and budget limitation available. Currently, these small urban areas use unproven heuristic methods. The use of methods described in this report will considerably help small urban areas to forecast travel demands using traffic ground counts and socioeconomic data. KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Small cities KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Traffic counts KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel demand UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/125.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285603 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00474710 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Andrews, W H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING THE VISIBILITY OF RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING SIGNALS PY - 1987/09 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - p. 25-35 AB - A study is reported which examined available railroad-highway grade crossing signal hardware and sought ways to improve the brightness and uniformity of crossing signals without changing their cost, or complicating their maintenance. The study also developed and evaluated 7 design alterations and 3 maintenance aids. Two permanently focused signal units were designed and fabricated, and two hardware configurations employing commercial power were evaluated. An instrument for use in optimizing adjustable-focus signals was also developed. The following hardware elements were evaluated: an alignment scope to aid in proper signal alignment; quartz-iodide lamps to improve efficiency; antireflective roundel coatings to increase transmittance; a special-purpose photometer for measuring crossing signal and traffic signal flux; a small clip to prevent rotation of loosened roundels; and the application of a low lamp current between flashes to extend lamp life. All hardware was laboratory-tested and the signal hardware protypes were subjected to environmental and field tests. KW - Brightness KW - Hardware KW - Maintenance KW - Photometers KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Testing KW - Traffic signals KW - Transmittance KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288609 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00474712 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arens, J B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF AUTOMOBILE HEADLAMP CHANGES ON THE VISIBILITY OF REFLECTORIZED OVERHEAD HIGHWAY GUIDE SIGNS PY - 1987/09 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - p. 42-47 AB - This is an examination of the effects of low-beam headlamp design changes on the conspicuity and visibility of overhead guide signs on U.S. roads and highways as well as the safety impact of such design changes. The headlight design changes discussed are permissible under present national standards and will meet all photometric requirements of Standard J579c. This paper also develops lighting intensity values required for minimum overhead sign visibility, reviews the performance of current U.S. sealed-beam and European headlamps, and suggests some changes to SAE Standard J579c to assure the continued usefulness of unlit overhead guide signs. KW - Automobiles KW - Highway safety KW - Low beamed headlamps KW - Low beamed headlights KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Reflective signs KW - Standards KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00474919 AU - Minkarah, I AU - Weisgerber, F E AU - Cook, J P AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION JOINTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - v.p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the bridge deck expansion joint seals used in Ohio. Each seal observed in the field was rated in eight distinct categories of performance: General Appearance; Condition of Anchorage; Debris Accumulation; Watertightness; Surface Damage; Noise Under Traffic; Ease of Cleaning; and Ease of Repair/Replacement. Over 20 varieties of sealing systems were studied in about 120 bridges. The average ratings for 4 general types of seals are given in the report and the results are compared. This report also includes the results of statistical analysis aimed at determining how strongly the seal effectiveness is related to parameters of use such as age of the seal and the average daily truck traffic. In general, the sealing systems are performing well. However, it was noted that poor installation workmanship, poorly conceived details, and a general lack of maintenance all led to performance ratings significantly below the potential of the sealing systems themselves. Most importantly, the below-deck bridge components appeared to be in much better condition when protected by effective seals. KW - Bridge decks KW - Effectiveness KW - Expansion joints KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Joint sealers KW - Joint sealing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287901 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00474713 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Schwab, R N AU - Mace, D J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SIGNS WITH COMPLEX BACKGROUNDS PY - 1987/09 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - p. 48-55 AB - Research is described which was aimed at establishing luminance requirements to ensure that a yellow diamond warning sign is conspicuous at night. The study developed a procedure for rating sign locations to identify those locations requiring higher luminance level signs. The study procedure is described as well as the study's major conclusions, and recommendations on the maximum allowable sign luminance deterioration that can still provide the driver with adequate detection distances. The significance of this study is that it attempts to provide standards for signing luminance by developing criteria based on the complexity of the surrounding visual environment. It was found that most sign locations will be easily classified and fall into the low complexity group. At low complexity sites, enclosed lens retroreflective sheeting gives adequate recognition performance well in excess of the predicted driver requirements of the decision sight distance model. The study also shows that at low complexity sites, signs can undergo considerable deterioration without losing their effectiveness. KW - Background (Traffic signs) KW - Criteria KW - Effectiveness KW - Luminosity KW - Luminosity factor KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night visibility KW - Ratings KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Traffic signs KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288612 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00474711 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wentworth, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVISORY (EXPERT) SYSTEMS - AN ASSESSMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES IN THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1987/09 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - p. 36-41 AB - This article attempts to answer the following questions: what are advisory systems? when should advisory systems be used? what is being done related to highway technology: what are the barriers to the acceptance of advisory systems? what area should FHWA consider for possible development? A number of criteria that should be used in deciding whether or not to develop an advisory system are listed. Highway-related systems developed, or being developed are listed in the following areas: highway safety; traffic operations; pavements; structures; materials and operations; planning and policy; motor carrier transportation; and R&D management and coordination. Barriers to the acceptance of advisory systems are discussed and areas for development are noted. KW - Development KW - Expert systems KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Traffic KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00473188 AU - Cline, J C AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Rymer, B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELAY AT LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT GRADE CROSSINGS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 74 p. AB - This report represents the results of computer simulation work using Federal Highway Administration's NETSIM model to evaluate the delays incurred by automobile traffic when light rail transit (LRT) vehicles cross arterial streets at-grade. The operation simulated indicates the upper bounds of delay that would occur when light rail transit vehicles operate independently of the traffic signal system. Signal pre-emption, light rail vehicles operating in street medians, and special signal phasing are not considered. KW - Arterial highways KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Simulation KW - Streets KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00471878 AU - VINSON, T S AU - Pintner, R M AU - Johnson, E G AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF FINES PRODUCED DURING CRUSHING, HANDLING, AND PLACEMENT OF AGGREGATES EMPLOYED IN ROADWAY CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1987/09 SP - 65 p. AB - The three part test procedure was developed to determine the quantity of fines produced during crushing, handling, and placement of aggregates used as base course in roadway construction. The results of the test series were compared to fines determined from field records for six aggregate sources in Alaska. These sources were associated with projects experiencing final fines contents in the roadway structure which exceeded that allowed by the State of Alaska. A comparison of the laboratory and field results indicates that the test series may overestimate the quantity of fines that is likely to be produced under normal field conditions. Presently, the three part test procedure can only be used as a conservative measure of the maximum quantity of fines that is likely to be produced for a given crushing, handling, and placement history. The nature and quantity of the fines created in the laboratory test series were analyzed in order to determine their contribution to the frost action susceptibility of a representative base course aggregate. The fines produced are predominantly in the coarse-silt (0.02 to 0.074 mm) size range. Current frost action susceptibility theories suggest that these fines alone should not render the base course aggregate frost susceptible, but fines present before crushing in combination with those produced in processing may prove to be detrimental to roadway structure performance. KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Crushing KW - Field tests KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Handling KW - Handling characteristics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/280873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417864 AU - Bosch, H R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - A wind tunnel investigation of the Deer Isle-Sedgwick Bridge (phase 1) PY - 1987/08 IS - FHWA/RD-87-027 SP - 230P AB - The Deer Isle Sedgwick Bridge is a 45 year old suspension bridge located on the New England coast in the state of Maine. The Maine Department of Transportation (MeDOT) is in the process of rehabilitating this structure and has requested the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to evaluate the bridge's performance under existing wind and storm conditions. In response to this request, FHWA has conducted full scale measurements at the bridge site, analytical investigations, and scale model studies in the aerodynamics laboratory located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC). This report presents the results from the first phase of the wind tunnel model studies. A 1:25 scale section model was used to evaluate the bridge response. Tests were conducted under laminar (smooth) flow conditions for wind tunnel speeds ranging from 0 to 40 fps. Three basic modifications to the bridge cross section were designed and tested to evaluate their effectiveness toward enhancing bridge aerodynamic stability. Wind forces (lift, drag, and pitching moment) on the existing configuration and the most stable alternate were measured for vertical wind angles ranging from minus 10 degrees to plus 10 degrees. Based upon the results of these tests, the following major conclusions may be drawn: 1) wind forces on the bridge are lower than the aashto design values. 2) The existing shape exhibits undesirable tendencies for vortex induced response, galloping response, and autorotation in the torsional mode. 3) An asymmetric modification of the bridge cross section greatly enhances its aerodynamic stability (a). KW - Aerodynamics KW - Aerodynamics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Structural testing KW - Structural tests KW - Wind KW - Wind UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01417860 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Blackburn, R R AU - Kulakowski, B T AU - Kibler, D F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Wet weather exposure measures PY - 1987/08 IS - FHWA/RD-87-105 SP - 115P AB - Accident surveillance programs require a measure of wet pavement exposure to determine whether the wet pavement accident rates of particular highway sections are higher or lower than expected. This research program used the results of laboratory and field tests, together with available weather data to construct a model for estimating the percentage of time a pavement would be wet. The laboratory and field testing program addressed (1) the minimum level of pavement surface wetness that substantially reduces tire pavement friction and (2) the time required for a pavement to dry following rainfall. A computer model, known as the wettime model, was developed in the research to estimate the monthly and annual hours of wet pavement exposure. The model can be used to estimate wet pavement exposure in the vicinity of any first order weather station from data that can be obtained from the national climatic data center in asheville, north carolina. Procedures were also developed to use the output of the wettime model to prepare isoexposure contour maps for entire states or regions. A companion volume, report no. Fhwa/rd-87/106, is a users guide for the wettime exposure estimation model. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident rate KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash exposure KW - Crash rates KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Exposure KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Rain KW - Rain KW - Road safety KW - Road surface properties KW - Rolling contact KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Vehicle pavement interaction KW - Wet road KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675354 AU - Faller, R K AU - Magdaleno, J A AU - Warlick, B A AU - Wendling, W H AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TESTS ON NEBRASKA RURAL MAILBOX DESIGNS PY - 1987/08 SP - 136 p. AB - The Nebraska Department of Roads, in conjunction with the Federal Highway Administration, developed a new mailbox support system which could be used to accommodate a wide range of mailbox sizes. To be considered a safe appurtenance, the system had to be subjected to full-scale crash tests, as provided by "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Appurtenances", NCHRP Report 230, TRB, March, 1981. The major concern was to find whether the support system would keep the mailbox attached to the post, not allowing for detached elements to penetrate the passenger compartment. Four full-scale crash tests were conducted with an 1800-lb (816-kg) vehicle. Two tests, with the post embedded in weak soil, were performed at 20 mph (32.2 km/h) and 60 mph (96.6 km/h), respectively. Two tests, with the post embedded in strong soil, were conducted at 20 mph (32.2 km/h) and 60 mph (96.6 km/h), respectively. Three of the tests used a mailbox support system which held two mailboxes (size 1-A). One test used a system which supported one mailbox (size 2). After analyzing the results of the crash tests, it was evident that all of the performance criteria had been met. The major criteria evaluated were: change in velocity, maximum 0.010 sec average deceleration, whether the mailbox support system kept the mailbox attached to the post, and whether the vehicle remained stable and upright during and after the stages of impact. KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Posts KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Support systems KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412338 ER -