TY - JOUR AN - 00482637 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Marshek, K M AU - DaSilva, R E AU - Kannapan, S M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOWER-THROWN OBJECT ACCIDENTS PY - 1989/03 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 119-124 AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (TSDHPT) sponsored a study of existing equipment, mowing practices, and accident data, together with available reports on mowing practices and equipment of approximately 30 other states. The study also visited manufacturers, formed a data base to identify specific patterns, attempted to recommend changes in equipment design, and evaluated the effectiveness of various bat-wing mower design improvements. The results showed that the safety devices on current mowers are effective in normal use. Most States regarded the height of the cut as a major contributing factor to MTO accidents. Therefore, restricting the height of cut to 6 inches will reduce accidents. Other findings are discussed, and safety suggestions are made. KW - Crashes KW - Mowers KW - Mowing KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295034 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482634 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Freund, D M AU - Bonaquist, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A WEIGH-IN-MOTION DEVICE AT THE PAVEMENT TESTING FACILITY PY - 1989/03 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 97-106 AB - The article reports the field testing of a low-cost vehicle weight and classification system which uses piezoelectric cable sensors installed across the full width of a traffic lane. The sensors are connected by coaxial cable to a microprocessor unit which translates the signals into vehicle weights (loads) and determines the classification of the passing vehicles in the traffic stream. The pavement testing facility consists of two 200-ft asphalt concrete pavements which are loaded by the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF) machine. The study which evaluated the piezoelectric weigh-in-motion (WIM), attempted to determine the ALFs suitability for controlled testing of the pavement-mounted WIM device under repeated constant loading and under variable loads, tire pressures, and transverse locations. The study also assessed the durability of the cable assemblies, and determined the accuracy of the piezoelectric system. The results gave a detailed picture of the operation of the WIM device and the use of the ALF. The WIM cables were very durable. System acuracy, however, is still in question. KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Accelerated tests KW - Field tests KW - Inflation KW - Microprocessors KW - Piezoelectric effects KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Repeated loads KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295031 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482635 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ajluni, K K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROLLOVER POTENTIAL OF VEHICLE ON EMBANKMENTS, SIDESLOPES, AND OTHER ROADSIDE FEATURES PY - 1989/03 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 107-113 AB - This study examined vehicle interaction with various roadside features to determine key roadside-feature design criteria based on their potential for inducing vehicle rollover. The Highway-Vehicle Object Simulation Model (HVOSM) computer program was used in the study to determine dfferences between large and small vehicles and their performance capabilities with regard to various roadside features. The HVOSM was modified to improve its application to rollover situations. The results of the study are presented and discussed. The tests showed that 3:1 slopes are only marginally safe for traversal by small, lightweight automobiles. Ditches with front slopes no steeper than 3:1 appear relatively safe. These and other study results are discussed. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Ditches KW - Embankments KW - Highway design KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Slopes KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482343 AU - King, P L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THERMOPLASTIC TRAFFIC STRIPE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/03 SP - 19 p. AB - During the 12 month period of this project, a computerized inventory of all thermoplastic traffic stripe in the state was established. This inventory allows easy access to information pertaining to thermoplastic striping and enables short term scheduling and long range planning of striping operations. The thermoplastic evaluation procedure was modified to include objective measurements in addition to subjective ratings. A retroreflectometer and a digital thickness device were used for the objective measurements. The thickness device was developed by GDOT research personnel. Loss of retroreflectivity and thickness can now be monitored over time. KW - Information processing KW - Inventory KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Measurement KW - Planning KW - Retrodirective reflection KW - Retroreflection KW - Road markings KW - Striping materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Thickness KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292212 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482636 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOGLINEAR MODELS IN TRAFFIC STUDIES PY - 1989/03 VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - p. 114-118 AB - The background to loglinear modeling is described. Loglinear modeling permits researchers to try different models in the same way that multiple linear regression is used to fit data. This is useful in exploratory analysis. The article considers how the effects of each of the many possible variables and the relationships among them are segregated. In this study, the multiway contingency table approach was used. This approach is based on the principle of minimum discrimination information (MDI), which leads to exponential families of the parametgers yielding loglinear models. A key feature of the MDI approach is that it provides the necessary rationale for a uniform treatment of the many ad hoc procedures and seemingly different approaches to contingency table analysis. Estimation problems are discussed. KW - Contingency KW - Contingency planning KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Traffic simulation KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295033 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481049 AU - Williams, R E AU - Ledsky, R AU - Ducrest, J L AU - Kind, D A AU - Technology Management Corporation AU - Wesley-Kind Associates, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION STAFFING MODEL STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02/28 SP - 184 p. AB - Current construction inspection staffing forecasting methods used by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation were researched, as were several computer-based forecasting models developed by the Department. Computer based staffing forecasting models developed by/for the states of Maryland and Florida were also analyzed. Department databases were examined, and information relevant to forecasting staffing requirements and availability were determined. A survey was esigned, developed and distributed to all districts in the state, which sought the expert opinion of construction inspection managers. Staffing requirements-to-workload algorithms were formulated from the survey results based upon project schedule milestones, project size, project type, project phase and prevailing weather in each district. Staffing availability algorithms were based upon relationships derived from the historical attrition of personnel. Staffing requirements forecasts produced by CISIS were compared with the historical deployment of personnel and with historical forecasts. CISIS is written in SAS and CLIST, and is user-friendly, menu-driven and iteractive. CISIS allows the user to examine various staffing level options, and to display and/or printout various tabular and/or graphical data pertaining to construction inspection requirements and availability. KW - Algorithms KW - Availability KW - Computer programs KW - Construction inspection KW - Deployment KW - Forecasting KW - Inspection KW - Interactive computing KW - Mathematical models KW - Personnel KW - Personnel management KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - Supply KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01500878 AU - Kunza, James R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Use of Hydrodemolition for Removal of Concrete Decks PY - 1989/02/20 SP - 17p AB - The hydrodemolisher is a relatively new technology that removes deteriorated concrete from bridge decks through the use of water under very high pressure. Projects especially well-suited for hydrodemolition are large bridge rehabilitation projects where deck removal depths vary from two inches to full deck depth and in which complete deck removal and replacement is not warranted or is not feasible due to bridge design. The hydrodemolisher has the following advantages over today’s commonly used mechanical techniques: 1) constant, repeatable, results, once operating characteristics have been established; 2) guaranteed total removal of degraded material; 3) no damage to existing reinforcing steel or adjacent concrete in the removal process; 4) creation of a rough and sound concrete surface on which to bond the new concrete; 5) no impacts or vibrations; 6) no dust or fumes; 7) work may be done in inclement weather; and 8) one working unit can substitute from 30 to 50 jackhammers. The hydrodemolisher is not without its disadvantages, but as the technology matures the following disadvantages can be reduced or eliminated: 1) cost of equipment; 2) limited edge distance removal along curbs and walls; 3) water supply and water treatment after it is used; 4) cold weather limitations due to runoff freezing on work areas; 5) rebonding of debris if not properly removed; and 6) time required to set and align the hydrodemolisher. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Demolition KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydrodemolition KW - Water KW - Water pressure UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1279402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580489 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Polymerized Asphalt Cement PY - 1989/02//Final Report SP - 24p AB - In 1986, a 0.34 mile experimental section of polymerized asphalt cement (PAC30) concrete was placed in the westbound driving lane of Interstate 80 in western Iowa. It was used in a 2" asphalt concrete inlay using 20% recycled asphalt pavement. The virgin aggregate included 41% crushed gravel, 25% crushed quartzite and 14% natural sand. The evaluation of the project was severely limited when a 1987 reconstruction project extended into the experimental section leaving only 395 feet. Rut depths under a 4-foot gage were taken for a period of two years. No significant rutting occurred in the experimental polymerized section. The frequency of transverse cracking in the polymerized AC section was the same as that of the comparative AC-20 section. The asphalt paving mixture made with polymerized AC cost 120% of the cost of the conventional mix. KW - Costs KW - Experimental roads KW - Iowa KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Recycled materials KW - Rutting KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17085 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00790657 AU - Bi-State Metropolitan Planning Commission AU - The Ports and Waterways Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUAD CITY INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION STUDY: FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - v.p. AB - The Quad City metropolitan area is a part of the Bi-State Region, which comprises Scott and Muscatine Counties in Iowa and Rock Island, Henry, and Mercer Counties in Illinois. The Quad City metropolitan area is largely made up of the cities of Bettendorf and Davenport in Iowa, and East Moline, Moline, and Rock Island in Illinois. This study examined whether a river-linked intermodal transportation terminal in the Quad Cities could be economically established and become an important positive contributor to the economy of the area--in effect a new industry for the area that would have some of the characteristics of a base industry. Eleven sites were identified within the study area as possessing the basic attributes needed by the proposed facility. Based on the results of the preliminary site selection, three sites were chosen for further analysis: the Williams Marine site at the Davenport-Buffalo line, the Bettendorf Case site, and the Bettendorf Terminal (Elm Street) site. A feasibility analysis indicated that only the Bettendorf Case site had a positive net present value (NPV). For the other sites, the NPVs were negative, and when the supplementary cargo was included, were substantially more negative because of the extra cost of local transportation associated with these cargoes at these sites. Given these facts, the case for public sector initiatives in the project is not strong under present circumstances. Therefore, there is no recommendation to proceed with a new terminal development at this time. It is suggested that the public sector remain open to private sector initiatives, weighing them on a case by case basis. If there is a showing of potential public benefit, then the public sector may apply appropriate assistance measures. KW - Barge carriers KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bettendorf (Iowa) KW - Davenport (Iowa) KW - East Moline (Illinois) KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freight terminals KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodal yards KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Moline (Illinois) KW - Present value KW - Private enterprise KW - Quad City Metropolitan area KW - Railroad transportation KW - Recommendations KW - River ports KW - Rock Island (Illinois) KW - Truck terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00790656 AU - Bi-State Metropolitan Planning Commission AU - The Ports and Waterways Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUAD CITY INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION STUDY: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1989/02 SP - 20 p. AB - The Quad City metropolitan area is a part of the Bi-State Region, which comprises Scott and Muscatine Counties in Iowa and Rock Island, Henry, and Mercer Counties in Illinois. The Quad City metropolitan area is largely made up of the cities of Bettendorf and Davenport in Iowa, and East Moline, Moline, and Rock Island in Illinois. This study examined whether a river-linked intermodal transportation terminal in the Quad Cities could be economically established and become an important positive contributor to the economy of the area--in effect a new industry for the area that would have some of the characteristics of a base industry. Eleven sites were identified within the study area as possessing the basic attributes needed by the proposed facility. Based on the results of the preliminary site selection, three sites were chosen for further analysis: the Williams Marine site at the Davenport-Buffalo line, the Bettendorf Case site, and the Bettendorf Terminal (Elm Street) site. A feasibility analysis indicated that only the Bettendorf Case site had a positive net present value (NPV). For the other sites, the NPVs were negative, and when the supplementary cargo was included, were substantially more negative because of the extra cost of local transportation associated with these cargoes at these sites. Given these facts, the case for public sector initiatives in the project is not strong under present circumstances. Therefore, there is no recommendation to proceed with a new terminal development at this time. It is suggested that the public sector remain open to private sector initiatives, weighing them on a case by case basis. If there is a showing of potential public benefit, then the public sector may apply appropriate assistance measures. KW - Barge carriers KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bettendorf (Iowa) KW - Davenport (Iowa) KW - East Moline (Illinois) KW - Economic analysis KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freight terminals KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Intermodal terminals KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodal yards KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Moline (Illinois) KW - Present value KW - Private enterprise KW - Quad City Metropolitan area KW - Railroad transportation KW - Recommendations KW - River ports KW - Rock Island (Illinois) KW - Truck terminals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497354 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Kaloush, K E AU - Ilves, G J AU - Saraf, C L AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE OHIO PAVEMENT REHABILITATION DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 298 p. AB - This report presents a cooperative study initiated in 1983 by the Federal Highway Administration and the Ohio Department of Transportation. Its purpose was to establish cost and performance data for various rehabilitation strategies in Ohio. "The Ohio Pavement Rehabilitation Demonstration Program" consisted of ten projects: four unbonded concrete overlays, one modified concrete pavement restoration (CPR), three crack and seat projects with various asphalt overlay thickness, one thin asphalt concrete overlay on an undersealed concrete pavement with new composite shoulders, and a 6-in. asphalt concrete overlay over a D-cracked pavement with minimal joint repair. The construction operations have been documented and the performance of each project was periodically monitored. Monitoring included condition rating, crack surveys, deflection testing, roughness measurement, and ride quality. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Costs KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Deflection tests KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Restoration KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Thickness KW - Unbonded concrete overlays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496679 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF CEMENT FOR UPGRADING LOW QUALITY AGGREGATES IN OHIO BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 158 p. AB - The overall scope of this study was to evaluate the use of Portland cement for upgrading low quality aggregate encountered locally in Ohio. The primary targets of this investigation were to determine the optimum cement to be used in the form of an admixture or optimum cement and water-cement ratio for coating aggregates, optimization of mix parameters, reliability of performance evaluation, and the prediction of pavement performance compared to conventional bituminous concrete mixtures. The test results indicated that cement coating of coarse aggregate fractions for use in bituminous concrete mixtures is possible, and it has a significant effect on improvement of material properties. It was further reported that cement slurry treated aggregates have generally exhibited better material properties at both compactive efforts as opposed to the other treatments and virgin mix. Slurry treated aggregates is recommended for use in low and medium traffic volume pavements. Generally stating, treated low quality aggregates if used in bituminous concrete pavement with low volume traffic, will show beneficial effects in pavement structural life and performance, as opposed to virgin aggregate mixes. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coatings KW - Low volume roads KW - Mix design KW - Optimization KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Service life KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603530 AU - Hinch, J A AU - Hansen, A G AU - Hargrave, M W AU - Stout, D R AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE SIDE IMPACT TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 81 p. AB - The report describes the results of recent research conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) on occupant injury due to single vehicle side impacts into roadside objects. Injuries and fatalities due to side impacts on our nation's highways are discussed, followed by a review of historic testing conducted by FHWA. Results from current research are then presented and conclusions stated. Recommendations are provided with regard to the strengthening and/or provision for energy absorption for vehicle sides, and with regard to test and evaluation criteria for future side impact research. KW - Crash injury research KW - Energy absorption KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Injuries KW - Motor vehicles KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Side KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349365 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489652 AU - Collins, D M AU - Klingner, R E AU - Polyzois, D AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD-DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR OF CAST-IN-PLACE AND RETROFIT CONCRETE ANCHORS SUBJECTED TO STATIC, FATIGUE, AND IMPACT TENSILE LOADS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 242 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the design and behavior of single cast-in-place and retrofit concrete anchors under static, fatigue, and impact tensile loads. The following types of anchors were tested: (1) Cast-in-place anchor bolts and embeds; and (2) Retrofit anchors--(a) adhesive anchors (epoxy, polyester, and vinylester); (b) grouted anchors; (c) expansion anchors (torque-controlled); and (d) undercut anchors. The study described in this report involved 178 tests. Load-deflection behavior was recorded for each test. Behavior of adhesive anchors was studied with respect to variations in installation, orientation (vertical, horizontal, and overhead), and in hole cleaning techniques. Most anchors had a 5/8-in. nominal diameter. Required embedment lengths for the cast-in-place anchors were estimated using the criteria of ACI 349 Appendix B. Embedment lengths for the embeds, expansion, undercut, and some adhesive anchors were determined by the individual anchor manufacturer, and some anchors were only available in fixed lengths. Behavior modes of anchors were identified under static, fatigue, and impact tensile loads, and anchor types were categorized according to these behavior modes. Recommendations are given for embedment depths and installation techniques for anchors of each type. Recommendations are made for further research, some of which will be addressed in future reports produced by this project. KW - Adhesives KW - Anchor bolts KW - Anchoring KW - Anchors KW - Behavior KW - Building KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Embedment KW - Expansion KW - Facilities KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Grout KW - Installation KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Recommendations KW - Retrofitting KW - Static loads KW - Tensile load KW - Tension KW - Undercut UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489645 AU - Sicking, D L AU - Thompson, M F AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY DISSIPATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUSTERED RUBBER CYLINDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 112 p. AB - Crash cushions have proven to be one of the most cost-beneficial life-saving devices on our nation's highways. However, all of the widely used designs utilize sacrificial, energy-absorbing materials. A significant maintenance effort, with associated costs, is necessary to restore these cushions after an impact. The purpose of the present research was to develop a low-maintenance crash cushion utilizing reusable rubber elements. An extensive laboratory study was made to evaluate various rubber compounds and shapes in terms of energy-absorbing characteristics, durability, sensitivity to the environment, and cost. Of the materials examined, it was found that a natural rubber--20% EPDM blend--offered the greatest promise. A full-scale prototype crash cushion was then constructed consisting of a cluster of hollow circular cylinders formed from the above material. The prototype was subjected to a series of vehicular crash tests. Due to unexpected failures in the rubber cylinders, it was not possible to completely qualify the cushion in terms of recommended impact performance criteria. The failures were attributed to the mandrell wrapping process by which the cylinders were constructed. It was concluded that these problems could be solved by constructing the cylinders from a compression mold process. It was further concluded that a low-maintenance rubber crash cushion is feasible and could reduce life-cycle costs in excess of 60 percent for high accident locations. Further research is recommended to complete the work reported herein. KW - Costs KW - Crash cushions KW - Crashes KW - Dissipation KW - Durability KW - Energy absorption KW - Feasibility analysis KW - High risk locations KW - Impact tests KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Low maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Natural rubber KW - Prototypes KW - Rubber cylinders KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489763 AU - Predoehl, N H AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF SULFUR EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA) PAVEMENTS IN COLD AND HOT CLIMATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 66 p. AB - Caltrans performed a study of sulfur extended asphalt (SEA) blends by constructing cold climate (Benton T.S. - Road 09-Mno-6-24.54/25.50) and warm climate (Baker T.S. - 08-SBd-15-107.75/110.0) test sections using SEA 20 and 40 weight percent blends which were compared to AR-2000 (blending asphalt) and AR-4000 conventional asphalt binders. Previous reports revealed no significant problems regarding design, mixing, construction, and environmental controls. Long-range findings reveal that the SEA blends appear to age harden more slowly than the control AR-2000 but they appear to have poorer ductile properties. Crack and condition evaluations reveal a greater susceptibility to transverse cracking by the SEA blends, especially the SEA 40% in colder climates. The SEA blends appear to exhibit slightly better resistance to alligator cracking. It appears that SEA blends will provide equal or better performance to conventional asphalts. Thus, they are only cost effective where the cost of sulfur is less than 50 percent of the cost of asphalt. KW - Age hardening KW - Alligator cracking KW - Alligatoring KW - Cold weather KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Ductility KW - Hot weather KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Test sections KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600475 AU - Upchurch, J E AU - Russell, P E AU - McBrien, E F AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR LIGHTING OF OVERHEAD GUIDE SIGNS, ROADWAY LIGHTING, AND INTERSECTION TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 73 p. AB - The principal objective of this study was to demonstrate the technological and economic feasibility (or lack thereof) of photovoltaic powered systems for overhead guide sign lighting, roadway lighting, and traffic signalization. A preliminary technical and economic feasibility study concluded that the first two applications were feasible, but that full-scale traffic signalization was not. In lieu of full-scale traffic signalization, the project developed a system to power flashing warning lights. Photovoltaic systems were designed, constructed, field tested and evaluated for overhead guide sign lighting, roadway lighting, and powering of flashing warning lights. All these systems were found to be dependable and economical for application at remote sites where a conventional power supply is not available. In addition, previous research has shown that roadway lighting can have a safety benefit at remote locations which have a high nighttime accident rate and that flashing warning lights have a safety benefit. KW - Accessibility KW - Economics KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Guide signs KW - Highway safety KW - Lighting KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Remote location KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485732 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Halstead, W J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF SUPPLEMENTAL CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS FOR OPTIMUM RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE TO CHLORIDE PENETRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 32 p. AB - This study was conducted to determine whether significant improvements could be achieved in the resistance to the penetration by chloride ions of concretes with fly ash or slag by the addition of silica fume with either Thpe II or Type III cement and whether early strengths of concretes with fly ash or slag could be improved by the addition of silica fume. The chloride permeability was estimated by means of AASHTO Test Method T 277. The results show that lower permeability is attained by the addition of silica fume in amounts equal to 5 percent of the cementitious material in both fly ash and slag concretes. There were significant differences between results for specimens moist cured 1 day and 14 days, but with specimens made with Type III cement, even the 1-day moist curing provided low chloride permeability. Silica fume also increased the strength of similar concretes to some degree, but generally, this increase was not large. Except for those specimens containing slag, 1-day strengths higher than 3000 psi are obtainable with a water-to-cementitious-material ratio (w/c) of 0.40 with all of the concretes tested with Type III cement as well as control concretes with Type II cement. Concretes with slag and silica fume reached compressive strengths of 3000 psi in a little more than 2 days. KW - Cement KW - Chlorides KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Fly ash KW - Improvements KW - Penetration resistance KW - Permeability KW - Silica fume KW - Slag KW - Strength of materials KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36768/89-R20.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485691 AU - Limotti, B AU - Hamblet, D AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PAVEMENT DATA COLLECTION GUIDE FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 86 p. AB - A case study of 10 high accident locations is used to evaluate the Pavement Data Collection Guide for Highway Safety developed by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). Findings indicate that conditions other than a substandard roadway surface were the major contributing factors to the accidents which occurred at the study locations. These factors included traffic volume, commercial roadside developments, limited sight distances, inadequately controlled intersections and alcohol usage. It was recommended that none of the analysis procedures developed by TTI be incorporated into Washington State's accident information system. KW - Contributing factors KW - Drunk driving KW - Evaluation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Roadside improvement KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482284 AU - Witkowski, J M AU - Penic, M C AU - Rodin, M L AU - Connors, M C AU - JHK & Associates AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF LIMITING FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROGRAM TO ROUTES OF INTERSTATE SIGNIFICANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 116 p. AB - This report evaluates the impacts of shifting federal-aid highway funds to state and local governments, and assigning jurisdictional responsibility for routes of interstate significance to the Federal Government. The analysis is based on highway expenditure data from 1981 through 1985 for Arizona, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Washington. Seven highway redistribution scenarios were evaluated, and the legal implications of altering the current system of responsibility and finance were discussed. KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Legal factors KW - Local government KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490663 AU - Richardson, D G AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PRORUT EQUIPMENT TO MEASURE ROAD PROFILE AND RUTTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 89 p. AB - The study evaluated the device constructed by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute known as the PRORUT. A correlation was performed between the PRORUT and the Georgia modified Mays meter trailer (GMMT) to evaluate the PRORUT's ability to measure roughness and manual measurements of rutting to compare the devices' ability to detect rutting. A total of 48 test sites were selected for the correlation study encompassing a variety of roughness levels and pavement surface types. The correlation results for the PRORUT versus GMMT were good. The correlation of rut was not good. Even though the profile measuring system and computer programs are very innovative, the rut depth measuring system should be re-evaluated. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Field tests KW - Measuring instruments KW - Performance evaluations KW - Profilometers KW - Road profile KW - Roads KW - Roughness KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489600 AU - Oliver, M B AU - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUDIBLE PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS: A FEASIBILITY STUDY. MASTERS THESIS PY - 1989/02 SP - 147 p. AB - The report represents a concentrated effort that deterines the feasibility of audible pedestrian signals. These signals are devices which give auditory cues to help the visually impaired cross safely at difficult intersections. Surveys were sent out to over 100 organizations, audible signal manufacturers, and cities who have knowledge of the devices, and responses were analyzed. The devices were found to be feasible but only at certain complex and confusing intersections. Buzzers, constant tones, bird calls, and voice signals were examined by obtaining information from traffic engineers who had experience with each sound. It was determined that intermittent tones were the most effective for human localization. For the most widely used devices, cost data were developed for the products, installation, and maintenance. Topics for further study include the use of hand-held devices which activate sound signals at intersections and the development of tone schemes for 4-leg and multi-leg intersections which are not north-south and east-west. An additional topic for future study is the development of tone schemes for traffic circles. KW - Audible pedestrian signals KW - Audible warning devices KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Four leg intersections KW - Four way intersections KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Industries KW - Installation KW - Intermittent operation KW - Intersections KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Multileg intersections KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic engineers KW - Visually impaired persons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488100 AU - Hancock, K AU - Su, E AU - Valles, M AU - Basu, S AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREPROCESSOR OF ROADSIDE SAFETY HARDWARE EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 127 p. AB - A program has been developed which can be used to prepare input data for four computer simulation programs. The program, called PORSHE (Preprocessor of Roadside Safety Hardware Evaluation) allows the user to select the computer program, the vehicle type, the barrier information and to specify the initial impact conditions. From this, a standard input data file is created for the specified computer simulation program. The manual consists of the users and programmers manuals for PORSHE and a description of the vehicle data base that was developed and is required for PORSHE to operate. A listing of the computer code is also provided. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Fixed object KW - Impact tests KW - Manuals KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486205 AU - Kiljan, J AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERGLIMIT EVALUATION (BOULDER). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 55 p. AB - Verglimit is a proprietary product that incorporates a special ice-melting chemical (largely calcium chloride) into the asphalt paving mix. This report reviews the performance of an experimental application of a 167 foot test section of Verglimit pavement placed on a city street in Boulder, Colorado, in August of 1985. Ths site was evaluated for three years following construction and was photographed with time-lapse cameras for two winters. The subject pavement has proven to be durable but the ice-retardant effects were rarely apparent. This may have been due to periodic sanding and salting of the project location by city maintenance forces. The report recommends the use of Verglimit in high-hazard locations that tend to experience early icing. A previous Colorado test site, which failed due to ravelling, indicates that the material is construction sensitive and care should be taken during its design and placement to achieve proper compaction. Surface slickness during the first few days following construction must also be addressed during construction. KW - Additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Calcium chloride KW - Compaction KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Durability KW - High risk locations KW - Ice prevention KW - Performance evaluations KW - Slipperiness KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Time lapse photography KW - Verglimit (Deicing chemical) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485271 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NHI-RTAP STATUS REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 98 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed the Rural Technical Assistance Program (RTAP) in 1982. This program aids the States and local areas to meet the growing demands placed on rural roads. RTAP focuses on the improvement of rural roads, bridges, and public transportation. Under RTAP, FHWA funds 46 State highway agencies plus Puerto Rico, who, in conjunction with universities, establish Technology Transfer (T2) Centers to aid local transportation agencies. The T2 Centers are products of RTAP Project No. 9, the largest and most prominent RTAP project. Since 1982 the number of RTAP projects and subprojects has grown from 12 to 99. All projects and subprojects are listed in this report. For the projects funded in FY 1982 through FY 1988, a description stating the status and results are provided. New FY 1989 projects are also described. It is anticipated that in the future the needs of the T2 Centers will require over 95% of the RTAP budget. The FY 1989 budget provides for Center funds up to $100,000 subject to a 50% matching requirement. It is anticipated that in the future only a few RTAP technical projects will be managed at the headquarters level, primarily to address training needs and to implement new concepts that offer high potential for local applications. KW - Bridges KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public transit KW - Rural areas KW - Rural highways KW - Rural technical assistance program, rtap KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485401 AU - Datta, T K AU - DUTTA, U AU - Aktan, Haluk AU - Wayne State University AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (PM-MIS). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 24 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop software using DBASE III Plus for a pavement marking management information system. Six data bases were developed as a part of this effort to store marking and cost-related information. A software named Pavement Marking Management Information System (PM-MIS) was also designed with the following capabilities: data entry; editing; updating; deleting; long-term budgeting; and cost-effectiveness analysis. Furthermore, a literature search was conducted and guidelines for various marking material use, as practiced by various agencies, were identified. KW - Budgeting KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Management information systems KW - Road markings KW - Software KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485734 AU - Ballew, J W AU - Highlands, K L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE COATINGS TO REDUCE CHLORIDE PENETRATION OF BRIDGE SURFACES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 17 p. AB - The objective of this project is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of six different proprietary bridge deck coatings and linseed oil to protect concrete from the intrusion of chlorides, and also to evaluate the costs associated with purchasing and applying each coating. This project was constructed in 1984 by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation on SR 0006 at the county line between Pike and Wayne counties. The six coatings and linseed oil were placed in individual sections of a four-span continuous steel I-beam bridge. The coatings or sealants evaluated are: Sinak Concrete Sealer #102, Stop Spall, Horsey Set/WDE, Hydrozo Clear 600, CVI Sealer Primer, and PCM 300. This report describes the method of application, application rates, material and application bid costs, as well as the rapid permeability and chloride content testing performed in the various coating sections. All of the proprietary coatings were far more expensive than linseed oil. Only Hydrozo Clear 600 performed consistently as well or better than linseed oil through the evaluation. Because of its high cost, it is questionable if even Hydrozo Clear 600 would be an economical alternative to linseed oil. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Linseed oil KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Penetration resistance KW - Permeability KW - Protective coatings KW - Sealing compounds KW - Testing KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485402 AU - Datta, T K AU - DUTTA, U AU - Aktan, Haluk AU - Wayne State University AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (PM-MIS). USER'S GUIDE PY - 1989/02 SP - 124 p. AB - This document is a guide for users of the Pavement Marking Management Information System (PM-MIS) Software. PM-MIS is designed for use on IBM-XT (or compatible) microcomputer and structured with the DBASE III Plus file management system. PM-MIS provides for the data entry, updating, contract generation, long-term budgeting and cost-effectiveness analysis. PM-MIS consists of three subsystems: (1) Lane/Edgeline Subsystem (LES); (2) Special Marking Subsystem (SMS); and (3) Ramp Lane/Edgeline Subsystem (RES). KW - Budgeting KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Management information systems KW - Road markings KW - Software KW - Subsystems KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483842 AU - SHULER, T S AU - New Mexico Engineering Research Institute AU - New Mexico State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER VERIFICATION IN ASPHALT BINDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - v.p. AB - Two simple laboratory tests were evaluated to determine if the type and quantity of polymer contained in an asphalt cement can be identified. The two tests are standards described by ASTM and the California Highway Department (Caltrans). The ASTM procedure was evaluated as described by ASTM and after modifications. The Caltrans test was evaluated after modification of the standard procedure. Tests were conducted using three paving grade asphalt cements available for use by the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department (NMSHTD) and six polymer modifiers at two levels of concentration. Results indicate that simple tests can be used as a means of determining the presence or absence of polymer modifiers in asphalt. The tests evaluated are rapid and simple to perform and utilize equipment already available to the NMSHTD or which can be easily fabricated using conventional tools. Each test could be adapted to field use with minor modifications. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Concentration KW - Concentration (Chemistry) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Polymers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482286 AU - Bartholomew, C L AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK TIRE PRESSURES IN COLORADO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 50 p. AB - A survey of truck tire pressures was conducted on over 1500 tires at 3 truck weigh stations in Colorado. Samples of rutted and non-rutted asphalt pavement were taken at 3 locations on US-40 in eastern Colorado and at 2 locations on I-25 in northern Colorado. Results of 100 psi overall average tire pressure compared favorably with the literature and other state's studies. The laboratory tests on the pavement sections were compared with the 1986 CDOH study on performance of asphalt pavements. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Inflation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482345 AU - Allison, R E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FABRIC REINFORCEMENT TO PREVENT REFLECTIVE CRACKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/02 SP - 3 p. AB - The two fabric reinforcement products, Petromat and Mirafi 140, placed between a 0.35 ft. overlay of asphalt concrete and an existing PCC pavement have successfully prevented the occurrence of transverse reflective cracking for the 11 year period since completion of the overlay. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Fabrics KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/175.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457970 AU - Chang, Luh M AU - Garner, Peter Scott AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Investigation of Surface Coatings on Exposed Concrete: Executive Summary PY - 1989/01 SP - 17p AB - The deterioration of concrete structures is accelerated when damaging chemical substances are allowed to penetrate the concrete and cause corrosion of the reinforcing steel. In recent years, attempts to eliminate this problem have been made through the application of surface coatings/sealers to the concrete. However, the current practice of coating seems a somewhat complicated process requiring sandblasting prior to sealing, followed by another sandblasting in preparation for coating. In addition, the advent of these surface treatments has not been accompanied by a simple means of assessing their performance in terms of both permeability and resistance to weathering. The objective of this study, which was funded by the Indiana Department of Highways, was to evaluate generic types of sealer/coating systems and ascertain which are suitable for use on non-wearing concrete surfaces in the State of Indiana. This was accomplished by studying the effectiveness of different surface sealers/ coatings when applied on concrete and subjected to different laboratory experiments. The effectiveness was established by determining if these materials could minimize or prevent the intrusion of chloride-concentrated water into the concrete while maintaining structural and aesthetic integrity. The results of this project show that a wide variety of generic types of chemicals are being used to seal concrete structures. However, the performance of these numerous materials in minimizing the absorption of saltwater into concrete was found to be highly variable. Many of the chemicals were quite ineffective in reducing the water and chloride absorption characteristics during simple saltwater soaking tests. The same was true for the rapid chloride permeability testing. There was also observed a large performance variation within a given generic type of chemical, such as within the epoxies, the urethanes, the silanes, etc. Although significant variations in performance exist, there are certain chemical formulations of materials that exhibit excellent performance. The specific chemical formulations and performance records for these materials are identified in the report. Two test procedures are suggested for use by chemical manufacturers, highway agencies, and testing laboratories to evaluate the performance of sealers/coatings. Even though certain sealer materials can significantly reduce the intrusion of chloride into concrete, the use of properly consolidated and cured low water/cement ratio concrete, and adequate cover over the embedded reinforcing steel is still needed for long-term protection in severe environments. KW - Absorption KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Formulations KW - Indiana KW - Laboratory studies KW - Seal coats UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314164 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218896 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415840 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - Elling, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Conductive overlay in conjunction with an active cathodic protection system PY - 1989/01 IS - FHWA/RD-88-145 SP - 71p AB - This report describes the development of a premixed electrically conductive polymer concrete overlay for use on bridge decks and other concrete members, in conjunction with cathodic protection systems. The development of a conductive overlay culminated in the installation of such an overlay on a full bridge deck in Pulsaki, Virginia; the active cathodic protection system has operated for 3 months and is being monitored on a monthly basis. The monitoring shall continue for about 18 months. The conductive overlay was placed by a local construction firm with the authors' technical assistance. The cathodic protection system was designed by a corrosion engineering firm and installed by the contractor. The installation of the cathodic protection system and the conductive overlay cost $17.79 per square foot (A). KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties KW - Overlay KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Polymer KW - Polymers KW - Properties of materials KW - Repair KW - Repairing KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1183638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01390034 AU - Trapani, R AU - Witchzak, M AU - Scheffey, C AU - Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Load equivalency workshop synthesis PY - 1989/01 IS - FHWA-RD-89-117 SP - 164p KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rolling contact KW - Tires KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Tyre KW - Vehicle pavement interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1157800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625026 AU - Weissmann, J AU - Hudson, W R AU - Burns, N H AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODULE FOR THE SELECTION OF REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 306 p. AB - This report presents a bridge management system module for the selection of rehabilitation and replacement projects. The process starts with a budget to be allocated to the Texas districts and is finalized with the selection of projects to be submitted for bidding and contracting within the alloted funds. The ranking process included in both the allocation and selection processes is based on multiobjective decision theory. The developed system is composed by six computer modules, five at the state level and one at the district level. The one at the district level captures the expertise of the district engineers and includes it in the selection process. The system automates the process that recently was used to determine the district allocations and project selections in the last on and off systems Texas Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program. The ranking processes utilized by a selection of other states are reviewed and compared to the Texas procedures. A forecast of the funding needs for rehabilitating and replacing the Texas bridge network in the next decades is also presented. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Decision theory KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Finance KW - Financial requirements KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacements KW - Selecting KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675358 AU - Faller, R K AU - Magdaleno, J A AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TESTS ON THE IOWA RETROFIT CONCRETE BARRIER RAIL PY - 1989/01 SP - 83 p. AB - Three full-scale vehicle crash tests were conducted on the Iowa Retrofit Concrete Barrier Rail. Test I2-1 was conducted with a 1,849 lb (839 kg) vehicle at 20 deg and 56.8 mph (91.4 km/h). Test I2-2 was conducted with a 5,386 lb (2443 kg) vehicle at 20 deg and 62.3 mph (100.2 km/h). Test I2-3 was conducted with a 1,849 lb (839 kg) vehicle at 20 deg and 62.5 mph (100.6 km/h). The total length of the installation was 100 ft (30.48 m). It consisted of 86 ft (26.2 m) of standard retrofit concrete barrier rail section and 7 ft (2.1 m) of concrete endwall section on each end of the standard retrofit section. Two construction joints were located 35 ft (10.7 m) inward from both ends of the installation. The bridge rail consisted of three major components: the existing concrete curb, the rectangular (retrofit) concrete wall-section, and the concrete endwalls. The overall height of the barrier was 32 in. (81.3 cm) above the roadway surface. The 86-ft (26.2-m) long, retrofit concrete barrier rail was doweled into the existing concrete curb and set back 3 in. (7.62 cm) from the curb face. The location of the vehicle impacts were set at 18 in. (45.72 cm) from both of the construction joints. The tests were evaluated according to the safety criteria in NCHRP Report 230 and also in the AASHTO guide specifications. The safety performance of the Iowa Retrofit Concrete Barrier Rail was determined to be satisfactory. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643559 AU - Kuo, S S AU - Davidson, T E AU - Fiji, L M AU - Leftwich, D S AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCESS. PHASE I FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 123 p. AB - To ensure public safety, bridge inspections need to be as efficient and accurate as possible. This study presents methods and equipment for automating visual bridge inspection procedures. Automation promises to increase the speed and cost efficiency of preparing bridge inspection reports. Various inspection agencies were visited to assimilate state-of-the-art inspection techniques. Informative tables comparing routine bridge inspection operations of agencies are given, along with summaries of advanced techniques currently in use. New inspection technologies drawn from current literature are also outlined. The applications of computers, video cameras, voice-activated radios, lightweight tool belts, and other advanced equipment are discussed. A new inspection procedure, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, is proposed for the Florida Department of Transportation. The procedure includes the use of portable computers and camcorders to collect field data. Two man inspection teams are planned. The inspectors will stay in contact with each other through voice-activated, two way radios. Field inspection software will prompt the inspectors for data on bridge features and defects, making sure a complete inspection is performed. This data will then be automatically transferred into various report formats by computer software. Recommendations are given for testing the new procedure in actual field conditions to determine feasibility, time requirements, and costs. Finally, future research for further improving bridge inspection is suggested. This volume is the Phase I Final Report. It is organized in the following chapters: (I) Introduction; (II) Bridge Inspection Procedures From Other Agencies; (III) Literature Review; (IV) Equipment Applications for Automation of Bridge Inspection (Computers; Video Cameras; Voice-Activated and Recognition Devices; Tool Carriers); (V) Human Factors in Bridge Inspection; (VI) Proposed Bridge Inspection Procedure for Implementation; and (VII) Recommendations and Conclusion. An appendix contains Inspection Agency Questions and Computer Program Listings. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides to the literature KW - Human factors KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laptop computers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lightweight tool belts KW - Literature reviews KW - Microcomputers KW - Productivity KW - Radio equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Video cameras KW - Videotape recorders KW - Vision KW - Voice-activated radios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623521 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH PRIORITY NATIONAL PROGRAM AREA (HPNPA): TRUCK/HIGHWAY SAFETY PY - 1989/01 SP - 4 p. AB - A significant amount of current and proposed research will be carried out to provide an improved understanding of the impact of large trucks on highway safety and traffic operations. This pamphlet describes the objective, scope, and background of this truck/highway safety research; summarizes current activities, including research in progress and technology transfer; and outlines plans for future research and technology transfer. KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Research KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489764 AU - Hoover, T P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COASTAL GABION INSTALLATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - v.p. AB - This interim report describes the installation, evaluation techniques and provides limited results for two types of coastal installations of gabions. Gabions are flexible wire mesh baskets for encapsulating rocks which protect erodible slopes. They are normally interconnected to form monolithic structures. Their tensile characteristics allow them to experience differential movements while maintaining structural integrity. Caltrans used them to construct two retaining walls and as underlayment for two installations of 6-ton rock slope protection. All installations are in a coastal environment. Their stability and resistance to corrosion are being monitored as is their overall effectiveness. Monitoring is planned to stop in 1993 with the preparation of a final report. KW - Coastal KW - Coasts KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Effectiveness KW - Encapsulation KW - Gabions KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Monoliths KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retaining walls KW - Rocks KW - Shore protection KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tensile properties KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490220 AU - Isa Al-Subhi, K M AU - Johnston, D W AU - Farid, F AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING SYSTEM-LEVEL BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION, AND REPLACEMENT DECISIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 286 p. AB - An Optimum Budget Forecasting and Allocation System (OPBRIDGE), considering owner costs and user costs, was developed to determine the optimum improvement action and time for each individual bridge in a system under various level of service goals and funding constraints over an analysis horizon. A bridge manager enters analysis horizon, minimum performance requirements, and policies as well as granted budget, maximum allowable budget, or unlimited budget for each year in the horizon. A granted or limited budget can be entered either as a total available or as distributed by line item to maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement activities. OPBRIDGE extracts data from the bridge database and the cost and parameter file, and then optimizes decisions for every year in the analysis horizon using a 0-1 integer-linear programming formulation. At the end of every year, OPBRIDGE ages bridges one year and predicts condition ratings, ADT, etc. This allows the system to continue the analysis in the next year. Finally, OPBRIDGE produces detailed bridge-by-bridge output showing recommended current and future major actions, county-by-county output showing costs of major actions and budget required for each county, and tabular and graphical outputs showing the future performance level of the bridge system over the horizon. A FORTRAN-77 program was developed to implement OPBRIDGE. The program was applied to ten example cases using the actual bridge database of the State of North Carolina which includes about 14,100 state-owned conventional bridges. Impacts of various levels of funding are assessed and a suggested level is identified. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Budgeting KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490219 AU - Isa Al-Subhi, K M AU - Johnston, D W AU - Farid, F AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING SYSTEM-LEVEL BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION, AND REPLACEMENT DECISIONS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1989/01 SP - 33 p. AB - An Optimum Budget Forecasting and Allocation System (OPBRIDGE), considering owner costs and user costs, was developed to determine the optimum improvement action and time for each individual bridge in a system under various level of service goals and funding constraints over an analysis horizon. A bridge manager enters analysis horizon, minimum performance requirements, and policies as well as granted budget, maximum allowable budget, or unlimited budget for each year in the horizon. A granted or limited budget can be entered either as a total available or as distributed by line item to maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement activities. OPBRIDGE extracts data from the bridge database and the cost and parameter file, and then optimizes decisions for every year in the analysis horizon using a 0-1 integer-linear programming formulation. At the end of every year, OPBRIDGE ages bridges one year and predicts condition ratings, ADT, etc. This allows the system to continue the analysis in the next year. Finally, OPBRIDGE produces detailed bridge-by-bridge output showing recommended current and future major actions, county-by-county output showing costs of major actions and budget required for each county, and tabular and graphical outputs showing the future performance level of the bridge system over the horizon. A FORTRAN-77 program was developed to implement OPBRIDGE. The program was applied to ten example cases using the actual bridge database of the State of North Carolina which includes about 14,100 state-owned conventional bridges. Impacts of various levels of funding are assessed and a suggested level is identified. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Budgeting KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Fund allocations KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601411 AU - Lee, C E AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Sanders, W M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS MODEL VERSION 3.0 (DIAMOND INTERCHANGES). FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 224 p. AB - The Texas Model for Intersection Traffic has been revised and released as Version 3.0. The new Version 3.0 provides the capability of performing detailed computer simulation of diamond interchanges as well as single intersections. Traffic control choices for actuated diamond interchanges include dual ring controllers operating under "Figure 3, 4, 6, and 7" phase sequence patterns. The basic look and feel of earlier versions of the model have been retained to minimize needs for additional user training. The animated graphics feature has been expanded to include single intersections and diamond interchanges. The progress of each individually-characterized vehicle moving through a simulated intersection or interchange is displayed in real-time or in stop-action on a microcomputer-driven graphics screen. This allows the user to study the overall traffic performance or to examine the behavior of any selected vehicle(s) in great detail. With Version 3.0 of the TEXAS Model that is described in this report, alternative intersection or diamond interchange designs and traffic-control schemes can be evaluated quickly and accurately in a timely and cost-effective manner. KW - Actuated control KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Choice models KW - Design KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Graphics KW - Intersections KW - Microcomputers KW - Simulation KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489649 AU - Cunagin, W D AU - Majdi, S O AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOW COST WIM ALTERNATIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 51 p. AB - Truck weight data are required for pavement and bridge design, truck size and weight enforcement, and the development of administrative policy and legislation. The efficient collection and analysis of these data require that truck weighing-in-motion (WIM) equipment be used. Unfortunately, the high cost of these devices (greater than $50,000 per unit) has prohibited the large scale implementation of WIM technology. Lower cost WIM systems are also necessary to provide new or expanded data required by both the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) monitoring element of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) and implementation of the provisions of the recently issued Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Monitoring (TM) Guide. Several possible technologies exist for low cost WIM systems. One of these, piezoelectric cable, was investigated in a research effort jointly sponsored by the States of Iowa and Minnesota and FHWA and in other work in the State of Washington and several European countries. A second approach is an inexpensive capacitive weighmat WIM sensor and associated electronics developed for FHWA. A third alternative is a reduced cost configuration of the bending plate WIM transducer manufactured and distributed by the PAT Equipment Corporation. Each of these was evaluated in this study to determine its usefulness in providing effective truck weighing devices at a cost that would allow widespread implementation of in-motion truck weighing programs in Texas. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bending plate transducer KW - Capacitive weighmat KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Low costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299173 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488065 AU - Meier, W R AU - Elnicky, E AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POROUS PAVEMENT FOR THE CONTROL OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF. SECOND ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 55 p. AB - A 3-lane by 3500-linear ft portion of an urban highway was constructed of porous pavement. This design resulted from a research study of the use of porous pavement to provide highway drainage. It was determined that after two years of observation, the porous pavement is working as designed. Although the rainfall during the year was slightly less than the typical annual rainfall, there were no storms approaching the ten-year design storms to obtain a full test of the capacity of the system. Pavement deformation as measured in wheel tracks from a straight edge and from pavement elevations measured at the completion of construction are not severe or abnormal. Slight deformation in control sections of conventional pavement occurred immediately after opening to traffic and have undergone no significant change since then. Deformation in the experimental porous pavement is slightly more and occurred over a somewhat longer period than for the control sections. Measurements indicate an increase in moisture content of the subgrade at one location in the porous pavement, but little or no change at the other locations monitored. The increase occurred during the first four or five months after the pavement was put into service. The condition of both the control and experimental pavements are excellent at this time. KW - Deformation KW - Evaluation KW - Experimental roads KW - Highway drainage KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496666 AU - MacGregor, RJG AU - KREGER, M E AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF A THREE-SPAN EXTERNALLY POST-TENSIONED SEGMENTAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE MODEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 324 p. AB - This report is the third and final report in a series outlining a major study of the behavior of post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges with post-tensioning tendons external to the concrete section. It summarizes the design, construction, testing and interpretation of a very comprehensive three-span externally-post-tensioned box girder bridge model. The model was constructed from precast segments using the span-by-span construction procedure. Careful measurements were made during construction to document the actual stresses and prestress losses occurring. One span of the model had dry joints while the other two spans had epoxy joints. Loading was applied at design service load levels, design factored load levels, and ultimate load cycles for both maximum flexure and maximum shear loading configurations. Careful observations were made of deformations, tendon stress changes, joint openings and reaction changes. Companion analysis was performed to assist in development of the model and in the interpretation of the test data. The model bridge was very stiff at service load conditions and exhibited linear behavior to loads higher than the factored design load. The cracking load for epoxy-jointed spans was approximately twice the load required to decompress the flexural tension fiber and begin to open a previously cracked joint. This suggests that epoxied joints can provide a reasonable factor of safety against joint opening and that this same factor of safety can be provided in dry-jointed spans only by applying additional prestress force. Both the dry and epoxy-jointed spans displayed considerable ductility during flexural strength tests. KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Ductility KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressing KW - Segmental construction KW - Strength of materials KW - Stresses KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485526 AU - Boselly, S E AU - The Matrix Management Group AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEATHER FORECASTING STRATEGIES FOR HIGHWAY SNOW-AND-ICE CONTROL MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 28 p. AB - This report describes a survey of weather impacts on current Washington State Department of Transportation (DOT) snow-and-ice control maintenance operations and how weather information is currently used within the DOT. The report further describes the capabilities of the meteorological community to provide meteorological and pavement condition data and the forecasting of future conditions. Finally, the report describes pilot programs which are recommended to investigate the ability of the Washington State DOT to reduce costs and improve resource allocation through the use of weather information in the snow-and-ice control decision process. KW - Costs KW - Meteorological data KW - Meteorological phenomena KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Snow and ice control KW - Weather forecasting UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/174.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483843 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - LEE, S W AU - Jackson, N C AU - Newcomb, D E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC-BASED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR WASHINGTON STATE FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 75 p. AB - The reported study was used to develop an overlay design procedure for Washington state's flexible pavements based on mechanistic pavement analysis. This design procedure incorporates nondestructive testing (NDT) to estimate layer resilient moduli, seasonal moduli adjustments and failure criteria of asphalt concrete fatigue cracking and subgrade rutting. All necessary computations can be done with two primary microcomputer oriented software packages: EVERCALC to estimate layer moduli from NDT data and EVERPAVE to estimate the needed overlay thicknesses. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Design methods KW - Failure KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer moduli KW - Microcomputers KW - Modulus KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Software KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/170.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483855 AU - Parsons, T J AU - Arkansas State University, State University AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DAMAGE ATTRIBUTABLE TO FOUR AXLE SINGLE UNIT TRUCKS PY - 1989/01//Final Report SP - v.p. AB - The objective of the study was to investigate and define the types of pavement damage which may be attributed to four axle single unit trucks and identify and define applicable terms and uses of the truck. Assesment of pavement damage was accomplished by determining average equivalent axle loads (EALs) associated with each class of truck. Also, truck traffic patterns on Arkansas highways and percent of (EALs) generated by each class of truck on rural arterials were determined. A test plate was developed which measured the resultant tire forces produced by the four axle single unit truck during tight turns. A national survey of state highway departments, weight and permit divisions and enforcement divisions was conducted. The survey asked for information concerning the usage and restrictions associated with four axle single unit trucks. Truck and lift axle manufacturers were surveyed for information on the manufacture and sale of lift axles. Recommendations were made concerning four axle single unit trucks which could reduce the EALs associated with these trucks by a factor of two to three. These recommendations would impose a minimal economic hardship on the truck owners and operators. KW - Axle loads KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Four axle single unit trucks KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Loss and damage KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Trucks by number of axles UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208804.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293507 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490590 AU - Aggour, M S AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 154 p. AB - The research presented herein ia a feasibility study that utilizes a new technique termed the Fourier Analysis, in the determination of the dynamic properties of paving materials, which includes, granular materials, cohesive materials, asphalt concrete, and cement concrete. The new technique has proven to be successful in other fields and it is studied in this research to see if it will also be successful in the testing of pavements. To assess the response of pavement systems all variables that will affect testing performance and accuracy were investigated and a testing methodology suitable for pavement material was developed. A large number of specimens from both cement and asphaltic concrete were prepared and tested for verification of the applicability of the technique. The specimens were prepared such that a wide variation in properties was presented. This was accomplished by either changing the mix design, or the environmental conditions of the concrete specimens preparation. From this study, it was found that for granular and cohesive materials at strains of above 0.0001%, the dynamic properties were influenced by the type of loading applied. However, for concrete specimens, it was found that the new testing procedure was sensitive to all the variables considered in the preparation of the specimens, except for asphaltic concrete specimens at high temperatures. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cohesive soils KW - Concrete KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fourier analysis KW - Granular materials KW - Load tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Portland cement KW - Properties of materials KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486134 AU - HALL, W C AU - Naik, S M AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF REQUIRED ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAYS IN FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 147 p. AB - Over the years, various environmental control measures or mitigating activities have been taken by Florida Department of Transportation highway construction projects, in an attempt to meet environmental standards as a requirement for obtaining environmental permits. Although these control measures have been taken, there has been no follow-up to determine either the physical effectiveness or cost effectiveness of these measures. There has been no attempt to evaluate these mitigating activities. This study done for the Florida Department of Transportation emphasizes that an evaluation of physical and cost effectiveness is best possible only with continuous monitoring and recording of monitoring data. This study also recommends further research and suitable mitigation practices for future mitigation projects. KW - Artificial reefs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Data recording KW - Effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Florida KW - Forestry KW - Mangroves KW - Marshes KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Recommendations KW - Reefs KW - Road construction KW - Seagrasses KW - Swamps KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483878 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Public Works Association TI - STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES PY - 1989/01 SP - 269 p. AB - This is a directory containing information on available training resources in the following subject areas: bridges; drainage; engineering; equipment; management; other resources; road surface; roadside; safety; subgrade; traffic control; and winter. Each resource is composed of the following: title; permanent identification number; date of entry into the data bank; classification of the type of product (such as course, lecture, or videocassette); contact who can give further information; short description of the product; targeted audience; and keywords. The need for this directory grew out of the number of training efforts appearing in the Technology Transfer (T2) Center program and the States. Sources of data include the T2 Centers, State highway agencies, professional organizations, universities, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridges KW - Directories KW - Drainage KW - Engineering KW - Equipment KW - Highway safety KW - Management KW - Pavements KW - Roadside KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483699 AU - Parker, M R AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Martin R. Parker and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONFLICT TECHNIQUES FOR SAFETY AND OPERATIONS. OBSERVERS MANUAL PY - 1989/01 SP - 40 p. AB - This manual provides basic background information and step-by-step procedures for conducting traffic conflict surveys at signalized and unsignalized intersections. The manual was prepared as a training aid and reference source for persons who are assigned the responsibility of conducting traffic conflict observations at intersections. Based on previous research and experiences, the survey techniques described in this manual provide a standard, cost-effective method for accurately observing and recording traffic conflicts. The manual contains definitions with illustrations and examples of conflict types, and instructions for conducting the field activities, including time schedules, forms, and other details. The results of traffic conflict observations are used to diagnose safety and operational problems and to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. Observer training techniques, as well as procedures for analyzing and interpreting the results of conflict surveys, are presented in the engineer's guide (FHWA-IP-88-026). KW - Accuracy KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Manuals KW - Recording KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surveys KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Training KW - Training devices KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/88027/88027.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/10000/10100/10121/88027.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292768 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483850 AU - Shepard, F D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING WORK-ZONE DELINEATION ON LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 26 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate vehicle guidance through work zones by evaluating the effectiveness of two primary components of traffic control relative to delineation. First, a comparison of the steady-burn lights presently used on top of the temporary concrete barriers was made with experimental reflectorized panels. Second, the addition of closely spaced raised pavement markers as a supplement to the existing pavement markings was evaluated. The study was limited to work zones on interstates and four-lane highways. The results of this investigation have led to the recommendation that (1) steady-burn lights on temporary concrete barricades should be replaced with reflectorized panels fabricated with high intensity sheeting, and (2) closely spaced, raised pavement markers should be used as a supplement to existing pavement striping in areas where the roadway alignment changes. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Effectiveness KW - Four lane highways KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Lighting equipment KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Panels KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Recommendations KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Reflectorized panels KW - Steady burn lights KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36755/89-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483856 AU - Whiting, J E AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION. REBONDING A DELAMINATED PCC OVERLAY BY EPOXY INJECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 19 p. AB - The Iowa demonstration project to promote the rehabilitation of bridge deck concrete by rebonding delaminations with injected epoxy is a 150 ft x 150 ft high truss bridge on Iowa route No. 210 over Indian Creek near Maxwell in Story County (Service level D, AADT-730, Inventory Rating HS-16.9, Operating Rating HS-25). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of repairing a delaminated bridge deck by epoxy injection, specifically a bridge deck with a delaminated portland cement concrete overlay. Observations noted during the project lead to the following conclusions: The delaminations rebonded with epoxy have remained solid through five years. The percentage of delamination has stayed essentially the same for both the epoxy injected and non-repaired areas. Epoxy injection appears to be a practical, cost effective alternative to other forms of deck rehabilitation when undertaken at the proper time. Cost effectiveness would reduce dramatically if delayed until breakouts have occurred. On the other hand it would be a slow, labor intensive process if undertaken too early when delaminations are small. KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Demonstration projects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Injection KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rebonding KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16401 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483702 AU - Fontana, J J AU - Reams, W AU - Elling, D AU - Brookhaven National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONDUCTIVE OVERLAY IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ACTIVE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 71 p. AB - This report describes the development of a premixed electrically conductive polymer concrete overlay for use on bridge decks and other concrete members, in conjunction with cathodic protection systems. The development of a conductive overlay culminated in the installation of such an overlay on a full-bridge deck in Pulaski, Virginia; the active cathodic protection system has operated for 3 months and is being monitored on a monthly basis. The monitoring shall continue for about 18 months. The conductive overlay was placed by a local construction firm with the authors' technical assistance. The cathodic protection system was designed by a corrosion engineering firm and installed by the contractor. The installation of the cathodic protection system and the conductive overlay cost $17.79 per square foot. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Costs KW - Electrically conductive concrete KW - Field tests KW - Polymer concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483845 AU - Melton, W AU - Tran, A AU - Leverson, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REST AREA USAGE DESIGN CRITERIA UPDATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 40 p. AB - A data survey was conducted at eight rest area sites in Washington to reevaluate the rest area design guidelines for the number of parking stalls, the water/sewage volume, and the number and ratio of women's to men's restroom stalls. The criteria for the number of parking stalls and water/sewage volume are affected by the increased highway traffic volume and a lower average vehicle occupancy. A fifty/fifty ratio of women's to men's stalls was the standard, but the results of the datta analysis show that a sixty/forty ratio is more appropriate. A simulation program, written in Lightspeed Pascal, is available to assist in determining the respective number of stalls based on vehicle arrival rate. KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Parking KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveys KW - Utilization UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/173.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482344 AU - Hewett, D L AU - Miley, W G AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATEWIDE SURVEY OF FRICTION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA'S SURFACE COURSES. 1988 ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 143 p. AB - This report summarizes Florida's Statewide Survey of Friction Characteristics of Surface Courses for the year 1988, covering the measuring devices and calibration procedures, types of testing involved and test results. Approximately 7809 lane miles of Florida's surface courses were tested in 1988. Results and analysis of the test values are presented. KW - Friction KW - Friction tests KW - Frictional properties KW - Pavements KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482416 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF STRIPPED ASPHALT PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989/01 SP - 32 p. AB - Many miles of stripped pavement need to be restored to a serviceable condition, but there is no accepted procedure to determine whether the pavement should remain in place or be removed during the rehabilitation process. This report describes the attempt to develop a methodology that employs a quantitative test to evaluate pavement layers. The indirect tensile test was used under various testing conditions to develop a deterioration curve for stripped pavement layers based on data from three field projects. The procedure will be valuable because it makes possible the valuation of individual layers of asphalt, whereas for in situ strength tests such as those provided by deflection devices that employ dynamic field measurements, the asphalt layers are evaluated as a whole. Criteria defining minimum strengths necessitating removal are suggested. It is realized that these strength values may have to be changed as experience with the evaluation procedure is gained. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Evaluation KW - Field strength KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Pavement layers KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tension tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36754/89-R14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292260 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479477 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERWEIGHT VEHICLES -- PERMITS AND PENALTIES. AN INVENTORY OF STATE PRACTICES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1987 PY - 1989/01 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) findings regarding each State's annual certification that truck size and weight laws are being enforced. Inventories of weight violations and use of special permits to exceed weight limits are presented. State truck weight laws enacted during the period from October 1986 through September 1987 are assessed in terms of their conformity to Federal laws. Finally, the report summarizes truck size and weight issues and discusses means for their resolution. KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Penalties KW - Permits KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - States KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle size KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457993 AU - Cleary, Douglas B AU - Ramirez, Julio A AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bond of Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Bridge Decks: Informational Report PY - 1989 SP - 143p AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the flexural bond characteristics of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in concrete bridge deck slabs under static loading. Behavior under service and ultimate loadings was considered. Four series of two specimens each were tested with one specimen containing uncoated steel and one containing epoxy-coated steel. Specimens were loaded in an inverted third-point loading with the reinforcing steel spliced at the midspan. Splice length was varied between tests. Fewer and wider flexural cracks were found in specimens with epoxy-coated steel relative to companion specimens with uncoated steel. A slight loss in stiffness also was seen in epoxy-coated specimens. Epoxy coating caused a significant reduction in bond strength. This reduction, compared to companion uncoated bar specimens, increased with increasing anchorage length and increasing concrete strength. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cracking KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Static loads UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314165 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01416521 AU - Benz, G P AU - Leventer, W AU - Nichols, F AU - Porter, B D TI - West Side Manhattan Transitway Study SN - 309047137 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - 269-85 U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Public transit KW - Public transport KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1184319 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161165 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-1 reconstruction, Silver Spring Road to MD-152, Baltimore/Harford counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161164 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Glenn Hwy, Eklutna to Parks Hwy, Mananuska-Susitna Borough, Municipality of Anchorage : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Technical assistance report B1 KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161163 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-100 extension, US-29 to I-95, Howard County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161162 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Cushman St upgrading, Van Horn Road to Gaffney Road, Fairbanks : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Draft environmental impact study (1988) B1 KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161161 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MD-228 widening and extension from US-301 to MD-210 and MD-210 widening from MD-228 to Old Fort Road, Charles/Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922145 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161160 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-50 (Salisbury Bypass), existing US-50 east of Rockawalkin Road to US-13 bypass, Wicomico County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161159 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-118 realignment and widening through Saticoy, Santa Clara River Bridge replacement : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161158 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 23-Route 118 proposed freeway connection, Moorpark : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161157 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-59 reconstruction, Mound Road to I-94, Macomb County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161156 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Calvert Road closure, US-1 to MD-201, Prince Georges County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01119931 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Transportation Planning Division TI - Virginia statewide highway plan PY - 1989 SP - 1 atlas (9 v.) AB - [v. 1]. Bristol district -- [v. 2]. Salem district -- [v. 3]. Lynchburg district -- [v. 4]. Richmond district -- [v. 5]. Suffolk district -- [v. 6]. Fredericksburg district -- [v. 7]. Culpeper district -- [v. 8]. Staunton district -- [v. 9]. Northern Virginia district. KW - Highway planning KW - Maps KW - Statistics KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880131 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105861 JO - VTRC ; AU - Arnold, E D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - Identification of successful ridesharing strategies PY - 1989 SP - iii, 33 p. ; KW - Carpools KW - Ridesharing KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37200/37295/89-TA4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865475 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101159 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-76 bypass, I-5 to Frontier Drive, Oceanside : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01101158 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-411, proposed new location, US-41 to I-75, Barton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final, FDsupAppA, Fsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/861121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073690 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed reconstruction of M-45 from west of 68th avenue to east of 24th avenue, Ottawa County, Michigan PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062017 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - West 104th Ave./US-36 interchange, EA PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061975 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-218 improvement, Waverly, EA PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821470 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061974 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-23 relocation, Wapello County, EA PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821469 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061973 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-2023, section 001 construction on new alignment, Northumberland County , Plan of study for EA PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821468 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061972 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-61 improvement, Jackson County / Dubuque County, EA PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821467 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061971 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-71 improvement, Dickinson County, EA PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821466 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061970 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-169, Cross Range Expressway improvement, US-2 to MN-65, Itasca County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061969 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NE-2 and US-77 connector (Van Dorn St), Lincoln : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061968 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PR-3 relocation, Humacao to Guayama : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draftapp KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061966 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 288, Route 360 to I-64, Chesterfield/Henrico/Goochland/Powhatan counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061963 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-18 widening, Auburn/Black Diamond Road to I-90, King County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061960 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UCLA to Westwood Village link, bicycle veloway system, Los Angeles : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061959 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Douglas Hwy extension, Outer Point to Point Hilda, Douglas Island : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final, Final Appendix KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061958 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-71 improvements, I-10 to SR-91, Los Angeles County / San Bernadino County / Riverside County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061957 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Finley to East Lake Blvd extension, 26th St north to Carson Road, Birmingham : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061956 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90 improvement, Four Lakes to Idaho state line, Spokane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061951 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Charlotte outer loop construction, US-74 to I-85, Mecklenburg County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061946 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-52 location, adoption and construction, Santo Road in San Diego to SR-67 in Santee : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061942 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94 revisions, Horace Road to US-75, Fargo ND to Moorhead MN : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061941 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Marine Drive, I-5 to Rivergate Industrial District, Portland : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061936 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-67 bypass, FM-1434 to Spur 102, Cleburne : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061933 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Corridor X, Walker County line to US-31 intersection of Birmingham, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061929 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 31, James River Crossing from Route 10 to Route S, Charles City/James City/Surry counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061927 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 265, Danville Expressway, Pittsylvania County and City of Danville : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061926 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Alii Hwy construction, Kailua-Kona to Keauhou, Hawaii County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061923 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Warrenton bypass extension (SR-17), Route 17 to Route 15-29, Fauquier County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061921 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Airport Parkway-Southern Expressway construction connecting the US-22, US-30, and SR-60 interchange with the Beaver Valley Expressway (SR-60), Allegheny County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final AppendixA KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061918 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Old Metairie Railroad project, Metairie : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Louisiana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061916 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Riverfront Expressway, I-435 to US-24, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061909 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5 widening, Main St to I-205, Clark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061908 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Pacific Hwy, North Roseburg interchange, Douglas County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061907 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-199 extension, Route 5 to I-64, James City/York counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061905 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-220 construction, Steed to Ulah, Randolph/Montgomery counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061904 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OR-42 (Coos Bay-Roseburg Hwy) widening, realignment, Coquille : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oregon UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061902 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 4-lane divided hwy construction, Chatham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Georgia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061901 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-20 upgrading, Weeman Bridge to Winthrop, Okanogan County : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061900 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PR-26 conversion to freeway, Baldorioty de Castro Ave, San Juan : environmental impact statement PY - 1989///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061667 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-61 improvement, Des Moines County / Lee County PY - 1989///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00948910 AU - ROBINSON, JAMES AU - Doctor, Mark AU - Department of Transportation AU - TECHNOLOGY SHARING PROGRAM DISTRIBUTOR AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAMP METERING STATUS IN NORTH AMERICA. PY - 1989 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Expressways KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Management KW - Ramp metering KW - Roads KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/601890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00911856 AU - Hoek, Evert AU - BRAY, JOHN AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK SLOPES DESIGN, EXCAVATION, STABILIZATION. PY - 1989 IS - PB2001-105207 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Embankments KW - Roads KW - Rock slopes KW - Slopes KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/585465 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772661 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED TRAFFIC/TRUCK WEIGHT MONITORING EQUIPMENT (WEIGH-IN-MOTION) : AN OVERVIEW OF ISSUES AND USES PY - 1989 SP - iv, 48 p. AB - Provides a brief overview of the history of the development and use of weigh-in-motion (WIM) and automatic vehicle classification (AVC) equipment. The report traces the need for vehicle and weight data from the 19th century, focuses on the use of static scales for collection of truck data during the 1930's, considers the use of strain gauges after World War II and continues with the development of the technologies that now are common in the WIM/AVC market. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489194 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772269 JO - ITS research report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Labell, Lawrence N AU - Spencer, Mark AU - Skabardonis, Alexander AU - May, Adolf D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTORS FOR FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL PY - 1989 SP - v, 76 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to review, evaluate, select and field test detector technologies for freeway surveillance which are readily available and which do not require lane closures for their installation and maintenance KW - Freeways KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492888 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772335 JO - ITS research report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Spencer, Mark AU - Labell, Lawrence N AU - May, Adolf D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTORS FOR FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL : AN UPDATE PY - 1989 SP - v, 154 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to review, evaluate, select and field test detector technologies for freeway surveillance which are commercially available and which do not require lane closures for their installation and maintenance. This working paper particularly reports on the tasks of selecting detectors for testing and establishing automatic data collection stations KW - Freeways KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771886 AU - Marsella, Mark AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO (HAR) IN A CONSTRUCTION ZONE ON I-80, MORRIS COUNTY, N.J. PY - 1989 SP - 99 p. AB - This study reports on the evaluation of a highway advisory radio (HAR) system installed on a construction site on I-80 in New Jersey. KW - Highway advisory radio KW - Work zone safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772356 AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PORT OF ENTRY WEIGH-IN-MOTION FEASIBILITY STUDY PY - 1989 SP - iv, 76, A-7, B-3 p. AB - This research report analyzes the feasibility of using slow speed weigh-in- motion (SWIM) equipment for enforcement applications in Arizona. The technical performance of one SWIM system was assessed at the Ehrenberg port of entry on the Arizona California border. The effects of variation in platform smoothness and profile on scale accuracy were assessed. Legal and institutional issues were also addressed and recommendations for implementation and further research were presented KW - Law enforcement KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491467 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772352 JO - Texas Transportation Institute Research Report PB - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Cunagin, Wiley D AU - Majdi, Said O AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOW COST WIM ALTERNATIVES PY - 1989 SP - iv, 44 p. AB - This report evaluates the feasibility of providing effective truck weighing devices at a cost that would allow widespread implementation of in-motion truck weighing in Texas. The following technologies were investigated: (1) Piezoelectric cable; (2) Capacitive weighmat WIM sensor; (3) bending plate WIM transducer KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772424 AU - Farradyne Associates, Inc AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PATHFINDER EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN : DRAFT REPORT PY - 1989 SP - 67 p. AB - This report presents the experimental plan for determining the effectiveness of the Pathfinder system. Pathfinder is a real-time in- vehicle highway navigation and motorist information system being developed under FHWA contract by Farradyne Systems, Inc. and others. The report is organized as follows: Overview, data collection, data analysis, study schedule and documentation KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Pathfinder (Program : california) KW - Real time information KW - Route choice UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771751 AU - Cohen, Stephen L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT MODELS FOR ROUTING DRIVERS WITH IN- VEHICLE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1989 SP - 15 p. AB - This report describes the requirements that a traffic assignment model must satisfy in order to be used as part of an in-vehicle guidance system. In such a system, the model would be used to develop optimal routes for each driver. Routing instructions would then be conveyed to the driver through the medium of an in-vehicle guidance system. Two generic traffic assignment models, the equilibrium and incremental models, are described and their application to the optimal routing problem is described. It is indicated that further research is needed in several areas if these models are to be used for a real-time routing system. KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Real time information KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723876 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADS TO SERVE THE NATION--THE STORY OF ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1989 SP - 38 p. AB - The purpose of this booklet is to acquaint the international reader with the U.S. road system, the U.S. road transportation community, and the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) International Highway Programs Office. The first sections describe the historical development of the road system and its social and economic effects. Later sections discuss current and expected future trends in U.S. road transportation, the organization and structure of the U.S. road community (FHWA, AASHTO, and the Transportation Research Board), FHWA's technology transfer programs, and the activities of the International Highway Programs Office. KW - Administration KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway systems KW - Highway transportation KW - Highways KW - History KW - International highway programs office, fhwa KW - Social factors KW - Social impacts KW - Technology transfer KW - Transportation Research Board KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713007 AU - Gopalaratnam, V S AU - Baldwin, J W AU - Hartnagel, B AU - Rigdon, R A AU - University of Missouri, Columbia AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WEARING SURFACE SYSTEMS FOR ORTHOTROPIC STEEL-PLATE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1989 SP - 72 p. AB - Six wearing surface materials were evaluated as potential replacements for the existing wearing surface on the Poplar Street Bridge in St. Louis. The materials were 2 asphaltic concretes, 3 epoxy concretes, and a methyl-methacrylate concrete. Lab tests included fatigue tests (flexural) at 0 deg R and at a range of 0 to 160 deg F. Concurrently, test sections of the same material were placed on the bridge and monitored for 1-2 years. Recorded strains were correlated with the laboratory fatigue tests. One of the proprietary epoxy concretes was recommended, although none of them performed as well as desired. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bridge decks KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue tests KW - Field tests KW - Flexural fatigue KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Methyl methacrylate KW - Polymer concrete KW - Recommendations KW - Steel plates KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Test sections KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP89-2_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448158 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635168 AU - Henderson, T AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPREHENSIVE PROPOSAL FOR THE ACQUISITION, USE, AND MAINTENANCE OF GEOGRAPHICALLY RELATED INFORMATION IN THE NEW MEXICO STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT PY - 1989 SP - 50p AB - The New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department is mandated to plan, design, build, and maintain safe and effective transportation systems. Implied in that mandate is the need to know where those systems are, to know what condition they are in, to know their adequacy in serving the public, and to plan for future upgrades of the system based on all of the preceding factors. This paper attempts to show the importance of a common geographic environment as the foundation upon which to build that integrated approach. It shows how this process might be improved using geographic position as the common denominator. It recommends specific strategies for achieving a common geographic environment, including employing new technologies and taking advantage of new opportunities. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Geographic information systems KW - Location KW - New Mexico KW - Position finding KW - Position fixing KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378881 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635167 AU - Sampey, H R AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRASTAR (TM) TERRESTRIAL ROADWAY ACQUISITION SYSTEM PY - 1989 SP - 11p AB - New advancements in radionavigation technology now make land measurements possible. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based radio-navigation system being developed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Once fully deployed, it will offer worldwide, 24-hour, continuous position fixing with a high degree of accuracy. Although GPS represents the ultimate, a fully functional highway inventory system should encompass all the attributes of previously successful survey systems. TRASTAR is a comprehensive survey system that fulfills the needs of most highway transportation engineers. This paper overviews the design and operational characteristics of TRASTAR. It further examines the problems associated with the complexity of efficiently maintaining satellite acquisition and provides practical solutions. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Inventory KW - Location KW - Navigational satellites KW - Position fixing KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - Satellite navigation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378880 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635166 AU - TAYLOR, R L AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERVIEW OF GPS NETWORK FOR GIS CONTROL PY - 1989 SP - 8p AB - There are several Florida cities and counties involved in programs to establish 3-mile grids of geodetic survey points as a part of the development of a city- or county-wide Geographic Information System (GIS). The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used to establish the positions of the survey points in support of the program. This program is expected to continue until all counties in Florida are completed. To aid in the reliability of the geodetic reference system used to establish these local networks, the Florida Department of Natural Resources (FDNR), Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), National Geodetic Survey (NGS), and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have entered into an agreement to establish a statewide geodetic network with a horizontal accuracy of order B (8 mm + 1:1,000,000). This paper discusses the GPS surveys which have been completed, the surveys in progress, and possible future surveys which will be done in support of GIS. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Counties KW - Florida KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378879 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635163 AU - Heiman, G H AU - Schlosser, M W AU - Chursinoff, R W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SASKATCHEWAN HIGHWAYS GIS PILOT PROJECT PY - 1989 SP - 17p AB - This paper describes present and future digital data to be available in Saskatchewan through the Central Surveys and Mapping Agency (CSMA). The GIS pilot project recognizes the importance of being able to link textual data to a spatial database. This project involves linking CSMA's one in one million digital map with highway traffic data, pavement condition data and accident data using the GIS system called MunMAP. MunMAP(tm) uses AUTOCAD(tm) as its graphics engine and was developed for municipal GIS functions. This paper describes the steps used to develop the pilot project and features that were developed in MunMAP to provide GIS functions to highway links. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Computer graphics KW - Databases KW - Digital mapping KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mapping KW - Saskatchewan KW - Statistics KW - Transportation KW - Transportation statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378876 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635162 AU - Sousa, E AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROPERTY MANAGEMENT PILOT PROJECT USING GIS PY - 1989 SP - 24p AB - The New Brunswick Provincial Government currently possesses a collection of standalone land information systems - both computerized and manual - that have been created and maintained by different groups to support the activities of individual departments. While it has always been agreed that different departments have unique requirements and uses for their information, the potential for duplication of effort, redundancy of information maintained, incompatible records, and inconsistencies in land information management practices have been pointed out time and time again in different studies over the past fifteen years. The 6 major problems are: (1) Lack of Availability, (2) Lack of Ready Access, (3) Duplication, (4) Inability to integrate, (5) No Coordination of Standards, and (6) No Coordination of Information Requirements. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Canada KW - Classification KW - Computer planning systems KW - Computers KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land KW - Land classifications KW - Planning KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378875 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635161 AU - Sarno, G L AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PENNSYLVANIA'S GIS, AN AUTOMATED PLANNING TOOL PY - 1989 SP - 5p AB - Pennsylvania's Department of Transportation Geographic Information System (GIS) is based on a strong Computer Assisted Mapping Program. To build a strong Geographic Information System a solid digital cartographic base was required to integrate with spatial/nonspatial data bases. A Computer Assisted Mapping Program creates, manipulates, and maintains the digital geographic features required for the GIS. Using stable based 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle sheet positives, selected map features were manually digitized in a World Environment. As topographic quadrangle sheets are completely digitized and accepted, they are merged into county files and subsequently county files are merged into the master file. Boundaries are being adjusted as necessary to align with the digitized linear features. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Areas KW - Databases KW - Geographic areas KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mapping KW - Pennsylvania KW - Topographic mapping KW - Topographic maps UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378874 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635164 AU - FOWLER, D AU - Hollingshead, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NEW HAMPSHIRE GRAPHIC ROADWAY INVENTORY SYSTEM PY - 1989 SP - 21p AB - The New Hampshire Department of Transportation has multiple responsibilities to the state, including managing a large amount of data that describes the state's transportation network. The DOT has traditionally recorded a portion of this data on a graphic straight line diagram for quicker, easier reference to its location on the roadway. This has been done laboriously in the past by creating thousands of diagrams by hand. This paper describes the development of the first of several GIS applications on the DOT's CAD/D system. This GIS application automates the straight line diagram creation process, using a link between the straight line diagram and the state's Roadway Inventory System to place current inventory data on the diagram. The CAD/D success with the straight line diagrams has not only solved a critical production problem for the state, but also sets the stage for continued development of a New Hampshire Graphic Roadway Inventory System. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Computer aided design KW - Graphic techniques KW - Graphics KW - Inventory KW - New Hampshire KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378877 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635165 AU - ELLIOTT, B AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HIGHWAY DEPARTMENTS: A PROTOTYPE PY - 1989 SP - 6p AB - To date, the predominate use of computer graphics technology in DOTs has been in the applications of road design, drafting, and mapping creation. The ability to integrate the spatial location of roadway features with their attribute records in a single database, as provided in a GIS, opens up new opportunities to use this technology for more effective information retrieval and analysis of roadway information in todays DOTs. The pilot project at Illinois DOT demonstrated that GIS technology is both practical and effective in addressing highway inventory and analysis applications, and that the benefits of using GIS are real. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Computer graphics KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway departments KW - Illinois KW - Inventory KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378878 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635155 AU - Dangermond, J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1989 SP - 13p AB - In many organizations, particularly local government agencies, there appears to be interest in not only GIS but also the linkages between GIS and seven closely associated geographic data technologies: Document scanning system (raster-based imaging system); Image processing system; Vector GIS; Raster-based GIS; Tabular DBMS; Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) system; Video media system; Surface modeling system. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Computer aided design KW - Geographic information systems KW - Image processing KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378868 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635157 AU - Schaefer, R P AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA SHARING IN WISCONSIN PY - 1989 SP - 5p AB - To meet some of the idealistic goals for data sharing, Wisconsin state agencies have formulated a "Wisconsin State Interdepartmental Geographic Data Sharing Workgroup." This effort has been spearheaded by David Fletcher and Tom Ries from Wisconsin DOT and currently the following organizations are represented: Wisconsin DOT, Wisconsin DNR, State Cartographers Office, Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, USGS-Water Resource Department, U. of Wisconsin, NOAA, Board of Commissioners of Public Lands, Wisconsin Dept. of Development, Wisconsin Dept. of Public Service Commission, and Wisconsin Soils Conservation Office. The goals of this technical workgroup are to exchange geographical information and data. The present plan is to enter questionnaire information into a PC data base so that a potential user of land data can make inquiries to determine who is the custodian of a particular segment of the land data. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Databases KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - Land use planning KW - State departments of transportation KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378870 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635160 AU - Groves, C AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEN YEARS OF THE GIS PROCESS AND APPLICATION IN THE OHIO DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1989 SP - 41p AB - GIS in Ohio has evolved steadily over the past decade and has acquired many definitions. One widely accepted definition describes GIS as a technology designed to acquire, store, edit, analyze, manipulate, and graphically display geographically referenced data. However it is defined, GIS development has depended partly on advances in the graphics capabilities of CADD to store, retrieve, and display spatial features as drawings. But more importantly, GIS has depended on the development of software able to integrate the grapics depicting spatial features with the attributes or data describing them. In other words, a GIS records, connects, and coordinates non-spatial, descriptive information in relation to spatial referenced information, and it is this ability to link and combine such data which distinguishes a GIS from the automated mapping facility of a CADD system. U1 - Proceedings of the Geograpic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Computer aided design KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information retrieval KW - Ohio KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378873 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635156 AU - NYERGES, T AU - Dueker, K J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN TRANSPORTATION PY - 1989 SP - 5p AB - Geographic Information System (GIS) concepts and technology can form the framework for an integrated highway information system. More effective integration of geometric, accident, traffic, roadway features, and other data are needed to enhance the planning, design, construction, maintenance, management, and operations of transportation systems. Increasingly, demands arise to relate data collected by different divisions of an organization about themes at the same location, e.g., accident data and roadway geometry. GIS concepts and technology provide an opportunity to relate and display separately collected data about spatially distributed transportation-related events and facilities. Spatial objects, called points, lines and areas, and the geographic locations of these spatial objects are a key means of integrating separately collected transportation data for enhanced analysis and map displays. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Coordination KW - Data collection KW - Geographic information systems KW - Integrated transportation systems KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Public transit KW - Traffic distribution KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378869 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635158 AU - Baker, N H AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GIS INTERAGENCY COOPERATION IN IOWA PY - 1989 SP - 3p AB - The purpose of this project is to develop practical and effective interagency cooperation between the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and the Iowa Department of Transportation through sharing digital geographic resource information, defining complementary roles in developing compatible digital data sets, and developing specific applications that both DNR and DOT will use in their energy-related planning. The ultimate goals are better energy efficiency and energy planning in Iowa. The primary focus of the project is to locate, evaluate, and/or develop software that will facilitate the exchange/sharing of spatially related data between the DNR and DOT. Added capabilities include the ability to demonstrate management decision making, policy analysis support, file maintenance capabiltieis, geographic information system compatibility, and application to energy planning projects. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Energy efficiency KW - Geographic information systems KW - Iowa KW - Modems KW - Sets KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378871 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635159 AU - Crampton, S C AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GIS: AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY FOR TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES PY - 1989 SP - 5p AB - The passage of Act 200 provides Vermont with a mechanism to plan, guide and control land use and development. This process starts at the local level and works upward through planning commissions to state agencies. The process is built around 32 planning goals that must be followed by everyone. Municipalities are encouraged to develop master plans on land use and development. The new law provides money to villages, towns and cities that participate, makes technical assistance available and, most importantly, gives them the tools to take control of their future. Included in Act 200 are provisions for establishing a statewide geographic information system. A pilot project has the following goals: (1) Digitize soils data for 4 of 14 counties, using U.S. Soil Conservation Service maps, (2) Digitize town boundaries and surface water, UVM School of Natural Resources will do the initial data entry for orthophoto maps. The State Agency of Natural Resources will then supply surface water attribute data. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Boundaries KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land use planning KW - Natural resources KW - Regional planning KW - Soil mapping KW - State planning KW - States KW - Surface waters KW - Vermont KW - Water areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378872 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483665 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Levine, Howard J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STREETCARS FOR TORONTO COMMITTEE: A CASE STUDY OF CITIZEN ADVOCACY IN TRANSIT PLANNING AND OPERATIONS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 190-198 AB - Determined to save Toronto's streetcars, a citizen advocacy group, the Streetcars for Toronto Committee, formed in 1972. By issuing an authoritative paper challenging the Toronto Transit Commission staff's plan to abandon streetcar operations and by dealing effectively with the media, the committee persuaded the transit commissioners to retain the metropolitan area's streetcars. Since then, the committee has gone on to fight other transit battles, representing transit users who favor more efficient and cost-effective transit alternatives. The committee has become a model for citizen action elsewhere and currently is promoting "realistic" light rail transit as a component of Toronto's long-range "Network 2011" plan, which calls for a conventional heavy rail subway. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Advocacy groups KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Streetcars KW - Toronto (Canada) KW - Toronto Transit Commission KW - Transit vehicle operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483679 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McSpedon, Edward AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BUILDING LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IN EXISTING RAIL CORRIDORS: PANACEA OR NIGHTMARE? THE LOS ANGELES EXPERIENCE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 426-441 AB - The Los Angeles County Transportation Commission (LACTC) is constructing a 21-mi light rail transit (LRT) line between the cities of Long Beach and Los Angeles. Sixteen miles of the line are being constructed on right-of-way acquired from and shared with the Southern Pacific Transportation Company. The design and construction of this portion of the project have proven to be far more difficult and costly than was ever imagined initially. Among the more challenging aspects have been the need to maintain railroad operations while relocating the freight line and constructing LRT, undertaking an extraordinarily large utility relocation program, acquiring hundreds of real estate parcels in addition to the railroad right-of-way, and dealing with extensive institutional problems related to grade crossings, insurance, license agreements, franchises, and the permitting and approval processes of the political jurisdictions through which the railroad alignment passes. It is important that those planning similar projects gain a full appreciation of LACTC's experiences so that realistic cost estimates can be prepared for the purpose of making accurate comparisons of railroad right-or-way alignments with other alternatives. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Light rail transit KW - Los Angeles County Transportation Commission KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Sharing KW - Southern Pacific Railroad UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295733 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483694 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fox, Gerald D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGNING AT-GRADE LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 606-620 AB - The ability to operate at grade, interfacing with traffic and pedestrians, is a key characteristic of light rail transit (LRT). It can reduce construction costs, improve access to important trip generators, and justify rail development in corridors where more costly construction may not be warranted. It can also reduce transit reliability, interfere with traffic movements, and reduce operating speed. Effective intersection control and traffic interface design are the key elements in successful at-grade LRT design. Yet experience in this field is still limited, and beset with misconceptions that can distort, or even foreclose, a project in the planning stages, before potential problem resolution can occur. This paper discusses some of the commonly perceived problems that confront at-grade LRT designers and outlines some of the potential design responses, some of which were used on Portland's recently opened LRT. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Railroad grade crossings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295748 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483697 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wheeler, Colin F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES FOR MAXIMIZING URBAN PASSENGER RAIL SERVICE WHILE MINIMIZING VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 645-656 AB - A variety of techniques for maximizing the utilization of rapid transit vehicles exist. The use of one or more of these techniques would be appropriate for operators of light rail, commuter rail, or heavy rail transportation systems attempting to minimize fleet size and by properties faced with a rail car shortage. Methods include the use of fallback scheduling, skip-stop scheduling, zonal scheduling, reverse-direction deadheading, Dutch switching, and shortening headways while operating more low-capacity trains. Examples of agencies currently using each technique are provided. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Dutch switching KW - Headways KW - Light rail transit KW - Maximization KW - Reverse-direction deadheading KW - Scheduling KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295751 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483698 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Yagar, Sam AU - Heydecker, Benjamin AU - Transportation Research Board TI - POTENTIAL BENEFITS TO TRANSIT IN SETTING TRAFFIC SIGNALS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 657-667 AB - Although it is common to optimize signal settings for fixed-time operation, this serves neither transit nor private vehicles adequately when their interaction is not considered appropriately in defining the total system. The TRANSYT model claims to account for transit operation along with private vehicles, but there are some potentially fatal flaws in its representation of mixed transit and private operation. However, incorporating additional modeling techniques can lead to more realistic representations. The resultant modeling formulation is applied to a 4-mi streetcar route in central Toronto to estimate an upper bound on the potential savings in streetcar delays due to setting traffic signals to accommodate streetcar operation. This is done by considering the idealized case where dwell times are kept constant at each given stop, varying only from stop to stop, so that a fixed-time traffic network can respond best to the streetcar arrivals. The potential gain may be worthwhile and practical effects, such as varying dwell times, should be incorporated into the modeling procedure. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Dwell time KW - Light rail transit KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Streetcars KW - Toronto (Canada) KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295752 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483655 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vuchic, Vukan R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE GREAT DEBATE: POTENTIAL ROLES OF DIFFERENT TRANSIT MODES SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 62-65 AB - Although selecting a transit mode for a city is perhaps the most important step in system development, the decision process is too often plagued by biased or faulty arguments for or against particular modes. Transit "fashions" have swept the world decade after decade. People movers, automated-guideway transit (AGT), light rail transit (LRT), exclusive busways, and paratransit have all had their day. Although not all succeeded in North America, some have succeeded elsewhere. In this decade, important innovations and maturing concepts have included the guided bus or O-Bahn, further development of LRT designs, and diversification and implementation of AGT systems. As a result, a continuum of transit modes exists. Making reason-based choices, however, remains problematic. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Choice models KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Guided buses KW - Innovation KW - Light rail transit KW - Mode S UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295709 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483687 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tereschuck, Peter AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENHANCING THE SELECTION PROCESS FOR OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER PERSONNEL AT SAN DIEGO TROLLEY, INC. SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 523-533 AB - The safe and efficient operation of a given rail transit system is, to a great extent, determined by the proficiency of personnel assigned to the operations control center (OCC). If a transit agency is fortunate enough to hire experienced personnel, as was the case in San Diego when the trolley began operations, many of the problems associated with inadequate job performance can be avoided. Even with experienced personnel, though, changes in assignments may be necessary as a direct result of performance deficiencies. When the management of San Diego Trolley evaluated its own situation, with more recently hired employees being considered for promotion to train controller, it was soon found that promotion was based, in large part, on demonstrated ability in lower classifications (e.g., train operator). The desire to avoid misjudging candidates, coupled with the results of extensive research on job demands of the controller position, caused San Diego Trolley to evaluate its promotion and hiring practices, and to develop appropriate enhancements to the existing process. Because certain parallels could be drawn between train controllers (or dispatchers) and air traffic controllers, the Federal Aviation Administration selection process was used to develop revised hiring and promotion practices. Various tests designed for general personnel selection were evaluated. The end result is an extensive battery of psychological and general aptitude tests that allows the management team to evaluate a candidate thoroughly against specified job-related elements and personality traits that have been found to be present in successful train controllers. These enhancements have proven to be extremely effective, and have resulted in the selection of higher-quality candidates for certain safety-critical positions. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Aptitude tests KW - Conferences KW - Hiring policies KW - Light rail transit KW - Personnel KW - Promotion KW - Psychological tests KW - San Diego Trolley UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295741 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483689 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schulte, W R AU - Flanigon, M T AU - Rich, J S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CALIFORNIA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 537-543 AB - The California Public Utilities Commission (PUC) has legislative authority to regulate safety on rail transit systems in the state. This paper outlines the history, current practice, and future application of the PUC's safety regulation. The development of a formal program employing safety planning criteria, standards, and guidelines to accomplish regulatory goals is discussed in detail. The successful application of this programmatic approach to the recent start-up of the Sacramento and San Jose light rail systems is described. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - California public utilities commission KW - Conferences KW - Guidelines KW - Light rail transit KW - Planning KW - Regulations KW - Safety and security KW - Standards KW - Transportation safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295743 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483657 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pastor, George J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE CASE FOR AUTOMATED-GUIDEWAY TRANSIT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 79-88 AB - Automated-guideway transit (AGT) is a class of transit systems characterized by fleets of driverless transit vehicles operating under computer control on exclusive rights-of-way above, at, or below ground level. AGT systems, in general, can perform all of the operating functions of conventional, fixed-guideway transit systems, ranging from simple shuttles through collection and distribution to urban and commuter line-haul systems, including complex networks. AGT transit systems represent a fundamental change in the operational capabilities of transit systems, resulting in significantly improved service levels with simultaneous improvements in productivity when compared with conventional transit. Two of the most significant urban deployments of AGT are in North America and Europe: the SkyTrain system in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and the VAL system in Lille, France. Their first years of operating performance are compared with those of other contemporary but conventional fixed-guideway systems. The conclusions drawn are that, in certain applications, AGT is more than competitive with conventional transit and that, under certain conditions, AGT systems can return sufficient revenues to match and even exceed their total operating and maintenance costs at acceptable fare levels. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Canada KW - Conferences KW - France KW - Level of service KW - Light rail transit KW - Productivity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295711 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483659 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fox, Gerald D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A COMPARISON OF SOME NEW LIGHT RAIL AND AUTOMATED-GUIDEWAY SYSTEMS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 98-110 AB - The past decade has seen dramatic developments in urban rail transit, particularly in the field of light rail transit (LRT). At the same time, several proprietary automated systems have been developed and deployed, often claiming superior levels of service and cost-effectiveness. Data are now becoming available that make it possible to check, for the first time, how well the new automated-guideway transit (AGT) systems are meeting their promoters' claims, and to compare such systems with the new conventional LRT systems. Methodologies are presented to collect and screen performance data from different systems in a uniform manner, and examples are developed to show how these data can be used to compare modes using actual operating information to the maximum extent. When new AGT systems are compared with new LRT systems, or when AGT and LRT are compared on identical alignments, it appears that the cost of additional maintenance and supervising staff and additional "non-staff" budget may exceed the savings that AGT systems achieve by eliminating operators. Although the new AGT systems represent a further advance in the development of urban transit technological capabilities, and reflect great credit on those who have built and financed them, they may also contain the seeds of future problems. Having a significantly higher construction cost per mile than LRT, urban areas with AGT will tend to have smaller rail networks than equivalent areas selecting LRT. Being proprietary systems in limited use, they may experience future procurement problems, particularly if the promoter goes out of business. Being a contemporary, high-technology product, there is also a high risk of obsolescence in future years. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automated guideway transit KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Level of service KW - Light rail transit KW - Obsolescence KW - Operating costs KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295713 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483666 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Campion, Douglas R AU - Wischmeyer, Oliver W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION AND TECHNOLOGY SHARING IN BRINGING LRT TO ST. LOUIS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 201-224 AB - Metropolitan St. Louis, after 19 years of planning, is developing a dual-mode, cost-effective public transportation system integrating light rail technology with a vastly improved regional bus network. The light rail transit component, known as Metro Link, is an 18-mi continuous fixed-guideway rail line connecting the St. Louis, Missouri, central business district with the Lambert International Airport and McDonnell-Douglas complex to the northwest and with East St. Louis, Illinois, to the east across the Mississippi River. Complementing Metro Link are shuttle bus operations to major employment centers, and realigned routes that form an extensive feeder bus network in the corridor. The initial rail line will directly connect the principal retail, office, recreational, educational, medical, and transportation activity centers with the densest urban population areas. Existing infrastructure is being used, including right-of-way, structures, and facilities to be acquired from two railroads. Nearly all the railroad property is abandoned, but will be revived for this light rail system. Additionally, street and highway right-of-way and other public lands will be made availavle for permanent Metro Link easements. The capital expense budget for building Metro Link is $287.7 million, covering design and engineering, construction and procurement, testing and start-up, and project management. As a federally funded project, this capital expense is matched with railroad property and facilities acquired separately by the City of St. Louis and donated to the project with a value in excess of $100 million. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Acquisition KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Easements KW - Facilities KW - Federal aid KW - Feeder buses KW - Infrastructure KW - Light rail transit KW - Property acquisition KW - Rehabilitation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Saint Louis (Missouri) KW - Shuttle buses KW - Technology sharing KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483691 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Clemons, Robert E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT TRACKS IN PAVEMENT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 561-577 AB - One of the important features of light rail transit (LRT) is the ability to locate tracks in downtown streets and transit malls, thus eliminating the high capital cost of grade-separated aerial structures or subways. The designs of transit tracks in pavement have evolved over the past 100 years in domestic streetcar systems. This paper traces this evolution by looking back at the initial streetcar track designs, by reviewing the development of heavy streetcar tracks, and finally by reviewing the track details and costs of seven recent North American LRT projects. Comparison of these seven projects shows a wide variation in design criteria and a resultant cost range of $67 to $270 per single-track feet. The conclusion is that much work remains to be done to establish cost-effective design criteria for transit track in pavement. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Light rail transit KW - North America KW - Railroad tracks KW - Streetcars KW - Structural design KW - Track design KW - Tracks in pavement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295745 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483693 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fehon, K J AU - Tighe, W A AU - Coffey, P L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF AT-GRADE LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - p. 593-605 AB - At-grade operation of light rail transit (LRT) presents many analytical problems not normally encountered in traffic engineering analysis. In particular the non-cyclical and directional nature of LRT arrivals renders traditional intersection and network analysis techniques inappropriate. In planning or designing an LRT system, the information often required by decision-makers includes delay to LRT due to street traffic, delay to street traffic due to LRT, length of queues when LRT affects traffic signals or at-grade crossings, short-term and long-term levels of congestion at at-grade crossings, and the impacts of combined events such as back-to-back rail vehicle arrivals. Computer-based tools have been developed to provide this information in both the planning and design stages of LRT system projects, including estimating average degree of saturation at a traffic signal during an hour of LRT operation, estimating cycle-by-cycle delays and queue length at a preempted fixed-time signal with LRT arrivals at preset headways, and estimating LRT delay in a fixed-time coordinated signal system with partial or no LRT priority. A new general purpose network simulator has been created that will realistically model light rail vehicles in a street environment with vehicle-actuated and coordinated traffic signals and other controls. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Bus priority KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Pretimed traffic signal controllers KW - Queuing KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Simulation KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295747 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483688 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Luepke, Rudy F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIRING PRODUCTIVITY FOR MAINTENANCE STAFF SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 534-536 AB - By gearing the employment process to hire productivity, light rail transit systems can build maintenance staffs that function more efficiently and cost-effectively despite their smaller sizes. To do this, standards must be set for the various maintenance disciplines; candidates must be tested for ability, attitude, and trainability; and cross-training must be provided. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Cross-training KW - Hiring policies KW - Light rail transit KW - Maintenance personnel KW - Standards KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295742 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483675 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bates, Michael AU - Lee, Leo AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AT-GRADE OR NOT AT-GRADE: THE EARLY TRAFFIC QUESTION IN LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT ROUTE PLANNING SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 351-367 AB - The planning, design, and construction of a light rail transit (LRT) line require that a wide range of complex issues be resolved. Understanding the degree to which individual issues can be addressed at each stage of the process can significantly reduce effort and time needed to gain community acceptance and to implement the LRT program. Important tools are effective methods for dealing with traffic issues in the feasibility and planning stages of LRT lines where early decisions need to be made between horizontal and vertical route alignment alternatives. Traffic issues play a critical part in making these decisions, and transit planners and traffic engineers need to know the potential magnitude of LRT impacts on traffic circulation, parking, and the degree of LRT priority or grade separation for which to plan. The grade separation issue is particularly critical, as it directly affects the operational, economic, and political viability of an LRT line. Traffic analysis and evaluation techniques can be used effectively to make early decisions on vertical and horizontal LRT alignments, to both guide LRT planning policy and focus subsequent LRT design efforts. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alignment KW - Bus priority KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Design KW - Grade separations KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Impacts KW - Light rail transit KW - Parking KW - Route choice KW - Route planning KW - Traffic KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295729 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483684 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Weber, K H AU - Van Sickel, E L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RUBBER-CUSHIONED WHEELS FOR LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 486-502 AB - For decades rubber-cushioned wheels have proven very reliable for light rail transit all over the world. These wheels reduce shock and noise, and offer other benefits. With nearly 150,000 rubber-cushioned wheels in use, the following advantages can be demonstrated: less wear and tear of both permanent way and vehicle components, reduced disturbance from noise for both passengers and people living along the track, and lower maintenance costs. Traveling comfort and running quality of vehicles equipped with rubber-cushioned wheels are superior to vehicles equipped with rigid steel wheels. Recent tests using rubber-cushioned wheels on high-speed vehicles have also been successful. Today the rubber-cushioned wheel has been proven reliable for speeds up to 160 km/h (100 mph). Further tests are being planned for speeds up to 280 km/h (175 mph). U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Durability KW - Light rail transit KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Passenger comfort KW - Reliability KW - Ride quality KW - Rubber-cushioned wheels KW - Speed KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295738 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483663 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kershaw, Robert E AU - Boda, John A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ELDERLY AND HANDICAPPED ACCESSIBILITY: THE CALIFORNIA WAYS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 147-162 AB - Making light rail transit accessible to the disabled is done in ways as varied as the number of systems in existence. The interpretation and implementation of "full accessibility" is just as varied. Full accessibility must include provisions not only for the wheelchair-bound, but also for the deaf, hard of hearing, blind, partially sighted, elderly, and developmentally handicapped. These provisions include wheelchair ramps or lifts, wheel chair spaces in the vehicles with tie-downs, safety tile, Braille, audio devices, station space planning, and signage of proper size and contrast. Early planning and design decisions must include input from disabled groups and adequate funds in the project budget. Prerevenue service training for disabled access should also be considered as part of the project. This is usually a shared effort with the various disabled groups and the system operator. It has proven to be a good public relations tool, also. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Accessibility KW - Aged KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Light rail transit KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295717 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483664 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Henry, Lyndon AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RIDERSHIP FORECASTING CONSIDERATIONS IN COMPARISONS OF LIGHT RAIL AND MOTOR BUS MODES SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 163-189 AB - From the standpoint of ridership forecasting, light rail transit (LRT) and motor bus modes vary in their attributes. Specific modal attributes (stations, passenger space and seating, ride quality, air pollution, noise, schedule reliability and safety, system identity and public orientation, familiarity) can be rated for LRT, busway, and street bus systems and analyzed. While LRT is rated highest in this comparison, the implications for mode choice behavior require more intensive research. Another factor in mode choice is the hypothesis that LRT and other rail transit modes have stronger potential to induce adjacent real estate development in contrast to busway operations. The results of a survey of perceptions of real estate decision-makers in eight U.S. cities operating either LRT lines or busways indicate that decision-makers tend to perceive LRT stations as significantly more desirable than busway stations for commercial real estate development. Respondents' perceptions regarding public orientation to LRT versus busway routes and service levels also score LRT higher but analysis did not determine this difference to be statistically significant. Improvements in the accuracy of ridership forecasting are essential, particularly in terms of differences between LRT and motor bus as alternative transit modes, and some approaches for further investigation can be defined. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bus transportation KW - Busways KW - Commercial development KW - Conferences KW - Economic development KW - Forecasting KW - Light rail transit KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Railroad stations KW - Ridership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483678 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Weiss, Willard D AU - Dupont, Jean-Luc AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN OF LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT OVERHEAD CONTACT SYSTEMS AT COMPLEX INTERSECTIONS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 408-425 AB - Light rail transit (LRT) intersections and turning movements in downtown areas present some unique and complex problems in overhead contact system (OCS) design. However, OCS design procedures and principles can be applied at such locations to provide both economic construction and trouble-free vehicle operation. SPIDER has been developed as a software tool to facilitate OCS design at complex intersections. The program is interactive and permits efficient and accurate design of complicated overhead guying networks. It performs the following analyses: layout of overhead hardware, calculation of tensions in guying network, optimization of trolley wire profile, and determination of resultant pole loadings. Through the interactive process, the program allows the designer to optimize the overhead contact wire profile by adjusting guy wire tensions and attachment heights. Plan drawings can then be generated at any scale and transferred to a computer-assisted drafting (CAD) system for plotting final construction drawings. The SPIDER program, with its CAD interface, has been used extensively for OCS design of LRT projects including the Sacramento, Guadalupe, and Long Beach-Los Angeles LRTs, the Lowell Historic Trolley, and on several electric trolley coach projects in San Francisco and Seattle. The program has demonstrated economics in both the design and construction processes. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Arrester wires KW - Central business districts KW - Charge collectors KW - Computer aided design KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Drafting KW - Guy lines KW - Height KW - Interactive computing KW - Intersections KW - Layout KW - Light rail transit KW - Optimization KW - Overhead utility lines KW - Software KW - Tension KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295732 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483695 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rymer, Bruce AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Cline, James C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DELAY AT LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT GRADE CROSSINGS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 621-634 AB - The concept of light rail vehicles (LRVs) operating at grade and alternately sharing the right-of-way perpendicular to the flow of automobile traffic is an attractive transit idea because of the potential cost savings to transit agencies. This paper is a partial review of an evaluation of the potential delay impacts on automobile traffic imposed by LRVs operating at grade. This report can assist decision-makers in determining where grade separations are appropriate. Also presented is a methodology for summarizing the operational characteristics of a light rail transit grade crossing with a single parameter, the crossing-volume-to-capacity ratio. The analysis centered on computer simulations using FHWA's NETSIM model. Results indicated that for light rail transit crossings located in excess of 400 ft from any adjacent intersection, the delay imposed on the motoring public warranted a grade separation only at very high traffic volumes or very short LRV headways. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Grade separations KW - Headways KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Simulation KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic volume KW - Traffic warrants KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295749 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483696 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stanger, Richard M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AN EVALUATION OF AUTOMATED AND CONVENTIONAL RAIL TECHNOLOGY FOR THE CENTURY FREEWAY RAIL LINE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 635-644 AB - The Century Rail Transit Line will operate for 17 mi in the median of the Century Freeway now under construction in Los Angeles. It will also extend initially for 3 mi on exclusive right-of-way into the large El Segundo aerospace employment center. In 1986 the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission staff evaluated the potential of fully automating this line. The paper summarizes this evaluation, looking first at improvements short of full automation, then at the benefits of full automation based on the experience of VAL and SkyTrain. It notes that the real benefit of full automation may come not so much from trade-offs between capital and operating costs, but from the revenue potential of frequent, all-day operation. The paper then compares the use of automated-guideway transit vehicles with a conventional light rail vehicle modified to be fully automated. It concludes that automating the Century Line appears to be justified, and that the use of conventional light rail vehicles modified to allow unmanned operation should be an integral part of a decision to automate. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Automation KW - Benefits KW - Century rail transit line KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Light rail transit KW - Los Angeles County Transportation Commission UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295750 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483660 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Elms, Charles P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISSUES AND REQUIREMENTS OF REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 113-120 AB - Real estate developers can virtually make or break mass transit projects. Understanding their perspective, therefore, is critical to any project's success. Experts on real estate development and its relationship to mass transit in Pittsburgh, the District of Columbia, New Jersey, Las Colinas, and San Francisco point to many of the same issues. First and foremost, it must be understood that developers work under considerably greater time pressures than do the public bodies that approve and construct mass transit systems. Second, the uncertainties that have plagued mass transit projects weigh heavily on the thinking of developers, who cannot gamble on a system's being built on an optimistic time schedule or even on a system's working properly once built. Developers are also concerned about funding and financing; a need exists for better working relationships in which public and private entities share the profit and loss of a project. Other developer concerns include coping with the necessary dialogue with public bodies and citizen groups, determining feasibility, competitiveness, access criticality, internal circulation, rights-of-way, aesthetics, costs, and the balance of risks. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Access KW - Aesthetics KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Developers KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Hazards KW - Light rail transit KW - Public relations KW - Real estate development KW - Real estate industry KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Risk assessment KW - Time KW - Time factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295714 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483692 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Taylor, Paul C AU - Lee, Leo K AU - Tighe, Warren A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPERATIONAL ENHANCEMENTS: MAKING THE MOST OF LIGHT RAIL SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 578-592 AB - The at-grade light rail system between Long Beach and Los Angeles, a 22-mi double-track line, crosses 85 streets at grade. The five local jurisdictions involved in the system were understandably concerned about the traffic impact of light rail vehicles (LRVs) arriving at a peak headway of 6 min. The problems facing the designers were compounded by the adjacent Southern Pacific at-grade freight train operation, and by the proximity of major signalized intersections. The solution involved an assortment of integrated light rail and street traffic operational enhancements. In the exclusive right-of-way segments LRVs were given full priority over street traffic at all times at most major crossings. In the median alignment segments, special traffic signal software was designed to provide integrated LRV priority without the disruption of full preemption. All stations were designed with high-level platforms to minimize passenger loading times and to make handicapped access easier. Automatic overrun protection implemented via cab signaling allowed at-grade crossing gates to remain in the up position while LRVs dwell at nearside station platforms. At several locations streets were closed, turn movements prohibited, or streets converted to or from one-way operation to allow more efficient operation of automobiles or LRVs. The result of these operational features is an economical at-grade light rail system that meets the objectives of a reasonable LRV travel time and an acceptable level of service and safety for automobile traffic. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Automatic overrun protection KW - Bus priority KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Highway operations KW - Improvements KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Rail transit stations KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491936 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. FIRST SIX MONTHS 1989 PY - 1989 SP - 22 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal-Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various States during the first half of 1989. The data exclude Federal-Aid contracts for work on the Federal-Aid secondary system and work off the Federal-Aid systems. Data for Interstate contracts include both initial construction and resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction (I-4R) projects. KW - Contracts KW - Federal aid highways KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491931 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1988 PY - 1989 SP - 193 p. AB - This publication was prepared by the Office of Highway Information Management, FHWA. The 44th of an annual series, it presents the 1988 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1987 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. A brief description is given in the text accompanying each section. KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State aid KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303980 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490523 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT (TDM) MEASURES TO RELIEVE CONGESTION PY - 1989 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a research study, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), to investigate the effectiveness of existing Travel Demand Management (TDM) programs. The investigation consisted of the evaluation of a number of programs, many of which are well known, and varied in size, setting, motivation, and accomplishments. Together they comprise a fairly representative cross section of contemporary experience with TDM. The study directly measured the quantitative impact of the TDM programs on reducing low-occupancy vehicle trips. The study was structured around a sampling of existing TDM programs. The approach was to evaluate each program as a separate case study, using the same set of evaluation tools and guidelines. The report presents three case studies as well as overall conclusions on the impact that TDM has on reducing low-occupancy vehicle trips. KW - Case studies KW - Effectiveness KW - Impacts KW - Low-occupancy vehicle trips KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Ridesharing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488789 AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATED HIGHWAY PLANNING AND RESEARCH PROGRAM. PART II - RESEARCH PY - 1989 SP - 135 p. AB - This publication outlines the Fiscal Year 1990 research activities to be undertaken by the Arizona Department of Transportation. The total cost of all of the new activities presented in this work program is estimated to be $2,119,500. HP&R funds requested are $1,352,134 of which $296,090 are carry-over funds from the HPR-PL-1(35) Program, which leaves $1,056,044 of new monies. The HPR-PL-1(37) progam contains proposed research projects and three programs of a continuing nature. The total cost of the proposed projects is estimated to be $845,000 and the cost of the continuing programs is $3,874,079. This publication presents the distribution of funds for the various new projects, a summary of the individual projects, and detailed descriptions for each project. Upon FHWA approval, this work program will become the basis for execution of Federal Project Agreement HPR-PL-1(37). KW - Arizona KW - Costs KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488299 AU - Reckard, M AU - Esch, D AU - McHattie, R AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEAT USED AS ROADWAY INSULATION OVER PERMAFROST - RESULTS FROM THE CANYON CREEK SITE PY - 1989 SP - v.p. AB - Thaw consolidation due to the melting of permafrost soils beneath embankments is a costly problem associated with road construction on permafrost. Embankment thickness needed to provide sufficient insulating value to prevent thawing of permafrost and the resulting differential settlement are often economically impractical. This is especially true in discontinuous permafrost areas where ground temperatures are close to the freezing point and annual thaw depths can exceed 15 feet. Under such conditions highway construction methods which avoid disturbance of the natural ground cover in general and cut sections in particular are usually employed. Because of its high moisture content, peat has been used in Norway since 1903 as a soil replacement layer to control frost heaving. The large amount of latent heat removal required to freeze the moisture results in a reduction of frost penetration. Decay of the peat has been negligible in the cold, oxygen-starved environment. The thermal conductivity of ice is more than three times that of water. Peat usually contains very large amounts of moisture, and because of this peat is typically nearly twice as conductive when frozen as when thawed. A peat layer will therefore behave (in relative terms) as a thermal insulator in summer and as a conductor in winter. Peat should thus be even more effective at preventing the thaw of permafrost than at preventing seasonal frost penetration. This report summarizes 18 years of study of experimental roadway cut sections which utilized layers of buried peat in an attempt to reduce or prevent differential settlements. The sections were built in a newly realigned section of the Richardson Highway traversing warm permafrost and located about 66 miles southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. KW - Differential settlement KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Insulating materials KW - Moisture content KW - Peat KW - Permafrost KW - Prevention KW - Road construction KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_88_11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485687 AU - Ryer, J AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALASKA DOT&PF 1987 HIGHWAY PAVEMENT SKID RESISTANCE INVENTORY PY - 1989 SP - 156 p. AB - In 1986 the Federal Highway Administration recommended that the State of Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (DOT&PF) update its pavement skid resistance program to meet the requirements of the Code of Federal Regulations and the Federal Highway Program Manual. In response to this recommendation, the task of inventorying the skid resistance of Alaska's paved highways was assigned to DOT&PF's Statewide Research Section. The inventory results indicated that most Alaskan highways have good average skid numbers although all Alaskan highways have some specific locations which have low skid numbers. The inventory sampled approximately 85% of Alaska's paved highways. KW - Alaska KW - Highway pavement KW - Inventory KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297532 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483653 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schumann, John W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT'S NEW IN NORTH AMERICAN LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT PROJECTS? SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 8-42 AB - This paper summarizes North American light rail transit (LRT) progress during recent years. Existing system rehabilitation and new project planning, design, construction, and start-up activities are discussed. To depict the significant effects of recent changes in the North American LRT situation, the text and data update the author's paper Evaluations of Operating Light Rail Transit and Streetcar Systems in the United States, published in TRB Special Report 182 (1978). Since then, U.S. LRT/streetcar cities (Boston, Newark, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, New Orleans, Fort Worth, and San Francisco) have replaced old cars or rebuilt fixed facilities or both. Similar changes have occurred in Toronto and Mexico City. Seven cities have opened new LRT systems since 1977: Edmonton (1978), Calgary and San Diego (1981), Buffalo (1985), Portland (1986), and Sacramento and San Jose (1987). All these projects have been positive and productive additions to the transit networks in their respective areas. LRT is under construction in Los Angeles and in an advanced state of planning or design in more than a dozen other places. These projects encompass urban areas where LRT may be a natural "step up" from an all-bus transit system, as well as cities that discarded proposals for other guideway technologies. With old system reconstruction and a flurry of new starts, LRT has become the guideway mode of choice for an increasing number of cities. LRT provides adequate levels of service, speed, and comfort for realistically projected passenger flows; it is affordable to build and run; it enhances urban development without "Manhattanization"; and it is a sensitive, environmentally compatible neighbor to the communities it serves. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Light rail transit KW - New systems KW - North America KW - Planning KW - Rehabilitation KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295707 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483670 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McCarthy, James D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BOSTON'S LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT PREPARES FOR THE NEXT HUNDRED YEARS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 286-308 AB - For over a century light rail transit (LRT) has played an important part in the development of the City of Boston and its suburbs by fulfilling its transportation needs. Today, LRT runs over many of the same routes it did a century ago. As we approach the century mark of Boston's first electric trolley, it is appropriate to review some of the accomplishments of light rail in Boston and to look at the future. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) has two light rail projects currently in design. A third proposal would extend the light rail system in the future. At North Station, the Green Line (light rail) will be relocated to a new subway alignment that will create a new transportation center. At Lechmere Square in Cambridge, the existing Lechmere Station will be relocated across O'Brien Highway to a new site that will enable the MBTA to develop a new station and a light rail vehicle maintenance facility. The relocated Lechmere Station is the first phase of a plan to extend the Green Line beyond Lechmere into Somerville and Medford. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alignment KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Light rail transit KW - Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority KW - Railroad stations KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295724 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483672 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gerhart, Richard L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LESSONS LEARNED FROM NEW LRT START-UPS: THE PORTLAND EXPERIENCE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 317-329 AB - The first light rail line in Portland, Oregon, began revenue service on September 5, 1986, after more than a decade of planning, engineering, and construction. The project was known as the Banfield Light Rail Project, recognizing the combined scope of Banfield Freeway (I-84) improvements and light rail construction. The combined $319-million project, jointly managed by the Oregon Department of Transportation and the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon (Tri-Met), was the largest single public works project in the state's history. The overall project was delivered on schedule and within budget. The successful start-up of the 15.1-mi Portland-to-Gresham line was accomplished by stressing teamwork throughout all phases of the project. The transition from engineering staff to operating personnel was structured to maximize coordination. The establishment of an operations core start-up team provided the organizational framework necessary to develop a rail operations plan and complementary start-activities schedule. First-year ridership exceeded prerevenue service estimates, and operating costs were below budget. This success reflects the importance Tri-Met assigned to learning as much as possible from properties with experience in light rail operations, and to including all areas of Tri-Met's organization in the development and activation of the start-up plan. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit KW - Operating costs KW - Personnel KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Ridership KW - Teams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295726 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483668 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wolsfeld, Richard AU - Venturato, Tony AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ALTERNATIVE LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IMPLEMENTATION METHODS FOR HENNEPIN COUNTY, MINNESOTA SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 251-268 AB - The Comprehensive Light Rail Transit (LRT) System Plan for Hennepin County, Minnesota, defines a Stage 1 system, a 20-year system, a financial plan, and an implementation plan. The purpose of the implementation plan is to define the contractual relationship between the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority (HCRRA) and the suppliers of the LRT system, to define the system operating and maintenance responsibility, and to define the relationship between associated land development and the LRT system. The reason for the investigating alternative implementation methods is that much interest exists in involving the private sector to the maximum extent, consistent with the public interest. LRT system implementation will include not only the construction and procurement of system facilities and equipment, but also the financing of this work. In addition, options may be available to involve construction and procurement contractors in the operation and maintenance of the system after it is built. Recent years have also seen great interest in coordinating land development with rail transit construction. In some instances, developers of adjacent land have participated in the financing of transit stations. This report defines the LRT system components, identifies and evaluates alternative implementation methods, and outlines conclusions on an approach to LRT system implementation. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Financing KW - Hennepin County (Minnesota) KW - Implementation KW - Light rail transit KW - Maintenance practices KW - Methodology KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Private enterprise KW - Real estate development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483680 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - MacKay, Ronald J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGNING TO FIT: THE BOSTON EXPERIENCE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 442-448 AB - The light rail vehicle (LRV) procurement process, easy to describe but difficult to effect, is intended to provide transit systems with LRVs that are both reliable and maintainable within given constraints. In Boston the process succeeded. The chosen vehicle has performed so well during the past 2 years that the original order has been doubled. Yet the process was complicated by the city's problematic operating environment--the new LRVs must operate on a subway system built at the turn of the century and in extreme weather and traffic conditions. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority obtained the LRVs that suited their needs by assembling a capable internal staff with a balance of theoreticians and practitioners, carefully selecting an outside consultant, working closely with the consultant, and developing the specification by circulating drafts throughout the organization's various departments. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail vehicles KW - Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority KW - Procurement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295734 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483661 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Robins, Martin E AU - Lutin, Jerome M AU - Harf, Alfred H AU - Ellis, Clifford A AU - Kirkyla, Viktoras A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTEGRATING LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT INTO DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ON THE HUDSON RIVER WATERFRONT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 121-134 AB - The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), in cooperation with NJ Transit, recently completed a conceptual engineering study for a combined bus/light rail transit (LRT) system on the Hudson River waterfront in Hudson and Bergen counties. The project is unique in that the area is undergoing rapid redevelopment. The pace of development is so fast that NJ Transit was faced with the possible loss of desperately needed transportation rights-of-way if quick action was not taken. In addition, the environmental permit review process required for waterfront development in New Jersey offered the opportunity for the state to dedicate transit easements and require developers to provide these easements as a mitigation measure for the heavy traffic congestion that development is expected to cause. To take advantage of this opportunity, NJDOT entered into negotiations with developers. Because this process began before completion of an UMTA alternatives analysis and draft environmental statement, several bus and LRT modes had to be considered in formulating easement agreements so as not to preclude future federal funding. Because developers retained air rights above the easements, NJDOT and NJ Transit had to provide information to developers and approve air rights construction without a final transitway design in place. The process used to define the appropriate easement envelopes and negotiate transit easements with developers is described. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Air rights KW - Conferences KW - Easements KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Light rail transit KW - New Jersey KW - Redevelopment KW - Right of way (Land) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295715 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483662 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Young, A P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GREATER MANCHESTER'S LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - p. 135-146 AB - Greater Manchester will soon be constructing the first new-generation light rail transit (LRT) line to involve street operation in Great Britain. The 31-km first-phase system makes extensive use of existing suburban railway infrastructure, and provides new highway-based links across the city center. This paper describes the background of the project, the options considered, and the development of the present scheme through a period of major administrative and regulatory change. A 3-week demonstration of a light rail vehicle, sponsored by manufacturers, strenghtened support for LRT, and government approval has now been obtained to proceed to tender stage. Private sector involvement in funding and operaton is to be sought. Conclusions are drawn on the approach needed to advance a cost-effective LRT project. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Government funding KW - Light rail transit KW - New systems KW - Private enterprise KW - Technological innovations KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295716 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483676 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Weinstein, Gary A AU - Williamson, Raymond C AU - Wintch, Thomas M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRELIMINARY GEOMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS FOR LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 368-386 AB - During studies on the extension of the Guadalupe Corridor light rail transit (LRT) line, the City of Sunnyvale, California, was faced with the problem of entering an environmental review process with only one alignment option and very little information on LRT and city street geometrics or related potential impacts. City staff and consultants were able, within a very short time, to analyze, rank, and present to policy makers a large number of additional local LRT route options utilizing a technique of formalized design sketching. This paper describes preliminary geometric design for LRT, the design sketch formats that were used, and the two-step procedure in which they were applied. Observations and conclusions are also offered on the subject of conceptual geometrics and application of design sketching techniques to LRT planning and layout. Experience gained from the study demonstrates why all reasonable LRT route options should be considered in early planning and why the development of more detailed information on geometric design features is important in the early scoping stages of LRT projects. Quick and relatively inexpensive design sketch techniques make it possible to identify and evaluate alternatives and impacts earlier than otherwise would be possible, resulting in a better-understood project. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Design practices KW - Design sketching KW - Environmental impacts KW - Geometric design KW - Layout KW - Light rail transit KW - Route choice KW - Route planning KW - Sunnyvale (California) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295730 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483683 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Porter, Dennis L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF PORTLAND'S NEW LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 468-485 AB - Tri-Met, the transit operator in Portland, Oregon, has recently completed construction of a new light rail system and put into revenue service a fleet of new light rail vehicles (LRVs). Descriptions of the LRV procurement process, the context in which it occurred, and various technical information concerning the LRVs are provided as background. A review of the performance of the LRV fleet during the first 12 months of revenue service is provided. Parameters such as reliability, availability for revenue service, energy consumption, ridership, and operating costs are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on the reliability demonstration plan (RDP)--which Tri-Met is using to monitor LRV reliability--and trends in the RDP numbers are analyzed. A brief comparison of certain productivity measures for Tri-Met bus and light rail operations is made. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Energy consumption KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Performance KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Procurement KW - Reliability KW - Ridership UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295737 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483690 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Topp, R M AU - CARR, G W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TORONTO'S HARBOURFRONT LINE: LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT IN RESERVED RIGHT-OF-WAY AS A LOCAL TRANSIT ALTERNATIVE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 544-560 AB - Recent light rail transit (LRT) developments in North America are demonstrating the success of LRT as a high-capacity transit mode linking the suburbs with the downtown. This paper examines a somewhat different application of LRT technology planned for the City of Toronto: that of an upgraded local transit service operating within the downtown area, but generally unaffected by downtown traffic conditions. An LRT line operating in a dedicated right-of-way was recently approved for construction in the center of a roadway along the waterfront of Toronto's downtown in conjunction with major development proposals. The portion of the line connecting to the subway would be constructed subgrade. This will be the first new streetcar line built in Toronto in more than 60 years. The decision is expected to promote a high modal split to transit by ensuring that the new workers and residents being drawn to this area are provided an attractive alternative to the automobile before they have developed automobile-oriented travel habits. This paper provides a description of the facility and discusses the rationale behind many of the decisions that were made by the transportation professionals involved in its design, including the requirement for a dedicated right-of-way, the choice of fixed rail technology, and the traffic engineering problems associated with proper integration of the LRT and automobile traffic at existing and proposed signalized intersections. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Central business districts KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Light rail transit KW - Modal split KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Signalized intersections KW - Toronto (Canada) KW - Traffic engineering KW - Waterfronts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295744 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483651 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT: NEW SYSTEM SUCCESSES AT AFFORDABLE PRICES SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - 679 p. AB - This report contains the papers presented at the National Conference on Light Rail Transit, held May 8-11, 1988, at San Jose, California, as well as six additional papers submitted to the Transportation Research Board. Together with the proceedings of previous conferences, this report documents the development of North America's Light Rail Transit (LRT) systems and serves as a reference text for technical questions. Papers are entered individually in the TRIS data base. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295705 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483658 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Biehler, Allen D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXCLUSIVE BUSWAYS VERSUS LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT: A COMPARISON OF NEW FIXED-GUIDEWAY SYSTEMS SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 89-97 AB - Busways can offer clear advantages over light rail in many transit corridors. By comparing Pittsburgh's exclusive busways with light rail there and in four other cities--Buffalo, Portland, Sacramento, and San Diego--these advantages can be demonstrated. Light rail transit (LRT) theoretically offers greater capacity. But experience has shown that not only can busways carry just as many passengers, they actually can carry more riders per mile of guideway because busways can be shorter in length and still provide a good level of service. Busways cost less than half as much per passenger to operate than LRT and, in terms of capital cost, busways can be built for about one-fourth of an LRT of equal capacity. Busways can handle the passenger volumes expected in the great majority of urban corridors and, given their expected level of ridership, should prove to be as attractive to development interests as LRT. Simpler to operate and maintain than LRT, busways also provide greater operational flexibility. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Busways KW - Capacity KW - Capital costs KW - Conferences KW - Level of service KW - Light rail transit KW - Operating costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295712 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483667 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Martin, Joseph AU - Phraner, S David AU - Wilkins, John D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HUDSON RIVER WATERFRONT TRANSITWAY SYSTEM SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 225-250 AB - A unique transitway has been proposed for New Jersey's Hudson River waterfront. A narrow strip of land is being converted from railroad yards to large-scale mixed use development. At 35 million sq ft of commercial floor space and 35,000 dwellings, this new development requires a high-capacity transitway. Add to the trips generated by the new development nearly 200,000 peak period trips (7 to 10 a.m.) passing through the waterfront to the Manhattan central business district. At least 75,000 trips made by bus ultimately will find their way onto the transitway. The core of the proposed transitway is the state-of-the-art light rail transit (LRT) facility to carry intrawaterfront trips. A busway component and land access roadway have been designated to integrate with the LRT. Transitway design variations include LRT exclusive, busway exclusive, transit in street, bus and LRT sharing right-of-way, and, in one location, bus and LRT sharing travel lanes. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Access KW - Busways KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Hudson River KW - Lanes KW - Light rail transit KW - New Jersey KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Sharing KW - Traffic lanes KW - Waterfronts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295721 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483674 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jester, Norman J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREPARATION FOR "SHOW TIME": THE LOS ANGELES STORY SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 336-348 AB - The Los Angeles-Long Beach Light Rail Transit Project is scheduled to begin revenue operations in 1990. With the $700-million, 21-mi project already under construction, careful planning and coordination are being conducted to ensure that the system will give a stellar performance on the day of its debut. A test track will be constructed so that vehicle acceptance can proceed uninterrupted while construction of the system continues. Staffing is an area where early planning has already begun to pay off by providing an accurate picture of first-year operational expenses and by establishing an incremental plan to bring on staff just in time to meet the needs of each development phase. Planning for the training of operating and maintenance employees is also under way. And a detailed testing plan has been put together to verify the system equipment at every stage of development. Other considerations include labor agreements, logistics of spare parts and supplies, public relations and marketing, contingency plans, maintenance vehicles and shop facilities, and safety certification. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Certification KW - Conferences KW - Contingency planning KW - Light rail transit KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Maintenance practices KW - Marketing KW - New systems KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Personnel KW - Planning KW - Public relations KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Test tracks KW - Testing KW - Training KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295728 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483685 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beach, Cameron AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PEER REVIEWS: GOOD ADVICE AT A REASONABLE PRICE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 505-507 AB - Peer reviews conducted by groups of transit professionals brought together as a panel examine new starts or major changes to rail transit systems. This process represents a cost-effective method of gaining high-level "hands on" expertise at a minimal cost to the property requesting the review. The process is analogous to "networking," a common term for today's computer-minded population. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit KW - New systems KW - Panel studies KW - Peer review KW - Professional personnel KW - Technological innovations KW - Transit personnel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295739 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483681 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Antonio, Ben J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BUFFALO'S LIGHT RAIL VEHICLE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 449-457 AB - Buffalo's 6.4-mi light rail transit line depends on a fleet of 27 four-axle, double-ended cars. The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA) uses a work order system to monitor failures in service, failures found during monthly preventive maintenance, and failures discovered during system checks. Now in the form of a computer data base, this system allows NFTA to keep a history of each vehicle and to estimate repairs, distances traveled between failures, and parts needed for repairs. After 2 million vehicle fleet miles logged since 1985, NFTA has been able to keep more than 95% of its fleet available for service at any given time. Aiding this effort is a maintenance strategy incorporating quick connectors, parts interchangeability, and an ample parts supply. Also important is the maintenance employees' familiarity with the light rail vehicles (LRVs). Because the Japanese-made LRVs had to have some U.S.-made parts to satisfy federal procurement regulations, buying replacement parts has been difficult and costly. And, since the warranty on the LRVs expired, resolving problems with the manufacturer has been very difficult. Recommended improvements in the procurement process include involving maintenance personnel in discussions about system requirements and including the spare parts needed to support the system in the overall LRV procurement. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Buffalo (New York) KW - Conferences KW - Databases KW - Estimating KW - Failure KW - Improvements KW - Light rail transit KW - Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority KW - Parts KW - Procurement KW - Recommendations KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Strategy KW - Vehicle maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295735 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483654 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bayliss, David AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT'S NEW IN EUROPEAN AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL LIGHT RAIL PROJECTS? SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 43-61 AB - The paper takes a broad look at the pattern and nature of recent developments in light rail transit outside North America. In so doing, it uses a liberal definition of "light rail" to include both conventional street tramways and unconventional automated systems. It looks first at the distribution of the light rail operations and describes the recent revival of interest in light rail in the United Kingdom, including recent developments in London's Docklands. The broad pattern of recent innovation in Western Europe is described with fuller accounts given of developments in Hanover and Grenoble. The paper goes on to review the status of light rail in the Eastern Bloc countries, Japan, and the Pacific Rim. As an example of good state-of-the-art development, the new Tuen Mun line in Hong Kong is described. Brief reference is also made to examples of other forms of innovative low- and intermediate-capacity guided passenger transport, and their attributes are contrasted with modern light rail. It is concluded that the flexibility and performance of modern light rail make it a suitable and affordable technology for improving public transport in a wide range of cities. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Europe KW - Hong Kong (China) KW - Japan KW - Light rail transit KW - Pacific Area KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295708 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483656 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Parkinson, Tom AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ADVOCACY FOR CONVENTIONAL LIGHT RAIL SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 66-78 AB - Although no one mode of transit can serve as the best alternative for every corridor, light rail has significant advantages in many applications. Usually, light rail can be planned and built in less time, with lower costs, and with less environmental impact or construction disruption than other types of rapid transit. It also fosters investment and redevelopment in the areas that it serves and stimulates tourism as well, while drawing additional revenue from off-peak tourist passengers who favor light rail over other transit modes. Most urban corridors in North America with transit demand in the mid- to high-intermediate capacity range already have automated rapid transit, heavy rapid transit, or light rail. With the exception of some new growth corridors and the expansion of existing systems, most new opportunities for intermediate-capacity transit modes will be on the lower end of the scale. At lower passenger volumes, light rail can compete effectively against bus alternatives when it is built with economy in mind. Existing rights-of-way, surface alignment, barrier-free self-service fare systems, practical station design, and light overhead all play a part in making light rail the transit mode of choice in a number of cities. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Choice models KW - Conferences KW - Economics KW - Light rail transit KW - Mode S KW - North America KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295710 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483669 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Benz, Gregory P AU - Leventer, Wendy AU - Nichols, Foster AU - Porter, Benjamin D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WEST SIDE MANHATTAN TRANSIT STUDY SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 269-285 AB - In response to the current and anticipated changes in the type and intensity of land use activities on Manhattan's West Side, the New York City Department of City Planning is conducting the West Side Transitway Study to ensure that adequate transportation services are in place to serve the new workers, residents, and visitors. The study, funded by the UMTA, is a four-phase effort that is examining potential transportation problems created by the anticipated developments, defining the degree to which improvements are needed, and determining the feasibility of implementing and operating new transit services and facilities to solve the identified problems. Because current sources of funding for public transportation are fully committed to the operation, rehabilitation and upgrading of New York City's existing systems, innovative methods for financing and implementing the recommended improvements are being explored. This paper summarizes the first three phases of the study's transportation component. The existing transportation conditions in the study area are explored along with the future problems and needs created by the new development. The type of transportation improvement alternatives developed, primarily light rail transit (LRT) options, and specific issues related to reinstituting LRT in a dense urban environment such as Manhattan are described. In addition, issues related to privatization of the project implementation and operation are reviewed. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Implementation KW - Land use KW - Light rail transit KW - Needs assessment KW - New York (New York) KW - Privatization KW - Transportation KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483671 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bishop, Peter R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RAIL START-UPS: HAVING THE RIGHT PEOPLE IN THE RIGHT PLACE AT THE RIGHT TIME SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 309-316 AB - Staff plans and practices are vital to the success of any light rail operation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority's Metro Rail system began its efforts to get the right people in the right place at the right time in 1981 with a nationwide search for a rail operations leader with a background in research and development. With this superintendent aboard two years before the system began revenue service start-up tasks such as developing a rule book and standard operating procedures began. Management personnel were recruited next and sent to the Port Authority Transit Corporation's facilities in New Jersey to learn from an operating light rail system. Filling the rest of Metro Rail's positions then began. Screening for nonunion employees was extensive and systematic. Union employees recruited from Metro's bus operations, however, could only be ranked by seniority. Training became the next consideration and was at times complicated by the fact that, although equipment had been delivered, not all of it was operational when expected. The success of the recruitment and training process shows up in Metro Rail's low turnover rate. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Buffalo (New York) KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit KW - Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority KW - Personnel KW - Recruiting KW - Training KW - Turnover UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295725 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483673 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beach, Cameron AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RT METRO: TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS OF A LIGHT RAIL START-UP SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 330-335 AB - Putting Sacramento's RT Metro on the track took years of coordination and cooperation among government bodies, internal departments, contractors, and vendors. A core management staff was brought aboard early to plan the system's eventual operation. Governmental bodies other than the system operator itself, Sacramento Regional Transit (RT), eventually bowed out, giving RT full responsibility. City redevelopment funds were tapped to make up a shortfall in the original budget. Well in advance of the opening of the system's first leg in March 1987, RT managers negotiated with labor unions, assembled an Operations Coordination Committee as a liaison with law enforcement and fire department officials, and established a training program. As sections of track were turned over for testing, extensive walk-throughs were done, followed by further testing using a light rail vehicle (LRV). The LRVs themselves were tested extensively and a video camera mounted on top of one of them was used to check catenary construction and wire stagger. About 3 months before the system opened, simulated revenue service was begun to make sure the system would operate as expected. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail vehicles KW - New systems KW - Personnel KW - Railroad tracks KW - Sacramento (California) KW - Technological innovations KW - Testing KW - Track testing KW - Training KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295727 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483686 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nicoll, John F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EDMONTON TRANSIT'S LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT EXPERIENCE SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 508-522 AB - The City of Edmonton in Alberta, Canada, operates an integrated transit network that uses 24 light rail cars in conjunction with 530 buses to meet peak hour demand. The light rail transit (LRT) system, which opened in 1978, is still being expanded. In the 10 years of the system's operation, the staff has solved a variety of problems that ranged from the tracks not built to standards that yield a comfortable ride for LRT passengers to excessive rail wear to confusing signals. Edmonton's severe weather presents the staff with other, continuing problems from ice in the switch points in winter to expansion ripples in the rails in summer. Also, a railroad tunnel used by light rail vehicles is subject to flooding and has given the transit staff experience dealing with track washouts. Procedures for dealing with these and other problems and equipment are outlined. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Edmonton (Canada) KW - Light rail transit KW - Problem solving KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Railroad tracks KW - Signals KW - Structural design KW - Track design KW - Track washout KW - Wear KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295740 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483677 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schumann, John W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RT METRO: FROM SACRAMENTO'S COMMUNITY DREAM TO OPERATING REALITY SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 387-407 AB - Sacramento's RT Metro was built for the lowest capital cost per route mile to date of any new, federally funded rail system--$9.6 million. This paper describes planning and design approaches leading to this achievement. Innovative elements, how all the pieces fit together, and how the system is functioning are discussed. Observations are made as to which aspects of the Sacramento experience merit imitation, and which might better be avoided. RT Metro is an 18.3-mi light rail transit (LRT) system extending about 14.5 km (9 mi) from downtown in each of two directions, northeast and east. A fleet of 26 light rail vehicles serves the system. Because the project budget was limited, development followed four key design principles, which could be emulated beneficially by other projects: use available rights-of-way (ROW), limit the investment to facilities for a "starter" LRT line, employ proven off-the-shelf equipment, and build to an efficient, no frills operating plan. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Capital costs KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Light rail transit KW - New systems KW - Planning KW - Sacramento (California) KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295731 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483682 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Totin, Ed AU - Hannegan, Rick AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PITTSBURGH'S LIGHT RAIL VEHICLES: HOW WELL ARE THEY PERFORMING? SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 458-467 AB - The Port Authority of Allegheny County operates 55 double-ended light rail vehicles (LRVs) on a 10.5-mi segment of its 22.5-mi system in metropolitan Pittsburgh. The rest of the system relies on 45 President's Conference Committee (PCC) cars. Political and financial considerations dictated this mixed fleet. Introducing LRVs to a system served by PCC cars was not difficult because many of the operating techniques are the same. Port Authority Transit's experience with its LRVs began with a subway shuttle operation launched in 1985--nearly two years before the final segment of the light rail system opened to the public. In that time the authority and its car builder have tackled problems with the LRV braking system, doors, air conditioning, corrosion, and automatic trip stop system. Given the satisfactory solutions found for most of the problems, the authority is pleased with the performance of the LRVs. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Fleet management KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail vehicles KW - Mixed fleet KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - Port Authority of Allegheny County UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295736 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00483652 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mills, James R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KEYNOTE ADDRESS, NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT, MAY 8-11, 1988, SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA SN - 0-309-04713-7 PY - 1989 IS - 221 SP - pp 3-7 AB - This keynote address refers back to the first national conference on light rail transit which was held in June 1975 in Philadelphia under the auspices of the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council. It reflects on some of the statements that were made, and considers what has transpired since then in the field of light rail transit. U1 - National Conference on Light Rail TransitFederal Highway AdministrationU.S. Department of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)National Association of Regional CouncilsTransportation Alternatives GroupSan Jose,California,United States StartDate:19880508 EndDate:19880511 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), National Association of Regional Councils, Transportation Alternatives Group KW - Conferences KW - Light rail transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/295706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482370 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE STATUS OF THE NATION'S HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES: CONDITIONS AND PERFORMANCE (PART I) AND HIGHWAY BRIDGE REPLACEMENT AND REHABILITATION PROGRAM (PART II) PY - 1989 SP - v.p. AB - Part I: The Status of the Nation's Highways and Bridges: Conditions and Performance. This is the tenth in a series of biennial reports submitted to Congress pursuant to Section 307 of Title 23, United States Code. The purpose of the report is to provide Congress with an assessment of the present conditions and future investment requirements for the Nation's highways and bridges. The report describes selected aspects of our major highway and bridge networks in terms of trends related to finance, physical and operating characteristics, and future funding levels required to satisfy a range of performance goals. These data are compared to information from prior years, particularly as found in the 1987 report. The report also contains projections of investment-performance relationships through the end of 2005 and a discussion of issues specifically related to the Federal-aid highway program. Part II: Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program. Section 144(i) of Title 23, U.S. Code, requires a biennial report to Congress on the Highway Bridge Replacement and Rehabilitation Program (HBRRP) and the status of the National Bridge Inventory (NBI). It also requires recommendations for program improvement. This ninth report on the HBRRP describes in detail the progress made in administering the HBRRP through June 30, 1988, as well as the status of bridge inventories for both Federal-aid and off-system highways. It also summarizes the status of bridge management systems. KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Federal aid highways KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway bridges KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Investments KW - Needs assessment KW - Projection KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacement KW - Reports KW - Statistics KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482285 AU - Pomanti, C AU - Wilson, T AU - Peat, Marwick, Main and Company AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE INFRASTRUCTURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1989 SP - v.p. AB - The objectives of this project were to develop a technical concept that would support materials management and develop specifications for the concept that would allow the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) to obtain implementation services. The technical concept consists of a hardware and software configuration that could support materials management. This report details the suggested concept that the project team felt would best meet the objectives of the ADOT Highways Division, and specifically construction materials management. KW - Automation KW - Building materials KW - Data storage KW - Hardware KW - Materials management KW - Quality assurance KW - Software KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479440 AU - Freund, D M AU - Bonaquist, R F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A WEIGH-IN-MOTION (WIM) DEVICE AT THE PAVEMENT TESTING FACILITY PY - 1989 SP - 28 p. AB - A GK Instruments piezoelectric weight and classification system has been undergoing field testing in Iowa and Minnesota under Demonstration Project 76. The Demonstration Projects Division and the Pavements Division (FHWA) extended the project to include a series of controlled tests at the PTF/ALF (Pavement Testing Facility/Accelerated Loading Facility) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. The system was installed in May of 1988 and tested until October. This paper reports the test results and makes recommendations for further testing. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Field tests KW - Piezoelectricity KW - Sensors KW - Test facilities KW - Test results KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415124 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Integrated material and structural design method for flexible pavements; volume 3: Laboratory report PY - 1988/12 IS - FHWA/RD-88-118 SP - 34p AB - The objectives of this research effort were to quantify relationships between structural and material mix design parameters and to document a laboratory test procedure for examining mix design from a structural viewpoint. In this report, laboratory asphalt mix design guidelines are presented. The guidelines are based upon the analysis of the results of laboratory static and cyclic load triaxial, indirect tensile, and flexural beam tests. The purpose of the guidelines is to allow the highway engineer and the laboratory technician to tailor the asphalt mix design procedure to optimize the structural properties of the mix. Two mix design methods are covered: (1) the Marshall mix design with minor modifications and, (2) the indirect tensile test. Analytical and statistical equations are also included to be able to calculate or estimate the structural properties of the mix (A). KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Properties of materials KW - Structural design KW - Structural design KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415123 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Integrated material and structural design method for flexible pavements; volume 1: technical report PY - 1988/12 IS - FHWA/RD-88-109 SP - 327p AB - The objectives of this research effort were to quantify relationships between structural and material mix design parameters and to document a laboratory test procedure for examining mix design from a structural viewpoint. Results of static and cyclic load triaxial, indirect tensile, and flexural beam tests are presented, compared, and discussed. The test specimens were made using three types of aggregate, two gradations, three viscosity graded asphalts, and three values of the per cent air voids. For all specimens, the optimum asphalt content was determined using the standard Marshall mix design procedure. During the course of the investigation, a new indirect tensile test apparatus was designed, made, and used throughout the course of the investigation. The test data indicated that the indirect tensile test can be used to establish the asphalt mix design and to determine its structural properties, permanent deformation characteristics, and fatigue life (A). KW - Asphalt KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Properties of materials KW - Structural design KW - Structural design KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414921 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Tabatabaee, N AU - Bonaquist, R AU - Churilla, C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement testing facility - pavement performance of the initial two test sections PY - 1988/12 IS - FHWA/RD-88-060 SP - 111p AB - This report documents the pavement performance of two test sections at FHWA's Pavement Testing Facility. The traffic loading of the test asphalt concrete pavements was achieved by using the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). Field performance data consisting of longitudinal profile, rutting, cracking, and deflection were collected at the facility. Pavement temperature, moisture content, and environmental data were also collected. Various performance indicators were compared with regard to the number of wheel passes and 18-kip-equivalent single axle loads. In situ strain measurements were compared with calculated strain values. At the conclusion of each field test, the pavement section was opened, and a postmortem analysis was conducted. This analysis included a profile of each pavement layer and material sampling. The results of the postmortem analysis were compared with the performance indicators to explain the pavement failure. For these two initial tests, there was no general failure in any of the materials used in the tested pavement sections. The air voids in the asphalt concrete layers after construction were smaller than might be expected. This, coupled with the dense grading of both the wearing and binder layer and the tendency for rutting to be accentuated in accelerated testing, was expected to cause atypical rutting during trafficking. However, this was not the case. The rutting that was observed is typical of normally loaded highway pavements (A). KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Accelerated loading facility (ALF) KW - Accelerated testing KW - Accelerated tests KW - Axle loads KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Equivalent standard axle (ESA) KW - Material properties KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement materials KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement properties KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Performance indicators KW - Performance measurement KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182719 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01414849 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kemper, W J TI - Modified railroad highway grade crossing pavement marking and crossbuck study PY - 1988/12 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 76-81 KW - Level crossing KW - Pavement marking KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00986334 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECORDING AND CODING GUIDE FOR THE STRUCTURE INVENTORY AND APPRAISAL OF THE NATION'S BRIDGES PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - This guide has been revised several times in the past. This latest edition revises the guide to provide more thorough and detailed guidance in evaluating and coding specific bridge data. Several items collected previously have been deleted while new items have been added for an improved and more comprehensive database. Some items have also been expanded to provide more definitive and explicit explanations and instructions for coding. The guide has been prepared for use by the States in recording and coding the data elements that will comprise the National Bridge Inventory database. By having a complete and thorough inventory, an accurate report can be made to the Congress on the number and state of the Nation's bridges, arranged in a manner that would best suit needs for future legislation. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Coding systems KW - Data elements (Databases) KW - Databases KW - Inventory KW - National Bridge Inventory KW - Recordkeeping KW - Structures KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/748353 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00979985 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY PERFORMANCE - 1987. FATAL AND INJURY ACCIDENT RATES ON PUBLIC ROADS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1988/12 SP - 91 p. AB - This report is a continuation of the data series published annually since 1967 under the title, "Fatal and Injury Accident Rates on Federal-Aid and Other Highway Systems," until 1982 when it assumed its present title. It is the sixth report to Congress under Section 207 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982. The report presents data which can be used in the evaluation of the highway safety performance of the States. The data were submitted by the States through the Highway Performance Monitoring System operated by the Federal Highway Administration. The traffic accident statistics for 1987 show an increase of about 300 fatalities over 1986. A disproportionate share of these fatalities occurred on non-Federal-Aid collector and local highways. The fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel was 2.41, which was lower than the record low of 2.47 set in 1985. KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Federal aid highways KW - Highway Performance Monitoring System KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Non-federal aid highways KW - States KW - Statistics KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/740759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00977157 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD INSPECTION GUIDE FOR BRIDGE DECK CATHODIC PROTECTION PY - 1988/12 SP - 59 p. AB - This report is intended as a guide for inspectors who are unfamiliar with the construction procedures used when installing cathodic protection systems on reinforced concrete bridge decks. The text has been divided into sections in an effort to simplify the report and make it easier to locate desired information. The first four sections provide some basic background information about cathodic protection. Section V discusses a general system installation; each of the major components are discussed to provide a basic understanding and act as a checklist during the installation process. Section VI discusses the various types of systems that have been installed, to date. This is not intended to be an all-inclusive manual. Rather, it is to be used as a guide to help overcome some of the most common problems associated with the installation of cathodic protection systems. It is meant to support and supplement good specifications, not replace them. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Installation KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814133 AU - Barnett, D AU - Jackson, C AU - Wentworth, J A AU - STATCOM, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING EXPERT SYSTEMS PY - 1988/12 SP - 30 p. AB - Expert Systems are computer programs designed to include a simulation of the reasoning and decision-making processes of human experts. This report provides a set of general guidelines for the development and distribution of highway related Expert Systems. This expands the guidelines provided in Chapter X, Expert Systems, of the Information Resources Management Manual. Included in this set of guidelines is information on developing, distributing and maintaining Expert Systems. The general development guidelines include discussions of: (1) a representative set of problem types that are amenable to solutions using Expert Systems; (2) a description of the major components of a typical Expert System and how these components interact in a problem solving situation; and (3) a set of Expert System development guidelines and a set of guidelines for maintaining an Expert System. KW - Expert systems KW - Guidelines KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway operations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5880/774.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681511 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675357 AU - Faller, R K AU - Magdaleno, J A AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TEST ON THE IOWA TEMPORARY CONCRETE BARRIER RAIL HALF-SECTION PY - 1988/12 SP - 79 p. AB - One full-scale vehicle crash test was conducted on the Iowa Temporary Concrete Barrier Rail Half-Section. Test I3-1 was conducted with a 5,386 lb (2443 kg) vehicle at 20 deg and 60 mph (96.6 km/s). The installation consisted of ten longitudinally placed Temporary Concrete Barrier Rail Half-Sections, which rested directly on the airport's concrete apron surface. Each section was 10 ft (3 m) long. The front face of the barrier resembled the New Jersey Face Shape. The barriers were connected with a 1-in. (2.54-cm), L-shaped, A-36 steel rod which fit into two sets of cable or wire rope loops embedded into both ends of the concrete barriers. The 1/2-in. (1.27-cm) wire rope or cable had a minimum breaking strength of 20,000 lb (88,960 N). One No. 8 rebar was used for reinforcement and was placed 3 in. (7.62 cm) from the back face and 5 in. (12.7 cm) above the concrete pavement surface. The point of impact was at the midpoint of the 100-ft (30.48-m) installation between barriers No. 5 and No. 6. The test was evaluated according to the safety criteria in NCHRP Report 230 and also in the AASHTO guide specifications. The safety performance of the Iowa Temporary Concrete Barrier Rail Half-Section was determined to be unsatisfactory. KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Temporary barriers KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412341 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635169 AU - DAY, J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM - DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1988/12 SP - 43p AB - This paper is a guideline for the creation of a GIS for the Florida Department of Transportation. The GIS includes both visual information (maps) and descriptive data on transportation facilities (attributes). The system will support all transportation modes. The intended audience includes project staff and high-level users of the system, as well as potential vendors. Chapter 2 of this paper provides an overall view of the Department's current database environment and computer systems. The existing IMS and DB2 mainframe database management systems are described along with key components of attribute databases that will be sources of information used by the GIS. Chapter 3 introduces the concepts used to develop the system's overall design and serves as the pattern for the specific implementation plan expressed in related scopes of service and task identification listings. U1 - Proceedings of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange ProgramOrlando, Florida StartDate:19890215 EndDate:19890217 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Federal Highway Administration, and Highway Engineering Exchange Program KW - Computer systems KW - Computers KW - Databases KW - Florida KW - Geographic information systems KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497373 AU - Khosla, N P AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ROLE OF MODIFIED ASPHALT BINDERS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 313 p. AB - The study had the objective of (1) exploring the effect of three commercially available asphalt modifiers in improving the mechanical properties of asphalt paving mixtures; (2) evaluating the effect of these modifiers on mitigating pavement distress and improving the overall pavement performance of pavement sections that are identical in all other layers, except in the top asphalt layer; and (3) assessing the economic feasibility of using these modifiers. The modifiers investigated were carbon black, neoprene latex, and polymerized asphalt (STYRELF). The dense graded asphalt paving mixture specimens were subjected to dynamic and creep tests at varying temperatures, and the mechanical properties that were determined included resilient modulus, creep, permanent deformation parameters and fatigue life. Based on these properties, the VESYS IIIA pavement performance prediction model was utilized to assess the improvement, if any, of the modifier on the pavement distress and the overall performance. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Carbon black KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Creep tests KW - Defects KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic tests KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Latex KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modifiers KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Neoprene KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Polymer asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497305 AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Atherley, R J AU - Hsu, P AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR USE IN CALCULATING BENEFIT/COST. FLORIDA ACCIDENT REDUCTION EVALUATION SYSTEM (FLARES) USER MANUAL. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME 3 PY - 1988/12 SP - 124 p. AB - Accident reduction factors are a necessary element needed for the determination of benefit/cost (B/C) ratios. These ratios are crucial for the assessment for fund allocations for safety improvement projects. The Florida Department of Transportation sponsored a program at the University of Florida in order to develop accident reduction factors relating specifically to Florida's accident experience. Current methodologies used in the determination of accident reduction factors were reviewed, and a simple "before" and "after" study was selected. Accident data taken from three years before and three years after the implementation of a safety countermeasure were analyzed, and the results were compared to other states' accident reduction factors. Data were available for only 58 of the 103 countermeasure types selected for analysis. From the implemented improvement sites that were analyzed, it was found that 24 (41%) were statistically significant based on the assumption of a Poisson distribution at a 95% confidence level. A computer program for the annual reevaluation of accident reduction factors has been produced, and represents significant development towards maintaining Florida's state-of-the-art Highway Safety Improvement Program. This is Volume 3 of a three volume report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Florida KW - Fund allocations KW - Improvements KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496648 AU - Wolde-Tinsae, A M AU - Klinger, J E AU - Mullangi, R AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK JOINT REHABILITATION OR RETROFITTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 284 p. AB - Over the years, state highway agencies have been plagued with problems related to bridge deck expansion joints. In this study, methods of eliminating (or retrofitting) existing expansion joints from highway bridge decks are investigated. To this end, the commonly used types of bridge deck expansion joints are described. In addition, a smmary of the typical problems that are characteristic of eac joint type is given, and the in-service performance of each joint type is discussed. In recent years, several state highway agencies have experienced success with making bridges jointless in new construction projects. The concepts that form the basis for the design of jointless bridges are summarized. The extension of these basic concepts for use in bridge rehabilitation projects is described. Several case studies of retrofit procedures that illustrate these methods applied to multiple span highway bridges are presented. Based on a review of selected details used in practice to eliminate expansion joints, several construction details are analyzed with finite element computer software. A description of the computer modeling and results of the analyses are given. In some instances, it may not be feasible to eliminate expansion joints from the structure. For these situations, methods of converting the existing expansion joint system to an alternate system are presented and discussed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Expansion joints KW - Finite element method KW - Highway bridges KW - Jointless structures KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Retrofitting KW - Software KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496672 AU - Vitillo, N AU - Margerum, B AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW JERSEY PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 88 p. AB - This report describes the results of an eight year study undertaken to develop an improved pavement management program for New Jersey. It details the steps undertaken to verify the accuracy of the mileposting system, the testing and calibration of procedures and equipment to measure pavement roughness and distrss, the development of computerized data bases, and the first attempt at formally introducing engineering-economic theory into the decision-making process. The current pavement management system bases priority ranking on a weighting procedure that accounts for riding quality, surface distress, and traffic volume. Tentative mathematical models of pavement performance, cost of repair, and effect of repair have been used only to study the general effects of various possible strategies and to provide general guidance. It is recommended that several of these areas be explored further in a follow-up study. KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Defects KW - Engineering economy KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mileposts KW - New Jersey KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Riding qualities KW - Roughness KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310320 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603528 AU - Fancher, P S AU - Mathew, A AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS TRUCK CONFIGURATIONS. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 161 p. AB - The purpose of the study is to examine changes to size and weight limits in order to determine their effects on the designs and configurations of heavy vehicles, the performance capabilities of the resulting vehicles, and the ensuing safety implications thereof. The technical report provides results and findings from an analytical investigation of the influences of size and weight limits on trucks. In an analytical sense, pavement loading rules and bridge formulas are the inputs to the analyses and vehicle performances are the outputs. Ultimately, the work shows the manner in which size and weight rules influence the safety-related performance of vehicles designed to increase productivity. By treating a number of projected size and weight scenarios, the study has developed a basis for generalizing to sets of principles that can be used in evaluating the possible safety consequences of changes in size and weight regulations. This document contains the appendixes to the final report. KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle performance KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600443 AU - Avent, R R AU - Fadous, G M AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAT-STRAIGHTENING TECHNIQUES FOR REPAIR OF DAMAGED STRUCTURAL STEEL IN BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 185 p. AB - The report summarizes a three-year research effort related to the study of heat-straightening repair for damaged steel bridge girders. Three major areas were emphasized: Laboratory behavior of heat-straightened plates and rolled shapes, experimental behavior of prototype damaged bridge girders during heat straightening, and the development of analytical models to predict the response of heat-straightened members. In addition, a comprehensive literature review is presented in the format of current facts and fables about heat straightening. KW - Bridges KW - Forecasting KW - Girders KW - Heat KW - Heat straightening KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Mathematical models KW - Prototype tests KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Reviews KW - Steel plates KW - Straightening KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Structural steel UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_223.PDF UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343965 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488586 AU - Davidson, J L AU - Bloomquist, D AU - Basnett, C R AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DILATOMETER GUIDELINES AND THE EFFECT OF DYNAMIC INSERTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 615 p. AB - The objectives of the research were to develop a set of guidelines for Dilatometer testing and interpretation and to investigate the effects of dynamic insertion. Guidelines were developed based on an extensive review of published and unpublished DMT material. Sections of the report include: a description of the test equipment and testing procedure, the determination and significance of the Marchetti indices, correlations between these indices and geotechnical parameters, and geotechnical design procedures based on the DMT. To investigate the effects of dynamic insertion of the DMT blade into the ground, over 1500 ft. of parallel quasi-static and dynamic dilatometer soundings and over 600 ft. of Cone Penetration Test soundings were performed at six different sites. It was found that the A-pressure readings were significantly reduced in many soils by dynamic insertion. B-pressures were affected proportionally less than A-pressures. C-pressures were unaffected in drained materials. The greatest influences on both A and B were in loose to medium dense natural cohesionless sand deposits. Importantly, there was little effect on the pressure difference delta p in all materials tested. A conservative recommendation is made of multiplying A-pressure readings obtained by dynamic insertion in loose sands and silty sands by a factor of two to provide equivalent static values. B-pressures need not be corrected. KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Dilatometers KW - Dynamic insertion KW - Dynamics KW - Field tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guidelines KW - Insitu methods KW - Interpretation KW - Sand KW - Silty sands KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488098 AU - Babaei, K AU - Hawkins, N M AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENDING/STRAIGHTENING AND GROUTING CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL: REVIEW OF WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S SPECIFICATIONS AND PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 75 p. AB - The report consists of two volumes. The first volume reviews the WSDOT's specification guidelines for field bending/straightening concrete reinforcing bars, and proposes modifications to those guidelines based on current knowledge. The second volume reviews the WSDOT's specification guidelines for resin grouting epoxy-coated concrete reinforcing bars, and suggests modifications to the guidelines for grouting based on the available information. The recommendations for bending/straightening reinforcing bars involves bar diameter, bend diameter, heating temperature (hot-bending), and use of non-strain aging steel. The recommendations for resin grouting reinforcing bars involves embedment length hole diameter, and type of resin. KW - Bending KW - Epoxy resins KW - Grouting KW - Guidelines KW - Metal bending KW - Metal working KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Specifications KW - Straightening UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/168.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497355 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS TO CONTROL DEBONDING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 68 p. AB - The purpose of the research was to evaluate various test methods for obtaining a measure of resistance to debonding of asphaltic concrete. The work was done in two phases. Phase 1 was involved principally with laboratory prepared specimens and Phase 2 with the changes in susceptibility to debonding of pavement cores as the pavement increased in service time. In Phase 1, the test methods were the immersion-compression, the University's double-punch, and a modified Lottman split-cylinder. The treatment included portland cement, lime, silane, BA-2000, and increasing the sand equivalent value. The results indicated that overall the portland cement treatment generally increased the "wet" strength and the "retained" strength and so was rated as the best. The double-punch procedure always yielded the highest wet and retained strength and also had the lowest standard deviation values; and it was rated as the best of the three test methods. In Phase 2, the plant mixtures and cores from surfaces containing no treatment, BA-2000, and portland cement were evaluated with the immersion-compression test, the double-punch method, and the Tunnicliff split-cyclinder procedure. The double-punch method rated the untreated plant mixture as being acceptable, but the split-cylinder procedure rated it as not acceptable. Tests of cores by the immersion-compression test and double-punch method indicated good resistance to debonding; the split-cylinder procedure did not up to the first year. The pavement sections have shown no failures after 19.8 months of service. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compression tests KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Double punch tests KW - Durability KW - Evaluation KW - Immersion compression test KW - Split cylinder tests KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486054 AU - Copp, H D AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR AT BRIDGE PIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 22 p. AB - Field measurements of riverbed scour at bridge piers were pursued during this research. This would provide additional information to determine applicability of an empirical estimating procedure for estimating such scour. Two field sites on the Okanagon River, and one on the Yakima River were established; these were added to five sites already in existence. Because direct measurement of scour depth during the highest stream flows cannot be made with accuracy, an indirect method of determining scour occurrences was established. In general, clear water scour occurs during high flows, some scour hole refill would occur during flow recession. Otherwise, no refill could exist. Field measurement of clear water scour quality was planned to define the possibility of scour hole refill. Snowpacks in the State of Washington during the winter of 1987-88 were unusually low. Thus, flow rates from snowmelt were insufficiently high to create riverbed scour. Consequently, conclusive evidence about scour at bridge piers didn't materialize. KW - Bridge piers KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Hydraulics KW - River beds KW - Scour KW - Streambeds UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/178.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486211 AU - Yapa, KAS AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SIMPLIFIED MECHANISTIC RUT DEPTH PREDICTION PROCEDURE FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 145 p. AB - In this study, a procedure for predicting the number of passes of a wheel load that will cause a specified rut depth is developed, using information which includes the base layer thickness, the resilient moduli and general classification of the granular base course and the subgrade soils. The procedure is mechanistic but simple, and is based on the permanent deformation characteristics of various types of soils determined in the laboratory and also from test results published by other researchers. Resilient moduli of pavement material layers are obtained from the results of nondestructive testing techniques. The validity of predictions of a number of these techniques is verified by comparing them with laboratory test results. Parametric runs were made using the Mechano-lattice program to form a database of rut depths. The procedure uses a multi-parametric interpolation scheme on the database in order to make predictions. Pavement materials were retrieved from six farm-to-market road sections and permanent deformation tests and resilient modulus tests were carried out. The permanent deformation behavior was modeled as a straight line in a logarithmic plot of the residual strain and the number of load repetitions. Typical slopes and intercepts of this line were determined for various soil materials. Typical values for the slope are given for different soil types. If the volumetric aggregate and moisture contents are known, an expression is also proposed to calculate the value of the slope. Expressions are given for the intercept as a function of the resilient modulus and the soil classification. The Mechano-lattice approach, which takes into account the realistic interaction effects of the permanent deformation behavior of the individual layers, is shown to produce results which differ from the more commonly used approximate method of superposition. KW - Deformation KW - Forecasting KW - Lattices (Mathematics) KW - Low volume roads KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechano-lattice analysis KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Soil deformation KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486272 AU - Mamlouk, M S AU - Houston, W N AU - McBrien, E F AU - Houston, S L AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RATIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES USING DEFLECTION ANALYSIS. VOLUME I - RESEARCH RESULTS & FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 234 p. AB - In this study, a rational overlay design method for flexible pavements in Arizona has been developed which includes roughness, fatigue and plastic deformation models. The method is incorporated in a microcomputer program which is also capable of analyzing the economics of other rehabilitation alternatives. During the development of the method, twenty in-service pavement sites were selected from Arizona highways covering various geographical and environmental regions, soil types, pavement conditions and traffic volumes. Nondestructive tests (NDT) were performed on these sites using the Falling Weight Deflectometer at three stress levels as well as the Dynaflect. The pavement layers and subgrade moduli were backcalculated from NDT data using both static and dynamic analyses. The moduli of asphaltic layers were further adjusted for temperature. Statistical analysis was performed and the stress sensitivity was found to be small. Cone penetration tests were further performed to verify the subgrade moduli. Asphalt concrete cores, base and subbase samples and undisturbed subgrade samples were collected from the selected sites. Resilient modulus tests were performed in the lab on asphalt concrete cores at three temperatures and on subgrade materials. In addition, base and subbase gradation as well as soil classification and Atterberg limits were obtained. The study expanded the data base for material properties in Arizona. This volume is the first in a three volume set. Volume II provides field testing procedure and workstation development and Volume III is a computer user guide. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Atterberg limits KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Design methods KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynaflect KW - Economics KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Microcomputers KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement layers KW - Plastic deformation KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Soil classification KW - Soil types KW - Statistical analysis KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297757 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486185 AU - Degler, G H AU - Perlea, V G AU - Cowherd, D C AU - Bowser-Morner Associates, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE ARCHES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II - APPENDICES PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents Appendices A through H for the Volume I research report, FHWA/OH-89/003 (TRIS 485684). Included in these Appendices are computer printouts of shape evaluations for 50 pipe-arch structures, site plans and boring logs for 10 pipe-arch installations, laboratory data on soil samples collected at each of the 10 pipe-arch sites (soil classification, modified Proctors, unit weights, coefficients of consolidation, and soil profiles for each boring), and field nuclear density and moisture profiles for each borehole. KW - Arches KW - Boring KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Deterioration KW - Deterioraton KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Inspection KW - Metal pipe KW - Nuclear tests KW - Pipe KW - Pipe arches KW - Proctor curves KW - Soil classification KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Soil types KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486212 AU - Chandra, D AU - Lytton, R L AU - Yang, W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 102 p. AB - This report presents a thorough study on the effects of temperature and moisture on the load response of low-volume roads. The procedures developed herein can be used to formulate temperature and seasonal adjustment factors for low-volume roads and to estimate when and where seasonal load restrictions should be applied. Field studies were performed on two light pavement structures at the Texas Transportation Institute Research Annex. The tests consisted of taking pavement layer temperatures and Falling Weight Deflectometer deflection readings at hourly intervals throughout the day. In addition, six Farm-to-Market roads in different regions of the state of Texas were monitored monthly to evaluate temperature and moisture effects on pavement moduli. Falling Weight Deflectometer deflection readings, rainfall data, pavement temperature, and suction readings were collected over a twelve month period. The effects of rainfall on the moisture condition beneath a pavement were also examined. The deflection readings were then used to backcalculate the layer moduli of the pavements. It was found that the stiffness of low-volume roads increases with the increase of temperature and decrease of moisture. Another aspect of temperature effects on granular materials was examined from the point of view of stress relaxation. Laboratory testings in the form of relaxation tests at different temperatures were performed on a granular material in order to determine the time and temperature dependent properties of the material. The analytical models were developed based on a micromechanical approach. The granular base course materials were treated as elastic spheres in contact and subjected to temperature and moistuere changes. Comparisons between the backcalculated and the predicted pavement layer moduli were made to verify the models. KW - Backcalculation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Granular materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load limits KW - Low volume roads KW - Mathematical models KW - Micromechanics KW - Models KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Relaxation tests KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Soil suction KW - Stiffness KW - Suction KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485684 AU - Degler, G H AU - Perlea, V G AU - Cowherd, D C AU - Bowser-Morner Associates, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE ARCHES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation of 890 pipe-arch structures currently under jurisdiction of the Ohio Department of Transportation. Dominant modes of failure were identified through statistical analysis. This data subsequently provided the basis for selecting 50 structures for a comprehensive field visual and dimensional inspection. Upon completion of these field evaluations, ten structures were selected for a subsurface evaluation. The results of this research clearly identify the dominant modes of pipe-arch structural deterioration and/or failure. Appropriate recommendations are presented for significantly reducing and/or eliminating these deficiencies in future procurements of corrugated metal pipe. The appendices associated with this report are available in Volume II of this report, and include: computer printouts of shape evaluations for 50 pipe-arch structures, site plans and boring logs for 10 pipe-arch sites (soil classification, modified Proctors, unit weights, coefficients of consolidation, and soil profiles for each boring), and field nuclear density and moisture profiles for each borehole. KW - Arches KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Failure KW - Inspection KW - Metal pipe KW - Pipe KW - Pipe arches KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493604 AU - Cruise, J F AU - Argialas, D P AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF SCOUR ANALYSIS AT LOUISIANA BRIDGE SITES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 78 p. AB - The computerized system for the organization, analysis, and display of field collected scour data is described. This system will enhance the current manual procedure of accomplishing these tasks. The system accepts input from the user, and based on user specification, allows the data to be organized and viewed in a variety of formats. These include cross sections from scour measurements at selected locations upstream or downstream of the bridge, longitudinal profiles through a selected pier, or the temporal history of maximum scour activity within a given specified area near the bridge. The data may be viewed in tabular as well as graphical formats. In addition, the available scour data in four bridge sites were analyzed and used to develop regression equations which relate long-term channel degradation at these bridge sites to flow and geometric variables. These equations were incorporated into the computer system such that the user may input desired hypothetical discharges and states and the system will compute the resulting long-term scour. This hypothetical value is then added to the scour activity graphs so the hypothetical bottom elevation can be compared to the existing bottom and critical pier elevations. Various digital hydrographic survey equipment systems were also investigated and recommendations are made with regard to possible future purchases. KW - Bridges KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Data analysis KW - Degradation KW - Discharge KW - Equations KW - Equipment KW - Flow KW - Geometric elements KW - Geometrics data KW - Hydrographic surveying KW - Information processing KW - Interactive computing KW - Louisiana KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance evaluations KW - Regression analysis KW - Scour KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_217.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00493595 AU - Recker, W W AU - Golob, T F AU - Hsueh, C-W AU - Nohalty, P AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERISTICS AND CONGESTION IMPACTS OF TRUCK-INVOLVED FREEWAY ACCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 174 p. AB - This report is concerned with the characteristics and consequences of over 9,000 truck-involved freeway accidents and non-accident incidents in a three-county case study region in Southern California. The research was conducted in two major phases: (1) identification of the number and type of truck-involved accidents occurring on freeways in the region, together with statistical analyses of the influence of a wide range of conditions on the frequency and severity of these accidents; and (2) estimation of the impact of these accidents on the freeway system in terms of congestion and delay, and estimation of the total annual economic costs of these accidents. Chapter Two reports the results of statistical analyses of the salient characteristics of over 9,000 truck-involved freeway accidents that occurred in the region during 1983-84. Chapter Three focuses on the immediate consequences of these accidents: accident severity (i.e., injuries and fatalities), incident duration, and lane closure. Chapter Four is an analysis of 424 major incidents involving large trucks on freeways in the region during 1983-85. Chapter Five focuses on the impacts of truck-involved mainline collisions on freeway congestion and delay; simulation models are used to estimate total delay attributable to such collisions for the 1987-88 period. Chapter Six focuses on the total economic costs of these accidents. We conclude that over 10 million vehicle hours, and 154.6 million dollars, may be lost each year due to truck-involved freeway accidents in the region. KW - Accident costs KW - California KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Freeway traffic accidents KW - Freeways KW - Impacts KW - Incidents KW - Injuries KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic simulation KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/304692 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00479586 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Thompson, M R AU - LaGrow, T G AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED CONVENTIONAL FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT THICKNESS DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1988/12 SP - 47 p. AB - The basic concepts and the development of a proposed thickness design procedure for conventional flexible pavements are presented. Traffic (IDOT traffic factor), subgrade modulus (fine-grained soils, sandy-type soils), location in the state (pavement temperature effects), asphalt cement grade (AC-5, AC-10, AC-20), and design reliability factors are considered. ILLI-PAVE based design algorithms are utilized in the procedure. Asphalt concrete fatigue consumption and subgrade soil stress ratio are the design criteria. "Design Time" and "Minimum Subgrade E sub Ri" concepts are used to consider seasonal effects. "Easy-to-use" design charts and tables are provided to facilitate the pavement design process. KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Charts KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Design methods KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Tables (Data) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/290705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490595 AU - Vitillo, N AU - Margerum, B AU - BARROS, R AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF USER-PERCEIVED PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS (PSR) WITH PHYSICAL ROUGHNESS MEASUREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report describes New Jersey's pavement ride quality Panel Studies. It highlights the experimental design, testing and data analyses of the 1985 and 1986 Panel Studies. These studies were conducted to establish the relationships between user opinion of pavement roughness and the mechanical measurement of roughness as estimated with a Mays Meter, an ARAN and an Inertial Profilometer. An exponential model was found to be the best fit curve for the data. An analysis of the data proved that a single curve defined the relationship between user opinion and mechanical measurement for each device. Multiple curves were not necessary to distinguish between bituminous, composite and concrete pavement types. The studies also established the terminal serviceability indices (TSI) for each pavement type. This is the level at which the average user feels a pavement needs rehabilitation. The analyses suggested that New Jersey motorists are more tolerant of bituminous pavements than the raters at the AASHO Road Test, where the TSI was 2.5. Our tests indicate that the TSI for bituminous pavement sections was 2.0 while concrete and composite was approximately 2.5. The report outlines the preliminary work of selecting test sites, vehicles, and panelists, the testing procedure and the data analyses for both the 1985 and 1986 studies. The 1986 study was conducted as part of NCHRP 1-23(2), "Pavement Roughness and Rideability - Field Experiment". KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Correlation analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement serviceability ratings KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Subjective analysis KW - Terminal serviceability indices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490661 AU - CARNEY, J F AU - Vanderbilt University AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONNECTICUT TRUCK MOUNTED ATTENUATOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 34 p. AB - The Connecticut Truck Mounted Attenuator (TMA) was developed in the 1970s and a total of six crash tests were performed on the Connecticut TMA in 1976 and 1978. The testing program preceded the development of NCHRP Report 230, published in 1981, which specifies that vehicle acceleration data be filtered according to SAE J211b Channel Class 180. The six TMA tests were conducted according to the specifications of NCHRP Report 153 and Transportation Research Circular 191 and employed class 600 filters. In addition, NCHRP Report 230 requires occupant risk evaluation procedures which have been extensively revised from those presented in NCHRP Report 153 and Transportation Research Circular 191. In the report, the acceleration-time data associated with the six full-scale crash tests conducted on the TMA are re-analyzed to bring the output into conformance with NCHRP Report 230 procedures. Performance specification recommendations for TMAs are proposed. KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Performance based specifications KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Truck mounted attenuators UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490449 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Epperson, B AU - Aftab, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAPHICALLY-ORIENTED ANALYSIS OF BEAM COLUMNS WITH MOVABLE LOADS ON MICROCOMPUTERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 40 p. AB - Computer program BMCOL51 performs finite-element simulation of a linearly elastic beam-column subjected to fixed and movable loads. Enhancements are made to an existing FORTRAN code using currently available hardware and software. The original code runs on a minicomputer with alphanumeric terminals, while the enhanced version runs on a microcomputer with an improved user interface that includes panel-oriented input and extensive use of graphics. Low-level assembly language routines are written to provide functions for manipulating screens, while calls to a commercial software package provide functions for graphical capabilities. The existing code is integrated with the new program as a subroutine, but no other modifications are made to facilitate avoidance of new error sources. Panel-oriented input eases the user's burden of creating and editing problems. Graphical representation of input data allows error-checking before execution of the code. In addition to the conventional numerical presentation, output data from analysis is also displayed graphically. A menu structure controls access to various capabilities of the software package. FORTRAN 77 is used as the primary language for new code development. KW - Beams KW - Columns KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Interactive graphics KW - Live loads KW - Microcomputers KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488584 AU - Bowen, T AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPANDABLE MEMBRANE GROUND ANCHORS IN TALUS. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT NO. 68 - PERMANENT GROUND ANCHORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 47 p. AB - Expander Body (EB) tieback anchors were installed in talus material in Glenwood Canyon and evaluated as to their ease of installation and performance. The EB consists of a steel tube with thin, folded walls which is expanded in the soil by injection of cement grout. The EB system can be expanded in coarse, angular materials at high pressure without rupturing. It, therefore, can be successfully used to limit grout take in permeable materials. KW - Anchors KW - Expander body KW - Grout KW - Injection KW - Retaining walls KW - Talus KW - Tiebacks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298881 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488589 AU - Fesenmaier, J AU - Burke, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT ON TOURISM IN THE TEXAS GULF COAST. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 44 p. AB - This report describes the pattern of tourism/recreational travel in the area of the Texas Gulf Coast. An examination is made of the tourism resources that are available along the Texas Gulf Coast. The patterns of highway development in the region are examined. The effectiveness of the highway network in meeting the demands of the tourism industry is evaluated. KW - Development KW - Gulf Coast (United States) KW - Gulf of Mexico KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Recreation KW - Texas KW - Tourism KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298885 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488642 AU - Payne, L D AU - Walker, R S AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF LASERS FOR PAVEMENT CRACK DETECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 78 p. AB - This research was initiated to investigate the capability of using lasers for crack detection in pavements. If such a capability could be developed, it would be used to aid in obtaining and evaluating pavement distress and cracking information for the State's P.E.S. procedures, used for maintaining and evaluating pavements. The research effort has involved three stages. The first two stages were to determine the crack detection capabilities of the laser probes, used on the Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP). The SDP is owned by the State and used for road profile measurements. After experiments indicated that these probes could be used for such detection, a system was developed to further study this capability and to determine how it could be used to implement an automated high speed crack identification system. The third stage is the implementation of such a system so its usefulness for P.E.S. data collection activities can be determined. This research report describes the first two phases of the research effort. KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Lasers KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486055 AU - Liang, R Y AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURVEY OF AGGREGATE WASTE PRODUCTION IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 88 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study of current aggregate production in Ohio and provides preliminary findings on potential uses of aggregate waste materials. A questionnaire was administered and sites visited to gather necessary information and waste samples for evaluation. It was found that aggregate waste generation constitutes approximately 3 to 5 percent of yearly aggregate production and that the quantity of accumulated unused waste amounts to 8 million tons. The most common aggregate wastes can be classified as silty sand (SM according to the Unified Soil Classification System). A series of laboratory tests, including Standard Proctor compaction, CBR, mortar bleeding, compression, and flexural tests, were conducted to generate a data base for evaluation. It was found that most aggregate wastes when used in low-strength mortar exhibit comparable bleeding characteristics to ODOT 703.05 sand. As a result, icorporation of these waste materials in the appropriate ODOT specification, Proposal Note No. 220, is recommended for consideration. KW - Aggregate wastes KW - Bleeding KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Compression tests KW - Data collection KW - Flexural strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Proctor compaction test KW - Production KW - Questionnaires KW - Silty sands KW - Soil compaction test KW - Surveys KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485507 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 148 p. AB - The study evaluated the effectiveness of various protection systems used for rehabilitation of existing salt contaminated bridge decks. Protection systems placed and tested included a Stratfull design type cathodic protection; low slump and latex modified concrete wearing surfaces; sheet types Protecto Wrap M-400A and Heavy Duty Bituthene; and liquid types Gacoflex UWM-2811, and Superseal 4000LT membrane systems. All protective systems were overlaid with asphaltic concrete except for low slump and latex modified concrete. Each of the protective systems provided a relatively maintenance free overlay for a five to eight year period. Rutting and shoving of the asphaltic concrete was minor but was the predominant problem with membranes and cathodic protection systems. Low slump and latex modified concrete overlays provided the smoothest riding surfaces. Membrane systems protected the deck concrete from ingress of chloride ions. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Densification KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Liquid membrane KW - Liquids KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Slump test UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP76-2.reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485680 AU - Hutter, W AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM PAVEMENT MONITORING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 43 p. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to add to the findings of a two-year pilot study on pavement monitoring. The investigation centered on monitoring equipment as well as monitoring methodologies. The long-term nature of the study permitted observations of pavement performance from essentially new, or rehabilitated pavements to a deteriorated state where rehabilitation was once again needed. Testing equipment ranged from high-speed profilometers to a simple six-foot straight edge. Results of this study show a typical slow increase in rutting, and relatively stable deflection values. A remarkably characteristic trend was found in pavement cracking, showing an exponential growth pattern. In the area of equipment it was found that because of lack of calibration, continuity in the database was not feasible. KW - Deflection KW - Methodology KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297526 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485527 AU - Highlands, K L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERGLIMIT DEICING CHEMICAL ASPHALT ADDITIVE. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 44 p. AB - This project was constructed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) in Schuylkill County on SR 924-01M near the town of Shenandoah. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the mixing, placement, post-construction performance, and cost-effectiveness of the Verglimit deicing chemical additive in an asphalt overlay and compare it to an overlay consisting of PennDOT's standard ID-2 wearing course. This report details the mixing, placement, and post-construction procedures performed to construct the overlays. Problems were encountered with the Verglimit on this project. The most serious problem was the creation of a "wet" pavement surface following construction. This "wetness" or "bleeding" on the Verglimit surface temporarily reduced the skid resistance of the Verglimit pavement. Several accidents occurred on the Verglimit overlay during the week immediately following its placement. There are several factors discussed in this report which might explain the bleeding of this Verglimit overlay. One major factor considered to be a cause is the excess amount of Verglimit flakes which were crushed during construction compaction. The Verglimit overlay on this project cost approximately three times that of PennDOT's standard ID-2 overlay. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Bleeding KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Skid resistance KW - Snow and ice control KW - Verglimit (Deicing chemical) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297462 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483844 AU - Higgins, J D AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Beard, L D AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC ZONATION FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 171 p. AB - This report includes a state-of-the-art review of seismicity, attenuation characteristics, and seismic zonation in Washington and the Pacific Northwest. Based on this information, a map of velocity-related acceleration coefficients for Washington was developed. The map is in a format suitable for use in the AASHTO highway bridge design procedure. Also, it is based on more detailed seismic and geologic data than the present AASHTO map and was developed specifically for Washington rather than the entire United States. Therefore, the map is suggested as a potential replacement for the present AASHTO map for seismic bridge design in Washington. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Maps KW - Seismic zones KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/172.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483848 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1988 FHWA NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (NCP) OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/12 SP - 92 p. AB - This executive summary gives an overview of progress being conducted under the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology during the period from October 1, 1987, through September 30, 1988. This report covers technologies for highway design, construction, and operation, including the specific categories of: Highway Safety, Traffic Operations, Pavements, Structures, Materials and Operations, Policy and Planning, and Motor Carrier Transportation. KW - Development KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway operations KW - Highway pavement KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Nationally coordinated program, ncp KW - Pavements KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483701 AU - Anderson, D A AU - THOMAS, H R AU - Siddiqui, Z AU - Krivohlavek, D D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MORE EFFECTIVE COLD, WET-WEATHER PATCHING MATERIALS FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 149 p. AB - To the motoring public, potholes are one of the most visible and annoying forms of pavement distress. Most pothole repairs made during the winter months are short-lived. Potholes that must be filled repeatedly are expensive to repair. One reason for the short life of repairs done during the winter is that the commonly used repair mixtures cannot withstand the cold, wet weather. The overall objective of this project was to develop and test improved cold-mix, stockpiled patching mixtures. To satisfy this objective, the predominant failure mechanisms and concomitant performance requirements were established. Binder performance was identified as the most promising area of study. More than 40 experimental binders were evaluated in the laboratory, and five of these binders were chosen for field trials. It was found that current mix designs for cold-mix, stockpiled patching materials were inadequate, and, therefore, a new mix design procedure was adopted for use in the study. Field trials were conducted, in which 410 repairs were made, and were monitored over a 1-year period. Mixtures employing certain high-float medium-set binders performed demonstrably better than companion control mixtures. These binders, used in mixtures designed with the procedures described herein, are therefore recommended for trial installation by interested highway agencies. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Cold weather KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Patching KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292770 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482393 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 327 p. AB - The objectives of this research effort were to quantify relationships between structural and material mix design parameters and to document a laboratory test procedure for examining mix design from a structural viewpoint. Results of static and cyclic load triaxial, indirect tensile, and flexural beam tests are presented, compared, and discussed. The test specimens were made using three types of aggregate, two gradations, three viscosity graded asphalts, and three values of the percent air voids. For all specimens, the optimum asphalt content was determined using the standard Marshall mix design procedure. During the course of the investigation, a new indirect tensile test apparatus was designed, made, and used throughout the course of the investigation. The test data indicated that the indirect tensile test can be used to establish the asphalt mix design and to determine its structural properties, permanent deformation characteristics, and fatigue life. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Structural design KW - Tension tests KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292252 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482550 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kemper, W J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODIFIED RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING PAVEMENT MARKING CROSSBUCK STUDY PY - 1988/12 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 76-81 AB - To reduce motorist confusion at crossings, modifications to two existing passive type control devices have been proposed. Before being installed on any road open to the public, these modifications must be incorporated into the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). This paper describes a study which was commissioned to study these modifications. The study, which consisted primarily of a series of slilde identifications, was conducted in a laboratory with 40 test subjects. The study results are presented and discussed. It was found that the pavement X-marking was not well recognized; the size of the marking did not make a difference; and a black border on the crossbuck was preferred. KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road markings KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/294949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482283 AU - Anderson, D A AU - Sebaaly, P AU - TABATABAEE, N AU - Bonaquist, R AU - Churilla, C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT TESTING FACILITY - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE OF THE INITIAL TWO TEST SECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 111 p. AB - This report documents the pavement performance of two test sections at FHWA's Pavement Testing Facility. The traffic loading of the test asphalt concrete pavements was achieved by using the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). Field performance data consisting of longitudinal profile, rutting, cracking, and deflection were collected at the facility. Pavement temperature, moisture content, and environmental data were also collected. Various performance indicators were compared with regard to the number of wheel passes and 18-kip-equivalent single axle loads. In situ strain measurements were compared with calculated strain values. At the conclusion of each field test, the pavement section was opened, and a postmortem analysis was conducted. This analysis included a profile of each pavement layer and material sampling. The results of the postmortem analysis were compared with the performance indicators to explain the pavement failure. For these two initial tests, there was no general failure in any of the materials used in the tested pavement sections. The air voids in the asphalt concrete layers after construction were smaller than might be expected. This, coupled with the dense grading of both the wearing and binder layer and the tendency for rutting to be accentuated in accelerated testing, was expected to cause atypical rutting during trafficking. However, this was not the case. The rutting that was observed is typical of normally loaded highway pavements. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Failure analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test facilities KW - Test sections KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482392 AU - Council, F M AU - Reinfurt, D W AU - Knoblauch, R N AU - Stewart, J R AU - MCHENRY, B G AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFE GEOMETRIC DESIGN FOR MINICARS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 251 p. AB - Because minicars are less safe in both multivehicle and single vehicle collisions, this project is designed to identify those types of accidents (and accident-related circumstances) where the small vehicles are overrepresented in either crashes or crash injuries. The analysis involved accident and roadway data from the States of Washington, Texas and North Carolina, and computer simulation runs related to vehicle dynamics. Results include the general finding of increased rollover propensity of these small vehicles in almost all types of crashes, with specific problems with roadside shoulder and sideslope design, ditches in rural areas, pavement edgedrop, culverts and catch basins, median barrier faces, rural traffic islands, utility poles, and with head-on collisions on curves where the minicar is more often the striking vehicle. Potential treatments were identified for many of these issues, and research plans were prepared. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Rollover crashes KW - Simulation KW - Small car KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - http://www.hsrc.unc.edu/research_library/PDFs/safegeometric87.ocr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482394 AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Michigan State University, East Lansing AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED MATERIAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN METHOD FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III. LABORATORY DESIGN GUIDE PY - 1988/12 SP - 34 p. AB - The objectives of this research effort were to quantify relationships between structural and material mix design parameters and to document a laboratory test procedure for examining mix design from a structural viewpoint. In this report, laboratory asphalt mix design guidelines are presented. The guidelines are based upon the analysis of the results of laboratory static and cyclic load triaxial, indirect tensile, and flexural beam tests. The purpose of the guidelines is to allow the highway engineer and the laboratory technician to tailor the asphalt mix design procedure to optimize the structural properties of the mix. Two mix design methods are covered: (1) the Marshall mix design with minor modifications and, (2) the indirect tensile test. Analytical and statistical equations are also included to be able to calculate or estimate the structural properties of the mix. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Deformation KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Structural design KW - Tension tests KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Triaxial tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292253 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482551 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Betsold, R J AU - Rosenbaum, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE MARKETING OF NEW HIGHWAY RESEARCH PRODUCTS - A DIFFICULT PROCESS PY - 1988/12 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 82-88 AB - The programs and special efforts are described that are aimed at surmounting barriers to acceptance and implementation of new and innovative research products by the highway community. These products are those which have resulted from research sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The marketplace, the U.S. highway program, is discussed, which from a sales or technology transfer perspective, is a difficult market with many limiting conditions. The lack of performance evaluation and documentation are serious problems faced by the products. Highway engineers are cautious and sometimes skeptical about new technologies. The article outlines several activities which will facilitate acceptance of products and procedures. These procedures relate to the following: experimental projects program; implementation and field test and evaluation; regional test centers; strategic highway research program; and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Marketing KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Technology KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/294950 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482429 AU - Najafi, F T AU - Nazef, A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION PROCEDURE FOR PLACEMENT OF FIBER OPTIC TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ALONG THE RIGHT-OF-WAY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - In recent years, there has been a growing demand for the use of Interstate right-of-way to place fiber optic cables. The Federal Highway Administration's longstanding policy discourages loongitudinal utility use of the Interstate System's right-of-way, in order to preserve safety and full control of access. However, in light of technological advancements in telecommunications, the Federal Highway Administration issued a new rule permitting the states to establish their own policy to allow use of Interstate right-of-way by certain utilities, if justified. Fiber optic telecommunication systems, unlike other utilities, require very little maintenance, cause minimal disruption to the roadway during and after installation, and thus require minimal direct access. This study done for the Florida Department of Transportation shows that for Florida conditions, fiber optic technology was found to be far more superior to other competing technologies. Fiber optic technology is also described herein along with its major components and economic evaluation. Since cost data was unavailable, a comprehensive cost/benefit evaluation of underground fiber optic systems on various transportation corridors was not possible. However, through the use of the Delphi Technique, utility/cost ratios were computed for each corridor alternative. From this, we conclude that the fence line of the Interstate right-of-way offers the highest utility value per dollar cost, as compared to other corridors. KW - Cables KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Fiber optics KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Telecommunications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482342 AU - Brown, L R AU - Pabst, G S AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CONTRIBUTION OF MICROORGANISMS TO STRIPPING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 46 p. AB - Stripping, as the term is applied to asphalt pavements, refers to the breaking of the adhesive bond between the gravel and the asphalt. There are a variety of ways in which stripping occurs but the net result is a washing away of the asphalt from the gravel. Since microbes produce surfactants and emulsifying agents that could accelerate the process, the question arises as to whether they play a meaningful role in the stripping process. Preliminary analyses of stripped asphalt samples confirmed the presence of both aerobic and anaerobic microbes. Other studies have shown that microbial growth accelerates the stripping process. Coating the gravel with an organofunctional silane prior to the addition of asphalt retards the stripping process at a concentration of 1/150 v:v in water even in the presence of vigorous microbial activity. The silane treatment was found to be effective in retarding stripping by both indigenous microbes and a bacterium known to produce an emulsifier. Lime (1%), incorporated into the asphalt mix, prevented microbial growth and stripping but was not as effective as the silane treatment. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bacteria KW - Calcium oxide KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Microorganisms KW - Preservation KW - Silane KW - Silane treatment KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292211 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482548 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pilkington, G B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UTILITY POLES - A HIGHWAY SAFETY PROBLEM PY - 1988/12 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 61-66 AB - Utility pole accidents and ways of reducing them are here discussed in the context of the highway safety problem and the roadside safety problem. The utility pole is the most frequently "hit" roadside fixed object. Recent studies have provided much information on the safety aspects of such poles. About a third of utility pole accidents are not reported. The expected annual rate of utility pole accidents per mile on a highway with 5,000 ADT (average daily traffic) and a pole density of 50 poles per mile is 1.4 when the offset is only 2 feet. The expected rate decreases to 0.2 when the offset is increased to 30 feet. A utility pole accident is 6 times more likely to result in a fatality and three times more likely to result in an injury than the average highway accident. Countermeasures to reduce such accidents are listed: burying lines; installing breakaway poles; installing guardrails in front of poles; increasing the lateral offset of the poles; and reducing the number of utility poles. KW - Countermeasures KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Safety KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/294947 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00482549 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Reagan, J A AU - Tignor, S C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA HIGH PRIORITY NATIONAL SAFETY RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1988/12 VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - p. 67-75 AB - The National Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology (RD&T) of the Federal Highway Administration, has identified areas needing major research effort called High Priority National Program Areas (HPNA). The objective of each HPNA is to develop a well-defined and useable end product within approximately 3-5 years. Currently 15 HPNAs are in progress in the following areas: safety, traffic operations, pavements, and structures. Six of the HPNAs are in the area of highway safety and cover the following: advance testing methods and analysis procedures; information resources; traffic barrier systems; truck highway safety; visibility of traffic control devices; and work zone traffic control. Studies in each of these areas are briefly discussed. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Testing KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/294948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482355 AU - Mellott, D B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT FOR SEAL COATS. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 18 p. AB - The Department desires to evaluate asphalt modifiers to enhance aggregate retention for seal coats. We have been looking at various asphalt modifiers that in past years have included latex and neoprene type additives. Recently, the asphalt industry has developed various polymer additives that are marketed to solve many of the present problems. These additives are promoted to give "rubbery" characteristics to the asphalt binder materials during the hot pavement surface temperature periods of the summer months when other asphalt binders will become soft and allow loss of the aggregates. These additives are usually costly and increase the project costs significantly. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of their use. After one year of service, the control sections have suffered significant loss of the aggregate and the sections are flushed and asphalt is tracking in the direction of traffic. The polymer modified sections are in better shape than the control sections. All have suffered the usual snowplow damages, such as abrasion of the aggregate by the sliding snowplow shoes and "scuffing" by the bouncing snowplow blade. KW - Aggregate retention KW - Aggregates KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481051 AU - Long, R R AU - Melville, P L AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SURFACE TREATMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/12 SP - 23 p. AB - A brief survey presented in this report illustrates the variability in management practices for the surface treatment of secondary roads across the country. In Virginia, an informal process that uses the experience of field engineers working within budgetary limitations has evolved. This has resulted in a cyclic resurfacing approach. As a general rule, Virginia's surface-treated secondary roads are resurfaced every 5 years. Although attempts during this project to establish a detailed project level management system for Virginia's surface-treated secondaries were unsuccessful, a viable economic analysis program has been established to analyze the costs of a particular resealing cycle for use in comparing various cycles. This program includes a function that models the effects of delaying resurfacing with an increase in required ordinary maintenance. Using the developed computer spreadsheet to analyze Virginia's alternatives led to the finding that a 4-year resealing cycle was optimal with a 5-year cycle only 1 percent higher. Unfortunately, since many assumptions were made and many cost estimates used, it is not surprising that a 4- or 5-year cycle was selected--Virginia currently uses a 5-year cycle. However, the analysis program is sound and may prove to be quite useful at the network level to other states that have much better cost and condition data. KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Pavement management systems KW - Resurfacing KW - Scheduling KW - Secondary roads KW - Surface treating UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36751/89-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291807 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481040 AU - HO, RKH AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONSTRUCTION CONTROL TESTS FOR SUBGRADE MATERIALS PY - 1988/12 SP - v.p. AB - This report deals with the investigation of three test methods to shorten turnaround time for construction control of stabilized subgrade. The three tests are: (1) Unsoaked Limerock Bearing Ratio (LBR) test; (2) Unconsolidated undrained triaxial test; and (3) Clegg Impact Test (CIT). Correlations of the above test methods were made with the presently used soaked LBR values for various subgrade soils. In particular, the Clegg Impact Test which can be used both in the laboratory and in the field was tested at twenty job sites. These preliminary tests indicated that of the three methods investigated, the Clegg Impact Test showed the most promise as a construction control tool. Further correlations and field testing are recommended before a definite recommendation can be made. KW - Bearing tests KW - Clegg impact hammer KW - Construction control KW - Construction management KW - Field tests KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Subgrade materials KW - Test procedures KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Undrained shear tests KW - Undrained tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479532 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FEASIBILITY OF A NATIONAL WEIGHT-DISTANCE TAX PY - 1988/12 SP - 192 p. AB - Being concerned about the potential inequities of the current Federal highway user-tax structure, Congress called for the Secretary of Transportation to investigate the feasibility of a National weight-distance tax. The approach was to consider replacing existing Federal non-fuel taxes with a structure based on vehicle weight and mileage, to improve equity. This study is the result of that investigation. It encompasses an assessment of: administrative costs, evasion potential, compliance costs, impacts on interstate commerce, barriers to implementation, and potential improvement in equity. KW - Administration KW - Compliance KW - Costs KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Federal government KW - Highway user taxation KW - Interstate commerce KW - Mileage-based user fees KW - Tax evasion KW - Taxation KW - Weight-distance tax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479284 AU - Bryden, J E AU - Bruno, N J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOVABLE CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER: RISK ANALYSIS OF DEFLECTION INTO OPPOSING TRAFFIC PY - 1988/12 SP - 30 p. AB - A movable concrete safety-shape barrier has been proposed for use in a reversible lane configuration on the Tappan Zee Bridge of the New York State Thruway. Previous tests indicate that this barrier provides performance comparable to standard rigid-concrete safety shape barrier, except for deflecting laterally on impact. Because of the narrow median width on this structure, concern arose that an impact on this barrier might cause it to deflect into opposing traffic, causing interference with another vehicle. This report concerns a model developed to assess the risk of interference collisions. Traffic and geometric conditions on the structure and the barrier's deflection characteristics were used to calculate the probability that a primary impact on the barrier would result in interference with opposing traffic. The model was programmed on a microcomputer spreadsheet to facilitate examination of various input parameters. For the conditions examined, risk of interference impacts with opposing traffic is low, even though the barrier deflects into the adjacent lane for some impacts. This low risk can be compared to the benefits anticipated from use of the movable barrier, to determine whether its introduction is justified. KW - Bridges KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Configuration KW - Interference KW - Lateral movement KW - Median barriers KW - Opposing traffic KW - Performance KW - Portable equipment KW - Reversible traffic lanes KW - Risk analysis KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457960 AU - Johnson, Gregory L AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Knox County, Indiana PY - 1988/11//Final Report SP - 131p AB - This report completes a portion of a long-term project concerned with the development of engineering soils maps of the 92 counties in the State of Indiana. The soils mapping of Knox County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Some test data from soil borings were obtained from the Indiana Department of Highways. Generalized soil profiles for the landforms mapped are presented on the engineering soils map, a copy of which is included at the end of the report. The text of the report supplements the engineering soils map and includes a general description of the study areas, descriptions of the landform-parent material areas, and a discussion of the engineering considerations associated with the soils found in the county. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Knox County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Photointerpretation KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314610 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218905 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01413501 AU - Clopper, P E AU - Chen, Y - AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Minimizing embankment damage during overtopping flow PY - 1988/11 IS - FHWA/RD-88-181 SP - 226p AB - The hydraulic and erosional characteristics of overtopping flow are examined. Methods of protecting earth embankments of dams, levees, and roadways from damage during overtopping flow are investigated. Nineteen full-scale tests of bare earth embankments (unprotected) were conducted to derive baseline erosion rate relationships. Thirty-eight full-scale hydraulic tests examined the performance of selected commercially available embankment protection systems under various hydraulic conditions. Failure modes and hydraulic stresses at the failure threshold were determined and compared to results from other investigators. Design and installation considerations are presented which address observed failure modes (A). KW - Damage KW - Embankment KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625442 AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF 1987 HMAC FIELD CONSTRUCTION DATA: VOLUME ONE PY - 1988/11 SP - 254 p. AB - This report, Volume One: Text, References, and Appendices A, B, and F through P, contains the 1987 HMAC field construction data and an explanation of the methods used to organize the data into several computer files. Statistical summaries of parameters such as relative density, apshalt content, voids in mineral aggregates, and percent voids filled with asphalt are included. Gradation data plotted on a 0.45 power curve are included for each project. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Construction KW - Density KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367927 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625337 AU - Tahmoressi, M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ORGANIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF 1987 HMAC FIELD CONSTRUCTION DATA: VOLUME TWO PY - 1988/11 SP - 402 p. AB - This report, Volume Two: Appendices C, D, and E, contains the 1987 HMAC field construction data and an explanation of the methods used to organize the data into several computer files. Statistical summaries of parameters such as relative density, asphalt content, voids in mineral aggregates, and percent voids filled with asphalt are included. Gradation data plotted on a 0.45 power curve are included for each project. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Construction KW - Density KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Statistics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675356 AU - Faller, R K AU - Magdaleno, J A AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Omaha AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE VEHICLE CRASH TESTS ON THE IOWA BOX-ALUMINUM BRIDGE RAIL PY - 1988/11 SP - 70 p. AB - Two full-scale vehicle crash tests were conducted on the Iowa Box-Aluminum Bridge Rail. Test I1-1 was conducted with an 1800 lb (816 kg) vehicle at 15 deg and 60 mph (96.6 km/h). Test I1-2 was conducted with a 4310 lb (1955 kg) vehicle at 25 deg and 60 mph (96.6 km/h). The Iowa Box-Aluminum Bridge Rail contained two rail splices. Each splice was 26 ft 6 in. (8.1 m) from the rail post on each end. The point of impact for Test I1-1 was directly at a splice. The point of impact for Test I1-2 was directly at the midpoint of the span that contained the second splice. The tests were evaluated according to the safety criteria in NCHRP Report 230. The safety performance of the Iowa Box-Aluminum Bridge Rail was determined to be unsatisfactory. KW - Aluminum KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Speed KW - Splices KW - Splicing KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625100 AU - Radwan, A E AU - Singh, S AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF MEDIAN LIGHTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 65 p. AB - Highway lighting is provided to facilitate a safe movement of vehicular traffic during the nighttime. Highway median lighting is popular due to its economic and service advantages. Economic advantage results from reducing the number of supports, and service advantage is a product of better visibility along the median and inside higher speed lanes. The purpose of this study was to study all the pertinent aspects of median lighting. More specifically, to conduct a literature review, study policies and procedures in different states, and recommend future research if needed. A survey questionnaire, designed to review different procedures pertaining to median lighting, was mailed to eighty-six members of the AASHTO Traffic Committee. The study concluded that more research effort is needed in the area of public safety associated with lighting routine maintenance. A work plan was developed which identified the proposed study objectives and the corresponding tasks needed to conduct this research. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Medians KW - Policy KW - Questionnaires KW - Research KW - States KW - Street lighting KW - Surveys KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625029 AU - HAQUE, M AU - Roesset, J M AU - Johnson, C P AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BRIDGE BENT COLUMNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 76 p. AB - The behavior of bridge bents under spatial loads was investigated to evaluate the suitability of the current office procedure of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (TSDHPT) for analyzing and designing slender concrete bridge bent columns. Two computer codes were developed for this purpose. The linear method of analysis uses the conventional direct stiffness method of solution and considers linear material behavior. The AASHTO moment magnifier method was used to approximate second order effects. The design forces from the linear analysis were compared with those from the TSDHPT approximate procedure. The effect of variation in live load positions over the bridge deck was examined. The nonlinear method of analysis, developed in this study, uses a fiber model and an updated Lagrange finite element formulation to predict the space behavior of multistory concrete bents. The analytical results for typical bents were compared with those from the TSDHPT approximate method and the AASHTO moment magnification procedure. The sensitivity of the results to bent column slenderness and foundation flexibilities were examined in terms of predicted bent behavior. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Approximation (Mathematics) KW - Bents KW - Bridge substructures KW - Columns KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Linear method KW - Live loads KW - Magnification KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618052 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Rymer, B C AU - Urbanik, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS RANKING OF INTERCHANGE PROJECTS - TRIP, PC INTERCHANGE AND RR GRADE SEPARATION BENEFIT-COST PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 69 p. AB - This report documents a PC computer program that will analyze proposed interchange, railroad grade separation, and bypass projects. The Program is called TRIP, Texas Ranking of Interchange Projects. The evaluation includes calculations of motorist savings in user costs over a planning period. These user costs include delay costs, vehicle operating costs, and accident costs. The final output is a benefit-cost ratio. TRIP is a menu driven program that includes a data input and editing process, data analysis, output display, and procedures to save both the input and output data. The menus allow for changes and modifications of the data at any stage, and a great deal of flexibility in changing the assumptions used to make the calculations. The methods used to input data, analyze a problem, and output the results are described in the report. The user cost calculations are described, along with an example of the input and output. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bypasses KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Input KW - Interchanges KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Output KW - Personal computers KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Railroad grade separation KW - Traffic delays KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497304 AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Atherley, R J AU - Hsu, P AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR USE IN CALCULATING BENEFIT/COST. FLORIDA MANUAL OF IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND CORRECTION OF HIGH ACCIDENT LOCATIONS. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME 2 PY - 1988/11 SP - 89 p. AB - Accident reduction factors are a necessary element needed for the determination of benefit/cost (B/C) ratios. These ratios are crucial for the assessment for fund allocations for safety improvement projects. The Florida Department of Transportation sponsored a program at the University of Florida in order to develop accident reduction factors relating specifically to Florida's accident experience. Current methodologies used in the determination of accident reduction factors were reviewed, and a simple "before" and "after" study was selected. Accident data taken from three years before and three years after the implementation of a safety countermeasure were analyzed, and the results were compared to other states' accident reduction factors. Data were available for only 58 of the 103 countermeasure types selected for analysis. From the implemented improvement sites that were analyzed, it was found that 24 (41%) were statistically significant based on the assumption of a Poisson distribution at a 95% confidence level. A computer program for the annual reevaluation of accident reduction factors has been produced, and represents significant development towards maintaining Florida's state-of-the-art Highway Safety Improvement Program. This is Volume 2 of a three volume report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Florida KW - Fund allocations KW - Improvements KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496667 AU - Wollmann, G P AU - Yates, D L AU - Breen, J E AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRETTING FATIGUE IN POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 168 p. AB - This report summarizes an experimental investigation of fatigue strength of post-tensioned concrete girders. The test series included strand-in-air tests to characterize the prestressing strands utilized, reduced beam specimens with single strands in a tendon, reduced beam specimens with multiple strands in a tendon, and complete beams with multiple strands in a tendon. The variables explored included the effect of stress range, type of duct material, lateral contact force per unit length, and type of strand. Duct materials included both metallic and plastic sheaths. Both epoxy coated and uncoated strands were used. All specimens were tested in a cracked condition and fatigue failures occurred in the regions of high curvature (and hence high lateral force) in the vicinity of cracks. The results indicate that the expected fatigue life of prestressing strand as determined from strand-in-air tests can be substantially reduced in post-tensioned concrete applications due to fretting fatigue of the prestressing tendon. Such fretting fatigue can occur in cracked concrete sections at locations of tendon curvature. With metal ducts the rubbing between sheath and strand greatly aggravated fretting. With plastic ducts, the ducts showed marked evidence of rubbing and wearing, but with single strand tendons, fretting was not a serious problem. However, with plastic ducts and multiple strand tendons in more than one layer, fretting occurred between layers of strands and was a serious problem. The report gives design recommendations in a form compatible with the overall AASHTO fatigue approach for steel bridge members. KW - Concrete girders KW - Design KW - Ducts KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fretting KW - Metals KW - Plastics KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Recommendations KW - Sheathing KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tendons KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603545 AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Elmore, W E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TROXLER MODEL 3241-B ASPHALT CONTENT GAUGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 14 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation of the Troxler 3241-B Asphalt Content Gauge. Based on these findings, the asphalt content gauge is an accurate and reliable piece of equipment that can readily be used in the field environment. The importance of specific procedures and their influence on measurements obtained are discussed in detail. KW - Accuracy KW - Asphalt content KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear gages KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality control KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602805 AU - Ward, R L AU - Ward (Robert L), Consulting Engineer AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESENT STATUS OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNICAL PRACTICES ON ALLUVIAL FAN AREAS IN ARIZONA. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 256 p. AB - An assessment is made of alluvial fan flooding problems in the southwestern United States, with particular emphasis given to such problems as they presently exist in Arizona. A review is made of state-of-the-art technical procedures and floodplain management practices that are presently available for application to this environment. Application of National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) criteria to highway planning and urbanization on alluvial fans is also discussed. An overview is presented relative to current policy utilization by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) in planning highway projects to comply with NFIP criteria. A secondary objective of the study consists of a review of the Corps of Engineers Regulatory Program (Section 404 of the Clean Water Act), as it is presently being applied to alluvial fan areas and ephemeral washes in Arizona. Discussions examine the history of the "404" program and evaluate its impact on highway development in Arizona and explore clarification of such key terms as "ordinary high water mark" and "headwaters." ADOT's policy for compliance with "404" program criteria is also evaluated. The report concludes with research recommendations that could enhance the ability to effectively manage the development of alluvial fans. KW - Alluvial fan areas KW - Alluvium KW - Arizona KW - Compliance KW - Flood plains KW - Floods KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway planning KW - Impacts KW - Management KW - National flood insurance program KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Section 404, clean water act KW - Urbanization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489627 AU - High, R AU - HUDSON, S W AU - Seeds, S B AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INCREASED PAVEMENT LOADING. VOLUME II - COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 165 p. AB - The effects of increased truck loads and higher tire pressures on performance of flexible pavements were investigated in this project. This report documents four computer programs developed on the project. Program FEDESAL performs equivalent load calculations using static truck weight loadometer data. Program WIMESAL analyzes truck weight data collected on a project level basis using weigh-in-motion measuring devices. Program TRAF18K performs equivalent load calculations from the previous two programs as well as traffic volume and classification data to calculate design traffic loads for existing pavement sections. Program McPAD performs mechanistic pavement designs using the mechanistic damage models developed on this project. This volume is the second in a two volume series. Volume 1 summarizes the research results and findings from the entire study. KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inflation KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489641 AU - Croteau, J AU - Quinn, J AU - Baker, R AU - Hellriegel, E AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONGITUDINAL WEDGE JOINT STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 53 p. AB - This report describes the results of a five-year study undertaken to develop a technique for producing more durable longitudinal construction joints in bituminous pavements. The construction procedure evaluated involves forming the joint between adjoining lanes as two overlapping wedges. The wedge joint is formed by a steel plate attached to the paver screed which produces a 3:1 sloped face at the edge of the first bituminous mat placed. The effectiveness of the wedge joint was measured by the extent to which this procedure was able to eliminate a "density gradient" across the joint. Nuclear density testing and coring were undertaken to determine the uniformity of the density across the joint and hence, the nature of the density gradient. Density measurements were taken across the wedge joint and compared to the standard longitudinal center joint. These measurements indicate that the wedge joint has a more uniform density across the joint and has a higher average density than the standard joint. The wedge joint eliminates the density gradient and hence, lowers the potential for joint deterioration. By eliminating the vertical edge, the wedge joint eliminates the vertical dropoff and offers a safer condition to the motorist when making lane changes in construction areas. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Construction joints KW - Construction management KW - Construction sites KW - Density KW - Density gradient KW - Density measurement KW - Dropoffs (Pavements) KW - Effectiveness KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Measurement KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlap KW - Pavement/shoulder drop-off KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Traffic safety KW - Wedges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489648 AU - Middleton, D AU - Villarreal, A AU - Blaschke, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF OVERSIZE/OVERWEIGHT PERMIT POLICY AND FEE STRUCTURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 122 p. AB - The current Texas policy for oversize/overweight vehicles has been evaluated in this report. The current fee structure should be revised to incorporate both weight and distance factors in the fee assessment. The safety record of oversize load movement is difficult to quantify. It is apparent, however, that the Texas policy on escort vehicles must be improved to include a complete description of the escort vehicle and duties of escort drivers. For urban areas, routing of permit loads should avoid highly congested areas and/or peak time periods if possible. The current curfew system should be continued until such time that continuous monitoring and communicating of traffic congestion information from urban district offices to the Central Permit Office becomes feasible. Investigation of a higher level of sophistication should then be considered. KW - Cost allocation KW - Distance KW - Escort service KW - Fees KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Policy KW - Safety KW - Texas KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle size KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496663 AU - Pechlivanidis, C AU - Papaleontiou, C G AU - Meyer, A H AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MEMBRANE CURING COMPOUNDS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 66 p. AB - Membrane curing compounds are widely used to cure concrete in highway construction. The function of these compounds is to form a membrane that helps retain moisture in the concrete slab, otherwise lost through evaporation. The amount of evaporation loss varies as a function of the environmental conditions and the temperature of the concrete mass during the curing period. This rpeort provides an evaluation of the performance of membrane curing compounds as related to concrete material properties such as tensile and flexural strength, stiffness, surface durability, and density. In addition to traditional testing methods, the non-destructive, in-situ, Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves method is also used to observe and measure material properties as a function of time. Testing can start at initial set or when the modulus of elasticity for concrete is about 10,000 psi. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete tests KW - Density KW - Durability KW - Evaporation KW - Evaporation control KW - Flexural strength KW - Membrane curing KW - Membrane curing compounds KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture retention KW - Paving KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Tensile strength KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310311 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496665 AU - Stocks, R W AU - Johnson, C P AU - Roesset, J M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE BENT COLUMNS INCLUDING A GRAPHICAL INTERFACE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 168 p. AB - The FORTRAN computer program BENTCOL was devleoped to provide an easy-to-use analysis tool for bridge bent columns which alleviates most of the cumbersome and tedious details involved with the current design process. An emphasis was placed on minimizing the required amount of input data and on producing clear, functional, and easy-to-read output. This computer program involved computerizing the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation current office procedure as well as the development of an integral frame analysis. The output from both the approximate and frame analysis is in the exact form required as input data for the column design program PCA2, making the transition from analysis to design simple and direct. Using this new computer program as a design tool, the design engineer may analyze and design bent columns quickly and easily. The PASCAL computer program BCINPUT was developed to investigate the use of a graphical interface for handling input arrangements on a microcomputer, specifically the IBM-AT personal computer. The microcomputer provides an inexpensive and innovative approach for handling input arrangements. The graphical interface emphasizes user-driven menus, user-friendliness, user-interaction, and graphical images to aid in the process of creating input data files. Using the graphical interface, the input data file required for the analysis program is created and edited easily, completing the analysis and design package. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge bent columns KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Graphical interface KW - Integral frame analysis KW - Microcomputers KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496591 AU - Lippert, D L AU - DuBose, J B AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CONCRETE OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 25 p. AB - This paper describes and summarizes the performance of three unbonded Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) overlays of existing jointed pavements. One project studied has performed for over 20 years with a variety of CRCP overlay thickness and steel percentages. Also studied was one concrete overlay or "white topping" of an existing flexible pavement. Traffic on the CRCP overlays ranged from 1,150,000 to 17,000,000 ESALs while the "white topping" received approximately 89,300 ESALs. KW - Concrete overlays KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads KW - Unbonded concrete overlays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310247 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485600 AU - Elliott, R P AU - Thornton, S I AU - Foo, K Y AU - Siew, K W AU - Woodbridge, R AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF ARKANSAS SUBGRADES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 104 p. AB - The resilient behavior of 15 Arkansas soils was studied. Moisture content, freeze-thaw, and deviator stress were found to significantly affect the soils' resilient moduli. Moisture content is the most critical variable for Arkansas subgrades. Recommendations are made for simplifying routine resilient modulus testing and for selecting the design resilient modulus. The testing simplifications consist of: 1) shortening the sample conditioning to 200 cycles of a single deviator stress, 2) testing at a single confining pressure and two deviator stresses, and 3) reducing the number of deviator stress repetitions to 50. KW - Deviator stress KW - Deviatoric stress KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2094.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494520 AU - Clopper, P E AU - Chen, Y-H AU - Simons, Li and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MINIMIZING EMBANKMENT DAMAGE DURING OVERTOPPING FLOW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 226 p. AB - The hydraulic and erosional characteristics of overtopping flow are examined. Methods of protecting earth embankments of dams, levees, and roadways from damage during overtopping flow are investigated. Nineteen full-scale tests of bare earth embankments (unprotected) were conducted to derive baseline erosion rate relationships. Thirty-eight full-scale hydraulic tests examined the performance of selected commercially available embankment protection systems under various hydraulic conditions. These included vegetation, geotextiles, chemicals, cements, concrete blocks, gabions, and riprap. Failure modes and hydraulic stresses at the failure threshold were determined and compared to results from other investigators. Design and installation considerations are presented which address observed failure modes. KW - Building KW - Cement KW - Chemicals KW - Concrete blocks KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Erosion KW - Erosion control KW - Facilities KW - Failure KW - Failure modes KW - Gabions KW - Geotextiles KW - Hydraulics KW - Installation KW - Overtopping KW - Riprap KW - Shear stress KW - Testing KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491891 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Gonzalez, M A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF MULTIPLE SEAL COATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 176 p. AB - The primary objectives of this study were to establish design and construction guidelines for multiple seal coats for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. A multiple seal coat is a bituminous surface that results from two or more successive alternating applications of bituminous binder and cover aggregate to an existing paved surface, usually with the smaller aggregate sizes used in each successive layer. From a thorough review of the literature, it was concluded that the key to executing an effective design for multiple seal coats was in the ability to measure the available void space in multiple stone layers that could be filled with binder. A design method developed by the NITRR of South Africa which included a test procedure (Modified Tray Test) for measuring the void content and effective thickness of a stone layer was chosen for further field and laboratory investigation. Based on a statistical analysis of a number of samples, the Modified Tray Test was found to be repeatable. It was also determined that a single sample of stone, as tested by means of the Modified Tray Test, gives a good indication of the overall void content and effective layer thickness for a particular type and grade of stone. The Modified Tray Test was also used to determine the void content and effective layer thickness of double seals made up of different combinations of four aggregate grades. A relationship was found between the effective layer thickness of a double seal and the sum of the bottom and top layers separately. The design method was tested by fabricating multiple seal coats in the laboratory and field and, with modifications, was found to produce satisfactory performance. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Design methods KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Multiple layers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seal coats KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491148 AU - Matthias, J S AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPACING OF RAISED REFLECTIVE PAVEMENT MARKERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 65 p. AB - Based on available literature and a survey of state highway agencies, the spacing of raised reflectorized pavement markers (RRPM) were reviewed. The District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico were also included in the survey. This review found that there is variation in the spacing of RRPM use. Policies varied concerning use based on volume, artificial lighting conditions, accident rates and type of road. A few states do not use RRPM and cite snow removal as the reason. Most states use RRPM and consider them to be very effective in traffic control and accident reduction. Several cost analyses were reviewed and these studies concluded that RRPM are cost effective in accident reductions. Recommendations for further research are included. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Raised reflectorized traffic markers KW - Raised road markings KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Spacing KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Traffic safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491139 AU - Mamlouk, M S AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUCLEAR DENSITY TESTING OF GRANULAR MATERIALS. STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 62 p. AB - Nuclear methods have been used by a number of states for many years to determine both density and moisture contents of subgrade, subbase and base materials. Although nuclear methods have been used in Arizona for spot checks, they have not been standardized for acceptance specifications by ADOT. The objective of this study was to review the literature related to the use of nuclear density testing of granular materials and make recommendations for ADOT use. The main advantage of nuclear gauges is that they are rapid and nondestructive. On the other hand, the results may not be very accurate. Most of the studies comparing nuclear densities with volumeter (rubber balloon) and sand cone densities have been performed in the 1960's and 1970's. Most of these studies concluded that nuclear densities are generally not less accurate than the volumeter or the sand cone densities. Although the correlations are not excellent, there is no reason to believe that one method is more accurate than the other. Based on the telephone survey conducted in the study, most of the states which were contacted are currently using nuclear gauges for acceptance specifications or quality assurance for controlling compaction of subgrade, subbase, and base courses. Some of these states indicated that they are using conventional methods only in cases of disputes or disagreements. The use of nuclear gauges for moisture content determination, however, seems to be less frequent than their use for acceptance specifications. A research study could be performed on typical Arizona materials to compare densities obtained by nuclear methods and the volumeter method currently used. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Accuracy KW - Granular materials KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear gages KW - Nuclear tests KW - Rapid methods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490652 AU - Ameri-Gaznon, M AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMANENT DEFORMATION POTENTIAL IN ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAYS OVER PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 219 p. AB - Rutting potential in asphalt concrete pavements (ACP) over both flexible (granular) and rigid (PCC) pavements is investigated. A detailed analysis of the influence of ACP mixture stiffness, stiffness ratios between the ACP surface and the supporting base, ACP layer thicknesses, surface shear, realistic tire contact stresses, and degree of interlayer bonding is presented. The result of the analysis is presented in terms of octahedral shear stress contours. Over 250 plots of octahedral shear stress contours for a wide variety of structural conditions are presented in Appendix C. The triaxial shear strength test and the octahedral shear strength calculated from the parameters of phi' and C' derived from the triaxial test are used, in concert with the maximum octahedral shear stress within a selected pavement structure and for selected conditions of interlayer bonding and surface shear, to develop a ratio of induced octahedral shear stress to octahedral shear strength. This ratio is used to evaluate deformation potential for a wide variety of mixtures under a wide variety of conditions. More traditional creep testing and cyclic permanent deformation testing are also presented and the modified ILLIPAVE finite element computer model is used to predict permanent deformation in these mixtures under specified pavement structural, climatic, and traffic conditions. Four ACP overlays over PCC bases were evaluated and the data were used as a link between the field and theory to develop a first approximation of critical octahedral shear stress ratios. A long-term creep test, performed at a higher level of stress than is normally used in the more traditional creep test, is presented as a potential laboratory test procedure to differentiate among the permanent deformation potentials of asphalt concrete mixtures. The combination of high stress level and long-term loading (eight hours) may be necessary to adequately differentiate among mixtures as to rutting potential. This technique, together with triaxial testing (octahedral stress ratio approach), is presented as the preferred analysis technique. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete pavements KW - Creep tests KW - Deformation KW - Finite element method KW - Long term KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Repeated loads KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Shear strength KW - Shear stress KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness KW - Thickness KW - Time duration KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490522 AU - McHattie, R L AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF AC 1.75 ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 23 p. AB - The softest available grade of asphalt, AC 2.5, is used to combat low temperature thermal cracking on roads in Interior Alaska. A 5-year field study of a special production run of AC 1.75 asphalt cement was undertaken to observe the performance of even softer asphalt. Test sections were built without difficulty in August, 1982, using AC 1.75 with and without the additive "Chem Crete". A control section of AC 2.5 was also monitored. The experimental sections are located about 80 road miles southeast of Fairbanks, where climatic conditions are typical of Interior Alaska. Stiffening of all asphaltic materials was evident from lab tests; data shows all asphalt types to be aging progressively. Map-type thermal cracking has not yet been noted in the field. Field evidence to data shows no obvious advantages or disadvantages to the tested asphalt cements compared to the AC 2.5. AC 1.75 grade asphalt has retained higher penetrations and lower viscosity than AC 2.5 during the course of the study. Longer term trends are not known and cannot be accurately projected due to the non-linearity of the asphalt aging process. There are potential advantages in using the AC 1.75 material. It lags AC 2.5 stiffness by about 3 to 4 years, remaining "fresher". In a thin pavement it should be less susceptible to thermal and vehicle fatigue damage than AC 2.5 at any particular point in time, at least over the first few years of service. Continued testing of AC 1.75 is recommended. KW - Additives KW - Aging KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Cracking KW - Field studies KW - Frigid regions KW - Low temperature KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stiffness KW - Test sections KW - Thermal degradation UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_89_04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490451 AU - Koesno, S AU - Papaleontiou, C G AU - Meyer, A H AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SUBSTRATE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF BONDED PORTLAND CONCRETE OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 54 p. AB - This report describes the research activities related to the temperature effect on overlays and summarizes the findings. The research included constructing a test section at State Highway 225 in Houston to obtain the field conditions and also constructing 24 slabs in the laboratory with simulated field conditions to permit a more extensive study on the variables. The result of this study was analyzed using General Linear Models (GLM) to find out the significance of the variables or their interactions. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Temperature KW - Test sections KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299480 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489626 AU - HUDSON, S W AU - Seeds, S B AU - Finn, F N AU - Carmichael, R F AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INCREASED PAVEMENT LOADING. VOLUME I - RESEARCH RESULTS AND FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 227 p. AB - The effects of increased truck loads and higher tire pressures on performance of flexible pavements were investigated in this project. This Volume 1 report presents the research performed and the useful results obtained. Tire pressure studies were performed using both in-field measurements and theoretical simulations of the effects of tire pressures on pavements. Higher tire pressures were found, in general, to reduce pavement life. A new mechanistic damage model was developed to allow the evaluation of the effects of loads and tire pressures on pavements. A new set of equivalence factors were developed using the damage models. The resulting equivalence factors were incorporated into a computer program to calculate 18-kip equivalent single axle loads. The programs also have the capability to use the AASHTO equivalence factors for the calculation as a basis for comparison. These programs were developed for both static truck weight measurements and weigh-in-motion measurements. A mechanistic pavement design program was also developed using the damage models in order to generate pavement designs that are compatible with the new mechanistic load equivalence factors. This volume is the first in a two volume set. Volume 2 provides documentation for all of the computer programs developed on the project. KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Flexible pavements KW - Inflation KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489646 AU - Sicking, D L AU - Bligh, R P AU - Ross, H E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF STRONG POST W-BEAM GUARDRAIL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 106 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to optimize the design of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation metal beam guard fence GF(TD)-87, in terms of safety and cost. Parameters evaluated in the study included embedment depth of the post, post spacing, and the depth of the blockout. Extensive use of the BARRIER VII computer program was made in the evaluation of these parameters. As a result of the computer study, it was concluded that the present design could be optimized by increasing the post spacing from 6 ft-3 in. to 8 ft-4 in., thus eliminating 25% of the posts in a guard fence installation. All other details remain unchanged. A series of full-scale vehicular crash tests was conducted to verify the computer results. Tests of the round wood post (no blockout) system and the steel post (with blockout) system were conducted with both systems having posts spaced at 8 ft-4 in. The tests were conducted and evaluated in accordance with nationally recognized guidelines. Although significant wheel snag was observed in some of the tests, the two optimized barrier systems satisfactorily met NCHRP Report 230 evaluation criteria. It was concluded that the improved metal beam guard fence designs have safety performance comparable to standrad designs and reduce costs by approximately 10-15%. The study also addressed the length of need for guard fence and flare rates for the ends of guard fence. Recommended flare rates were developed and presented. Results of the study on guard fence length of need were inconclusive. KW - Anchoring KW - Blockout KW - Computer programs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Depth KW - Embedment KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Optimization KW - Performance evaluations KW - Post spacing KW - Posts KW - Safety KW - Spacing KW - Steel structures KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - W beams KW - Wood structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299170 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488674 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE BENEFITS OF RESEARCH PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 218 p. AB - This report gives the results of a study that evaluated methods and data for measuring the benefits of research projects. A simple procedure is outlined for using standard benefit-cost analysis, such as that developed in AASHTO's Manual on User Benefit Analysis and Charles Dale's procedure. First, the benefits must be calculated for each implementation unit, such as mile of highway, location, ton of asphalt, etc. Next, an estimate is made of the cost of each unit of implementation. Third, an estimate is made of the period of time over which the research results are expected to be implemented and the rate of implementation in terms of implementation units per year. An adjustment also can be made for the lag in time before implementation begins. These inputs are then used to estimate present worth of net benefits resulting from use of the research results. Several case studies based on research studies of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation are used to illustrate the method. These case studies demonstrate a very high return on research, but also show the need for development of better information using before-after studies of research implementation. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Implementation KW - Present value KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488587 AU - Magnuson, A H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF FALLING-WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER DATA, PART I: VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT COMPUTATIONS ON THE SURFACE OF A UNIFORM (ONE-LAYER) HALF-SPACE DUE TO AN OSCILLATING SURFACE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 92 p. AB - A computer algorithm SCALPOT, consisting of a set of programs and linked files, has been developed that computes responses for physical and geometrical conditions simulating the Dynatest Falling-Weight Deflectometer. Related work on dynamic analysis of layered elastic and viscoelastic media is reviewed. The pavement dynamics problem as measured by the FWD is shown to be a near-field or intermediate-field problem requiring different integration techniques than far-feld problems arising in seismic work. Integration of the formal solution is shown to be best treated by direct numerical integration using a newly developed method of estimating truncation error. The integral must be evaluated numerically to a specified level of accuracy, taking into account the effect of truncation of the infinite upper limit, the oscillations due to the Bessel function, the slowness of the convergence of the integral, and singular behavior of the integrand because of pole and branch points. The integrals are broken up into three terms: the first one includes all the pole and branch singularities. The second term integrates between zero-crossings of the Bessel function up to the truncation point that occurs at a specified number of cycles of oscillation of the integrand. The third term is the truncation error estimate that uses a modified form of Zhongjin's (1987) method. The computed results are for a uniform (unlayered) half-space, although the integration method was designed to be applicable to the multilayered problem which will be treated in a subsequent effort. The program has been verified using the results of three previous independent investigations. KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Half spaces (Building) KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486208 AU - Suh, Y-C AU - Lundy, J R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF STUDIES OF BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 48 p. AB - The performance of Bonded Concrete Overlays (BCO) in terms of pavement condition, deflection, fatigue life, and load transfer after overlay is described along with the warrants of BCO. A field experimental program, performed on a stubout of State Highway 225, at IH-610 in Houston, is summarized. The objectives of the experimental program are to identify significant construction variables and to evaluate their effects on the bond strength between a CRCP overlay and an existing CRCP. Variables considered in the investigation were surface preparation, moisture condition, use of grout, vibration level, location of core, and season. Various BCO material types in terms of reinforcement types (fibrous concrete vs. steel-mat-reinforced concrete, and CRCP vs. JCP) and bonding agents (portland cement grout vs. epoxy resin) are evaluated. Problems associated with the use of siliceous river gravel as aggregates of the concrete mix are presented. A summary of recommendations for the BCO construction are also presented. Several case studies conducted using Rigid Pavement Rehabilitation Design System (RPRDS) are described. They include comparison of BCO design lives (20- vs. 40-year design), effect of early construction of BCO, comparison of asphalt shoulder and PCC shoulder, importance of directional and lane distribution in design effect of construction time on the traffic delay cost, and the effect of selecting different surface preparation methods on the total cost. KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonding KW - Case studies KW - Cement grouts KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction management KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Epoxy resins KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Field tests KW - Gravelly soils KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Rivers KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous river gravel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486689 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNALS, TRAFFIC SOFTWARE, AND LIGHTING: COURSES AND BASIC REFERENCES PY - 1988/11 SP - 54 p. AB - A summary of courses and basic references under development or completed in the areas of lighting and traffic signals is presented. It primarily encompasses Federal Highway Administration 9FHWA) products; however, some other products are also listed. KW - Directories KW - Software KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic signals KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297894 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485685 AU - Chang, D M AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBAREA ANALYSIS USING TRANPLAN/NEDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 67 p. AB - The primary objective of this study is to develop and incorporate into the Texas Travel Demand Package procedures for downloading a portion of the output from the Package to the selected microcomputer transportation planning package to perform subarea analysis. In order to get compatible results between TRANPLAN and the Texas Trip Distribution Models, it is recommended that the final (or fifth) relative values from MODEL or ATOM be used for the Friction-Factors in the TRANPLAN trip distribution. The modified R-VALUE from ATOM is recommended for the "assumed average" intrazonal impedance of the TRANPLAN separation matrix. The results of the comparison indicated that there are slight differences in the trip tables between TRANPLAN and ATOM, but the differences are of no practical significance. It is recommended that the user-specified V/C time adjustment curve data be used in the TRANPLAN assignment. The recommended user curve data is essentially from the final formulaton of the impedance adjustment function in the Texas Package. General description of subarea analysis and procedure are discussed in this report. The conversion programs between the mainframe and the microcomputer were developed and tested. The program documentation is attached in Appendix C. Menu-driven batch files were developed to execute the conversion programs. The batch files are user friendly and make full use of the interactive capability of the microcomputer. KW - Computer programs KW - Electrical impedance KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Microcomputers KW - Subarea analysis KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485595 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Ward, W V AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ENHANCED ROLE FOR THE ARTERIAL STREET SYSTEM IN TEXAS CITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 37 p. AB - Urban mobility is becoming an increasingly greater concern in major Texas cities. To address this problem, a variety of actions will need to be taken. Some will be oriented at reducing the demand for transportation, others at increasing the supply of transportation services. One of the supply options involves the possibility of developing a system of regional arterial streets, or super streets. The arterial street system in Texas is underdeveloped and, as a result, too much traffic is forced onto the freeways. Upgrading the arterial street system appears to represent a feasible and cost effective approach for enhancing urban mobility. This report documents the role currently being served by arterial streets in Texas and speculates on what that role could be if the arterial system were significantly improved. KW - Arterial highways KW - Cities KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Mobility KW - Modernization KW - Streets KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485528 AU - Creasy, T AU - Burke, D AU - Finley, D AU - Viktorin, C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY BY ROADSIDE BUSINESSES AND ITINERANT MERCHANTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 76 p. AB - This report documents the extent of use of Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) rights-of-way by roadside businesses. It documents many aspects of this use such as safety, right-of-way damage, products sold, and locational considerations. It presents information concerning Texas statutes in this area as well as legislation and regulation of other states relating to the use of highway rights-of-way. Information developed from a survey of Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) Officers regarding their experiences with roadside businesses is presented. The results of a survey of SDHPT Districts is included in this report. The finding of on-site visits and interviews at vendor locations are presented. An array of alternatives to deal with some of the problems created by roadside businesses is included in the report. There is a discussion of the attributes of the various alternatives. The alternatives presented range from do nothing to legislative remedies. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Business development KW - Economic development KW - Laws KW - Loss and damage KW - Regulations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Safety KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482425 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAVY VEHICLE COST RESPONSIBILITY STUDY. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PURSUANT TO SECTION 931 OF THE DEFICIT REDUCTION ACT OF 1984 PY - 1988/11 SP - v.p. AB - Section 931 of the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (Pub. L. 96-369, 98 Stat. 494) required the Secretary of Transportation to "conduct a study of whether highway motor vehicles with taxable gross weights of 80,000 pounds or more bear their fair share of the cost of the highway system." This Heavy Vehicle Cost Responsibility (HVCR) study confirmed findings reported in the 1982 Highway Cost Allocation Study, the 1985 study of "The Feasibility of a Nationwide Network of Longer Combination Vehicles," and other studies that pavement damage increases substantially with axle load. The highway cost responsibility of heavy trucks varies widely depending on their operating weight and the number and configuration of axles. While combination vehicles generally have higher cost responsibilities than single unit vehicles, single units with high axle loads can cause greater pavement damage. Combination vehicles with seven or more axles operating at 80,000 pounds cause less pavement damage than many single unit trucks operating at weights considerably below 80,000 pounds. The study concluded that, as a group, trucks with taxable weights over 80,000 pounds do not pay a fair share of highway costs compared to other vehicles. Other conclusions include: (1) for any configuration, the greater the weight, the lower the share of highway costs that are covered by user revenues; (2) in any weight category, the greater the number of axles, the higher the ratio of revenues to costs; (3) six-axle tractor-semitrailers and multi-unit combination vehicles with seven or more axles may pay a fair share of highway costs at weights somewhat above 80,000 pounds; and (4) twin trailer combinations with nine or more axles may bear a fair share of highway costs at gross weights up to about 120,000 pounds, depending on their axle loads. KW - Axle loads KW - Cost responsibility KW - Costs KW - Double trailers KW - Financial responsibility KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Program management KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482288 AU - Ordonez, G AU - VINSON, T S AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON PAVEMENT DETERIORATION. VOLUME I - BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 74 p. AB - A computerized model for the determination of pavement deterioration responsibilities due to load and non-load related factors was developed. The model is based on predicted pavement performance and the relationship of pavement performance to a quantification of level of routine maintenance. Predicted performance provides the basis to quantify total pavement deterioration due to load-related factors. Field performance measurements and a quantification of level of routine maintenance are used to quantify total pavement deterioration due to load and non-load related factors. Proportionality assumptions are made to determine pavement deterioration responsibilities based on these relationships. Volume I describes the Performance Based Approach, the theoretical basis for the model, and the methodology applied to create the computer model. Volume II presents the Software User's Manual and the BASIC source code of the computer model. KW - Computer programs KW - Deterioration KW - Environmental impacts KW - Load factor KW - Pavement performance KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482289 AU - Ordonez, G AU - VINSON, T S AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON PAVEMENT DETERIORATION. VOLUME II - PBA (PERFORMANCE BASED APPROACH) USER'S MANUAL AND SOURCE CODE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 350 p. AB - A computerized model for the determination of pavement deterioration responsibilities due to load and non-load related factors was developed. The model is based on predicted pavement performance and the relationship of pavement performance to a quantification of level of routine maintenance. Predicted performance provides the basis to quantify total pavement deterioration due to load-related factors. Field performance measurements and a quantification of level of routine maintenance are used to quantify total pavement deterioration due to load and non-load related factors. Proportionality assumptions are made to determine pavement deterioration responsibilities based on these relationships. Volume I describes the Performance Based Approach, the theoretical basis for the model, and the methodology applied to create the computer model. Volume II presents the Software User's Manual and the BASIC source code of the computer model. KW - Computer programs KW - Deterioration KW - Environmental impacts KW - Load factor KW - Pavement performance KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480940 AU - Sorensen, H C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE STANDARDS--LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 43 p. AB - In this study a survey was conducted to ascertain the needs of employees of local governmental agencies with regard to the conduct of the design of bridges. Recommendations, relative to the development of standard plans which can be used by county engineers, are put forth. These recommendations are based on the needs of the local agencies, information regarding existing manufacturing capabilities, information concerning existing standard plans relative to bridges and information on an existing computer software program (BRADD-2) which is available from the AASHTO. The information on which the recommendations were made was obtained by telephone conversations, written questionnaires and/or personal visits with/from/to 75 local agencies (46 cities and 39 counties) in the state of Washington and by personal visits to 4 precasting plants and 1 fabricating plant. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Interviewing KW - Local government KW - Needs assessment KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Standards KW - Structural design KW - Surveys UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/166.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480938 AU - Bradley, M AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 42 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to evaluate available pavement distress surveillance equipment and the result is the recommendation of a system of proven value to the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. The requirements of the system are that it be: (1) able to provide summary data for pavement management purposes; (2) able to provide data in such form that it is capable of multiple interpretations and uses; and (3) economically adaptable to future innovations and state-of-the-art developments. Three equipment systems, ARAN, PASCO-RR, and Laser RST, were demonstrated and after evaluation were found to meet these requirements. ARAN and Laser RST are the most automated, providing all significant data except cracking and faulting objectively. PASCO-RR is the least automated providing only rut depth summaries and longitudinal profile with all other data involving considerable manual and subjective processes. Classification and quantification of cracking and detection of faulting is a visual subjective process in all systems. Cracking and faulting data are obtained by viewing images of the pavement surface. ARAN uses video and PASCO-RR uses 35mm pictures, while Laser RST uses a windshield survey. ARAN and Laser RST have maximum operating speeds in excess of 50 mph while PASCO-RR's maximum system speed is 12.5 mph. ARAN is the most compatible with future developments. Laser RST would require the addition of some sort of image acquisition device. PASCO-RR is not compatible. This study recommends that ARAN best meets the needs of the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department and would be economically compatible with image processing. It is recommended that the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department buy the ARAN system. KW - Compatibility KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Image processing KW - Lasers KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Photography KW - Recommendations KW - Video imaging detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479421 AU - Brown, S A AU - Recinos, S AU - Sutron Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF SPUR DIKES ON BRIDGE BACKWATER: LABORATORY REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 74 p. AB - FHWA's current emphasis on bridge replacement conbined with the potential of spur dikes (elliptically shaped dikes projecting into the stream or river upstream from bridge abutments) to reduce pier and abutment scour and to improve the hydraulic performance of the opening, prompted a model study to clarify some of the conflicting ideas about the effects of spur dikes. The study evaluated the effect spur dikes have on bridge backwater and other hydraulic parameters. Experimental results were compared with the analytical procedures for predicting the backwater effects of spur dikes, found in HY-7/WSPRO (FHWA/RD-86/108 Bridge Waterways Analysis Model - Research Report). Model results for low gradient stream confirm that procedures in HY-7/WSPRO properly predict the backwater effects. In addition, it was found that spur dikes reduce backwater by up to 5 percent. More importantly, it was noted that spur dike length has a significant impact on the magnitude of the stream's energy gradient as it passes through the bridge constriction. This has implications with respect to channel stability in the vicinity of abutments and piers. KW - Backwaters KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Hydraulics KW - Length KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Scour KW - Spur dikes KW - Stability (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478176 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AMERICA'S CHALLENGE FOR HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 88 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducted an assessment of broad issues and trends that will shape the future of highway transportation in the United States. This report draws on the findings of 19 working papers prepared during 1987 and 1988, and presents options for meeting the most critical of the Nation's future needs. The report contains an Executive Summary, giving an overview of the report, and seven chapters. Chapter I examines the importance of highway transportation in meeting the Nation's economic and societal needs, discusses national objectives for the highway program and the Federal role in achieving those objectives, and describes past and present governmental roles and responsibilities in the construction and administration of highways. Chapters II and III examine demographic, economic, energy, and technological trends that will affect the future demand for highway transportation. Chapter IV analyzes factors influencing future passenger and freight travel demand, and Chapter V relates the travel demand factors described in earlier chapters to future capital investment requirements for highways. Chapter VI describes program alternatives for meeting future highway requirements and looks at regulatory and other nonconstruction requirements that relate to the operation of highways and the administration of the Federal-aid highway program. Chapter VII examines trends in highway finance and discusses future highway revenue requirements. KW - Energy KW - Environment KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Future policies KW - Highway economics KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highway transportation KW - Investments KW - Policy KW - Travel demand KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478208 AU - Schultz, R L AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT EXTRACTION STUDY. TASK REPORT PY - 1988/11 SP - 27 p. AB - This study compares the results of four asphalt extraction methods: the Quick (WSDOT 711), the Vacuum (AASHTO T-164 Method E-11), the Centrifuge (AASHTO T-164 Method A), and the Reflux (AASHTO T-164 Method D). The methods are compared on the basis of the amounts of trichloroethane used, the exposure to trichloroethane while testing, the time needed to do the testing, and the accuracy of the asphalt content and aggregate gradation determinations (with the Reflux method serving as the standard of comparison). It was concluded that the Quick method was still the best alternative to the Reflux method, based primarily on the speed of the test and its close agreement with the Reflux method on asphalt content and percent passing the #200 sieve. All methods provided exposure to trichloroethane vapor well below the recommended allowable levels. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Chemical analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Methodology KW - Resource extraction KW - Trichloroethane UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/165.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287050 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478035 AU - Riverson, JDN AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE COORDINATION OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION TRUCK DATA IN INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10/26 SP - 59 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study on the evaluation of the coordination of WIM and other truck related data collection programs in Indiana. First, the types of use for truck related data by various agencies are identified. Alternative managements for administering WIM data collection within the context of the entire truck data collection program are reviewed and suggestions are made regarding the coordination of data collection programs including the manpower and equipment needs as well as an estimate of expected costs. KW - Coordination KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Management KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481042 AU - Thomaz, J E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPPORTING DOCUMENT FOR PC STABL 4M. INFORMATIONAL REPORT PY - 1988/10/04 SP - 138 p. AB - PCSTABL4M is a computer program written in FORTRAN source language for the general solution of two-dimensional slope stability problems using limiting equilibrium. This manual, while not intended to explain how PCSTABL4M functions or what assumptions are made to arrive at a solution, presents explanations on the use of certain features of PCSTABL4M. The following sections are included: (I) Introduction; (II) development of STABL; (III) problem geometry; (IV) piezometric surfaces; (V) boundary loads; (VI) earthquake loading; (VIII) concept of searching routines; (IX) tieback loads; (X) data preparation; (XI) input guide; (XII) error messages; (XIII) graphical output; and (XIV) introduction to PCSTABL4M. KW - Computer programs KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Manuals KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619198 AU - Reich, B M AU - Reich (BM), Consulting Engineer AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLOOD FREQUENCY METHODS FOR ARIZONA STREAMS: STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 56 p. AB - This report discusses various aspects of previous, present and future methodologies for flood frequency analysis. Means for developing estimates of flood peaks that have specified rare probabilities of occurring at gaged stream sites are described. Problems and means of estimating design flood at ungaged sites are described, including need for new short duration rainfall intensities. Emphasis is on arid zone difficulties. Promising new approaches are stressed. A strategy for executing the data analysis and a design manual for practicing engineers and hydrologists are presented. Manpower, time and budget requirements are estimated. KW - Arid land KW - Arid region KW - Arizona KW - Data analysis KW - Design flood KW - Estimating KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Gaging KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Measuring methods KW - Rainfall KW - Rainfall intensity KW - State of the art studies KW - Streams KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619199 AU - Hamilton, D L AU - MacArthur, R C AU - Li, R M AU - Simons, Li and Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FLOWS ON ALLUVIAL FANS: STATE OF THE ART. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 54 p. AB - A preliminary approach to the analysis of flows on alluvial fans is presented. The specific objective is the design of highway crossings constructed on alluvial fans in Arizona. Hydrologic, hydraulic and sedimentation effects are presented. The effect of development on alluvial fans is addressed and a work plan for future research is presented. KW - Alluvial fans KW - Alluvium KW - Arid land KW - Arid region KW - Arizona KW - Design KW - Development KW - Flow KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Sedimentation KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619197 AU - Fafitis, A AU - Divakar, M AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE DESIGN OF SIMPLE-SPAN PRECAST PRESTRESSED BRIDGE GIRDERS MADE CONTINUOUS FOR COMPOSITE DEAD AND LIVE LOADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 56 p. AB - A detailed investigation was undertaken to study the time-dependent behavior and relevant design criteria for simple-span precast prestressed bridge girders made continuous. A survey of different DOTs across the country was conducted by circulating questionnaires to determine the current practice of analysis and design of this type of bridge. Creep and shrinkage tests were conducted on steam cured concrete at an early age since this type of concrete is used in most precast girders. Computer simulations were carried out using the programs PBEAM and WALL-HINGE to investigate the effects of time-dependent material behavior and design parameters on the effective continuity for live load plus impact. The results indicate that positive moment connections in the diaphragms at the piers are not required as they have no structural advantages. The results also indicate that the effective continuity for live load plus impact can vary from 0 to 100% depending on the design parameters and sequence of construction. The computer analysis was used to determine an upper limit for the amount of negative moment reinforcement over the supports to ensure full moment redistribution and strength. Computer programs were developed based on simplified analysis to determine the time-dependent restraint moments and service moments upon application of live load. Recommendations for design procedures are included with examples. Suggestions for further research are also included. KW - Computer programs KW - Continuity KW - Creep tests KW - Data collection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Girders KW - Live loads KW - Measurement KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage tests KW - Simulation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Static loads KW - Surveys KW - Time dependence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611892 AU - Burch, S B AU - Parra, F AU - Townsend, F C AU - McVay, M C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF DESIGN METHODS FOR DRILLED SHAFTS (IN FLORIDA COHESIONLESS SOILS). VOLUME 1 OF 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 158 p. AB - This investigation was initiated to evaluate the literature for drilled shaft design procedures and to collect a database of instrumented, load tested shafts in order to verify the accuracy of the design procedures. From the investigation, three methods of design were selected and evaluated: the Load Test Method, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) method, and Gwizdala's method. Also, three types of failure criteria were evaluated--the 5% method, Davisson's method, and deBeer's method. Additionally, a database of 52 shafts was compiled to evaluate the design procedures. However, only 12 of these shafts reached 5% failure and were evaluated. The results of the investigation showed that the FHWA method was the most reliable and economical method of design of drilled shafts in cohesionless soils. However, it was also discovered that the FHWA method was very unconservative for shafts in weak soils. Additionally, it was found that the 5% criterion gave ultimate values of settlement that were too large for most structures. Therefore, it was recommended that Davisson's failure criterion be used since it gives more realistic results. The load-settlement response of 5 instrumented shafts was evaluated using the load shedding response of the shafts as input to a t-z computer program. Excellent agreement between predicted and measured values was obtained, which provides credence to the software and Load Test Method. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Failure KW - Failure criterion KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Granular soils KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Load settlement KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Settlement (Structures) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485341 AU - Skabardonis, A AU - Deakin, Harvey, Skabardonis, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRESSION THROUGH A SERIES OF INTERSECTIONS WITH TRAFFIC ACTUATED CONTROLLERS. VOLUME 2: USER'S GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Many traffic control systems on urban arterials and grid networks include signals with actuated controllers. However, commonly used computer programs for signal timing cannot directly optimize the timing of coordinated signals. Users have to apply techniques designed for pretimed signals, and then "translate" the optimized pretimed settings into settings for the actuated controllers. In addition, other signal control choices, such as whether to operate a particular signal as pretimed, semi-actuated, or fully actuated, are left entirely to the user. This report is a user's guide for applying the MAXBAND, PASSER and TRANSYT-7F timing programs to systems with actuated controllers. Guidelines on how to select the type of signal control at specific intersections for commonly occurring field conditions also are presented. The guidelines are based on operating strategies developed for 14 representative grid systems and arterials and tested through simulation, with the NETSIM program. Chapter 1 of this report describes procedures for translating pretimed timings to actuated controllers' settings for arterial systems. Chapter 2 describes such procedures for grid networks. Criteria for choosing the type of control at selected intersections in coordinated systems are presented in Chapter 3. The report is the second volume produced in this study. Volume 1, the technical report, presents the study methodology, the development of operating strategies, and the results from their application. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programs KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Optimization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Streets KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488761 AU - Racin, J A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVEGETATING DESERT CUT SLOPES WITH CONTAINERIZED NATIVE SHRUBS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 97 p. AB - Revegetating highway cut slopes in the California high desert was done to control erosion, restore wildlife habitat, and improve aesthetics. Detailed data analysis of survival, mortality, flowering, and other plant stresses, and recommended site preparation and planting procedures are documented. The objective was to compare relative success among three sources of plant materials: 1- nonlocal seedlings purchased from nurseries in Utah and Washington; 2- nonlocally gathered seed purchased from nurseries in Utah and Washington and seedlings raised locally in California by Caltrans and others; 3- seed collected and seedlings raised locally in California by Caltrans and others. Completed research tasks of species selection, seed collection, seedling propagation, facilities augmentation, and planting seedlings on highway slopes are documented in an Interim Report "Revegetation of Highway Slopes in the High Desert With Native Plant Seedlings" by Racin and Dayak (1986). Four cut slopes were planted along U.S. 395 in Inyo and Mono Counties, California with containerized native shrubs. Species were big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), rubber rabbitbush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), gray ephedra (Ephedra nevadensis), and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). Extra water was given to half the plants in the first growing season; survival was comparable to plants not watered. Project survival (65%) was considered good for a desert planting project: 700 live plants of 1080. Presoaking plant holes one week before planting, hardening plants, adding soil amendment, and using cages enhanced survival. KW - Aesthetics KW - California KW - Deserts KW - Effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Planting KW - Revegetation KW - Seedlings KW - Seeds KW - Shrubs KW - Survival KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488675 AU - Chou, C J AU - McCullough, B F AU - Hudson, W R AU - Saraf, C L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG-TERM MONITORING SYSTEM FOR TEXAS CRC PAVEMENT NETWORK. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 154 p. AB - This report represents the development of a pavement evaluation system, distress and decision criteria indices, and an experimental design for a long-term monitoring system of CRC pavement network. The indices are intended to provide the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) with guidelines for generating decisions for the management of roadway maintenance. The experimental condition survey was designed to collect data for the evaluation and modification of the current CRCP design procedures and develop the performance prediction models. The distress and decision criteria indices were developed on the basis of ten years of observed condition survey data using Discriminant Analysis. The distress index is a weighted combination of various distress manifestations occurring in a pavement section. The decision criteria index is a selected limiting value of distress index below which pavement rehabilitation, such as overlay, is recommended. In order to analyze the significance of the influence of the variables on pavement performance, a factorial experiment was designed. Random sampling technique was used in this study to select test projects from a set of experimental factorials. The visual experimental condition survey was conducted in the summer, 1987. Preliminary data analysis was performed and the result of the analysis indicated that the updated pavement design procedure and performance prediction models can be developed from further data analysis. KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Decision making KW - Defects KW - Discriminant analysis KW - Discriminate analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298952 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600442 AU - Bodker, E AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF END-ON CONSTRUCTION ON A COASTAL WETLAND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 76 p. AB - The study was intended to provide a data base of environmental considerations relating to the use of end-on construction for building elevated highways in coastal wetlands. Efforts to quantify general envrionmental changes occurring in the study area using aerial photography proceeded according to the preconstruction data collection plan of the original research proposal. Preliminary analysis revealed salinity to be the most influential environmental factor in the vicinity of the LaBranch Wetlands. Improved monitoring procedures were determined necessary to statistically quantify environmental changes resulting from saltwater influence. During an extended period of construction delays, activities unrelated to highway construction have altered the entire ecosystem of the research study area. Until the end-on section of the I-310 roadway is completed, no final environmental impacts can be evaluated. KW - Aerial photography KW - Coastal KW - Coasts KW - Construction KW - Ecology KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway bridges KW - Monitoring KW - Salinity KW - Wetlands UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_215.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343964 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488575 AU - Ardis, C V AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ODOT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION EFFECTIVENESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 119 p. AB - Thirty Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) research and development projects out of the 71 that were completed between 1980 and 1987 were included in this research. Twenty-four of the projects were evaluated as having implementable results that varied from zero to 100 percent. Six projects ended without findings or it could not be determined if the findings from the research were implementable or implemented. Of the 24 projects that had some degree of implementability, 12 projects could have had all of the research results implemented, but only 10 projects (at least one-third) were fully implemented. At a 90% level of confidence this research found that the ODOT R&D program has been successful and that benefit-cost ratios averaged medium to high. ODOT R&D implementation has been effective but there is room for significant improvement. Communication problems were found to be the root cause of research implementation ineffectiveness. Recommendations are included to improve the communication process and research implementation effectiveness. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Communications KW - Development KW - Effectiveness KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ohio KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496600 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE WOOD ENGINEERING SHORT COURSE. HARDWOODS AS AN ENGINEERING MATERIAL FOR TIMBER CONSTRUCTION. SELECTED MEETING PAPERS, OCTOBER 4-5, 1988 PY - 1988/10 SP - 225 p. AB - This document is a compilation of reports given at an Engineering Short Course held at Penn State University, October 4-5, 1988. The course was developed by Penn State University staff and subsequently held to provide information to both PennDOT and consulting engineers on the use of hardwoods for timber construction, particularly timber bridges. KW - Conferences KW - Hardwoods KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Timber construction KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478108 AU - Chang, D M AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF MICROCOMPUTER PACKAGES FOR NETWORK-BASED HIGHWAY PLANNING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 100 p. AB - In an effort to meet the increasing requirement to perform transportation studies for a small geographic area within a major urban area, existing microcomputer software was evaluated for suitability to perform subarea analysis and its compatibility with the output from the Texas Travel Demand Package. The initial phase of the study included a detailed literature and software search. Eleven potential transportation software packages were identified and five packages were chosen for further in-depth evaluation. They are: TAANPLAN/NEDS (11 program diskettes and user's manual); MicroTRIPS (9 program diskettes and user's manual); MINUTP (5 demonstration diskettes and user's manual); MOTORS (11 diskettes and user's manual); and TransPro (2 demonstration diskettes and user's manual). Information was provided by each vendor in January 1987. TRANPLAN, MicroTRIP, and MINUTP packages are the comprehensive software systems for transportation planning and parallel UTPS/PLANPAC in functional capability. However, MicroTRIPS and MINUTP are evaluated as being less compatible with the Texas Traffic Assignment Package and as having fewer capabilities than TRANPLAN. MOTORS package has limited network plotting capabilities and functional network building capabilities. TransPro package is too simple to be compatible with the network-based analysis used by the Texas Travel Demand Package. Finally, the TRANPLAN/NEDS packages were selected for suitability to perform subarea analysis and for compatibility with the output from the Texas Travel Demand Package. KW - Highway planning KW - Microcomputers KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Software KW - Subarea analysis KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478043 AU - Chang, D M AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETAILED EVALUATION OF THE TRANPLAN PACKAGE OF MICROCOMPUTER PROGRAMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 94 p. AB - This report represents the detailed evaluation of the TRANPLAN package including sample control files and outputs incorporated in a research project entitled "Subarea Analysis Using Microcomputers." One of the study objectives is to develop and incorporate procedures into the Texas Travel Demand Package for downloading a portion of the output from the Texas Package to the selected microcomputer transportation planning package to perform subarea analysis. The TRANPLAN package was tested and recommended for interface with the Texas Package. TRANPLAN is a comprehensive, fully-integrated, and user-oriented transportation modeling software with highway and transit programs. Unlike other software, TRANPLAN uses English-like syntax and uniform specifications in all programs. TRANPLAN is distributed on 12 (13 if plotting) diskettes, and requires about 3.5 MB of storage if all programs are transferred to a hard disk. The entire set of programs is separated into 42 modules referred to as "FUNCTIONS," each of which has specific capabilities. TRANPLAN documentation is available in hard copy. The package also includes substantial plotting capability. Recently, TRANPLAN has been interfaced with on-line, interactive graphics software for Network Editing and Display (NEDS). Detailed evaluation of TRANPLAN plotting capabilities and NEDS were included in this report. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Interactive graphics KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Plotting KW - Software KW - Subarea analysis KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286957 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486102 AU - Abghari, A AU - Stoughton, R L AU - Dusel, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE IMPACT TESTING OF LIGHTWEIGHT LIGHTING STANDARDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 238 p. AB - The results of seven full-scale vehicular crash tests on 35-ft-high breakaway lighting standards with 20-ft-long mast arms are presented and compared with the recommended crash test criteria in NCHRP Report 230 and with the new 1985 AASHTO Standard Specifications for structural supports. The test devices consisted of 1) an aluminum lighting standard with cast aluminum breakaway couplings, 2) a lightweight steel lighting standard with cast aluminum breakaway couplings and with a triangular slip base, and 3) a typical California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) type 31 lighting standard with triangular slip base. Honda Civic automobiles (1979 vintage) each weighing 1800 lb were used as the crash vehicles. Tests were performed at 20 and 60 mph with centered and off-centered impacts. All the lighting standards tested met the requirements of NCHRP Report 230 with minor exceptions. The 1985 AASHTO Standard Specifications for breakaway bases, however, were met in all seven crash tests. Although the die-cast aluminum coupling proved to be an effective breakaway device when impacted by 1800-lb cars, excessive porosity and lack of compliance with Caltrans specifications preclude the use of these couplings as a standard Caltrans breakaway device. The Caltrans triangular steel slip base proved to be an effective breakaway device when impacted by 1800-lb cars. KW - Aluminum KW - Breakaway supports KW - Couplers KW - Impact tests KW - Lighting columns KW - Lightweight materials KW - Mast arms KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Steel KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297647 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00485433 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Newell, G F AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THEORY OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 453 p. AB - This report gives a comprehensive survey of the theory of highway traffic signals including isolated signals, one-way arterials, two-way arterials, and networks, limited, however, to the common right angle junctions. The emphasis is on the logistics of control strategies rather than recipes for implementation. It is anticipated, however, that the implementation of some of the strategies described here will give substantial reductions in delays as compared with existing procedures. KW - Arterial highways KW - Four leg intersections KW - Four way intersections KW - One way traffic KW - Queueing theory KW - Queuing theory KW - Streets KW - Traffic flow theory KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/300287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485340 AU - Skabardonis, A AU - Deakin, Harvey, Skabardonis, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRESSION THROUGH A SERIES OF INTERSECTIONS WITH TRAFFIC ACTUATED CONTROLLERS. VOLUME 1: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 141 p. AB - Many traffic control systems on urban arterials and grid networks include signals with actuated controllers. However, commonly used computer programs for signal timing cannot directly optimize the timing of coordinated signals. Users have to apply techniques designed for pretimed signals, and then "translate" the optimized pretimed settings into settings for the actuated controllers. In addition, other signal control choices, such as whether to operate a particular signal as pretimed, semi-actuated, or fully actuated, are left entirely to the user. This report describes the development of procedures for applying the MAXBAND, PASSER and TRANSYT-7F timing programs to systems with actuated controllers. The results from the testing of the procedures on 14 representative grid systems and arterials with the NETSIM simulation model are presented. The report also describes the development and testing of criteria for selecting the type of signal control at specific intersections for commonly occurring field conditions. The report is the first volume produced in this study. Volume 2 is the User's Guide for implementation of the research findings. KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Arterial highways KW - Computer programs KW - Grids (Transmission lines) KW - Optimization KW - Signalized intersections KW - Streets KW - Traffic actuated controllers KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483852 AU - Gilfert, J C AU - Athens Technical Specialists, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PC DATA TRANSFER SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 13 p. AB - Two pavement analysis systems operated by the Ohio Department of Transportation have been modified to interface with IBM Personal Computers and upgraded in hardware and software to facilitate data transfer and continuing studies. Specifically, a serial data transfer program has been written for reading field data files, a 3.5" floppy disk drive has been added, the previous 10-Megabyte hard-disk-drive has been replaced with a 30-Megabyte drive, and a math co-processor has been added. KW - Data communications KW - Data transfers KW - Evaluation KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hardware KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Personal computers KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483838 AU - Denson, K H AU - Mississippi State University, Mississippi State AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXTENDED EVALUATION OF CBG (CURVED BOX GIRDER) AND WCBG (WIDE CURVED BOX GIRDER) COMPUTER PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 140 p. AB - An extended evaluation of CBG and WCBG computer programs was conducted to study the inaccuracies of the CBG program as span/width ratios of curved rectangular box girders decreased. A total of 20 bridges were analyzed in this phase. The effects of abutment skew angle and degree of curve on important structural parameters was studied using the WCBG program. A total of 35 bridges were analyzed, for this portion. Results for the most part are presented in dimensionless ratios and indicate that analysis methods based on a unit beam concept are quite accurate for span/width ratios above two and degrees of curve below thirty. Results of the skew and curvature studies indicate that both cause significant changes in most structural parameters and dramatic changes in shear force and abutment reactions when compared with a straight bridge of the same span. This information should be of value to designers in comparing particular bridges with results contained herein. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge abutments KW - Computer programs KW - Curvature KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Girder bridges KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Skew angle KW - Skewed structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483837 AU - Gendron, D E AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SMOOTH VS. RIBBED FRICTION TEST TIRES AS A MEANS OF MEASURING MACROTEXTURE OF PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 33 p. AB - Two aspects of pavement surfaces that influence traction during wet weather are 1) macrotexture, which provides both temporary storage volume and drainage channels and 2) microtexture of the aggregate, which provides direct tire contact. Grooving of slippery pavements has increased macrotexture depths and sharply reduced the incidence of wet weather accidents without a commensurate rise in the friction number as measured with the standard ribbed test tire. While raising the question of the ribbed tire's suitability as a tool for estimating friction availability in real driving practice, this suggests that it is sensitive mainly to changes in pavement microtexture and not macrotexture. On the other hand, the standard smooth-tread tire is dependent upon both macrotexture and microtexture to allow development of traction force in wetted pavement testing. Research has sought to use the different responses of these two tires to identify textural properties of safe pavements and to provide quick and accurate assessments of pavement texture. This project evaluated FHWA outflowmeter time, sand patch mean texture depth, and friction test data from both the smooth and ribbed tires on bituminous surfaces in West-Central Indiana in Autumn, 1987. On the basis of data from only eleven sites, significant correlation between friction data and both mean texture depth and outflowmeter time were obtained. It is recommended that the data base be expanded to establish the relationships over a fuller range of pavements. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Friction KW - Macrotexture KW - Microtexture KW - Pavements KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surface treating KW - Test tires KW - Texture KW - Tires KW - Traction KW - Vehicle tests KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482293 AU - Sicking, D L AU - Qureshy, A B AU - Bligh, R P AU - Ross, H E AU - Buth, C E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF NEW GUARDRAIL END TREATMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 244 p. AB - This report describes the development of two new end treatments for W-beam guardrail. The first design, called the "split rail end treatment," consists of weakened W-beam segments, with slots cut along the length of the rail to reduce the buckling strength of the rail. The end of the rail is flared and anchored with standard "breakaway-cable-terminal" hardware. The split rail design was crash tested and shown to be in compliance with nationally recognized impact performance standards. The second design, called the "guardrail extruder terminal," consists of a device that, when struck, causes the W-beam to be flattened and projected in front of the impacting vehicle and behind the guardrail. Vehicular energy is dissipated in the process, resulting in a uniform, controlled deceleration of the vehicle. The guardrail extruder terminal was crash tested and shown to be in compliance with nationally recognized impact performance standards. Of the two designs, the guardrail extruder terminal offers the greatest improvement in comparison to present guardrail end treatments. It is advantageous in terms of cost, impact performance, and design. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Crashes KW - End treatments KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality of work KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482391 AU - Atkinson, R H AU - Atkinson-Noland & Associates, Incorporated AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETRIEVABLE TEST RIG FOR DRILLED PIER BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 49 p. AB - In this research study a retrievable test rig for drilled piers was designed, manufactured and field tested. The test rig is designed to determine actual in-situ values of side shear and end bearing capacity of a soil or rock deposit. These values can then be used for design purposes. Two devices were built and seven field tests were conducted using exploration drilling trucks of the Colorado Department of Highways. Results from these tests are presented. KW - Bridge piers KW - Drilled shafts KW - End bearing KW - End bearing piles KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Shear stress KW - Side shear KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479388 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Hummer, J AU - Goodell-Grivas Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARY EXAMINATION OF TRUCK ACCIDENTS ON URBAN FREEWAYS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 116 p. AB - This document critiques and summarizes available literature on truck accidents on urban freeways. The magnitude and the characteristics of these accidents are discussed. The consequences of urban freeway large truck accidents are also summarized. Available data analysis methods and references are included. An annotated bibliography of this literature discusses each item separately, and its usefulness for studying truck accidents on urban freeways. KW - Bibliographies KW - Crashes KW - Freeways KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479596 AU - Laursen, E M AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCOUR IN SUPERCRITICAL FLOW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 106 p. AB - Scour in supercritical flow is one extreme aspect of the effects of velocity on scour. Analysis of the case of scour in a long contraction shows that if all other independent variables are kept constant (1) some finite velocity is necessary to have any scour, (2) as the velocity is increased, the scour increases as long as there is no sediment movement in the wide, approach reach, and (3) as sediment movement in the approach increases with further increase in the velocity, the scour decreases a modest amount. The analysis does not indicate that there should necessarily be a change in behavior in supercritical flow--although the definition of scour needs to consider velocity head changes and energy losses. Rather than velocity, the variable of interest should be the ratio of the particle shear to the critical tractive force. Adaption of the long-contraction solution to the case of the pier or abutment indicates that the scour at a pier or abutment should display the same behavior: scour increasing with velocity for the clear-water condition and decreasing slightly for sediment-transporting flow. Experiments agree with the analysis for both geometries. No instability of flow or other "strange" behavior was noted in the supercritical flow, possibly because of the simplicity of the geometries, or because the equipment could not achieve high enough Froude numbers. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Scour KW - Sediment movement KW - Supersonic flow KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479595 AU - Reich, B M AU - Brazel, A J AU - Clark, R A AU - Reich, Brian M, Consulting Engineer AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STORM RAINFALL PROBABILITY ATLAS FOR ARIZONA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 110 p. AB - Estimates of short duration rainfall intensities are critical input parameters for the design of highway drainage. This is of particular importance in urban areas. Besides highway use during heavy rainfall, property adjacent to highway right-of-way is subject also to flood damage due to heavy runoff. Precipitation-frequency Atlases in current use in Arizona were prepared using data prior to 1970. Considerable data are available to update these reports. New studies are needed incorporating hydrometeorological considerations in the statistical analyses and regional smoothing. A survey of precipitation data currently available indicates such studies are feasible and could lead to significant improvements over previous studies. The pre-overhead estimate for preparing the recommended study totals $242,500, which includes: (1) Storm Rainfall Probability Atlas, and (2) In-Storm Temporal and Areal Distribution Manual. This estimate does not include overheads which are sometimes negotiated. It does include $24,000 to produce a designer-oriented manual on Temporal/Areal within-storm criteria. KW - Arizona KW - Atlases KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Floods KW - Hydrometeorological data KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479246 AU - Chang, D M AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS FROM TRANPLAN WITH THE TEXAS PACKAGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 44 p. AB - This report represents the comparison of the results from TRANPLAN with the Texas Travel Demand Package (Texas Package) incorporated in a research project entitled "Subarea Analysis Using Microcomputers." One of the study objectives is to develop and incorporate into the Texas Package procedures for downloading a portion of the output from the Texas Package to the selected microcomputer transportation planning package to perform subarea analysis. TRANPLAN was tested and recommended for interface with the Texas Package. A two-phase test procedure was utilized: Phase I -- assignment comparisons using the same trip table and Phase II -- trip table comparisons. The 1985 network in Bryan-College Station was selected as the data base for this test. The results from the TRANPLAN assignments using three different assignment techniques were compared to the Texas Large Network Assignment Models results. The analysis included selected link, screenlines, cutlines, and major travel routes comparisons. Phase II investigated alternative trip distribution techniques (i.e., TRANPLAN, Texas Model, and Atomistic distributions) for the modeling of the trip table. The results of three trip tables were then compared on a cell-by-cell basis. It was found that there were no differences using All-Or-Nothing, and that there were no significant differences between the TRANPLAN Incremental assignment and the new capacity restraint assignment of the Texas Large Network Assignment Models. There are slight differences of trip tables between TRANPLAN and MODEL, but the differences are not practically significant. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Subarea analysis KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning KW - Trip distribution UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479244 AU - Washington, E J AU - Stokes, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING APPRAISED VALUES IN HIGHWAY LAND ACQUISITION CASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 85 p. AB - In 1984, Section 21.042 of the Texas Property Code was amended to allow for the benefit to a remainder of property condemned for highway purposes to be subtracted from the compensation paid for the part taken. Prior to this time, special benefits were allowed to be offset against damages to the remainder, but not against the value of the land taken. The overall goal of this research was to examine the impacts of this amendment on highway land acquisition cases. The amendment was declared unconstitutional in 1987. As a result, the immediate usefulness of the research has been reduced. However, the information presented should be useful to other State Departments of Highways and, possibly, the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) in the future. This report presents an overview of the highway right-of-way appraisal process, the role of the principal actors involved, and key factors which affect appraised values in highway condemnation cases. Additionally, it describes the operational experiences of the appraisal section of the SDHPT under the amendment to Section 21.042 of the Property Code brought about during the 68th Texas Legislature. The analyses provide insights that are applicable to the assessment of the financial impacts of House Bill 101 on partial takings during the 1984-87 period. Finally, the preliminary investigations concerning the development of an indexing system to measure quantitatively the special benefit, by locational characteristic and improvement type, that result to real property in partial takings are summarized. KW - Accessibility KW - Appraisals KW - Compensation KW - Eminent domain KW - Employee compensation KW - Guidelines KW - Partial taking KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Taking (Property) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478201 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK ESCAPE RAMP DESIGN METHODOLOGY, VOLUME 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/10 SP - 52 p. AB - One of the best and most frequently used mechanisms for stopping runaway trucks is the truck escape ramp, in particular, the gravel arrester bed. To learn more about the energy-absorbing characteristics of the stone and to develop better design criteria, the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI) conducted full-scale testing of gravel arrester beds. This report presents a summary of the data taken, the methods used for data reduction and analysis, and conclusions based on these tests, and recommendations for gravel arrester bed design are given in chapter 8 of Volume 2. For this study, PTI constructed two 300-ft-long test ramps, one filled with rounded river-bed gravel and the other with more angular crushed gravel. Tests were performed using a dump truck and a single-axle tractor with a flatbed trailer. The data taken included entry speed, stopping distance, accelerometer data, cross-section measurements of the ruts left by the truck tires, and distance vs. time data. The river gravel exhibited greater tire penetration and volume of stones displaced along with greater deceleration forces than the crushed gravel. Existing arrester beds at the Punxsutawney, Pleasant Gap, and Freeport sites were also studied and represented the standards of excellence, showing an average deceleration of 0.516 g. However, test results show that 36 inches give similar decelerations. Finally, mounds and crash barrels filled with stone were tested and evaluated. Based on test results, a model was developed for use in arrester bed design. KW - Arrester beds KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Energy absorption KW - Escape lanes KW - Gravel KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Recommendations KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287043 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478202 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Rivera-Ortiz, L A AU - WANG, M C AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK ESCAPE RAMP DESIGN METHODOLOGY, VOLUME 2: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 231 p. AB - One of the best and most frequently used mechanisms for stopping runaway trucks is the truck escape ramp, in particular, the gravel arrester bed. To learn more about the energy-absorbing characteristics of the stone and to develop better design criteria, the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI) conducted full-scale testing of gravel arrester beds. This report presents a summary of the data taken, the methods used for data reduction and analysis, and conclusions based on these tests, and recommendations for gravel arrester bed design are given in chapter 8 of Volume 2. For this study, PTI constructed two 300-ft-long test ramps, one filled with rounded river-bed gravel and the other with more angular crushed gravel. Tests were performed using a dump truck and a single-axle tractor with a flatbed trailer. The data taken included entry speed, stopping distance, accelerometer data, cross-section measurements of the ruts left by the truck tires, and distance vs. time data. The river gravel exhibited greater tire penetration and volume of stones displaced along with greater deceleration forces than the crushed gravel. Existing arrester beds at the Punxsutawney, Pleasant Gap, and Freeport sites were also studied and represented the standards of excellence, showing an average deceleration of 0.516 g. However, test results show that 36 inches give similar decelerations. Finally, mounds and crash barrels filled with stone were tested and evaluated. Based on test results, a model was developed for use in arrester bed design. KW - Arrester beds KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Deceleration KW - Design KW - Energy absorption KW - Escape lanes KW - Gravel KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Recommendations KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478111 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Bionda, R A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE/REHABILITATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 115 p. AB - Many miles of pavement on highways are composed of portland cement concrete (PCC). These pavements are approaching the end of their design life, and many have reached their terminal serviceability level. The need to develop more dependable rehabilitation techniques for PCC pavements is becoming increasingly important. One method is to construct an asphaltic concrete overlay on existing pavement. An overlay can improve pavement performance by increasing the structural capacity of the pavement systems and reducing pavement deflections. An overlay, however, can create maintenance problems, particularly from reflection cracking at the location of joints and cracks in the underlying slab. The sawing and sealing of joints in the AC overlay directly above joints in the underlying PCC slab is believed to control the occurrence and severity of reflective cracks, and thus prolong the life of the overlay. This report is in two parts. The first examines the literature and evaluates the performance of in-service saw and seal overlays. Part II develops many of the recommendations from the research effort into guidelines for techniques and specifications for sawing and sealing operations. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Guidelines KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478200 AU - Hardy, H R AU - Belesky, R M AU - Kimble, E J AU - Mrugala, M AU - Hager, M E AU - Taioli, F AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE POTENTIAL OF THE ACOUSTIC EMISSION/MICROSEISMIC TECHNIQUE AS A MEANS OF EVALUATING SLOPE STABILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 304 p. AB - The results of a research program undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using acoustic emission/microseismic (AE/MS) techniques as a means of evaluating the stability of highway slopes, and specifically rock slopes, are discussed. The report includes a review of the literature available relative to slope stability and in particular the application of AE/MS techniques to slope stability monitoring; a review of the principles of the technique; a description of the apparatus and techniques utilized for low- and high-frequency AE/MS field studies; a detailed description of the specific AE/MS field studies carried out; a discussion of the feasibility of AE/MS slope monitoring and proposed routine field procedures; and an outline of proposed additional studies. The results indicate that the AE/MS technique is a feasible method for highway slope stability monitoring. Suitable methods were developed for transducer installation and data acquisition. The AE/MS character of simulated slope instabilities and highway background noise were investigated, and methods for reduction of background noise considered. AE/MS source location techniques were investigated at one slope site and found to provide suitably accurate location data. A special AE/MS system was developed for monitoring rock falls and found to perform well under typical field conditions. A high frequency AE/MS parametric system for routine slope stability monitoring was developed and field tested with encouraging results. KW - Accuracy KW - Acoustic emission KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rockfalls KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478112 AU - Garcia-Diaz, A AU - Buffington, J AU - Cediel-Franco, F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EVALUATION PROCEDURES CONCERNING THE USE OF CONTRACTORS AND STATE FORCES IN ROUTINE MAINTENANCE AND MOWING PROJECTS. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1988/10 SP - 7 p. AB - MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES: This part of the overall study was accomplished through the following sequence of activities: (a) data collection and evaluation for four types of routine maintenance projects (seal coats, guardrail repairs, rest area maintenance and pavement marking); (b) identification of project characteristics affecting contractor and in-house projects; (c) evaluation of cost components for in-house projects (direct, overhead, building-use, insurance, downtime) and for contractor projects (bid price, administration, supervision). Results obtained are based on 403 projects conducted at six selected Districts. MOWING, HERBICIDE SPRAYING AND LITTER PICKUP ACTIVITIES: The analytical method used in this part of the study consists of four basic activities: (a) identification of relevant factors, benefits and costs; (b) examination of changes in mowing practices and costs on the basis of data for 13 Districts and SDHPT computer files; (c) cost-comparisons of contracting versus using in-house forces, using mowing cost data from a selected sample of road sections in 13 Districts and generating litter pickup cost differentials between the two strategies; (d) benefit and cost analysis of a pest plant control program on the basis of data collected from secondary sources and SDHPT. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Contractors KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Mowing KW - Pavement maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286996 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480954 AU - Basu, S AU - McHale, G AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN (NARD). VOLUME 2. PROGRAMMERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09/30 SP - 255 p. AB - NARD is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering, and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations and nonlinear material behavior are accommodated in the program. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The NARD code resulted from extensive revisions and modifications of an earlier computer code, called CRUNCH. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Fixed object KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480956 AU - Basu, S AU - McHale, G AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN (NARD). VOLUME 4. VALIDATION REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09/30 SP - 68 p. AB - NARD is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering, and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations and nonlinear material behavior are accommodated in the program. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The NARD code resulted from extensive revisions and modifications of an earlier computer code, called CRUNCH. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Fixed object KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480953 AU - Basu, S AU - McHale, G AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN (NARD). VOLUME 1. USERS MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09/30 SP - 303 p. AB - NARD is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering, and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations and nonlinear material behavior are accommodated in the program. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The NARD code resulted from extensive revisions and modifications of an earlier computer code, called CRUNCH. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Fixed object KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00480955 AU - Basu, S AU - McHale, G AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ROADSIDE DESIGN (NARD). VOLUME 3. VALIDATION PROCEDURE MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09/30 SP - 128 p. AB - NARD is a finite element code with the capability of simulating vehicle dynamics and maneuvering, and vehicle crashes with roadside objects. The vehicle is modeled as a three-dimensional lumped parameter articulated body consisting of multiple units. The barrier is modeled as a three-dimensional object represented by displacement finite elements. Large deflections and rotations and nonlinear material behavior are accommodated in the program. The vehicle/barrier interaction is modeled by geometrically determining the interference between the two surfaces. The NARD code resulted from extensive revisions and modifications of an earlier computer code, called CRUNCH. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite elements KW - Fixed object KW - Manuals KW - Motor vehicle accidents KW - Numerical analysis KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291751 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481052 AU - GangaRao, H V S AU - Vali, A AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF TRUCK TIRE-OPEN STEEL GRID DECK CONTACT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION. FINAL REPORT - VOLUME II PY - 1988/09/27 SP - 161 p. AB - This study deals with the mathematical and experimental determination of contact pressure distribution between bridge decks and truck tires. The variables associated with this study are: Tire inflation pressure, axle loads, treaded or bald tires, main bar spacing and its orientation with traffic flow. A classical structural mechanics approach for the contact pressure distribution has been developed by idealizing the steel grid deck and the tire as two different springs in series. In addition, an approximate, but simplified distribution procedure has been developed. Comparisons of results from these models with the test data are found to be more than satisfactory. Synthesis of test data revealed the following trends: (a) an increase in inflation pressure increases the peak values of the contact pressure distribution profile and these peaks shifted towards the center of the tire meridian; (2) the maximum contact pressure is found to be about 2.5 times the average pressure computed from the current AASHTO Specifications for Highway Bridges; (3) the rate of increase in contact pressure is not directly proportional to the increase in axle loads; (4) fully treaded tires are found to result in higher contact pressures rather than bald tires; and (5) load carried by main bars is higher when they are placed perpendicular rather than parallel to the traffic flow. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Contact pressure KW - Field tests KW - Inflation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pressure KW - Tire pressure KW - Tire treads KW - Tire-bridge deck interface KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485681 AU - Coree, B AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LAYER COEFFICIENTS IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE AND MIXTURE CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/09/05 SP - 19 p. AB - A set of AASHTO Layer Coefficients has been derived for the ten bituminous mixtures currently specified by the Indiana Department of Highways (IDOH). This project was initiated by IDOH in response to a perceived need to optimize material usage through the design process. Layer Coefficients previously derived by other agencies were found to be inadequate for a variety of reasons. Indeed, Layer Coefficients as derived at the AASHO Road Test were shown to be flawed in concept. Recognizing that bituminous materials are very sensitive to temperature and time of loading, a probabilistic approach was used to explicitly account for the range and variety of environmental and traffic conditions encountered in Indiana. Equally, in-place bituminous mixtures represent sample values of specification envelopes, or tolerances: the probable range of mixture parameters was used in the analysis to derive Layer Coefficient Distributions rather than unique, deterministic values. Two powerful methods were used in the analysis: the van der Poel/Ullidtz/Bonnaure et al. method of predicting bituminous material stiffness, S sub b, and the Rosenblueth Point Estimate Method for dealing with variable distributions rather than mean, or expected, values. It is believed that the resulting Layer Coefficients are more realistic and represent the true range of behavior observed in practice. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Environmental impacts KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer coefficients KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Specifications KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485682 AU - Coree, B AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LAYER COEFFICIENTS IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE AND MIXTURE CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09/05 SP - 104 p. AB - A set of AASHTO Layer Coefficients has been derived for the ten bituminous mixtures currently specified by the Indiana Department of Highways (IDOH). This project was initiated by IDOH in response to a perceived need to optimize material usage through the design process. Layer Coefficients previously derived by other agencies were found to be inadequate for a variety of reasons. Indeed, Layer Coefficients as derived at the AASHO Road Test were shown to be flawed in concept. Recognizing that bituminous materials are very sensitive to temperature and time of loading, a probabilistic approach was used to explicitly account for the range and variety of environmental and traffic conditions encountered in Indiana. Equally, in-place bituminous mixtures represent sample values of specification envelopes, or tolerances: the probable range of mixture parameters was used in the analysis to derive Layer Coefficient Distributions rather than unique, deterministic values. Two powerful methods were used in the analysis: the van der Poel/Ullidtz/Bonnaure et al. method of predicting bituminous material stiffness, S sub b, and the Rosenblueth Point Estimate Method for dealing with variable distributions rather than mean, or expected, values. It is believed that the resulting Layer Coefficients are more realistic and represent the true range of behavior observed in practice. KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Environmental impacts KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer coefficients KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Specifications KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297528 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414894 AU - Virmani, Y P AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Time to corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete slabs, volume 6: calcium nitrite admixture PY - 1988/09 IS - FHWA/RD-88-165 SP - 50p AB - Eighteen relatively large reinforced concrete slabs were fabricated in 1980 using calcium nitrite admixture with black (uncoated) steel. Their performance is compared with uncoated steel in concrete without admixtures. The slabs were placed in two lifts: the bottom lift consisted of a bottom mat of reinforcing steel in chloride free concrete, and a top lift consisting of the top mat rebars in concrete contaminated with various quantities of sodium chloride. All the electrical connections between the reinforcing mats were made exterior to the slabs so that the corrosion current flow could be measured. After curing, the slabs were mounted above ground and exposed to the environment of the Washington, DC, Northern Virginia area. They were periodically subjected to additional chloride exposure while being monitored for the initial 1 year period. Findings of the study indicate that the calcium nitrite can be effective in reducing rate of corrosion for black reinforcing steel embedded in salt contaminated concrete up to Cl/No2 ratio of 0.9. KW - Additives KW - Admixture KW - Bridge deck KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Material properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Slab KW - Slabs KW - Steel KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414478 AU - Brown, C AU - Hott, C AU - Totani, N AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Luminaire support capability program PY - 1988/09 IS - FHWA/RD-88-261 SP - 26p AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Union Metal Corporation transformer base A2849. KW - Crash test KW - Frangible joint KW - Impact tests KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Lighting KW - Lighting KW - Lighting column KW - Lighting columns KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Structural testing KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738911 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Courtney, E E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALCIUM NITRITE AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1988/09 SP - 28 p. AB - The use of calcium nitrite as a corrosion-inhibiting admixture in reinforced concrete has been studied on two bridges - the Kentucky 152 Bridge in Washington County and the Gose Road Bridge in Boyle County. Calcium nitrite was added to concrete used in the slabs, diaphragms and barriers of the KY 152 bridge and only in the slab of the Gose Road bridge. Construction of both structures was monitored in the fall of 1986. Placement of concrete on both bridges was satisfactory; however, problems were experienced in finishing the concrete. The finishing problems were related to: 1) concrete "stickiness"; 2) use of spinning-drum screed; 3) use of tyning for deck grooving; and 4) contractor inexperience with the concrete. The finishing problems included: 1) pulled or exposed aggregate; 2) pull cracks; 3) unclosed surface voids; and 4) irregular grooves. Compressive strength of the calcium-nitrite admixed concrete for both bridges exceeded 6,000 psi at 28 days. Freeze-thaw tests of specimens from the Gose Road bridge concrete (that incorporated a super water reducer) indicated no deterioration at 360 freeze-thaw cycles. Half-cell, corrosion-potential tests were conducted on both bridge decks in March 1987. Those tests revealed no active corrosion in either bridge. In July 1987, corrosion-potential and polarization-resistance tests were performed using stainless-steel reference electrodes buried in concrete across the deck of the Gose Road bridge. Those tests revealed that reinforcing steel in the bridge was in a passive state and that no active corrosion was occurring. Recommendations are included on remedying concrete-finishing problems. It is recommended that other experimental bridges be constructed using calcium nitrite. KW - Admixtures KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete finishing KW - Concrete placing KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion monitoring KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Monitoring KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Test results KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497303 AU - Wattleworth, J A AU - Atherley, R J AU - Hsu, P AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR USE IN CALCULATING BENEFIT/COST. DEVELOPMENT OF ACCIDENT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR FLORIDA. TECHNICAL REPORT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1988/09 SP - 410 p. AB - Accident reduction factors are a necessary element needed for the determination of benefit/cost (B/C) ratios. These ratios are crucial for the assessment for fund allocations for safety improvement projects. The Florida Department of Transportation sponsored a program at the University of Florida in order to develop accident reduction factors relating specifically to Florida's accident experience. Current methodologies used in the determination of accident reduction factors were reviewed, and a simple "before" and "after" study was selected. Accident data taken from three years before and three years after the implementation of a safety countermeasure were analyzed, and the results were compared to other states' accident reduction factors. Data were available for only 58 of the 103 countermeasure types selected for analysis. From the implemented improvement sites that were analyzed, it was found that 24 (41%) were statistically significant based on the assumption of a Poisson distribution at a 95% confidence level. A computer program for the annual reevaluation of accident reduction factors has been produced, and represents significant development towards maintaining Florida's state-of-the-art Highway Safety Improvement Program. This is Volume 1 of a three volume report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Countermeasures KW - Florida KW - Fund allocations KW - Improvements KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486270 AU - James, J M AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT MIX PERMEABILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 70 p. AB - The permeability of various asphalt concrete hot mix binder and surface courses was tested during the course of this study. This study concluded that permeabilities can be obtained such that a general comparison between various asphalt mixes is achieved. However, the attempts to determine which mix variables significantly change permeability were not conclusive because of the simplicity of the testing equipment and the complex nature of asphalt concrete hot mixes. Also, this project was able to establish a range of permeabilities for the Arkansas asphalt surface and binder courses tested. Accepted permeability standards as suggested by the available literature are presented relative to this range of permeabilities. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binder course KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Permeability KW - Standards KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Testing UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2082.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297755 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490037 AU - Hicks, R G AU - Zhou, H AU - Connor, B AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA. VOLUME III: FIELD MANUAL PY - 1988/09 SP - v.p. AB - This manual describes a mechanistic overlay design procedure for use in the state of Alaska. This procedure is based upon the fundamental characteristics of pavement layer properties and uses a linear elastic program ELSYM5 to determine strains at critical locations. The tensile strain at the bottom of the surface layer is used to control fatigue, while the compressive strain on top of the subgrade is used to control rutting. Failure criteria developed by the Asphalt Institute are used to determine pavement life. Seasonal effects on pavement layer properties and traffic are also considered. Miner's rule is used to address total pavement damage for all seasons. A comprehensive example illustrating the design procedure is presented. KW - Alaska KW - Computer programs KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Frigid regions KW - Manuals KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_06b.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488590 AU - Magnuson, A H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF FALLING-WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 90 p. AB - Falling-Weight Deflectometer data from three in-service pavement sections have been used to analyze dynamic response characteristics. The analyzed data will be used later in the project along with computer predictions of pavement response to backcalculate engineering properties of pavements. The pavements had thicknesses of 1.5 in., 9 in., and 12 in., and two load levels were tested. The full pulse data are presented for the dropweight force and all seven surface displacement sensors. The analysis was performed in the frequency domain using frequency response functions computed from the pulse data. The frequency response functions were computed by dividing the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the displacements by the FFT of the force. Magnitude and phase angles of the frequency response functions are presented. An undesirable oscillation was present in the frequency response functions. This was attributed to a discontinuity in the displacement pulses resulting from zero-packing in the FFT Program. The pulses have a non-zero "tail" value at the end of the 60 msec sample period which causes the discontinuity. The pulse "tail" may be due to drift, permanent deformation of the pavement, or premature truncation before the transient response has died out. A linear correction to the pulses that eliminated the discontinuity was applied to one test case. This eliminated the undesirable oscillation, giving the responses a more regular behavior similar to predicted theoretical responses. This correction should facilitate comparison studies of computed versus measured FWD responses. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600448 AU - Zhou, H AU - Hicks, R G AU - Connor, B AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA. VOLUME IV: COMPUTER PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 89 p. AB - This volume describes six computer programs that are needed to implement the improved overlay design procedure developed for the state of Alaska. The programs are: ELSDEF, ELSCRN, BOUSDEF, AMOD, MECHOD, and ELSYM5. Each program is used for different purposes. Specifically, ELSDEF is used to determine pavement layer moduli from deflection basin data. ELSCRN is an auxiliary tool for use with the ELSDEF program and it makes ELSDEF much more easy and friendly. BOUSDEF is a backcalculation program. Like ELSDEF, the BOUSDEF determines pavement layer moduli using deflection basin data. BOUSDEF runs much faster than ELSDEF, therefore, it can be used for screening deflection data. AMOD is used to determine the modulus of asphalt concrete mixtures based on laboratory test data. MECHOD is a computerized procedure for mechanistic overlay design. Finally, ELSYM5 is a program used to calculate stresses, strains, deformation in a pavement using layered elastic theory. KW - Alaska KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frigid regions KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_06c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00494499 AU - Zhou, H AU - Hicks, R G AU - Connor, B AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR THE STATE OF ALASKA. VOLUME IV: COMPUTER PROGRAMS PY - 1988/09 SP - 70 p. AB - This volume describes six computer programs that are needed to implement the improved overlay design procedure developed for the state of Alaska. These programs are: ELSDEF, ELSCRN, BOUSDEF, AMOD, MECHOD, and ELSYM5. Each program is used for different purposes. Specifically, ELSDEF is used to determine pavement layer moduli from deflection basin data. ELSCRN is an auxiliary tool for use with the ELSDEF program and it makes ELSDEF much more easy and friendly. BOUSDEF is a backcalculation program. Like ELSDEF, the BOUSDEF determines pavement layer moduli using deflection basin data. BOUSDEF runs much faster than ELSDEF; therefore, it can be used for screening deflection data. AMOD is used to determine the modulus of asphalt concrete mixtures based on laboratory test data. MECHOD is a computerized procedure for mechanistic overlay design. Finally, ELSYM5 is a program used to calculate stresses, strains, deformation in a pavement using layered elastic theory. KW - Alaska KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Flexible pavements KW - Frigid regions KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_06c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/305176 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490459 AU - Farran, H J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE STRUCTURES HAVING PRESTRESSED POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SEGMENTAL BOX-GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME IV: APPLICATIONS (SEGMENTAL CONCRETE BRIDGE) PY - 1988/09 SP - 509 p. AB - Documentation and user manual for the computer program SFRAME developed at the University of California, Berkeley, is presented in Volume IV. SFRAME is a computer program for the computation of stresses due to moment redistribution in segmental structures due to time dependent effects of creep, shrinkage and relaxation. Example 6 is a complex 3-span symmetrical structure built by the balanced cantilever method. Example 8 is a 9-span prestressed post-tensioned structure erected by the balanced cantilever method. The structure of Example 8 is built with no regard to whether piers are constructed at the same time or not. The output file displays an extensive record of element stresses as well as deformations at different time stages. The program assumes the use of cast-in-place concrete erected with the assistance of travelling formwork. No temporary or permanent cable-stays are considered in the construction of the bridge. KW - Box girders KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Cast in place structures KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Creep KW - Deformation KW - Manuals KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Segmental construction KW - Shrinkage KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490456 AU - Farran, H J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE STRUCTURES HAVING PRESTRESSED POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SEGMENTAL BOX-GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: THEORY PY - 1988/09 SP - 312 p. AB - Volume I is a comprehensive document on cable-stayed bridge structures. A discussion of the different configurations including decks, towers, and span arrangements appears with detailed recommendations on segmental construction techniques with emphasis on the balanced cantilever method of erection. Comments on materials used for cable-stayed bridges with emphasis on prestressed post-tensioned concrete and high strength steel cables are offered. An analysis method for the solution of highly redundant cable-stayed systems with emphasis on both 2 and 3 dimensional stiffness analysis is presented. Fundamental principals of the finite element method and structural dynamics are covered. Documented work done in the United, Europe and Japan is noted to keep the reader abreast of theoretical and experimental work done. Recommendations for future research, wind tunnel model simulation and a list of references is also included. KW - Box girders KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Dynamics KW - Finite element method KW - Future KW - Future research KW - High strength steel KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Research KW - Segmental construction KW - Simulation KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490458 AU - Farran, H J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE STRUCTURES HAVING PRESTRESSED POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SEGMENTAL BOX-GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME III: APPLICATIONS (DOUBLE PLANE CSB) PY - 1988/09 SP - 225 p. AB - The static and dynamic analyses of a double plane cable-stayed bridge structure, model J20, are presented in Volume III. Model J20 represents a highly redundant 3-dimensional cable-stayed bridge of the radiating type cable configuration. STRUDL was used to perform the structural analysis of this cable-stayed bridge and to plot the mode shapes. The CALTRANS specification was utilized to generate the input. The Acceleration Response Spectrum Method was used in conjunction with site soil conditions similar to those at the Benecia-Martinez crossing in Northern California. A fairly accurate simulation of the intersection of the pylon and the girder was required for this cable-stayed bridge model. A complete output listing of the static response, modal analysis, and dynamic analysis of model J20 is included. KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Eigenvalues KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490457 AU - Farran, H J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE STRUCTURES HAVING PRESTRESSED POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE SEGMENTAL BOX-GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPLICATIONS (SINGLE PLANE CSB) PY - 1988/09 SP - 235 p. AB - A number of detailed computer analyses of a single plane cable-stayed bridge were performed and are presented in Volume II. A description of all cable-stayed bridge models considered in this study is discussed. Computer programs CABLSTAY (Flemming, J) and STRUDL (McDonnel Douglas) were used to analyze a variety of cable-stayed bridges for static and dynamic loads. STRUDL was also used to compute the modal frequencies and the eigenvectors and to plot the modal shapes. The computer output contains detailed listings of deformations, resultant final member end actions, and external reactions. The CALTRANS Acceleration Response Spectrum Method was utilized to select a model earthquake with site conditions similar to those at the Benecia-Martinizing crossing. KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Eigenvalues KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Simulation KW - Static loads KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299486 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477383 AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIME-TO-CORROSION OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE SLABS. VOLUME VI: CALCIUM NITRITE ADMIXTURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 50 p. AB - Eighteen relatively large reinforced concrete slabs were fabricated in 1980 using calcium nitrite admixture with black (uncoated) steel. Their performance is compared with uncoated steel in concrete without admixtures. The slabs were placed in two lifts: the bottom lift consisted of a bottom mat of reinforcing steel in chloride-free concrete, and a top lift consisting of the top mat rebars in concrete contaminated with various quantities of sodium chloride. All the electrical connections between the reinforcing mats were made exterior to the slabs so that the corrosion current flow could be measured. After curing, the slabs were mounted above ground and exposed to the environment of the Washington, D.C., Northern Virginia area. They were periodically subjected to additional chloride exposure while being monitored for the initial 1-year period. Findings of the study indicate that the calcium nitrite can be effective in reducing rate of corrosion for black reinforcing steel embedded in salt-contaminated concrete up to a chloride/nitrite ratio of 0.9. KW - Admixtures KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion rate KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slabs KW - Sodium chloride UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488576 AU - Wright, J R AU - Haslam, E AU - Kurmas, P AU - Buehler, K AU - Benabdallah, S AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE SYSTEM FOR SNOW ROUTE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 66 p. AB - This report presents the results of research on the design and development of a prototype system for snow route design and management. Results in summary are as follows: (1) Network optimization methods may be applied to problems of routing service activities for those cases where complete and accurate data exist about the specific configuration of the network including road segment adjacency through intersections and segment distances. However, the result of this type of analysis should not be expected to be an implementable route design strategy because the level of resolution of such models is not sufficient for representing operational capability; the resulting route should be interpreted as a good starting point for interactive route design by an experienced engineer. (2) Improvement in route specifications may be expected though the computational effort required for some network segments may be significant and even prohibitive in some cases. For service areas characterized by rural areas, improvements in existing routes in terms of reduced deadheading may be expected in all service areas. In some cases, reduction in numbers of routes may be expected. However, for heavily urban areas such as the Indianapolis area, an optimization procedure will likely not be effective. (3) The cost effectiveness of the use of these models depends on the level of effort required to collect and input required data. However, satisfactory data already exist for use by these techniques, and knowledge-based techniques for "filtering" these data to accommodate the spatial resolution required for IDOH applications have been developed. (4) In most cases, route design is not an activity that needs to be conducted in real time, or even on a regular basis. Consequently, the availability of extensive (and expensive) computer systems at all locations where activity planning is conducted is not a major requirement of a route design system. (5) The needs of urban areas relative to route design and planning are significantly different from rural areas. Special modeling techniques that are very different from the optimization approach discussed in previous research (cited above) are needed. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Management KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Networks KW - Optimization KW - Prototypes KW - Routing KW - Rural areas KW - Snow and ice control KW - Snow removal KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00488311 AU - Butler, H D AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transp AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE SLAB CONSTRUCTION USING SUPER WATER REDUCERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 23 p. AB - A bridge deck slab was constructed using a super water reducer to reduce the amount of mixing water and to increase the compressive strength of the concrete. No significant problems were encountered during mixing, placing or finishing the concrete. The only cracking that has occurred is over the interior bents. This type of cracking is typical of slabs placed continuously on simple span beams. Laboratory tests indicated that the super plasticized concrete has a high durability factor and a good resistance to chloride penetration. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Penetration resistance KW - Slabs KW - Super water reducers KW - Superplasticizers KW - Water reducing agents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/298760 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485690 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY: PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1988/09 SP - 737 p. AB - The manual provides information and guidance to engineering staffs involved with project development and design of highways. It identifies those standards, specifications, guides, and references approved for use in carrying out the highway and bridge design responsibilities in the Federal Lands Highway Program. It is intended to be used in conjunction with current engineering practices and procedures issued by the Federal Highway Administration, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, state highway agencies, and federal land management agencies. The manual consists of eleven chapters in looseleaf form, covering planning and programming, environment, conceptual studies, surveying and mapping, geotechnics, hydrology/hydraulics, safety, highway design, structural design and design follow-up. A procedure has been initiated to keep the manual current through the issuance of revisions and supplements. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Engineering KW - Engineering standards KW - Environment KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway design KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Manuals KW - Mapping KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Structural design KW - Surveying UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485421 AU - Datta, T K AU - DUTTA, U AU - Wayne State University AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL INSTALLATION AND SAFETY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 133 p. AB - A study was made of various accident characteristics for 155 intersections where traffic signals were installed between 1978 and 1983. The study included evaluation of before and after accidents at signalized intersections, ramps and crossovers. Measures of effectiveness included total, injury, rear-end, head-on left-turn, right-angle, and other type accidents. Significant findings were: mean total accident rate in the after situation was 19.2% lower than the before signal installation; mean injury accident rate in the after situation was 17% lower than the before condition; mean rear-end accident rate was 53% higher in the after condition as compared to the before condition; mean right-angle accident rate in the after situation was 57% lower than the before condition; mean head-on left-turn accident rate in the after situation was 50% higher than the before condition; and mean other type accident rate in the after situation was 33.8% lower than the before condition. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Crossovers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ramps KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485428 AU - Viktorin, C AU - Lamkin, J T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF STATES RELATIVE TO USE OF HIGHWAY RIGHTS-OF-WAY FOR BUSINESS PURPOSES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 349 p. AB - This report examines the results of a survey mailed to all continental U.S. states concerning unauthorized use of highway rights-of-way by roadside vendors and itinerant merchants. Three basic areas are discussed: (1) extent and severity of unauthorized use, (2) methods used to regulate right-of-way use, and (3) current states' legislation. KW - Data collection KW - Legislation KW - Merchants KW - Regulations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Surveys KW - Utilization KW - Vendors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485679 AU - Umeda, P-J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF VEGETATION TO REDUCE THE TOXICITY OF STORMWATER RUNOFF. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 46 p. AB - The purpose of the research is to determine if dead or dormant vegetation effectively reduces the toxicity of and removes pollutants from highway stormwater runoff and to determine the amount of metallic pollution discharged from vegetated ditches via the transort of dead vegetation. The research will also determine the type of maintenance practices that are necessary to maintain the pollutant removal capacity of vegetated channels. This research project will consist of three phases. Each phase will require several tasks to be completed. The purpose of this report is to present the findings of Phase I. The tasks involved included a literature survey, site selection, and equipment design, fabrication and installation. Two sites were selected for the research project. The irrigation system was installed, grass seed was sown and runoff samplers were fabricated and placed in the channel. KW - Building KW - Drainage KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Pollutants KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Removal KW - Runoff KW - Toxicity KW - Vegetated channels KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297525 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483847 AU - Khisty, C J AU - Gripne, D AU - SCHWAB, T AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXTENDING APPLICATIONS OF VALUE ENGINEERING WITHIN WSDOT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 38 p. AB - Within the last few years, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has been active in the field of Value Engineering as applied to activities in state departments of transportation. There has been extensive effort in implementing a Value Engineering program involving training of personnel and actual Value Engineering studies on selected design projects within the Project Development Office of the Highway Division of the WSDOT. However, within the other offices of the WSDOT, there has been little or no Value Engineering applications on any specific items, projects or operations under their control. This research study has investigated the feasibility of applying Value Engineering to these other offices. It includes specific work items, projects and operations to be considered as possible areas where Value Engineering can be applied. KW - Applications KW - Implementation KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training KW - Value engineering UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/177.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292838 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482356 AU - Scullion, T AU - Uzan, J AU - Yazdani, J I AU - Chan, P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF THE MULTI-DEPTH DEFLECTOMETERS PY - 1988/09//Interim Report SP - 55 p. AB - The Multi-Depth Deflectometer (MDD) is an LVDT deflection measuring device which is retrofitted into pavement layers. A maximum of six MDD modules may be installed in a single 1.5 inch diameter hole. The modules are clamped against the sides of the hole at the required depths and the center core is attached to an anchor located approximately 7 feet below the pavement surface. The MDD can measure either the relative elastic deflection or the total permanent deformation of each layer in the pavement system. By placing multiple modules in a single hole, the vertical strains induced in pavement layers can be measured. This report describes the installation of Multi-Depth Deflectometers at the Texas A&M Research Annex. The pavement response under both Falling Weight Deflectometer and truck loading is described, together with an analysis procedure to backcalculate layer moduli from depth deflection readings. The MDD results obtained are extremely promising. The device is relatively inexpensive and durable. It shows a great potential in assisting in several areas of pavement research, including backcalculation analysis, tire pressure and rutting studies. KW - Backcalculation KW - Building KW - Costs KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometers KW - Deformation KW - Durability KW - Facilities KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Measurement KW - Modulus KW - Multi-depth deflectometers KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Vertical strains UR - http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1123-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482352 AU - Hoit, M I AU - LIM, K C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCED TECHNIQUES FOR UNDERSTANDING PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT BEHAVIOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 226 p. AB - The FEACONS V AND INPLANE II programs have been combined into a single program called COMBO. Systematic and formal software engineering techniques have made COMBO more efficient and easier to expand. The size of the executable file of COMBO has been reduced by 50% and the execution time is 30% faster using the COMBO program. COMBO uses dynamic storage for mesh-dependent size arrays which allows any size mesh to be analyzed without changing the program. Plate bending displacements produced by a FEACONS analysis are saved in memory and can be directly transferred to be used in an INPLANE analysis in the same run of COMBO. Plate bending displacements can also be saved in files to be used in an INPLANE in future runs of COMBO. The plot program CPLOT was developed to allow post processing of the results from a FEACONS analysis. CPLOT runs on an MS-DOS microcomputer. COMBO runs on a minicomputer. COMBO produces a database file for CPLOT that must be transferred from the minicomputer to the microcomputer. CPLOT plots deflected shapes, deflection contours, and principal stress contours superimposed on the un-deflected model of the slabs. Other graphics capabilities include changing the viewing direction, choosing load conditions, and windowing. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Finite element method KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482291 AU - Uzan, J AU - Scullion, T AU - Michalek, C H AU - Parades, M AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MICROCOMPUTER BASED PROCEDURE FOR BACKCALCULATING LAYER MODULI FROM FWD DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to describe a backcalculation procedure (MODULUS) developed to interpret Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) data and to illustrate how this procedure was built into a pavement analysis system for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation. MODULUS is microcomputer based and can be used on 2-, 3-, or 4-layer pavement systems. It used a linear-elastic program to generate a database of deflection bowls; in a four-layer system, a minimum of 27 runs (3 x 3 x 3 moduli values for surface, base, and subgrade) would be performed. The size of the database depends on the user-supplied range of acceptable modulus values for each layer. Once the database is generated, a pattern search routine is used to fit measured and calculated bowls; error minimization is very rapid, less than 5 seconds per bowl on a 386-type microcomputer. KW - Backcalculation KW - Case studies KW - Databases KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Information processing KW - Linear elasticity KW - Microcomputers KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482380 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF ROADWAY DESIGN VARIABLES TO REDUCE D-CRACKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 36 p. AB - Eight reinforced portland cement concrete pavement test sections were constructed to determine what effect certain designs would have on the occurrence of D-cracking. Various designs included use of a 3/4 inch and one inch maximum size Bethany Falls limestone paving stone produced locally, use of a two inch maximum size Burlington limestone paving stone produced from a source having no known history of a D-cracking problem, and pavement constructed with and without a polyethylene moisture barrier. Base variables included impermeable, dense graded Type 3 aggregate, cement treated Type 1 aggregate, plant mix bituminous source, and permeable, open graded plant mix bituminous course. With nearly ten years of service life, there was no D-cracking observed in any test section. Observation of the test sections will continue to determine if any of the aggregate or base variables result in improved performance. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - D cracking KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavement design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Service life KW - Test sections UR - http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP78-01_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479359 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F074 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Lithonia base (Model PB00402) and pole (Model A60-8420-1531). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479373 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F115 PY - 1988/09 SP - 26 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Union Metal Corporation transformer base (Model A 2849) and pole (height: 46 ft 8 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479376 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F111, 87F113, AND 87F118 PY - 1988/09 SP - 52 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Flemington Aluminum and Brass Foundry transformer base (Model TB-2) and pole (height: 44 ft 11 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479362 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F077 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Co. base (Model TB3-AF-1517) and pole (height: 55 ft). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479369 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F001 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Highline Products Corporation base (Model HL-338-4OSO4CCB) and pole (height: 38 ft). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479364 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F088 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Co. base (Model X-TB3-AF-1517) and pole (height: 52 ft and 5 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479366 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F083 AND 86F084 PY - 1988/09 SP - 34 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Co. base (Model TB2-AF1012-I.W.) and pole (height: 39 ft 10 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479368 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F089 AND 86F090 PY - 1988/09 SP - 33 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Judal Industries base (Model K-290-M1) and pole (height: 28 ft). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479370 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F002 AND 87F003 PY - 1988/09 SP - 35 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Highline Products Corporation base (Model HL-222H1OSO3CCB) and pole (height: 24 ft). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479372 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F012 PY - 1988/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model G-75424 TB-2C) and pole (height: 50 ft 4 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479377 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F112 AND 87F114 PY - 1988/09 SP - 42 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Flemington Aluminum and Brass Foundry transfrmer base (Model TB-2A) and pole (height: 44 ft 11 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479361 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F077 PY - 1988/09 SP - 22 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Hapco Division base (Model C44681) and pole (Model B62322). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479363 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F085 AND 86F086 PY - 1988/09 SP - 34 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Co. base (Model TB1-AF-Modified I.W.) and pole (height: 39 ft 10 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479387 AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Tustin, B H AU - SMITH, S A AU - Pietrucha, M T AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF EXPOSURE BASED PEDESTRIAN ACCIDENT AREAS: CROSSWALKS, SIDEWALKS, LOCAL STREETS AND MAJOR ARTERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 148 p. AB - Previous FHWA research on pedestrian exposure identified four problem areas as promising candidates for accident reduction: intersections without marked pedestrian crosswalks, major arterial streets, local streets, and locations lacking sidewalks or pedestrian pathways. This report describes the results of a project undertaken to examine those four problem areas. The objectives of the project were to: evaluate past research on pedestrian crosswalk markings and develop guidance for when and what type of crosswalk markings should be provided; investigate traffic engineering improvements for major arterial streets to increase pedestrian safety; investigate traffic engineering improvements for local streets to increase pedestrian safety; and examine existing guidance/warrants for the provision of pedestrian pathways and sidewalks and prepare revised guidance/warrants. KW - Arterial highways KW - Crosswalks KW - Local street KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Road markings KW - Sidewalks KW - Streets KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic warrants KW - Walkways KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479365 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F091 PY - 1988/09 SP - 23 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Co. base (Model TB3-AF-1517 I.W.) and pole (height: 54 ft 11 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479367 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F080 PY - 1988/09 SP - 23 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Co. base (Model TB1-AF-1315 I.W.) and pole (height: 52 ft 5 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287654 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479374 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F116 PY - 1988/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Union Metal Corporation transformer base (Model A 2850) and pole (height: 49 ft 3 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479375 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F117 PY - 1988/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Union Metal Corporation transformer base (Model A 2852) and pole (height: 48 ft 9 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479360 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F075 AND 86F079 PY - 1988/09 SP - 33 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Hapco Division base (Model 45964 with modification A61718) and pole (Model B61733). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479371 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F004 PY - 1988/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model G-80292 TB-2A) and pole (height: 50 ft 4 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479378 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F119 AND 87F120 PY - 1988/09 SP - 37 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site technical support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests are being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Union Metal Corporation slip base (Model Slip Base PO6-B235) and pole (height: 49 ft 10 in). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479412 AU - STOUT, D AU - Hinch, J AU - Yang, T L AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORCE-DEFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF GUARDRAIL POSTS. TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 274 p. AB - Fifty-seven pendulum, 6 static and 4 full-scale tests were conducted using instrumented posts and standard and non-standard full-scale installations in order to create and validate a post-soil interaction model and a chart of post length vs. foreslope rate and distance to slope. Pendulum tests were conducted in flat and level soil and in soil with a foreslope. Full-scale tests were conducted with standard and non-standard installations. A full-scale test conducted with a 7-ft post G4(1S) system redirected a 4500S vehicle at 60 mi/h and 25 degrees. A test with a standard 6-ft post G4(1S) system also redirected the vehicle but with more vehicle penetration. The full-scale test results validated the pendulum test results. The 6-ft posts pushed away without bending while the 7-ft posts yielded before the soil pushed away. The report presents details on the instrumented post design, the laboratory testing, the analytical model work and the full-scale testing. KW - Crashes KW - Deflection KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Length KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Redirection KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478044 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Chaudhary, N A AU - Messer, C J AU - Garza, R U AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REPORT ON THE USERS MANUAL FOR THE MICROCOMPUTER VERSION OF PASSER III-88. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 132 p. AB - This report describes the User's Manual for the microcomputer version of PASSER III-88, a practical computer program designed to assist transportation engineering professionals in the analysis of pretimed or traffic-responsive, fixed-sequence signalized diamond interchanges. The program can evaluate existing or proposed signalization strategies, determine signalization strategies which minimize the average delay per vehicle, and calculate signal timing plans for interconnecting a series of interchanges along continuous one-way frontage roads. In addition, the program can evaluate the effectiveness of various geometric design alternatives, e.g., lane configurations, U-turn lanes, and channelization. The report describes procedures for installing the program on your microcomputer and use of the three interactive, user-friendly menus for data entry and editing, running the program, and managing input and output files. Coding instructions, output interpretation, and background information are described verbally and supplemented with examples from the program. Input and output from two example problems, an isolated interchange and a frontage road progressive system, are also included in the report. Several appendices provide additional information for advanced users of the program. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Effectiveness KW - Frontage roads KW - Geometric design KW - Manuals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Microcomputers KW - Traffic engineering KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477389 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F069 AND 86F070 PY - 1988/09 SP - 32 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Millerbernd Manufacturing Company base (Model 40C49) and pole (Model 16-SD4-6-400). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477390 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F071 PY - 1988/09 SP - 23 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Millerbernd Manufacturing Company base (Model 390B75) and pole (Model LDTB-6-400). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477404 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F068 AND 87F070 PY - 1988/09 SP - 42 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Shakespeare Company base (Model AS 35-18N2BB01) and pole (Height: 34 ft 10 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477407 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F075 AND 87F076 PY - 1988/09 SP - 43 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Manitoba Safe-T-Base base and pole (Height: 45 ft 3 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477393 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F081 AND 86F082 PY - 1988/09 SP - 34 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Akron Foundry Company base (Model TB-AF-1315) and pole (Height: 50 ft 2 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477400 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F033 AND 87F034 PY - 1988/09 SP - 39 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Valmont Industries, Incorporated base (Model Slip base per dwg #B0031206) and pole (Height: 55 ft 4 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477396 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F020 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model G-83105 TB-2C, 12 in. bolt circle) and pole (Height: 50 ft 4 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477398 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F022 PY - 1988/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model SKG-5159 BA-1) and pole (Height: 50 ft 4 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477392 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F076 AND 86F078 PY - 1988/09 SP - 34 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Hapco Division base (Model C44543) and pole (Model 21-855). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477394 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F013 PY - 1988/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model G-75424 Rev. A TB-2C I.W. and pole (Height: 50 ft 4 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286580 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477401 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F051 PY - 1988/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Pole-Lite Industries base (Model TB 20-8) and pole (Height: 39 ft 7 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477403 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F054 AND 87F055 PY - 1988/09 SP - 40 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Transpo Industries, Incorporated base (Model Pole-Safe #101) and pole (Height: 54 ft 10 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477397 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F021 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model G-44104-12 TB-4) and pole (Height: 55 ft 6 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477399 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F023 PY - 1988/09 SP - 24 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model SKG-5159-1 BA-1 notched) and pole (Height: 50 ft 4 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477395 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 87F014 PY - 1988/09 SP - 25 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Crouse-Hinds Lighting base (Model G-83105 TB-2C, 10.5 in. bolt circle) and pole (Height: 50 ft 4 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286581 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477402 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F052, 87F053 AND 87F072 PY - 1988/09 SP - 53 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Pole-Lite Industries base (Model TB 20-10) and pole (Height: 49 ft 8 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477387 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NO. 86F066 PY - 1988/09 SP - 21 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Millerbernd Manufacturing Company base (Model 390B73) and pole (Model LDTB-6-500). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477388 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F067 AND 86F068 PY - 1988/09 SP - 32 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Millerbernd Manufacturing Company base (Model 40C63) and pole (Model 16-SD6-6-500). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477391 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 86F072 AND 86F073 PY - 1988/09 SP - 32 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Lithonia HI-TEK base (Model PB00502) and pole (Model A60-9635-1531). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286577 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477405 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F069 AND 87F071 PY - 1988/09 SP - 41 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Shakespeare Company base (Model AH 35-18N2BB01) and pole (Height: 34 ft 10 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286591 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477406 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TEST PROGRAM, TEST NOS. 87F073 AND 87F074 PY - 1988/09 SP - 41 p. AB - Analysis Group, Incorporated is currently providing on-site support services to the Federal Highway Administration for the operation and maintenance of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. As a part of this support effort, a series of tests is being conducted to evaluate the capability of currently approved breakaway luminaire support devices when impacted with an 1800 pound vehicle. This report documents the results of the tests conducted on the Precisionform, Incorporated base (Model Coy Coupling) and pole (Height: 53 ft 2 in.). KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477517 AU - Christiansen, D L AU - McCasland, W R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY TRANSITWAY 30-MONTH "AFTER" EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/09 SP - 64 p. AB - A major commitment has been made in the Houston area to develop physically separated transitways in the medians of freeways. The lanes are reserved for high-occupancy vehicles. Phase I of the first completed transitway opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10) in October 1984. Phase 2 opened in June 1987. To increase potential utilization of this facility, carpools began using the transitway on a test basis in April 1985. This research study, funded jointly by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpool utilization. This report documents the data collected in October 1987, 2.5 years after carpool utilization of the transitway was permitted. In this report, these data are compared to similar data collected both before carpool utilization was permitted and on several occasions after carpool utilization was permitted. KW - Carpools KW - Data analysis KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Impact studies KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00476228 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wilbur, A D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE MCTRANS CENTER PY - 1988/09 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 44-46 AB - The establishment is described of the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Center for Microcomputers in Transportation (McTrans Center). The objective of the Center is to facilitate the exchange of information on uses of the microcomputer and associated software among transportation professionals. A major goal of this Center is the expansion into all areas of highway engineering and planning to address the needs of a broader segment of the transportation user community. Among the many services provided by the McTrans Center are the publication of a quarterly newsletter, operation of a telephone hotline, and distribution of, and support for microcomputer software and documentation. Each of these services are discussed in this article. Examples are given of the wide range of programs available from McTrans. Besides serving as a clearinghouse for distributing microcomputer software, McTrans also provides 7 separate levels of support (LOS) to users for the programs it distributes. McTrans staffing and funding support are also described. The contract for the McTrans Center was awarded by FHWA to the University of Florida Transportation Research Center in Gainsville, Florida. KW - Computer programs KW - Documents KW - Information dissemination KW - Microcomputers KW - Publications KW - Software KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/289278 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00476226 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Woo, D C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DRAINAGE SYSTEM NEEDS CRITERIA PY - 1988/09 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 29-36 AB - A methodology is presented for determining where bridge deck gutter scuppers are or are not needed, and a procedure for testing where the danger of vehicle hydroplaning should be addresed. An example of the application of the methodology is illustrated. General guidelines for determining the need for bridge-end provisions are also presented. It is noted that further research is needed bo refine this procedure. KW - Bridge decks KW - Criteria KW - Drainage KW - Hydroplaning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/289276 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00476227 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Black, K N AU - Larson, R M AU - Staunton, L R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STAINLESS-STEEL PIPES FOR USE AS DOWEL BARS PY - 1988/09 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 37-43 AB - In order to find a method for evaluating pavement performance and reducing repair costs, a study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of using stainless-steel pipes as dowel bars. The effects were studied of stainless-steel pipe (concrete filled and hollow) having an outside diameter of 1.66 inch with a diameter of 1.25 inch and similar to those presently used as dowels in Portland cement concrete pavement. The study suggests that larger bearing areas have positive effect on load transfer performance. The study also indicates that the moment of inertia of the dowel (concrete-filled or solid) has a notable effect on the deflection. Preliminary tests demonstrate that 0.109-inch wall thicknes, type 316 stainless-steel pipe filled with concrete would be cost-effective and superior to 1.25-inch diameter solid-steel bars when used in jointed concrete pavement with short joint spacings. This design would assure satisfactory long term dowel performance. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Evaluation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pipe KW - Stainless steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/289277 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00476229 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Peart, J W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEAD-PIGMENTED PAINTS - THEIR IMPACT ON BRIDGE MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES AND COSTS PY - 1988/09 VL - 52 IS - 2 SP - p. 47-51 AB - This is an examination of the problems associated with the removal of lead-based paint, and an assessment of the impacts on maintenance strategies and costs. A National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project coordinated by the Transportation Research Board to investigate the problems associated with the removal of lead-bsed paint is reported. The study assessed the following: regulations pertinent to the removal of such paints and the degree of risk posed by the painted structure; and available technology for the removal, containment, and recovery of the residue. The Lead Paint Removal Symposium sponsored by the Steel Structures Painting Council is also reported. It is noted that a cooperative approach to the problems of removal and replacement of bridge paints containing lead should be established. This will require close coordination between a State's transportation department, its environmental agency, and the proposed contractors. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Contractors KW - Costs KW - Lead compounds KW - Maintenance KW - Paint KW - Regulations KW - Removal KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/289279 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483835 AU - Sinha, K C AU - AL-SULEIMAN, T AU - Ksaibati, K AU - FEIGHAN, K AU - Montenegro, F AU - Tandon, R AU - Fwa, T F AU - Riverson, JDN AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE NEEDS AND OPTIMAL USE OF MANTENANCE FUNDS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/08/31 SP - 14 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a research work on the development of optimal strategies for highway routine maintenance management. A procedure based on a condition survey was developed for the assessment of maintenance needs at the subdistrict level. An expert system was developed to illustrate how the procedure can be programmed to facilitate easy implementation. A possible design of an integrated routine maintenance data base system was prepared so that data related to pavement roughness and rehabilitation schedules could be integrated with highway characteristics, traffic and other data for maintenance management. In order to ascertain what type of surface condition data to be included in the data base, an analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between routine maintenance and surface roughness. Two separate surveys of maintenance personnel were conducted to estimate information on cost and service life of various maintenance activities as well as to determine perceived priorities for these activities. An optimization model was then developed that can be used for programming and periodic scheduling of maintenance activities within the constraints of budget and other resources. The report also includes recommendations for implementation. KW - Assessments KW - Databases KW - Expert systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Integrated data base KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Needs assessment KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Scheduling KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483836 AU - Sinha, K C AU - AL-SULEIMAN, T AU - Ksaibati, K AU - FEIGHAN, K AU - Montenegro, F AU - Tandon, R AU - Fwa, T F AU - Riverson, JDN AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE MAINTENANCE NEEDS AND OPTIMAL USE OF MANTENANCE FUNDS: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08/31 SP - 202 p. AB - This report presents the findings of a research work on the development of optimal strategies for highway routine maintenance management. A procedure based on a condition survey was developed for the assessment of maintenance needs at the subdistrict level. An expert system was developed to illustrate how the procedure can be programmed to facilitate easy implementation. A possible design of an integrated routine maintenance data base system was prepared so that data related to pavement roughness and rehabilitation schedules could be integrated with highway characteristics, traffic and other data for maintenance management. In order to ascertain what type of surface condition data to be included in the data base, an analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between routine maintenance and surface roughness. Two separate surveys of maintenance personnel were conducted to estimate information on cost and service life of various maintenance activities as well as to determine perceived priorities for these activities. An optimization model was then developed that can be used for programming and periodic scheduling of maintenance activities within the constraints of budget and other resources. The report also includes recommendations for implementation. KW - Assessments KW - Databases KW - Expert systems KW - Highway maintenance KW - Integrated data base KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Needs assessment KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Scheduling KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485603 AU - Kaufman, M K AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RE-EVALUATION OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE PRESTRESSED I-BEAMS. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08/10 SP - 157 p. AB - The research results presented in this report include recommendations to allow the use of concrete strengths up to 6500 psi in the design of prestressed I-beams in the state of Indiana. No modificatons of the current design equations to evaluate flexural and shear capacity are deemed necessary. At simple supports of typical bridge structures the support centerline is usually between six and twelve inches from the end of the beam, and as a result, the transfer length of the strand extends into the shear span. Three tests conducted during this study, using this standard detailing, resulted in a premature strand anchorage failure as a web-shear crack penetrated into the transfer length of the strand. Although the specimens tested in this study had minimum amounts of shear reinforcement at the end regions, it is felt that the use of higher strength concrete in pretensioned beams requires an evaluation of the efficiency of the shear reinforcement in preventing this mode of failure. The effect of strand debonding in pretensioned beams also needs study. The current AASHTO and the Zia and Mostafa methods to predict transfer length of the strand were also evaluated. The results of this study showed that the Zia and Mostafa method predicted better the transfer length of the strand. KW - Beams KW - Flexural strength KW - High strength concrete KW - I beams KW - Prestressed beams KW - Prestressing KW - Shear strength KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Testing KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485602 AU - Kaufman, M K AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RE-EVALUATION OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE PRESTRESSED I-BEAMS. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. VOLUME II. FINAL REPORT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/08/10 SP - 22 p. AB - The research results presented in this report include recommendations to allow the use of concrete strengths up to 6500 psi in the design of prestressed I-beams in the state of Indiana. No modificatons of the current design equations to evaluate flexural and shear capacity are deemed necessary. At simple supports of typical bridge structures the support centerline is usually between six and twelve inches from the end of the beam, and as a result, the transfer length of the strand extends into the shear span. Three tests conducted during this study, using this standard detailing, resulted in a premature strand anchorage failure as a web-shear crack penetrated into the transfer length of the strand. Although the specimens tested in this study had minimum amounts of shear reinforcement at the end regions, it is felt that the use of higher strength concrete in pretensioned beams requires an evaluation of the efficiency of the shear reinforcement in preventing this mode of failure. The effect of strand debonding in pretensioned beams also needs study. The current AASHTO and the Zia and Mostafa methods to predict transfer length of the strand were also evaluated. The results of this study showed that the Zia and Mostafa method predicted better the transfer length of the strand. KW - Beams KW - Flexural strength KW - High strength concrete KW - I beams KW - Prestressed beams KW - Prestressing KW - Shear strength KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Testing KW - Ultimate strength KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297508 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01417410 JO - Pavement Newsletter PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - Trucks and pavements PY - 1988/08 IS - 12 SP - 4P KW - Rolling contact KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle pavement interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1185208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415125 AU - Heathington, K W AU - Fambro, D B AU - Richards, S H AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Field evaluation of innovative active warning devices for use at railroad highway grade crossings PY - 1988/08 IS - FHWA/RD-88-135 SP - 282p AB - Research was conducted to identify and evaluate innovative active warning devices with potential for improving safety at railroad highway grade crossings. Candidate devices were identified and/ or developed, and the most promising devices were evaluated in a detailed laboratory study. Three of the devices were chosen for field evaluation: (1) four quadrant gates with skirts and flashing light signals; (2) four quadrant flashing light signals with overhead strobes; and (3) highway traffic signals with white bar strobes in all red lenses. The report documents the methodology and results of the field evaluations, presents a summary of the research leading up to the field evaluations, and presents the results of benefit cost analyses for the innovative devices and guidelines for their implementation. All three of the innovative devices proved to be technically feasible and practical, and all three devices were accepted and understood by the driving public. Two of the systems, the four quadrant gates with skirts and the highway traffic signals, significantly improved crossing safety at the test crossings. The third system, four quadrant flashing light signals with strobes, did not produce measurable improvements in safety at the test crossing. Train predictors (and the constant warning time they provide) can have significant positive effects on safety at crossings where flashing light signals or highway traffic signals are used (A). KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost benefit analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Level crossing KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Road safety KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Warning KW - Warning signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182923 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415122 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Guidelines for successful traffic control systems, volume 2: final report PY - 1988/08 IS - FHWA/RD-88-014 SP - 155p AB - This report presents guidelines for the planning, design, installation, operation, and maintenance of successful systems. Numerous examples are also included in the report, along with the bibliography of basic technical references in the area of traffic control systems. The focus of the guidelines is the system process - the procedures and practices by which system success may be achieved. The guidelines do address system hardware and software, but with a procedural and management orientation. The guidelines are structured to follow the logical process of a systems life from initial planning to continuing operations and maintenance, and overall management. KW - Contract KW - Contracts KW - Highway traffic control KW - Management KW - Management KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182920 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01415121 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - Terry, D C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Communications in traffic control systems, volume 2: final report PY - 1988/08 IS - FHWA/RD-88-012 SP - 142p AB - The purpose of this report is to provide understandable information on communications in general and on specific communication technologies to those persons involved in the planning, design, and implementation of computer based traffic control systems. The report includes a brief tutorial on communications technology and terminology; guidelines for conducting a thorough communications trade off analysis; a detailed discussion of communications media which have been widely used in traffic control and of how these may be successfully designed and installed; and a discussion of newly developing technologies that have had limited use (if any) in traffic control systems, but may have wider application in the future (A). KW - Communication systems KW - Communications KW - Electronics KW - Electronics KW - Fiber optics KW - Fibre optics KW - Highway traffic control KW - Radio KW - Radio KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182919 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414924 AU - Zuieback, J M AU - Wonacott, G D AU - Bailey, J D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Calibration of weigh in motion systems. Volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1988/08 IS - FHWA/RD-88-128+FHWA/ SP - 54 + 308p AB - The objective of this study has been to develop relationships between pavement roughness and weigh in motion (WIM) system measurement error for individual axles, tandem axles, gross weight and axle spacing. The dynamic weight measured by a WIM scale is determined by the dynamic response of the vehicle system to the pavement roughness. A dynamic simulation model was formulated and used to study the important parameters which affect tire/ pavement dynamic force. A series of tests were conducted at three in service WIM sites in Nevada to determine the relationship between WIM measurement error and vehicle factors including (1) cab type, (2) trailer type, (3) configuration, (4) suspension system type, (5) speed, and (6) roughness. A second series of tests were conducted using two vehicles and instrumented to measure dynamic tire/ pavement force. An empirical relationship has been developed to predict axle and gross weight weighing error as a function of pavement roughness. A procedure is outlined to calculate pavement smoothness requirements for WIM installations to achieve specified accuracy levels. An example is included (A). KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Rolling contact KW - Roughness KW - Roughness KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle pavement interaction KW - Vehicle weighing KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weighing devices KW - Weighing equipment KW - Weight measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182722 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398172 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D TI - Guidelines for successful traffic control systems, volume 1: executive summary PY - 1988/08 IS - FHWA-RD-88-013 SP - 41p KW - Highway traffic control KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00940904 AU - Coetzee, N F AU - Kaelber, K AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE CHARACTERIZATION OF ALASKA PAVING MATERIALS PY - 1988/08 SP - 124 p. AB - Mechanistic analysis procedures for pavement evaluation have become relatively simple with recent development in microcomputers. These procedures require pavement fatigue models to make them useful for evaluation of pavement life. Numerous models exist. However, their applicability to cold climates requires further investigation. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability to existing fatigue models in Alaska, determine if asphalt concrete mixes used in Alaska differed in performance, and to determine whether laboratory prepared samples perform differently than field compacted samples. Testing consisted of three point bending tests with temperatures ranging from 80F to 15 F. A Materials Testing System (MTS) modified for the test procedure was used in conjunction with computerized data acquisition systems. All tests were strain controlled. None of the existing fatigue relationships were adequate. As a result, new equations were developed which better fit AC 2.5 and AC 5 at temperatures below 45F. This equation is much more sensitive to strain than The Asphalt Institute equations. AC 2.5 and AC 5 were found to perform similarly at temperatures below 20F. At temperatures as low as -15F, no difference in performance was noted between the two asphalts. Both the laboratory prepared samples and the field samples showed equivalent performance. The data pointed out a difference between the time at which the maximum load occurred and the time at which the maximum strain occurred. This difference or phase lag was greatest at the beginning of the test and almost in phase at the end of the test. This phenomenon should be explored further, since it may provide a method of determining remaining life. KW - Alaska KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bending KW - Cold weather KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue models KW - Fatigue tests KW - Loads KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving materials KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Tests UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/731567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479461 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washington State Department of Transportation TI - REGIONAL COMPUTER ASSISTED CARTOGRAPHY CONFERENCES. SUMMARY PY - 1988/08 SP - v.p. AB - In the fall of 1987, the Office of Planning of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored two regional Computer-Assisted Cartography Conferences in Olympia, Washington, and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. This document summarizes what transpired at the meetings. Frank Cooper's position paper served as a starting point for many of the discussions. Following the Washington State conference, a technical paper on geographic information systems was commissioned by the FHWA and is included in this document. Synopses are provided for the workshops, which included: (A) Standardization in transportation computerized cartography; (B) Design, acquisition, and support of a computer-assisted cartography system; (C) Human resources and computer technology; (D) Map creation; (E) Database selection; (F) Scanning; (G) Maintenance of graphic database; (H) Geographic information systems; (I) Data linkage; (J) Existing digital data; (K) U.S. Census Bureau; (L) Joint developments of transportation computer-assisted cartography efforts; (M) Role of FHWA in relationship to State computer-assisted cartography practices; and (O) Role of transportation computerized cartography in State and local government. KW - Conferences KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Local government KW - Mapping KW - Standardization KW - State government KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/162.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/288052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622388 AU - Zaniewski, J AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EXPERIENCE WITH ASPHALT RUBBER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 151 p. AB - ADOT has been performing research and using asphalt-rubber since 1967. This report contains a summary of the research sponsored by ADOT on the development of the product. The status of the research - experimental projects and field tests - of asphalt-rubber is reviewed and evaluated. The performance of the asphalt-rubber sections identified in the pavement management data base were analyzed and compared to conventional treatments. The performance and economic analysis show stress absorbing membranes need to last twice as long as surface treatments to be cost effective while a stress absorbing membrane interlayer is comparable to a four inch overlay. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Economic analysis KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Field tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayers KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362897 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478196 AU - Perdikaris, P C AU - BEIM, S R AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 224 p. AB - The static ultimate strength, fatigue life and failure mode of reinforced concrete highway bridge deck slabs supported on steel girders is determined by testing small-scale deck models under static, fixed pulsating and moving constant wheel-load. The specimens included a 1/6.6 scale bridge model of a 50-ft long prototype bridge deck (with a girder spacing of 7 ft and a slab thickness of 8.5 in.) and a 1/3 scale panel model of a portion of the deck. Both isotropic (steel ratio of 0.3% in both directions in each face - Ontario bridge design code) and orthotropic (steel ratio of 0.7% in longitudinal and 0.35% in transverse direction in each face - AASHTO code) reinforcing arrangements were considered. For the isotropically reinforced decks (43% reduction in steel content compared to the AASHTO design) a safety factor against static ultimate strength equal to 17.5 was determined. The moving wheel-load resulted in far shorter fatigue life than the pulsating load, especially for the orthotropically reinforced decks. The failure mode was punching rather than flexure. Under the fixed pulsating load a radial fan-shaped cracking pattern formed at the bottom surface of the deck, while under the moving wheel-load cracking followed the location of the bottom bars (grid form) indicating flexural debonding prior to punching. Under the AASHTO design prototype load of 20.8 kips the measured maximum steel stress is less than 3 ksi. Under either static or fatigue laoding the reinforcing steel may yield just before deck failure (punching). KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Design KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Isotropy KW - Live loads KW - Loads KW - Metal working KW - Model tests KW - Orthotropic KW - Pulsating loads KW - Punching KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Safety factors KW - Static loads KW - Ultimate strength KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483834 AU - Lew, J J AU - Hooker, G D AU - Kercher, K J AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILOT STUDY OF A PORTABLE HIGH SPEED WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - v.p. AB - The report describes the objectives, scope and findings of the pilot study of a high speed, portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) system. The main components of the portable WIM equipment consists of a Weighpad, a Weighman, a Retriever and a set of traffic loops. The Weighpad is a 2 ft x 6 ft weight detection pad placed on the highway that attracts litte or no attention from drivers. The Weighman is a portable roadside battery operated minicomputer that receives information from the Weighpad and converts it into static weights. Two 6 ft square inductive loops are used to measure speeds, axle spacing and length with this data being used to classify vehicles. Data stored in the Weighman is transferred to a Retriever and then to a computer for processing. The Retriever is used to program the Weighman and to start the system. Field installation of the system requires the cooperation of a local IDOH unit to provide traffic control. Then, the system can be installed with an experienced crew in about 2 hours along the interstate. The system was installed in the vicinity of truck weigh stations along interstate highways. Field calibration of the system was accomplished at these weigh stations with the cooperation of the Weighmasters. Static weights vs. WIM weights for total and various axle weights were compared. The % of overweight vehicles for open vs. closed weigh stations was compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the permanent WIM sites. The WIM system was found to be accurate to within 20% of static gross weight, 90% of the time. Individual axle weight accuracy ranged from 30% for drive and trailer axles to 40% of steering axles, 90% of the time. KW - Accuracy KW - Building KW - Calibration KW - Components KW - Facilities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Installation KW - Portable equipment KW - Speed KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483833 AU - Lew, J J AU - Hooker, G D AU - Kercher, K J AU - Indiana Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILOT STUDY OF A PORTABLE HIGH SPEED WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEM. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/08 SP - 25 p. AB - The report describes the objectives, scope and findings of the pilot study of a high speed, portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) system. The main components of the portable WIM equipment consists of a Weighpad, a Weighman, a Retriever and a set of traffic loops. The Weighpad is a 2 ft x 6 ft weight detection pad placed on the highway that attracts litte or no attention from drivers. The Weighman is a portable roadside battery operated minicomputer that receives information from the Weighpad and converts it into static weights. Two 6 ft square inductive loops are used to measure speeds, axle spacing and length with this data being used to classify vehicles. Data stored in the Weighman is transferred to a Retriever and then to a computer for processing. The Retriever is used to program the Weighman and to start the system. Field installation of the system requires the cooperation of a local IDOH unit to provide traffic control. Then, the system can be installed with an experienced crew in about 2 hours along the interstate. The system was installed in the vicinity of truck weigh stations along interstate highways. Field calibration of the system was accomplished at these weigh stations with the cooperation of the Weighmasters. Static weights vs. WIM weights for total and various axle weights were compared. The % of overweight vehicles for open vs. closed weigh stations was compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the permanent WIM sites. The WIM system was found to be accurate to within 20% of static gross weight, 90% of the time. Individual axle weight accuracy ranged from 30% for drive and trailer axles to 40% of steering axles, 90% of the time. KW - Accuracy KW - Building KW - Calibration KW - Components KW - Facilities KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Installation KW - Portable equipment KW - Speed KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605747 AU - Yette, R AU - Pereira, T AU - Wong, V AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DATA BASE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL. PARTS 1 AND 2 PY - 1988/08 SP - 683 p. AB - This volume of the final report, Volume II, is the programmer's manual for the Texas Flexible Pavement Database System. It describes the system from the programmer's point of view and includes a system overview, general program narratives, flow diagrams, program specifications, file layouts, report layouts, sample reports, sample screens and program listings. Volume II consists of two separately bound documents, designated Part 1 and Part 2. KW - Computer programming KW - Databases KW - Flexible pavements KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement performance KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350079 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605768 AU - Parsons, S AU - Scullion, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DATA BASE. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1988/08 SP - 146 p. AB - The Texas Flexible Pavement Database consists of performance information on more than 300 pavement sections located throughout the State of Texas. This report, the User's Manual, describes a microcomputer database management system which provides flexible storage, reporting and modeling of the data. The system was developed to be compatible with the SHRP Long-Term Pavement Performance monitoring system. New monitoring sections can easily be added to the system; therefore, the system provides a long-term means of monitoring experimental pavements. KW - Databases KW - Flexible pavements KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement performance KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489640 AU - BATZ, T M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A NEW PASSING ZONE GORE DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 56 p. AB - The purpose of this research study was to determine the effects that a new passing zone's gore design had on traffic characteristics. The new gore design consisted of a painted gore at the beginning of the passing zone which guides the traffic into the right lane, therefore directing the slow-moving vehicles out of the left lane. The project's three objectives were to determine if the new gore design: is more efficient than the old design by allowing more vehicles to pass; reduces illegal and erratic maneuvers; and has any effect on the safety of the roadway. The major findings of the study were that when the new passing zone gore design was implemented the passing efficiency within the passing zone actually decreased at the .4 mile site while it increased slightly at the .9 mile site. Also, the number of illegal or erratic maneuvers, which included passes on the right and platoon leaders staying left or going through the gore, was reduced at the longer site while at the shorter site they increased. Finally, safety seemed not to be affected by either passes on the right or going through the painted gore. From these findings came the following recommendations: 1) the new passing zone gore design should not be implemented at this time on passing zones of one-half mile or less in length; 2) the new passing zone gore design could be implemented on passing zones of greater than one-half mile; and 3) further research dealing with such factors as total passes, different passing zone lengths, etc., should be carried out to determine more specifically the effects of this new design on the traffic characteristics. KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Passing zones KW - Problem drivers KW - Reckless drivers KW - Road markings KW - Slow moving vehicles KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00489603 AU - Coetzee, N F AU - Kaelber, K AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE CHARACTERIZATION OF ALASKAN PAVING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 134 p. AB - Mechanistic analysis procedures for pavement evaluation have become relatively simple with recent development in microcomputers. These procedures require pavement fatigue models to make them useful for evaluation of pavement life. Numerous models exist. However, their applicability to cold climates requires further investigation. The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability to existing fatigue models in Alaska, determine if asphalt concrete mixes used in Alaska differed in performance, and to determine whether laboratory prepared samples perform differently than field compacted samples. Testing consisted of three point bending tests with temperatures ranging from 80 deg F to minus 15 deg F. A Materials Testing System (MTS) modified for the test procedure was used in conjunction with computerized data acquisition systems. All tests were strain controlled. None of the existing fatigue relationships were adequate. As a result, new equations were developed which better fit AC 2.5 and AC 5 at temperatures below 45 deg F. This equation is much more sensitive to strain than The Asphalt Institute equations. AC 2.5 and AC 5 were found to perform similarly at temperatures below 20 deg F. At temperatures as low as minus 15 deg F, no difference in performance was noted between the two asphalts. Both the laboratory prepared samples and the field samples showed equivalent performance. The data pointed out a difference between the time at which the maximum load occurred and the time at which the maximum strain occurred. This difference or "phase lag" was greatest at the beginning of the test and almost in phase at the end of the test. This phenomenon should be explored further, since it may provide a method of determining remaining life. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bend tests KW - Equations KW - Evaluation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Frigid regions KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Temperature KW - Testing KW - Testing temperature UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_88_12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496813 AU - Simonsen, J E AU - Price, A W AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT RESTORATION: CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 52 p. AB - For the past 20 years the Michigan Department of Transportation's Research Laboratory has conducted several studies to develop effective maintenance procedures for concrete pavement. The procedures have been developed for daylight closures to minimize the inconvenience and hazard to motorists caused by the maintenance operations. By 1982 (following evaluation of cast-in-place repairs, with and without dowelled joints) the Department used dowelled repairs as a standard procedure. The dowels are loose fitting (1/16-in. clearance) in holes drilled in the adjacent slabs. The restoration work described in this report uses repair techniques previously developed, in addition to new ones. The pavement selected for restoration is a 20 year old, 9-in. reinforced concrete slab with 71-ft joint spacings, and joints sealed with preformed neoprene seals. Deteriorated joints were repaired using full-depth repairs having dowelled joints with the dowels grouted-in-place using an epoxy grout. Some mid-slab failures were repaired by tying the new concrete to the existing slab using grouted-in-place No. 10 deformed bars. The deteriorated intersections of the longitudinal and transverse joints were restored using 2 ft by 4 ft full-depth repairs tied in place with grouted-in No. 5 deformed bars. Spalls along the joint grooves were repaired, partial-depth, with fast-set premixed mortar, the neoprene seals were replaced with silicone sealant, the longitudinal joints were resealed using a low-modulus hot-poured sealant, and surface pop-outs were fixed using fast-set premixed mortar. The performance of the various restoration techniques will be evaluated for a five-year period. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Grouting KW - Joint KW - Joint sealing KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mortar KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repairing KW - Restoration KW - Sealing compounds KW - Silicones KW - Tied concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483840 AU - McVay, M C AU - Townsend, F C AU - Bloomquist, D AU - O'Brien, M P AU - Casper, R D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING CAPACITY AND DEFORMATION OF PILE GROUPS. VOLUME 2: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY LOADED PILE GROUPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 164 p. AB - A review of present analytical approaches to vertically loaded pile groups reveal them to have either stability problems (FHWA-PILGP2), to be semi-empirical (efficiency approaches), require large amounts of CPU time (3D Finite Element), or unable to model the soil-structure interaction properly (linear elastic). Consequently, a new pile group approach was developed which models the piles with finite elements, the near field soil response through nonlinear springs, and the pile-soil-pile interaction (far field) with Mindlin's equations. The method gives Butterfield and Banerjee's Integral Solution if elastic parameters are used or in the case of nonlinear parameters, the skin friction along the shafts are usually fully mobilized before any appreciable tip resistance develops. An approach is suggested to get material parameters from insitu tests. Finally, the program was used to predict both a single and group response at the FHWA's Hunter's Point, California and Houston, Texas sites. Good results were obtained for both cases using the same soil parameters, obtained from the electric and dynamic cross-hole cones. KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Finite element method KW - Load settlement KW - Loads KW - Numerical analysis KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491749 AU - Ross, H E AU - Bligh, R P AU - Sicking, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMALL SIGN SUPPORT ANALYSIS: PHASE III - BENEFIT/COST ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 115 p. AB - Guidelines were developed to assist the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) in (1) determining if an existing sign installation, not in compliance with current safety standards, should be replaced by a system that does meet the safety standards, and (2) selecting a cost effective sign support for new installations. A benefit/cost (B/C) program, developed at the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) was used to develop the guidelines. Existing systems that were analyzed included single and multiple post installations for both square steel tubes (ADOT P2 systems) and 3 lb/ft high carbon steel U-posts. Systems that were considered as candidates for new installations and for upgrading existing systems include installations with up to three 3 lb/ft high carbon steel U-posts with an improved short ground splice, standard steel pipe with a uni-directional slip-base, and hollow rectangular sections of laminated veneer lumber. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Hinges KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Static tests KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491748 AU - Morgan, J R AU - Ross, H E AU - Schuler, R E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMALL SIGN SUPPORT ANALYSIS: PHASE II - STATIC, PENDULUM AND FULL-SCALE CRASH TEST PROGRAMS. VOLUME II (APPENDICES). FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 349 p. AB - This report, in two volumes, compiles the static, pendulum and full-scale crash test results of alternative small sign support systems for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The tests were conducted and evaluated in accordance with the recommendations of NCHRP Report 230 and the 1985 AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals." Results of this research indicate that three-3 lb/ft or (based on energy based analysis) two-4 lb/ft 80 ksi Marion steel U-post supports and stubs assembled using a 4 in. nested splice (support assembled behind the stub) with 1/2 in. spacers and grade 9 bolts, nuts and washers will meet the evaluation criteria. It also is apparent from the results of this study that a slip-base retrofit for a sign support system with up to three P2 Uni-Strut posts will meet the evaluation criteria. In all cases, tests were conducted in NCHRP Report 230 (2) Classification S1 (STRONG) soil. In cases where installation in a "weak" soil is anticipated, further evaluation is required. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Hinges KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Static tests KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491746 AU - Ross, H E AU - Sicking, D L AU - Campise, W L AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMALL SIGN SUPPORT ANALYSIS: PHASE I - CRASH TEST PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 233 p. AB - This report describes a series of full-scale vehicular crash tests conducted to evaluate the impact performance of small sign supports used by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The tests were conducted and evaluated in accordance with the recommendations of NCHRP Report 230 and the 1985 AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals." Based on the test program, it was concluded that the following systems are in compliance with recommended safety performance standards: (1) one P1 post; (2) one 3 lb/ft U-post; (3) one 4 lb/ft U-post; (4) two 3 lb/ft U-posts; and (5) a slip-base design having two S4 x 7.7 posts with a hinge at the midheight of the sign panel. It was concluded that the following systems are not in compliance with recommended safety performance standards: (1) two or more P2 posts within a 7 ft spacing; (2) three or more 3 lb/ft U-posts within a 7 ft spacing; and (3) two or more 4 lb/ft U-posts within a 7 ft spacing. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Hinges KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Static tests KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491747 AU - Morgan, J R AU - Ross, H E AU - Schuler, R E AU - Campise, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SMALL SIGN SUPPORT ANALYSIS: PHASE II - STATIC, PENDULUM AND FULL-SCALE CRASH TEST PROGRAMS. VOLUME I (REPORT). FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 121 p. AB - This report, in two volumes, compiles the static, pendulum and full-scale crash test results of alternative small sign support systems for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The tests were conducted and evaluated in accordance with the recommendations of NCHRP Report 230 and the 1985 AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals." Results of this research indicate that three-3 lb/ft or (based on energy based analysis) two-4 lb/ft 80 ksi Marion steel U-post supports and stubs assembled using a 4 in. nested splice (support assembled behind the stub) with 1/2 in. spacers and grade 9 bolts, nuts and washers will meet the evaluation criteria. It also is apparent from the results of this study that a slip-base retrofit for a sign support system with up to three P2 Uni-Strut posts will meet the evaluation criteria. In all cases, tests were conducted in NCHRP Report 230 (2) Classification S1 (STRONG) soil. In cases where installation in a "weak" soil is anticipated, further evaluation is required. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Hinges KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Static tests KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/303816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478197 AU - Swanson, H N AU - Woodham, D B AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLEXIBLE ROADSIDE DELINEATOR POST EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 26 p. AB - Six different models of flexible delineators were subjected to both warm and cold weather impact tests as well as a one-year roadside evaluation. The results were used to determine a cost-per-hit index based on delineator initial and replacement costs. In addition, a specification for use in Colorado is proposed for the testing and prequalification of flexible delineator posts. KW - Costs KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Equipment replacement KW - Flexible delineators KW - Flexible structures KW - Highway delineators KW - Impact tests KW - Replacement KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00490085 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1988 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1988/08 SP - 52 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/299334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477382 AU - Heathington, K W AU - Fambro, D B AU - Richards, S H AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVE WARNING DEVICES FOR USE AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 282 p. AB - Research was conducted to identify and evaluate innovative active warning devices with potential for improving safety at railroad-highway grade crossings. Candidate devices were identified and/or developed, and the most promising devices were evaluated in a detailed laboratory study. Three of the devices were chosen for field evaluation: (1) four-quadrant gates with skirts and flashing light signals; (2) four-quadrant flashing light signals with overhead strobes; and (3) highway traffic signals with white bar strobes in all red lenses. The report documents the methodology and results of the field evaluations, presents a summary of the research leading up to the field evaluations, and presents the results of benefit-cost analyses for the innovative devices and guidelines for their implementation. All three of the innovative devices proved to be technically feasible and practical, and all three devices were accepted and understood by the driving public. Two of the systems, the four-quadrant gates with skirts and the highway traffic signals, significantly improved crossing safety at the test crossings. The third system, four-quadrant flashing light signals with strobes, did not produce measurable improvements in safety at the test crossing. Train predictors (and the constant warning time they provide) can have significant positive effects on safety at crossings where flashing light signals or highway traffic signals are used. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Field tests KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Gates KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Research KW - Strobes KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals KW - Warning devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00486210 AU - Benson, J D AU - Bell, C E AU - Stover, V G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PEAK PERIOD TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT CAPABILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 102 p. AB - The basic objective of this study was to develop and incorporate into the Texas Travel Demand a peak hour or peak period travel demand modeling capability. Peak hour and peak period travel demand modeling techniques vary considerably in their level of sophistication. These techniques can generally be categorized into three basic approaches: factoring of 24-hour trip tables; factoring of 24-hour trip ends; and direct generation. Two sets of data analyses were performed: (1) analyses of traffic count data from 254 locations in Houston; and (2) analyses of peak period data from the recent Houston travel survey. Based on the results of these analyses and some basic conceptual concerns, the use of three-hour peak periods instead of a single peak hour for travel demand modeling applications is strongly encouraged. Perhaps the most important product of this study is the software. Three new routines were developed, tested and implemented in the Texas Travel Demand Package to provide for peak period modeling applications. KW - Data analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Peak periods KW - Software KW - Texas KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic counts KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485594 AU - Mounce, J M AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Stokes, R W AU - Payne, H S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVISED MANUAL FOR PLANNING, DESIGNING, AND OPERATING TRANSITWAY FACILITIES IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 201 p. AB - Transitways are defined as exclusive, physically separated, access controlled, high-occupancy vehicle priority treatment facilities which are typically located within existing freeway right(s)-of-way. Transitways are sometimes referred to as busways, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, or authorized vehicle lanes (AVLs). This revised manual is divided into two primary technical divisions: (1) Transitway mainlanes and connections; and (2) Transitway support facilities. Each of these technical divisions addresses transitway planning, design, and operational considerations. Information presented within this transitway manual should promote effective planning, uniformity of design, and operational efficiency for transitway facilities in Texas. This revised manual was prepared for the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) to update guidelines and standards for the planning, design, and operation of transitway facilities. It follows the general style and format of the SDHPT Operations and Procedures Manual. This transitway manual has been prepared as an independent document under research study 2-10-84-339 to supplement previous information on transitway facilities given in Report 425-2, "Manual for Planning, Designing, and Operating Transitway Facilities in Texas" (September, 1985), and Report 425-2F, "Transitway Surveillance, Communications, and Control" (October, 1986). KW - Busways KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Manuals KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Reserved lanes KW - Standards KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485669 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#6-88 PY - 1988/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1980 Plymouth Champ impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned 12 in. forward of the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. The pole did not break away causing the vehicle to stop abruptly, with the vehicle body wrapped around the pole. Vehicle intrusion into the passenger compartment was severe. Dummy parameters were moderate. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485670 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#7-88 PY - 1988/08 SP - 70 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1980 Dodge Colt impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned 24 in. forward of the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. The pole broke away with low change in velocity of the vehicle, with some intrusion of the pole into the passenger compartment. Dummy parameters were all low in magnitude. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485427 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR MOBILITY ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 43 p. AB - This report summarizes an investigation of possible techniques to illustrate peak-hour person and vehicle movement for different travel modes in major transportation corridors. Several procedures that would produce estimates of freeway, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane and/or rail transit line operation were identified. These procedures were evaluated as to their data requirements, reasonableness of results and ability to produce intuitively correct conclusions. The recommended equations enable the user to compare peak-hour operation of freeway mainlanes and adjacent HOV lanes or rail transit lines to estimate the effect of increased person movement provided by high-capacity, high-speed transportation alternatives. KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Freeways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Light rail transit KW - Mobility KW - Peak periods KW - Rapid transit KW - Reserved lanes KW - Subways KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485426 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Bullard, D L AU - Hanks, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF DECLINING MOBILITY IN MAJOR TEXAS AND OTHER U.S CITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 117 p. AB - An assessment of the freeway and major street operating conditions was performed in seven Texas cities and 22 other urban areas in the U.S. for the period 1982 to 1986. Vehicle-miles of travel and lane-miles of roadway data were collected from a variety of sources to estimate congestion on the freeway/expressway and principal arterial street systems. The values for each system were combined into a congestion index used to rank the urban areas on a relative scale. An analysis of the cost of this congestion was performed using travel delay, increased fuel consumption and increased auto insurance premiums as the economic analysis factors. The economic cost to the urban area, and to the individual resident, was estimated. An investigation of business attitudes toward urban area traffic congestion was performed in 13 of the study cities. The construction and widening of freeways and major streets in the urban areas were the most frequently mentioned improvements that would enhance business activity. KW - Arterial highways KW - Attitudes KW - Businesses KW - Cities KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Expressways KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Insurance KW - Mobility KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485671 AU - Hinch, J A AU - STOUT, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIRTY MPH BROADSIDE IMPACT OF A MINISIZED VEHICLE AND A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. TEST RESULTS REPORT. TEST NUMBER 1785-SI#8-88 PY - 1988/08 SP - 66 p. AB - This report documents the full-scale side impact test of a 1981 Plymouth Champ impacting into a breakaway luminaire support. The impact speed was 30 mph and the impact angle was broadside with the impact point aligned with the driver's shoulder. The impacted pole was a slip-base-mounted steel unit with mast arm and luminaire. The slip base was fastened together with no clamp load. The pole broke away with a low change in velocity of the vehicle, with some intrusion of the pole into the passenger compartment. The crush was approximately half of that observed with clamped slip base poles. Dummy parameters were moderate in magnitude. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash severity KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact tests KW - Intrusion KW - Luminaires KW - Miniature automobiles KW - Miniautomobiles KW - Side crashes KW - Speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483831 AU - Hadchiti, K M AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ABRASION RESISTANCE AND SCALING RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE CONTAINING FLY ASH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 216 p. AB - The durability of concrete containing fly ash subjected to various curing conditions was investigated in this research program. One Type A and two Type B fly ashes were used at 0, 25, and 35 percent replacement of cement by volume. Test specimens were cured at 50, 73, and 100 deg F and 50 and 100 percent relative humidity. The two durability tests performed were the abrasion resistance test and the resistance to deicing scaling test. The abrasion test was performed at 14 days test age according to ASTM C944. Depth of penetration was used to evaluate the abrasion resistance of concrete. The scaling resistance test was performed at 28 days test age according to ASTM C672. The deicing scaling damage was assessed by visual inspection at various stages during the test. At the completion of the scaling test, the chloride concentration of the concrete was determined at various depths from the exposed concrete surface. The test results show that strength is the most important factor influencing the abrasion resistance of concrete. The curing practices were found to influence the abrasion resistance of the concrete in that they affected the concrete strength. No relationship could be established between the deicer scaling resistance of concrete and the water cementitious ratio, the compressive strength, or the curing practices. Moist-cured plain concrete, however, was found to be, in most cases, the most resistant to deicer scaling. The chloride penetration test results revealed that moist-cured concrete is much more resistant to chloride penetration than similar air-dried concrete. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Deicing KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Scaling (Concrete) KW - Scaling resistance KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483853 AU - Barros, R T AU - Weed, R M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLIED REGRESSION IN THE PRESENCE OF X ERROR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 55 p. AB - Regression analysis is frequently used in the engineering field to develop mathematical models for a wide variety of applications. Of the several assumptions upon which regression is based, one of the most fundamental is that the X values are known exactly and that any error is associated only with the Y measurements. Since this is not the case for many engineering applications, a study was conducted to (a) determine the magnitude of this problem and to (b) develop and test a software package that incorporates a theoretical solution found in the literature. Computer simulation is used to demonstrate both the seriousness of the problem and the effectiveness of the solution. An example based on early-strength tests of concrete demonstrate the use of the new software. The complete Fortran coding for this program is contained in the Appendix. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Regression analysis KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292844 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483841 AU - Shuler, S AU - Hanson, D I AU - McKeen, R G AU - New Mexico Engineering Research Institute AU - New Mexico State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT GUIDELINE--PHASE I (NEW MEXICO MODIFIED ASPHALT DATABASE). FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - n.p. AB - Six paving grade asphalt cements were combined with eleven polymers at low and high levels of concentration. Laboratory testing was conducted before and after rolling thin film circulating oven (RTFCO) aging to measure the effect of heat and air on the physical properties of binders. Two full-scale field tests containing two of the polymer modified asphalts were constructed to determine if differences in construction practice were necessary when fabricating asphalt concrete with polymer modified asphalt and to provide baseline information regarding field performance of certain of the modified asphalts contained in the database. Laboratory tests indicate that rolling thin film oven aging had less effect on hardening of polymer modified binders tested than corresponding control asphalts. Comparison of asphalt modulus measured from the force-ductility test and that predicted by the Van der Poel nomograph indicate predicted values to underestimate measured values by a factor of two before RTFCO aging, and to overestimate by a factor of two after RTFCO aging. Conventional kinematic viscosity tests for determination of field mixing and compaction temperatures appear to be misleading for certain polymer modified asphalt binders. The kinematic viscosity results indicated significantly higher mixing and compaction temperatures than were necessary during full-scale tests. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Field tests KW - Hardness KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rolling thin film KW - Thin films KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483861 AU - Allen, D L AU - Meade, B W AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL-BRIDGE ABUTMENT INTERACTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 133 p. AB - Presented herein are analyses of 6 bridge approaches. Lateral movement and settlement of the foundations and embankments are discussed. Results of slope stability and finite element analyses are related to measured movements. A graph for predicting approach pavement settlement is included. A theoretical approach model was used to run an extensive series of finite element analyses. Movements resulting from these analyses are presented with several variable model conditions. Variable conditions include embankment and foundation configuration, soil cohesion, and soil friction angle. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Cohesion KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Friction KW - Friction angle KW - Mathematical models KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slope stability KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482290 AU - Stokes, R W AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Ranft, S E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NORTH FREEWAY TRANSITWAY EVALUATION OF OPERATIONS DURING 1987, THE THIRD YEAR OF OPERATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 105 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the operation of the North Freeway (I-45N) Transitway in Houston, Texas for calendar year 1987. This represents an evaluation of the third year of transitway operation. Two previous reports have documented experiences during the first two years of transitway operation. This research report provides an analysis of trend data related to: 1) operation of the transitway; 2) operation of the freeway mainlanes; 3) combined transitway and freeway mainlane data; and 4) data relating to transit usage and operations. In comparing A.M. peak-direction data from December 1984 with combined freeway mainlane and transitway data representative of December 1987: 1) peak-hour person movement has increased by 30%; 2) A.M. peak-hour vehicle occupancy has decreased by 4%; 3) peak-period bus passenger trips have increased by 83%; and 4) vehicles parked in corridor park-and-ride lots have increased by 23%. A peak-hour measure of effectiveness frequently associated with high-occupancy vehicle projects is passenger-miles/hour (the multiple of peak-hour passengers times miles per hour). This measure of effectiveness (expressed in 1000's) has increased from 72 in December 1984, to a value of 87 passenger-miles/hour/lane in December 1987, an increase of 21%. KW - Busways KW - Data KW - Evaluation KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Operations KW - Park and ride KW - Peak periods KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482377 AU - Anderson, M AU - Asghar, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH SPEED FILM MOTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM PY - 1988/08 SP - 125 p. AB - Due to the high volume of testing, and the attendant requirement for a film motion analysis capability at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL), a system capable of quickly digitizing projected images from high-speed film was developed. The report documents the procedures used in determining the equipment used, namely, the NAC model 160F film motion analyzer and an IBM PC-At. The report also shows how the equipment was interfaced, and the software developed for data acquisition and manipulation. KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Digitized photography KW - Film motion analyzer KW - High speed photography KW - Information processing KW - Motion pictures KW - Research KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482379 AU - Hansen, A G AU - Hott, C R AU - Analysis Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORT CAPABILITY TESTING PY - 1988/08 SP - 27 p. AB - A series of tests has recently been completed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) to determine the capability of currently accepted luminaire support devices to pass the new (1985) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) breakaway criteria for luminaire supports. The report summarizes the results of those tests. Ten of the 44 devices tested passed the new velocity change criteria. It was found that the performance of transformer bases is dependent on mounting bolt torque and, in addition, may be dependent on bolt circle diameter. However, only 5 devices passed both the velocity change criteria and the stub height criteria. KW - Bolts KW - Breakaway supports KW - Diameter KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Performance evaluations KW - Test results KW - Torque UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481021 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - TERRY, D C AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMUNICATIONS IN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS, VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 142 p. AB - The communications element of a traffic control system has proved to have the greatest risk in terms of the successful implementation, operation, maintenance, and expansion of a system. It is also one of the most costly elements. The purpose of this report is to provide understandable information on communications in general and on specific communication technologies to those persons involved in the planning, design, and implementation of computer-based traffic control systems. The report includes a brief tutorial on communications technology and terminology; guidelines for conducting a thorough communications trade-off analysis; a detailed discussion of communications media which have been widely used in traffic control and of how these may be successfully designed and installed; and a discussion of newly developing technologies that have had limited use (if any) in traffic control systems, but may have wider applications in the future. An executive summary of the information is provided in Volume I, FHWA-RD-88-011. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Communications KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481023 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS, VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 155 p. AB - A traffic control system is generally considered successful if it meets the needs of the agency and the motorist, if it has been implemented within a reasonable time and budget, if it functions properly, and if it is utilized to its full potential over a number of years. This report summarizes guidelines for the planning, design, installation, operation, and maintenance of successful systems. Numerous examples are also included in the report, along with the bibliography of basic technical references in the area of traffic control systems. The focus of the guidelines is the system process -- the procedures and practices by which system success may be achieved. The guidelines do address system hardware and software, but with a procedural and management orientation. The guidelines are structured to follow the logical process of a systems life from initial planning to continuing operations and maintenance, and overall management. An executive summary of the guidelines is available in Volume I, FHWA-RD-88-013. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481020 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - TERRY, D C AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMUNICATIONS IN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS, VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/08 SP - 26 p. AB - The communications element of a traffic control system has proved to have the greatest risk in terms of the successful implementation, operation, maintenance, and expansion of a system. It is also one of the most costly elements. This report summarizes the guidelines for conducting a communications trade-off analysis and presents an overview of communications media and technologies that may have applications for traffic control systems. The full report (Volume II, FHWA-RD-88-012) discusses the communications technologies and their application in detail and includes a brief communications tutorial. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Communications KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481022 AU - Neudorff, L G AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SUCCESSFUL TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS, VOLUME I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1988/08 SP - 44 p. AB - A traffic control system is generally considered successful if it meets the needs of the agency and the motorist, if it has been implemented within a reasonable time and budget, if it functions properly, and if it is utilized to its full potential over a number of years. This report summarizes guidelines for the planning, design, installation, operation, and maintenance of successful systems. The focus of the guidelines is the system process -- the procedures and practices by which system success may be achieved. A detailed discussion of the guidelines is presented in the final report (Volume II, FHWA-RD-88-014). The full report includes specific examples, an index for cross-referencing, and a bibliography of basic technical references in the area of traffic control systems. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guidelines KW - Installation KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479385 AU - LINDLEY, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND VEHICLE EMISSIONS RELATIONSHIPS FOR CONGESTED FREEWAY FLOW CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 106 p. AB - Fuel comsumption and vehicle emissions are commonly used measures of effectiveness for describing differences between freeway improvement alternatives. However, current sketch planning relationships between fuel consumption and vehicle emissions and parameters that can be measured over time, such as average speed, are inadequate because they use out-of-date assumptions about the vehicle fleet, they do not apply to the entire range of congested freeway operating conditions, and/or they are based on assumed rather than actual vehicle operating patterns. This study examined several types of relationships between fuel consumption and vehicle emissions and various operating parameters, and tested them using data which overcame the limitations listed above. The most practical of these relationships use total distance traveled and total travel time as independent variables. These relationships are very highly correlated for both total fuel consumed and total emissions of the three major types of pollutants. These relationships were calibrated for the data used in the study. A computational example of the potential usefulness of the relationships developed is given. KW - Calculation KW - Computation KW - Exhaust gases KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Relationships KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479844 AU - Regional Transportation District AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Urban Mass Transportation Administration TI - NORTH I-25 CORRIDOR BUS/HOV PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PY - 1988/08 SP - v.p. AB - This Environmental Assessment (EA) considers the environmental impacts of proposed transportation improvements in the North I-25 Corridor and evaluates the need for an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), summarizes the results of an analysis of transportation alternatives, as required by the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, as amended, examines the alternatives in terms of their costs, benefits, and financial feasibility to aid in the selection of a preferred alternative, and identifies proposed mitigation measures. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Assessments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Improvements KW - Transportation planning KW - Umta section 3 KW - Urban Mass Transportation Act KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/293455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479389 AU - Henson, L D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY OF SYSTEM DETECTOR DATA IN REPLICATING FIELD CONDITIONS FOR THE INTEGRATED MOTORIST INFORMATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 154 p. AB - Freeway surveillance and control systems generally include surveillance of freeway mainline and ramp traffic using electronic loop detectors. The information collected by these detectors is used to indicate overall system status and as input to incident detection algorithms. Another possible use for this data is to provide travel time and delay information for individual freeway segments. This type of data is typically collected through labor intensive and costly "moving car" field studies. This study investigated the feasibility of using data collected by loop detectors in a typical freeway surveillance and control system as a substitute for speed and travel time data collected through traditional travel time and delay field studies. Several relationships between field and system data collected at an existing freeway surveillance and control system were developed. With some calibration, these relationships should be applicable to other systems. KW - Driver information systems KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Loop detectors KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479250 AU - Lai, J S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF GRADATION OF AGGREGATE ON RUTTING CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT MIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 40 p. AB - Segregation of asphalt mixtures has become a serious problem on coarse base mixes when they are improperly handled. One method to minimize segregation is to increase the fine aggregate portion. However, this may potentially adversely affect rutting resistance of the asphalt mixture. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mix gradations on the rutting resistance of asphalt mixes. Six gradations from three aggregate sources were used in this study. Rutting was measured in the laboratory using the loaded wheel tester. Both standard and modified mixes were tested. Results from this study indicated that some modified mixes can improve rutting resistance and that aggregate sources can significantly affect the rutting potential of asphalt mixtures. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate sources KW - Aggregates by source KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Laboratory tests KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478109 AU - Campbell, B E AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WRONG-WAY MOVEMENTS ON PARTIAL CLOVERLEAF RAMPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 30 p. AB - The purposes of this study were: 1) to evaluate the new ramp design (exit and entrance ramps combined into one paved surface separated only by a double yellow line) using actual counts of wrong-way movements and comparing them to data collected in previous research, and 2) to make counts of wrong-way movements on about ten other combined ramps to determine if any have problems. A total of 17 ramps were monitored under this study. Three ramps were considered to have serious wrong-way count problems. On all three ramps, countermeasures were taken to reduce the wrong-way movements. Final conclusions are that the combined ramp geometry does reduce the number of wrong-way movements. But alternate forms of signing and marking may be needed. KW - Cloverleaf interchanges KW - Countermeasures KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeway ramps KW - Geometric design KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Road markings KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic signs KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478207 AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Higgins, J D AU - Argo, D E AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING PILE CAPACITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 62 p. AB - A comparative study of ten pile driving formulas is described. The formulas are the Danish, ENR, Modified ENR, Eytelwein, Gates, Hiley, Janbu, Navy-Mckay, PCUBC, and Weisbach. The ultimate load for each of sixty-three pile load tests was determined using the Q-D over 30 method to determine ultimate capacity. The predicted pile capacity was divided by the measured capacity to obtain normalized values. Statistical analyses for coefficient of variation were performed on the logarithm of the normalized capacities to determine which formula provided the most consistent prediction of pile capacity. The Gates formula proved to be the best and the widely used ENR one of the worst with a coefficient of variation approximately 2-3 times higher than that for the Gates formula. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Estimating KW - Formulas KW - Measurement KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile formulas KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/163.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287049 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477380 AU - Zuieback, J M AU - Wonacott, G D AU - Bailey, J D AU - SPARTA, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS. VOLUME I: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 54 p. AB - The objective of this study has been to develop relationships between pavement roughness and weigh-in-motion (WIM) system measurement error for individual axles, tandem axles, gross weight and axle spacing. The dynamic weight measured by a WIM scale is determined by the dynamic response of the vehicle system to the pavement roughness. A dynamic simulation model was formulated and used to study the important parameters which affect tire/pavement dynamic force. A series of tests were conducted at three inservice WIM sites in Nevada to determine the relationship between WIM measurement error and vehicle factors including (1) cab type, (2) trailer type, (3) configuration, (4) suspension system type, (5) speed, and (6) roughness. A second series of tests were conducted using two vehicles and instrumented to measure dynamic tire/pavement force. An empirical relationship has been developed to predict axle and gross weight weighing error as a function of pavement roughness. A procedure is outlined to calculate pavement smoothness requirements for WIM installations to achieve specified accuracy levels. An example is included. The other volume in this two-volume series is FHWA-RD-88-129, "Calibration of Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Systems, Volume II: Final Report." KW - Accuracy KW - Dynamic loads KW - Errors KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286566 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477521 AU - Yu, S L AU - Wu, Y AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A MICROCOMPUTER MODEL FOR SIMULATING PRESSURIZED FLOW IN A STORM SEWER SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 16 p. AB - A study is being conducted on the development of a microcomputer model for simulating storm sewer flow under surcharged or pressurized conditions. Several existing models, including the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the Illinois Urban Drainage Simulation (ILLUDAS), have been reviewed. It was concluded that the SWMM program's EXTRAN subroutine, which uses a full dynamic wave approach, would be suitable for our purposes. Certain modifications of EXTRAN will be necessary, and the modified subroutine will be incorporated into the Federal Highway Administration's Pooled Fund Storm Sewer Program PFP-HYDRA. KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Pressure KW - Pressure flow KW - Simulation KW - Storm sewers UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36700/36744/89-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477306 AU - Walker, R S AU - BECK, R AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD IMPLEMENTATION OF NON-CONTACT PROFILING AND ROAD ROUGHNESS EQUIPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 30 p. AB - The Surface Dynamics Profilometer, which has been used for several years by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation for road profile and roughness measurements, was recently updated to include non-contact or laser probes in place of the road following wheels. The upgrade also included a more up-to-date on-board computing capability. Likewise, procedures and enhancements to the Walker Roughness Device (WRD, or SIometer) was also recently completed. This current project was initiated to monitor the usage of this equipment, making any necessary improvements, etc., as the equipment was being used in actual field use. The report provides results of various applications of this equipment during the past year. The data were taken primarily by D-10 personnel. KW - Computing KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Information processing KW - Instruments for measuring roughness KW - Lasers KW - Management KW - Monitoring KW - Non-contact laser probes KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Probes (Measuring devices) KW - Profilometers KW - Walker roughness device UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477381 AU - Zuieback, J M AU - Wonacott, G D AU - Bailey, J D AU - SPARTA, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION SYSTEMS. VOLUME II: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 308 p. AB - The objective of this study has been to develop relationships between pavement roughness and weigh-in-motion (WIM) system measurement error for individual axles, tandem axles, gross weight and axle spacing. The dynamic weight measured by a WIM scale is determined by the dynamic response of the vehicle system to the pavement roughness. A dynamic simulation model was formulated and used to study the important parameters which affect tire/pavement dynamic force. A series of tests were conducted at three inservice WIM sites in Nevada to determine the relationship between WIM measurement error and vehicle factors including (1) cab type, (2) trailer type, (3) configuration, (4) suspension system type, (5) speed, and (6) roughness. A second series of tests were conducted using two vehicles and instrumented to measure dynamic tire/pavement force. These data were used to develop WIM measurement error criteria for different levels of pavement roughness. The other volume in this two-volume series is FHWA-RD-88-128, "Calibration of Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) Systems, Volume I: Summary and Recommendations." KW - Accuracy KW - Dynamic loads KW - Errors KW - Pavements KW - Roughness KW - Testing KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475446 AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT METHACRYLATE SEALING OF A BRIDGE DECK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/08 SP - 35 p. AB - The Iowa Department of Transportation used a high molecular weight methacrylate (HMWM) resin to seal a 3,340 ft. x 64 ft. bridge deck in October 1986. The sealing was necessary to prevent deicing salt brine from entering a substantial number of transverse cracks that coincided with the epoxy coated top steel and unprotected bottom steel. HMWM resin is a three component product composed of a monomer, a cumene hydroperoxide initiator and a cobalt naphthenate promoter. The HMWM was applied with a dual spray bar system and flat-fan nozzles. Initiated monomer delivered through one spray bar was mixed in the air with promoted monomer from the other spray bar. The application rate averaged 0.956 gallons per 100 square feet for the tined textured driving lanes. Dry sand was broadcast on the surface at an average coverage of 0.58 lbs. per square yard to maintain friction. Coring showed that the HMWM resin penetrated the cracks more than two inches deep. Testing of the treated deck yielded Friction Numbers averaging 33 with a treaded tire compared to 36 prior to treatment. An inspection soon after treatment found five leaky cracks in one of the 15 spans. One inspection during a steady rain showed no leakage, but leakage from numerous cracks occurred during a subsequent rain. A second HMWM application was made on two spans. Leakage through the double application occurred during a rain. Neither the single or double application were successful in preventing leakage through the cracks. KW - Bridge decks KW - Friction KW - Inspection KW - Leakage KW - Methacrylate KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16753 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/285866 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00481038 AU - Hartt, W H AU - Chen, T Y AU - Narayanan, P K AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CRACKING OF STEEL TENDONS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07/30 SP - 20 p. AB - An experimental program has been performed to determine the susceptibility of prestressing steel tendon strand to hydrogen embrittlement, as may occur in response to cathodic protection of concrete structures. This involved constant extension rate testing of both smooth and notched strands in the potential range -0.500 to -1.500 v., which covers the range likely to be employed for both proper and improper cathodic protection. The experiments were performed at a strain rate of 3,960,000/sec in a simulated cement pore water solution (calcium hydroxide-distilled water) of pH 12.5 and also a more diluted solution of pH 8.0. The data reveal that strand embrittlement is minimal for cathodic potentials positive to -1.00 v., suggesting that properly designed and operating cathodic protection systems are appropriate for corrosion control of prestressed systems. Embrittlement was noted, however, for potentials below -1.00 v.; and the implications of this with regard to concrete technology are discussed. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Steel KW - Steel tendons KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/291795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479410 AU - Ulberg, C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF HOV (HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE) LANES, 1988. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1988/07/20 SP - 157 p. AB - The cost effectiveness of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes was analyzed by comparing the costs and benefits of existing HOV lanes with the hypothetical alternatives of doing nothing or adding a lane for general traffic. Three specific sites in the Seattle area were studied. A life-cycle costing approach was used. The main result of the study was that (for the three locations studied) the consruction of HOV lanes was the most cost effective alternative. The "marginal net present value" of each of the projects was positive (on the order of $50 to $600 per commuter per year, depending on the specific comparison). The "marginal benefit/cost ratio" was greater than six for all cases. These findings showed that the three projects under consideration are very cost effective and should remain in place as HOV lanes. The methodology developed for the study was incorporated into an easy-to-use computer program that assesses the cost-effectiveness of the construction of HOV lanes in other locations. KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/121.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414893 AU - Freedman, m AU - Staplin, L K AU - Gilfillan, D P AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Noticeability requirements for delineation on nonilluminated highways PY - 1988/07 IS - FHWA/RD-88-028 SP - 101p AB - At night, on non illuminated highways, delineation consisting of surface markings, raised pavement markers, post mounted delineators, and warning signs is especially important in providing path guidance information to motorists. The visibility of these delineation elements depends upon the extent to which headlight illumination is reflected back to the motorist by both the delineation and the roadway surface against which it is seen. The driver's capacity to receive and use this visual information depends on the specific highway situation, which is defined by the combination of road geometry, traffic operations, glare from opposing vehicles, road surface conditions, and the visual complexity of the background. This research project investigated how those aspects of the driving environment interact and affect the need for delineation types and reflectivity to satisfy the motorist's need for path guidance information. KW - Conspicuity KW - Delineation KW - Driver information KW - Driver information systems KW - Pavement marking KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478039 AU - Korfhage, G R AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF CONCRETE SHOULDERS, LANE WIDENING AND FROZEN SUBGRADE ON CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 18 p. AB - This is the fourth and final report of a study to determine the effect of concrete shoulders, lane widening and frozen subgrade on concrete pavement performance. In this portion of the study, Falling Weight Deflectometer tests were conducted seasonally over a two-year period to determine the seasonal variation in pavement deflection. Tests were also conducted to determine the change in pavement deflection throughout the day. An analysis was run to verify earlier results determined by the Construction Technologies Laboratory of the Portland Cement Association. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Frozen soils KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement widening KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286953 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485683 AU - Terry, W R AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRODUCTION SCHEDULING AND INVENTORY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 138 p. AB - Structured systems analysis was used to develop the specifications for a computer based system for scheduling production and controlling inventories of traffic signs. Data flow diagrams were used to depict the flow of data in this system. A field inventory data base is used in conjunction with reflectivity decay data to identify signs which are candidates for replacement. These candidates are input into a system which plans the activities of roadway crews that are responsible for traffic related activities. The output of the roadway crew activity planning subsystem corresponds to the demand for traffic signs. This demand, which is in fact derived from the activities of the roadway crews, provides a forecast of future Sign Shop demands. The Sign Shop utilizes this forecast to develop production schedules which support the forecasted activities of the roadway crews. KW - Databases KW - Demand KW - Equipment replacement KW - Flow charts KW - Flow diagrams KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Inventory control KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning KW - Production control KW - Replacement KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00491952 AU - Levin, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1988/07 SP - v.p. AB - This handbook was prepared for Scenic Byways '88, A National Conference to Map the Future of America's Scenic Roads and Highways. It was designed as a conference guide and reference for participants. The handbook provides an overview of the Nation's scenic road programs in the following eight chapters: (1) Definitions and Concepts; (2) History of Scenic Road Programs; (3) State and Local Scenic Road Programs; (4) Federal Scenic Road Programs; (5) Federal-aid Highway Program; (6) Travel Information and Data; (7) Scenic Road Features; and (8) Action Alternatives. A Bibliography is provided. KW - Aesthetics KW - Beautification KW - Bibliographies KW - Definitions KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Federal aid highways KW - Handbooks KW - Highway beautification KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - History KW - Local street KW - Mobility KW - Recreation KW - Roads KW - Scenic highways KW - State aid KW - Streets KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/306309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479285 AU - Baker, R F AU - Quinn, J J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW JERSEY EXPERIMENTAL PAVEMENT PROJECT. ROUTE I-80 AND I-95. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 188 p. AB - This report documents the 20-year performance of an AASHO satellite experimental pavement project which consisted of 9 test sections of various base course materials and 2 surface courses. The objectives in undertaking the experimental pavement project were to: 1) determine the relative performance of various types of New Jersey base course materials; 2) compare the relative performance of these base courses to the material used in the AASHO road test; 3) determine the performance of a composite pavement; 4) determine the performance of a medium aggregate to fine aggregate surface course; and 5) derive a structural layer coefficient for each type of base course. A secondary emphasis of the study was to model pavement behavior by a state-of-the-art mechanistic computer program. The specific computer model was the VESYS IIIA computer program which was developed by the Federal Highway Administration. Since construction of the 9 test sections in 1964, annual monitoring data has included Benkelman beam deflections, rut depths, roughness data, cracking surveys and traffic data. Using this annual data, historical trends show relationships with the calculated equivalent 18 kip loads. Based on a PSI failure of 2.5, the terminal 18 kip loads are determined for each test section to calculate AASHO structural layer coefficents for each base course material. The limited number of non-replicated test sections and the relatively short length of the test sections adversely affected the data analysis. Also, inherent errors in the roughness data adversely affected the terminal PSI. Due to the change in mix design (Marshall Tests), a change to AC-20 asphalt cement, and the discontinued use of some materials, the results of the study have a limited application to present pavement design. However, the cement treated base and the bituminous stabilized base show the greatest number of 18 kip loads to failure (PSI = 2.5) and the best overall performance. Due to the absences of laboratory modulus of elasticity data for all materials, the mechanistic analysis was unable to develop accurate predictions for rutting, cracking and PSI. KW - AASHO Road Test KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Composite pavements KW - Computer programs KW - Experimental roads KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pavement performance KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287623 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00489988 JO - ITS research report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Emoto, T C AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL EVALUATION OF PASSING LANES IN LEVEL TERRAIN: FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 253 p. AB - As traffic flow intensity increases on rural highway systems, the governmental agencies responsible for these systems face a growing problem. Namely, conversion to multi-lane highway facilities may not be possible because of a lack of funding, project improvement stipulations requiring the incorporation of less expensive design modifications, a combination of these two reasons, or a number of other funding related reasons. In the absence of severe funding restrictions, conversion of two-lane rural highways experiencing undesirable levels of service to multi-lane highways would in most cases be the best solution. However, in the case of limited funding other cost-effective solutions which are within the constraints of the given budget must be found. One such lower-cost solution is the addition of a single lane to the two-lane, two-way roadway, more commonly known as a passing lane, at selected sites. Although passing lanes have shown great promise as a lower-cost solution, knowledge about their operational effectiveness and more specific design guidelines are limited. This report presents the results of an evaluation of passing lanes in level terrain operating at high traffic flow levels. The operational evaluation of these passing lanes was conducted through the analysis of data collected at one site along the California State Highway System. This evluation was aided by the use of the TRARR model developed at the Australian Road Research Board. In addition to the examination of the TRARR, a brief examination of the RURAL developed at the Institute of Transportation Studies which was experimented with in this project is presented. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Field studies KW - Operational effects KW - Operations KW - Passing lanes KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/302259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477376 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM. VOLUME III. PFP-HYDRA - STORM DRAINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 105 p. AB - This project report, in six volumes, documents a system of computer programs oriented to the design of drainage components: culverts, storm drains, and open channels. The system includes an input generator to estimate design rain, hyetographs, design flow and hydrographs at user selected return periods. Programs are facilitated with semi-expert system shells that generate input data for engineering programs. All system elements fit into an open architecture that utilizes personal computers having hard disks, math coprocessors and operate within an MS-DOS environment. This volume, Volume III, documents PFP-HYDRA, which is a storm drain analysis and design program. This report is intended to introduce PFP-HYDRA and guide the user through the necessary steps toward designing or analyzing stormwater drains and/or sanitary sewer systems. In the PFP-HYDRA design process, the program will select the pipe size, slope and invert elevations if given certain design criteria. Additionally, PFP-HYDRA will perform analyses on an existing system of pipes (and/or ditches). KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Expert systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channels KW - Personal computers KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477378 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM. VOLUME V. WSPRO - STEP BACKWATER AND BRIDGE HYDRAULICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 53 p. AB - This project report, in six volumes, documents a system of computer programs oriented to the design of drainage components: culverts, storm drains, and open channels. The system includes an input generator to estimate design rain, hyetographs, design flow and hydrographs at user selected return periods. Programs are facilitated with semi-expert system shells that generate input data for engineering programs. All system elements fit into an open architecture that utilizes personal computers having hard disks, math coprocessors and operate within an MS-DOS environment. This volume, Volume V, is a user supplement to existing, more detailed documentation for the Water-Surface Profile Computation Model Microcomputer Program (WSPRO); this code has been designed to provide a water-surface profile for six major types of flow situations: 1) unconstricted flow, 2) single-opening bridge, 3) bridge opening(s) with spur dikes, 4) single-opening embankment overflow, 5) multiple alternatives for a single job, and 6) multiple openings. WSPRO was originally developed by the United States Geologic Survey (USGS) for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Expert systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channels KW - Personal computers KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477372 AU - Sabra, Ziad A AU - Noel, E C AU - Chatfield, B V AU - Eck, R W AU - Daniel Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRENDS IN HIGHWAY INFORMATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 69 p. AB - This report evaluates the quantity, quality, and availability of traffic accident and other safety-related data and their effects on the ability of Federal, State, and local governments to successfully perform highway safety missions. Practices in the collection, processing, and use of accident, traffic, and roadway inventory data in a sample of States and local jurisdictions are reviewed in terms of their impact on highway safety planning, implementation, and evaluation. The study notes the increasing use of microcomputers, the increased amount and quality of traffic volume and roadway inventory data, and the integration of traffic, roadway, and accident databases. Other findings include reduced reporting of property-damage-only accidents, increased numbers of tort liability claims, insufficient local data in State files, level of police training and interagency coordination, deficient local traffic and roadway inventories, and errors in the use of highway location reference systems. The study contains recommendations for accommodating and/or reversing some of these practices. KW - Accident record systems KW - Crash records KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Highway safety KW - Information processing KW - Inventory KW - Microcomputers KW - Planning KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477374 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM. VOLUME I. HYDRAIN - SYSTEM SHELL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 51 p. AB - This project report, in six volumes, documents a system of computer programs oriented to the design of drainage components: culverts, storm drains, and open channels. The system includes an input generator to estimate design rain, hyetographs, design flow and hydrographs at user selected return periods. Programs are facilitated with semi-expert system shells that generate input data for engineering programs. All system elements fit into an open architecture that utilizes personal computers having hard disks, math coprocessors and operate within an MS-DOS environment. This volume, Volume I, documents the control of the entire system of Pooled Fund Project (PFP) programs. The system shell is intended to support analysis and design programs and facilitate communication (data transfer) between these programs. It is also designed to provide a basis for file and disk management as well as permitting tutorial modules. Any MS-DOS file, input, output or program file can be reviewed within this shell. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Expert systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channels KW - Personal computers KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286560 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477369 AU - Freedman, M AU - Staplin, L K AU - Gilfillan, D P AU - Byrnes, A M AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NOTICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR DELINEATION ON NONILLUMINATED HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 101 p. AB - At night, on nonilluminated highways, delineation consisting of surface markings, raised pavement markers, post mounted delineators, and warning signs is especially important in providing path guidance information to motorists. The visibility of these delineation elements depends upon the extent to which headlight illumination is reflected back to the motorist by both the delineation and the roadway surface against which it is seen. The driver's capacity to receive and use this visual information depends on the specific highway situation, which is defined by the combination of road geometry, traffic operations, glare from opposing vehicles, road surface conditions, and the visual complexity of the background. This research project investigated how those aspects of the driving environment interact and affect the need for delineation types and reflectivity to satisfy the motorist's need for path guidance information. KW - Evaluation KW - Geometry KW - Glare KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway operations KW - Night KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Post-mounted delineators KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Traffic KW - Traffic marking KW - Visibility KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477377 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM. VOLUME IV. CDS - CULVERT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 78 p. AB - This project report, in six volumes, documents a system of computer programs oriented to the design of drainage components: culverts, storm drains, and open channels. The system includes an input generator to estimate design rain, hyetographs, design flow and hydrographs at user selected return periods. Programs are facilitated with semi-expert system shells that generate input data for engineering programs. All system elements fit into an open architecture that utilizes personal computers having hard disks, math coprocessors and operate within an MS-DOS environment. This volume, Volume IV, is a technical, user and program supplement to more extensive available documentation for CDS (Culvert Design and Analysis). It consists of three sections. The first section introduces CDS, describing its intent and providing a system overview. The second section investigates the technical and operational methods used by CDS to analyze a culvert. The final section provides user documentation, guiding the user through the steps required to design or review a culvert without detailed technical explanations. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Expert systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channels KW - Personal computers KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477379 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM. VOLUME VI. HY8 - CULVERT ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 30 p. AB - This project report, in six volumes, documents a system of computer programs oriented to the design of drainage components: culverts, storm drains, and open channels. The system includes an input generator to estimate design rain, hyetographs, design flow and hydrographs at user selected return periods. Programs are facilitated with semi-expert system shells that generate input data for engineering programs. All system elements fit into an open architecture that utilizes personal computers having hard disks, math coprocessors and operate within an MS-DOS environment. This volume, Volume VI, is a technical reference guide for HY8 which is an interactive culvert analysis program that utilizes the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) analysis methods and information published by pipe manufacturers. An important feature of HY8 is that it follows the logic of HDS-5, "Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts." HY8 allows user defined culverts to be analyzed by selecting appropriate parameters from menus. The program will compute culvert hydraulics for circular, rectangular, elliptical, arch, and user defined geometry. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Expert systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channels KW - Personal computers KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477375 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM. VOLUME II. HYDRO - HYDROLOGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 64 p. AB - This project report, in six volumes, documents a system of computer programs oriented to the design of drainage components: culverts, storm drains, and open channels. The system includes an input generator to estimate design rain, hyetographs, design flow and hydrographs at user selected return periods. Programs are facilitated with semi-expert system shells that generate input data for engineering programs. All system elements fit into an open architecture that utilizes personal computers having hard disks, math coprocessors and operate within an MS-DOS environment. This volume, Volume II, documents the computer program HYDRO. HYDRO is a hydrology analysis program developed for the Pooled Fund Project (PFP) and was written in FORTRAN. It is based on the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Highway Engineering Circular (HEC) 19, HYDROLOGY, and as such, is an effort to combine existing approaches for rainfall and runoff analyses into one system. HYDRO generates point estimates or a single design event. It is not a continuous simulation model. HYDRO uses the probabilistic distribution of natural events such as rainfall or stream flow, as a controlling variable. HYDRO should be considered as a computer based subset of HEC-19, with some areas of HEC-12 also included. KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Expert systems KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Open channels KW - Personal computers KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475998 AU - Meier, W R AU - Elnicky, E AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POROUS PAVEMENT FOR THE CONTROL OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF. FIRST ANNUAL MONITORING REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 53 p. AB - A three-lane by 3500 linear feet portion of an urban highway was constructed of porous pavement. This design resulted from a research study of the use of porous pavement to provide highway drainage. It was determined that after one year of observation, the poruous pavement is working as designed. Although the rainfall during the year was slightly more than the typical annual rainfall, there were no storms approaching the ten-year design storms to obtain a full test of the capacity of the system. Pavement deformation as measured in wheel tracks from a straightedge and from pavement elevations measured at the completion of construction are not severe or abnormal. Slight deformation in control sections of conventional pavement occurred immediately after opening to traffic and have undergone no significant change since then. Deformation in the experimental porous pavement is slightly more and occurred over a somewhat longer period than for the control sections. Measurements indicate an increase in moisture content of the subgrade at one location in the porous pavement, but little or no change at the other locations monitored. The increase occurred during the first four or five months after the pavement was put into service. The condition of both the control and experimental pavements are excellent at this time. KW - Deformation KW - Highway drainage KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Surface drainage KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286046 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476008 AU - Mahboub, K AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURE DESIGN PROCEDURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 253 p. AB - An extension to the current Texas mixture design procedure was evaluated. The extended mixture design/analysis procedures address: 1) the potential of hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) mixture to permanently deform, 2) flexural fatigue cracking potential, 3) subgrade protection, and 4) thermal cracking potential. The methodology is presented in an "easy-to-use" tabular and design chart format which can be incorporated into a mixture design/analysis sequence. The tests used to characterize mixture material properties are relatively simple and do not necessarily require sophisticated testing equipment. The properties required by the extended procedure include: compressive creep compliance, diametral resilient modulus and indirect tensile strength. The criteria by which the material properties are evaluated are based on the climatic region within which the pavement using the HMAC exists or will be placed and the category of the pavement structure. The compressive creep test proved to be a sensitive indicator of deformation potential. The creep test is used in the extended procedure as part of a new analysis procedure which accounts for viscoelastic nonlinearity of the asphalt concrete mixture as well as temperature sensitivity. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Creep tests KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexural fatigue KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Protection KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476025 AU - Chang, EC-P AU - Lei, JC-K AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARTERIAL SIGNAL TIMING OPTIMIZATION USING PASSER II-87. MICROCOMPUTER USER'S GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 105 p. AB - PASSER II-87 microcomputer program version 1.0 has been developed and is available for public distribution. PASSER II can be used to assist transportation professionals to analyze (1) Isolated intersection timing evaluations, (2) Progression signal timing optimization, and (3) "Existing" timing evaluations. The system contains the updated microcomputer version of the PASSER II program, advanced analyses similar to and beyond those used in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual, and the latest Artificial Intelligence technology and Expert Systems designs. PASSER II-87 can analyze "Permitted", "Protected", and complicated permitted/protected or protected/permitted "Combined Phase" left turn signal treatments. The microcomputer system will be distributed with the intelligent, user-friendly, menu-driven, full-function, input/output processor, main executable program, optional user help information, and microcomputer user's guide. The new program provides the enhanced program output and improved signal timing reports, allows the user to modify all the embedded data, and accepts all the existing coded PASSER II or PASSER II-84 data without requiring any user revisions. THe PASSER II-87 microcomputer system can provide alternative left turn analysis and advanced capacity evaluation well beyond the Left Turn Analysis Package and the 1985 Highway Capacity Software packages. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Computer programs KW - Expert systems KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Microcomputers KW - Optimization KW - Software KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00485269 AU - Garcia-Diaz, A AU - Cediel-Franco, F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF IN-HOUSE MAINTENANCE CONTRACT COSTS FOR GUARDRAIL, REST AREAS, PAVEMENT MARKER, STRIPING AND SEAL COATS. FINAL REPORT. REVISED EDITION. VOLUME I PY - 1988/07 SP - 81 p. AB - An important decision for District Engineers is to determine the most efficient assignment of routine maintenance projects to either State forces or private contractors. Frequently this decision may not be fully supported from the point of view of cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to perform an economic comparison of the two options concerning four types of projects: seal coats, pavement markers, guardrail repair and rest areas. The fundamental objective of this research is to quantify and document all significant components of the cost of maintenance projects using State forces or private contractors. The most significant costs associated with the use of State forces were found to be: materials, labor, equipment, overhead, insurance, building-use, and downtime. Alternatively, for contractors the most significant elements found were: bid price, materials, contract administration, and supervision. Total average costs are documented for both in-house and contractor projects on the basis of 403 projects conducted in six selected Districts of SDHPT. It is recommended that a more complete database be developed for more extensive comparisons between the two options. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contractors KW - Decision making KW - Economics KW - Guardrails KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Road markings KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Seal coating KW - State departments of transportation KW - Striping KW - Traffic marking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/297349 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00483830 AU - Beaupre, R J AU - Powell, L C AU - Breen, J E AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVIATION SADDLE BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN FOR EXTERNALLY POST-TENSIONED BRIDGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 236 p. AB - This report is the second in a series outlining a major study of the behavior of post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges with post-tensioning tendons external to the concrete section. It presents the results of an experimental program in which ten very accurately sealed reinforced concrete models of typical tendon deviators were tested. Detailed instrumentation led to a very good understanding of the behavior of the various patterns of reinforcement in the deviators. The models included two very different patterns of detailing, several arrangements of tendon inclinations, and both normal and epoxy-coated reinforcement. The report evaluates the results with respect to both simplified conventional analysis methods and strut-and-tie models. The results provide the basis for deviator design recommendations and several examples are presented to illustrate the practical use of these recommendations. KW - Box girders KW - Concrete KW - Concrete box girders KW - Design KW - Deviators KW - External tendons KW - Girder bridges KW - Model tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Recommendations KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00482287 AU - Caylor, L AU - Sharp, T AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO MONITOR PERFORMANCE AND STUDY CHANGES IN ASPHALT CEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 32 p. AB - This report presents both chemical and physical test data on asphalts studied over a five year time period. The chemical test data were obtained using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and two different HPLC chemical test procedures. One of the HPLC chemical test procedures generically separates whole asphalt into the four generic fractions of asphaltenes, saturates, aromatics, and resins. The second HPLC chemical test determines the molecular size distribution of whole asphalt and splits that distribution into large, medium, and small molecular size divisions for convenience. The physical test values presented are from standard physical test procedures with the exception of the 77 deg F viscosity of asphalt cement, which is determined by a modified GDOT Cone Plate Viscometer Method. Both chemical and physical test data indicate that original asphalts are influenced by both crude source(s) and type of refining process, and that asphalts are changing over the five year time period that was studied. The effects on asphalt cement and bituminous mix properties caused by deliberately altering original asphalt composition are also presented. KW - Aromatic compounds KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphaltene KW - Chemical tests KW - High performance KW - Liquid chromatography KW - Molecular size distribution KW - Molecular structure KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Physical tests KW - Resins KW - Saturates KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/292156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479593 AU - Malasheskie, G J AU - Maurer, D A AU - Mellott, D B AU - Arellano, J L AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 125 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and cost of various bridge deck protective systems. The effectiveness of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's policy and decision making in determining the best reinforcement protection system for particular applications and situations will also be evaluated. This project included the evaluation of twenty-one level "A" bridge decks and one hundred forty-eight level "B" bridge decks at locations throughout Pennsylvania. Visual inspections and physical testing were performed on level A decks. Only visual inspections were done on level B decks. The systems evaluated in this study include epoxy-coated reinforcing steel, galvanized reinforcing steel, waterproofing membranes, latex-modified concrete, latex-modified concrete over salt contaminated decks, and low slump dense concrete. KW - Bridge decks KW - Coatings KW - Concrete KW - Costs KW - Densification KW - Effectiveness KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Galvanizing KW - Inspection KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Protection KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Slump test KW - Testing KW - Vision KW - Waterproofing materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479161 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AMERICA ON THE MOVE PY - 1988/07 SP - 36 p. AB - This report describes the Federal-aid highway program and the other important activities carried out by the Federal Highway Administration. Chapter I defines the Federal-aid highway program, giving a description of the four systems (Interstate, Primary, Secondary, and Urban) and describing the separately funded programs, which fall into three groups--system-related programs, special purpose programs, and demonstration programs. Chapter II discusses how the program is financed and Chapter III discusses how the program operates. The final chapter, Chapter IV, describes other activities of the Federal Highway Administration which include the following: administering the National Motor Carrier Program; performing direct federal programs; giving foreign technical assistance; overseeing major research programs through the Nationally Coordinated Program of Research, Development, and Technology; identifying current and future technical training needs and developing training to satisfy these needs through the National Highway Institute; implementing civil rights and equal employment opportunity precepts within the agency and throughout the Federal-aid highway program; assessing disaster-caused damage to roads and bridges; and providing assistance through the Rural Transportation Assistance Program. KW - Assistance programs KW - Development KW - Federal aid KW - Financing KW - Grant aid KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Operations KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00479283 AU - Ballew, J W AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF CONTRACT-APPLIED SEAL COATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 4 p. AB - This experimental project examines and evaluates the service lives of contract-applied seal coats versus the lives of seal coats placed by PennDOT's maintenance forces. A total of 80 projects were selected and evaluated in 8 different maintenance districts involving 7 different contractors. All of the work was placed during late summer and the early fall of 1979. Research Project 79-14 documented that seal coats failed due to a number of factors that are detailed in this report. Consequently, Project 79-14 is being closed in favor of the Research Project No. 83-14, Improvement Utilization of Surface Treatments, that is being conducted by the Bureau of Construction and Materials. Project 83-14 is a more thorough examination of seal coats and the possible changes that may be needed. KW - Contractors KW - Evaluation KW - Failure analysis KW - Seal coats KW - Service life KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478041 AU - Maurer, D A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF METHODS TO RETARD REFLECTIVE CRACKING IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE USING FABRICS AND FIBERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 55 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to determine whether any of various uses of geotechnical fabrics and fibers significantly retard reflective crack formation in an asphaltic concrete overlay. Four paving fabrics, one fiberized-asphalt membrane, and one fiber-reinforced asphaltic concrete, were the treatment alternatives evaluated. Construction monitoring indicated that contractor application experience was a significant factor affecting both efficiency and adequacy of placement of paving fabrics. It was also apparent that heat-bonded fabrics were somewhat more difficult to place due to wrinkling. Performance was evaluated at 8 months, 26 months, and 44 months after construction. All treatments retarded cracks over the evaluation period, although the amount and rates of reduction varied. Based on the extent of cracking evident after the 44-month survey and considering current and proposed crack sealing costs, in addition to the documented construction costs, none of the treatments used on this project are now considered cost-effective. Therefore, these treatments are not recommended for use to retard reflective cracking in asphalt concrete overlay, particularly when the base is identified as significantly block-cracked. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Fabrics KW - Fibers KW - Geotextiles KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286955 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478042 AU - Pomanti, C AU - Wilson, T AU - Wengenroth, B AU - Peat, Marwick, Main and Company AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 25 p. AB - The research project was performed for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's Bureau of Construction and Materials. The purpose of the project was to develop a technical architecture for the automated support of the materials and testing laboratory and the independent assurance functions associated with construction project acceptance, and prepare a requirements definition and conceptual design for the computerized application system. The technical architecture recommended and selected consists of a minicomputer and a local area network (LAN) in the central laboratory, with an interface to the existing IBM mainframe. A package laboratory information management system (LIMS) will be customized to support laboratory testing on the minicomputer. Testing instruments will be interfaced to the minicomputer or the microcomputers which will act as universal workstations. The universal workstations in the laboratory will act as standalone microcomputers, provide access to both the mainframe and the minicomputer, and act as workstations on the local area network. Test results will be transferred to the mainframe were they will be available to the district offices via the mainframe's data communication network. Independent assurance sampling and reporting functions will be supported on the existing mainframe. Project acceptance testing that is not performed in the central laboratory will be supported on the mainframe. KW - Construction projects KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials tests KW - Microcomputers KW - Minicomputers KW - Quality assurance KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286956 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478206 AU - Blau, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PERSONNEL SCHEDULING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION CONSTRUCTION FIELD OFFICES. AN INVESTIGATION OF CURRENT PRACTICES, NEEDS AND DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS PY - 1988/07 SP - 40 p. AB - This report describes the current status of personnel scheduling management in Washington State Department of Transportation's construction field offices, assesses the current status, and outlines a conceptual personnel scheduling management system that may improve the existing situation. The report develops a model of personnel scheduling that becomes the basis for comparing current field office practices. Instead of a unified personnel scheduling management system for all the offices, four general levels of scheduling, labeled Informal, "To Do" List, Bar Chart and Network, were found. These are described in the report in detail. The assessment confirmed the existence of several constraints on personnel scheduling at the construction field office level. These constraints limit the field office Project Engineer in managing personnel schedules by restricting the schedule balancing options normally available in project management. This is particularly true with respect to the project dimension of the scehduling model. Most of the constraints come from outside the field office. A unified personnel scheduling management system concept is outlined, based on patterns of scheduling already in existence at the field offices. Despite the constraints, this system concept is expected to provide most Project Engineers with ways to improve their current personnel scheduling practices. Three design approaches, a manual approach, a spreadsheet approach and a network approach, are suggested. KW - Construction projects KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Personnel management KW - Personnel scheduling UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/161.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/287048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00478034 AU - Brown, E R AU - Brownfield, J R AU - Auburn University AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF RUTTING AND SEGREGATION OF ASPHALT MIXTURES IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 136 p. AB - The objective of this project was to review existing GDOT specifications, mix design and construction procedures for asphalt concrete and to make recommendations for improvement where appropriate. The two primary areas of concern were aggregate segregation and rutting of asphalt pavements. Laboratory tests to study segregation showed that the loss of desirable mixture properties is significant when the gradation of the mixture is approximately 10% coarser than the job mix formula on the No. 8 sieve. Quality control is very important in reducing segregation. There is no correlation between the variability of plant sample gradations and the amount of segregation. The study of rutted pavements found that where in-place voids after traffic was low (1.5 to 3%) there were problems with rutting. Several rutted pavement projects had deviations in plant produced material of 2 to 5% on the No. 200 sieve. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Construction management KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Quality control KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Segregation (Aggregates) KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477408 AU - Faghri, A AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DEMONSTRATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING. VOLUME II. TRANZ: A PROTOTYPE EXPERT SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 37 p. AB - The development of a prototype knowledge-based expert system (KBES) for selecting appropriate traffic control strategies and management techniques around highway work zones was initiated. This process was encompassed by the steps that formulate the problem as an expert system: identification, conceptualization, implementation, and testing. The resulting EXSYS prototype system, TRANZ, is described in the report and demonstrated on the system disk. An alternative approach using the LISP programming environment was produced using a part of the TRANZ knowledge base for comparative purposes. This EXSYS prototype system is interpreted as the initial stage in the development of an expert system. Additional work that includes testing, validation, and verification is necessary before the system can be recommended to practitioners for professional applications. KW - Demonstration projects KW - Expert systems KW - Prototypes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38534/89-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00477299 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY INSTITUTE COURSE CATALOG PY - 1988/07 SP - 139 p. AB - This catalog has been developed to provide potential sponsors a single reference on training courses available from the National Highway Institute (NHI). Information on scheduling procedures is also included. Section 1 is a listing of the courses by subject area. The fee for each course is also shown. Section 2 contains a short write-up on each course. If additional information is needed, the sponsor should review the Course Announcement or contact the Course Coordinator. The Course Announcement Number and the Course Coordinator are shown on each write-up. Section 3 lists the courses under development. When a course becomes available for scheduling, NHI will issue a Course Announcement. Section 4 contains a copy of FHWA N 4900.2 dated January 22, 1987. This Notice replaces FHWA Notice N 4900.1 dated Februray 1, 1985. The Notice discusses the fees and provides information on how to schedule a course presentation. The attached memorandum of April 21, 1988 contains the latest fee information. Section 5 contains the NHI organization chart and a list of FHWA NHI contacts. These are the people who arrange for a course presentation. Since State highway agencies are NHI's primary clients, the State contacts are also listed. KW - Catalogs KW - Curricula KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00476847 AU - Hintz, R J AU - Shrestha, R L AU - Stanislawski, L V AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPANDED GEODETIC CONTROL ALONG THE PRIMARY ROAD SYSTEM BY USE OF SATELLITE SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 168 p. AB - This is the final project report of the joint efforts by the Florida Department of Transportation and the Surveying and Mapping Division at the University of Florida to expand geodetic control using satellite surveying and aerotriangulation technology. The project was initiated to gain experience with these surveying techniques and to exemplify the benefits that may be expected. Adjusted coordinates, distances, and accuracies for these measurements are documented for four Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys that applied the Wild-Magnovox WM101, ISTAC 2002, and Trimble 4000SX satellite-signal receivers. Three surveys were performed in Alachua county each using a different receiver type, and the fourth survey was conducted in Jacksonville with the Trimble receivers. Adjustments of the Jacksonville network were the most precise and provided first order accuracy. Aerotriangulation techniques using an analytical stereoplotter are described in the second part of the report. In addition, results for a strip adjustment and three 10-photo bundle adjustments are presented to exemplify the technique. Bundle adjustment appears to be substantially more accurate than strip adjustment. However, the adjustments should follow standard procedures and the results can be no more accurate than the applied control. KW - Accuracy KW - Adjustment factors KW - Aerial triangulation KW - Artificial satellites KW - Data plotters KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Global Positioning System KW - Radio receivers KW - Receivers, instrumentation KW - Stereoscopic plotters KW - Triangulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00475999 AU - JAMES, R W AU - Zimmerman, R A AU - Loper, J H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF REPEATED HEAVY LOADS ON HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1988/07 SP - 110 p. AB - A literature study, field study, and a finite-element numerical study were combined to determine the nature and significance of progressive damage due to heavy loads on highway bridges. In the field study candidate bridges and control bridges, identical in design but carrying different levels of truck traffic, are compared. Deck damage levels as indicated by type and density of observed cracking are compared, and to the extent possible, correlated to the level of truck traffic. In the numerical study, predicted wheel load-induced fracture patterns are identified for various levels of loading. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway bridges KW - Loss and damage KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/286047 ER -