TY - RPRT AN - 00611026 AU - L'Amoureux, A P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION DOCUMENTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 23 p. AB - All state-owned bridges are thoroughly inspected at least biennially. Resulting inspection data are used in tracking deterioration and planning maintenance activities. The current General Bridge Inspection Program accomplishes these objectives, but requires considerable time to check and process the data. Reports generated by bridge inspectors are often six months out of date by the time they reach the Main Office data base. The study reported here developed an automated system allowing inspectors to record data electronically at the bridge site. Validity of the data is verified immediately through computerized edit-checks, reducing time required for later corrective efforts. In addition, data can be transmitted electronically to the Main Office, eliminating need for later keypunching efforts. It is concluded that 1) time required for inspection reports to enter the data base may be reduced an average of 19.5 calendar days, 2) about $30,000 in annual keypunch costs will be saved, 3) data quality should be enhanced by eliminating edit-check responsibilities for engineering personnel, and 4) an additional average 18.5 calendar days processing time for each report can be eliminated by submitting them singly. It is recommended that the Management Systems Bureau review the reporting process for further benefits of automating bridge inspection documentation. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Inspection KW - New York (State) KW - Productivity KW - Time savings UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21129/PB99100265.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611022 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Jackson, N C AU - O'Neil, D J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF GRANULAR OVERLAYS IN WASHINGTON STATE--A SUMMARY. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 64 p. AB - Granular overlays have been used by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) for about 30 years. Since the mid-1980s and along with the full implementation of the WSDOT Pavement Management System (WSPMS), WSDOT has been interested in examining the performance of granular overlays. It is felt by WSDOT that the performance of this rehabilitation treatment is better than one might reasonably expect. Further, past practice in Washington State occasionally required that the preexisting surfacing (often several bituminous surface treatment (BST) layers) be scarified prior to placement of the crushed rock layer. This summary report overviews the study and conclusions. KW - Crushed rock KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic layer analysis KW - Granular materials KW - Granular overlays KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Service life KW - Stiffness UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/226.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611155 AU - Ghorbanpoor, Al AU - Steber, G R AU - Shew, T E AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE BRIDGES: THE MAGNETIC FIELD DISTURBANCE (MDF) SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 123 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation of the Magnetic Field Disturbance (MFD) system, which was previously developed by the Federal Highway Administration to detect flaws in reinforcing and prestressing steels in concrete bridge structures. The investigation was divided into four primary tasks, namely: laboratory tests of bar and cable specimens which contained mechanical flaws; an accelerated corrosion study; field tests; and limited investigation of methods for reducing the size and weight of the present instrumentation. Four types of bar flaws were investigated including complete fracture. Cable flaws consisting of fracture of one or more wires with varying gap widths were studied. Flaw signal characteristics have been studied for a variety of configurational conditions, and have been found to be dependent primarily upon the size and depth of the flaw, and proximity to stirrups. Based upon this and previous studies, as well as the literature, the MFD system is currently the most promising method for identifying flaws in reinforcing and prestressing steels in concrete. Flaws as small as 7% loss of section were identified when they were located in the closest layer of reinforcement and outside of the influence of stirrups. Three primary limitations have been identified with the present MFD system. First, the present correlation method of signal analysis was found to have limited flaw discrimination capabilities due primarily to the masking effect of stirrups cast into the beams. Second, the present electronic hardware is outdated, resulting in significant amounts of time required for both data acquisition and analysis. Finally, the excessive size and weight of the present MFD instrument make routine inspections very impractical. Replacement of the present 90 lb. electromagnet with a much lighter permanent magnet is discussed. The resulting inspection cart and supporting hardware would be significantly lighter, improving efficiency in the field. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Corrosion KW - Defects KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Disturbances KW - Electromagnetic fields KW - Field tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed steels KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Signal analysis KW - Signalization KW - Steel KW - Stirrups UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356030 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610137 AU - Yousef, Y A AU - Lin, L AU - Sloat, J V AU - Kaye, K Y AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES FOR ACCUMULATED SEDIMENTS IN RETENTION/DETENTION PONDS RECEIVING HIGHWAY RUNOFF. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 210 p. AB - A two year study funded by the Florida Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration was conducted to investigate sedimentation rates, heavy metal enrichment (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Zn) and leaching of metals from accumulated bottom sediments in detention/retention ponds, using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) methodology developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These studies assist in developing criteria for maintenance guidelines. Nine ponds covering the state of Florida from Ocala to Miami were studied. The accumulated top loose sediments exhibited higher percent moisture and percent volatile matter and lower density than the underlying firm soil. They also showed higher nutrient content and heavy metal content. Metals are retained in the sediments and TCLP results suggest that these sediments are not hazardous waste. Therefore, land disposal of dredged sediments could be possible. A predictive empirical model for the accumulated sediment rates was developed to assist in the determination of the clean out cycle. The calculated clean out cycles for study ponds averaged 25 years. KW - Catch basins KW - Detention basins KW - Guidelines KW - Leaching KW - Maintenance KW - Metals KW - Rates KW - Retention ponds KW - Runoff KW - Sedimentation KW - Sediments KW - Toxicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610140 AU - Eck, R W AU - Sack, W A AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING FEASIBILITY OF WEST VIRGINIA OIL AND GAS FIELD BRINES AS HIGHWAY DEICING AGENTS--PHASE III. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 185 p. AB - The research described in this report represents the third and final phase of a comprehensive research project to determine the feasibility of West Virginia oil and gas field brines as highway deicing agents. Phase III focused on expanding the limited brine quality information collected in Phase I to include brine availability information (both quality and quantity) statewide. A principal objective was to develop a microcomputer-based brine availability database based on existing information and analysis conducted as part of the current effort. Seventy brine samples were analyzed from 23 counties; based on meeting acceptable criteria, 32 of these samples were found to be suitable. A ranking system was developed for brine spreading and brine addition to abrasive materials. Brine quality and quantity information was included in the database, which is capable of generating a number of different reports. According to the database, almost 568,000 gallons per year of suitable brine were identified. A number of brine usage scenarios were identified and evaluated. The most promising scenario was treating a standard abrasive hopper spreader with brine as a substitute for conventional rock salt. Also addressed in the report are economic/managerial aspects of brine storage and handling and pollution prevention guidelines. KW - Availability KW - Brines KW - Databases KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Handling KW - Handling and storage KW - Handling characteristics KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Quantities KW - Storage facilities KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608645 AU - Walker, H N AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PETROGRAPHIC MANUAL: PETROGRAPHIC METHODS OF EXAMINING HARDENED CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 37 p. AB - This manual was undertaken to record for all persons wishing to do concrete petrography the petrographic procedures that have been found useful at the Virginia Transportation Research Council. This interim report is made up of the introduction, reading list, sections on sample preparation, and suggestions for further research. The final manual will also include sections on selection and collection of specimens, specimen preparation, use of various microscopes, aggregate, determination of the air void parameters, shrinkage cracking, water/cement ratio, retempering, and alkali-aggregate reactions. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Concrete hardening KW - Cracking KW - Hardened concrete KW - Manuals KW - Microscopes KW - Petrography KW - Retempering, concrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Specimen preparation KW - Specimens KW - Testing equipment KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36820/91-IR4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351447 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608606 AU - Yu, S L AU - Wu, Y AU - Woodfolk, M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESSURIZED STORM SEWER SIMULATION: MODEL ENHANCEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/05 SP - 128 p. AB - A modified Pressurized Flow Simulation Model (PFSM) was developed and attached to the Federal Highway Administration's Pooled Fund PFP-HYDRA Package. Four hydrograph options are available for simulating inflow to a sewer system under surcharged or pressurized conditions. Several key parameters, such as time-step and print options, are discussed on a theoretical basis for the development of guidelines recommended for parameter selection. A User's Manual for PFSM was completed, providing detailed instructions on the use of the model. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Hydrographs KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Option KW - Pressure KW - Pressure flow KW - Simulation KW - Storm sewers KW - Surcharge UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36818/91-R11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457359 AU - Saha, Sunil K AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User's Manual for the Software "TFPI" that Implements the Traffic Forecasting Procedure for Indiana PY - 1991/04/23 SP - 92p AB - A program has been written in Microsoft QuickBASIC to implement the traffic models developed for both rural and urban Indiana state highway segments during a two-phase HPR Project carried out for the Indiana Department of Transportation. The report ''Traffic Volume Forecasting Methods for Rural State Highways describes the models developed in Phase 1 of the study, while the report "The Development of a Procedure to forecast Traffic Volumes on Urban Segments of the State and Interstate Highway Systems" describes the models developed in Phase 2. For rural interstates, new models have been developed in Phase 2 that supersede the Phase 1 rural interstate model. These models have been implemented in the Phase 2 software. The microcomputer software package TFPI (Traffic Forecasting Procedure for Indiana) enables the user to easily generate forecasts of traffic volumes on state highway segments in Indiana. At each step in the program, easy-to-follow instructions appear on the screen. The program package is screen-oriented, that is, it presents a series of clearly structured data input queries that invite the user to supply logical and generally available data needed to forecast traffic. KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313414 UR - http://ia700401.us.archive.org/32/items/usersmanualforso00saha/usersmanualforso00saha.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618769 AU - Moshkovich, G AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER GUIDE FOR PC-STABL3D. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04/23 SP - 257p AB - PC-STABL3D is the program for IBM PC compatible computers, developed to handle general stability analysis of three-dimensional slopes. Random generation routines are invoked to create trial failure surfaces, which are analyzed using the limiting equilibrium approach. The current version of PC-STABL3D is enhanced by a graphical pre/postprocessor, which facilitates creation and edition of data files, examination of problem geometry, and analyzing of the obtained failure surfaces. After the failure surfaces are generated and their factors of safety are computed, the program performs statistical analysis of received factors of safety, and calculates minimum statistical factor of safety. The information about minimum factor of safety increases probability that the critical failure surface found by the program is indeed the one with minimum factor of safety. The manual also contains a step-by-step tutorial and example problems which are solved using PC-STABL3D. The contents of this report summarize a series of previous research efforts relating to three-dimensional slope stabilty, conducted under the guidance of Prof. C.W. Lovell and Prof. J-L. Chameau. KW - Analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Equilibrium methods (Structural analysis) KW - Factors (Statistics) KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Limit equilibrium analysis KW - Manuals KW - Safety factors KW - Slope stability KW - Stability analysis KW - Three dimensional KW - Ultimate load design UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313420 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01108741 AU - Barenberg, Ernest J AU - Petros, Katherine A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Final Summary Report Evaluation of Concrete Pavements using NDT Results PY - 1991/04//Final Report SP - 86p AB - Procedures for interpreting results from nondestructive testing (NDT) on portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements and for analyzing the pavement conditions are summarized. An earlier report presented test procedures and collection and interpretation of the data. A rigorous procedure for determining the structural capacity and subgrade support for a PCC pavement using NDT results is presented. Implications of the results from NDT on PCC pavement rehabilitation procedures and strategies are summarized and discussed. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-065.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/868309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00981637 AU - Kaminski, D F AU - Mohan, S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASCON: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR PASSIVE SNOW CONTROL ON HIGHWAYS PY - 1991/04 SP - 29 p. AB - Blowing and drifting snow is a common occurrence on roadways in cold regions that cause reduced visibility and snowdrifts on the roadway, resulting in hazardous road conditions and partial or total road closure. Consequences include longer travel time, greater maintenance and snow control costs, and more vehicle accidents involving property damage, personal injury, and, in extreme cases, loss of life. Passive snow control is the name given to methods offering some control over where wind-driven snow will or will not be deposited. Passive snow control techniques include snow fences, shelterbelts, and design of aerodynamic roadway sections. Currently, no widely accepted algorithmic methods exist for passive snow control on highways. The main objective of the project was to provide a tool for highway design and maintenance personnel to use in evaluating snow problem locations and identifying possible solutions, without requiring an extensive knowledge of passive snow control methods. To this end, an expert system, PAssive Snow CONtroller (PASCON), was developed on an IBM PC microcomputer. PASCON incorporates knowledge from a nationally recognized expert in passive snow control and from the literature. PASCON includes five external programs for design procedures, computations, and graphics. Several consultations with the expert system yielded results that agreed with the domain expert and with solutions worked out manually. KW - Drift KW - Graphics KW - Hazards and emergency operations KW - Highway design KW - Injuries KW - Snow KW - Snow and ice control KW - Software KW - Travel time KW - Visibility KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21142/PB99100398.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/743082 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760138 AU - Braley, A AU - Connor, B AU - Reckard, M AU - Zarling, J P AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GARDNER CREEK AIR DUCTS PY - 1991/04 SP - 34 p. AB - The use of ventilated air ducts under the sideslope of roadways over permafrost offer potential reductions in thaw under the sideslope. Air ducts use a long horizontal corrugated metal pipe with a vertical stack. The stack provides a chimney effect which cools and stabilizes the sideslopes. Air ducts were constructed on the Alaskan Highway near the Canadian border to test the design procedure developed by Zarling et al. The air ducts proved successful. The roadway over the air ducts performed significantly better than the control areas. However, future installations should be placed high enough in the fill to eliminate flooding. This installation was plagued with icing from water flowing through the embankment. KW - Air ducts KW - Alaska KW - Cooling systems KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Embankments KW - Field studies KW - Heat transfer KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permafrost KW - Prevention KW - Side slopes KW - Thaw UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_91_08.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625387 AU - Hindi, ANA AU - KREGER, M E AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCING THE STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF POST-TENSIONED SEGMENTAL BOX-GIRDER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 378 p. AB - An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of using external tendons, discretely bonded at intermediate diaphragms, and supplemental, grouted internal tendons on the strength and ductility of post-tensioned segmental box-girder bridges. In the current research program, additional experimental testing, performed on an existing three-span bridge model that was constructed and tested during an earlier study, and an analytical study were performed to examine the influence of improved bonding of external tendons and supplemental internal tendons on the behavior of segmental box-girder bridges. Both the experimental and the analytical portion of the study were carried out in three phases. Results of the tests and computer model indicated that both discrete bonding of external tendons and use of supplemental, grouted internal tendons improved the strength and ductility of segmental box girder construction. Design recommendations for predicting the ultimate external tendon stress and for enhancing the strength and ductility of segmental box girder construction are presented in this report. KW - Analytical models KW - Bonding KW - Box girder bridges KW - Design KW - Ductility KW - External tendons KW - Internal tendons KW - Mathematical models KW - Model tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Recommendations KW - Segmental construction KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625076 AU - Neuman, T R AU - Zegeer, C AU - Slack, K L AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN RISK ANALYSIS. VOLUME II: USERS GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 156 p. AB - This users information guide was developed for design engineers with responsibility for reconstruction and design of new highways on Federal Lands. The guide relates design features of Federal Lands highways to key traffic safety and operational analyses, and design guidelines for the following areas: horizontal and vertical alignment, stopping sight distance, cross-section, roadside, intersections, narrow bridges and interchanges. The guide is oriented toward problems faced by design engineers concerned with evaluation and documentation of design exceptions for special cases where full design standards are difficult to meet. Volume I is the Research Report, which provides background on the guidelines, procedures, and characteristics of Federal Lands highways. KW - Alignment KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - Design exceptions KW - Design features KW - Design standards KW - Federal lands KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Narrow bridges KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Risk analysis KW - Roadside KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic safety KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367741 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666289 AU - HILL, C AU - Emmott, N AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ENTERPRISE PROGRAM: EVALUATING NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR ROADS PROGRAM INITIATIVES IN SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 200 p. AB - This report defines the concept of a multi-state Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) coordination program known as the ENTERPRISE program. ENTERPRISE (Evaluating New Technologies for Roads Program Initiatives in Safety and Efficiency) is a proposal for a joint public-private sector program to research, develop and demonstrate selected IVHS technologies. This report identifies the needs, goals and objectives of ENTERPRISE and identifies why ENTERPRISE, as a consortium of interests, offers improved opportunities for IVHS research, development, testing, and implementation. The report identifies likely project participants and summarizes the potential roles of both the public and the private sector. Through a worldwide review of the state-of-the-art IVHS initiatives and an inventory of proposed member initiatives, the report outlines specific projects which could be undertaken by the consortium. Finally, the report presents a proposed organizational structure of ENTERPRISE and identifies potential funding needs and resources. KW - Development KW - Enterprise multi-state coordination program KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - State of the art studies KW - Strategic planning KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666288 AU - HILL, C AU - Emmott, N AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIDAS: MOTORIST INFORMATION AND DRIVER AUTOMATION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 170 p. AB - This report investigates the feasibility, suitability and benefits of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) in Arizona. The report identifies travelers needs in each of four IVHS areas: Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Automatic Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) and Fleet Management and Control Systems (FMCS). An assessment of the state-of-the-art technologies to meet these needs is presented within the context of an international review of IVHS related initiatives. Arizona's existing advanced technology programs are assessed including HELP, the Crescent Demonstration, and the Phoenix Freeway Management System. The suitability and potential benefits of IVHS development in Arizona are then presented by determining the integration and expansion of these programs into a broader IVHS initiative for the state. Key projects and milestones are identified for Arizona complementing and extending the national IVHS program. The framework for the development of IVHS in Arizona is presented in a statewide program for Arizona. Known as MIDAS (Motorist Information and Driver Automation Systems), the program plan is a ten-year IVHS initiative, initially focusing on traveler information and route guidance and moving toward highway automation concepts in the latter stages. The report outlines the program development, structure and proposed funding. An organizational structure for management and coordination of the program is also presented. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Arizona KW - Automatic vehicle control systems KW - Automation KW - Benefits KW - Control systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Fleet management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Passenger information systems KW - Program development KW - Program management KW - Route guidance KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology assessment KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625049 AU - Ping, W V AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STRIPPING AND MOISTURE DAMAGE IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS TREATED WITH LIME AND ANTISTRIPPING AGENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 642 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of determining the moisture susceptibility by the primary test methods: (a) Original Lottman Method; (b) Modified Lottman Method (Tex-531-C); (c) Tunnicliff-Root Method; and (d) Boiling Test (Tex-530-C). Comparisons were made between the laboratory mixtures, plant mixtures, and cores obtained from the field test sections to determine the effectiveness of the various antistripping additives and to evaluate the various methods for measuring that effectiveness. All test methods were found to be effective in differing degrees in estimating the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Reasonable correlations could be obtained between the various procedures. Most liquid antistripping additives were found to be effective on the gravels but less effective on limestones and sandstones. Hydrated lime applied in a slurry form was found to be effective for all aggregates tested. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Effectiveness KW - Gravel KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Loss and damage KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Sandstones KW - Slurries KW - Slurry KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625004 AU - Holtz, R D AU - Page, M W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF GEOTEXTILE SEPARATORS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 145 p. AB - This research involved field investigations and laboratory testing to evaluate the properties and overall performance of geotextiles from eight different locations in eastern and central Washington. Both nonwoven and woven geotextiles were exhumed from the roadways at the eight locations, and samples of the geotextile were brought to the laboratory for index strength and permitivity testing. Samples of the base course and subgrade soils were analyzed for grain-size distribution. The results of the investigations and testing indicated that all of the geotextiles performed the separation function adequately, although three of them were not installed directly against the subgrade soil as intended. Damage to the geotextiles varied considerably with the type of material and the installation conditions; however, this damage was not shown to have affected the performance of the separator. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Damages KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Geotextiles KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Nonwoven textiles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Separators KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Washington (State) KW - Woven fabrics UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/280.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633465 AU - Neuman, T R AU - Zegeer, C AU - Slack, K L AU - Leisch (Jack E.) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN RISK ANALYSIS. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 128 p. AB - This research report was developed for design engineers with responsibility for reconstruction and design of new highways on Federal Lands. The report documents relationships between guide design features of Federal Lands highways and key traffic safety and operational analyses. Research is presented for the following topics: horizontal and vertical alignment, stopping sight distances, cross-section, roadside, intersections, narrow bridges and interchanges. The research report provides background on the guidelines, procedures, and characteristics of Federal Lands highways. Volume II, the users guide, is oriented toward problems faced by design engineers concerned with evaluation and documentation of design exceptions for special cases where full design standards are difficult to meet. KW - Alignment KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Design standards KW - Federal lands highways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Narrow bridges KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Roadside KW - Stopping sight distance KW - Traffic safety KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628958 AU - Zwahlen, H T AU - Zwahlen (Helmet T) AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REFLECTIVE LICENSE PLATE MATERIAL. EVALUATION OF CONSPICUITY AND LEGIBILITY PERFORMANCE FOR A STANDARD LICENSE PLATE CONFIGURATION USING BEADS ON PAINT VERSUS REFLECTIVE SHEETING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 35 p. AB - The literature on nighttime conspicuity (visibility) and legibility of non-reflectorized and reflectorized license plates and their accident reduction potential, safety and other benefits was reviewed. A nighttime field study using 20 young subjects using an experimental car and an opposing glare car (both H6054 low beams) was conducted to assess the nighttime conspicuity performance (550 ft, 2 license plate display locations, 2 seconds exposure time) and the nighttime legibility performance (81.2 ft legibility distance, 2 seconds exposure time) of new and used reflective license plates (Texas plates, 3 Numbers and 3 Letters) and of new and used beads on paint license plates (Arizona plates, white characters, 3 Numbers and 3 Letters). The results of this nighttime field study indicate that under fairly close to real world conditions, the reflective sheeting license plates provide better and statistically significant conspicuity and legibility performance than the beads on paint license plates. A cost analysis considering all costs (including the metal plate, packaging, distribution, etc.) indicates that for a life cycle time of 5 years, the yearly costs of the reflective sheeting license plates is about $1.10 while that of the beads on paint license plates is about $1.08. However, calculations indicate that if the reflective sheeting plates are used one year longer than the beads on paint plates (very small conspicuity and legibility performance decrease between Texas new and Texas used would appear to make this life extension feasible) then the reflective sheeting plates would actually have a slight cost advantage over the beads on paint plates for any life cycle time period. KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Field studies KW - Glass beads KW - Guides to the literature KW - Legibility KW - License plates KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Literature reviews KW - Night KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prevention KW - Reflective beads KW - Reflective materials KW - Reflective sheeting KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Refractive materials KW - Safety KW - Sheathing KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623618 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF TURNING TEMPLATES FOR VARIOUS DESIGN VEHICLES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 27 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop the data necessary to produce the turning templates that would represent the minimum turning paths for critical design vehicles. This would include information concerning truck turning radii and offtracking for larger trucks with varying wheelbases operating in Kentucky. In order for the turning templates used for the various design vehicles to be based on the same procedure, data were produced for design vehicles ranging from a passenger car to a combination truck with a 53-foot trailer. The simulation model used was the Truck Offtracking Model (TOM) and was developed by the California Department of Transportation. The data obtained from the truck offtracking simulation program show that it can be used to develop turning templates that agree with those developed by AASHTO. The plotting information generated from this study can be used to prepare turning templates that can be used in the design process. KW - Design vehicle KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Kentucky KW - Offtracking KW - Simulation KW - Trucks KW - Turning path KW - Turning radius KW - Turning templates KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363464 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619217 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Agarwal, H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF FOG SEALS AND REJUVENATORS FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT SURFACES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 101 p. AB - Fog seals have been used for maintenance purposes in Texas with varying degrees of success for several years. A fog seal is a light application of slow-setting or medium-setting asphalt emulsion diluted with water. The principal reasons for using fog seals are: (1) to stop shelling on chip seals and surface treatments, (2) to reduce the rate of ravelling and cracking on asphalt concrete pavements, and (3) to reduce the potential for air and water to enter into the pavement structure. Rejuvenators have been used to a limited degree in the state. The purpose of a rejuvenator is to penetrate somewhat into the asphalt concrete and soften (rejuvenate) the asphalt binder. It is also used to seal the pavement and minimize future oxidation. Application of fog seals and rejuvenators appears to be economically attractive. Many highway districts in Texas routinely use these products and techniques and believe they are cost effective. Information on the value of these treatments is not well documented; however, considering the widespread use of fog seals, it is obvious that a number of knowledgeable people feel that they have a significant economic value. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of fog seals and rejuvenators at performing their intended functions and thereby evaluate the economic effectiveness of these maintenance treatments. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Fog seals KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618056 AU - Gulen, S AU - Kercher, K J AU - Hooker, G D AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTING EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLE LOADS (ESALS) FROM WEIGH-IN-MOTION DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 152 p. AB - This report describes a method of calibrating portable, high speed weigh-in-motion (WIM) equipment to more accurately calculate the equivalence factors for axle load damage. The inaccuracies of weigh-in-motion data bias the ESAL computation of a stream of trucks to always be higher than the true ESAL value. This is because front axles are typically weighed light and back axles heavy, with WIM equipment. The calibration method described herein assigns an average steering axle weight to every truck and attempts only to weigh the drive and trailer axles dynamically. ESAL computations are compared using this method, for static weights and for all the dynamic weights of 4 data sets. In all cases this new method produces a more accurate ESAL computation. KW - Accuracy KW - Axle loads KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Calculation KW - Calibration KW - Computation KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618045 AU - Mahoney, J AU - Lary, J A AU - Pierce, L M AU - Jackson, N C AU - Barenberg, E I AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN INTERSTATE PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION ALTERNATIVES FOR WASHINGTON STATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 350 p. AB - Two urban Interstate portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements (SR 5 in Seattle and SR 90 in Spokane) were studied in order to (1) determine the mechanisms causing their deterioration, (2) estimate when the pavement condition would become unacceptable and the best time for rehabilitation, and (3) determine suitable rehabilitation alternatives. The rehabilitation alternatives were examined on a life-cycle cost basis. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Urban areas KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/202.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357509 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616537 AU - Barenberg, E J AU - Petros, K A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS USING NDT RESULTS. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 77 p. AB - Procedures for interpreting results from nondestructive testing (NDT) on portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements and for analyzing the pavement conditions are summarized. An earlier report presented test procedures and collection and interpretation of the data. A rigorous procedure for determining the structural capacity and subgrade support for a PCC pavement using NDT results is presented. Implications of the results from NDT on PCC pavement rehabilitation procedures and strategies are summarized and discussed. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Test results UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-050.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616506 AU - Sagues, Alberto A AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISM OF CORROSION OF EPOXY-COATED REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 75 p. AB - This report describes an investigation aimed to determine key aspects of the mechanism of corrosion of epoxy-coated rebar (ECR) in reinforced concrete used in marine bridge substructures. Items addressed include the causes of coating disbondment before and after placement in concrete, the mechanism of corrosion progression, prediction of corrosion and evaluation of a corrosion protection method based on the application of sprayed zinc sacrificial anodes to the external concrete surface. The coating disbondment of commercial ECR products was compared in salt-water immersion tests. Considerable differences were found for the amount of disbondment of the various products. Prior corrosion in NaCl solutions was found to aggravate the anodic disbondment encountered in simulated chloride-contaminated concrete environments. Sodium hydroxide solutions were found to cause significant cathodic disbondment in ECR without the presence of chloride ions, substantiating observations of disbondment in the field in the absence of chloride contamination. Tests with laboratory reinforced concrete columns built with ECR confirmed that virtually complete disbondment can take place at cathodic sites in otherwise chloride-free concrete. Corrosion macrocell action was also confirmed and modeled by a computerized model. The model predictions and laboratory column tests suggest that times to conspicuous corrosion on the order of one decade are possible for ECR that has experienced mechanical damage and is placed in conditions prone to extended corrosion macrocell formation. Preliminary calculations show that galvanic sprayed zinc anodes have good potential to deliver adequate current levels for cathodic protection of the affected structures. An overall mechanism of corrosion of ECR in marine substructure is presented. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge substructures KW - Cathodic protection KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion tests KW - Disbondment KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Forecasting KW - Galvanized metals KW - Immersion corrosion tests KW - Immersion tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Simulation KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium hydroxide KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357110 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615598 AU - DeFrain, L AU - Joran, J AU - Harwood, F AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF A HIGHWAY ADVISORY RADIO SYSTEM IN REST AREAS, HIGHWAY I 94, CALHOUN, BERRIEN AND VAN BUREN COUNTIES, MICHIGAN. EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 17 p. AB - Highway advisory radio systems were installed in three rest areas in southwestern Michigan along Eastbound I 94 during the 1988 construction season. The purpose of the project was to inform drivers of highway construction ahead and to reduce traveler's frustrations when experiencing construction delays along the route. This was done by using radio broadcast messages to inform motorists of construction sites ahead, thereby allowing the traveler to alter the route and/or schedule or at least be aware of what delays lay ahead and be able to make an estimate as to how many minutes of delay might exist. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the radio system, motorists were interviewed by Michigan Department of Transportation staff at the rest areas. Motorists indicated that they had seen the signs installed to introduce the system, but only 11% used the service. They thought the radio system would be a beneficial service and that broadcasting tourist information would also be useful. Since few motorists had used the system in 1988, the experimental advisory radio system was not used in 1989. KW - Communication systems KW - Data collection KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Highway advisory KW - Highway maintenance KW - Interviewing KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Michigan KW - Radio KW - Road construction KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveys KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611992 AU - Babaei, K AU - Hawkins, N M AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR BENDING/STRAIGHTENING CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 40 p. AB - This report describes the results of laboratory experiments in which concrete reinforcing steel of various sizes was "cold" and "hot" bent under different conditions and was subsquently straightened. The bent/straightened steel was inspected for cracking and tested in tension for strength and ductility. The laboratory data were analyzed to determine the conditions that may cause reinforcing bars to crack during bending/straightening operations, or that may render the engineering properties of bars unsuitable for reinforcing the concrete. The results of those analyses were used to propose standard specifications for bending/straightening reinforcing bars, for WSDOT's considerations. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bending KW - Ductility KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Specifications KW - Straightening KW - Tensile strength UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/216.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611850 AU - Vannoy, D W AU - Azmi, M AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACOUSTIC EMISSION DETECTION AND MONITORING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE COMPONENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 245 p. AB - Fatigue cracking is the most common problem in steel highway bridges. Early detection of cracks requires simple, inexpensive repairs, whereas late detection of cracks may cause catastrophic accidents. Currently, the bridges are inspected by visual examination, dye penetrant, magnetic particles, ultrasonics, and radiography. Low reliability and high inspection costs require a more efficient inspection system to be developed. Acoustic emission (AE) seems to be the solution to these problems. It has developed over the past two decades as a nondestructive testing technique with high sensitivity to detect progressive microscopic events in the material. Development of portable AE equipment has made it an even more practical method for bridge inspections. In a prior study, acoustic emission was applied to A588 weathering steel beams (rolled and welded sections), and the effective frequency range for monitoring highway bridges was established. In this study, research characterizing the parameters of cracks versus noise was conducted. A total of 18 beams made of A588 steel including welded, rolled and coverplated beams, were monitored. Half of the beams were exposed to severe atmospheric environments to investigate the effect of rusting on the AE signals. Also, a total of twelve small specimens made from the same material were monitored to establish a relationship between the AE signals and stress intensity factors. In addition, three small welded specimens were monitored for comparison to the coverplated beams. As a result of this study, a statistical range of variation of the AE parameters at various stages of crack growth has been established. This range can be used as a reference for bridge inspection. A model for predicting the stage of crack growth versus AE parameters has been discussed, and a systematic inspection procedure by AE has been recommended. KW - Acoustic emission tests KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Crack growth KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Mathematical models KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Portable equipment KW - Rusting KW - Steel bridges KW - Stress intensity factor KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610090 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE INSTALLATION OF INTERSECTION BEACONS AND HAZARD IDENTIFICATION BEACONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 32 p. AB - The objective of this project is to develop warrants for the use of intersection control and hazard warning beacons on New Mexico's rural highways. The technical literature indicates that beacon installations often result in 2-3 mph speed reductions and moderate decreases in crashes. However, effects vary among sites and some installations are accompanied by adverse safety consequences. A survey of western states identified several specific beacon warrants, typically based on accident experience. Findings from field visits to beacon sites were used to develop a database of beacon usage on state highways. Due in part to data availability and reliability problems, accident analyses were unable to document significant safety benefits associated with these installations in New Mexico. The project recommends judicious use of intersection and hazard identification beacons at those sites that cannot be sufficiently improved using more traditional forms of passive corrective action. Suggested installation warrants are based primarily on two-year crash experience and sight distance restrictions. KW - Beacon lights KW - Beacons KW - Crashes KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Installation KW - Intersections KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608615 AU - Najafi, F T AU - Nazef, A AU - Kumar, A AU - Esfandiar, S T AU - Nassar, F AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCOMMODATION OF LONGITUDINAL UTILITIES ON LIMITED ACCESS RIGHT-OF-WAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 96 p. AB - In general, various states and the FHWA have adopted a rather firm policy toward limiting joint occupancy of utilities within limited access right-of-way. It is felt by the FHWA that some additional flexibility is required in utility accommodation. The FHWA also feels that the states are competent enough to allow or deny such requests on their own and the matter can be accomplished by revising the policies. This study, done for the Florida Department of Transportation, shows that it is feasible to accommodate longitudinal utilities within control of access limit under strictly controlled conditions. Despite the restrictions imposed by current policies, it is found from the nationwide survey that the number of permitted exceptional cases exceeds 575, although most of the states do not have any such case. While allowing such utility accommodations, states designated work zone safety as a major concern. Although trade-offs were done with other adverse impacts such as environmental, scenic appearance, economic, etc., safety was always given prime importance. Data pertaining to location, environment, utility type, length and size, year of approval, access and maintenance requirements, installation procedure, work zone safety, traffic control planning and adverse impacts are collected. The collected information is analyzed and evaluation of exceptional utility cases is conducted in the study. KW - Access KW - Construction sites KW - Environmental impacts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fees KW - Maintenance KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Public utilities KW - Revisions KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Safety KW - Traffic control KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608619 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1991 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1991/04 SP - v.p. AB - This is the report of the Secretary of Transportation to the United States Congress pursuant to Sections 130 and 152 of Title 23 of the United States Code. It is the 17th in a series of annual reports. The report is based upon information submitted by the States and Territories, information obtained from within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and other sources as noted. It examines the progress made by the States and Territories in implementing the Rail-Highway Crossings and Hazard Elimination programs. The report also examines the effectiveness of highway safety improvements in reducing the number and severity of motor vehicle traffic accidents. The report provides data on the reduction in accident rates, cost-per-accident reduced, and benefit-cost ratios for each type of highway safety improvement. The report also provides national traffic accident statistics. The statistics include accidents by first harmful event and by highway system, and accidents at railroad-highway crossings and in work zones. KW - Accident costs KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Fatalities KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Injuries KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Programs KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Statistics KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607533 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF HEAVY DUTY MIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 39 p. AB - Permanent deformation of asphalt concrete, which is frequently manifested by excessive pavement rutting, has become a problem in much of the United States. Virginia began to experience rutting problems on highways with heavy traffic in the early 1980s. The purpose of this study was to evaluate several promising test procedures that could be used to test asphalt mixes for susceptibility to rutting. Several mixes representing a range of rutting potential were tested with five test methods: resilient modulus test, indirect tensile test, compaction resistance test, compression creep test, and a test using the gyratory testing machine. The compaction resistance test did not point up differences in the tendencies of mixes to rut. The resilient modulus test, the indirect tensile test, and the compression creep test were capable of distinguishing between mixes with wide difference in rutting, but these tests failed to differentiate between the performance of mixes with questionable rutting resistance. The use of the gyratory testing machine ranked mixes prepared in the laboratory correctly and pointed up deficiencies in some field mixes that had been designed according to the 75-blow Marshall design but had demonstrated poor field performance. The report recommends that the gyratory testing machine be further evaluated as a design tool for heavy duty asphalt mixes to supplement the Marshall design. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compaction KW - Compression KW - Creep tests KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Recommendations KW - Resistance KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Susceptibility KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36814/91-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607534 AU - Purinton, B AU - Hoel, L A AU - Perfater, M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING DESIGN ELEMENTS FOR SCENIC BYWAYS IN VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 50 p. AB - Virginia has had a scenic roads program since 1966 that provides for the designation of certain roads as Virginia Byways. This program does not require the application of any special technical requirements in the selection, designation, maintenance, or modification of these roads. The research reported herein was undertaken to determine (1) whether these Virginia Byways require special design considerations by virtue of their use, (2) what design elements would be dictated if special design considerations were found to be appropriate, and (3) the degree to which current standards provide for these considerations. The institutional memory on the subject was reviewed, and current federal and state scenic roads programs were examined. It was concluded (1) that special design considerations are appropriate, (2) that design elements could be identified, and (3) that current design standards provide for neither the design considerations nor the resulting design elements. Recommendations are made for future practice and further research. KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36848/91-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607528 AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE USE OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT METHACRYLATE MONOMERS TO SEAL CRACKS ON I-81 OVER THE NEW RIVER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/04 SP - 64 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study undertaken to evaluate the installation and performance of two high molecular weight methacrylate monomers used to treat the cracks and seal the surfaces on two bridges on I-81 over the New River. The evaluation is based on data collected during the treatments, skid tests, permeability tests on cores removed from the deck, petrographic examination of the cracks in the cores, and inspections of the underside of the deck for leaks. The evaluation indicates that no significant application problems occurred and the treatments partially filled the top 1/2 in. of the cracks. However, because of traffic and temperature induced strains across the cracks, the polymer in many of the cracks was cracked after 1 year in service. Even so, the treatments significantly reduced the permeability to chloride ion of the top 2 in. of both cracked and uncracked sections of the deck. Cores taken through treated cracked and uncracked areas after 1 year had permeabilities that were 59 and 43%, respectively of the untreated bases. The study concludes that the application of high molecular weight methacrylate monomers is a practical way to reduce the infiltration of chloride ions into cracked concrete surfaces because of the low cost and ease with which the treatment can be applied as compared to pressure injection of epoxy. The report also indicates that high molecular weight methacrylate monomers can be applied as a prime coat to improve the bond strength of polyester styrene concrete overlays. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crack sealing KW - Cracking KW - Inspection KW - Measurement KW - Methacrylate monomers KW - Monomers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Permeability measurement KW - Sealing compounds KW - Skid resistance tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36813/91-R19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608468 AU - Cochran, D L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED TRENDS ON INDIANA RURAL INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS. TRAFFIC RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1991/03/06 SP - 53p AB - This report is a comparison and analysis of speed monitoring sessions made exclusively on rural interstate highways in Indiana for calendar years 1983 through 1990. All data were obtained from locations that have been exempted from the 55 mph speed limit. The results of this study show that all vehicles on all Indiana rural interstate highways had an average speed of 65.8 mph in 1990. This is 0.2 mph higher than the 1989 average speed of 65.6 mph, and 1.8 mph higher than the average speed of 64.0 mph during the 1988 calendar year. During 1990, cars had an average speed of 66.7 mph, short trucks (21-45 ft) 62.8 mph, and long trucks (46-99 ft) 62.7 mph. Study results show that 85% of all types of vehicles on all rural interstate highways were traveling at or less than 72.5 mph in 1990. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automobiles by type KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Indiana KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Rural highways KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic speed KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Vehicle type UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314191 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351243 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625068 AU - Wu, JTH AU - Lin, J C AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF GEOTEXTILE-REINFORCED EARTH WALLS - PARAMETRIC STUDY AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 118 p. AB - A parametric study was undertaken to investigate the effects of material properties, geosynthetic configurations, underlying foundations, and facings on the performance of geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls. The parametric study was conducted by using a finite element program SSCOMP. The program had been validated through comparisons with field measurement of many different earth structures. The effects of the following parameters on the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced retaining walls were investigated: the backfill stiffness and strength; the geosynthetic stiffness; the geosynthetic length; the geosynthetic layer spacing; the foundation stiffness and strength; the foundation depth; the surcharge pressure; and the facing rigidity. In view of the complexity of the performance of the walls as affected by the factors investigated, and increasing availability of computers to design engineers, a computer-based design procedure is proposed. The design method involves execution of two computer programs, GSWALL and SSCOMP. The program GSWALL is used to obtain a trial design. The program SSCOMP, which is capable of accommodating all of the above-mentioned factors, is used subsequently to calculate the detailed response of the wall, including wall movements and tensile forces induced in the geosynthetic. The trial design should be modified, using the findings of the parametric study as a guide, until an acceptable design is secured. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Computer programs KW - Depth KW - Design methods KW - Earth walls KW - Facings KW - Finite element method KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotextiles KW - Length KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Motion KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Retaining walls KW - Spacing KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Surcharge KW - Tensile properties KW - Wall movement KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625750 AU - Aboutaha, R AU - Burns, N AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF PRETENSIONED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE COMPOSITE FLEXURAL MEMBERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 98 p. AB - Strengthening is required due to inadequacy which typically results from a poor design, a change in usage, or a change in design loads. Prestressed composite beams require special attention in connection with their behavior in horizontal shear at the composite interface. Beams lacking adequate shear reinforcement experience brittle shear failure unless they have low flexural stiffness. Such beams can be strengthened so that they can develop their flexural capacity and behave in a more ductile manner at failure. External post-tensioning system is often a desirable strengthening solution when a major portion of a member must be strengthened or when the cracks which have formed must be closed. This research work studies the behavior of retrofitted prestressed composite beams that originally lacked shear reinforcement and have a smooth interface bonded with epoxy. Before retrofitting, these beams experienced sudden horizontal shear failure. Ductile flexural failure occurred after being retrofitted by external prestressing bars. This research studied how the mode of failure of prestressed composite flexural member could be changed from a sudden shear failure to a ductile flexural failure by utilizing external prestressing bars. It studied the effect of these prestressing bars on the required development length of prestressing strands. The provisions of ACI Code 318-89 for the design of prestressed concrete composite beams were compared with the test results. Recommendations are made for the use of external prestressing systems as an effective strengthening procedure. KW - Beams KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Failure KW - Horizontal shear KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Pretensioning KW - Recommendations KW - Retrofitting KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675362 AU - Pfeifer, B G AU - Holloway, J C AU - Faller, R K AU - Ataullah, S AU - Post, E R AU - University of Nebraska, Lincoln AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE 4,500 LB VEHICLE CRASH TEST ON THE PERMANENT PRECAST CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER PY - 1991/03 SP - 60 p. AB - One full-scale crash test was conducted on the permanent precast concrete median barrier. Test KCB-1 was conducted with a 4,320 lb (1959.5 kg) test vehicle at 24.4 deg and 59.3 mph (95.4 km/h). The point of impact was located 3 ft (0.91 m) upstream of the center keyway or midpoint of installation. The installation had a total length of 100 ft (30.5 m), consisting of ten 10-ft (3.05-m) precast barrier individual sections. The test was evaluated according to the safety criteria in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 230. The safety performance of the precast concrete median barrier was determined to be marginal. KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Precast concrete KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412346 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639862 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS: OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE. INTERNAL FHWA TASK FORCE REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - v.p. AB - The Office of Program Review (OPR), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), completed a review titled "Operation and Maintenance of Traffic Control Systems" in September, 1990. The report was very critical of both the physical and the human resources components of the systems reviewed. It made recommendations for improvements of the physical traffic control systems and FHWA oversight of the operation and maintenance of the systems. Due to the seriousness of the findings of the review, Federal Highway Administrator T.D. Larson assembled a panel of FHWA field personnel to address the issue of the level of technical expertise needed within FHWA and other internal needs. The panelists utilized their varied backgrounds, experiences, and existing assignments to review and analyze the report. This led to the panel developing detailed positions supporting the recommendations of the OPR report and identifying a number of FHWA actions needed to facilitate implementation of these recommendations. The panel's observations and recommendations are presented in this Internal FHWA Task Force report. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guidance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Personnel KW - Professional personnel KW - Recommendations KW - Specialists KW - Technical expertise KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625202 AU - Bloomquist, D AU - Townsend, F C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF INSITU EQUIPMENT FOR CAPACITY DEFORMATION OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS IN FLORIDA LIMESTONE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 233 p. AB - The research focused on a technique that can be used to assess the maximum lateral (side) friction shear along the rock socket. A small scale anchor - cast using a fluid grout - is pulled in order to define the maximum side shear. The movement of the anchor can be monitored so that a T-Z curve can be obtained. Thirteen tests were performed at three sites using various new techniques to cast the plugs and measure their displacement. In addition, information was obtained from tests completed in the Miami Oolite rock formation. Nondestructive lab seismic tests were also performed on the rock cores. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows: The anchor length/diameter ratio may affect the computed maximum side shear, at least for the types of rocks investigated. Additional tests are required to verify this point. It appears that the initial portions of the T-Z curves found via pullout and load tests, agree. The displacement required to mobilize the maximum side shear ranged between 0.1 and 0.2 inches. These figures are similar to the ones found via full size load tests in a previous research. The obtained A (alpha) values fell either close to or above the lowest of the existing guidelines, thus indicating that this could be an appropriate starting point for preliminary design. The evidence tends to support the new predictive method proposed by McVay. The results indicate that a relationship exists between the P-wave speed and the unconfined compressive strength of the rock cores. The P-wave speed also appears to be related to the secant slope of the T-Z curves. KW - Compressive strength KW - Deep foundations KW - Deformation KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Equipment KW - Field tests KW - Florida KW - Foundations KW - Insitu methods KW - Limestone KW - Load tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - P wave speed KW - Pull out test KW - Rock core KW - Seismic tests KW - Shear strength KW - Skin friction KW - T-z curves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00637774 AU - Majidzadeh, K AU - Resource International, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE OAF AND OAR PROGRAMS IN THE MECHANISTIC DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAYS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 99 p. AB - OAF (Overlay Analysis of Flexible Pavements) and OAR (Overlay Analysis of Rigid Pavements) were developed by Resource International, Inc., for the Federal Highway Administration during the early 1980s. These programs represented an advancement in the state-of-the-art in overlay design but because of this advancement, the programs were quite complex and required significant amounts of input data. Shortly after their completion, several state Departments of Transportation were asked to evaluate OAF and OAR. On the basis of these evaluations, OAF and OAR programs were appropriately modified. This report describes these modifications, sensitivity analysis of OAF and OAR, and comparison of overlay thicknesses by several other methods. The input formats for OAF are also described in this report. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Modifications KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380074 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625748 AU - Won, M AU - Hankins, K AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MECHANISTIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONSIDERING MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS, VARIABILITY, AND FATIGUE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 116 p. AB - In this study, a mechanistic analysis was performed to evaluate structural responses of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavements to various environmental and wheel loading conditions. For environmental loads, most of the volume change stresses are caused by a transfer of stress from the steel to concrete through bond slippage between concrete and steel. The current knowledge of bond stresses is used in the development of the volume change mechanism incorporated in this analysis. Wheel load stresses depend on many factors. In this study, an effort was made to identify the relationship between wheel load stresses and transverse crack spacings. One major characteristic of CRC pavement behavior is that there is variability in the performance. A simulation model is used to incorporate the material variabilities in the analysis. A mechanistic analysis of the CRC pavement system, including the stochastic nature of material variabilities, is presented herein. A distress prediction model is developed considering fatigue behavior of concrete. The performance of CRC pavement is closely related to the variation in transverse crack spacings. There are many factors affecting transverse cracking in CRC pavement. Basically there are two types of loadings. One is environmental loading and the other is external wheel loading. Steel bars and subbase friction restrain concrete volume changes due to temperature and moisture changes. If the stresses developed by restrained volume changes exceed the tensile strength of the concrete, cracks develop to relieve the stresses. Stresses develop when a wheel load is applied, due to the bending action of the concrete slabs. In the interior condition, tensile stresses develop at the bottom of the slab. The combined effects of restrained volume change stresses and wheel load stresses induce more cracks. In the early stages of pavement life, environmental loading has a significant effect on pavement behavior. Initial cracks develop due to temperature and moisture variations. After the pavement is opened to traffic, external wheel loads play an important role in crack development. The significance of volume change mechanisms becomes small as crack spacings are stabilized. Relatively short crack spacings and decrease in bond stress due to cyclic loading contribute to the reduction in the role of volume change mechanisms determining pavement behavior. However, the effect of wheel loads on pavement behavior depends on the crack spacing distributions developed early by volume change mechanisms. Pavement distresses occur when fatigue failure reaches some of the slab segments. It is possible to evaluate the effect of two types of loads and to estimate the frequency of distresses. The major failure mode in CRC pavement is the punchout. It is due to the fatigue failure of concrete. A mechanistic model to estimate pavement life in terms of frequency of punchouts is developed in this project. This approach is a sound one, because it correlates the factors causing failures with the actual distress occurrence. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack spacing KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Environmental impacts KW - Estimating KW - Failure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Punchouts KW - Service life KW - Simulation KW - Spacing KW - Stochastic processes KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Transverse cracking KW - Variables KW - Volume changes KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625045 AU - Unay, I O AU - RUSSELL, B AU - Burns, N AU - Kreger, M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF TRANSFER LENGTH ON PRESTRESSING STRANDS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE SPECIMENS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 150 p. AB - On October 26, 1988, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a memorandum disallowing the use of 0.6-inch-diameter strand in pretensioned application. Recent studies had indicated that current AASHTO provisions for the transfer length and development length of 0.6-inch prestressing strand were unconservative. On the basis of very limited data, restrictions on 0.6-inch strand were adopted as an interim measure until additional research results were available to either substantiate or restructure code provisions. In reponse to this research need, this report focuses on determining the transfer length of 0.5-inch and 0.6-inch strand. Sixty-two transfer length specimens were cast and tested. Of these, 26 were single-strand specimens. Eighteen were three-strand specimens, and six were five-strand specimens. Fifty specimens had rectangular cross sections with concentric prestressing. The remaining twelve sections were I-shaped, designed to resemble the cross section for an AASHTO girder. Research variables included the number of strands, strand spacing (2-inch or 2.25-inch), strand diameter (0.5-inch or 0.6-inch), and the effects of transverse reinforcement. The transfer length of debonded strand was also studied. Overall, test results indicated that the behavior of 0.6-inch strand is very similar to the behavior of the 0.5-inch strand. Furthermore, the transfer lengths of both 0.5-inch and 0.6-inch strand are closely predicted by AASHTO/ACI provisions. KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Diameter KW - Girder bridges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Spacing KW - Test results KW - Time duration KW - Transfer length KW - Transfers KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367710 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634462 AU - Alkier, K W AU - Ward, W V AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CONSTRUCTION REPORT: EXPERIMENTAL THIN BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY PAVEMENT IN HOUSTON, TEXAS. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT 561 PY - 1991/03 SP - 25 p. AB - An experimental thin bonded continuous concrete pavement was constructed in Houston, Texas, July - August 1983. It was monitored until 1990. The final evaluations of this TBCO test section in March and December of 1990 seem to confirm what earlier findings reported; the pavement is in very good condition and is expected to continue to provide excellent service for the foreseeable future. After more than seven years of continued heavy traffic of about 140,000 vehicles per day, the overall condition and appearance seem identical to any other typical CRCP of the same age in the Houston area, made from the same material and subjected to the same traffic load. The overall useful life expectancy of this TBCO test section is judged to be about 15 to 20 years from date of construction in 1983. After that length of time, increasing transverse and longitudinal pavement cracking will combine to form blocks and punchouts of varying sizes, leading eventually to the need for extensive repairs and maintenance. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Condition surveys KW - Evaluation KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Life expectancy KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Test sections KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374794 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616489 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF GUARDRAIL END TREATMENTS IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 59 p. AB - The objective of this study was to report the results of the continued monitoring of the performance of guardrail end treatments in traffic accidents. This report includes an analysis of accidents involving the breakaway-cable-terminal (BCT), Kentucky's version of the median BCT (MBCT), Kentucky's weakened turned down (Type 7), the Crash Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT), and the Breakmaster System. The report includes data for 349 accidents. This includes 232 accidents involving a BCT, 66 accidents involving a MBCT, 37 accidents involving the Type 7 turned-down end treatment, 12 accidents involving the CAT, and 2 accidents involving the Breakmaster. Considering all accidents, the BCT performed properly in 76% of the accidents. A more detailed analysis showed the importance of installing the BCT using the parabolic flare. Use of the BCT end treatment should be continued where geometrics permit. While the MBCT performed properly in 64% of all accidents, proper performance was 39% when only severe impacts were considered. Use of the MBCT should be eliminated or the MBCT modified due to the problems associated with impacts at shallow angles. Performance of the Type 7 weakened turned-down end treatment was judged to be proper in 84% of the accidents involving this type. Performance appears to justify expanded use. The rollover problem experienced with the original "stiff" turned-down design has been significantly reduced. Performence was judged to be proper in 9 of the 12 accidents involving the CAT. Considering the results of CAT impacts in Kentucky, along with those in other states, permits the conclusion to be drawn that the CAT could be classified as operational. The Breakmaster system may provide an alternative to the CAT; however, additional accident data are needed to evaluate the performance of this system. KW - Breakaway cable terminals KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash cushions KW - End treatments KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Performance evaluations KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616539 AU - Scholl, L G AU - Brooks, E W AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMUTER MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECT PY - 1991/03 SP - 28 p. AB - This four-year study includes annual monitoring data from twenty-seven pavement sites in Oregon that were constructed using Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP). Most of these pavements were between fifteen and twenty-five years old when the last distress survey was performed in 1988. Some of them have endured nearly fifteen million ESALs and continue to perform well. A comparison is made of distress observed in the field to distress predicted by equations developed for Texas and Illinois pavements. Oregon's CRCP show significantly less distress than those equations predict. Thus Oregon's CRCP have a longer service life (fime to full depth overlay), than the twenty years anticipated. To develop failure prediction equations for Oregon, additional research is needed. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Equations KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Evaluation KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Monitoring KW - Oregon KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618754 AU - Abghari, A AU - Dusel, J AU - Stoughton, R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE INSERTS USED IN NEW PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 216 p. AB - The results of direct tension, direct shear, and combined tension and shear tests on two common types of cast-in-place concrete inserts, ferrule loop and ductile cast-iron, from four major manufacturers are presented. Tests were performed at the minimum edge distance recommended by manufacturers and also at half of that distance using both 5000 psi concrete and a low strength, 3500 psi concrete. A detailed test method, California Test 682, was developed and written for determining ultimate tensile strength of cast-in-place inserts, and a revised California Department of Transportation Standard Specification for cast-in-place inserts was written. A table for recommended design loads for tension and shear was also prepared. Plots of ultimate load vs edge distance were prepared, and also an interaction curve for combined tension and shear loading was developed. KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Combined loading KW - Design load KW - Direct shear tests KW - Direct tension tests KW - Specifications KW - Tension tests KW - Test procedures KW - Ultimate tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361463 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615583 AU - Santelli, N AU - Basu, S AU - Chou, C C AU - Chandraeskhar, S AU - Hancock, K AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF CRASH TEST DATA. VOLUME II. USERS MANUAL PY - 1991/03 SP - 46 p. AB - The report presents a set of recommended specifications for the collection and storage of crash test data. The data specifications presented in the report provide guidelines for the format of the processed data, for assembling data from various crash tests conducted by different testing agencies, and transmitting the data to the Federal Highway Administration for archiving. Current procedures for collecting and storing crash test data by six leading testing agencies in the Nation were reviewed. Testing personnel from these agencies were then consulted for their views on additional data requirements, and collection and storage methodologies for three distinct test classifications: acceptance, developmental, and research. Finally, a state-of-the-art study was conducted on various data acquisition systems and storage media. The results of the investigation were compiled in the form of a set of recommended specifications and a standard data disk. The latter contains a test information header file consisting of 65 data fields in five categories: header, appurtenance, vehicle, test conditions and test evaluation. To facilitate the creation of the information header file, a data base application program named HEADER was developed in the dBase IV environment. Further, a second application program named Test Data Header Generator (TDHG) was developed in Quick BASIC for appending the header segment of the information file to the appropriate data channel files. This is volume II of a two-volume report. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615596 AU - Keck, M E AU - Keck (Merle E) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE RELATIONSHIP OF FIXED AND EHICULAR LIGHTING TO ACCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 29 p. AB - This synthesis of research provides a summary of the information available from research reports covering the period between 1979 and 1988. The material reported relates to the relationship between accidents and both fixed and vehicular roadway lighting. A reference list is provided for readers who wish more detailed information on a particular research study. Eighty percent of the vehicle miles driven in 1988 were in the daylight hours but more than half of the fatalities occurred during the night hours. Vehicle headlights and fixed lighting interact and both must be considered when day and night accident rates are compared. Major improvements in vehicle headlighting make fixed lighting less effective and vice versa. Fixed lighting installations are intended to reduce the blinding glare of approaching headlights, to reveal objects and markings on the roadway beyond the range of the vehicle headlights, and to provide light on objects that are off the roadway or around the corner of an intersection. KW - Classification KW - Fatalities KW - Glare KW - Headlamps KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Retroreflectors KW - Rural areas KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle lighting KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615582 AU - Santelli, N AU - Basu, S AU - Chou, C C AU - Chandraeskhar, S AU - Hancock, K AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE COLLECTION AND STORAGE OF CRASH TEST DATA. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 28 p. AB - The report presents a set of recommended specifications for the collection and storage of crash test data. The data specifications presented in the report provide guidelines for the format of the processed data, for assembling data from various crash tests conducted by different testing agencies, and transmitting the data to the Federal Highway Administration for archiving. Current procedures for collecting and storing crash test data by six leading testing agencies in the Nation were reviewed. Testing personnel from these agencies were then consulted for their views on additional data requirements, and collection and storage methodologies for three distinct test classifications: acceptance, developmental, and research. Finally, a state-of-the-art study was conducted on various data acquisition systems and storage media. The results of the investigation were compiled in the form of a set of recommended specifications and a standard data disk. The latter contains a test information header file consisting of 65 data fields in five categories: header, appurtenance, vehicle, test conditions and test evaluation. To facilitate the creation of the information header file, a data base application program named HEADER was developed in the dBase IV environment. Further, a second application program named Test Data Header Generator (TDHG) was developed in Quick BASIC for appending the header segment of the information file to the appropriate data channel files. This is volume I of a two-volume report. KW - Crashes KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Impact tests KW - Information processing KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615700 AU - Emry, R A AU - Gass, R AU - Page, N AU - Wiseman, R AU - Sachsman, D AU - Mayes, B T AU - Mousouris, N AU - Watson, G AU - California State University, Fullerton AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS BY UNDOCUMENTED ALIENS OF INTERSTATES 5 AND 805 IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY NEAR THE INTERNATIONAL BORDER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - v.p. AB - The purpose of this project was to identify ways to reduce incidents of pedestrians crossing California freeways in San Diego at and near the United States/Mexico International Border. The pedestrians who are most at risk are undocumented persons and their efforts to cross the freeways have resulted in injuries and fatalities. Many of those who evade the Border Patrol at the border, find a second barrier at the San Clemente checkpoint on I-5. This study analyzed this problem from the pedestrians' and motorists' perspectives. The opinions and operations of community groups and public agencies were examined. This information was used to identify informational, educational, engineering and technological solutions. These solutions were used to create a questionnaire to assess public opinion on the proposed solutions. The data generated were submitted to a planning conference. The planning conference attendees reached a series of consensus decisions on how to best protect both the motorist and the pedestrian. KW - Decision making KW - Delphi method KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - International borders KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Mexico KW - Pedestrian protection KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Planning KW - Traffic signs KW - United States KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357754 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611909 AU - Radwan, A E AU - Eure, E T AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF RIGHT-TURNING VEHICLES ON TRAFFIC SIGNAL VOLUME WARRANTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 127 p. AB - This study reports on two methods used to determine the significance of variation in the percent of right turns on side street average vehicular delay at two-way stop sign controlled intersections. The first method utilized the Traffic Experimental and Analytical Simulation (TEXAS) microcomputer model to evaluate the right turn factor on side street delay for various hypothetical geometric configurations and volume levels. Statistical analyses of the results revealed that the right turn factor was not significant for any of the scenarios tested. However, the validity of the findings was questionable, as the model was highly sensitive to the random seed number combinations used to generate the simulated traffic stream. The second method involved a statistical analysis of an available set of field data collected at stop sign controlled intersections. The data were divided into two groups based on the number of lanes on the side street. A regression procedure revealed that the right turn percentage was significant in predicting delay for the case of two lanes on the side street, but not for the one lane case. KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Geometric design KW - Microcomputers KW - Regression analysis KW - Right turns KW - Simulation KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic volume KW - Two-way stop control KW - Unsignalized intersections KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611025 AU - Baus, R L AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION METHODS FOR PREVAILING GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS IN SOUTH CAROLINA - PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 118 p. AB - This report summarizes a pile load testing program undertaken by the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation. A total of 7 static and 12 dynamic load tests were performed on driven friction piles in the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of South Carolina. The primary objectives of the pile load testing program were: 1) to correlate measured static axial capacity of single driven piles with field penetration test data, and 2) to evaluate dynamic methods for predicting static axial pile capacity. This report contains a summary of the project data base, results of pile load tests, and comparisons of measured and predicted pile capacities. Pile capacity prediction methods utilized are based on standard penetration test (SPT) and cone penetration test (CPT) data, dynamic formulas, wave equation analysis, and Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) results. Comparisons of measured and predicted pile capacities are made for the purpose of evaluating prediction methods for driven piles in the Pee Dee area of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of South Carolina. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Dynamic loads KW - Forecasting KW - Formulas KW - Friction piles KW - Load tests KW - Measurement KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile driving KW - Pile formulas KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Static loading KW - Static loads KW - Structural tests KW - Test results KW - Wave equation formula KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610104 AU - MANNERING, F L AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK: IMPACTS OF SERVICE PATROLS. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 45 p. AB - This report documents the impacts of two service patrol demonstrations performed in the Puget Sound metropolitan area during the 1990 Goodwill Games. Service Patrols were provided thanks to the cooperation of the Washington State Department of Transportation, the Washington State Patrol, the Federal Highway Administration, the Washington Tow Truck Operators Association, and the Professional Tow Truck Operators of Pierce County. As a result of these patrols, substantial decreases in incident duration were measured within the study area during the demonstration. A major portion of this reduction came from the average decrease of over 5 minutes in the response time required to reach an incident that resulted from the use of service patrols. In addition, the service patrols speeded the removal of disabled vehicles from the freeway creating less disruption to the traffic flow on that facility and improved safety through a decrease in the length of time a hazardous condition was allowed to exist on the roadway. KW - Disabled vehicles KW - Duration KW - Emergency response time KW - Freeway service patrols KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Reaction time KW - Special events KW - Time duration KW - Towing devices KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/221.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608595 AU - Walker, R S AU - University of Texas, Arlington AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF THE SIOMETER FOR PROFILE MEASUREMENT. RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 53 p. AB - This project was initiated to investigate the profile measuring capability of the Siometer or "Walker self-calibrating process" so that it might be used for various profile measuring applications. Since the Siometer is capable of providing pavement profile estimates, it was desired to determine how closely these estimates were to actual profile, or to profile measurements made by the Surface Dynamics Profilometer (SDP) owned by the State. For the study, profile data from the Siometer was compared to that from the SDP for the same sections. From the results of the study the self-calibrating process does a good job of measuring the longer profile wavelengths (about eight feet and greater). The shorter wavelengths are somewhat attenuated. The Siometer has been modified to implement the acceleration only, and South Dakota processes for measuring profiles and rutting. The acoustic sensor provides better estimates of the shorter wavelengths which could also make the unit more suitable for profile measurements. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Measurement KW - Profilometers KW - Siometers KW - Surface dynamics profilometer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608617 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERWEIGHT VEHICLES--PERMITS AND PENALTIES. AN INVENTORY OF STATE PRACTICES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1989 PY - 1991/03 SP - v.p. AB - This is a report to the United States Congress from the Secretary of Transportation pursuant to Section 123 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. It covers the period from October 1988 through September 1989 (FY 1989) and summarizes Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) findings regarding each State's annual certification that truck size and weight laws are being enforced. Inventories of weight violations and use of special permits to exceed weight limits are presented. State laws regarding permit fees and overweight fines enacted during FY 1989 are also summarized. KW - Certification KW - Inventory KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Penalties KW - Permits KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - States KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607561 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Mogawer, W S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF VERGLIMIT AND PLUSRIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/03 SP - 119 p. AB - The effects of two additives, Verglimit and PlusRide, on the laboratory properties of asphalt mixtures, in terms of their resistance to aging, moisture damage, rutting, and low temperature cracking, were determined. These two additives have been used to control the formation of ice on pavements. Field studies have mainly consisted of determining the action of the additives on melting ice and the related change in the number of traffic accidents. The effects of these two additives on laboratory mixture properties were not established in these field studies. Both Verglimit and PlusRide are added directly to the asphalt mixture at the mixing plant. Verglimit slightly reduced the temperature susceptibility of the mixtures mainly by increasing the resistance to rutting at the high temperatures. Verglimit increased the susceptibility to moisture damage, measured by retained tensile strength and resilient modulus ratios, because the particles absorbed water and the specimens swelled. However, there was a decrease in the amount of stripping determined visually. PlusRide reduced the stiffness of the mixtures and increased the amount of permanent deformation at all temperatures, thereby increasing the resistance to low temperature cracking but deceasing the resistance to rutting. PlusRide had a variable effect on moisture susceptiblity. In some cases PlusRide may increase the retained tensile strength and resilient modulus ratios and decrease the amount of swelling which occurs when conditioning the specimens in water. In other cases, PlusRide may decrease the retained ratios and increase the amount of swelling during conditioning. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Additives KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Creep tests KW - Deformation KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - High temperature KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Low temperature KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Plusride KW - Repeated loads KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stiffness KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Swelling KW - Tensile strength KW - Verglimit (Deicing chemical) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605178 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hansen, A G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE SIDE IMPACT TESTING PY - 1991/03 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 279-282 AB - Recent research involving mini-size cars impacting sideways into breakaway luminaire supports is described. The study determined the types and causes of occupant injuries that occur during these impacts. It also developed preliminary test evaluation criteria linking injury potential to vehicle rather than to dummy results. The vehicle test was employed to simplify the test and reduce costs. The side impact problem is discussed, the test program is described, the results are presented, and comparisons (throacic injury; head injury) are made. Accidents similar to many of the tests in this series result in near-certain severe or fatal injury. To remedy the sitauation of non-qualifying roadside hardware, intrusion could be classified into 2 types: protrusion or puncture of a test article into the occupant space; and controlled occupant compartment deformation. KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Criteria KW - Head KW - Head injuries KW - Injuries KW - Research KW - Roadside structures KW - Side crashes KW - Small car KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352625 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605176 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tignor, S C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY IN THE NINETIES PY - 1991/03 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 265-270 AB - Highway safety initiatives, ongoing or projected are highlighted in this article. Highway safety improvements made in the building of the interstate system of highways, and the 18 safety standards in the Highway Safety Act of 1966 are noted, as well as physical safety improvements introduced in the 60s and 70s. Improvements in the area of traffic control are listed, and comments are made on safety trends for the nineties. Areas where technology is increasing highway safety include the roadside, night visibility, work zones, and traffic control. High priority safety areas for the 1990s are listed and discussed. These include the following: highway safety information management; driver behavior research; enhanced highway simulator; highway design management; pedestrian safety; and improved traffic control methods. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Information systems KW - Night visibility KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Simulation KW - Standards KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - Training simulators KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352623 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605177 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Paniati, J F AU - Council, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HIGHWAY SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEM: APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS PY - 1991/03 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 271-278 AB - The article describes the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), a new highway data base developed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center (HSRC). HSIS is designed to provide a detailed system linking accident, roadway, and traffic data for problem analysis. The capabilities of HSIS are described as well as the characteristics. Five problem analysis examples are given to illustrate how the HSIS can be used as a problem solving tool. The article also discusses future enhancements to the sytem that might significantly improve the range of analyses for which the HSIS can be used. KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Traffic KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605179 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL SHORTCOMINGS IN TRAFFIC STUDIES PY - 1991/03 VL - 54 IS - 4 SP - p. 283-287 AB - This first part of a 2-part report reviews factorial design, discusses the requiremetns for an accurate analysis, and highlights some analytical shortcomings and instances of invalid and incomplete data analysis. Comments are made on the evolution of experimental design, and factorial design, statistical assumptions, the null hypothesis, and the F distribution. An example and interpretation are given. Part II will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the factorial design in practice. KW - Analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Factor analysis KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Statistics KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic studies KW - Traffic surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01402116 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Moving technology...into practice PY - 1991/02 IS - FHWA/SA-91-009 SP - 26p AB - This report documents the seminar hosted by the Federal Highway Administration September 25-26, 1990, to address ways to improve the transfer of transportation technology within the urban sector. The seminar included FHWA briefings on current technology transfer programs, briefings by participants on their training needs, programs and capabilities, and work sessions on specific problems. The substance of the participants' individual written suggestions and recommendations are included in this report. KW - Improvement KW - Management KW - Management KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer KW - Urban transport KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01018657 AU - Doucet, Roland J AU - Paul, Harold R AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wirtgen Remixer Surface Recycling: U.S. 90 Jennings, LA PY - 1991/02//Construction Report SP - 49p AB - This report documents the surface recycling of 7.4 mi of route U.S. 90 from the junction of La 99 to Jennings, Louisiana. The specialized recycling equipment was provided and operated by Remixer Contracting Co., Inc. of Austin, Texas. Roadway production included heating the existing pavement, milling to a 1.5 in. depth, adding rejuvenator and new mix and placing 2.0 in. of recycled, Type 3 wearing course. The daily roadway production proceeded with very few problems and averaged 0.9 lane-mi per day. The surface recycling project realized a savings over the conventional design. The economic benefit of such savings will be determined after performance evaluations are completed. KW - Economic benefits KW - Heating KW - Louisiana KW - Milling KW - Recycling KW - Rejuvenating agents KW - Savings KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wirtgen UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_235.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/771636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734633 AU - Chatterjee, A AU - Margiotta, R A AU - Venigalla, M AU - Mukerjee, D AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING ROADWAY CROSS-SECTIONS IN DEVELOPING URBAN/SUBURBAN AREAS PY - 1991/02 SP - 90 p. AB - One of the important decisions that highway engineers have to make when designing a nonfreeway arterial highway through a suburban area is whether to provide a continuous two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) or a nontraversable median. A survey of highway engineers working for state highway agencies revealed that policies regarding the choice of a cross-section vary among different agencies. An analysis of accident data on Tennessee highways and the application of NETSIM software to a few hypothetical scenarios revealed that the selection of a cross-section of one of these alternative designs involves a tradeoff between safety and traffic delay. Based on the findings of the study a set of guidelines was developed for choosing between a TWLTL and a nontraversable median under different scenarios of land use, traffic volume, and driveway density. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Cross sections KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Land use KW - Medians KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic volume KW - Two way left turn KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477997 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625441 AU - Rix, G J AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Roesset, J M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS-OF-SURFACE-WAVES METHOD. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 188 p. AB - Three series of seismic tests were performed to investigate factors which affect the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) test method. In the first series, the source of seismic waves was studied. Until recently, transient input motion has been used almost exclusively as the source with often unpredictable results. Random and sinusoidal input motions were investigated to evaluate if either could provide more consistent results. The investigation revealed that sinusoidal input attained substantially higher signal-to-noise ratios than either transient or random motions. The improved signal-to-noise ratio may be very helpful in situations where transient motion fails to provide acceptable results. A basic assumption of the SASW method is that only fundamental mode surface waves exist in the field. This assumption was investigated in the second series of tests using measurements of particle motion versus depth to calculate the relative contribution of the first several modes of surface wave propagation. The results were somewhat inconclusive because of the inability to model the subsurface accurately. However, theoretical results indicated that fundamental-mode surface waves comprised between 72 and 86% of the total motion. In addition, a qualitative comparison of theoretical mode shapes and experimental displacements also indicated that fundamental-mode motion dominates. Finally, the third series of surface wave tests was performed on a concrete test slab to assess the influence of the relative stiffness of adjacent layers and the relative spacing of source and receivers on measured dispersion. Results of this test series indicated that a large stiffness ratio between adjacent layers can adversely affect measured dispersion curves for wavelengths which are between approximately 0.7 and 1.8 times the thickness of the slab. The influence of the relative source-receiver spacing was more difficult to determine because of the lack of a "true" dispersion curve with which to compare results. Based on selected records, receiver spacings with a ratio of d2/d1 greater than two appeared to yield improved dispersion curves. KW - Concrete KW - Elastic waves KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Signal to noise ratio KW - Slabs KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367926 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625752 AU - Lu, J AU - Bertrand, C B AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ROUGHNESS MEASURING SUBSYSTEM OF THE ARAN UNIT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 88 p. AB - The ARAN unit, one of which has been purchased by the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT), is a multi-function, road-quality surveying instrument. The instrument includes a pavement surface roughness measuring subsystem, a rut depth and transverse profile measuring subsystem, a gyro subsystem, a right-of-way videologging subsystem, a pavement condition videologging subsystem, and a pavement rating subsystem. To enhance our understanding of the response of this instrument (so as to apply it more efficiently to pavement management), the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) of The University of Texas at Austin has conducted a comprehensive evaluation. This report describes the procedures, methodologies, and results from the evaluation of the pavement roughness measuring subsystem of the ARAN unit. The main activities described and discussed are the field tests and data collection, the repeatability test of the roughness subsystem, the effect of the report interval on the roughness statistics, the correlation analysis and calibration models developed, the new PSI models developed, the effect of the operational speed on the roughness statistics, and the speed-effect-cancelling models developed. KW - Automatic road analyzer KW - Calibration KW - Data collection KW - Field tests KW - Gyroscopes KW - Implementation KW - Mathematical models KW - Measurement KW - Operating speed KW - Performance evaluations KW - Repeatability KW - Roughness KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Subsystems KW - Transverse profile KW - Videologging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608471 AU - Richardson, E V AU - Harrison, L J AU - Davis, S R AU - Colorado State University, Fort Collins AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATING SCOUR AT BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 196 p. AB - This document, Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 (HEC-18), contains the state-of-knowledge and practice for dealing with scour at highway bridges. The procedures for designing new, replacement and rehabilitated bridges to resist scour are presented. Procedures are presented for evaluating the scour vulnerability of existing bridges as well as inspecting bridges for scour. The use of countermeasures to protect bridges evaluated as failure prone due to scour is also presented. This document replaces the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) publication "Interim Procedures for Evaluating Scour at Bridges," which was issued with FHWA Technical Advisory 5140.20, "Scour at Bridges," in September 1988. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Scour KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Underwater inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351246 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608462 AU - Woods, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS TRAFFIC SIGNAL DETECTOR MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 72 p. AB - This guide to the design and installation of detectors for long life and high reliability contains many suggestions for more rapidly installing loop detectors. It reports on the testing of several innovative loop designs and addresses the special needs of bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles. Special emphasis is given to detector sealants, high speed saw blades and loop wire. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Innovation KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Manuals KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Sealing compounds KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Wire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00637890 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC SEMINAR. REPORT OF PROCEEDINGS, MCLEAN, VIRGINIA, SEPTEMBER 25-26, 1990 PY - 1991/02 SP - 31 p. AB - The document reports on the proceedings of a seminar, hosted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), on how to improve the transfer of traffic technology within the urban sector. The participants were experts from city and State agencies, universities, professional associations, and private consulting services. The objectives of the seminar were to introduce participants to technology transfer programs offered by FHWA, identify training programs offered by universities and others, and generate new ideas on how to improve the technology transfer process. The publication includes a summary of FHWA's briefings on available technology transfer programs; participants' briefings on current programs and capabilities, future training needs, and barriers to technology transfer; and work sessions on specific problems. There is also a section with participants' written comments, suggestions, and recommendations on how to improve technology transfer. KW - Conferences KW - Problem solving KW - Recommendations KW - Technology KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic KW - Training programs KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625745 AU - Hoskins, B E AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG-RANGE REHABILITATION PLAN FOR US-59 IN DISTRICT 11 -- PRELIMINARY REPORT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 80 p. AB - In this study, a rehabilitation plan is to be developed for US-59 throughout District 11 (Lufkin). The rehabilitation plan will cover a relatively long time period and could include one or more life cycles. There is the possibility that any one (or a combination) of several pavement designs could be used on a specific section of the highway, depending on the expected life and cost of the treatment. Since some of the possible pavement structures have not been constructed in the district, it was desirable to obtain construction, costs, and some measure of expected life by placing a series of test or observation sections with relatively small lengths. This report contains the preliminary work toward the development of the rehabilitation plan, and the development of several pavement designs that are proposed for the test sections. Much of the old jointed pavement on US-59 contains shattered slabs that have been overlaid with asphaltic concrete. As a part of the rehabilitation study, the asphaltic concrete was removed from a small area and the old concrete was repaired using polymers and epoxies at the cracks and by removing and inserting new joint assemblies. A portion of this report is devoted to that repair. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Long range planning KW - Pavement design KW - Polymers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Removal KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625036 AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Hudson, W R AU - Miner, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVES TEST FOR CHARACTERIZING PAVEMENT MODULI: A CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 52 p. AB - This report details the results of tests on newly constructed flexible pavement using a Dynatest 9000 Falling Weight Deflectometer and the Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves test. Additional types of field and laboratory tests were also undertaken and are reported in this study. Taken together, the data and analyses represent a detailed case study of the two non-destructive test methods. When dynamic effects and the demonstrated non-linear behavior of the soil are accounted for, Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves and the Falling Weight Deflectometer provide similar subgrade moduli. The excitation frequency of Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves and the Falling Weight Deflectometer differ by two to three orders of magnitude in the surface layer, and one to two orders of magnitude in the subgrade. However, results from Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves and Falling Weight Deflectometer tests for the asphalt concrete are consistent when adjusted to a common frequency. Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves and the Falling Weight Deflectometer were both useful for characterizing the material of Ramp SW. Analysis and application of the data from these techniques should include consideration of dynamic loading, non-linear behavior in the subgrade, and frequency sensitivity in the asphalt. KW - Case studies KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622322 AU - Elliott, R P AU - Selvam, R P AU - Mun, L K AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF TRUCK TIRE CONTACT PRESSURE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 162 p. AB - A survey of truck tire pressures was conducted at numerous sites around Arkansas. The average inflation pressure was found to be 105 psi with pressures in excess of 120 psi not being uncommon. In comparison, the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures is based on empirical data in which truck tire pressures did not exceed about 80 psi. This study examined the effect of the higher pressure on pavement performance and included laboratory measurement of tire contact pressures at various inflation pressures and loads. The major effect was found to be increased rutting potential within the upper 2 to 3 in. of asphalt surfacing. This effect cannot be taken into account in thickness design but must be considered in material selection. Other effects are increased fatigue cracking and greater rut development in the base, subbase, and subgrade. Recommendations for thickness design modifications to account for these effects are presented. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Contact pressure KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Inflation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pressure KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208902.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618772 AU - Chang, ECP AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR ANALYSIS FOR RECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES, TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES, AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. LITERATURE REVIEW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 47 p. AB - This study is to develop a microcomputer knowledge-based Expert System for assisting urban freeway corridor incident management. Study activities include: literature review, conceptual design, prototype system development, and program documentation. Efforts were made to summarize the information and decision-making processes involved in implementing freeway incident management strategies. The study has investigated the Expert Systems Design for representing incident management techniques. The study summarized the state-of-the-art expert system development, conceptual design, and system user interface design. A unified development process has been identified for expert knowledge representation, implementation procedures, and translation system using conventional languages. This report summarizes the design considerations, concept design, program implementation, and system operations of microcomputer-based Expert Systems development in the Transportation Engineering Field. KW - Decision making KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Expert systems KW - Freeways KW - Guides to the literature KW - Implementation KW - Incidents KW - Literature reviews KW - Management KW - Microcomputers KW - Prototypes KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic incidents KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618773 AU - Chang, ECP AU - Huarng, K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR ANALYSIS FOR RECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES, TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES, AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES. MICROCOMPUTER USER'S GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 38 p. AB - This study is to develop a microcomputer knowledge-based Expert System for assisting urban freeway corridor incident management. Study activities include: literature review, conceptual design, prototype system development, and program documentation. Efforts were made to summarize the information and decision-making processes involved in implementing freeway incident management strategies. The study has investigated the Expert Systems Design for representing incident management techniques. The study summarized the state-of-the-art expert system development, conceptual design, and system user interface design. A unified development process has been identified for expert knowledge representation, implementation procedures, and translation system using conventional languages. This report summarizes the design considerations, concept design, program implementation, and system operations of microcomputer-based Expert Systems development in the Transportation Engineering Field. KW - Decision making KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Expert systems KW - Freeways KW - Guides to the literature KW - Implementation KW - Incidents KW - Literature reviews KW - Management KW - Microcomputers KW - Prototypes KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic incidents KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban areas KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618060 AU - Perdomo, D AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFYING AND CORRECTING RUT-SUSCEPTIBLE ASPHALT MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 164 p. AB - A field evaluation of Texas highway pavements was conducted to provide evidence that sand-size aggregate particles have a significant influence on rutting. A laboratory investigation was performed in order to (1) quantify the influence on resistance to rutting when rounded, smooth, sand-sized aggregate particles are replaced by rough, angular, porous particles while other aggregates and the total gradation remain unchanged, (2) evaluate the ability of certain test procedures to differentiate between rut-susceptible and rut-resistant mixtures, (3) develop a new rutting model for predicting pavement performance which incorporates characteristics of the aggregate, and (4)) examine fractal dimension analysis as a method of quantifying aggregate angularity and surface texture. Octahedral shear stress theory was employed to compare the rutting potential of asphalt concrete mixes containing low quality sand-size particles (rounded, smooth, non-absorptive) and high quality sand-size particles (rough, angular, absorptive). Five mixtures with varying amounts of the different aggregates were tested. A state-of-the-art theoretical approach was developed in which hyperbolic equations are introduced to model the compressive creep and recovery compliances. The new compliance equations are further developed into a rutting prediction model. The aggregate's role in the permanent deformation behavior of the mixture is assessed by means of a novel parameter termed "p" value. A new technique, known as fractal dimension analysis, offers a great deal of potential in providing a direct quantitative measure of aggregate angularity and surface texture which has heretofore been impossible. A combination of the new theoretical approach, the long-term laboratory performance of the mix, and the octahedral shear stress analysis is recommended as the preferred approach to evaluate the influence of sand-sized aggregate particles on permanent deformation in asphalt concrete mixtures. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Angularity KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Creep KW - Deformation KW - Equations KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Fractal dimension KW - Fractals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Shear stress KW - Texture UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616534 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Advance Technology and Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIDE IMPACT TESTS OF A FULL-SIZE AND A MINI-SIZE VEHICLE INTO A BREAKAWAY LUMINAIRE SUPPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 58 p. AB - This report contains the results of side crash tests performed using a 1988 Ford Taurus and a 1988 Honda Civic into a three bolt slip base type breakaway luminaire support. These tests were performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory located in McLean, Virginia. The automobiles impacted the luminaire supports at 30 mi/h (13.41 m/s) at a location on the vehicle that aligned with the side impact dummy's pelvis when the seat was in the midtrack position. Analysis of the data indicates that when impacted from the side into a breakaway luminaire support, the driver of the Ford Taurus would have a greater probability of thoracic injuries than would the driver of the smaller Honda Civic. KW - Automobile makes KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Injuries KW - Luminaires KW - Side crashes KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Thorax UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615591 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Ogden, M A AU - Crowe, E C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR URBAN ARTERIAL WORK ZONES. VOLUME 1 - TECHNICAL REPORT. INTERIM REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1991/02 SP - 53 p. AB - A three-year study of urban arterial work zones is currently in progress. The objective of the study is to develop improved guidelines for selecting and implementing work zone traffic control on urban arterials. The second year study efforts are documented in a three volume report. The Technical Report appears in Volume 1, which is this document. Volume 2 contains the Appendices for Volume 1, and Volume 3 contains the data used in the research analysis. This volume includes a description of the study activities performed during the first and second years, the preliminary findings of the study, preliminary guidelines for urban arterial work zones, and a description of activities planned for the final year of the study. The study activities of the first two years confirm the need for improved guidelines. Current research and guidelines do not thoroughly address the topic. A survey of local agencies indicates a variation in the significance given to work zone traffic control on arterials. Traffic data indicates a decrease in operational efficiency in the vicinity of the construction zones studied. Surveys of motorists indicated they do not fully understand all construction signs and are concerned about the impacts of the construction on their mobility. The preliminary findings and preliminary guidelines included in this volume address a number of areas related to urban arterial work zones including traffic signals, left turns, lane widths, accidents, construction activities, driver needs, and public relations. Data collection and analysis will continue during the final year of the research study. The findings and guidelines in this report will be reviewed with the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation staff to evaluate the appropriateness and ease with which they can be implemented. KW - Arterial highways KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Left turns KW - Public relations KW - Streets KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signals KW - Width KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615592 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Ogden, M A AU - Crowe, E C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR URBAN ARTERIAL WORK ZONES. VOLUME 2 - APPENDICES. INTERIM REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1991/02 SP - 100 p. AB - A three-year study of urban arterial work zones is currently in progress. The objective of the study is to develop improved guidelines for selecting and implementing work zone traffic control on urban arterials. The second year study efforts are documented in a three volume report. The Technical Report appears in Volume 1. This document is Volume 2 and contains the Appendices for Volume 1, and Volume 3 contains the data used in the research analysis. This volume includes the appendices describing study activities in the following areas: literature review, study site selection, data collection and analysis, motorists' surveys, and review of current practice. The study activities of the first two years confirm the need for improved guidelines. Current research and guidelines do not thoroughly address the topic. A survey of local agencies indicates a variation in the significance given to work zone traffic control on arterials. Traffic data indicates a decrease in operational efficiency in the vicinity of the construction zones studied. Surveys of motorists indicated they do not fully understand all construction signs and are concerned about the impacts of the construction on their mobility. The preliminary findings and preliminary guidelines included in Volume 1 address a number of areas related to urban arterial work zones including traffic signals, left turns, lane widths, accidents, construction activities, driver needs, and public relations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Left turns KW - Public relations KW - Streets KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signals KW - Width KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356652 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615584 AU - McKnight, A J AU - McKnight, A S AU - National Public Services Research Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE UTILIZATION OF VIDEODISC TECHNOLOGY TO AUTOMATE THE ORAL DRIVER LICENSE EXAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 40 p. AB - This report describes the development and evaluation of an audiovisual license system for illiterate drivers. The goal of the system is to assure that drivers license applicants who cannot read well enough to use the written driver's manual or to take the written driver's test are still sufficiently knowledgeable of safe driving rules and practices as to pose no greater risk on the highway than do their literate counterparts. A 34-item audiovisual test was developed in two languages using videodisc technology. Each item presents the question and three alternative answers, with picture and sound, on a visual display terminal and allows applicants to register their choice of answers by touching the video screen. When initial administration of the audiovisual test yielded a low (27%) pass rate, an 80-minute audiovisual version of the driver's manual was prepared and made available to licensed applicants. Use of the audio visual test and manual in combination resulted in 51% of applicants ultimately passing the test. Substantial and statistically significant age and language differences were encountered. The authors conclude that use of the audiovisual test would greatly reduce request for oral tests by those who can read and the examiner time required to administer the tests while improving the effectiveness of the licensing process for illiterate applicants. The tests readily accommodate different languages. The audiovisual license system could be further improved by wider dissemination of the audiovisual manual, by reducing test administration time and by greater use of computer-generated material. KW - Audiovisual aids KW - Driving tests KW - DVDs KW - Illiterates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615593 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Ogden, M A AU - Crowe, E C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR URBAN ARTERIAL WORK ZONES. VOLUME 3 - URBAN ARTERIAL WORK ZONE DATA. INTERIM REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1991/02 SP - 113 p. AB - A three-year study of urban arterial work zones is currently in progress. The objective of the study is to develop improved guidelines for selecting and implementing work zone traffic control on urban arterials. The second year study efforts are documented in a three volume report. The Technical Report appears in Volume 1 and the Appendices for Volume 1 appear in Volume 2. This report is Volume 3, and contains the data and supporting documentation used in the research analysis. The data include traffic volumes, travel times, and traffic accidents. The data also include the motorist survey instruments and typical traffic control plans. The study activities of the first two years confirm the need for improved guidelines. Current research and guidelines do not thoroughly address the topic. A survey of local agencies indicates a variation in the significance given to work zone traffic control on arterials. Traffic data indicates a decrease in operational efficiency in the vicinity of the construction zones studied. Surveys of motorists indicated they do not fully understand all construction signs and are concerned about the impacts of the construction on their mobility. The preliminary findings and preliminary guidelines included in Volume 1 address a number of areas related to urban arterial work zones including traffic signals, left turns, lane widths, accidents, construction activities, driver needs, and public relations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Crashes KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Left turns KW - Public relations KW - Streets KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic signals KW - Width KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611858 AU - Hirsch, T J AU - Buth, C E AU - Campise, W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AESTHETICALLY PLEASING CONCRETE COMBINATION PEDESTRIAN-TRAFFIC BRIDGE RAIL - TEXAS TYPE C411. FINAL REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1991/02 SP - 63 p. AB - Research has developed railings to withstand impact loads from vehicles of ever-increasing size; however, aesthetic considerations have been overshadowed by safety and structural requirements. The objective of this research study was to develop aesthetically pleasing, structurally sound railings that can serve as alternative railings in city or urban areas. This report presents a new concrete combination pedestrian-traffic bridge rail--Texas Type C411. This bridge rail was constructed of reinforced concrete 42 in. high by 12 in. thick and contains 6 in. wide by 28 in. high openings at 18 in. center-to-center longitudinal spacing. The combination pedestrian-traffic bridge rail was located on a 6 ft wide sidewalk with 8 in. high curb separating it from the traffic. The bridge rail was developed for use on urban streets where the speed limit would be 45 mph or less. Service Level 1 of NCHRP 230 and Performance Level 1 of the 1989 AASHTO Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings were considered inappropriate. NCHRP Project C22-7, "Update of Roadside Safety Hardware Crash Test Specifications," and NCHRP Project 12-33, "Development of a Comprehensive Bridge Specification and Commentary," were seriously considering a different test matrix at the time these tests were conducted. It was decided to use a 4,500 lb car at 45 mph and 25 deg impact angle and a 1,900 lb car at 45 mph and 20 deg impact angle. The new C411 bridge rail performed very well under these two crash tests. The crash test results easily met the usual safety evaluation criteria. The C411 should be safe for use on low speed, 45 mph or less, roadways. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Traffic safety KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356193 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611859 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLANNING GUIDELINES FOR MAJOR URBAN FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 67 p. AB - Accommodating traffic during the reconstruction of heavily traveled urban freeways is a challenging problem. This report provides guidelines for analyzing the potential corridor-wide travel impacts of urban freeway reconstruction projects and developing a corridor traffic management plan to mitigate those impacts. The focus is on the impact of a reconstruction project on traffic patterns and conditions in the freeway corridor and on the traffic management techniques that might be incorporated into a corridor traffic management plan to mitigate the adverse impacts. A catalog of the traffic-control options and traffic management techniques that might be incorporated in the plan is presented. A corridor analysis methodology is outlined for identifying, evaluating, and selecting those options and techniques that would be appropriate and effective for a particular project. Examples from a demonstration study in which the methodology was applied to the US-59 Southwest Freeway reconstruction project are presented to illustrate the use of the methodology. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Demonstration projects KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Impacts KW - Mitigation KW - Option KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356194 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610252 AU - Behlke, C E AU - Kane, D L AU - McLean, R F AU - Travis, M D AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTALS OF CULVERT DESIGN FOR PASSAGE OF WEAK-SWIMMING FISH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 177 p. AB - Properly designed culverts do not produce water velocities that exceed fish swimming abilities. Fish have two different musculature systems for swimming. A white muscle system generates power for short, vigorous swimming. A red muscle system furnishes power for long, sustained swimming. The culvert design must account for both swimming modes. Therefore, the engineer must know the hydraulic conditions where the fish swims. These conditions change throughout the culvert. The engineer determines acceptable hydraulic conditions for fish by matching known fish swimming power and energy capacities. Subcritical flow is necessary to pass weak-swimming, upstream-migrating fish. Therefore, this requirement precludes the use of inlet control. The engineer may use artificial roughness to create areas of slower water velocities within culverts. Examples of these are depressed inverts, weir baffles, and deep culvert corrugations. This manual presents design procedures to pass upstream-migrating, weak-swimming fish. The manual also displays criteria for retrofitting existing culverts. This paper does not present cost-effective design criteria for strong-swimming fish. KW - Baffles KW - Corrugations (Defects) KW - Culvert hydraulics KW - Culverts KW - Depressed inverts KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Fishes KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Migration KW - Retrofitting KW - Subsonic flow UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_90_10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608470 AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Schall, J D AU - Johnson, F AU - Richardson, E V AU - Richardson, J R AU - Chang, F AU - Resource Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STREAM STABILITY AT HIGHWAY STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 225 p. AB - This document provides guidelines for identifying stream instability problems at highway stream crossings and for the selection and design of appropriate countermeasures to mitigate potential damages to bridges and other highway components at stream crossings. The HEC-20 (Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 20) manual covers geomorphic and hydraulic factors that affect stream stability and provides a step-by-step analysis procedure for evaluating stream stability problems. Guidelines and criteria for selecting countermeasures for stream stability problems are summarized, and the design of three countermeasures (spurs, guide banks, and check dams) is presented in detail. Conceptual design considerations for many other countermeasures are summarized. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Check dams KW - Countermeasures KW - Dams KW - Geomorphology KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Hydraulics KW - Loss and damage KW - Manuals KW - Mitigation KW - Scour KW - Spur dikes KW - Stream crossings KW - Stream stability KW - Streams KW - Structural design KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608641 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOLL FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES: BRIDGES-ROADS-TUNNELS-FERRIES. FEBRUARY 1991 PY - 1991/02 SP - 28 p. AB - This report presents selected data on highway toll facilities in the United States that are in operation, under construction, or financed as of January 1, 1990. The data include information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll bridges, roads, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. For toll facilities located on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, the Interstate route numbers are included. A functional system code has also been included for toll bridges, roads, and tunnels. Also provided is a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangements, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility. KW - Data KW - Ferries KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll ferries KW - Toll roads KW - Toll tunnels KW - Tolls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26975/013495.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608647 AU - Stoffels, S M AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Rader, P R AU - Cady, P D AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT RESTORATION IN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 224 p. AB - Many of the interstate highways and other major traffic routes in Pennsylvania were constructed with portland cement concrete. These pavements have reached the end of their design life, and are now in need of repair. The objectives of this research project were to determine the performance characteristics of Pennsylvania's concrete pavement restoration (CPR) treatments and to determine the cost effectiveness of the treatments. Field data collected included falling weight deflectometer, joint faulting, longitudinal roughness, void detection, and general conditions. Performance trends indicated that full-depth patches had a service life of approximately 5 years. CPR was determined to be cost effective if done early during pavement deterioration. KW - Case studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Faulting KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Full-depth reclamation KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Maintenance practices KW - Pavement performance KW - Pennsylvania KW - Performance evaluations KW - Restoration KW - Roughness KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608651 AU - Beam, J L AU - Maurer, D AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RECYCLED HOT MIX ASPHALTIC CONCRETE IN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 69 p. AB - This report includes a construction overview and analyzes the benefits of recycling hot mix asphaltic concrete. The Department has been working with hot mix recycling since 1981 with good results. Since 1985, it has been the Department policy to allow hot mix recycling as an alternative on all hot mix paving contracts. Hot mix recycling conserves natural resources of petroleum products and virgin aggregates. This conservation of resources can result in monetary savings as well. The Department should continue to promote and encourage more extensive use of hot mix asphalt concrete recycling through specification revisions, policy letters and directives. Proposed revisions to Section 403 of the 408 Specifications are provided. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Conservation KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction specifications KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Mix design KW - Recycling KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607535 AU - Richards, S H AU - Margiotta, R A AU - Evans, G A AU - Southeastern Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WARNING TIME REQUIREMENTS AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS WITH ACTIVE TRAFFIC CONTROL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 107 p. AB - Research was conducted to assess the effects of warning time on driver behavior and safety at rail-highway grade crossings with active traffic control. Warning time is defined as the time between traffic control device activation and train arrival. As part of the research, detailed driver response data from two crossings with flashing light signals and one with gates and flashing light signals were analyzed. In addition, a laboratory assessment of drivers' warning time expectancies and tolerance levels at active crossings was conducted, and relevant warning time practices in six foreign countries were surveyed. The results of the studies and survey were used to develop suggested guidelines for minimum, maximum, and desirable warning times at grade crossings with active traffic control. A computer simulation model was also developed to predict the effects of excessive warning times on crossing violations and motorist delay. KW - Behavior KW - Constant warning time KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Expectation KW - Expected value KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Forecasting KW - Foreign KW - Gates KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Simulation KW - Surveys KW - Time KW - Time factor KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350813 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607549 AU - Zarling, J AU - Kinney, T AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AIDS FOR THERMAL ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 225 p. AB - The purpose of the "Design Aids for Thermal Analysis" study was to obtain the license to operate the "GEOGRD, GEODYN and GEOPLT" series of computer programs from Resource Management Associates of Lafayette, California, and to make them usable to Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities engineers for use in analysis of road sections in Alaska. Though very effective and sophisiticated, these programs require considerable time and expertise to be used properly. This report presents a summary of the programs and their capabilities, and provides simplified input instructions as well as some guidance regarding the less well known input parameters. In addition, the use of the programs to solve surface energy balance calculations is described in detail, and the appropriate SOLMET input parametes are provided for 17 sites in Alaska. The original documentaiton for the programs is also included. The source code for the programs is licensed from Resource Management Associates and therefore cannot be included in this report. KW - Alaska KW - Computer programs KW - Foundation soils KW - Frigid regions KW - Heat balance KW - Heat transfer KW - Highway design KW - Solar radiation KW - Surface energy KW - Thermal analysis KW - Thermal conductivity UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_87_11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605761 AU - Mushtaq, H AU - Mays, L W AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC MODELING OF ALLUVIAL FANS USING DAMBRK (NWS COMPUTER MODEL). FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/02 SP - 133 p. AB - The design of hydraulic structures such as bridges on distributary flow areas and alluvial fans require methods that can adequately determine discharges at the structures. Flow conditions on distributary flow areas such as alluvial fans are quite complex and require an understanding of unsteady flow hydraulics and sometimes need multi-dimensional flow analysis. The primary objective of this report is to explore the use of the U.S. National Weather Service DAMBRK model, to describe the unsteady flow of floods on distributary flow areas. The DAMBRK model was applied to several hypothetical situations to determine the capability of the program to describe unsteady flows. Three distributary flow areas below the McDowell Mountains in Scottsdale, Arizona, were modeled using the DAMBRK code. Lost Dog Wash, a relatively simple distributary flow area which has been referred to as an alluvial fan, was selected to develop an application procedure. After successfully modeling Lost Dog Wash, two of the six distributary flow areas (alluvial fans 4 and 5) in north Scottsdale were modeled. Both fan 4 and fan 5 demonstrated subcritical and supercritical flows. The flood plains computed using DAMBRK are compared with the flood plains using the FEMA method. It is recommended that models describing erosion and sediment transport and transmission losses and infiltration be incorporated into the DAMBRK code. Similar studies using two-dimensional models are also recommended to determine the advantages and limitations of these approaches to model flood flows on alluvial fans. KW - Alluvial fans KW - Alluvium KW - Flood plains KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Subsonic flow KW - Supersonic flow KW - Unsteady flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350089 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457358 AU - Ludlow, Scott J AU - Chen, Wai-Fah AU - Bourdeau, Philippe L AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A Sensitivity Analysis of the Parameters for a Cap Plasticity Model : Interim Report PY - 1991/01/23/Interim Report SP - 44p AB - This report is comprised of three appendices with Appendix A describing 7 Cases: Case 1: Effect of Poisson’s Ratio; Case 2: Effect of the Compression Index; Case 3: Effect of the Recompression Index; Case 4: Effect of the Pore Pressure Response Factor; Case 5: Effect of the Angle of Internal Friction; Case 6: Effect of the Undrained Shear Strength Ratio; Case 7: Effect of the Over-consolidation Ratio. Appendix B contains a computer disk with input data files, while Appendix C contains a list of references. KW - Coefficient of internal friction KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Plasticity KW - Pore pressure KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Shear strength KW - Stress ratio UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314192 UR - http://ia700401.us.archive.org/32/items/sensitivityanaly00ludl/sensitivityanaly00ludl.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603710 AU - Sinha, K C AU - Saito, M AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Murthy, S AU - Tee, A-B AU - Bowman, M D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: THE ELEMENTS OF THE INDIANA BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1991/01/22 SP - 17 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 1 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 1 provides an overview of the various components of the Indiana Bridge Management System developed in the study. It covers all ten tasks of the study and highlights the organization and data management aspects of the system. Particular emphasis is placed on implementation aspects. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Data management KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603709 AU - Sinha, K C AU - Saito, M AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Murthy, S AU - Tee, A-B AU - Bowman, M D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 1: THE ELEMENTS OF THE INDIANA BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. REVISED EDITION PY - 1991/01/22 SP - 81 p. AB - This report is the first of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume provides an overview of the various components of the Indiana Bridge Management System developed in the study. It covers all ten tasks of the study and highlights the organization and data management aspects of the system. Particular emphasis is placed on implementation aspects. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Data management KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Implementation KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349428 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457355 AU - Chaturvedi, Arvind AU - Garrigus, Andrew AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Jay County, Indiana PY - 1991/01/08/Final Report SP - 108p AB - The soils mapping of Jay County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Valuable information for soils was obtained from publications of the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Test data from roadway and bridge projects was obtained from the Indiana Department of Transportation. Soil profiles for the landform/parent material areas mapped are presented on the engineering soils map, a copy of which is included at the end of the report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Jay County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313422 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457349 AU - Windslow, Douglas AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Application of Rapid Asphalt Content Test to Slag Mixes PY - 1991/01/08/Final Report SP - 25p AB - The "nuclear" asphalt content gage was used with bituminous mixes containing slag aggregates to assess its applicability as a rapid analysis tool for these types of mixes. It was found to work as well, or better, than the standard extraction technique. It was also found to have additional advantages over the extraction technique since it is about an order to magnitude faster, requires no solvent and involves no decisions on the part of the user. KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Nuclear gages KW - Slag coarse aggregates UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313425 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457342 AU - Cochran, David L AU - Genda, Donald W AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Traffic Speed Report No. 124 : Traffic Report PY - 1991/01/08 SP - 52p AB - This report is an analysis of spot speed observations made during the 1990 summer months of May, June, July and August. All observations were made of free-flowing vehicles on level, tangent sections of rural and urban highways under favorable conditions. All observations were made during daylight hours. This is the tenth report with exclusively summer observations since 1975. From 1976 until 1980 (Traffic Speed Reports #95 through #114), 14 primary and secondary stations, as well as another 14 randomly selected stations, were monitored every quarter in conjunction with the 55 mph speed compliance certification program performed for the Federal Highway Administration. The 55 mph speed compliance certification program, which uses unmanned recording methods, has been conducted separately since 1981. Fourteen speed monitoring stations were used for the 1990 Traffic Speed Report calculations. These stations are divided into four categories which include: four rural interstate locations, four rural four-lane locations, four rural two-lane locations and two urban interstate locations. These 14 stations are the same as the primary and secondary control stations monitored since 1975 in Indiana. Prior to 1975, only the 12 rural stations were monitored. The locations of the 12 rural stations are essentially the same since 1970 except for stations 4L-32 (formerly number 6 on US 52) and 2L-54 (formerly number 11 on US 31), which changed in 1975. The speed limit at all the stations is 55 mph, except the rural interstate locations, which were re-posted for 65 mph beginning June 1, 1987. In addition, legislation was passed on April 1, 1988 that reduced the speed limit for trucks with a gross weight of 13 tons, to 55 mph on Indiana rural interstates. New legislation was passed by the Indiana Legislature, on April 1, 1989, which increased the allowable speed limit for trucks with a gross weight of 13 tons to 60 mph, on rural interstate highways in Indiana. The site locations are given in Table 1 and shown in Figure 1. The vehicles were classified as Indiana or Non-Indiana passenger cars, and light trucks (less than 5000 pounds gross weight) or heavy trucks (equal to or more than 5000 pounds gross weight). Computer analysis was performed for each vehicle classification, and for combined passenger cars and combined trucks. KW - Average spot speed KW - Indiana KW - Rural highways KW - Speed data KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban highways UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314190 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218882 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342786 AU - Baber, Thomas T AU - Barton, Furman W AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Instrumentation and Measured Response of the I-295 Cable-Stayed Bridge: Interim Report on Construction Period Strains in Cable Stays PY - 1991/01//Interim Report SP - 71p AB - During the construction of the 1-295 cable-stayed bridge, a number of the stays on the main span- cantilever were instrumented with electrical resistance strain gages mounted directly on the wires of the seven-wire strands making up the stay cables. Measurements were taken beginning before tensioning and continuing until completion of the cantilever. Expected changes in the strains caused by lifting of segments and subsequent stay tensioning activities were observed. During the multistrand tensioning activities on the instrumented stays, significant variability in the strain behavior of the individual strands was observed, a fact that should be considered in the design of cable-stay systems and tensioning methods. KW - Bridge construction KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cantilever bridges KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Posttensioning KW - Stay cables KW - Strain gages UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37700/37756/91-IR1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1103934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01342754 AU - Baber, T T AU - Barton, F W AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Instrumentation and Measured Response of the I-295 Cable-Stayed Bridge : Interim Report on Construction Measurements in Deck Segments PY - 1991/01//Interim Report SP - 38p AB - During the construction of the 1-295 cable-stayed bridge, an extensive array of mechanical strain gage points were installed in sections of the box girders, pylons, and piers. At each instrumented box girder section, five longitudinal gages were placed on the deck surface and three longitudinal gages were placed on the bottom flanges of the box girder. Instrumentation was concentrated on the cantilevered north span and the two adjacent side spans. Strain measurements were taken throughout the erection of the cantilever span. Measured strains are reported on in this study. The measurements revealed a complex strain pattern across the deck, reflecting the existence of shea lag in the box girder, but also the influence of multiple post-tensioning tendons across the deck. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cantilever bridges KW - Field studies KW - Instrumentation KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Pylons KW - Segmental construction KW - Strain measurement KW - Tendons UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37600/37667/91-IR2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1103932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611847 AU - Corley, W L AU - Smith, A E AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY FOR ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 24 p. AB - During 1989 and 1990, research was conducted to determine optimum establishment methods, weed control techniques, fertility responses and mowing effects for adapted wildflower species. The use of preplant, preemergent and postemergent herbicides improved wildflower establishment and performance by reducing competition from grassy weeds. Base fertility requirements for optimum wildflower bloom performance were determined. Thirty wildflower species showed good rebloom characteristics when mowed high during summer for bloom regeneration and for weed control. An improved basic wildflower mix was formulated for optimum initial performance and response to management practices. KW - Beautification KW - Establishing KW - Herbicides KW - Highway beautification KW - Highways KW - Landscape design KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Low maintenance KW - Management KW - Mowing KW - Roadside KW - Weed control KW - Wildflowers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611153 AU - Sampey, H R AU - Nu-Metrics Instrumentation AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF DIFFERENTIAL GPS FOR HIGHWAY MAPPING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 42 p. AB - The application of GPS (Global Positioning System) for surveying and mapping tasks has continued to develop at a rapid rate. In order to generate economical and timely thematic maps, the Tennessee Department of Transportation has been utilizing Nu-Metrics TRASTAR II GPS Highway Mapping System and obtaining accuracy of 15 meters or better on highways, which is a generally accepted resolution. The accuracy demanded for generation of maps in congested metropolitan areas, with streets and intersections much closer, requires a greater degree of resolution for accurate depiction. In order to enhance and improve the data obtained, new technology and unique techniques must be implemented. To meet this challenge and satisfy the necessary requirements, Nu-Metrics, Inc., has developed an affordable simple innovative solution with new technology incorporating Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and utilizing "post processing" procedures to correct for inherent GPS errors and provide field recorded accuracy of 3-5 meters for highway and road mapping. This publication describes the NAVSTAR GPS Constellation concept and operation and examines the problems associated with the complexity of efficiently maintaining satellite acquisition and the introduction of Nu-Metrics DGPS as an alternate procedure for obtaining accurate GPS data. KW - Accuracy KW - Artificial satellites KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Mapping KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625746 AU - Kruger, T J AU - Lee, C E AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Ward, W V AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN GUIDELINES AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS FOR STRATEGIC ARTERIAL STREETS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 90 p. AB - The overall objective of Study 1107 is to discover an alternative means of increasing the supply of high-quality traffic service in urban areas. Urban freeways have, for a variety of reasons, become overloaded and difficult to augment. A plausible alternative is to improve the quality and scope of the urban arterial street system so that these streets can supplement the services furnished by the freeway system. For the purposes of this study, these improved urban arterial streets are designated as "strategic arterial streets" (SAS). The concept of the SAS addressed in this study is that of streets providing a higher level of traffic service and productivity than existing urban arterial streets but less than that afforded by freeways. Systems analysis shows that if arterial streets operate at higher speeds and have sufficient capacity, they can divert significant amounts of traffic from freeways. The problem is: what are the factors which affect the speed and capacity of arterial streets? The guidelines presented in this report (1107-4) address the principal factors which affect the quality of service and productivity of these streets. The principal factors are geometric design, control of access, and operational controls. Geometric design features discussed are cross sections, auxiliary lanes, median barriers, intersection layouts, access driveways, and grade separaions. The consequences and means of control of access are addressed. The effect and frequency of traffic-signalized intersections on travel speed are addressed. Additional issues addressed are transit operations, pedestrian activity, implementation, and future directions. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Arterial highways KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Cross sections KW - Driveways KW - Geometric design KW - Grade separations KW - Guidelines KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Intersections KW - Layout KW - Level of service KW - Median barriers KW - Productivity KW - Quality of service KW - Signalized intersections KW - Streets KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic speed KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368114 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625044 AU - Radloff, B J AU - KREGER, M E AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BONDING OF EXTERNAL TENDONS AT DEVIATORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 150 p. AB - This report is the first in a series outlining a major study of techniques for improving the ductility and strength of post-tensioned concrete box girder bridges through improved bonding of external tendons. It presents a detailed state-of-the-art report concerning bonding of tendons through cement grouting. More importantly, it presents the results of a series of realistic pullout tests for tendons grouted in curved deviator pipes typical of modern segmental technology. Six specimens were tested with varying deviation angles and ratio of prestressing tendon area to duct cross-sectional areas. Detailed measurements and observation of overall behavior led to a very good understanding of the bond-slip relationship for the tendons in the local region of the curved deviator. In addition to the full-scale direct tension bond stress-slip tests of full-scale deviator specimens, two additional test series are reported. The first is a series of residual tension load tests in which the state of stress of tendons discretely bonded at multiple points was investigated by selective cutting between bonding points and measuring the residual load patterns. The second is a series of eighteen tests evaluating different materials and procedures for remedial bonding of tendons at pass through locations. The tests reported herein provide the basis for formulations of a general bond stress-slip model for tendons grouted through steel deviator ducts which is useful for computer based calculations of the behavior of discretely bonded tendons in externally post-tensioned bridges. In addition, friction loss coefficients for curved ducts were verified and efficient techniques for remedial bonding of external tendons at diaphragm pass through locations were developed. KW - Bond stress-slip models KW - Bonding KW - Cement grouts KW - Curved deviators KW - Direct tension tests KW - Ductility KW - Friction losses KW - Girder bridges KW - Load tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Pull out test KW - Remedial bonding KW - State of the art studies KW - Strength of materials KW - Tendons KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625040 AU - Telisak, T AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARLY AGE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE: A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL NONDESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 184 p. AB - The concrete tests currently in widespread use were developed decades ago, and although there have been continual updates and refinements, there are inherent limitations which cannot be overlooked. Most important, current test methods are often rendered unrepresentative of the concrete in the field, especially at early ages or under different curing conditions. The study described herein was conducted to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of several nondestructive test methods for assessing concrete strength in the field. The test methods used in this study included compressive cylinders, flexural beams, penetration resistance, rebound hammer, pullout, maturity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and drilled cores. Test results from the different methods being evaluated were compared at concrete ages ranging from 1 to 28 days. Each test method was also evaluated for within-test variability among sets of companion specimens. Three different concrete mix designs were used, including cement plus fly ash contents ranging from 300 to 500 pounds per cubic yard, three maximum sizes of river gravels, and one maximum-size crushed limestone coarse aggregates. Specified design concrete strengths were 3,500 and 5,000 psi, resulting in measured 28-day cylinder compressive strengths ranging from 3,700 to 8,700 psi. Full-size test slabs were cast and cured outdoors under simulated field conditions during the period from August through May. Test specimens were cured both under laboratory-controlled conditions and under field conditions adjacent to the slabs. Of all the test methods studied, the maturity method exhibited the lowest variability and most consistent agreement with the generally-accepted standards for concrete testing, including compression cylinder and flexural beams for test ages after 1 day. The maturity method can also be applied to predict the strength of concrete at 1 day; however, special considerations and curve-fitting techniques can lead to the development of an accurate strength versus maturity relationship. KW - Alluvium KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Concrete strength KW - Concrete tests KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Field tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Hammers KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Maturity KW - Mix design KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Penetration resistance KW - Pull out test KW - Pulse velocity KW - Pulses KW - Rebound KW - River gravels KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Variables KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625035 AU - Kang, Y V AU - Roesset, J M AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF FINITE WIDTH ON DYNAMIC DEFLECTIONS OF PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 128 p. AB - A highway has a finite width in its transverse direction, and the existence of variation in material properties between the road and the surrounding soil is not uncommon. A three-dimensional elastodynamic solution is presented to take into account the variation of material properties in the soil-pavement system by using the Fourier superposition technique. The pavement, base and subgrade are represented by a finite-element core region. An expansion technique is used to simulate the infinite lateral soil region. A viscous boundary is implemented for a half space condition. The stiffness matrices and point load and disk load vectors are obtained in the frequency-wave number domain. Parametric studies of the soil-pavement formulation are conducted to assess the accuracy of the results. An investigation of the effects of the lateral boundary on the pavement deflections measured by various nondestructive testing techniques is presented. The Dynaflect, the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD), and the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) methods are simulated on three typical in-service pavement sections. The results of the Dynaflect tests indicate that the effects of the lateral boundary on the measured deflections are directly related to: (a) the loading position with respect to the edge of the pavement; (b) the thickness of the surface layer; (c) the lateral stiffness contrast between the road and the surrounding soil; (d) the height of the ramp, if the test is performed on a ramp. A closer loading position, a larger value of the thickness, a higher contrast, and a larger value of the ramp height will result in a larger influence on the deflections. The lateral boundary also has a differential influence on different stations which will, in turn, change the shape of the deflection basins. The existence of retaining walls is important, especially for the "high" ramp. Similar conclusions are reached for the FWD test simulations. The results of the SASW tests indicate that some fluctuations may occur in the dispersion curve because of the reflected body waves due to the abrupt change in the stiffness at the horizontal interfaces between layers. The existence of the lateral boundary causes additional fluctuations, particularly for long wavelengths. KW - Accuracy KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Finite width KW - Fourier transforms KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Soil-pavement system KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367700 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611911 AU - Fera, J D AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF CONCRETE SEALERS FOR VERTICAL HIGHWAY STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 89 p. AB - A laboratory test method is developed to evaluate concrete liquid surface sealers for vertical highway structures. The method includes: a) A Chloride Intrusion Screening Test wherein sets of 10 concrete prisms per sealer are partially immersed in salt brine. One specimen per set is removed periodically and tested for chloride content using an adaptation of the rapid, in-situ method devised at Kansas DOT for bridge decks. b) A Water Absorption-Water Vapor Transmission Test. c) A Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test as per ASTM C-666, Procedure A, with concrete durability measured by the resonant frequency technique. The same specimen configuration is used in all phases of the test program. The findings of the study indicate that: 1) The Chloride Content vs. Time relationship for coated concrete is non-linear and sealer-dependent. Specimen set chloride content averaged over the course of the immersion period rather at its end thus provides a more meaningful comparison of sealer performance. 2) The resonant frequency test is the only reliable method of measuring the durability of coated concrete under freeze-thaw cycling. The test is applicable to penetrating and hard-curing, film-forming sealers. Rhode Island concrete sealer specifications are revised to incorporate the results of the present study. Twelve currently available sealers are evaluated. KW - Absorption KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete structures KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Laboratory tests KW - Resonance frequency KW - Sealing compounds KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Water absorption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623572 AU - Hankins, K AU - Suh, Y C AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE TYPES: CRITERIA FOR TEST SECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 24 p. AB - Concrete pavements are subjected to a variety of stresses and, as a result, the pavement slab is in continuous motion. Some of the more significant stresses present are environmental loads, or those developed by the thermal and shrinkage movements of the paving material. When the environmental loads are combined with the wheel and gravity loads, conditions exist which control the ultimate life of the concrete pavement. The environmental stresses are a function not only of weather but also of the material properties of the pavement. Therefore, in pavement design, it becomes important to consider the material properties of the paving materials from an environmental viewpoint. This report presents the background for studies concerning the effects of the concrete mix on the performance of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement. The initial work in this study resulted in a suggeested design standard for CRC pavement wherein the longitudinal steel percentage was varied depending on the coarse aggregate type. The information for the standard was developed using theoretical models. Therefore, it was desirable to verify the design standard using empirical data from specially-prepared test sections. This report describes in detail the variables involved and the design of the experimental test sections. The report also suggests a monitoring plan and a technique for determining an empirical verification of the design standard. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Design standards KW - Field tests KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625039 AU - Harrison, R AU - Bertrand, C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMOOTHNESS SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 62 p. AB - Because both the highway agency and the traveling public desire a smooth pavement surface, there exists a need to ensure smoothness and ride quality. Indeed, a smooth road profile has become a standard measure of pavement quality. Smoothly constructed roads are associated with minimal vehicular wear (and therefore cost), user perceptions of quality and acceptability, and, finally, long pavement surface lives. In 1987 the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) commissioned the Center for Transportation Research (CTR) to develop smoothness specifications for both flexible and rigid pavements. These standards were to be of the "end-use" variety; that is, the standards, applied after the contractor had completed paving a section, would be used to compare the as-built profile with that smoothness desired by the highway agency, using a designated instrument and measurement unit. Deviations from the acceptable profile range would result in either monetary rewards to the contractor for high-quality work exceeding standards, or corrections/penalties for work falling below standard. In 1984 AASHTO began conducting a survey into state smoothness specifications with the objective of recommending a draft smoothness specification for state use. This specification, reported in 1987, was to be evaluated as part of the CTR 1167 study. This report, then, details the initial work on pavement smoothness criteria, including in particular the issues related to financial incentives and the instrumentation used for measuring profiles on newly laid rigid pavements. KW - Contracts KW - Finance KW - Flexible pavements KW - Incentives KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Penalties KW - Profiles KW - Riding qualities KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625041 AU - van Metzinger, W A AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EMPIRICAL-MECHANISTIC DESIGN METHOD USING BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS FOR THE REHABILITATION OF PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 98 p. AB - In this report, a design model for bonded concrete overlays was developed. The development included observations of the performance of existing bonded concrete overlays with varying depths, reinforcement types, and various bonding treatments. These observations were studied in detail and then analyzed statistically. The model development involved establishing the failure mechanisms which cause delamination and cracking in the bonded overlays. A finite-element program was then used to model the cracking and delamination of bonded overlays subjected to a variety of wheel loads and environmental stresses. The failure mechanisms, together with the stress information, were compared to performance observations and used to develop the design procedure. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Delamination KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Empirical methods KW - Environmental impacts KW - Failure KW - Field performance KW - Finite element method KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625043 AU - van Metzinger, W A AU - Lundy, J R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 52 p. AB - This report summarizes studies of the performance of bonded concrete overlays (BCO), develops information on the failure mechanism of BCO, and documents an improved design model for BCO. Three pavements that received BCO placed in Houston, Texas, were closely observed, and the performance of these pavements was studied. The oldest of these pavements was about seven years, and performance information on the older BCO pavements was used not only in the development of a design model but also in suggested specifications that were adopted in the construction of the third BCO. The study of the failure mechanism examined the mechanisms that cause delamination and cracking. This study of the failure mechanism permitted the development of a design procedure through the use of a finite-element program. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete overlays KW - Delamination KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Failure KW - Finite element method KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625042 AU - Lundy, J R AU - McCullough, B F AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELAMINATION OF BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAYS AT EARLY AGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 94 p. AB - A procedure is developed by which the likelihood of delamination of bonded concrete overlays on continuously reinforced concrete pavements is reduced. The procedure compares the early-age interface stress to the expected interface bond strength for a variety of environmental conditions. When the calculated stress exceeds the expected strength, it is recommended that overlay placement be curtailed until the possibility of debonding is reduced. A finite-element method program is used to determine the early-age stresses resulting from temperature and shrinkage-induced volume changes. Stresses were determined for a variety of environmental and material combinations and overlay thicknesses. Analyses show that a significant reduction in stress results from the use of overlay materials which have a lower modulus and thermal coefficient than those of the existing slab. The stresses for a given combination of materials and environmental conditions are compared to the interface bond strength at early ages. Early-age interface shear and tensile strengths are estimated from 7-day strength test results. The estimated strength, together with the variability of the interface strength, are used to calculate the likelihood of delamination for a given type of overlay and time of placement. This likelihood can be reduced through the selection of a different overlay material or time of placement. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonding KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Delamination KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finite element method KW - Interfaces KW - Materials selection KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Shear strength KW - Shrinkage KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength KW - Thermal stresses KW - Thickness KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633474 AU - Cousins, T E AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF JOINT AND SUBBASE EFFICIENCY IN RIGID PAVEMENT USING NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 50 p. AB - The first phase of this study was undertaken to develop an inexpensive, easy-to-use non-destructive test procedure for evaluating the structural condition of transverse joints in concrete pavements. The test method consists of a load deflection measurement technique (18,000 pound single-axle load) in conjunction with a finite element model of the jointed slab system, called JSLAB. Time-deflection measurements were recorded over a variety of concrete pavement thicknesses, ages, and conditions. The process was determined to be very useful as an aid in making rehabilitation decisions for concrete joints. Deflection based guidelines are provided for concrete pavement rehabilitation decisions for joint replacement and for grinding and undersealing of faulted joints. The test method was sufficiently sensitive to characterize a roadbed soil conditioned with lime, and then treated with cement, as containing greater stiffness than soil (for the same pavement) that was lime conditioned only. The second phase was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of adding a bonded concrete overlay and tied shoulder to an existing CRC pavement with asphalt shoulder. In general, the addition of an overlay and tied shoulder reduced pavement deflections significantly. The test method used was similar to that in Phase I and included load deflection measurements in conjunction with the finite element program JSLAB. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Decision making KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Finite element method KW - Load deflection KW - Loads KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Structural analysis KW - Tied shoulders KW - Transverse joints UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_242.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374409 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628959 AU - SHIU, K N AU - Russell, H G AU - Tabatabai, Habib AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION OF THE RED RIVER BRIDGE AT BOYCE, LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 320 p. AB - The report describes the instrumentation program of Red River Bridge at Boyce, Louisiana. The objectives of the program were to measure and evaluate time-dependent deformations, deflections, and temperatures of the Red River Bridge superstructure. To achieve the objectives, field instrumentation was installed on the bridge structure before and during construction. Strain and temperature sensors were placed in three selected bridge segments of one bridge span. Measurements were made for a period to five years. Concrete physical properties of the instrumented bridge segments were also measured. Using the actual material design mix, time-dependent analyses of the Red River Bridge during construction were performed. Design construction schedule was used in calculating bridge behavior during construction. KW - Bridge spans KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Highway bridges KW - Instrumentation KW - Physical properties KW - Strain measurement KW - Temperature KW - Temperature measurement KW - Time dependence KW - Time dependent parameters UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_233.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616501 AU - McCormack, M T AU - Arellano, J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF LATEX-MODIFIED ASPHALTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 27 p. AB - The purpose of this project is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of latex-modified asphalt as a SAMI (Stress-Absorbing Membrane Interlayer) and as an ID-2 wearing course. This follow-up report evaluates the performance of the three sites that were monitored. The three sites evaluated used latex-modified asphalt for a SAMI surface treatment, a SAMI seal coat, and an ID-2 wearing course. It was determined that it did not perform significantly better than the conventional SAMIs for any of these functions. Any additional costs for the latex-modified SAMIs or the latex-modified ID-2 wearing course would therefore not be justified. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Field performance KW - Latex asphalt KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seal coats KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayers, sami KW - Surface treating KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618059 AU - Button, J W AU - PRAPNNACHARI, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT ADDITIVES IN THICK HOT MIXED ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 87 p. AB - Asphalt concrete field test pavements were placed in District 19 north of Texarkana on US-59/71 in 1987 and 1988 to evaluate the ability of certain asphalt additives to enhance resistance to cracking and rutting. Two 10-inch thick and 0.9 mile (approx.) long test pavements and a similar untreated control section were constructed in the northbound and southbound lanes for a total of 6 field trials. Asphalt additives were incorporated in both the 8-inch base and the overlying 2-inch surface layers. The additives evaluated included Goodyear LPF 5812, Chemkrete-CTI 102, Exxon Polybilt 102, and Styrelf 13. Samples of paving materials including aggregates, asphalts, compacted mixes, and pavement cores were collected, conveyed to the laboratory and tested to provide detailed documentation of their properties. Tests included rheological properties of the binders before and after artificial aging, characterization of aggregate, Hveem and Marshall stability, stiffness as a function of temperature, tensile properties before and after moisture conditioning and artificial aging, air void content, creep, and permanent deformation. Field tests and visual evaluations have been conducted to objectively evaluate field performance. Results of these tests are reported herein. Within 6 months after construction of the base layers and prior to placement of the surface course, the Chemkrete modified base became severely cracked. As a result, the surface mix placed on this base section was treated with Goodyear latex rather than Chemkrete. All other modified pavements and the control section have performed well and exhibited essentially equivalent performance after 2 1/2 years in service. KW - Additives KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Binders KW - Creep KW - Deformation KW - Experimental roads KW - Field performance KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall test KW - Pavement cracking KW - Performance KW - Rheological properties KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Stiffness KW - Tensile properties KW - Test results KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616578 AU - Scullion, T AU - Michalak, C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODULUS 4.0: USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 46 p. AB - The MODULUS program, a modulus backcalculation system described in this report, has been developed by the Texas Transportation Institute for the Texas Department of Highways and Public Transportation. See Research Reports 1123-1 and 1123-2 for background and technical details. This system is intended to be used when analyzing data collected with only the Falling Weight Deflectometer. The following enhancements have been made in this version of the software: 1) Automatic calculation of a depth to a stiff layer (H4), which can be overwritten by the user; 2) Automatic calculation of weighting factors for each sensor; 3) Detection of non-linearity in the subgrade, and automatic selection of the optimum numbers of sensors to use in the backcalculation process; 4) The use of the Corps of Engineers WES5 linear elastic program which is considerably faster than existing programs and has no copyright restrictions; and 5) Inclusion of a routine to permit manual input of deflection bowl data. One minor restriction on this version of MODULUS is that four of the deflection sensors must be located at offsets of 0, 12, 24, and 36 in. from the center of the load plate. It does not matter which four; for example, other sensors could be included at 8 and 18 in. The MODULUS system has the three following subsystems: Subsystem 1 Data Input; Subsystem 2 MODULUS Backcalculation; and Subsystem 3 Plot Deflection. KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Data analysis KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611860 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Trout, N D AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR MAJOR EMERGENCIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 45 p. AB - This report presents a synthesis of issues, strategies, and procedures with respect to traffic management for major emergencies. The intent of the report is to provide the reader with an overview of the various concerns surrounding emergency traffic management planning and operations, and to illustrate the necessity of planning efforts by an agency in order to be truly prepared for any type of emergency. Traffic management requirements for an emergency can vary dramatically from event to event, ranging from the use of standard traffic control procedures and devices during a relatively localized emergency to the implementation of highly innovative and controversial practices that may be necessary for a particularly devasting or widespread emergency. It is hoped that the examples and points made in the synthesis will stimulate discussion and evaluation within an agency as to how it may utilize these or other techniques should the need arise. KW - Detours KW - Disaster preparedness KW - Disasters and emergency operations KW - Earthquakes KW - Emergencies KW - Evacuation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Hurricanes KW - Planning KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611848 AU - Hughes, R D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BREAKAWAY TIMBER UTILITY POLE INSTALLATIONS IN KENTUCKY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 20 p. AB - This report describes the installation of ten breakaway timber utility poles in Lexington, Kentucky. Installations were made by Kentucky Utilities Company personnel and monitoring has been performed by Kentucky Transportation Center investigators. Retrofit hardware is described and locations of modified poles are detailed. Modified poles have not been struck by vehicles to date. Monitoring will continue until September 1991 at which time a final report will be issued. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Highway safety KW - Monitoring KW - Retrofitting KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Utility poles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611857 AU - Wray, W K AU - Ellepola, C B AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTION OF LONGITUDINAL CRACKING IN SURFACES AND FILLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 143 p. AB - Longitudinal cracking was discovered in flexible pavement constructed over high plasticity index (high-PI) clay embankments retained by reinforced soil retaining walls (RSRWs). The cracks were noted to occur at approximately the location of the interface between the clay embankment and the cohesionless backfill of the RSRW. Coring of the crack revealed the crack to be wider at the bottom than at the top suggesting that the tensile force causing the cracking was being applied at the bottom of the pavement structure. All Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) Districts were queried to learn the extent of the longitudinal cracking problem. Only District 16, headquartered at Corpus Christi, was found to be experiencing the problem. Using soil from the same source as was used to construct embankments and RSRW backfill, four large laboratory models were constructed of the field situation. Each of the tests demonstrated that a vertical separation would occur between the clay embankment and sand backfill as a result of lateral shrinking of the high-PI clay over time due to climate. The third test showed that the vertical crack would propagate upwards through the flexible base material. The fourth test produced a crack through the flexible base but failed to produce a crack through the overlying HMAC because the HMAC adhered to the walls of the test box and separated from the caliche base. Lateral stresses imposed on the flexible base by the laterally shrinking clay embankment were found to be approximately 366 psi in the laboratory tests, well exceeding the tensile strength of normal HMAC. Thus, it was concluded that the longitudinal cracks in the District 16 pavements were the result of the clay embankments laterally drying beneath the installed pavement. Field instrumentation installed during the study was inconclusive with respect to measuring soil moisture condition changes occurring beneath the pavement because the monitoring sites were not paved until nearly the end of the study. However, the instruments showed that a change in soil suction pressures of up to 25 atm of pressure had occurred during the 1-year monitoring period as a result of changes in climate only. KW - Clay KW - Embankments KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral stress KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Plasticity index KW - Retaining walls KW - Scale models KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil shrinkage KW - Soil suction KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356192 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611159 AU - Frantzen, J A AU - Meggers, D A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK OVERLAY BOND CONTAMINATION FROM WHITE PIGMENTED CURING COMPOUND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 21 p. AB - Pullout tests were performed on two bridges to determine if the bridge deck overlay interface had been affected by apparent incomplete removal of the white pigmented curing compound by sand-blasting. Test beams were also produced with varying degrees of sand-blasting to determine the reduction of pullout stress caused by variations of the level of sand-blasting. Final results indicated that if reasonable care is taken during the sand-blasting operations to remove the curing compound, any small amounts of curing compound remaining on the surface will not adversely affect the interface bond. KW - Bonds KW - Bridge decks KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Curing agents KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pull out test KW - Sand blasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356031 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610153 AU - Hendriks, R W AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE OF PARALLEL HIGHWAY NOISE BARRIERS ALONG ROUTE 99 IN SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - v.p. AB - The effects of multiple reflections between two parallel highway noise barriers on the acoustical performance of each of the barriers have been a subject of considerable controversy. Mathematical and scale modeling predict possible large reductions (degradations) in the effectiveness of noise barriers with smooth, hard surfaces (such as masonry or concrete) due to parallel configurations. However, noise measurements under conditions of actual highway traffic, typical barrier heights and separations have yet to confirm the large degradations. This report presents the methods and results of a parallel noise barrier research project performed by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). Field measurements of noise, traffic, and meteorology were made in three stages: before barrier construction, after construction of the near barrier, and after construction of the barrier on the opposite side of a highway. The selected site was typical of many parallel barrier configurations in California. More than 100 simultaneous, A-weighted, 15-minute energy-averaged noise levels were measured at 11 microphones located at heights ranging from 5 to 23 feet, and distances of 15 to 200 feet behind the near barrier. The noise data were matched by crosswind vector wind velocities and normalized for differences in traffic. Analysis results showed degradations of 0 to 1.9 dBA, independent of wind. Vector wind velocities of -3 to +11 mph caused variations in noise levels of up to 9 dBA, at 200 feet behind the near barrier. KW - Acoustic properties KW - Before and after studies KW - Degradation KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Noise barriers KW - Parallel configuration KW - Performance KW - Sound level KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610149 AU - FRAGASZY, R J AU - Sneider, C A AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPACTION CONTROL OF GRANULAR SOILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 46 p. AB - This report looks at the effect of gravel size particles on the maximum dry density of granular soils. The procedures which the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) uses for the determination of maximum dry density sometimes produce density standards which cannot be obtained in the field. Eight soil samples were tested to determine the influence of angularity of rock particles on the density. The samples were selected to provide a variation of rounded to angular particles. The method (WTM 606) WSDOT uses to determine a maximum density curve was found to overpredict the maximum dry density test results as compared to one point maximum density tests (Modified Proctor). It is recommended that modifications be made to the current WSDOT method (WTM 606) and that a gravel size correction method, described in the report, be added to WSDOT procedures for soils with gravel contents above 50%. KW - Angularity KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Dry density KW - Dry density (Soils) KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Granular soils KW - Gravel KW - Measurement KW - Soil compaction KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/230.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608593 AU - Staba, G R AU - May, A D AU - Phung, H O AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE PASSING LANE GUIDELINES. RESEARCH REPORT. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1991/01 SP - 238 p. AB - This report documents research efforts directed at developing improved guidelines for designing and analyzing two-lane, two-way rural highway passing lanes. Phase I of this project involved selecting field study sites, collecting and analyzing passing lane data. Phase II involved a follow up field study and analysis of passing lane entrance design. Additional work included computer simulation of passing lane sections to perform sensitivity analysis and to test proposed guidelines. A total of five passing lane sections were used to collect empirical data in this research. At one site an after study was performed to collect and analyze data for an alternative passing lane entrance design. This report details the data collection and analysis performed at all sites. The TRARR and the TWOPAS computer simulation models were used to test findings and suggested guidelines in light of observed field data. Details concerning model calibration are included in this report. Additional analysis of the number of passes which occurred on studied passing lane sections was accomplished. The information gained from this work resulted in additional information about the benefit of a passing lane and the primary vehicle types that benefit. KW - Calibration KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Passing lanes KW - Rural highways KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608455 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY PY - 1991/01 SP - 108 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study conducted in response to the U.S. Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1990 that charged the U.S. Department of Transportation with the following: Update for the use of Congress a nationwide inventory of existing scenic byways; Develop guidelines for the establishment of a National Scenic Byway program, including recommended techniques for maintaining and enhancing the scenic, recreational, and historic qualities associated with each byway; Conduct case studies of the economic impact of scenic byways on travel and tourism; and Analyze potential safety problems and associated environmental impacts. The Federal Highway Administration conducted this study with the assistance of Greenhorne & O'Mara, Inc. In addition, various interest groups were consulted throughout the study. These groups included Transportation Research Board and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials task forces and a special Federal interagency committee. Task force memberships included representatives from the private sector and from every level of government. Tourism, highway, bicycle, environmental, and preservation interests were all included. To ensure a comprehensive review of scenic byway programs and issues and to get the broadest possible range of public opinions and suggestions, the study also included the following: An inventory of current Federal, State, local, and private sector scenic byway programs; An announcement in the "Federal Register" seeking views on the study approach and guidelines for a national program; A national workshop to discuss options for a national scenic byway program; and Case studies investigating tourism impacts, safety and environmental issues, scenic and historic protection techniques, and successful Federal, State, and regional byways and byway programs. This report summarizes these various activities. KW - Design standards KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Governments KW - Highway safety KW - Historic preservation KW - Private enterprise KW - Programs KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608594 AU - Staba, G R AU - May, A D AU - Phung, H O AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE PASSING LANE GUIDELINES. RESEARCH REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDIX PY - 1991/01 SP - 193 p. AB - This volume contains the appendices to the final research report. The report documents research efforts directed at developing improved guidelines for designing and analyzing two-lane, two-way rural highway passing lanes. Phase I of this project involved selecting field study sites, collecting and analyzing passing lane data. Phase II involved a follow up field study and analysis of passing lane entrance design. Additional work included computer simulation of passing lane sections to perform sensitivity analysis and to test proposed guidelines. A total of five passing lane sections were used to collect empirical data in this research. At one site an after study was performed to collect and analyze data for an alternative passing lane entrance design. This report details the data collection and analysis performed at all sites. The TRARR and the TWOPAS computer simulation models were used to test findings and suggested guidelines in light of observed field data. Details concerning model calibration are included in this report. Additional analysis of the number of passes which occurred on studied passing lane sections was accomplished. The information gained from this work resulted in additional information about the benefit of a passing lane and the primary vehicle types that benefit. KW - Calibration KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Passing lanes KW - Rural highways KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Simulation KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351398 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608508 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNIVERSITY TRANSPORTATION CENTERS PROGRAM - PUBLISHED TECHNICAL REPORTS AND PROJECT ABSTRACTS PY - 1991/01 SP - 71 p. AB - This document contains a brief summary of the legislative history of the U.S. Department of Transportation's University Transportation Centers Program, a list of published technical reports for first and second year research projects, and third year research project abstracts. Appendices list UTCP key personnel/grant regional representatives and universities associated with the program. KW - Abstracts KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Reports KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation research KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351281 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607565 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WHY BUILD LIMITED ACCESS HIGHWAYS? PY - 1991/01 SP - 15 p. AB - This report first explains what a limited access highway is, then describes the benefits and advantages of limited access highways. As compared with highways with no control of access, limited access highways (especially those with full control) have the following benefits and advantages: greater capacity; improved safety; reduced fuel consumption; less pollution; more positive impacts on motorists; and more positive impacts on neighborhoods. Facts are provided in support of these claims. KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Air pollution KW - Benefits KW - Definitions KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37600/37662/91-TA2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350836 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01512517 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Kirby Parkway (proposed) construction, Split Oak Drive to Stage Road and Sycamore View Road extension, Mullins Station Road to Kirby Parkway, Memphis : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final, FDsup, Fsup KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1296841 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01405427 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Action plan: effective highway accident countermeasures PY - 1991 SP - 29p AB - In June 1990, safety professionals and practitioners from Federal, State, local, and private sector organizations participated in the Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures. Workshop and general session presentations focused on five areas of highway safety: pedestrian safety improvements; driver behaviour and performance; roadway and roadside safety; commercial motor vehicle safety; and corridor safety and improvement program. The symposium identified 39 countermeasures which generated over 70 action items at the State and local level and 100 at the Federal level. These were set forth in a draft action plan. This draft plan was reviewed and commented on by the participants, State highway officials, and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) representatives. Based on comments received, this final action plan focuses on 11 priority short-term countermeasures deemed to have high payoff within the next 2 years. These countermeasures should be emphasized for implementation on a national basis. 1) Initiate a national pedestrian awareness campaign and establish pedestrian safety as a priority area. 2) Provide engineering improvements to improve pedestrian safety. 3) Provide improved signing, marking, and delineation. 4) Improve work zone safety management practices. 5) Increase speed and other moving violation enforcement through work zones and high-accident locations. 6) Work with utility companies to relocate or eliminate utility poles with a history of being hit. 7) Identify and prioritize a list of high-accident locations for corrective action. 8) Reauthorize the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program. 9) Enhance the identification of problem carriers and drivers (fully implement SAFETYNET) in order to increase selective enforcement. 10) Increase mobile road enforcement. 11) Promote and implement Corridor Safety Improvement projects. KW - Accident black spot KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Behavior KW - Construction site KW - Driver behaviour KW - Driver education KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - High risk locations KW - Highway safety KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrians KW - Public utilities KW - Public utilities KW - Road safety KW - Road user education KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic safety education KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1173223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01160935 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-264, Wilson bypass construction, Wilson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/921919 ER - TY - SER AN - 01106129 JO - VTRC ; AU - Arnold, E D AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council Task Group on Limited Access Highways TI - Why build limited access highways? PY - 1991 SP - iii, 9 p. ; KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Expressways KW - Traffic flow UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37600/37662/91-TA2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105736 AU - Ii, Yukihiro AU - Hamada, Harold S AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hawaii Department of Transportation AU - University of Hawaii, Manoa TI - Creep and shrinkage of high strength concrete PY - 1991 SP - [x], 148 p. KW - Creep KW - High strength concrete KW - Volume changes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865348 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01079077 AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - V.E. in the 90's: Managing Change and Enhancing Resources PY - 1991 SP - v.p. AB - This document contains the proceedings of the 1991 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Value Engineering (VE) Conference, which was held in Scottsdale, Arizona. It contains the AASHTO VE Task Force Report, and the papers presented in the following categories: Administration and Management; Creativity, Team Building, Motivation; and Case Studies. Various topics are discussed in the papers, including partnering, organizing for VE, transportation's changing environment, VE in a decentralized organization, managing change, cost estimating software, supporting management objectives through VE, VE data base and information system, organizing large projects for VE, VE in the Corps of Engineers, and the scope of VE. U1 - 1991 AASHTO Value Engineering Conference ProceedingsAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Arizona Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationScottsdale,AZ,United States StartDate:19910930 EndDate:19911003 Sponsors:American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Arizona Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration KW - Administration KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Cost estimating KW - Creativity KW - Databases KW - Information systems KW - Management KW - Motivation KW - Organization KW - Partnerships KW - Software KW - Teams KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/838886 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062220 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Iowa 163-Monroe bypass, Jasper County; environmental assessment B1 : environmental impact statement PY - 1991 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062036 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Roanoke circumferential corridor study : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062034 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tampa south crosstown expressway extension, Hillsborough County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062027 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed Underwood connector, Arlington to Mayport, Jacksonville : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062025 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed New River Parkway, Hinton to I-64, Raleigh County / Summers County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft(2002) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062019 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-27 and US-68 reconstruction, from Rogers Rd in Lexington to Parkway Dr in Paris : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061979 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-53 improvement, Trego to Kent Road, Washburn/Douglas counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821474 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061965 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-35W and I-30 interchange improvements, Ft.Worth : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061964 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Patton Island Bridge and approaches construction across Tennessee River, connecting Florence and Muscle Shoals, Colbert County / Lauderdale County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061962 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-27 construction, Camp Nelson to Nicholasville bypass, Jessamine County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061954 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PR-3 relocation, between Fajadro to Humacao municipalities : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Draft AppendixA-F, Draft AppendixG-O, Final, Final AppendixA-F, Final AppendixG-Q KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061945 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bristol St widening, Warner Ave to Santiago Creek and Santiago Creek Bridge widening, Santa Ana : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061940 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5, Santa Ana Freeway widening, SR-22 to SR-91, Orange County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061939 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - M-45 reconstruction from west of 68th Ave to east of 24th Ave, Ottawa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061931 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-226 Spruce Pine bypass roadway improvements, US-19E to Minpro, Mitchell County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061924 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-18-151 widening, bypass alignment, CTH-G to CTH-PD, Dane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061919 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5 widening and interchange improvements, Genessee Ave and I-805 to Del Mar Heights Road, San Diego : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061917 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Haggerty Road connector, I-96-I-696-I-275 to Pontiac Trail, Oakland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061910 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-501-US-17 Conway Bypass (formerly northern outer bypass) construction, Horry County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061903 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-26 (Fort Atkinson bypass) improvements, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061897 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-413 construction, I-270 to IL-267, Madison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix(fol), Final, Final Appendix(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061888 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final[1996], Fsup[2002] KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Hawaii UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061873 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - University Ave rehabilitation and widening, College Road to Parks Hwy, Fairbanks : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061872 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-94BL (Michigan Ave) improvement, Dickman Road to Columbia Ave, Battle Creek : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061870 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-1, Roosevelt bridge replacement across St.Lucie River, Stuart : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821363 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061852 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 198 freeway improvements, Plaza Road to Mooney Blvd, city of Visalia, Tulare County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821345 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061851 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-695 (Baltimore Beltway), US-40W (I-70) to MD-170, and MD-295 (Baltimore-Washington Expressway), MD-46/I-195 to Baltimore city line, Baltimore/Anne Arundel counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821344 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061850 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Whipple Ave improvement and widening, Stark County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821343 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061845 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Riverside Parkway-Bothell bypass (SR-522 replacement), Bothell : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821338 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061840 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Shepard-Warner-East CBD bypass, St.Paul : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061838 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Richmond bypass extension, intersection of US-25 and US-421 north to intersection of US-25 and US-421 south, Madison County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061808 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-7/VT-9/NY-7 improvement, Bennington, VT to Hoosick, NY : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061807 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Turner Road extension, Wolf Road intersection to Trotwood connector, Dayton : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Noise analysis (B1) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821299 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061750 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-259 (Kilgore bypass), Gregg/Rusk counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061749 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-1 (Highway 1) improvement project, from south of Carmel River to Pacific Grove interchange, Monterey County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final (1998) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061718 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Chelyan bridge replacement/US-60 upgrade, WV 61, Kanawha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061702 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-56, Austin Peay Bridge and approaches over the Cumberland River, replacement, Gainesboro, Jackson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061689 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 156 from Union/Mitchell Road to 0.1 mile east of Santa Ana Creek Bridge, Hollister, San Benito County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061653 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-880/Cypress replacement, Oakland, Alameda County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061563 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-81 and SR-36, Appalachian corridor B, Unicoi County : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Tennessee UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821051 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061522 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - College Road widening, Fairbanks : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821010 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061461 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Washington St corridor underpass construction, improvements, Bismarck : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Revised draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820949 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060441 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-54 reconstruction, re-routing, Wisconsin Rapids to USH-51, Wood and Portage counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/819826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01058853 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FAP-302 (formerly FAP-407) (ILL-336), US-24 to southeast of Carthage, Adams/Hancock counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1991///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/818245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773210 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPEN ROADS, A LOOK AT FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PY - 1991 SP - 1 videocassette (19 min.) AB - This video, through a mix of animation, special effects, interviews and real-world footage, depicts the severity of the freeway incident problem and offers effective and practical solutions based upon successful incident management strategies KW - Incident management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491517 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772421 JO - Department of Transportation and related agencies appropriations for 1992 : hearings before the Subcommittee on the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations ... part 4 PB - United States Congress AU - United States Congress AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1991 SP - p. 87-97 AB - Testimony of Thomas D. Larson, George S. Moore, Jr., Charles L. Miller, and Dennis C. Judycki of the Federal Highway Administration before the House of Representatives on federal funding for IVHS research and demonstrations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy KW - Research in progress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492987 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772340 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT VEHICLE-HIGHWAY SYSTEM (IVHS) PROJECTS IN THE UNITED STATES : OPERATIONAL TESTS AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES PY - 1991 SP - [28] p. AB - Describes IVHS projects underway in the United States which are sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research in progress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/488971 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773620 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCE, MOVING AMERICA INTO THE 21ST CENTURY PY - 1991 SP - 1 p. AB - This brochure briefly describes ADVANCE (Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept), a joint Public-private venture in the Chicago suburbs incorporating route guidance and in- vehicle navigation. KW - Advance (Program : Illinois) KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772788 AU - Reiss, Robert A AU - Dunn, Walter M AU - Dunn Engineering Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK PY - 1991 SP - xiv, 128 p. AB - This handbook was designed to assist responsible agencies in managing roadway incidents. It contains: 1) a general discussion of the roadway incident problem and solutions; 2) how to get an incident management program started; 3) details of incident management techniques; and, 4) administrative aspects including financing promotion, and evaluation. KW - Freeways KW - Incident management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489279 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00773052 AU - McDade, Jonathan D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR MOBILITY FROM IVHS PY - 1991 SP - p. 144-150 AB - Discusses Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems technologies which show the potential to improve mobility in small and medium sized areas. Specific areas of discussion include Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS), Advanced Traveler Information and Vehicle Control Systems (ATIS and AVCS), and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). U1 - National Conference: Transportation Solutions for Small and Medium Sized Cities (3rd : 1991 : Burlington, Vt.). Third National Conference, Transportation Solutions for Small and Medium Sized Communities : conference proceedings KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772698 AU - Streff, Fredrick M AU - Ervin, R D AU - Blower, Daniel F AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hughes Aircraft Company. Ground Systems Group TI - IN-VEHICLE SAFETY AND WARNING SYSTEMS (IVSAWS). TASK B, FINAL REPORT PY - 1991 SP - 66 p. AB - Describes the definition and prioritization of candidate advisory safety, and hazard situations that could be affected by In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems (IVSAWS). Included are methods and rationale for situation selection, cases illustrating select crash situations, and a privatization of identified IVSAWS application scenarios. KW - Crash avoidance systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489219 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772441 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH IN PROGRESS: REVIEW HELD FOR IN-VEHICLE SAFETY WARNING SAFETY PY - 1991 SP - p. 1 AB - Describes a study on the "In-Vehicle Safety Advisory Warning System" ( IVSAWS), designed to provide supplementary hazard warning and other safety advisory information to motorists via the use of radio transmitters placed at roadway hazards. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driver information systems KW - Research in progress KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493003 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772416 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFORM TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM EVALUATED PY - 1991 SP - p. 1-2 AB - This article briefly describes the INFORM (INformation FOR Motorists) project which is operational on Long Island, New York. Previously known as the Integrated Motorist Information System, INFORM is designed to optimize freeway and arterial operations by means of detectors, police patrols, closed circuit television, ramp metering and variable message signs. A two-volume evaluation report on the project will be issued in 1992 by FHWA as FHWA-RD-91-075 and -076 KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Inform (Program : New York) KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/492982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00772674 JO - Strategic Highway Research Program and Traffic Safety on Two Continents ( Conference : 1991 : Goteborg, Sweden). Proceedings of the conference Strategic Highway Research Program and Traffic Safety on Two Continents Pt. 1 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wermcrantz, Steven E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACT OF LITIGATION ON THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S HIGHWAY SAFETY PROGRAM PY - 1991 SP - p. 226-232 AB - Liability issues related to Federal Highway Administration-sponsored research with reference to IVHS development KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/493167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00772388 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCE, ADVANCED DRIVER AND VEHICLE ADVISORY NAVIGATION CONCEPT PY - 1991 SP - 1 folded sheet (6 p.) AB - This brochure describes the ADVANCE program in the Chicago Metropolitan Area, Illinois, the purpose of which is to provide up- to-date traffic information to drivers in order to reduce congestion and travel time. ADVANCE includes the following components: Global positioning satellites, Two-way RF data communication, Vehicles equipped with navigation and route guidance systems, and Traffic information center KW - Advance (Program : Illinois) KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Global Positioning System UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491471 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00771865 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT VEHICLE/HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PROJECT SUMMARIES PY - 1991 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This document contains summaries of seventeen different FHWA sponsored projects dealing with application of ivhs technologies. Included for each project is the following information: project/location responsible agencies, local contact(s), FHWA contacts, project description, and the status of the project. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research in progress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491432 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638868 AU - Yeung, C AU - Werner, A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLYING TGIS IN TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT PY - 1991 SP - p. 371-387 AB - This paper reports on the development of an in-house low-cost data-driven Transportation Geographic Information System (TGIS) for network flow simulation, highway planning and pavement management and evaluation. With the advent of the TGIS system, Alberta Transportation and Utilities has already achieved improved efficiencies and productivity for numerous conventional and innovative highway infrastructure management applications. This presentation briefly describes infrastructure management applications in areas of (1) systems planning, (2) pavement management and maintenance, (3) bridge management and maintenance, (4) traffic engineering, (5) construction programming, and (6) aggregate resources management and maintenance. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Alberta KW - Canada KW - Expert systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway management KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Public administration KW - Traffic engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383304 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638865 AU - Brown, J N AU - Lewis, S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRATEGIC APPROACHES TO GIS-T IN THREE STATE DEPARTMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 337-348 AB - Many state DOTs are currently considering alternative strategies for implementing geographical information systems for transportation (GIS-T). A few brave agencies have stepped forward and begun to implement systems. Three recent nationwide studies of GIS-T efforts (Wisconsin, Florida, and Saskatchewan) (AASHTO 1990 GIS-T survey, UNC-Charlotte 1991, NHCRP 1991) have shown that there is no single "optimal" path to GIS-T implementation, but rather a multitude of shades and nuances. Few studies to date have made a detailed classification of GIS-T systems. This paper therefore focuses on three leading DOT GIS-T efforts which might serve as good examples of distinctive technical and institutional development approaches. The authors take responsibility for any interpretations or errors in their statements. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Florida KW - Geographic information systems KW - Saskatchewan KW - State departments of transportation KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383301 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638867 AU - George, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AT THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONS PY - 1991 SP - p. 365-369 AB - This paper discusses the following information technology topics: - Executive Information System (EIS) - Integrated Design (ID) - Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) - Heavy Vehicle Electronics License Plate (HELP) - How does state-wide GIS affect system integration? U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information technology KW - Integrated systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - License plates KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383303 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638866 AU - Levy, C A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LINKING A MAINFRAME DB2 DATABASE TO WORKSTATION GRAPHICS AT THE OREGON DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 349-363 AB - The Oregon Department of Transportation has taken a different approach to a GIS. The road inventory database in use is an extensive DB2 database on an IBM mainframe serving ODOT users statewide. On the other hand, an extensive map base is being developed on an Intergraph graphics system. It was determined that these two databases should remain separate and should be linked together by highway and milepoint numbers to generate graphics when needed. Analysis is done on the mainframe which does not interfere with computing speed on the graphics computer, and the summarized data ported to the Intergraph for display. This application was written in-house and has been utilizing dynamic segmentation since 1986. Display can actually be made from analysis on any computer, mainframe to PC, if the analyzed data is by highway number and milepoint. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Data displays KW - Graphics KW - Information processing KW - Inventory KW - Oregon KW - Road inventory KW - Roads KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383302 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638122 AU - Antonisse, RWE AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS-T APPLICATIONS IN TRANSIT: RECENT EXPERIENCE IN SEATTLE AND BOSTON PY - 1991 SP - p. 241-255 AB - GIS-T has many potential applications in the transit context, which may have quite different characteristics from established uses in, for instance, state DOTs or municipal government. One possible area of transit operations where implementation of GIS-T may be of benefit is in the development of customer information systems. To date, little research has focused on GIS-T applications in transit, compared with other, chiefly highway-oriented, contexts. This paper compares case studies of the Seattle and Boston transit authorities in order to discuss the possible benefits and difficulties of implementing GIS-T to transit. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Transit authorities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382866 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638862 AU - George, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION GIS APPLICATIONS PY - 1991 SP - p. 311-314 AB - The following important transportation GIS topics are discussed: - Pavement Management System (PMS) - Global Positioning System (GPS) - Freeway Incident Management (FIM) Program - Data Conversion - Effect of State-Wide GIS Systems on DOTs U1 - Proceedings of teh 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Data management KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Incidents KW - Information processing KW - Pavement management systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383298 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638864 AU - Blevins, T R AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ARCHITECTURE PLAN AT THE KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 329-335 AB - The Information Technology Architecture Plan under way at the Kansas Department of Transportation is used to envision how information technology should be managed and operated more effectively in the future. This plan is the result of a study conducted at KDOT in 1989 with the help of KPMG Peat Marwick Corp. The result of the study is a comprehensive package of specific blueprints for Information Technology development activities. This paper discusses the outcome of this study. It details the previous, current, and future IS Plan at KDOT and the needs and implications of this new environment. Management of information is a multi-faceted problem which entails staffing, skills, training, resource requirements, organizational changes, strategic and business planning, and funding. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Information management KW - Information technology KW - Kansas KW - Organizations KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383300 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638860 AU - Dueker, K J AU - Vrana, R AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS APPLICATIONS IN URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: A CASE STUDY OF TRI-MET, PORTLAND, OREGON PY - 1991 SP - p. 277-292 AB - Applying GIS technology to urban public transportation involves identifying the requirements of several application areas, adopting an integration strategy based on a common representation of system geography, and evaluating the analytical and data modeling contributions of a number of GIS vendor products. This paper summarizes the incremental experience of the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation district of Oregon (Tri-Met), as it prepares to implement a comprehensive geographic data management strategy with database integration using GIS around a modified version of the TIGER line files. This research identifies opportunities to increase the consistency among databases supporting diverse applications and to reduce the duplication of separate application database updates. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Data management KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Public transit UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383296 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638123 AU - Azar, K T AU - FERREIRA, J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS FOR TRANSIT PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - 1991 SP - p. 257-275 AB - A passenger information system (PIS) answers passenger inquiries about how to get from address A to address B. GIS software often includes address matching and routing capabilities but the raw tools are not enough to make a PIS viable. This paper (a) explores the feasibility of replicating the basic functions of a PIS in a GIS, (b) identifies the conceptual and practical differences between a custom-designed PIS and a GIS-based system, and (c) explains the advantages and disadvantages of each approach as the development and sharing of maintainable databases for road networks, routes, and demographic information become more and more common. The paper is based upon UTC-sponsored research at the Computer Resource Laboratory in MIT's Architecture and Planning School. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Databases KW - Demographics KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Networks KW - Passenger information systems KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382867 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638861 AU - Eberlein, X J AU - Brown, J N AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COMBINING LAND USE AND TRANSIT PLANNING USING GIS PY - 1991 SP - p. 293-309 AB - Geographic Information System (GIS) software can help policy makers analyze the relationship between land use and transportation, and thus serve as a useful tool in developing policies that alleviate traffic congestion. This paper presents a basic GIS methodology to integrate and analyze transit and land use data at the regional level. For this study, rail transit use patterns are related to the siting of federal facilities in the Washington, D.C. region. The GIS analysis recommends that some of the region's new federal site developments be concentrated or relocated, so to reduce the site developments' negative impact on traffic congestion and to improve their positive impact on transit use. This simple example provides the basic structure with which to develop similar GIS analyses of higher complexity or for other regions. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Development KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land use KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Ridership KW - Transit development plan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383297 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638863 AU - Basile, R E AU - TenEyck, T AU - Pietropola, A J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - G.I.S. IN PENNSYLVANIA D.O.T. PY - 1991 SP - p. 315-327 AB - The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PA-DOT) has undertaken research to develop a strategic plan for the development of a GIS for Transportation. This paper outlines the planning process and the results of the research to date. In addition to PA-DOT management and staff, the planning process included other Commonwealth agencies which would likely be users and/or benefactors of PA-DOT's GIS. The process involved: (1) identifying and prioritizing potential transportation GIS applications; (2) assessing existing computer systems and identify data linkage options; (3) developing a modular strategic plan which addresses priorities and incrementally enhances PA-DOT's GIS technology. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Data communications KW - Data links KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Pennsylvania KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/383299 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638119 AU - Hutchinson, S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS PILOT PROJECT FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY LITIGATION SUPPORT PY - 1991 SP - p. 201-203 AB - In October 1985, Maricopa County voters approved a half-cent sales tax increase for a multi-billion dollar, 231-mile urban freeway system. Most of the right-of-way acquisition to date has proceeded in an orderly process to the mutual agreement of the landowner and Arizona Department of Transportation. However, in some cases it has been impossible to reach agreement, necessitating condemnation under the power of eminent domain. To date, condemnations on the MAG system represent only approximately 6.4 percent of the total parcels acquired. Most condemnation cases have been settled out of court. However, a $21.6 million jury verdict in one condemnation trial - State vs. Paloma - made it clear that action had to be taken to reduce the state's exposure in future cases. This paper details one aspect of that action, specific to one case which is currently outstanding. It illustrates the applicability of the incorporation of a GIS component in the larger effort of litigation support, with some broader implications toward the creation of a comprehensive urban freeway information system to function in the twin areas of litigation support and litigation avoidance. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Condemnation KW - Driver information systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Litigation KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Right of way (Land) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382863 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638121 AU - van der Schaaf, F AU - Petersohn, C AU - Schintzel, A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS AND THE CENTRAL ARTERY/TUNNEL PROJECT PY - 1991 SP - p. 215-240 AB - The Central Artery/Tunnel Project in Boston, Massachusetts utilizes state of the art computer technology for highway design and project management. Many GIS concepts contribute to the map database developed for this 4.9 billion dollar project. These GIS features support highway design, land use planning, considerations of alternatives and other decision making processes. This paper emphasizes certain GIS ingredients which have impacted the project's efforts such as the detailed standards and specification, 3-D applications, sharing and maintenance of databases in a multivendor GIS environment, its integration, and continued transfer. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Databases KW - Excavation and tunneling KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382865 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638117 AU - Guthrie, M F AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE DIGITAL CONTROL SECTION ATLAS AT THE MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 163-176 AB - At the GIS-T 90 Symposium, a pilot project at the Michigan DOT to create a Digital Control Section Atlas (DCSA) was described, and concepts and terms related to the DCSA were defined in some detail. This paper gives additional background on precursor efforts at the Michigan DOT, and reports on progress with the DCSA during the past year (March 1990 through February 1991). U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Digital mapping KW - Geometry KW - Michigan KW - Segmentation KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382861 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638114 AU - Goodman, J AU - Qiu, H-l AU - Hebert, D AU - Harlow, C AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF REMOTELY SENSED ROAD NETWORK INFORMATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 139-148 AB - The Spatial Information and Modeling System for Transportation (SIMST) project's goal is to create new and efficient mapping and spatial analysis methodologies to meet the needs of the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LDOTD). Two aspects of the project, evaluating aerial derived data sets for updating parish road maps and development of the Archival Management System, a spatial data archive for query, are described here. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Louisiana KW - Mapping KW - Mathematical models KW - Networks KW - Remote sensing KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models and systems KW - Transportation networks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382858 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638116 AU - LOUKES, D K AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CREATING DIGITAL ROAD INVENTORY MAPS FOR THE NEW BRUNSWICK DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 155-162 AB - The New Brunswick Department of Transportation currently maintains a Road Inventory Map Series for the entire province, using traditional manual drafting techniques. Many of the original plastic sheets are now in need of replacement, due to age and frequency of use. NBDOT was interested in assessing the use of modern digital mapping technology as a means of reproducing the map series initially, and also to maintain the maps in the future. Existing roadway feature classifications were modified where necessary, and custom symbol and master files were also created. Additional features were added to the base files to meet NBDOT information requirements. Custom digital files were created for both a typical Road Inventory Map sheet, and a Municipal Map Series sheet. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Canada KW - Classification KW - Data files KW - Digital mapping KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Inventory KW - Mapping KW - Maps and mapping KW - Road inventory KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382860 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638118 AU - Lepofsky, M AU - Abkowitz, M AU - Cheng, P AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS-T FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ANALYSIS AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT PY - 1991 SP - p. 177-200 AB - The objective of this paper is to describe methods employing GIS-T which can provide the capability to perform environmental hazards analysis and incident management. These methods are subsequently applied in several case studies involving highway operations within the State of California to illustrate their implementation. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the GIS-T approach to incident management may be extended to address dynamic management in an IVHS environment. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - California KW - Geographic information systems KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials transportation KW - Incidents KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Traffic incidents KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382862 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638120 AU - Insignares, M AU - Terry, D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN TRAFFIC CONTROL PY - 1991 SP - p. 205-214 AB - Geographic Information Systems, in concert with other state-of-the-art technologies offer the following benefits to traffic control systems: * Map based system representations allow the user to find, select, and perform actions on the components of the traffic control system from a geographical representation of the system. * Geocoded traffic control system information can be integrated with geographic information from other government agencies facilitating inter-agency analysis for the management of traffic control problem. * The use of Facilities Management techniques in traffic control aids in the maintenance of the components of the traffic control system which may include CCTV cameras, ramp meters, traffic signals, changeable message signs, signal controllers, and the communcations infrastructure. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Coding systems KW - Facilities KW - Geographic information systems KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382864 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638115 AU - Fairbanks, A K AU - LaMonica, S T AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT: MANAGING THE DATA PY - 1991 SP - p. 149-153 AB - A GIS provides applications which use a multitude of information types and sources resulting in full use of all information across the organization. One area of a DOT's responsibilities that could benefit greatly by the use of GIS technology is the management of information pertaining to bridges. The cost effective conversion of diverse information types and sources into a cohesive system accessible to all is at the core of all GIS efforts with DOT information being no different. The authors created a prototype bridge management system using information from the New Hampshire DOT and from the city of Dover, New Hampshire for whom they created and implemented a multi-department GIS in the various city departments. Straight-line drawings and the bridge design drawings were scanned and stored as digital raster files which can be brought to the screen for viewing, editing, plotting, and as backdrops for other information. Photographs of a number of bridges in Dover were enlarged and scanned into a digital raster file providing views of the bridges to the user at the GIS workstation. An additional benefit of a bridge management system is the automation of the data gathering. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Data compilation KW - Data displays KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information organization KW - Inventory KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382859 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638111 AU - O'Neill, W A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING OPTIMAL TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS ZONES USING GIS PY - 1991 SP - p. 107-115 AB - The Urban Transportation Planning Process (UTPP) involves the sequential tasks of defining a study area and predicting travel demand for the study area. Since the amount of travel demand estimated is a function of the definition of the study area, an iterative travel demand estimation procedure is proposed utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze disaggregate socio-economic and land-use data in order to form optimal transportation analysis zones. Benefits of this approach include standardization of network building tasks as well as provision of a mechanism that facilitates network modification caused by changes in data over time. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land use KW - Networks KW - Standardization KW - Transportation networks KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382855 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638112 AU - Barrett, W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BUILDING A REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION MODEL WITH GIS SOFTWARE PY - 1991 SP - p. 117-126 AB - Mn/DOT and the Metropolitan Council are currently updating their Regional Transportation Planning Model of the Seven-County Metropolitan Area. The regional model update consists of conducting a Transportation Behavior Inventory, redefining the region's Traffic Assignment Zones and rebuilding the Regional Road Network file. This paper introduces the work flow model which Mn/DOT is using to integrate the several different data sources of the Regional Model update into one planning system. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Minnesota KW - Regional transportation KW - Software KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382856 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638109 AU - Barrowman, G M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GIS AND THE STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) PY - 1991 SP - p. 87-95 AB - One of the key challenges when implementing a Geographic Information System (GIS) in a Department of Transportation is to integrate existing computer systems with the geographic information system, and, in particular, integrate existing automated databases with the GIS database. Graphic data represent geographic features such as highway segments, railroads and bikepaths via x, y and z coordinates and other data values that define the color and symbology of graphic features, e.g., line type and line-width. Nongraphic data are the physical characteristics of geographic features such as pavement condition, number of lanes on a highway and the average annual daily traffic (AADT) on a particular highway segment. This paper will attempt to define the relational model for database management, describe the structured query language, define the relationships between these tools and GIS, and identify the benefits and implications of these relationships. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Computer programming languages KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geography KW - Graphics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382853 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638110 AU - Spear, B D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISSUES AND CONSIDERATIONS IN PROCURING GIS-T SOFTWARE PY - 1991 SP - p. 97-106 AB - The author discusses the following areas: Transportation Applications (Infrastructure Management, Traffic Management, Deliberate Planning); Pre-procurement Activities; GIS Functional Capabilities; GIS Performance Criteria; STA (Strategic Transportation Analysis) Procurement Timetable; and GIS-T Procurement Recommendations. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Procurement KW - Software KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382854 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638113 AU - Kriger, D AU - Hossack, M AU - Schlosser, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTEGRATION OF GIS WITH THE TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MODEL TMODEL 2 AT SASKATCHEWAN DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRANSPORTATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 127-138 AB - Saskatchewan Department of Highways and Transportation conducted a pilot study in 1989 to assess the benefits of utilizing a GIS to graphically illustrate and query the existing corporate data bases. The success of this pilot study led to the full development and implementation of GIS for the Department. This paper describes the first full scale integration, by the Department, of GIS with another software package, TModel 2. The finished product will be a microcomputer based system capable of generating, distributing and assigning future traffic volumes to the existing or modified highway network. The system also will calculate level of service parameters, and will display input and output data on a digitized base map of the region. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Demand KW - Economic forecasting KW - Geographic information systems KW - Saskatchewan KW - State highway departments KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382857 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638107 AU - Ries, T AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DATA QUALITY IN THE GEOGRAPHIC DATA BASE CREATION PROCESS: GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1991 SP - p. 59-76 AB - The geographic data base, or GDB, is the data at the heart of GIS. How does one determine the quality of the GDB? The National Committee for Digital Cartographic Data Standards (NCDCDS) described quality as a characteristic of data necessary for it to be fit for use. The consumer determines quality based on information provided by the data producer. This approach places responsibility on both parties to participate in data quality. This paper describes the issues behind the growing interest in data quality and the NCDCDS's proposal for providing information about quality. To satisfy the responsibility of the producer, a method is proposed that would design truth in labeling reporting into the GDB creation process. The method integrates basic Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) steps with the NCDCDS standards in teh GDB creation process. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Data uniformity KW - Geographic information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382851 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638108 AU - Elroi, D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SCHEMATIC VIEWS OF NETWORKS - WHY NOT HAVE IT ALL? PY - 1991 SP - p. 77-86 AB - Network applications, such as routing analysis and dispatching require graphic representation of potentially complicated network maps to the user. The ability of the user to quickly and accurately pick out relationships among links and nodes, and to visually trace paths through the network, can be hampered by "spaghetti-like" networks. One method for simplifying and clarifying the visual displays of networks in a computerized environment, such as in network analysis and control software, is to create a schematic version of the network. To provide a schematic view at the expense of losing the accuracy of the detailed version, however, is a high price to pay. This paper introduces the concept of schematic maps, their benefits to GIS applications, the current state of affairs, and suggestions for future improvements. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Diagrams KW - Distribution systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Networks KW - Physical distribution KW - Schematic diagrams KW - Transportation networks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382852 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638103 AU - Lee, S-t AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION PY - 1991 SP - p. 1-9 AB - This paper presents a model of organizational transformation for technological utilization. An organization must integrate technology into its business operation to achieve organizational efficiency. As new technologies are transferred into an organization, the organization needs planned changes to transform it into a new state compatible with the new technologies. Based on the model presented, this paper reviews the factors involved in the implementation of GIS technology in state DOTs. It attempts to identify the areas and strategies for conducting a smooth organizational transformation so taht a state DOT can utilize a GIS technology to effectuate its organizational efficiency. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Administration KW - Businesses KW - Geographic information systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382847 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638105 AU - Hutchinson, S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COORDINATION OF GIS AND CADD SYSTEMS - MANAGEMENT ISSUES PY - 1991 SP - p. 23-26 AB - This paper details experiences in the implementation of GIS at the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). The desirability of maintaining close coordination of all state agencies involved in GIS is overseen by the Department of Administration, which has approval authority for computer system acquisition. The DOA is also in the process of implementing a fiber-optic wide area network within the capitol mall, connecting all agencies. One strand of this fiber-optic cable will be dedicated to GIS to facilitate the implementation of a distributed GIS database. On top of this organizational structure the Arizona Geographic Information Council (AGIC) has been created. Its purpose is to foster cooperation and standardization of the acquisition, exchange, and management of spatially referenced geographic information as it applies to automated geographic information systems in the State of Arizona. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Arizona KW - Computer aided design KW - Fiber optics KW - Geographic information systems KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382849 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638106 AU - Knudson, J AU - Greenwald, T AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PILOT IMPLEMENTATION OF A LARGE TRANSPORTATION-BASED GIS PY - 1991 SP - p. 27-57 AB - Union Pacific Railroad, in order to increase the effectiveness of data management for its large and geographically dispersed system, decided in 1989 to implement a pilot GIS system using IBM's GFIS. The pilot included approximately 1,500 miles of railroad track, using approximately 60 data objects that contained a variety of attribute fields. Geographic data was converted from the railroad's Intergraph automated mapping system, and real data was converted from a variety of sources for the various attribute fields associated with the transportation infrastructure. The procedures used to implement the pilot, and assess its benefits, are discussed herein. Once the pilot project is finished, the system can be used to demonstrate to upper management the capabilities and benefits of a GIS system. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Data management KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Railroads KW - Union Pacific Railroad UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382850 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00638104 AU - Szymanski, W J AU - Morris-Jones, D R AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE ROLE OF OPEN SYSTEMS IN A GIS: COSTS, RISKS, AND BENEFITS PY - 1991 SP - p. 11-21 AB - The attention given to open system standards - by the federal government, commercial organizations, computer product vendors, and state agencies - will assist highway and transportation engineering organizations cost effectively integrate widely diverse data via geographic information systems technology. Without open systems standards, it is easy to get "locked in" to highly proprietary data processing methods which may no longer be in the best interests of an organization. Adopting a few, appropriate, open systems standards is a relatively easy and major step toward preserving your investment in data and applications software while minimizing interruptions to existing operations and limiting conversion cost and risk when the inevitable upgrades to systems must occur. This paper addresses the basic open systems issues which should be implemented as a component of a long-term automation strategy, and examines lessons learned from real-world project histories. U1 - Proceedings of the 1991 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Transportation SymposiumCo-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19910305 EndDate:19910308 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, the Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, and Urban & Regional Information Systems Association. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information processing KW - Standards KW - Transportation engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382848 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618090 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1990 SN - 0-16-035995-3 PY - 1991 SP - 230 p. AB - This publication is the 46th of an annual series. It presents the 1990 analyzed statistics of general interest on motor fuel, motor vehicles, driver licensing, highway-user taxation, State highway finance, highway mileage, and Federal aid for highways; and 1989 highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government. KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State aid KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616531 AU - Wang, S-T AU - Reese, L C AU - Ensoft, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF PILES UNDER LATERAL LOAD - COMPUTER PROGRAM COM624P FOR THE MICROCOMPUTER PY - 1991 SP - 221 p. AB - Computer Program COM624P has been developed for use in the analysis of stresses and deflection of piles or drilled shafts under lateral loads. The program is especially written for highway engineers who wish to run the analysis on microcomputers. The technology on which the program is based is the widely-used p-y curve method. The program solves the equations giving pile deflection, rotation, bending moment, and shear by using iterative procedures because of the nonlinear response of the soil. The program provides a user-friendly/menu-driven input and a graphics output in microcomputer environment. Several new features are included in the program such as: generating p-y curves for rock, capability of analysis of piles in sloping ground, improved solution for multi-layered soils, and a variety of boundary conditions at the pile head for selection. The user documentation provides detailed information to enable the user to employ the program conveniently and effectively. The documentation consists of three parts: Part I, Users Guide; Part II, Engineering Background; and Part III, Systems Maintenance. KW - Analysis KW - Bending moments KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Drilled shafts KW - Lateral loads KW - Microcomputers KW - P-Y curves KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Rotation KW - Shear strength KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357122 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616449 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION, URBAN FORM, AND THE ENVIRONMENT SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - 206 p. AB - This conference, sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and the Transportation Research Board, examined the options available for maintaining future urban mobility. Its purpose was to bring together experts to (1) review the status of our current knowledge with respect to recent historical trends in urban development and transportation and their interaction with economic and demographic forces, (2) discuss solutions and innovative institutional and technical approaches to provide for future urban mobility, and (3) identify research needs to aid in the analysis, development, and implementation of such solutions. Resource papers were commissioned on the following topics: housing and jobs; financing; decision making; energy and environment; options; and urban design. These proceedings consist of the conference overview by Alan E. Pisarski, the keynote address by David F. Schulz, the six resource papers, and five workshop reports which discussed the same topics covered by the authors of the resource papers. The findings from this conference will be expanded by the Transportation Systems Center, U.S. Department of Transportation, in order to develop a comprehensive research agenda on the topic of transportation, urban form, and the environment. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Demographics KW - Economic conditions KW - Energy KW - Environment KW - Financing KW - Land use KW - Mobility KW - Option KW - Research KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359838 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616456 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Brand, Daniel AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESEARCH NEEDS FOR ANALYZING THE IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS ON URBAN FORM AND THE ENVIRONMENT SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 101-116 AB - This conference resource paper introduces a paradigm that demonstrates the difficulty of promoting land use patterns that reduce travel in metropolitan areas. The paper also describes the increasing costs of urban congestion because of individuals who make travel decisions without confronting the full costs of their individual choice behavior. These costs cannot be avoided in today's complex economic system, and manifest themselves as reductions in the quality of life and in the value of massive private investments in real estate. The paper provides a taxonomy of transportation options organized around the production of more information to travelers on the actual costs of their travel in real time, information satisfying final demands, as well as capacity increases to help ensure the efficiency of future urban transportation systems. A list of research needs is developed to help the U.S. Department of Transportation develop a research agenda for analyzing transportation options in terms of their full range of impacts on urban form and their environmental and other external or social costs that individuals do not internalize and account for in their travel decisions. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Environment KW - Environmental impacts KW - Externalities KW - Impacts KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Land use KW - Option KW - Research KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359845 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616452 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Deakin, Elizabeth A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - JOBS, HOUSING AND TRANSPORTATION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE ON INTERACTIONS BETWEEN LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 25-42 AB - This conference resource paper focuses on the demand for transportation as determined by land use and demographics, with primary focus on issues involved in connecting origins with destinations. The paper begins with a discussion of transportation-land use theory, focusing on residential and business location choice. It then summarizes key findings of empirical studies on the land use and urban development impacts of transit and highways. Land use planning approaches intended to moderate and redirect transportation demand are then discussed, along with urban design approaches. The paper concludes with a discussion of methodological concerns and research needs. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Businesses KW - Conferences KW - Demographics KW - Environment KW - Highways KW - Impacts KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Location KW - Origin and destination KW - Public transit KW - Research KW - Residential areas KW - Residential location KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359841 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616453 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Parker, Jeffrey A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DOES TRANSPORTATION FINANCE INFLUENCE URBAN FORM? SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 43-62 AB - This conference resource paper addresses the question of whether transportation finance influences urban form in three sections. The first section considers the relationships between transportation and financing factors on land use. The second explores recent experiences with private sector financing. The final section raises questions pertaining to allocating available resources and establishing directions for future research. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Conferences KW - Environment KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Land use KW - Private enterprise KW - Research KW - Resource allocation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359842 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616454 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Porter, Douglas R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REGIONAL GOVERNANCE OF METROPOLITAN FORM: THE MISSING LINK IN RELATING LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 63-80 AB - This conference resource paper discusses how land use and transportation decisions are made, and how those processes and procedures may ultimately affect the form and character of metropolitan development. The focus is on highway transportation and transit, the systems most used by metropoltan residents. By tracking the decision paths that typically lead to land use and transportation decisions, the key points of interaction can be defined and their influence on metropolitan growth patterns can be discerned. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Environment KW - Highway transportation KW - Impacts KW - Land use KW - Patterns KW - Public transit KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban development KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359843 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616455 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Burwell, David G AU - Bartholomew, Keith AU - Gordon, Deborah AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH NEEDS. TRANSPORTATION, URBAN FORM, AND THE ENVIRONMENT SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 81-99 AB - This conference resource paper seeks to identify a potential research agenda in the area of energy and the environment. The objective is to understand how the urban transportation-land use planning and decision making process could be improved to achieve national energy efficiency and environmental objectives while meeting urban mobility needs. Research focusing on problem-solving and evaluation rather than on developing new simulation models that have no particular ability to inform public policy decisions is favored in this paper. Energy and environmental issues are divided among five types of decision making involving the construction and use of national transportation infrastructure. These areas are (1) trip generation decisions, (2) investment decisions, (3) finance decisions, (4) land use-planning decisions, and (5) project decisions. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Energy KW - Environment KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Infrastructure KW - Investments KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Problem solving KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Trip generation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359844 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616451 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schulz, David F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KEYNOTE ADDRESS: DECISION MAKERS NEED HELP SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 11-22 AB - This keynote address gives a decision maker's viewpoint of transportation, urban form, and the environment. The author points out five realities of the urban transportation environment in the 1990s: 1) resources are scarce and getting scarcer; 2) the vast bulk of the transportation system that we will be operating in the year 2000 is already here; 3) people will continue to behave pretty much the way they do today; 4) people demand that the transportation system in the 1990s deal with a number of vexing problems, such as environmental damage, excessive energy consumption, etc., and that the transportation system address all underlying economic and social development of our cities, and do so without requiring that too much money be spent or that anyone's lives be disrupted for such foolishness as the taking of right-of-way for a new or expanded highway or transit line; and 5) beyond maintenance, operational improvement, and incremental additions to current facilities and services, serious consideration must be given to significant changes in the urban transportation system. The author concludes that it is time to stop planning transportation for people and start planning transportation with people, and that this can be accomplished through marketing. The remainder of this paper is devoted to a discussion of marketing as the means of facing the transportation challenges in urban America at the end of the 20th century. Eleven specific areas to pursue in the development of urban transportation are recommended. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Environment KW - Land use KW - Marketing KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359840 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616450 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pisarski, Alan E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OVERVIEW. TRANSPORTATION, URBAN FORM, AND THE ENVIRONMENT SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 3-10 AB - This conference overview provides a synthesis of the conference findings and research recommendations. It uses the main guiding themes of the conference as a summarizing device. These include (1) basic understanding and relationships, (2) methodologies, (3) policy and institutions, and (4) research recommendations. These themes were employed to address the six conference topics: housing and jobs; financing; decision making; energy and environment; options; and urban design. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Demographics KW - Economic conditions KW - Energy KW - Environment KW - Financing KW - Land use KW - Mobility KW - Option KW - Research KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359839 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00616457 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dyett, Michael V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SITE DESIGN AND ITS RELATION TO URBAN FORM. TRANSPORTATION, URBAN FORM, AND THE ENVIRONMENT SN - 0-309-05113-4 PY - 1991 IS - 231 SP - pp 117-126 AB - This conference resource paper focuses on site design and its relationship to urban form and transportation. From the site planning and design perspective, the challenge is to heighten awareness of how different transportation solutions can be incorporated into physical plans for new residential, commercial, and industrial development. Local streets also need to be planned to be more than just automobile oriented. Provision for pedestrians, bus routes, and, where appropriate, rail transit needs to be made early in the planning process. This will require rethinking traditional subdivision design and layout of nonresidential areas. Research needs in this area are identified. U1 - Conference on Transportation, Urban Form, and the EnvironmentFederal Highway AdministrationTransportation Research BoardIrvine,California,United States StartDate:19901209 EndDate:19901212 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Transportation Research Board KW - Conferences KW - Environment KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Pedestrians KW - Public transit KW - Research KW - Streets KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban design KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/359846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611983 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES: ACTION PLAN PY - 1991 SP - 35 p. AB - This action plan addresses the short-term countermeasures and recommendations developed by safety professionals and practitioners from Federal, State, local and private sector organizations attending the Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures, June 1990, Washington, D.C. It focuses on 11 priority short-term countermeasures deemed to have high payoff within the next two years. These are grouped under five categories: Pedestrian Safety Improvements; Driver Behavior and Performance; Roadway and Roadside Safety; Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety; and Corridor Safety Improvement Programs. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Corridors KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Fixed object KW - Highway safety KW - Lighting KW - Motor carriers KW - Overhead lighting KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Recommendations KW - Road markings KW - Roadside KW - Safety programs KW - Short term KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic marking KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611089 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TAXES AND FEES: HOW THEY ARE COLLECTED AND DISTRIBUTED, 1991 PY - 1991 SP - 121 p. AB - This publicatin presents tabular information on State laws that provide for the taxation of motor fuel, motor vehicles, motor carriers, and licensed drivers, and the distribution of these taxes and fees. Also included are tables that show the use of other State taxes for highways and the involvement of Federal agencies and Federal funds in highway activities. The information presented is based on data obtained from State authorities and the laws of the various States. KW - Collection KW - Federal aid KW - Fuels KW - Fund allocations KW - Highway economics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Laws KW - Motor carriers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Physical distribution KW - State taxation KW - States KW - Tables (Data) KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610097 AU - Das, D K AU - Briggs, R W AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SYSTEM AT AN ALASKAN SITE PY - 1991 SP - 53 p. AB - Long-term performance data of photovoltaic (PV) systems operating in subarctic and arctic regions are extremely limited. Adequate information for Alaskan latitudes and weather conditions is not available in current literature. Therefore, it is difficult to do the correct engineering design and select a PV system for a prospective user at Alaskan sites. The study presented herein provides information gathered over several years on the availability of solar energy and its utilization by a PV system installed near Fairbanks (65 deg N latitude) to demonstrate its feasibility. The study addresses both theoretical and experimental investigations on the potential of solar energy for interior Alaska. The information from this study should be useful to interested users in interior Alaska and perhaps to other countries of the world located in similar northern latitudes. KW - Alaska KW - Arctic area KW - Arctic Regions KW - Demonstration projects KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Subarctic area UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_91_05.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608618 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BID OPENING REPORT. FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. CALENDAR YEAR 1990 PY - 1991 SP - 25 p. AB - Published semi-annually, this report summarizes data for Federal-Aid highway construction contracts awarded by the various States in 1990. The data exclude Federal-Aid contracts for work on the Federal-Aid secondary system and work off the Federal-Aid systems. Data for Interstate contracts include both initial construction and resurfacing, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction (I-4R) projects. KW - Bids KW - Contractors KW - Contracts KW - Federal aid KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608669 AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE OF SMALL TRAFFIC SIGNS: A GUIDE FOR STREET AND HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL PY - 1991 SP - 40 p. AB - This handbook is intended for those who maintain small traffic signs. It includes the following chapters: (I) Importance of Maintaining Small Traffic Signs; (II) Repair and Replacement of Sign Panels; (III) Repair and Replacement of Sign Supports; (IV) Materials and Equipment to Maintain Small Traffic Signs; (V) Traffic Control; (VI) Sign Maintenance Records; and (VII) Maintenance Tips. KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Equipment replacement KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Handbooks KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Materials KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Replacement KW - Sign supports KW - Signs KW - Small signs KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/90002/90002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457338 AU - White, Thomas D AU - Abers, J M AU - Haddock, John E AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - An Accelerated Testing System to Determine Percent Crushed Aggregate Requirements in Bituminous Mixtures PY - 1990/50//Interim Report SP - 50p AB - With increase in axle loads, tire pressures and volume of truck traffic there has been an increase in the rate of which bituminous pavements are exhibiting rutting. Because resistance to rutting can be increased by the addition of crushed aggregate, a need exists for a method of determining what amount of crushed material is required and the characteristics of that crushed material to optimize performance and economy. The Accelerated Testing Facility will be located at the INDOT Research Division Facilities in West Lafayette, Indiana. A pit within the Test Facility will allow prototype scale pavement sections to be installed. An Accelerated Testing System has been designed that will span the pit and incorporate the capability to apply moving wheel loads. Materials used in the test sections as well as environment and loading conditions will be controlled. Structural damage will be scaled by increasing the load so that greater pavement damage is incurred by each pass of the load. Rutting distress will be scaled by increasing asphalt mixture temperature and thereby decreasing the mixture stiffness. Reduced stiffness would increase rutting distress with each load that passes. A number of pavement materials, structure and loading factors can be evaluated in the facility. Subsequent phases of the study will address the relative performance of asphalt mixtures prepared with varying amounts crushed aggregate. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Load tests KW - Rutting KW - Structural deterioration and defects UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313431 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218884 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457361 AU - Schmidt, Barbara I AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering soils map of Henry County, Indiana PY - 1990/42/06/Final Report SP - 95p AB - The report completes a portion of the long-term project concerned with the development of county engineering soils maps in the State of Indiana. The soils mapping of Henry County was done primarily by the analysis of landforms and associated parent materials as portrayed on stereoscopic aerial photographs. Valuable information for soils was obtained from publications of the Soil Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Test data from roadway and bridge projects was obtained from the Indiana Department of Transportation. Soil profiles for the landform/parent material areas mapped are presented on the engineering soils map, a copy of which is included at the end of the report. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Henry County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313437 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218889 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408371 AU - Elias, V AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Durability/ corrosion of soil reinforced structures PY - 1990/12 IS - FHWA-RD-89-186 SP - 173p AB - This report is intended to provide criteria in evaluating potential corrosion tosses when using coated or uncoated steel reinforcements, and in determining aging and construction damage tosses when using geosynthetic reinforcements. To monitor in-situ corrosion rates of bare or galvanized steel reinforcements, remote electrochemical measurement equipment has been developed, evaluated and demonstrated on 7 field sites. The prototype equipment has been delivered to FHWA for further use. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Durability KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Reinforced earth KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176167 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01408030 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hansen, A G TI - Upgrade of the FOIL pendulum test capability PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - 249-54 KW - Crash test KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Safety fence UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00751071 AU - Ismart, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF SYSTEM PLANNING MODELS PY - 1990/12 SP - 57 p. AB - This manual describes quick and simple procedures for calibrating and adjusting systemwide transportation models so they replicate existing ground counts and can be used in forecasting. It includes a troubleshooting section that describes various problems and gives possible solutions. The contents are as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) Networks; (3) Trip Generation; (4) Auto Occupancy; (5) Trip Distribution; (6) Traffic Assignment; (7) Transit Ridership Effects on Highway Volumes; (8) External Stations; (9) System Changes Versus Local Changes; (10) Expected and Required Accuracy; (11) Conclusions; and (12) Troubleshooting. KW - Accuracy KW - Adjustment factors KW - Adjustments KW - Calibration KW - Forecasting KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Networks KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic assignment KW - Traffic volume KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation networks KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Troubleshooting KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.bts.gov/ntl/DOCS/377CAS.html#TOP UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/377CAS.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9700/9790/377CAS.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484613 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738937 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE DELINEATOR POSTS PY - 1990/12 SP - 25 p. AB - The objective of this study was to install a small number of lightweight metal U-channel posts with a round delineator and a small number of commonly used flexible posts and evaluate their performance. Three types of flexible posts were installed. They included two posts manufactured by Carsonite and one manufactured by Safe-Hit. The results of the limited field tests do not support widespread use of flexible posts. Substantial durability problems were encountered with the flexible posts. Future use of flexible posts should be limited to potential high-hit areas such as gores at urban interchanges. While the durability of the metal posts was superior to the flexible posts, a maintenance problem exists relating to maintaining the posts and delineators. KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Durability KW - Field tests KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible posts KW - Highway delineators KW - Maintenance KW - Metals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17359/PB2001101122.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625384 AU - HAMAD, B S AU - Jirsa, James O AU - d'Abreu d'Paolo, N I AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF EPOXY COATING ON BOND AND ANCHORAGE OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 264 p. AB - The objective of the research program was to assess the influence of epoxy coating on the bond characteristics of reinforcing bars and to develop or revise the existing recommendations for the design of splices and anchorage of straight and hooked epoxy-coated reinforcement. Three different series of tests were conducted. Pullout specimens were tested to determine differences in stress transfer between normal mill scale uncoated and epoxy-coated bars using different bar sizes, coating thicknesses, bar deformation patterns, rib face angles, concrete strengths, and different levels of restraint to splitting. Twelve beams with splices in a constant moment region were tested in negative bending. All bars were cast in a top bar position with more than 12 in. of concrete below the bars. Variables included bar size, bar spacing, and amount of transverse reinforcement crossing the splitting plane in the splice region. Twenty-four specimens simulating typical beam-column joints in a structure were tested to compare the anchorage capacities of uncoated and epoxy-coated hooked bars. Variables included bar size, concrete strength, concrete cover, hook geometry, and the amount of transverse reinforcement through the beam-column joint. Using the results of this study and results of other tests on coated bars reported in the literature, a comprehensive review of the effect of epoxy coating on structural aspects of coated bars was performed. From the review, design procedures were recommended for coated straight and hooked bars. KW - Anchorages KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bending KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Concrete structures KW - Design KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Hooked bars KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Negative bending KW - Pull out test KW - Rebars KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Splices KW - Splicing KW - Straight bars KW - Stress transfer KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615587 AU - Lybas, J M AU - Jo, Byung Wan AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF CONCRETE HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS WITH ECONOCRETE BASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 229 p. AB - Two computer programs for stress and deflection analysis of concrete highway pavements, FEACONS for plate bending analysis considering a liquid subgrade, thermal curling and joint stiffness, and INPLANE for analysis under in-plane shrinkage, temperature and joint effects, were modified to handle skewed transverse joints. A series of calculations using FEACONS, under wheel loading and temperature, were performed to study the effect of subgrade stiffness levels and joint stiffness levels on the distribution of stresses in the pavement. Results were presented as profiles of principal stress and deflection magnitudes. A number of laboratory pilot tests were performed on plain unreinforced beams to study the fatigue resistance in flexure of Florida concrete. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bending KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Deflection KW - Deformation curve KW - Econocrete KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexure KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Shrinkage KW - Skewed joints KW - Skewed structures KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Transverse joints KW - Unreinforced concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611160 AU - Derakhshandeh, M AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MONITORING A CRIBLOCK RETAINING WALL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 29 p. AB - Two criblock retaining walls were constructed on both ends of a bridge on Project BRO 0057(2) on County Road 17 in Pitkin County in Western Colorado. This study was initiated to evaluate the post-construction performance of this proprietary retaining wall system. The walls were completed during March 1989, and their movements were monitored through July 1990. The results of the monitoring program indicated that the wall movements were limited to less than 3/4 of an inch during the 17 month monitoring period, and the walls appear to be in satisfactory working condition. The appearance of the criblock retaining walls as well as their durability can make this retaining wall system competitive with the other retaining wall systems when applicable. KW - Aesthetics KW - Crib walls KW - Durability KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retaining walls KW - Wall movement KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356032 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622389 AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Khattak, A J AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALIDATION OF SELECTED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION CAPACITY FACTORS FOR SMALL URBAN AREAS IN ILLINOIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 61 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to validate the saturation flow rates and progression factors in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual in small urban areas in Illinois. It was found that the use of an ideal saturation flow rate of 1,800 vphgl is reasonable for small urban areas, as opposed to the observed 2,000 vphgl value observed in the Chicago Metropolitan area. Progression factors were found to be dependent on the proportion of platoon arrivals in green, as in the Highway Capacity Manual, but not on the degree of saturation. This is in line with recent recommendations of NCHRP project 3-28C in which progression factors are estimated strictly from arrivals in green and green splits. Overall, the study found the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual model for signalized intersections gave substantially better results in small urban areas in Illinois compared to Chicago. KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Illinois KW - Progression factors KW - Saturation flow KW - Signalized intersections KW - Small cities KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362898 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605666 AU - Stover, B AU - Colorado Geological Survey AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY ROCKFALL RESEARCH: SECTION 1: PILOT STUDY AND SECTION 2: PROCEDURE MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 32 p. AB - This research project is directed at developing and demonstrating a system for cost effectively evaluating and prioritizing highway rockfall hazards statewide. This pilot study produced a prototype computer-based highway rockfall hazard ranking system - "CRASH", which can be used to identify those areas of the state's highway system which have the highest incidences of rockfall accidents, as well as any area which has had a reported rockfall accident since 1976. The existing Oregon rockfall hazard ranking system (ODOT system) was selected and studied to determine if it addressed the varied geologic as well as physical rockfall situations in Colorado. This system was adapted to suit the requirements of our prototype hazard ranking scheme. Implementation of the Highway Rockfall Hazard Evaluation system was demonstrated on five pre-selected areas. The mile in each area with the highest number of reported rockfall accidents, as determined by "CRASH", was ranked using the ODOT system. KW - Computer programs KW - Evaluation KW - Hazards KW - Mitigation KW - Ratings KW - Rockfalls KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625038 AU - Garner, J E AU - Lee, C E AU - Huang, Liysheng AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFRARED SENSORS FOR COUNTING, CLASSIFYING, AND WEIGHING VEHICLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 80 p. AB - In this study, five field tests were conducted to determine the feasibility of using commercially-available infrared light-beam sensors for counting, classifying, and perhaps weighing vehicles. It was demonstrated that a single, reflex-type infrared sensor mounted just off the shoulder and working off a retro-reflective raised pavement marker in the center of the outside traffic lane can be used to count the tires on one end of each axle of a moving vehicle with accuracy comparable to human observers or to a flush-mounted piezo-strip sensor. Sensor installation involved no pavement cuts and only minimal interference to traffic. Tests were not conducted in snow or heavy rain. Arrays of two or more infrared light-bean sensors can be used to sense vehicle-body presence, to calculate vehicle speed, axle spacing, and tire-contact patch dimensions, to indicate single or dual tires, to detect direction of vehicle movement, and to sense over-height vehicles. Off-shoulder reflex-type infrared sensors with retro-reflective raised pavement markers operated for up to three months without cleaning. A two-sensor array tested in the Houston high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lane indicated promise as a replacement for loop-detector arrays. Infrared sensors can supplement weigh-in-motion systems by indicating off-transducer vehicle tires, but correlations between infrared light-beam sensor measurements and weight were not sufficient to make adequate weight estimates from such measurements practicable. KW - Accuracy KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Infrared detectors KW - Installation KW - Traffic counting KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367703 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629084 AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Conners, D H AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME III, SAN FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects in San Francisco Bay. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California Coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629082 AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME I, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects along the coast of Northern California. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California Coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California, and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629083 AU - McEwen, M A AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME II, CENTRAL CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects along the coast of Central California. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629085 AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM GUIDANCE MANUAL: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. VOLUME IV, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Successful saltmarsh mitigation projects require site specific project planning, objectives, design, monitoring and construction techniques. California is unique because of its long coast. The ecological regions of the State have separate flora and fauna which must be considered by planners during mitigation projects. There are also unifying principles which apply to all saltmarsh mitigation projects. This guidance manual contains information on site assessment, monitoring, planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance activities associated with saltmarsh restoration projects along the coast of Northern California. It is part of a four manual set covering the four ecological regions of the California Coast: Northern California, Central California, Southern California and San Francisco Bay. The manual provides a checklist for each major mitigation activity and background information. The manual will serve as a set of instructions for Caltrans personnel to carry out planning, construction and monitoring of saltmarsh mitigation projects. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Planning KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Site investigation KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369945 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622395 AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Welch, R E AU - Chiapetta, Welch & Associates, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC STUDY TO IMPROVE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY OF VEHICLE/BARRIER SIMULATIONS. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES PY - 1990/12 SP - 516 p. AB - Some of the FHWA vehicle impact simulation computer programs were modified to improve their accuracy and/or efficiency. The CRUNCH, GUARD and BARRIER VII programs as well as three versions of the NARD program were reviewed to identify modeling limitations and numerical procedures employed by each program. Other, commercially available, software was also reviewed. Based on the reviews, numerous recommendations were made to incorporate changes to the FHWA programs to increase their accuracy/efficiency. A subset of the recommended improvements were implemented in three of the programs: GUARD 3.0, NARD 1.0 and PCNARD. This effort included development of a separate preprocessor program for GUARD and NARD. The modifications resulted in the attainment of various levels of success ranging from very little to a very significant increase in accuracy/efficiency, depending on the modification. Other activities included a state-of-the-art review of soil/post interaction and development of general guidelines for the selection of integration time-step size. This is Volume II of a two-volume set. The other volume is FHWA-RD-91-035, Volume I: Final Report. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Impact tests KW - Improvements KW - Posts KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622394 AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Chiapetta, Welch & Associates, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC STUDY TO IMPROVE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY OF VEHICLE/BARRIER SIMULATIONS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 50 p. AB - Some of the FHWA vehicle impact simulation computer programs were modified to improve their accuracy and/or efficiency. The CRUNCH, GUARD and BARRIER VII programs as well as three versions of the NARD program were reviewed to identify modeling limitations and numerical procedures employed by each program. Other, commercially available, software was also reviewed. Based on the reviews, numerous recommendations were made to incorporate changes to the FHWA programs to increase their accuracy/efficiency. A subset of the recommended improvements were implemented in three of the programs: GUARD 3.0, NARD 1.0 and PCNARD. This effort included development of a separate preprocessor program for GUARD and NARD. The modifications resulted in the attainment of various levels of success ranging from very little to a very significant increase in accuracy/efficiency, depending on the modification. Other activities included a state-of-the-art review of soil/post interaction and development of general guidelines for the selection of integration time-step size. This is Volume I of a two-volume set. The other volume is FHWA-RD-91-036, Volume II: Appendices. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Impact tests KW - Improvements KW - Posts KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619203 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Linkenheld, J S AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A RADAR ACTIVATED HORN SYSTEM FOR SPEED CONTROL IN HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 41 p. AB - This study evaluated the speed reduction effects of providing an audible message to the speeding motorists approaching a highway striping crew. The audible system consisted of a radar unit which activated a horn when approaching vehicles exceeded a speed threshold. Speed data for 118 vehicles were collected and a speed reduction profile for each vehicle was generated. The data were divided into horn activated, horn not activated, and control groups. When the horn was activated, the average, maximum, and minimum speed reductions were 9.71, 17, and 4 mph at a distance about 750 ft from the horn. When the horn was not activated the average, max and min reductions were 3.5, 5, and 3 mph, respectively. As the detection distance decreased, the effectiveness of the horn system decreased too. The exact amount of additional speed reductions due to horn blasts alone could not be determined because of a small control data. However, the range of the additional speed reduction due to the horn was estimated to be 0-6 mph at 750 ft from the horn, and 0-2 at 500 ft from the horn. At a distance 750 ft from the horn the speed reduction effect of the horn was the greatest. The horn should be activated when a speeding vehicle is at a distance not less than 750 ft from the horn to give the drivers enough time to slow down before passing the truck. The horn system seemed to have some speed reduction effects on the motorists. However, noise problems and the human factors considerations of this system needs to be studied. These concerns may limit application of this device to very special cases. Further studies on the effectiveness of the system are needed. KW - Effectiveness KW - Horns KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Speed control KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-067.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619207 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS OF CRUSHED SANDSTONE AGGREGATES IN BITUMINOUS BASES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 44 p. AB - The principal objective of the research effort was to develop historical performance data for bituminous sandstone pavements and bituminous limestone pavements relative to visual distress, pavement rutting characteristics, and structural condition using deflection measurements. Data relative to Road Rater deflections, pavement rutting, condition ratings based on subjective visual surveys and objective data such as skid resistance and rideability, were collected and analyzed during the course of the study. It was concluded, based upon information gained during the evaluation period and summarized in this report, that pavements constructed with bituminous sandstone bases did not develop excessive rut depths, were more resistant to shoving and pushing, but appeared to exhibit cracking at an earlier age than pavements constructed with bituminous limestone bases. The use of bituminous sandstone mixtures addresses problems such as haul costs, rutting, skid resistance, etc. Field engineers indicated that although bituminous sandstone surface mixtures have a slight tendency to ravel, they are very resistant to rutting and applications of bituminous sandstone base and surface mixtures have been very successful in their estimation. KW - Bituminous bases KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Sandstones KW - Shoving KW - Skid resistance KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361738 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618763 AU - Lohrey, E C AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR THE NARROW CONNECTICUT IMPACT-ATTENUATION SYSTEM (NCIAS) PY - 1990/12 SP - 17 p. AB - In a continuing effort to develop improved vehicular impact-attenuation devices, the Connecticut Department of Transportation has introduced its third cylindrical steel highway crash cushion, known as the Narrow Connecticut Impact-Attenuation System (NCIAS). Differing from the first (truck-mounted systm) and the second (wide stationary system), the NCIAS is a stationary system designed to protect motorists from impacting narrow, rigid roadside features such as bridge piers and blunt ends of concrete longitudinal barriers. This manual describes the materials and procedures required to properly repair and maintain the NCIAS. This information is presented under the following headings: Introduction; Importance of Proper Maintenance; Description of the NCIAS; Damage Assessment and Replacement Parts; Tools and Equipment Required for Repair; Disassembly; Reassembly; Cover Attachment; Long-Term Maintenance; and Parts List. KW - Crash cushions KW - Damage assessment KW - Loss and damage KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Manuals KW - Parts KW - Repairing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361472 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618109 AU - Fager, G A AU - Smith, B J AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POLISH RESISTANCE OF SELECTED KANSAS AGGREGATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 47 p. AB - A study was undertaken between 1988 and 1990 to evaluate the frictional characteristics of the coarse aggregates proposed for use in bituminous pavements. A British Polishing Wheel along with a British Pendulum were used to test various types of aggregates. Some of the aggregates tested were sandstone, chat, wet bottom boiler slag, trap rock, steel slag, two different lightweight aggregates, both crushed and uncrushed gravel, and several different limestones from eastern Kansas. The report concluded that most of the aggregates have a rapid drop off and a leveling out of British Polish Values with time. The lightweight aggregates (expanded shales) and the one sandstone gave excellent to good results. Boiler slag and trap rock performed slightly better than the similar looking steel slag. Chat, in the flat orientation performed very poorly as well as the crushed and uncrushed gravels. The limestones overlapped the upper polished values through the lower values. Preliminary conclusions are that the softer limestones (i.e., high absorption) determine the better performing limestone aggregates. Higher acid insoluble residue contents may also be a factor. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Boiler slags KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Crushed gravel KW - Durability KW - Expanded shale aggregates KW - Gravel KW - Kansas KW - Lightweight aggregates KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Materials tests KW - Polishing (Aggregates) KW - Sandstones KW - Slag KW - Slag coarse aggregates KW - Steel KW - Steel slags KW - Trap rock KW - Trap rock coarse aggregate KW - Uncrushed aggregate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610091 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Cross, S A AU - Brown, E R AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS FOR HIGH PRESSURE TRUCK TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 255 p. AB - This research project was undertaken to evaluate 34 in-service heavy duty pavements across Pennsylvania to identify the material properties, mix design parameters, pavement construction properties, and pavement in-service properties which are responsible for the premature rutting (permanent deformation) of some HMA pavements. Core samples were tested to determine pavement properties. The mix from cores was reheated, compacted by three different compaction methods, and analyzed for voids in total mix (VTM) and strength. Transverse surface profiles of the pavements were taken to determine maximum rut depths. Correlation analysis, linear regression analysis and stepwise multiple variable analysis methods were used to analyze the effect of some 60 independent variables on rutting. Threshold values of significant independent variables were also established. Significant independent variables affecting the rutting potential of HMA pavements included design VMA, VTM, percent natural sand in fine aggregate, and minus 200 content. It has been recommended to use Marshall Compactor with rotating base and slanted foot to obtain near maximum potential compaction in the laboratory. Daily quality control of HMA mix composition, and VMT of compacted specimens is essential to minimize rutting. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deformation KW - Fine aggregates KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Inflation KW - Mix design KW - Natural sand fine aggregate KW - Pavement performance KW - Regression analysis KW - Rut KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Sand KW - Strength of materials KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Void KW - Void ratios UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/3000/3400/3496/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610211 AU - Stratton, F W AU - Frantzen, J A AU - Meggers, D A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAUSE OF ACCELERATED DETERIORATION OF CORRUGATED METAL PIPE INSTALLED AFTER 1974. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 73 p. AB - During the latter part of 1988, a short term research study was initiated to evaluate the performance of selected corrugated metal crossroad pipe (CMP) installed since 1974. Conflicting earlier reports on CMP performance created sufficient doubt that a followup study was initiated in 1989. The data in the report support the decision to prohibit the use of CMP for all crossroad installations in Districts 1, 2, 4, and 5 except for limited situations, and to consider the use of CMP in Districts 3 and 6 on a site specific basis. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Highway drainage KW - Kansas KW - Metal pipe KW - Performance evaluations KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355698 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608655 AU - Albright, D P AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 SURVEY OF TRAFFIC MONITORING PRACTICES AMONG STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 155 p. AB - The New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department conducted surveys of state traffic monitoring practices in the Fall of 1990. The survey provides an indication of the traffic monitoring state-of-the-practice among state agencies in 1990. All fifty states are represented. The survey results provide a benchmark of diverse practice. As national traffic monitoring standards are defined, in the future, similar surveys will be able to assess standards implementation by the extent to which practice has become more consistent. KW - Data collection KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic systems KW - Monitoring KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351454 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608600 AU - Smith, M J AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED SIGNING FOR TRAFFIC CIRCLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 54 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop new guidance signing for traffic circles. The measure of effectiveness which seemed the most feasible for use in determinning the effectiveness of the new guidance signing was the percentage of drivers who made the preferred maneuvers. The preferred maneuvers were determined on the basis of safety and efficiency. The percentage of vehicles who made the preferred maneuvers was measured for both before and after sign change conditions and compared to determine the effectiveness of the new signing. Traffic studies were conducted at 5 circles; 3 of which were regular and 2 cut-through. Diagrammatic signs were tested at the 3 regular circles and 1 of the cut-through circles. A modified stack sign was tested at the other cut-through circle. Diagrammatic signing was found more effective than conventional signing in reducing driver confusion at regular circles. Diagrammatic signing was also found more effective than conventional signing in reducing driver confusion at cut-through circles for left and right turning movements. No advantage could be shown for modified stack signing over conventional signing. Diagrammatic signs were recommended for use at both regular and cut-through circles. Specifications and photos of the diagrammatic signs recommended are included in the report. KW - Before and after studies KW - Diagrammatic signs KW - Diagrams KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Recommendations KW - Signs KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Traffic circles KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608602 AU - SYSTRON Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE ON HIGH VOLUME TRAFFIC ROADS - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 218 p. AB - This report summarizes the proceedings of three multi-regional workshops which focused on applying better procedures, safer methods, better materials and time savings equipment that would result in more cost-effective and safer maintenance work zone practices and operations on high volume traffic roads. These workshops were conducted in St. Louis, Missouri, Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Las Vegas, Nevada in cooperation with the respective State Highway Agencies. Various individuals from government, industry and academia addressed specific issues under the following topics: project planning, contracting repairs, maintenance work zone management, tort liability, maintenance work zone safety, work zone traffic control at night, new and innovative materials, new and innovative equipment, environmental conditions, and research and training. Upon conclusion of the presentations, small group and panel discussions were held and recommendations were formulated and adopted within each area. The workshop formulated two main findings that could enhance maintenance operations and safety on high volume traffic roadways. These were: 1) minimize workers' road occupancy time (exposure to traffic) while performing maintenance and 2) plan and undertake the work (personnel, equipment and materials) in the most efficient manner possible. KW - Contracting KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway maintenance KW - Liability KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Night KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Technology transfer KW - Tort liability KW - Training KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608644 AU - Pollard, W S AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF URBAN INTERCHANGE PERFORMANCE: I-25/GARDEN OF THE GODS ROAD, COLORADO SPRINGS; EVANS AVENUE/SANTA FE DRIVE, DENVER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 74 p. AB - Two single point urban interchanges (S.P.U.I.) were studied in order to evaluate performance and safety characteristics under varying conditions of operation. Comparative data are presented for travel time delay studies, intersection delay studies, volumes, accidents, and maintenance. One of the S.P.U.I.s is located at Sante Fe Drive and Evans Avenue in Denver; it is a retrofit design of an urban diamond. The second S.P.U.I. is located at I-25 and Garden of the Gods Road in Colorado Springs; it is a replacement for a tight urban diamond interchange. The study concludes that the S.P.U.I. design is appropriate in restricted right-of-way situations, needs improved guide signing, and needs well-maintained pavement markings, and that the justification of in-pavement guide lighting is questionable. KW - Guide signs KW - Highway design KW - In-pavement lighting KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Street lighting KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607611 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE EXPECTANCY DETERMINATION OF ZINC-COATED CORRUGATED STEEL AND REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE USED IN MISSOURI PY - 1990/12 SP - v.p. AB - The results are reported of a comprehensive survey by the Missouri Highway and Transportation Department of in-place culverts to determine the expected life of zinc-coated corrugated steel pipe (CSP) and precast reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) in Missouri. Field and laboratory testing for specific service life parameters was conducted on a selected sample consisting of 153 CSP and 118 RCP. Results of the study show that neither a single nor combination of measurable parameters exists that will predict a pipe's service life anywhere in the state. The study indicates that CSP will generally be deteriorated to the point of needing replacement at approximately 44 years with a range from 15 to more than 60 years. The mode of failure for CSP is nearly always due to rusting out of the invert or bottom portion of the pipe. Due to insufficient number of RCP having deteriorated to the point of needing replacement, it was not possible to arrive at a realistic age for RCP replacement. The greatest problem noted with RCP is disjointing at the end pipe sections. With the durability rating system established for this survey, those pipe in need of replacement are 45.6% of the CSP and 0.3% of the RCP surveyed. Since 1987, district pipe replacement records indicate that 694 crossroad CSP have been replaced having an average age of 41.4 years. The Department's current policy permits the use of CSP for all entrances and for crossroad drainage under all roadways except those with 400 ADT or more with an asphaltic concrete or portland cement concrete surface. Based on this study, recommendations were made for future investigations. KW - Coatings KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Disjointing KW - Durability KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Laboratory tests KW - Metal pipe KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforced concrete pipe KW - Research KW - Rusting KW - Service life KW - Zinc UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/MR91-1_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607694 AU - Elias, V AU - Earth Engineering and Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY/CORROSION OF SOIL REINFORCED STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 173 p. AB - This report is intended to provide criteria in evaluating potential corrosion losses when using coated (fusion-bonded epoxy) or uncoated steel reinforcements, and in determining aging and construction damage losses when using geosynthetic reinforcements. To monitor in-situ corrosion rates of bare or galvanized steel reinforcements, microprocessor based remote electrochemical measurement equipment has been developed, evaluated and demonstrated on 7 field sites. The prototype equipment has been delivered to FHWA for further use. KW - Aging KW - Coatings KW - Construction KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Electrochemistry KW - Epoxides KW - Fusion-bonded epoxy KW - Geosynthetics KW - Loss and damage KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Microprocessors KW - Prototype tests KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Remote sensing KW - Retaining walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350928 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605161 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hansen, A G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UGPRADE OF THE FOIL PENDULUM TEST CAPABILITY PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 249-254 AB - At the Federal Highway Administration's Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL), roadside safety hardware impacted by small vehicles at low and high speeds are evaluated using a surrogate (bogie) vehicle which can simulate the impact of a small car at low and high speeds, and a pendulum system designed to simulate low-speed impacts. The limitations of this system are noted, and FHWA's contract to design, install, and validate the operation of an upgraded pendulum system is described. System design is described, as well as system validation. It is noted that because the crush characteristics of the upgraded pendulum are very similar to those of the bogie and an automobile, the pendulum is another surrogate method of determining the low speed breakaway performance of sign and luminaire supports. This and other study findings are discussed. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Laboratories KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605667 AU - Braley, W A AU - Zarling, J P AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MUT1D: MULTILAYER USER-FRIENDLY THERMAL MODEL IN 1 DIMENSION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 67 p. AB - This report describes an MS-DOS microcomputer-based geotechnical thermal model named MUT1D (Multilayer User-Friendly Thermal Model in 1 Dimension). Using implicit finite difference techniques, the model estimates the thermal regime and tracks the movement of the phase change front in one-dimensional layered material systems. A problem is described using a variety of surface boundary conditions ranging from a specified surface temperature to a surface energy balance comprised of short- and long-wave radiation, wind speed, cloud cover, and air temperatures. Problem description is expedited by the input and modification screens which are integrated into the program. Testing the model indicated that it solves one-dimensional heat diffusion problems, including phase change, with acceptable accuracy for many design and predictive purposes. Testing included comparisons to analytical methods and to field data collected as a part of this project. KW - Accuracy KW - Finite differences KW - Freeze thaw depth KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mathematical models KW - Microcomputers KW - Models KW - Thermal analysis UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/fhwa_ak_rd_90_02.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350057 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00605160 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chong, S-L AU - Peart, J AU - Ormsby, W C AU - Griffith, M S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LEACHING TEST STUDIES USING EXTRACTION PROCEDURE TOXICITY TEST AND TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 241-245 AB - The hazardous waste disposal of residues of surface cleaning and repainting of steel bridges is costly. Costs can, however, be contained by ensuring proper classification of such wastes. This requires a reliable, precise method for determining the leachable metal concentration of various solid wastes. The results obtained through use of 2 widely employed leaching methods are reviewed in this investigation. The investigation compared the Extraction Procedure Toxicity Test (EPTox) promulgated to extract leachable organics and metals from solid wastes, and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) that was proposed to replace EPTox. Metal concentrations in leachates from separate samples of various abrasive paint residues was measured. The study included evaluating the precision and reproducibility of the two methods using data sets obtained from various participating analytical laboratories. Round robin tests showed significant differences between the TCLP and EPTox methods. It was found that TCLP tests resulted in much higher concentrations of lead than did EPTox tests. These and other study findings are discussed. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - Hazardous materials KW - Leaching KW - Maintenance KW - Paint KW - Toxicological tests KW - Toxicology KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/352607 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00603367 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Council, F M AU - Paniati, J F AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SAFETY INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1990/12 VL - 54 IS - 3 SP - p. 234-240 AB - The Federal Highway Administration and the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center have acquired State data for a new highway safety data base - the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). Five states have been included in the HSIS. The data files are described as well as the data file processing, and the HSIS data guide book. HSIS provides the flexibility to analyze a large number of safety problems, ranging from basic problem identification issues to multivariate modeling efforts to predict future accidents from roadway characteristics and traffic factors. A computerized multi-State data base of accident roadway inventory and traffic information, the HSIS is user friendly in terms of formating, and flexible in terms of the numerous ways in which its files can be manipulated and merged for a specific analysis. KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603679 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 FHWA NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM (NCP) OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY. ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/12 SP - 98 p. AB - This executive summary gives an overview of progress of programs being conducted under the Nationally Coordinated Program (NCP) of Highway Research, Development, and Technology during the period from October 1, 1989 through September 30, 1990. This report covers technologies for highway design, construction, and operation including the specific categories of Highway Safety, Traffic Operations, Pavements, Structures, Materials and Operations, Policy and Planning, and Motor Carrier Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Nationally coordinated program, ncp KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Structures KW - Technology KW - Traffic KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603207 AU - Dougherty, C D AU - Freeman, E AU - Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission AU - Precise Communications, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SCHUYLKILL EXPRESSWAY MARKETING TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/12 SP - 135 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marketing campaign conducted by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) for the state's most extensive and expensive highway reconstruction project to date, the rehabilitation of the Schuylkill Expressway (I-76). The first phase of the study encompasses a review of the various techniques employed by PennDOT in the marketing program, including brochures, telephone hotline, news conferences, press releases, PSA's, radio and TV interviews and direct mail. This review was followed by in-depth interviews with those most directly involved in the "marketing" effort: the Department personnel, including former employees, who conceived and managed the campaign and other individuals from the news media, business community and government. The second phase focused on those most directly affected by the reconstruction project and the target of the marketing campaign: the motorists who use the Schuylkill Expressway. A mail-back survey was conducted to ascertain from users of I-76 how they received information about the project and the usefulness of the information provided by the Department. This report summarizes these two phases of the study. Based on this research, the study team has formulated a list of recommendations pertaining to future public information efforts associated with highway construction projects for consideration by PennDOT. KW - Brochures KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Expressways KW - Marketing KW - Mass media KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pennsylvania KW - Publicity KW - Recommendations KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611095 AU - Spangler, E B AU - Kelly, W J AU - Janoff, M S AU - Hayhoe, Gordon F AU - Surface Dynamics, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM TIME STABILITY OF PAVEMENT RIDE QUALITY DATA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11/05 SP - 99 p. AB - In a 1983 Ohio DOT ride quality study, Surface Dynamics, Inc., developed a ride quality transform which defined the relationship between measured subjective ride quality and pavement profile measured with the Ohio DOT Model 690 DNC Inertial Profilometer. In this report, the time stability of that relationship was evaluated using ride quality data collected five years later in 1988. In addition to the evaluation of ride quality time stability, the performance of other ride quality transforms were also evaluated, including the Ride Number transform developed in NCHRP Project 1-23, the Michigan Ride Quality Index, the Texas Serviceability Index, the Mays Ride Meter Index, and the International Roughness Index. This report also reevaluates the relationship developed in the 1983 Ohio DOT ride quality study between measured subjective ride quality and the need for pavement repair. The report reconfirms the trigger value established in the 1983 study for non-routine maintenance of Interstate pavements. KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Time stability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580484 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Thin Bonded Portland Cement Concrete Overlay PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 28p AB - A four and one-half inch thick, bonded portland cement concrete (PCC) overlay and integral widening were used to rehabilitate a 4.5 mile section of Iowa route 141 from US 169 to Iowa 210 in Dallas County. There was a substantial amount of cracking in the old 20 ft wide PCC pavement. Most of the widening, which was tied to the original slab by dowel bars, was placed as a four ft wide section on one side. Coring has shown that the overlay is well bonded and testing with the Delamtect has shown less than 1% debonding. Midpanel transverse cracks in the old pavement have reflected through the overlay (as expected). Some new transverse cracking has occurred. This cracking has not caused any significant problems. In general, the overlay is performing quite well. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Dallas County (Iowa) KW - Debonding KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement widening KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Transverse cracking UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17081 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580483 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Low Modulus Hot Pour Joint Sealant for ACC Pavements PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 7p AB - Over the years, the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) has established an outstanding network of connector highways across the state of Iowa. Construction and paving of these primary roadways has essentially been completed. Unfortunately, many of these primary highway pavements are reaching their design life and are in need of rehabilitation. The emphasis, therefore, has shifted from the construction of new highways to the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing highways. The Iowa DOT in recent years has become more concerned with preventing the ingress of surface water into the pavement structure. Crack sealing is receiving greater emphasis. Specifications have been modified to require improved low modulus crack and joint sealing materials. This research of low modulus sealant (LMS) supports the following conclusions: 1. The LMS performed well for two years without sealant failure; 2. The LMS performed better than the conventional sealant; and 3. There was not sufficient improved performance to support a recommendation for further use of the LMS in view of its failure in less than three years. KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Hot-pour sealants KW - Joint sealers KW - Specifications UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16897 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580243 AU - Anderson, Chris AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Dense Concrete Layer as Top Course of Bridge Deck Construction PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 25p AB - The use of deicing salts in Iowa is a necessity to remove ice from the bridges. The use of these salts has always been a problem since the chloride-ions penetrate the concrete and reach the steel and cause corrosion which eventually causes deterioration of both the steel and concrete. One method used to try to prevent this from happening was to apply a waterproof membrane to the concrete after it was placed. This method did help, but was not cost effective as the longevity of the membrane system was of relatively short duration. For this reason, this research project was initiated. After the original deck was placed a second layer of concrete about 1 1/2" thick was placed on top. Biennial evaluation of the decks included testing for delaminations and steel corrosion. Cores were also obtained for a chloride analysis. Testing and observations showed the two-layer bridge deck to be effective in preventing corrosion. Since the time this project was initiated, epoxy steel has been introduced and is a cost effective way to protect the steel from corrosion. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chloride content KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Epoxides KW - Evaluation UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17079 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580241 AU - Anderson, Chris AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 58p AB - Chloride-ions penetrating into bridge decks and corroding the steel have been a major problem. As the steel corrodes it exerts stresses on the surrounding concrete. When the stresses exceed the strength of the concrete, cracks or delaminations occur. This, of course, causes deterioration and spalling of bridge deck surfaces. Both the Latex and Iowa Method were used to repair bridge decks for this project. The concrete was removed down to the steel and replaced with approximately 1 1/2 inches of low slump or latex modified concrete. The removal of unsound concrete below the top layer of steel was sometimes necessary. The objective of this project was to determine if the bridge overlays would provide a cost effective method of rehabilitation. To do this, unsound and delaminated concrete was removed and replaced by an overlay of low slump or latex modified concrete. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete overlays KW - Corrosion KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Delamination KW - Iowa KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Spalling UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17340 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1373092 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548298 AU - Langston, Marcus C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Bar Code Reading of Moving Trucks PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 150p AB - Barcoding is a cost effective, practical solution to accomplish automatic vehicle identification (AVI) at weigh stations. Hardware cost for each AVI station is estimated to be less than $9000. Large scale unit cost to bar code each vehicle is estimated to be $0.80. Technology may also be utilized by surrounding states to reduce the amount of time, personnel and record keeping necessary to track trucks traversing their states. Information shared through computer links will allow the states to increase the efficiency of each weigh station's operation and increase the revenue by decreasing the amount of "wave throughs" when the trucks backup along the highway. Substantial money can be saved by the trucking industry due to the ease of truck registration using bar codes and having this registration information available to other states on the computer system. There is an added savings of time and fuel because trucks which are legal do not have to come to a complete stop at weigh stations only to have to restart because they are within the state's regulations. The environment benefits due to the reduction in air pollution because the trucks do not waste fuel waiting in line. KW - Air quality management KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Bar codes KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data sharing KW - Fuel consumption KW - States KW - Trucking KW - Weigh stations UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%2095.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01411071 AU - Christopher, B R AU - Gill, S A AU - Giroud, J - AU - Juran, I AU - Mitchell, J K AU - Schlosser, F AU - Dunnicliff, J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Reinforced soil structures, volume 1 PY - 1990/11 IS - FHWA/RD-89-043 SP - 301 AB - This report presents comprehensive guidelines for evaluation and using soil reinforcement techniques in the construction of retaining watts, embankment slopes, and natural or cut slopes. A variety of available systems for reinforced soil including in-situ soil nailing are described from information assembled from published literature and manufacturers, catalogs. Detailed guidelines are given for design of reinforced soil structures with inextensible and extensible reinforcements and soil nailing. Design examples are included. These guidelines were developed from technical review of extensive laboratory model tests, small and large scale centrifuge tests, finite element numerical studies and full scale field tests on eight 20-foot high walls and four 25-foot high sloping embankments. The manual contains descriptions of construction procedures, instrumentation and specifications for reinforced soil structures. KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Retaining wall KW - Retaining walls KW - Slope stability KW - Slope stability KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil mechanics KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil nailing KW - Structural design KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408558 AU - Stuart, K AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Performance evaluation of sulfur-extended asphalt pavements: laboratory evaluation PY - 1990/11 IS - FHWA/RD-90-110 SP - 191p AB - In 1987 the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) completed a field study to compare the performance of sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavements to conventional asphalt control (AC) pavements. A representative set of pavements was chosen to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sulfur on pavement performance. The primary conclusion was that there was no difference in overall performance between the SEA and AC sections. This field study is documented in FHWA Report DP54-01, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC, 1987. It is entitled "Performance Evaluation of Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Pavements - Field Survey and Assessment." The laboratory study documented in the accompanying report complements the field study. Cores were obtained from many of the pavements and tested (1) to verify that the SEA and AC sections were similar in thickness and mixture composition, except for sulfur content, (2) to predict whether the pavement performances of the SEA and AC sections will remain similar, and (3) to investigate individual pavements where the performances of the two sections were not equal. In general, the laboratory test results supported the results of the field study. Overall, sulfur did not increase or decrease most test properties, and often it had no effect on a given test property of a mixture. Sulfur did decrease the resistance to moisture susceptibility in the laboratory. There were also minor trends indicating that with some mixtures, sulfur may reduce the susceptibility to rutting and increased the susceptibility to fatigue cracking. This report also presents the results of several tasks where SEA binders and mixtures prepared in the laboratory were evaluated. KW - Binder KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Material properties KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture sensitivity KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176354 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01333139 AU - Christopher, Barry R AU - Gill, Safdar A AU - Giroud, Jean-Pierre AU - Juran, Ilan AU - Mitchell, James K. AU - Schlosser, Francois AU - Dunnicliff, John AU - STS Consultants, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reinforced Soil Structures Volume I. Design and Construction Guidelines PY - 1990/11//Final Report SP - 326p AB - This report presents comprehensive guidelines for evaluating and using soil reinforcement techniques in the construction of retaining walls, embankment slopes, and natural or cut slopes. A variety of available systems for reinforced soil including in-situ soil nailing are described from information assembled from published literature and manufacturers' catalogs. Detailed guidelines are given for design of reinforced soil structures with inextensible and extensible reinforcements and soil nailing. Design examples are included. These guidelines were developed from technical review of extensive laboratory model tests, small and large scale centrifuge tests, finite element numerical studies and full scale field tests on eight 20-foot high walls and four 25-foot high sloping embankments. The manual contains descriptions of construction procedures, reinforced soil structures, instrumentation and specifications for reinforced soil structures. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Construction KW - Embankments KW - Guidelines KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Slopes KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil reinforcement KW - Soil stabilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35700/35773/FHWA-RD-89-043.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1094912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608601 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SULFUR-EXTENDED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS - LABORATORY EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 191 p. AB - In 1987 the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) completed a field study to compare the performance of sulfur-extended asphalt (SEA) pavements to conventional asphalt control (AC) pavements. A representative set of pavements was chosen to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sulfur on pavement performance. The primary conclusion was that there was no difference in overall performance between the SEA and AC sections. The field study is documented in FHWA Report DP54-01, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 1987. It is entitled "Performance Evaluation of Sulfur-Extended Asphalt Pavements - Field Survey and Assessment." The laboratory study documented in this current study complements the field study. Cores were obtained from many of the pavements and tested (1) to verify that the SEA and AC sections were similar in thickness and mixture composition, except for sulfur content, (2) to predict whether the pavement performances of the SEA and AC sections will remain similar, and (3) to investigate individual pavements where the performances of the two sections were not equal. In general, the laboratory test results supported the results of the field study. Overall, sulfur did not increase or decrease most test properties, and often it had no effect on a given test property of a mixture. Sulfur did decrease the resistance to moisture susceptibility in the laboratory. There were also minor trends indicating that with some mixtures, sulfur may reduce the susceptibility to rutting and increase the susceptibility to fatigue cracking. This report also presents the results of several tasks where SEA binders and mixtures prepared in the laboratory were evaluated. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Creep tests KW - Extenders KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials selection KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Sulfur KW - Sulfur asphalt KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760548 AU - Gupta, P K AU - Van Bramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESILIENT AND TENSILE PROPERTIES OF NEW YORK STATE ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXES PY - 1990/11 SP - 49 p. AB - Due to growing interest nationwide and in New York, a two-phase laboratory program was undertaken to measure resilient and tensile properties of New York's top-course Mix Types 6F and 7F. Resilient modulus was measured on 28 asphalt concrete mixes at 40, 77, and 100 deg F (4.4, 25, and 37.8 deg C) using repeated-load indirect-tension test equipment according to ASTM D 4123-82 procedures. Indirect tensile strength and stiffness were measured with static tensile strength equipment at speeds of 2 in. (5.08 cm) per minute at 77 deg F (25 deg C) only. Test properties of the 28 mixes are summarized in this report. Resilient modulus differences were found to be insignificant for 6F and 7F mixes and between crushed stone and gravel at 40 and 77 deg F (4.4 and 25 deg C). Significant differences were found, however, between mix and aggregate types at 100 deg F (37.8 deg C). Differences in tensile strength and stiffness were found to be significant for mix and aggregate types. Measured resilient modulus and stiffness compared poorly to the modulus predicted using McLeod's method and the Asphalt Institute equation. Regression techniques used to relate structural properties to mix formulation factors are described. Structural layer coefficients obtained from resilient modulus were found to be sensitive in terms of pavement service lives based on the AASHTO design equation. This implies that structural coefficients should be determined for individual mixes when designing according to the AASHTO procedure. Tensile strength and stiffness results could not be used to predict fatigue lives based on Maupin's equation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Equations KW - Gravel KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Regression analysis KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Stone KW - Temperature KW - Tensile properties KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760523 AU - Anderson, C AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION ASSEMBLY ON U.S. 20 IN SIOUX CITY PY - 1990/11 SP - 4 p. AB - This project was to determine possible construction problems and evaluate the performance of experimental joint seals. Joints were installed in Woodbury County on US 20 over the Missouri River. ACME-Beta B-520 joints were used. Visual inspections were made yearly. Although the joints performed well for eight years, they deteriorated rapidly and have failed. It was concluded these joints did not perform satisfactorily. KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Joint sealers KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16911 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760524 AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION ASSEMBLY ON I-380 IN WATERLOO PY - 1990/11 SP - 8 p. AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate two experimental Acme MSB neoprene expansion assemblies to identify possible construction problems and to determine the long term performance. These joints were installed in Black Hawk County on the curved bridge of ramp H from US 218 to I-380 in Waterloo, Iowa. Visual inspections were made yearly. There is slow leakage at one joint and indication that there is some slow leakage of both joints. The joint assemblies have performed well. KW - Expansion joints KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Joint sealers KW - Leakage KW - Neoprene KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16910 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760525 AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK EXPANSION ASSEMBLY ON JEFFERSON STREET IN OTTUMWA PY - 1990/11 SP - 7 p. AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate two experimental D.S. Brown, Type SL450 and one D.S. Brown, Type SL750 expansion assemblies to identify possible construction problems and to determine the long term performances. These joints were installed in Wapello County on Jefferson Street viaduct in Ottumwa, Iowa. Visual inspections were made yearly. There is an indication that there may be a slow leakage at all three joints. The joint assemblies have performed well. KW - Expansion joints KW - Inspection KW - Leakage KW - Performance evaluations KW - Viaducts UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16909 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625530 AU - Taylor, A W AU - Rowell, R B AU - Breen, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR OF THIN WALLS IN HOLLOW CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS AND PYLONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 318 p. AB - This report is the final report of a three-year research program and summarizes an investigation which examined the behavior of thin-walled hollow concrete box sections such as those typically used in the cross-sections of hollow concrete bridge piers and pylons. A series of accurate and realistic scale model tests were used to document the behavior and the typical effects of walls with different unsupported length-to-thickness ratios. Analytical studies were used to verify observed behavior and to examine the effects of variables. KW - Bridge piers KW - Design KW - Hollow structural sections KW - Length KW - Model tests KW - Pylons KW - Scale models KW - Shells (Structural forms) KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Thickness KW - Thin walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368014 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611102 AU - Rohde, G T AU - Scullion, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODULUS 4.0: EXPANSION AND VALIDATION OF THE MODULUS BACKCALCULATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 128 p. AB - This report describes the Texas Transportation Institute's continuing efforts to upgrade the MODULUS backcalculation system. Enhancements have been made in several areas, including: (1) Inclusion of a procedure to estimate the depth to a stiff layer; (2) A method of assessing the non-linearity of the subgrade and computation of the optimum number of sensors to use in the backcalculation routine; and (3) The replacement of the BISAR linear elastic procedure with the WES5 procedure recently developed by the U.S. Corps of Engineers. The new MODULUS 4.0 is evaluated with monthly deflection data collected on 10 experimental sites for which all the layer materials have been tested in the laboratory. Validation of the system is attempted by using pavement sections instrumented with Multidepth Deflectometers. By simultaneously monitoring surface and depth deflections it is possible to quantify the effectiveness of the backcalculation system. Results show that the linear elastic model used in MODULUS produces reasonable layer moduli for pavements with thick asphalt surfacing. However, errors may result in using the linear elastic approach on thin pavements. The use of a stress dependent model which includes dilation substantially improves the match of measured and computed depth deflections on thin pavements. Preliminary results from a finite element backcalculation system have also been included. KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Elastic analysis KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Linear elastic analysis KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622303 AU - Elliott, R P AU - Hall, K D AU - Morrison, N T AU - Hong, K S AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROADHOG, A FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY DESIGN PROCEDURE. NDT OVERLAY DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - v.p. AB - A flexible pavement overlay thickness design procedure was developed. The procedure follows the AASHTO structural number approach to flexible pavement design and uses the structural deficiency concept in selecting the overlay thickness. The subgrade resilient modulus (M sub r) and existing pavement structural capacity (effective structural number or SN sub eff) are determined from NDT data obtained using a falling weight deflectometer. M sub r is calculated using the deflection measured 3 ft from the FWD center of loading. This method of calculation is based on ILLIPAVE finite element pavement analyses and was selected following an evaluation of various available NDT backcalculation methods. SN sub eff is determined from the difference between the deflections at the center of loading and the deflection at a distance from the center equal to the total pavement thickness. The SN sub eff determination method was developed under this study. The complete procedure is programmed for use on an IBM PC, XT, AT, or any compatible system having at least one floppy disk drive and a minimum of 384K of available RAM. The program is user friendly and runs interactively. It is menu-driven and features on-line help facilities. KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Effective structural number KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Personal computers KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208705.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363892 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627084 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HEEM-III BENEFIT-COST COMPUTER PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 157 p. AB - This report documents a computer program, HEEM-III, that will analyze proposed added-capacity, bypass (new location), High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV), interchange, and railroad grade separation projects. The program represents a completely new program as compared to the HEEM-II computer program. The major changes include use of hourly volumes to calculate speeds and user costs, inclusion of intersection and interchange delay calculations, inclusion of yearly pavement condition and maintenance costs, and separate HOV analyses for the morning and afternoon peak periods. The program calculates motorist savings in user costs over a planning period. These user costs include delay costs, vehicle operating costs, and accident costs. HEEM-III comes in two versions, a PC version and a mainframe version. The PC version is a menu driven program that includes a data input and editing process, data analysis, output display, and procedures to save both the input and output data. The mainframe version uses batch input and produces the same output as the PC version. The mainframe version also has an option to output a single line of summary data, for use when a large number of problems are being run. HEEM-III is designed to give the user an economic analysis of a proposed highway improvement at the planning level by calculating the benefits to the motorists and giving the results in terms of both the Net Present Value and a Benefit-Cost ratio. This can be used in the project development process to define and evaluate alternatives and compare the relative merits of several proposed projects with a limited budget. KW - Accident costs KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bypasses KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Economic analysis KW - Grade separations KW - Heem-iii computer program KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway capacity KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Increase KW - Interchanges KW - Location KW - Mainframe computers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Operating costs KW - Personal computers KW - Planning KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic delays KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625341 AU - Tatum, K AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY TO DETERMINE IF EXTRACTION GRADATIONS CAN BE DETERMINED BY PLANT PROCESS SAMPLING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 42 p. AB - The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) currently accepts asphaltic concrete (AC) based on end result specifications based on gradation and asphalt content. In order to determine AC content and gradation, the AC must be removed from the aggregate by dissolving it in a solvent. The main problem with this acceptance method is the time required to perform the test as well as solvent disposal considerations. The primary objective of this study was to determine if extraction gradations could be determined by plant process sampling. This objective was accomplished using samples obtained from the cold feed belt on drum plants and from the hot bins on batch plants. These gradations were compared with their corresponding truck samples. If a correlation could be found, extractions could possibly be phased out by the GDOT. The second objective was to determine the amount of aggregate breakdown that occurs at each plant sampled. The study revealed that it is possible to predict truck sample gradations when the corresponding plant process sample is known. However, adjustment factors may be necessary for each aggregate source/asphalt plant. Also, this procedure cannot be used on recycled asphaltic mixtures. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Plant process sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625046 AU - Hugo, F AU - McCullough, B F AU - van der Walt, B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FULL-SCALE ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING FOR THE TEXAS HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 98 p. AB - This report describes CTR Study 1246, which proved to be very dynamic, in that the initial objectives were not only met, but they were followed up by new objectives. This was due to decisions taken by the project steering committee during the execution of the project. Following initial exploratory studies in 1988, the Texas SDHPT initiated the present study through which a strategy for the acquisition of a mobile accelerated pavement testing device had to be developed. Initially, the study focussed on the feasibility of accelerated testing and the need for it in Texas. As part of the initial study, the relationship of accelerated testing to overall pavement engineering was reviewed in detail. Once the feasibility had been illustrated, the objectives were redirected to the acquisition of a mobile accelerated pavement device. The different available methods and machines were evaluated, and subsequently the Mobile Load Simulator (MLS) was selected for future application on pavements in the state of Texas. The decision was based on the higher degree of traffic simulation attainable through the proposed MLS in comparison to the South African Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) and the Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). The latter was developed by the FHWA in 1984 and is based on the Australian patented ALF. The MLS is based on a provision patent by Dr. Frederick Hugo. To evaluate the workability and feasibility of the development, a ten to one scale model was constructed. A theoretical study was done to assess the degree of real traffic simulation of the full-scale prototype. Factors that were evaluated in the study included speed, dynamic loading of the pavement, and deflection and stress analyses for proposed axle configurations. Based on these results, recommendations for the mechanical design of the MLS were made. A theoretical comparison was also made between stresses and deflections obtained with the model MLS loads on a model pavement and values obtained with the full-scale MLS loads. Excellent comparison was found. The operational impact of the MLS test program in the Texas situation was evaluated and recommendations for immediate and future application were made. Estimates of development and operational costs were done without having the benefit of an operational prototype of known production rate. The problem was somewhat alleviated by the availability of information on existing accelerated pavement testing facilities. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Estimates KW - Loads KW - Mobile equipment KW - Mobile load simulator KW - Pavement tests KW - Pavements KW - Portable equipment KW - Recommendations KW - Scale models KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural tests KW - Test facilities KW - Theory KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367711 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625037 AU - Hazlett, D G AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF AGGREGATE GRADATION AND TYPE ON ASPHALT MIXTURE CHARACTERISTICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 106 p. AB - This report addresses the impact of aggregate gradation and type on Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete (HMAC) characteristics. Several different, but related, topics are covered, and results from several experiments are presented. An overview of HMAC is presented, covering factors affecting mixture characteristics and performance in addition to a review of the literature relating to aggregate gradation and type. The results of a study of construction data from the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) are presented. Two laboratory studies were conducted relating to asphalt content, aggregate gradation, and aggregate type. The summarized results and interpretations of these results are included. The economic impact of specification changes currently proposed by the SDHPT to improve HMAC quality is addressed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are drawn based on all preceding material. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt content KW - Changes KW - Economic impacts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00618799 AU - PEARSON, D AU - Bell, C E AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIPCAL5 USER'S MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 119 p. AB - In 1989, the Texas Department of Transportation, through the Texas Transportation Institute, began an overall effort to evaluate and update the practice of transportation planning in the state to equal or exceed current state-of-the-art practice in transportation planning. A new trip gneration program, TRIPCAL5, was subsequently developed to replace the trip generation programs TRIPCAL3 and TRIPCAL4 developed in the early seventies. TRIPCAL5 is a multi-functional, flexible trip generation program which allows a user to estimate trip productions and attractions for multiple trip purposes using different user-specified models. This manual provides the information necessary to set up and operate the TRIPCAL5 program. Example setups are included with copies of actual program setups with test data sets and a cross reference of the control/input records necessary for accomplishing specified objectives. One of the features of the program is the abilty to use available data for disaggregating zonal data or utilize built-in default models for disaggregating households at the zonal level by household size, household income, and/or auto ownership. KW - Computer programs KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Manuals KW - Mathematical models KW - Texas KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip generation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361502 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616399 AU - Scherocman, J A AU - Rodriguez, M A AU - Little, D N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF EQUIPMENT AND MIX VARIABLES ON SURFACE SHADOWS IN ASPHALT CONCRETE MATS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 203 p. AB - Surface irregularities causing a rough ride on an asphalt concrete pavement may be contributable to equipment related problems as well as to mix related problems. Problems relating to the laydown equipment can cause such irregularities as surface waves, ripples, tearing of the mat, screed marks, nonuniform texture and surface shadows. Surface shadows can be defined as areas of discoloration on the surface of the mat. In the past the surface shadows have been called auger shadows as they were thought to be related to overloading the augers on the paver with the asphalt concrete mix -- burying the augers. This study presents a discussion of the mixture variables as well as equipment variables which influence the presence and severity of surface shadows. The problem of surface shadows exists throughout the state of Texas. It is not restricted to any one type of mix, although mixture properties do influence the development of the phenomenon. A study of 11 hot mix projects in District 2 of the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation is presented. This study examines equipment, construction and equipment variables. Based on the results of the study of the 11 selected projects in District 2, a field construction investigation was accomplished to create surface shadows "on demand" by varying selected parameters related to the paver and the paver operation. The field test project consisted of operations at three sites within Texas. The results of this evaluation are presented and analyzed. Suggestions are made by which to prevent or decrease the intensity and frequency of surface shadows based on the results of the field evaluation. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Color KW - Construction KW - Construction variables KW - Defects KW - Discoloration KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Pavers KW - Paving KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Surface shadows (Pavement surface irregularity) KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615588 AU - Kranc, S C AU - Anderson, M W AU - Villalon, A A AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF CULVERT GRATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 57 p. AB - An experimental investigation of the hydraulic performance of culvert end sections is reported. Of particular concern is the effect on performance that the addition of safety gratings may have. The head-discharge characteristics for various model inlet treatments were measured to determine inlet performance. Hydraulic models of various end sections were tested in a recirculating flow facility. Experiments were conducted for both inlet control and outlet control, under both mild and steep slope conditions. The results of these experiments were analyzed and collected in graphical form, mapping the various regimes of culvert operation. Performance comparisons were made for culvert design, gratings and the presence of trash. The results of this investigation indicate that, in general, the addition of a grating has only a modest effect on performance. The associated problem of trash buildup, however, can be very detrimental to performance. Particularly in outlet control situations, trash acts to produce additional losses. In the case of inlet control, moderate trash buildup does not act as a loss mechanism but reduces discharge and may change the point of control. For design purposes, the data have been correlated with empirical equations and tabulated. Suggestions and recommendations for design selections are made. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Empirical equations KW - Equations KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Grates KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Hydraulics KW - Model tests KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Slopes KW - Test results KW - Trash buildup UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356648 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611880 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COLD PLASTIC AND HOT SPRAY THERMOPLASTIC ON I-20 IN SCOTT COUNTY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 12 p. AB - There are great variations in the reflectance and durability of pavement marking materials. There is a lot of variability in hot spray thermoplastic since it is manufactured in place on the highway. On asphalt some of the variability is caused by the type of spray equipment and quality control. On concrete much of the variability is caused by the primer but some is caused by the type of spray equipment and quality control. There are substantial differences between the types of cold plastic; but each type is fairly uniform. The Stamark brand cold plastic has reflectivity values that are much higher than the hot spray thermoplastic; but, the hot spray thermoplastic seems to have reached a plateau. Additional time will be required before evaluation. Skid marks on one segment of Stamark have not cleared up after more than six months. The hot spray thermoplastic has developed its normal cracking. KW - Cold plastics KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Hot spray KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality control KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Sprayers KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608457 AU - Thompson, N G AU - Lankard, D AU - Sprinkel, M M AU - Cortest Columbus Technologies AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUTING TECHNOLOGY FOR BONDED TENDONS IN POST-TENSIONED BRIDGE STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 44 p. AB - Currently there is a serious problem in the United States and elsewhere with deteriorating concrete bridges. Historically, the problem has been associated with conventionally reinforced concrete bridge structures and not with bridges with prestressed or post-tensioned concrete members. In part, this situation may reflect the fact that there are more conventionally reinforced concrete structures in existence and that they have been in service longer. The oldest post-tensioned concrete bridge structures that use presently accepted technology are less than 25 years old. However, the consequences of corrosion of reinforcing steel in prestressed concrete structures are potentially greater than that in conventionally reinforced structures. This is because the structural integrity of the bridge relies on the high tensile loading of the strands, and loss of the strand could lead to catastrophic failure of the structure. It should be noted that a catastrophic failure has not yet occurred in the United States. The grout is the final line of defense for the steel tendon in the event the duct is breached. It is of interest to examine grout technology and practice, with a view to optimizing the ability of grouts to protect prestressed tendons against corrosion. The present review was carried out as the first step in achieving this objective. This review included open literature sources and contacts with industry and government agencies involved with bonded post-tensioned concrete construction as either a supplier, a user, a specifier, or contractor. Based on a review of the grouts used to date and on the current technology of additives developed primarily for use in concrete to reduce the permeability to chloride ions, the next generation of grouts could be improved in the following areas: (1) an increased resistance to chloride penetration, (2) an improved ability to inhibit corrosion if chloride ions penetrate down to the prestressed steel, and (3) improved rheological and emplacement characteristics for minimizing voids in the grouted ducts. KW - Admixtures KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion protection KW - Grout KW - Grouting KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Reviews KW - Technology KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608657 AU - Baker, C O AU - Votapka, F E AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FISH PASSAGE THROUGH CULVERTS PY - 1990/11 SP - 75 p. AB - As the number and range of many fish species have declined and the recreation demand for fish has increased, the importance of protecting the remaining populations has also multiplied. At new culvert installations, fish passage considerations and needs have increased in complexity. A high percentage of existing drainage structures are approaching or have passed their life expectancy. The task of replacing, modifying, and/or retrofitting the surviving stuctures will dwarf past programs for providing fish passage through culverts. The report is intended to review, summarize, and update current information on fish passage through culverts. The scope of the report is limited to highway drainage structures, not including bridges. This distinction was made in an effort to concentrate on those road drainage structures that are most commonly used in fish passage situations. The publication is primarily issued for the fish biologists, engineers, and hydrologists who will be designing the projects and making current decisions on fish passage at drainage structures. KW - Culverts KW - Decision making KW - Drainage structures KW - Ecology KW - Fishes KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608620 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HANDBOOK ON SUCCESSFUL SUPERVISION FOR LOCAL ROAD SUPERVISORS PY - 1990/11 SP - 134 p. AB - This handbook is intended for use by persons who carry out the responsibilities of local government road supervisors. The principles of supervision presented in this handbook can be applied in any local organization regardless of its size or complexity. In addition, all local government road personnel who have supervisory responsibilities will benefit from the handbook. The three chapters address, respectively, the three main responsibilities of the local road supervisor: (1) Managing, (2) Motivating, and (3) Communicating. Managing includes planning, clarifying authority, setting up controls, providing support, training, selecting qualified employees, delegating responsibilities, problem-solving, making sound decisions, working with unions, providing for safety, time management, and self-development. Motivating includes performance appraisal, leadership, understanding the employee, disciplining, developing teamwork, and bringing about change. Communicating includes person-to-person communication, group communication, written communication and public relations. KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Handbooks KW - Local road supervisors KW - Management KW - Motivation KW - Responsibilities KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608643 AU - Mohamed-Ali, J A AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-SERVICE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY SAFETY DEVICES. EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. 7. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 33 p. AB - This report describes the construction sequence for installing three roadside safety hardware devices. The devices installed are 10-gauge guardrail, the Brakemaster End Terminal system, and the Crash-Cushion Attenuating Terminal (CAT) system. KW - Attenuators KW - Building KW - Construction KW - Crash cushions KW - Facilities KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Installation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351445 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608652 AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Wambold, J C AU - Antle, C E AU - Lin, C AU - Mason, J M AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY TO IDENTIFY AND CORRECT SLIPPERY PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 121 p. AB - Traditionally, the most common action conducted by state and local highway agencies to prevent accidents on wet pavements has been skid resistance surveying of roads. However, there is strong evidence, confirmed by analysis of data from 308 road sites, that pavement skid resistance correlates poorly with the number of wet accidents and thus is not a reliable measure of wet pavement safety. In this study a probabilistic model of traffic safety under wet conditions was developed. The model of the Wet Pavement Index incorporates many variables, other than skid resistance, that affect safety, such as average daily traffic, driving difficulty, and wet weather exposure for a particular section of roads. The population of roads was divided into groups of roads having similar characteristics, and separate models were developed for different groups. KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavements KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic safety KW - Variables KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608597 AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Ward, W V AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Mullins, J A AU - Kruger, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC ARTERIAL STREET SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 62 p. AB - Recently, attention has been directed towards the urban arterial street system to provide greater mobility, specifically in the form of a network of high-mobility arterial streets. These streets were named strategic arterials and would operate with greater capacity and operating speeds than current principal arterials, however, they would not fulfill the strict requirements of a freeway in terms of access control or right-of-way needs. Planning analyses demonstrated that capacity of the streets was the primary factor in causing diversion from a freeway system to a strategic arterial system. Design features associated with a strategic arterial should be different from ordinary arterial streets and identifiable by the motorist as being different. Several design criteria were identified. At-grade only improvements for a case study on an existing arterial resulted in limited increases in speed due to the highly congested nature of the area. Grade-separated improvements were needed to generate a speed that is near freeway speeds. A benefit/cost analysis of improving a 4-lane, urban city street to either a 6-lane, urban city street or a 6-lane strategic arterial demonstrated that the higher quality facility, even though more expensive, is a better investment. Implementation of strategic arterials will require strong local jurisdictional support, which will play a major role in the successful implementation of a strategic arterial network. KW - Arterial highways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design features KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Mobility KW - Operating speed KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Strategic planning KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607527 AU - Nguyen, M AU - Zaniewski, P AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXTENDED FIELD EVALUATION OF MOISTURE SENSING DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 94 p. AB - Caltrans Division of New Technology, Materials and Research conducted a research project to determine the feasibility of using moisture sensing devices to regulate automatic irrigation systems. Four of them (Watermatic, Watermark, Hydrovisor, and Hydrodyne) proved satisfactory. This study was limited to the use of one sensor per valve. One of the recommendations of this study was to conduct further studies into the possibility of using one sensor per irrigation controller. Thus, the purpose of the research project entitled "Field Evaluation of Moisture Sensing Devices" was to investigate the possibility of overriding the entire automatic irrigation controller with one sensor. The sensors tested (Hydromanager-Interrogator, Hydrovisor, Moisture Stat, and Watermatic) provided acceptable installation and reliability results in their usage of one sensor per irrigation controller. They could be used with shrubs and ground cover. No special equipment was needed for the installation of the units. No maintenance was required once calibration of the units was completed. All sensors showed savings over allotted irrigation times varying from 22 to 64%. A five-minute video presentation was produced to show the advantages and usage of the moisture sensors. KW - Automation KW - Field tests KW - Irrigation KW - Landscape maintenance KW - Moisture content KW - Reliability KW - Sensors KW - Vegetation KW - Videotapes KW - Water conservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607696 AU - Smith, K D AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Darter, M I AU - Mueller, A L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME III - SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 145 p. AB - A major national field and analytical sudy has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflections, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides a broad overview of the work performed in this study. Summaries of the effect of various design features on concrete pavement performance are reviewed and performance trends identified. The accuracy of various prediction models and analysis methods are examined using the field performance data. From that evaluation, new prediction models were developed and a cost-effectiveness evaluation was performed. KW - Accuracy KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Destructive testing KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Jointed pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical tests KW - Models KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roughness KW - Serviceability KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350930 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607695 AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL OVERLAY STRATEGIES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME V: SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 81 p. AB - A major field study and evaluation has been conducted into the effectiveness of three structural overlay types for portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. These include sawing and sealing asphalt concrete (AC) overlays of PCC pavements, cracking and seating PCC pavements prior to AC overlay, and constructing a thin bonded PCC overlay on top of the existing PCC pavement. Condition surveys, deflection testing, and roughness measurements were performed on a total of 55 sections. The performance of these sections was evaluated and the effectiveness of each overlay type analyzed. Based on the field data, guidelines were developed for the use of these structural overlays. This volume provides a broad overview of the work performed in this study. Summaries of the research findings for each of the overlay types (AC overlay and saw and seal; crack and seat and AC overlay; thin bonded concrete overlay) are presented. Also, a summary of the guidelines developed for the selection of rehabilitation alternatives is presented. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Deflection tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603216 AU - Calvert, G AU - Lane, O J AU - Anderson, C AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THIN BONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY WITH FAST TRACK CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/11 SP - 35 p. AB - Pavements have been overlaid with thin bonded portland cement concrete (PCC) for several years. These projects have had traffic detoured for a period of 5-10 days. These detours are unacceptable to the traveling public and result in severe criticism. The use of thin bonded fast track overlay was promoted to allow a thin bonded PCC overlay with minimal disruption of local traffic. This project demonstrated the concept of using one lane of the roadway to maintain traffic while the overlay was placed on the other and then, with the rapid strength gain of the fast track concrete, the construction and local traffic is maintained on the newly placed, thin bonded overlay. The goals of this project were: (1) Traffic usage immediately after placement and finishing; (2) Reduce traffic disruption on a single lane to less than 5 hours; (3) Reduce traffic disruption on a given section of two-lane roadway to less than 2 days; (4) The procedure must be economically viable and competitive with existing alternatives; (5) Design life for new construction equivalent to or in excess of conventional pavements; and (6) A 20 year minimum design life for rehabilitated pavements. KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bonding KW - Concrete overlays KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Thickness KW - Thin bonded KW - Thin films KW - Traffic delays KW - Two lane highways UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17342 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602731 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio Automation, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DATA ACQUISITION AND PLAYBACK SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10/31 SP - 77 p. AB - This project met its objectives which were to develop a system to simulate actual traffic conditions in a controlled shop test of traffic signal installations and a system to evaluate coordinated traffic signal performance based on the actual flow of traffic through the intersections. The first system uses data from the traffic signal monitor/recorder which was developed under an earlier contract. A custom designed interface allows an IBM PC or compatible computer to drive a shop test with actual field data. This capability is especially useful for correcting difficult to diagnose signal failures. The other system consists of five data acquisition devices which collect synchronized time stamped vehicle actuations and green times from traffic signal installations and the software to display this information as a series of time-space diagrams. Data are plotted in the form of a standard time-space diagram with vehicle actuations shown along the bar of signal colors for each intersection. This type of display highlights the progress of traffic relative to the traffic signal cycle. The user can easily evaluate the efficiency of a coordinated signal system by observing the proportion of vehicles which arrive on the green. Presumably they pass through the intersections without stopping. The display also provides useful information for modifying signal timing. Since the data acquisition units are portable, the system can be used as a routine tool for evaluating coordinated signal installations. The system can be expanded by acquiring additional data acquisition units. The systems are user friendly with pull down menus and prompts which help minimize the time required for learning to install the equipment and display the data. Signal shop electricians handled all the field work and data processing. KW - Coordinated signals KW - Data collection KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagrams KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Failure KW - Maintenance KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recording KW - Time-space diagrams KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601495 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT FOR TRAFFIC SIGNAL MONITOR/RECORDER AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10/24 SP - 106 p. AB - A practical, easy to install and use traffic signal monitor/recorder has been developed. In an earlier project a prototype model was developed. That unit met the functional objectives but, because of its size, use was limited to signalized intersections which had large controller housings. This project had two objectives. One was to support the implementation of the monitor/recorder and the other was to develop a miniaturized system that would fit in most controller housings and function under a broad range of environmental conditions. The goals were met. The unit is 12x9x4.5 inches and draws less than 400 milliamperes so overheating is not a problem. The new version also has additional features. A major change was removing the twenty column printer from inside the monitor recorder, replacing the small LED display with a larger, low power LCD and downloading data to a laptop computer rather than transferring information in bubble memory cassettes. The new design takes advantage of newer computer technology; a commercial laptop computer and portable printer replace the field analysis unit which was required by the original design. The result is a more flexible design that can be readily modified to take advantage of new technology. The update monitor/recorder has been in continuous use since mid-1988 and Ohio Department of Transportation signal electricians are fully capable of using the system in the shop or in the field. The monitor/recorder has proven to be a practical tool for diagnosing certain difficult to detect signal failures and has potential use in evaluating traffic signal timings. KW - Information processing KW - Miniaturization KW - Monitoring KW - Recording KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603711 AU - Tee, A-B AU - Bowman, M D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: A SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 332 p. AB - This report is the second of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents a system that can assist bridge inspectors in the assessment of bridge structural conditions. The procedure used is based on fuzzy sets mathematics. A computer program is discussed that can be run by bridge inspectors on personal computers. KW - Assessments KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Personal computers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603714 AU - Murthy, S AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 3: BRIDGE TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATION. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 38 p. AB - This is the Executive of Volume 3 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 3 presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with bridge traffic safety evaluation. A procedure was developed that can be used to determine the traffic safety index of a bridge on the basis of a set of contributing factors related to the bridge, the approach roadway and environmental conditions. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Methodology KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603718 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 5: PRIORITY RANKING METHOD. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 8 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 5 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 5 presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with the development of a priority ranking method for bridge project selection. The volume also includes an analysis to determine the effectiveness of bridge replacement and rehabilitation projects with respect to bridge structural condition ratings and remaining service lives. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349437 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603720 AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 6: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 8 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 6 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 6 presents the results of the research on bridge performance analyses and the development of an optimization model for bridge project selection. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349439 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603716 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 4: COST ANALYSIS. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 9 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 4 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 4 presents analyses conducted to develop appropriate cost and timing estimates for various bridge related activities. A computer program was then written so that a life cycle cost analysis can be undertaken to select bridge improvement activities. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603712 AU - Tee, A-B AU - Bowman, M D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 2: A SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT. REVISED EDITION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 11 p. AB - This is the Executive Summary of Volume 2 of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. Volume 2 presents a system that can assist bridge inspectors in the assessment of bridge structural conditions. The procedure used is based on fuzzy sets mathematics. A computer program is discussed that can be run by bridge inspectors on personal computers. KW - Assessments KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Personal computers KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603713 AU - Murthy, S AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 3: BRIDGE TRAFFIC SAFETY EVALUATION. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 142 p. AB - This report is the third of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with bridge traffic safety evaluation. A procedure was developed that can be used to determine the traffic safety index of a bridge on the basis of a set of contributing factors related to the bridge, the approach roadway and environmental conditions. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Methodology KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603715 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 4: COST ANALYSIS. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 187 p. AB - This report is the fourth of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents analyses conducted to develop appropriate cost and timing estimates for various bridge related activities. A computer program was then written so that a life cycle cost analysis can be undertaken to select bridge improvement activities. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603717 AU - Saito, M AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 5: PRIORITY RANKING METHOD. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 120 p. AB - This report is the fifth of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents the findings of the part of the research work dealing with the development of a priority ranking method for bridge project selection. The volume also includes an analysis to determine the effectiveness of bridge replacement and rehabilitation projects with respect to bridge structural condition ratings and remaining service lives. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349436 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603719 AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMAL STRATEGIES FOR MAINTENANCE, REHABILITATION AND REPLACEMENT OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME 6: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/10/05 SP - 102 p. AB - This report is the sixth of a six-volume final report presenting the findings of the research work that was undertaken to develop a framework for managing bridge maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement activities in Indiana. This volume presents the results of the research on bridge performance analyses and the development of an optimization model for bridge project selection. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Highway bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Structural condition UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619175 AU - Hartt, W H AU - Balamuralikrishna, R AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDES, CARBONATION AND SURFACE FILMS ON CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10/01 SP - 90 p. AB - Experiments were developed and performed to determine if glass electrodes can be employed to accurately measure pH of pore water in concrete. An attempt was made to determine the reason for the general underestimation of the alkalinity of pore water by one or more pH units when glass electrodes are used as sensors compared to the OH ion concentration obtained from titration of pore solutions expressed from hydrated cement samples. The linear response and alkaline error of glass electrodes was investigated. pH was measured for mortar samples cast in air as well as under CO2-free conditions. A flat-surface combination electrode was mostly employed for this purpose, but studies also involved the use of a microelectrode. The possible role played by Ca(OH)2 liberated during cement hydration in decarbonation of pore water is discussed based on experiments. Projections are made regarding pH and chloride-to-hydroxide service life changes which are likely under different conditions of pore water leaching and carbonation, and the implication of these with regard to concrete bridge structures in Florida are discussed. KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Carbonation KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Electrodes KW - Errors KW - Films (Coatings) KW - Glass KW - Glass electrodes KW - Measurement KW - pH value KW - Pore water KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Surface film KW - Surfaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361707 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738936 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROUND MODIFICATION SYSTEMS (STONE COLUMNS AND WICK DRAINS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY) PY - 1990/10 SP - 39 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to document construction procedures, monitor field performance, and make recommendations as to the effectiveness and future use of stone column and wick drains for ground modification purposes. This project involved the use of wick drains to accelerate consolidation in bridge approach foundations and stone columns to improve foundation support for reinforced soil walls supporting bridge abutments. This effort was executed by use of field inspections, photologs, and instrumentation to monitor field response. Instrumentation included earth pressuremeters, multipoint settlement gages, slope inclinometers, settlement platforms, and piezometers. Wick drain performance was satisfactory. One reinforced soil wall failed and the other was marginally stable. The failure appears to be the result of a combination of a weak foundation layer that was disturbed by stone column construction, high foundation pore pressure, and rapid wall construction. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Columns KW - Consolidation KW - Construction management KW - Deep foundations KW - Effectiveness KW - Field performance KW - Foundations KW - Instrumentation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soils KW - Stabilization KW - Stone KW - Stone columns KW - Wick drains UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17400/17425/PB2001101580.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572932 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00621723 AU - Seible, F AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Krishnan, K AU - Nagy, G AU - Sharabi, N AU - University of California, San Diego AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION OF ROLLING LOADS ON THE GEPFORD OVERHEAD BRIDGE SECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 47 p. AB - Internal forces and deformations in highway bridges under moving vehicle loads can be far greater than those due to the same loads applied statically. The analysis of structures subject to moving loads is complicated by the uneven riding surface, large mass of the moving vehicle relative to that of the bridge structure and the interaction between the motions of the bridge and the vehicle suspension. In laboratory bridge tests, it is customary to apply static, quasi-static or cyclic concentrated loads to large or full-scale test specimens to investigate service and overload limit states. However, the impact of moving loads at various speeds and their interaction with the dynamic characteristics of the bridge structure are either neglected or as in the current bridge design codes, empirically added. The servo-controlled multi-actuator system in the Charles Lee Powell Structural Systems Laboratory at the University of California at San Diego permits the application of simulated rolling loads through a series of computer controlled actuators along the length of a bridge structure. These actuators can be programmed to simulate rolling loads travelling at varying speeds across the bridge deck. This allows the full-scale evaluation of the influence of speed and vehicle-structure interaction on the dynamic response of the bridge section under controlled laboratory conditions. This report discusses the simulation of rolling loads on the deck of the Gepford Overhead Bridge section utilizing a time programmed series of servo-controlled actuators and parallel analytical studies of the dynamic response to moving loads at various speeds. A test method was developed to simulate fatigue type rolling loads for laboratory tests. A procedure to calibrate numerical models with the aid of experimental dynamic response data was established to study the response of bridge structures to moving loads inclusive of vehicle-structure interaction effects. KW - Calibration KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Fatigue tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Laboratory tests KW - Live loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures KW - Vehicle structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607697 AU - Scruggs, T E AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF TENSAR GEOGRID WALL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 38 p. AB - The construction of mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall using Tensar geogrids on a Chatham County, Georgia project in 1987 represented the first use of geogrid material in retaining wall construction in the state. Because the polyethylene material used in the geogrids is subject to creep under tensile loads over long periods of time, it was decided to monitor the performance of this wall and the geogrid material. The objectives of this study were to determine the elongation and strain levels of the geogrid at various elevations in the wall, and monitor horizontal and vertical movements of the retaining wall panels at certain points. The monitoring was performed at two to five month intervals for a period of three years after the wall was completed. The study concluded that the retaining wall performed satisfactorily, although movements due to creep continue to occur at a very slow rate. Total strain levels of the geogrid were found to be within acceptable limits, as were the vertical settlements of the wall panels. Horizontal movements, due to creep, mobilization and deformations were within reasonable limits, although larger movements should be expected with this wall type than with walls reinforced with metal straps. Tensar designed geogrid walls were recommended as alternates to walls reinforced with metal straps for walls fifteen to twenty feet high. Other recommendations included increasing panel batter, limiting geogrid design strength to control creep, and continuing to monitor extensometer movements over the next five years to study the creep rate of the grid. KW - Creep KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elongation KW - Ethylene resins KW - Extensometers KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Horizontal displacement KW - Instrumentation KW - Length KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Polyethylene KW - Retaining walls KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Vertical displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00621722 AU - Seible, F AU - Krishnan, K AU - Pardoen, G C AU - Kazanjy, R AU - THOMAS, J AU - University of California, San Diego AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS FOR REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING MEASURES OF THE GEPFORD OVERHEAD SECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 101 p. AB - Experimental modal analysis prevalent within the automotive and aerospace industries has been rarely used for damage detection or structural rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structures. Experimental modal analysis, when used to evaluate the dynamic response characteristics, can predict the change in structural stiffness with ease and a level of confidence. A three phase repair and strengthening program of a full-scale prototype bridge was performed. Steps included: (1) repair of all flexural cracks by epoxy injection; (2) strengthening of the bridge section with external post-tensioning tendons; and (3) investigation of a new strengthening technique for RC T-girder bridges consisting of the addition of a precast prestressed bottom soffit slab. It is the subject of this report to describe and evaluate the changes in dynamic response characteristics of the Gepford Overhead Section due to the strengthening measures outlined above as obtained from forced vibration tests and subsequent modal analyses performed at strategic states prior and subsequent to the structural modifications. Test results clearly indicate a significant change in the structural stiffness due to epoxy grouting of the flexural cracks in the bridge girders. These findings were substantiated by service load tests and yield limit state tests performed prior and subsequent to the epoxy grouting of all flexural cracks. An increase in the transverse stiffness of the bridge section was observed with the addition of the bottom soffit panel. Reduced forced vibration test data for all repair stages are presented. KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Forecasting KW - Girders KW - Grouting KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Test results KW - Vibration tests KW - Vibrational testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619202 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Orloski, R L AU - Hashmi, A M AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF DRIVER'S OPINION ABOUT WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL ON A RURAL HIGHWAY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 67 p. AB - The responses of 441 drivers who traveled through a construction zone on I-57 were collected and analyzed. The drivers were surveyed for their understanding, interpretation, and reaction to work zone traffic control signs and messages. They were also asked for suggestions to improve work zone safety. The analysis indicated that 77% of the drivers paid more attention to work zone signs. About 83% said they saw the flagger and 88% of them correctly understood the flagger's message, while only 92% reduced their speed. Speed limit signs were noticed by 87%, but correctly remembered by only 90% of them. About 90% of the drivers reduced their speed after seeing speed limit signs but 6% did not. One-third of the drivers reported their speed being greater than the speed limit. About 94% of the speeding drivers felt that their speed was safe enough for the work zone conditions. Over three-fourths of the drivers said the posted speed limit in the work zone was was about right, but 17% said it was too low. Even though 79% of the drivers said the posted speed limit was about right, only 59% said they drove at or below this speed limit. The work zone signs conveyed a clear enough message such that a majority of the drivers were guided comfortably through the work zone. However, about 5% replied that one or more signs were confusing to them. While there was not an agreement on the "confusing" signs, the posted speed limit signs were cited by several drivers. The motorists did not perceive the driving conditions in the work zone to be hazardous; only 54% of the drivers said that going through the work zone was more hazardous than a non-work zone. The driving conditions in the work zone were described as comfortable by 3/4 of the drivers and uncomfortable by 22%. The report contains an analysis of the responses and drivers' suggestions. KW - Compliance KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Flaggers KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Perception KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Speed limits KW - Speed signs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-066.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611101 AU - Washington, E J AU - Pinnoi, N AU - Stokes, R W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE HIGHWAY INVESTMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 75 p. AB - This report presents a review of the literature, a survey of current practices regarding policies used to foster economic development through intercity highway improvements, and the identification of current analytical techniques for assessing the economic development impacts of highways. The review contains extensive documentation of economic development programs in other states which should be useful to the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SDHPT) in developing guidelines for evaluating the economic development potentials of highway expenditures in Texas. However, the precise impact of a particular transportation improvement often times is difficult to assess. The results of a preliminary survey indicate that 9 state DOTs give some consideration to, or use the promotion of economic development as part of, their long range statewide highway planning criteria. The objectives of these efforts range from the mere completion of a statewide four lane network to the development of a process specifically intended to increase the competitive advantage of the state's communities by funding certain types of highway improvement. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Data collection KW - Econometric models KW - Economic development KW - Economic impacts KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway economics KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Input output models KW - Intercity KW - Intercity transportation KW - Investments KW - Literature reviews KW - Policy KW - State departments of transportation KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Time series analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611157 AU - Mottola, V E AU - Chmiel, A AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD RECYCLING OF BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS, BUCKSHUTEM ROAD, COUNTY ROUTE 670, CUMBERLAND COUNTY, NEW JERSEY. CONSTRUCTION AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 AB - This report describes the New Jersey Department of Transportation's (NJDOT's) first experience using a Cold Recycling process for rehabilitation of a bituminous roadway. In this process 2 to 3 in. of bituminous material were milled along with 3 to 4 in. of base material. This material was then thoroughly mixed with an asphalt emulsion. The effectiveness of this process was gauged by a program of Visual Inspection, Benkelman Beam Measurements, and Resilient Modulus Testing. However, the process was discontinued after about 1 1/2 miles were completed because of the overly ambitious approach taken. Major changes to the geometry of the original roadway were attempted with this process. These changes to line and grade were not possible with the equipment used on this project. Additionally, the material recycled with the surface course (mostly clays), required several days to set up necessitating closing of the roadway to all but local traffic. KW - Benkelman beam KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Inspection KW - Milling KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610253 AU - Hicks, R G AU - Esch, D C AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-ART ON RUTTING IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1990/10 SP - 73 p. AB - This report presents an overview of the state-of-the-art on rutting in asphalt concrete pavements. Items addressed include: 1) mechanism of rutting; 2) test methods used to characterize asphalt mixtures; and 3) models for predicting rutting. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Forecasting KW - Machines KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanisms KW - Models KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - State of the art studies KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ak_rd_91_04.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610110 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROGRAM GUIDE: UTILITY ADJUSTMENTS AND ACCOMMODATION ON FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY PROJECTS. SECOND EDITION PY - 1990/10 SP - 89 p. AB - This program guide was developed to assist individuals administering Federal-aid highway programs which involve: (1) use of Federal-aid highway funds for the relocation and adjustment of utility facilities, and (2) accommodation of utility facilities and private lines on the right-of-way of Federal-aid highway projects. This second edition supersedes the original document dated June 1986. It reviews, by subject matter, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) regulations, policies, and practices dealing with utility relocation and accommodation matters which are found in 23 CFR, Part 645, Subparts A and B and in 23 CFR, Part 635, Subpart B. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Equipment adjustment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Federal aid highways KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Policy KW - Public utilities KW - Regulations KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Utilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610138 AU - Hays, C O AU - Hoit, M I AU - Selvappalam, M AU - Vinayagamoorthy, M AU - Consolazio, G R AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RATING OF GIRDER-SLAB BRIDGES WITH AUTOMATED FINITE ELEMENT MODELING TECHNIQUES. INTERIM PROJECT REPORT/FINAL CONTRACT REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 351 p. AB - This research is part of an on-going program to develop better bridge rating systems using finite element technology. Originally, a lateral load distribution factor program, SALOD, was developed for design and rating of simple span bridges. SALOD is now routinely used by the Florida Department of Transportation. A complete bridge rating system, BRUFEM, is now being developed that will be able to handle the vast majority of the bridges in Florida using a finite element model for the analyses. BRUFEM consists of four FORTRAN programs: 1) a preprocessor for steel and concrete bridges, BRUFEM1, that develops a finite element model from a relatively small amount of input data and prepares input files for the finite element program; 2) a finite element program, SIMPAL, that solves the model created by the person using the preprocessor and outputs the results of the finite element analyses for printing and post-processing; 3) a post-processor, BRUFEM3, that reads unformatted SIMPAL output files and does the bridge rating based on the appropriate service level or strength criteria (the post-processor is now developed to handle both pretensioned simple spans and post-tensioned continuous spans, tee beam and flat slab bridges); and 4) a graphics post-processor. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608656 AU - Cable, J K AU - Marks, V J AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Midwest Transportation Consortium AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS FOR THE AUTOMATED PAVEMENT DISTRESS DATA COLLECTION EQUIPMENT SEMINAR, AMES, IOWA, JUNE 12-15, 1990 PY - 1990/10 SP - 703 p. AB - Pavement rehabilitation decisions require reliable performance data that can be used to establish current and predicted conditions of a highway system. Collection of the data by manual methods is usually costly, requires large amounts of manpower, involves high personnel safety risks, and tends to be very subjective and not very repeatable. The development of automated procedures that use cameras and microcomputer technology is proving to be an aid in solving many of these problems. Several equipment manufacturers were present to demonstrate the use of their systems. They were observed by some 275 participants, representing State and local highway agencies and countries from around the world. Experts in the pavement distress identification and analysis area presented papers dealing with various aspects of the subject. The proceedings includes copies of all the presented papers, a list of seminar participants, summary information and sample output for several devices, and questions/answers concerning the topic. KW - Automation KW - Cameras KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Road meters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608642 AU - Woodham, D AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE DECK REPAIR DEMONSTRATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 42 p. AB - Six bridges on I-25 north of Denver were rehabilitated in 1984. Long-term monitoring of the three deck toppings (Colorado DT, low slump with fly ash, and latex modified) was done to evaluate the relative corrosion resistance of the three materials. Comparisons between the low slump (LS) with fly ash and latex-modified bridge toppings showed that the LS was easier to work with, was a more uniform product and limited chloride intrusion as well as the latex-modified concrete. Half-cell testing was performed yearly on the decks as well as visual checks on the condition of the deck surface. Cost data showed that the use of Colorado DT mix cost approximately half of the installed cost of latex-modified concrete. LS deck topping cost approximately 70% of the latex-modified concrete. Currently latex-modified concrete is not used in deck toppings in Colorado. The use of fly ash in deck toppings is allowed but not generally used. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fly ash KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Slump test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608107 AU - McMahon AU - Halstead AU - Baker AU - Granley AU - Kelly AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1990/10 SP - 70 p. AB - This report contains the reprint of six articles on the subject of quality assurance that have appeared in the past issues of "Public Roads" magazine. The articles are divided into the following: (1) Introduction and Concepts; (2) Quality Assurance of Embankments and Base Courses; (3) Quality Assurance of Portland Cement Concrete; (4) Variations of Bituminous Construction; (5) Summary of Research for Quality Assurance of Aggregate; (6) Control Charts. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Quality assurance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351065 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607700 AU - Banks, J H AU - San Diego State University AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF HOV BYPASS LANE LOCATION ON VIOLATION RATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 14 p. AB - High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) bypass lanes are a common feature of ramp metering systems. This report addresses the question of whether HOV-lane violation rates are significantly affected by placement of the HOV lane to the left or right of the single-occupancy (SOV) lane. It is concluded that the placement of the lane has no significant effect. It is recommended that placement of HOV lanes to the left or right of the SOV lane be left to local discretion, and that the decision be based on considerations other than the potential effect on violation rates. KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Location KW - Ramp metering KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Violations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605663 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARKETING HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY AND PROGRAMS PY - 1990/10 SP - 68 p. AB - As the private sector applies marketing techniques to develop and--ultimately--to sell products to customers, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) must also have effective approaches for developing products that meet the needs of the highway community and ensuring that those products are delivered. The FHWA Executive Committee for Marketing formed two groups to assist in this effort, the Work Group and the Marketing Team. The result of their efforts is this report which establishes a framework for defining the process of marketing highway technology and programs within the FHWA's mission, and an approach for building a cooperative relationship with the highway community. Four premises are presented and discussed. These concern (1) marketing and promotion as priorities, (2) involvement and outreach, (3) FHWA operations, and (4) the marketing process. KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Highways KW - Marketing KW - Promotion KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603106 AU - McLean, D I AU - Lim, K Y AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOMENT-REDUCING HINGE DETAILS FOR THE BASES OF BRIDGE COLUMNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 46 p. AB - Bridge foundations in seismic regions are usually designed to withstand the plastic hinge moments that develop at the bases of the columns. Various hinge details have been proposed to reduce or even eliminate the moments transferred to the foundations, and thereby reduce the sizes and costs of the foundations. This study experimentally investigated the behavior of column specimens incorporating different moment-reducing hinge details. Tests were performed on reinforced concrete column specimens subjected to increasing inelastic lateral displacements under constant axial load. The study investigated effects on hinge performance of several parameters, including vertical discontinuity in the hinge detail, level of axial load, low-cycle fatigue characteristics, column aspect ratio, and different amounts of longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. The test results of this investigation showed that hinge details can be incorporated into columns to significantly reduce the moment capacity at the bases of the columns. However, the moments are not negligible, as is sometimes assumed for design with the moment-reducing hinge details. Providing vertical discontinuity in the hinge resulted in reduced distress in the longitudinal reinforcement and improved the performance of the hinge. Preliminary design recommendations were proposed for the comprehensive design of moment-reducing hinge details at the bases of the bridge columns. KW - Aspect ratio KW - Axial loads KW - Bridge foundations KW - Columns KW - Design KW - Earthquakes KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Hinges KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Plastics KW - Ratios KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Seismic loading KW - Test results UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/220.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602625 AU - Scheck, D AU - Rogers, R AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATIC TURNING MOVEMENT COUNTER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 61 p. AB - A thorough search of the literature revealed seven sensor technologies that could be used to detect and track vehicles through turning movements. The most promising were evaluated in laboratory experiments and two, piezoelectric film and ultrasonic, were tested in actual traffic. The sensors functioned rather well under low speed conditions such as entering and leaving parking lots, but the piezoelectric film quickly failed when subjected to high speed heavy truck traffic. As temporary road surface mounted sensors they could not be protected sufficiently to survive for a reasonable length of time, e.g., two days. Algorithms were developed to analyze the signals from a prototype ultrasonic sensor system which was placed at a two-lane, four-way rural intersection. The system counted turning movements correctly but the sensor deployment scheme was not suitable for routine use. These results led to additional testing and evaluation of sensor technologies. Passive infrared sensors gave a strong analog signal or signature which varied among the different types and sizes of vehicles. Tracking would be possible by correlating the signal patterns of vehicles that were entering and leaving an intersection. The decision was reached to evaluate the passive infrared sensors in an off-road vehicle volume, speed and classification system before doing any further investigation of turning movement counting. KW - Algorithms KW - Field tests KW - Film KW - Infrared detectors KW - Intersections KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Performance evaluations KW - Piezoelectric film KW - Piezoelectric materials KW - Rural highways KW - Sensors KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602563 AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MOISTURE DAMAGE IN ASPHALT MIXTURES BY TUNNICLIFF AND ROOT PROCEDURE (NCHRP 274). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 28 p. AB - Six bituminous mixtures were evaluated in this study. They were tested by the Immersion-Compression test, AASHTO T-165, Group 2, Alternate Procedure, and the Tunnicliff-Root procedure (NCHRP 274). Field samples were then obtained. Comparisons were made between the laboratory tests and the field samples. It is then concluded, considering the difficulty and time required for sample preparation and the lack of reliability of the test results in predicting field performance, the Tunnicliff-Root procedure has no advantages over the Immersion-Compression test. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compression tests KW - Forecasting KW - Immersion compression test KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture damage KW - Test results KW - Tunnicliff-root procedure KW - Water UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP88-3_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600698 AU - Chamberlin, W P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE AND SERVICE LIFE OF LOW-SLUMP-CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS IN NEW YORK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/10 SP - 30 p. AB - Fifty randomly selected concrete bridge decks in New York State, overlaid with low-slump concrete, were studied in 1985 after an average of 5 years of service. The investigation included recording surface defects, measuring delamination and half-cell potentials, and sampling and testing for deck chloride profile. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the nature and significance of the observed damage, and estimates are made of service life expectancy. Policy implications for the New York State Department of Transportation are discussed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Defects KW - Delamination KW - Half cell potential KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Service life KW - Slump test UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21117/PB99100141.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629081 AU - Conners, D H AU - Riesenberg, F AU - Charney, R D AU - McEwen, M A AU - Krone, R B AU - Tchobanoglous, G AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH NEEDS: SALT MARSH RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, AND CREATION TECHNIQUES FOR CALTRANS CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09/01 SP - 61 p. AB - Highway construction projects along the California coast can potentially damage adjacent saltwater marshes causing a loss of saltmarsh values. Normally, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) tries to avoid these losses by moving highway alignments or other techniques. Occasionally, saltmarsh losses are unavoidable necessitating marsh restoration projects to replace lost saltmarsh values. Considerable information is available from research completed on saltmarsh mitigation, but much of this research has been conducted in States along the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico. Much less specific information is available for California. In this study, we investigated the available information on saltmarsh hydrodynamic processes, soil development, vegetation establishment, monitoring requirements, spatial requirements, construction techniques and storm water treatment. The purpose of the investigation was to determine information needs to conduct effective saltmarsh mitigation projects in California. In each area, what was known about the subject was summarized and a list of research needs was determined. The research needs developed are primarily applicable to the California coast with general application to other coastal salt marsh areas. This report is part of a series of reports on saltmarsh mitigation prepared by the University of California for the California Department of Transportation. KW - California KW - Construction management KW - Environmental impacts KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Research KW - Restoration KW - Road construction KW - Salt marshes KW - Salt water areas KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611096 AU - Moses, F AU - Fu, G K AU - Liu, Y W AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF PERMIT LOADS ON BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09/01 SP - 120 p. AB - Most states, including Ohio, have recently seen increasing numbers of overweight permit trucks and requests for even heavier and more frequent overloads. A major concern is the effect of such loads on the safety and remaining life of highway bridges. The study used a statistical data base for bridge loadings and simulated the effects of permit overloads. The simulation included distributions of truck weights, volumes, multiple lane occupancy and vehicle spacings. The output was a distribution (mean and coefficient of variation) of maximum load effect for a specified time duration ranging from a single vehicle crossing to a two-year inspection interval. A reliability model of bridge safety consistent with recent AASHTO code developments was broadened to cover permit loadings. Three categories of permit trucks were considered including a) routine frequent permits, b) special-single passage permits and c) escorted vehicles. For each permit category, load factors were derived to produce target reliability levels. Examples are included. The recommendations for reviewing permit loads were implemented in a specification format. These provisions are being incorporated in the proposed new AASHTO Maintenance Inspection Manual now under review. In addition, to facilitate permit issuance "bridge formulas" were derived which relate the permit vehicles subgroup weight and wheel base to the bridge rating factor preset as a percentage of the Ohio legal load. Also, formulas were derived to convert all bridges to an equivalent HS level. To assist in developing a permit fee structure, the study reviewed fatigue damage models. Several results are given based on a cost per bridge or a cost per route mile to assess different weight permits. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fees KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Load limits KW - Loss and damage KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356015 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403122 AU - Griffin, L I AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineers' guide to program and product evaluation PY - 1990/09 IS - FHWA/SA-93-028 SP - 89p AB - Part One of the Engineers' Guide To Program and Product Evaluation describes the functions and characteristics of the Federal Highway Administration's research and development efforts and the categories of R&D program and product evaluation. Part Two of the Guide describes a six-step procedure for conducting R&D program /product evaluations using three hypothetical evaluations of programs or products that address different evaluation topics and different circumstances encountered in conducting evaluations. The purpose of the Federal Highway Administration's multimillion dollar R&D effort is to improve the efficiency and mobility of the nation's transportation system and enhance the safety of the motoring public. The on-going R&D process ensures that technology keeps up with steadily increasing demands on the highway transportation system. Products or programs that result from R&D raise questions of effectiveness and performance, which are addressed through evaluation programs that are an integral part of the R&D process. KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170906 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760492 AU - Utah Travel Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: UTAH SCENIC BYWAYS AND BACKWAYS: A CASE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND TWO-TIERED INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 14 p. AB - The initiative to develop a scenic road system in Utah was inspired by a study which was completed in late 1985 by a local government group known as the Five County Association of Governments. This local initiative was to become the prototype of a statewide program that would involve the participation of several state and federal agencies and many local government groups, and would become a major marketing action for Utah's tourism and recreation industry. This Case Study presents the history of the process that followed from the local "grass roots" initiative and led to the statewide program known as Utah Scenic Byways and Backways. KW - Case studies KW - History KW - Recreational roads KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760493 AU - Robertson, R A AU - Simpson, S V AU - ROBERTSON, M AU - Iowa State University, Ames AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: WISCONSIN'S RUSTIC ROAD PROGRAM PY - 1990/09 SP - 107 p. AB - The case study of Wisconsin's Rustic Road Program is a detailed description of one of the nation's most established state-maintained scenic byways programs. Established in 1973, the Rustic Roads Program includes fifty-seven county, town, and municipal roads, varying in length from 1 to 26 mi (1.6 to 41.6 km) and ranging in character from single-lane unimproved roadbed to two-lane paved county highway. The case study is presented in six sections and seven appendices. Section 1 gives an administrative history of the Rustic Roads Program. Section 2 identifies the costs of the program. Section 3&4 (combined) identifies the benefits and disadvantages of participation in the program. Section 5 explains the contributions of the Rustic Road Program in protecting the natural, historic and/or agricultural integrity of the road and its immediate surroundings. Section 6 catalogues both the positive and negative attributes of Wisconsin's fifty-seven Rustic Roads. KW - Aesthetics KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - History KW - Recreation KW - Scenic highways KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738935 AU - Graves, C AU - ALLEN, D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROAD RATER CORRELATION PY - 1990/09 SP - 27 p. AB - In this study, a correlation has been conducted between the Model 400B and the Model 2000 Road Rater. Also contained in this study, is a study of the linearity of the Road Rater measurements. Information gained from this study will provide better understanding of Road Rater measurements. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Deflection KW - Linearity KW - Measurement KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Road raters UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17400/17448/PB2001101644.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572931 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734634 AU - Hunt, H AU - Gidley, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TOXICITIES OF SELECTED BRIDGE PAINTING MATERIALS AND GUIDELINES FOR BRIDGE PAINTING PROJECTS PY - 1990/09 SP - 245 p. AB - The effects of bridge painting operations on aquatic ecosystems were studied. Bioassays using Daphnia magna, Physa gyrina, Selenastrum capricornutum, fathead minnows, and rainbow trout were performed. The results indicate that both lead pigmented paints and paints pigmented with zinc compounds can cause toxicity. Biocides and cleaning detergent tested were highly toxic. A set of guidelines was developed to assist highway workers in determining and mitigating the impacts of bridge painting projects on the aquatic environment. The aquatic environment is broadly defined to include all beneficial uses of water and the habitat created by the water. In the guidelines, the aquatic setting is first determined, then the nature of the project is established. From the aquatic setting and nature of the project, the Area of Potential Environmental Impact and the impacts of the project are determined. Finally, mitigation is discussed. KW - Abrasives KW - Aquatic life KW - Bioassay KW - Blast cleaning KW - Bridges KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Lead (Metal) KW - Mitigation KW - Paint KW - Painting KW - Toxicity KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477998 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646133 AU - Griffin, L I AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERS' GUIDE TO PROGRAM AND PRODUCT EVALUATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 89 p. AB - Part One of this Guide describes the functions and characteristics of the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) research and development (R&D) efforts and the categories of R&D program and product evaluation. Part Two of the Guide describes a six-step procedure for conducting R&D program/product evaluations using three hypothetical evaluations of programs or products that address different evaluation topics and different circumstances encountered in conducting evaluations. The purpose of the FHWA's multimillion dollar R&D effort is to improve the efficiency and mobility of the nation's transportation system and enhance the safety of the motoring public. The on-going R&D process ensures that technology keeps up with steadily increasing demands on the highway transportation system. Products or programs that result from R&D raise questions of effectiveness and performance, which are addressed through evaluation programs that are an integral part of the R&D process. KW - Development KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Product development KW - Product evaluation KW - Program evaluation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology applications KW - Technology assessment KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639861 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS PY - 1990/09 SP - n.p. AB - Implementation of traffic control technology to improve the operating efficiency of the nation's streets and highways is receiving an increased commitment of resources in an attempt to solve congestion problems. It is important that the devices acquired with these resources be utilized to their maximum capability. Based on this premise, it is appropriate that the operation and maintenance of traffic control systems be evaluated and improved as needed. This review evaluated the effectiveness of States, counties, and cities in operating and maintaining traffic control systems. Emphasis during the review was on available technical expertise, operational planning, maintenance, equipment and funding. Another aspect of the review was to determine the adequacy of the monitoring efforts of the Federal Highway Administration and the State highway agencies. The review team visited a total of 24 traffic control systems in seven states between February and June 1990. Their findings are presented in this report, which is organized as follows: Review Element I - FHWA/State guidance; Review Element II - Technical Expertise; Review Element III - Operations; and Review Element IV - Maintenance. KW - Equipment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Guidance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Monitoring KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Operations KW - Operations planning KW - Planning KW - Professional personnel KW - Specialists KW - Technical expertise KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497353 AU - RICH, M M AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF REST AREA TRUCK PARKING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 56 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to develop a model to estimate the demand for truck parking at rest areas, and to recommend policy actions that will mitigate safety and maintenance problems that arise from truck parking on the shoulders of rest area access ramps. One-day surveys were conducted at 28 rest areas to record characteristics of truck parking. This information was analyzed to identify relationships that explain the magnitude of parking demand and its variation by time of day. The resulting model can be applied at three levels of detail, depending on the information available to the user. Policy recommendations are made regarding (a) the provision of additional truck parking space in the context of the Ohio Department of Transportation's Long Range Rest Area Improvement Program and (b) the reduction of truck parking on ramp shoulders. KW - Estimating KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Parking KW - Parking demand KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Safety KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608438 AU - American Society of Landscape Architects AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: CREATIVE LANDSCAPE DESIGN SOLUTIONS IN SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 47 p. AB - This report identifies examples of landscape design which accommodate development while enhancing scenic highway environments. It describes design and planning considerations which can help incorporate creative landscape design solutions in scenic highways. The analytic approach identifies a range of notable and award-winning examples of landscape design solutions for scenic highways, analyzes how positive and negative scenic values associated with those highway environments were handled in the design process, and describes the key factors which led to creative landscape design solutions in case study examples. KW - Case studies KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Landscape design KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351213 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608440 AU - Bicycle Federation of America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: THE IMPACT OF BICYCLING ON SCENIC HIGHWAYS: PLANNING REQUIREMENTS THAT AFFECT BICYCLE USE AND SAFETY ON SCENIC HIGHWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 48 p. AB - This report begins with the premise that the potential impact of increased bicycle use on scenic highways is of minor significance compared to the potential impact of scenic highway designation on bicyclists. Chapter one examines the use, sales and demographics of bicycling to determine who is doing the kind of riding that might occur on scenic highways and what is the economic impact of bicyclists using such roads. Chapter 2 looks at what bicyclists hope to get from the experience of riding on scenic highways, or roads that could be scenic highways, and discusses the factors influencing enjoyment of roads. This chapter also makes clear the potential impacts of scenic highway designation on bicycling and bicyclists. Chapter 3 discusses how the impact of scenic highways on bicycling can be mitigated, and vice versa, through planning, engineering and education. Conclusions and recommendations are contained in Chapter 4. KW - Bicycles KW - Cyclists KW - Demographics KW - Economic impacts KW - Education KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Impacts KW - Mitigation KW - Recommendations KW - Sales KW - Scenic highways KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608447 AU - Urban Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This report briefly describes potentially important economic impacts of scenic byways and provides a few simple procedures that can be used in estimating these impacts. The discussion is organized under the following headings: tourism revenues, jobs, multiplier effects, and land use and development patterns. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Employment KW - Estimating KW - Land use KW - Land values KW - Real estate development KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608449 AU - Heritage Task Force for the Hudson River Valley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC ROADS IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1990/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This report focuses on the development of the New York State Scenic Roads Program pursuant to Article 49 of the Environmental Conservation Law of New York State. The program is traced from its origins in the State Natural Beauty Commission in the 1960s through to its present implementation by the Department of Environmental Conservation. The following chapters are included: (I) Introduction; (II) Origins, Development and Implementation; (III) Scenic Road Protection Techniques (road maintenance and land use practices); (IV) Relationship to Tourism; (V) Local Scenic Roads Programs; (VI) Other State-Level Scenic Roads Initiatives; and (VII) Strengths and Weaknesses of the State Scenic Roads Program. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Highway maintenance KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Local government KW - New York (State) KW - Programs KW - Scenic highways KW - State government KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608434 AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: CHRONOLOGIC HISTORY OF SCENIC BYWAYS IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1990/09 SP - 32 p. AB - This report contains a chronologic history of scenic byways in North Carolina, followed by discussions of specific issues concerning these byways. The issues discussed include safety, environmental and land use issues, and economic issues. The concluding discussion concerns near and long term issues on North Carolina's scenic byways. KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - History KW - Land use KW - North Carolina KW - Safety KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608436 AU - American Recreation Coalition AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: COMMON ELEMENTS OF STATE AND NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 69 p. AB - This report is presented in four parts. Part I is a summary report on three major scenic byways conferences. These conferences were (1) Scenic Byways '88, May 1-3, Washington, D.C.; (2) Scenic Byways '89, November 5-7, Washington, D.C.; and (3) Western Scenic Byways Conference, February 5-7, 1990, Monterey, California. Part II explores how four states--Colorado, Maryland, North Carolina and Utah--established scenic byway programs. All four states have different methods for designating roads, have similar but unique criteria, and measure their success in different ways. Part III contains suggested elements of a complementary national scenic byways program. Part IV is the Appendix, containing lists of state contacts for scenic byways. KW - Colorado KW - Conferences KW - Establishing KW - Federal government KW - Maryland KW - North Carolina KW - Programs KW - Scenic highways KW - States KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351211 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608451 AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SAFETY IMPACTS, DESIGN STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS FOR SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 50 p. AB - The objectives of this study were as follows: to develop alternative classification systems for scenic roads; to assess the impacts of designation as a scenic road; to consider minimum design standards required for safety on scenic roads; and to suggest scenic road eligibility criteria related to safety. Of four alternative classification systems examined, one is based on design, safety and operational elements and the other three on driver expectancy or the level of expectation. The report contains the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Classification Systems for Scenic and Recreational Routes; (3) Generalized Impacts Due to Designation as a Scenic and Recreational Route; (4) Impact on Road Design Elements; (5) Design Criteria and Maintenance Standards for Public Roads; (6) Anticipated Impacts on Specific Scenic Route Categories; (7) Minimum Standards for Design Elements and Auxiliary Features; and (8) Summary. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Classification KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design features KW - Design standards KW - Highway design KW - Impacts KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance standards KW - Safety KW - Scenic highways KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608453 AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: NEW HAMPSHIRE'S SCENIC BYWAYS: ECONOMIC IMPACTS PY - 1990/09 SP - 247 p. AB - This report contains the results of an economic case study of the potential for a scenic byways system in New Hampshire. The case study includes a comparative analysis of two areas within the State. The first is the Kancamagus Highway area which traverses the scenic White Mountains from Conway to Lincoln. In 1989, the Kancamagus Highway was dedicated as a National Scenic Byway by the U.S. Forest Service. The Lake Sunapee area including portions of the Towns of Newbury, New London and Sunapee was the focus of the second portion of the study. This area includes a number of scenic, cultural and historic resources all of which would be potential ingredients for a scenic byway system. The report is organized as follows: (A) Executive Summary; (B) Part I - Phase One Report; (C) Part II - Phase Two Report; (D) Part III - Visitors Survey - Final Report; (E) Part IV - Bibliography and References; (F) Part V - Appendices; and (G) Part VI - Visitor Survey Statistics. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Comparative analysis KW - Data collection KW - Economic impacts KW - New Hampshire KW - Scenic highways KW - Surveys KW - Travelers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608441 AU - Seaway Trail, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAM PY - 1990/09 SP - 11 p. AB - The Seaway Trail is the longest National Recreation Trail in the United States. Seaway Trail, Inc., is a private sector not-for-profit organization concerned with tourism development of the Seaway Trail. This report contains Seaway Trail, Inc.'s recommendations for a national scenic byways system. Briefly stated, these recommendations are as follows: the Federal Highway Administration should identify criteria, organizational structure and funding to establish scenic byway legislation; use terminology that is more appropriate and encompassing than scenic byways; review highway systems considered for inclusion at both the state and federal levels; establish overall guidelines that participating organizations follow, including funding, planning, signage, and merchandising; create an ongoing monitoring system; plan for receptive signage that considers recreation and tourism needs; adopt an appropriate highway corridor management plan to be developed and implemented; protect and enhance scenic, natural and cultural resources of the system; and invite lateral network participation from public and private sector groups. KW - Definitions KW - Development KW - Governments KW - Guidelines KW - Management KW - Monitoring KW - Natural resources KW - Private enterprise KW - Protection KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608448 AU - US Forest Service AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SAN JUAN SKYWAY: A PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP CASE STUDY PY - 1990/09 SP - 25 p. AB - In the fall of 1988, the San Juan Skyway became the 13th National Forest Scenic Byway to be designated as such by the U.S. Forest Service. It is the longest National Forest Scenic Byway in the country and the first to be designated in the state of Colorado. Both designations are the result of agreements and commitments between the Colorado Division of Highways, Bureau of Land Management, and the two national forests involved. The U.S. Forest Service has chosen the San Juan Skyway as its leading example of how partnerships may be used to bring the public and private sectors together in the creation of a scenic byway. The Skyway is the result of cost-sharing partnerships between many federal, state and local agencies, as well as private industry. This report contains a case study of the San Juan Skyway. It describes why public/private partnerships on the San Juan Skyway project have been successful; identifies, describes and demonstrates the value and need for partnerships; provides guidelines to develop strategies for establishing and implementing partnerships; and addresses marketing, tourism and rural economic development as each relates to partnerships. KW - Case studies KW - Cost sharing KW - Economic development KW - Establishing KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Marketing KW - Public private partnerships KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608444 AU - Academy for State and Local Government AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS PROGRAMS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES PY - 1990/09 SP - 33 p. AB - This report presents the results of a survey of selected tourism-oriented, developed countries concerning their scenic highways and byways programs. The wide variation in the quality and comprehensiveness of responses, the wide range of national experience they reflect, and the near complete absence of dependable data in such areas as economic impacts argued against aggregating the replies under subject headings. Instead, the report is organized on a country by country basis with replies under five thematic subjects: the designation process, signage, environmental issues, economic impacts, and promotion initiatives. The countries surveyed are the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Denmark, Australia, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, West Germany, Canada, and Japan. KW - Australia KW - Austria KW - Authorizations KW - Canada KW - Data collection KW - Denmark KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - France KW - Germany KW - Italy KW - Japan KW - Netherlands KW - Programs KW - Promotion KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs KW - Surveys KW - Switzerland KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608445 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A STUDY OF THE HIGHWAY SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY PY - 1990/09 SP - 28 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to: 1) identify and document the highway safety and operational consequences associated with travel on the Blue Ridge Parkway, and 2) determine the design features and operational characteristics of scenic and recreational roads that are most likely to have the greatest impact on highway safety. During a recent four year period, there were 1,499 accidents on the Blue Ridge Parkway. The accidents rates for this period were: total accident rate = 2.5 accidents/MVMT; injury accident rate = 76.8 accidents/100 MVMT; and the fatal accident rate = 4.0/100 MVMT. When comparing these statistics to rates based on data from other national parks service roads and other roads, the Blue Ridge Parkway fatal accident rate was higher. Single vehicle accidents accounted for 78.6% of all accidents. Motorcycles were overrepresented in the accident statistics. The following road features were found to have the greatest impact on highway safety: a) road geometrics - curves and downgrades in combination, and curves alone (adverse impact), b) roadside maintenance - improving sight distance and signing, and replacing wood guardrail with steel backed, wood guardrail (positive impact), and c) environmental features - fixed objects such as earth embankments, trees, guardrail, and rock outcropping, and points of entry and exit to the Parkway (adverse impact). KW - Blue Ridge Parkway KW - Case studies KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Fixed object KW - Geometric design KW - Guardrails KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Injuries KW - Motorcycles KW - North Carolina KW - Scenic highways KW - Sight distance KW - Signs KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608459 AU - Wang, C-Y AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MULTIPATH TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 147 p. AB - Most multipath assignment techniques are generated based on either path enumeration or path diversion. Path enumeration models primarily reiterate the assignment procedure with variable link impedance inputs. Burrell's algorithm is a typical path enumeration model in which the link impedances are assumed to be randomly distributed to account for errors in the driver's perception in link travel time. Path diversion models assign trips to alternate paths without repeating the assignment procedure. The most noted path diversion model is Dial's algorithm. Dial's technique originated from logit discrete choice theory in that each "reasonable" path between a particular O-D pair is assigned a portion of the trips according to a route-choice probability. The literature review indicates that these multiple path algorithms can be incorporated into the capacity-restraint process, either iterative or incrementa. Burrell's algorithm can be implemented either in a single-pass procedure or with the capacity-restraint procedure. Paths are enumerated by repeating simulations of link impedances for each origin zone (or a number of origin zones) in a single-pass procedure; paths are enumerated by repeating simulations of link impedances for each assignment stage when combined with the capacity-restraint procedure. In theory, Dial's algorithm can be implemented with the capacity-restraint procedure although his algorithm is a single-pass procedure. KW - Algorithms KW - Capacity restraint KW - Multiple paths KW - Reviews KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608442 AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC BYWAYS DEVELOPMENT ON THE OREGON COAST - ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND USER PREFERENCE PY - 1990/09 SP - 117 p. AB - This report focuses on highway user attitudes and preferences regarding scenic byway design issues on US-101 on the Oregon Coast, and on the economic benefits which scenic byway development on the Oregon Coast can contribute to. There are six chapters. Chapter one is an introduction. Chapter two reviews the history of highway development for US-101 and its pertinence within a national perspective on scenic highways. Chapter three reviews scenic byway issues and experiences in the U.S. as they pertain to the Oregon Coast, based on available published materials. Chapter four presents the primary original research findings of the study and includes a review of research methodology. An analysis of scenic byway-related economic impacts appears in Chapter five. Finally, Chapter six reviews the primary findings of the project and discusses a series of recommendations for scenic byway development on the Oregon Coast. KW - Attitudes KW - Case studies KW - Coasts KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Development KW - Economic benefits KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - History KW - Oregon KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351217 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608443 AU - Adkins, H G AU - Gillenwater, M H AU - Marshall University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A PROPOSED COAL HERITAGE ROAD AND SCENIC BYWAY IN SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA PY - 1990/09 SP - 112 p. AB - This report identifies a possible coal heritage and scenic byway through southern West Virginia in an effort to promote economic development and revitalization through tourism. Parallels are pointed out between southern West Virginia and the iron ore ranges of Minnesota and gold fields of South Dakota. All three areas possess natural beauty and are rich in heritage associated with mining. Unlike southern West Virginia, however, the other areas have taken advantage of their heritage environment, preserved their unique history, and made them available to millions of Americans through successful tourism programs. Each of these heritage examples serves as a prototype for potential development in southern West Virginia coal country. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Prototypes KW - Redevelopment KW - Revitalization KW - Scenic highways KW - Tourism KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351218 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608461 AU - Bullard, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF CARPOOL UTILIZATION ON THE KATY FREEWAY TRANSITWAY, 54-MONTH "AFTER" EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 82 p. AB - Within the Houston metropolitan area, a major commitment has been made to develop a system of physically separated transitways in the medians of the existing freeway network. These lanes are reserved for the exclusive use of high-occupancy vehicles. Phase 1 of the first completed transitway opened on the Katy Freeway (I-10W) in October 1984. Initially, only authorized buses and vanpools were designated as eligible users of the transitway. To encourage increased vehicular utilization of the facility, carpools were allowed to use the transitway on a test basis beginning in April 1985. This research study, sponsored by the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, was initiated in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the effects of permitting carpools to use the transitway. This report documents data collected in October 1989, 4.5 years after carpool utilization of the transitway began. This report compares the 1989 data to similar data collected before carpool utilization was permitted (March 1985) and after carpool utilization was permitted (April 1986, October 1987, October 1988). These comparisons address numerous concerns and provide an indication of the effectiveness of allowing carpools onto the transitway. KW - Before and after studies KW - Carpools KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impacts KW - Reserved lanes KW - Traffic lanes KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608596 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Tyer, K D AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dale, J J AU - Hammons, T R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL IMPACTS OF URBAN FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 119 p. AB - This report documents a review of the travel impacts of six urban freeway reconstruction projects throughout the United States and analysis of the travel impacts of five projects in Texas. The review includes projects in Chicago, Pittsburgh, Boston, Seattle, Detroit, and Milwaukee. The five projects in Texas include I-35 in Austin, US-75 in Plano, I-45 North Freeway in Houston, I-35W in Fort Worth, and I-10 in El Paso. The traffic control plans for the projects in Texas were similar: the same number of freeway lanes as existed before reconstruction were maintained, but there were minor freeway capacity reductions associated with off-peak lane closures, reductions in lane and shoulder widths, ramp closures, frontage road lane closures, and detours within the right-of-way. None of the five projects in Texas had serious adverse impacts on traffic patterns or travel times either on the freeway or elsewhere in the corridor. However, the projects in Plano and Fort Worth, where access to the freeway was restricted by frontage road lane closures and ramp closures, respectively, did cause some diversion of traffic away from the freeway. KW - Freeways KW - Impacts KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic diversion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608432 AU - U.S. Travel Data Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TRAVEL ON SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 54 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to provide estimates of the 1988 and 1986 economic impacts of travel and tourism on scenic byways. The estimates were derived through the use of the County Travel Economic Impact Model, a computerized economic model producing estimates of travel spending at the county level, and the employment, wage and salary (payroll) income, state tax revenue and local tax revenue generated by this spending. Five scenic byways were selected as cases for study. These include the Blue Ridge Parkway (9 Virginia counties), the Natchez Trace Parkway (2 Tennessee counties), U.S. 322 (2 Pennsylvania counties), S.R. 404 (2 Maryland counties), and S.R. 11 (1 South Carolina county). KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Economic impacts KW - Estimates KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608439 AU - Scenic America AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SCENIC RESOURCE PROTECTION TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS PY - 1990/09 SP - 58 p. AB - This report identifies a range of scenic resource protection techniques now being used in support of scenic byway programs and other related resource management programs. The techniques are portrayed in a manner that informs state highway departments, local governments, and community organizations of their application in scenic byway programs. The report's analytic approach creates a framework for relating the various techniques and tools to a range of scenic environments, and to a series of applicability criteria. This framework then forms the basis of a matrix which identifies where a scenic resource protection tool might be applicable, how effective it might be in a given circumstance, what costs are involved, and what requirements are needed for its implementation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Conservation KW - Costs KW - Development KW - Easements KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Land use controls KW - Land use planning KW - Landscape KW - Preservation KW - Property acquisition KW - Protection KW - Real estate development KW - Resource management KW - Roadside advertising KW - Scenic easements KW - Scenic highways KW - View UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608446 AU - Oregon Economic Development Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: PLANNING ROADSIDE INFORMATION: OREGON HIGHWAY 30 CASE ANALYSIS PY - 1990/09 SP - 56 p. AB - This research project investigates the design of scenic routes and outlines a scenic route planning process, focusing in particular on signing for significant attractions or features which are in or associated with the highway corridor. The analysis is based on a case study of U.S. Highway 30 from the outskirts of Portland to and including the City of Astoria. Research methodology consisted of a literature review, an analysis of the Highway 30 corridor and the attractions it includes, and collection and interpretation of data regarding user attitudes on scenic route design. The report consists of six chapters. Chapter I is an introduction. Chapter II discusses scenic route characteristics and design considerations, including factors which influence demand. This discussion is based on the literature review and other materials. Chapter III describes and assesses Highway 30 as a scenic route. This chapter includes discussions of travel growth in this corridor, typical visitor activities and their relationship to the highway, and the number and characteristics of attractions in the corridor. Data collected from the sample of highway reviewers is analyzed and discussed in Chapter IV, focusing on reactions to individual attractions and attractions-specific suggestions for signing and other improvements. Additional discussion of design considerations is found in Chapter V, where the focus is on how Highway 30 attractions relate to each other and what improvements are most attractive overall for the corridor. Finally, Chapter VI reviews the findings of the study and makes recommendations for a Highway 30 Prototype Roadside Information System. The appendices include a copy of the data collection instrument and a review of methodology which helps guide use of the research methodology in other scenic highway planning situations. KW - Attitudes KW - Attractions KW - Case studies KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - Improvements KW - Information systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Oregon KW - Recommendations KW - Reviews KW - Scenic highways KW - Signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351221 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608450 AU - Southeastern Research Institute, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY PY - 1990/09 SP - 23 p. AB - This analysis focuses upon the direct effects of the Blue Ridge Parkway upon the economies of surrounding local areas. In order to place this analysis in context, methods of defining local economic impacts of recreational facilities are reviewed as are previous studies of the economic effects of the Parkway. Expenditure data from a 1986-1987 survey of visitors to the Blue Ridge Parkway are then used to estimate the direct impacts of Parkway visitors' expenditures on primary income, tax receipts and job generation in the counties contiguous to the Parkway in North Carolina and Virginia. The analysis of expenditure data revealed that almost $1.3 billion was brought into the economies of corridor counties in 1987. This appears to have generated approximately $98 million in tax revenues and to have supported over 26,500 jobs. KW - Blue Ridge Parkway KW - Case studies KW - Counties KW - Economic impacts KW - Income KW - Jobs KW - North Carolina KW - Scenic highways KW - Tax receipts KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608435 AU - American Automobile Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: THE HISTORY OF AAA'S SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAM PY - 1990/09 SP - 62 p. AB - This report contains a brief overview of the American Automobile Association's (AAA's) 80 years of mapping and road inspecting experience detailing the causes for AAA's interest in scenic byways, the data collection techniques and standards criteria that AAA uses to designate scenic routes, the map features developed over the last 20 years to depict the routes chosen, and AAA's vision for the future of the scenic byway program. Also included in this report are the following: AAA's procedures for reporting scenic routes; SHAG (surface, shoulder, alignment, grade) criteria; SHAG Report; Index of AAA Scenic Byways of the United States and Canada; and a list of AAA scenic byways sorted by road type. KW - American Automobile Association KW - Classification KW - Data collection KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - History KW - Location KW - Mapping KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608437 AU - American Planning Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: ROLES OF LOCAL PLANNING AGENCIES IN SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAMS PY - 1990/09 SP - 57 p. AB - This report identifies key relationships between local planning agencies and statewide and/or regional scenic byway programs, and provides informal guidance and information for local planning agencies in support of these programs. Representative scenic byway programs are reviewed as they affect local planning agencies, and relationships are identified. Based on these planning relationships, a process is described which portrays how local citizens and planning agencies can participate in planning a scenic byway. KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Local government KW - Planning KW - Public participation KW - Public relations KW - Regional government KW - Scenic highways KW - States KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351212 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608452 AU - Blount, Dillon and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE BLUE RIDGE PARKWAY PY - 1990/09 SP - 101 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental impacts of the Blue Ridge Parkway to assist the Federal Highway Administration in preparing recommendations to Congress on the current status and future development of a national system of scenic highways. The research methodologies utilized in this study included an extensive literature search, numerous telephone and personal interviews with government agency officials and representatives of organizations with an interest in the Blue Ridge Parkway, and site visits to the National Park Service in Atlanta, Georgia and Asheville, North Carolina. In providing an understanding of the environmental effects of the Blue Ridge Parkway, this report: 1) traces the history and process of environmental assessments for the Blue Ridge Parkway; 2) reviews pertinent environmental studies; 3) examines identifiable impacts of the Parkway and specific activities related to maintaining and upgrading the Parkway; 4) summarizes current management practices for fulfilling Parkway objectives; and 5) discusses the potential evolution and development of the area without the existence of the Parkway. KW - Blue Ridge Parkway KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - History KW - Interviewing KW - Management KW - Reviews KW - Scenic highways KW - Site investigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608454 AU - Greenhorne & O'Mara, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: SAFETY, TRAFFIC AND COST CONSIDERATIONS ON SCENIC BYWAYS PY - 1990/09 SP - 36 p. AB - Three case studies were conducted concerning scenic byways. They examined, respectively, safety issues, highway costs, and the impact of scenic byways on travel. All involved a survey of selected state highway organizations after review of the results from the 1990 Scenic Byways Inventory. Data were obtained from state submissions and from telephone interviews. For the "cost" study, data were obtained from other sources and blended with state data. Each case study provides a useful guide to analysts considering the designation of existing highways as scenic byways. The studies present recommendations and caveats. Their titles and authors are as follows: Case Study in Highway Costs for Scenic Byways, T.J. Wilkins, pp 2-4; Federal and State Experience with Safety Issues on Scenic Byways, J.C. Klimovitch, pp 5-24; and Case Study in the Impact of Scenic Byways on Travel, B. Barnow and R.I. Kingham, pp 25-34. KW - Case studies KW - Costs KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Impact studies KW - Scenic highways KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608431 AU - Mississippi River Parkway Commission AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: CASE STUDY ON THE GREAT RIVER ROAD PY - 1990/09 SP - 143 p. AB - The three thousand mile Great River Road, with its nearly 50 year history of planning and development, provides a very important case study on one of the most unique scenic byways in the United States. This report provides an in-depth look at its history, development, status and future. KW - Case studies KW - Development KW - Economic impacts KW - Highway design KW - Highway planning KW - History KW - Scenic highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608433 AU - Mastran, S AU - National Trust for Historic Preservation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINAL CASE STUDY FOR THE NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS STUDY: PROTECTION TECHNIQUES FOR SCENIC BYWAYS: FOUR CASE STUDIES PY - 1990/09 SP - 88 p. AB - This study of the techniques used to protect scenic byways focuses on the historic qualities of byways that complement or contribute to natural scenic qualities. Through case studies of four highways, the techniques that have been used to protect scenic and historic byways are documented and analyzed, the efficacy of the techniques is evaluated over time, and specific recommendations for the protection of scenic byways are made. The four highways are: the National Park Service's Blue Ridge Parkway; Idaho Route 75, a state designated byway within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, Sawtooth National Forest; Virginia's Route 5 between Richmond and Williamsburg; and Route J40 in Van Buren County, Iowa. The techniques that have been used to protect scenic byway corridors range from fee-simple acquisition of land to designating a road as scenic. Like fee-simple ownership, easements are a strong protective technique. Comprehensive planning and zoning ordinances, especially those that incorporate a highway corridor overlay district, can be effective techniques. Less effective are public policy statements, tax incentives, and local initiative. These techniques have all been used with varying degrees of long-term success. KW - Case studies KW - Easements KW - Effectiveness KW - Fee simple KW - Historic preservation KW - Initiatives KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ordinances KW - Ownership KW - Property acquisition KW - Protection KW - Public policy KW - Real property KW - Recommendations KW - Scenic highways KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608465 AU - Fong, H K AU - Rooney, F D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WEAVING AREAS NEAR ONE-LANE RAMPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 27 p. AB - Weaving data were obtained with video equipment for eleven locations. There were seventeen data sets. Nine of the data sets were for generally non-peak periods. Eight of the data sets were for generally peak periods. All of the ramps were diamond-type ramps, including a ramp to a frontage road with a curve adequate for only slow speeds, or slip ramps. All the ramps were one-lane at the merge or diverge areas. There were auxiliary lanes between all of the on-ramps and off-ramps. The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual's procedure for weaving speeds was not sufficiently accurate for California state freeways. The calculated average speed for non-peak periods was 11 mph less than the actual average speed. The nomograph procedure was prepared by Jack Leisch. Its method for weaving speeds was not sufficiently accurate for California state freeways. The average indicated speed for non-peak periods was 9 mph less than the actual average speed. However, the level of service curves of the weaving chart of the nomograph are, with level of service and weaving rate limits, probably sufficiently accurate for planning and designing typical weaving areas where there will be one-lane ramps and auxiliary lanes. Indicated capacities were within about 10% of actual capacities. However, there were only limited data. The 1965 Highway Capaity Manual's Level of Service D procedure is also probably sufficiently accurate for planning and designing typical weaving areas where there will be one-lane ramps and auxiliary lanes. The calculated maximum rates of weaving vehicles at outer through lanes or auxiliary lanes were within an average of an absolute value of about 10% of actual rates. However, there were not much data regarding through vehicles at outer through lanes when rates were near capacity. Peak-hour factors should usually be used for both the nomograph procedure and the Level of Service D procedure. KW - Accuracy KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Diamond pattern KW - Freeway ramps KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Level of service KW - Nomographs KW - Off peak periods KW - Off-peak KW - Peak periods KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Single lane traffic KW - Traffic speed KW - Videotapes KW - Weaving traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607526 AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL OVERLAY STRATEGIES FOR JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME VI: APPENDIX A - USERS MANUAL FOR THE EXPEAR COMPUTER PROGRAM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 54 p. AB - A major field study and evaluation has been conducted into the effectiveness of three structural overlay types for portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. These include sawing and sealing asphalt concrete (AC) overlays of PCC pavements, cracking and seating PCC pavements prior to AC overlay, and constructing a thin bonded PCC overlay on top of the existing PCC pavement. Condition surveys, deflection testing, and roughness measurements were performed on a total of 55 sections. The performance of these sections was evaluated and the effectiveness of each overlay type analyzed. Based on the field data, guidelines were developed for the use of structural overlays. This volume provides a users guide to the EXPEAR computerized system to assist practicing engineers in evaluating concrete highway pavements, in developing feasible rehabilitation alternatives, and in predicting the performance and cost-effectiveness of the alternatives. EXPEAR is intended for use by State highway engineers in project-level rehabilitation planning and design for conventional concrete pavements (JRCP, JPCP, and CRCP). EXPEAR uses information about the pavement to guide the engineer through evaluation of a pavement's present condition and development of one or more feasible rehabilitation strategies. A computer program has been developed for each of the three pavement types addressed. The EXPEAR version 1.4 program operates on any IBM-compatible personal computer. Extensive revisions were made in EXPEAR 1.4 to improve the user-friendliness of the program and its capabilities. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Deflection tests KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Expert systems KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Personal computers KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Sawing KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607585 AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Rymer, B AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOBILITY IMPACTS FROM IMPROVEMENTS TO AN ARTERIAL STREET. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/09 SP - 90 p. AB - The Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation is exploring methods of providing additional roadway capacity for major traffic movements. One method identified is to increase the capacity of the arterial street system. Streets with the potential of serving an enhanced role could be improved to operate at high speeds and a high level of service yet would not be required to satisfy the strict access control and right-of-way needs of a freeway. Strategic arterial was the term selected to describe this new street category. The mobility impacts from improvements to an existing arterial street (US 90A in Houston) and to conceptual corridors were evaluated using computer simulation. Transyt-7F was the computer program used to evaluate the case study improvements that ranged from a do-nothing alternative to providing grade separations at all major intersections. For the conceptual corridor, improvements evaluated included prohibiting left turns, changing the orientation of a grade-separated structure, and modifying the number of signals per mile. The primary measure of effectiveness used to describe the mobility impacts was average through speed. At-grade improvements (e.g., adding lanes or prohibiting left turns) to the existing arterial showed limited increases in through speed due to the highly congested nature of the case study area in the year 2000. Grade-separated improvements were needed to cause significant increases in travel speeds. KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Grade separations KW - Highway capacity KW - Impacts KW - Increase KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mobility KW - No build KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350851 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603244 AU - Reyes (JA) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1988 PY - 1990/09 SP - 61 p. AB - This document profiles 1988 accidents reported by interstate commercial carriers of property subject to the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1651-60). It is suspected that accidents involving interstate carriers were significantly underreported; actions are underway to correct this in the future. 32,778 accidents were reported by commercial carriers of property in 1988, 19% more than in 1987. Less than 1 in 10 accidents in 1988 resulted in fatalities; more than 5 in 10 accidents produced injuries. Reported accidents produced 3,309 fatalities, 31,295 injuries, and property damage estimated at $477,810,078. Three out of 10 accidents and fatalities occurred in just five states: California, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. This document contains five chapters: (1) 1988 Overview; (2) The Driver; (3) The Vehicle; (4) The Accident Setting; and (5) The Accident. Within each chapter, data are organized under specific topics. A glossary of terms and a copy of Form MCS 50-T are presented in the Appendix. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Interstate commerce KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349230 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601596 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Graziano, F AU - Jones, J S AU - Parola, A C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF RIPRAP TO PROTECT BRIDGE PIERS FROM LOCAL SCOUR PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 193-199 AB - A study is described in which interim guidelines were developed for designing bridge pier riprap protection. Based on experimental data two procedures were developed to determine the size of riprap needed to protect bridge piers from local scour. The primary procedure is represented by equations. This accounts for the influence of a preexisting scour hole which tends to downsize the riprap requirements. A second procedure is presented, also represented by an equation, and is a refinement of the interim guidelines in the FHWA's HEC-18. This procedure is simpler and is applicable for most bridge piers where the riprap final placement will be approximately flush with the streambed. KW - Bridge piers KW - Equations KW - Guidelines KW - Riprap KW - Scour KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348683 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601597 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lane, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF PRESTRESSING STRAND PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 200-205 AB - A federal Highway Administration memorandum was issued in October 1988 concerning the use of prestressing strand in a pretensioned application for prestresed concrete bridges. The restrictions of the memorandum would apply only until research results indicated otherwise. Numerous studies on this topic have been performed, and this article briefly summarizes their results. For some studies, the transfer and development length experimentation is the sole objective of the study; for others, it was an important constituent of a broader objective. All of the studies provide significant contributions to understanding and mathematically defining prestressing strand transfer and development lengths. KW - Concrete bridges KW - Length KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Pretensioning KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348684 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601598 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cooperm, J D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 206-211 AB - Little guidance is available for the seismic resistant design of lifelines, namely, electric power and communications, gas and liquid fuel, transportation and water sewer systems. The most cost-effective way to mitigate seismically induced damage is to upgrade seismic design and construction procedures. A second method is to retrofit existing lifelines. Ongoing activities that will impact on the seismic design of lifeline facilities are summarized in this article. Future lifeline design guides are listed. Lifeline research is reviewed including efforts by the Department of Transportation, the National Science Fondation, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Research KW - Retrofitting KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348685 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00601648 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McGogney, C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY AND FIELD TRIALS OF THE PROTOTYPE MAGNETIC PERTURBATION CABLE SYSTEM PY - 1990/09 VL - 54 IS - 2 SP - p. 212-216 AB - This study notes that the magnetic perturbation cable system has the sensitivity, resolution, repeatability, long term stability, and adaptivity to perform nondestructive inspection and monitoring tests of structural cables and strands of suspension bridges. This article presents laboratory results, and field demonstration results. It is noted that flux densities higher than that provided by the electromagnet would be required to detect very small flaws such as corrosion pits. Results from scanning laboratory specimens indicate that systems of this type should be capable of providing precise, stable, quantitative, nondestructive evaluation. KW - Bridge cables KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cable systems KW - Corrosion KW - Electromagnetic properties KW - Field studies KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory studies KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic measurements KW - Magnetic perturbation cable system KW - Maintenance KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Perturbations KW - Strands KW - Suspension bridges KW - Suspension cables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/348713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454398 AU - Saha, Sunil K AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Development of a Procedure to Forecast Traffic Volumes on Urban Segments of the State and Interstate Highway Systems PY - 1990/08/22/Executive Summary SP - 720p AB - This study developed a multi-facted procedure to forecast traffic volumes on urban segments of the state and interstate highway systems for the Indiana Department of Transportation. A detailed statistical analysis was conducted to develop alternative models to forecast traffic. The models and the procedures described in this study's Final Report are intended to provide highway planners with a tool for simple, fast and inexpensive estimation of traffic projections. Emphasis was also placed on achieving reliable input information for the forecasts of any background factors (independent variables) used in the models. This study improves on previous efforts to build simple and reliable procedures to forecast traffic. Among the several models examined in this study, elasticity and 1ag-AADT models were finally selected because of their simplicity and better performance. This study has employed several measures to evaluate the forecasting models. Often, combined forecasts developed in this study were found to perform better than the forecasts from any of the constituent models. Some problems and limitations of the models, and suggestions to overcome them, are discussed. KW - Forecasting KW - Indiana KW - Interstate highways KW - State highways KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313428 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218883 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615585 AU - Nelson, T B AU - Wood, L E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BAGHOUSE FINES AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN A DRUM DRIER ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08/22 SP - 220 p. AB - The major purpose of this study was to use the high pressure-gel permeation techniques to evaluate the changes in asphalt subjected to different mix production parameters, including plan type, level of aging and fuel used in the burner of the drier. Additional objectives were to establish correlations between physical parameters of asphalts and their chromatographic parameters, and to determine whether the high pressure-gel permeation chromotography (HPGPC) technique could be used to detect burner fuel contamination in the mix produced by asphalt plants. This study determined that the HPGPC technique is an excellent comparative analysis tool, capable of detecting changes in the aging of asphalt, but not repeatably capable of establishing direct relationships between chromatograms and physical parameters. Results of the study also show that no significant differences could be found by HPGPC between mixes produced by drum plants and batch plants, or by plants using different burner fuels. HPGPC can also detect fuel contamination at the 1% contamination level, not detectable by physical measures. Finally, results of this study show that the 5 hour thin film oven test does not simulate aging produced by asphalt plants, and should be reevaluated. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt plants KW - Baghouse fines KW - Combustion KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Driers (Devices) KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Fuels KW - Furnaces KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure gel permeation chromatography KW - Incomplete combustion KW - Mixers KW - Mixing plants KW - Oven tests KW - Pressure KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615586 AU - Lin, J D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BAGHOUSE FINES AND INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN A DRUM DRIER ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES - PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08/22 SP - 192 p. AB - An extensive laboratory study of the asphalt paving mixtures containing baghouse fines has been conducted through seven sets of experimental designs to characterize the performance of pavement. Marshall size specimens of asphalt paving mixtures with different kinds and amounts of baghouse fines were fabricated using the gyratory testing machine. The following techniques were used to evaluate the influence of the various variables upon mechanical properties such as: gyratory parameters, resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, indirect creep, and Hveem stability tests to evaluate their mechanical properties. In addition, in the asphalt paving mixtures, asphalt cement was replaced with baghouse fines in order to maintain a constant volume of asphalt cement plus baghouse fines. The evaluation was conducted under the simulation of plant aging, environmental aging, moisture damage, and traffic densification. The gyratory stability index and gyratory elasto-plastic index can be used to determine the effect of baghouse fines on asphalt paving mixtures during specimen fabrication. The resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, and Hveem stability decrease significantly with higher amounts of baghouse fines. Artificial aging processes to simulate pavement performance caused an increase in resilient modulus and the indirect tensile strength as well as a reduction in failure tensile strain. The effect of water sensitivity of asphalt paving mixture decreased with increasing amount of asphalt cement or with decreasing of baghouse fines/asphalt cement ratio. Densification of asphalt paving mixtures produces higher indirect tensile strength, but it also decreased the resilient modulus. The resilient modulus value was insensitive to the gradation of baghouse fines or mineral fillers, but the indirect tensile strength increased significantly with finer fines or fillers. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Baghouse fines KW - Combustion KW - Creep tests KW - Densification KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Furnaces KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Hveem test KW - Incomplete combustion KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mineral fillers KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture damage KW - Pavement performance KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Tension tests KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818227 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME VIII: APPENDIX G - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF THE SINGLE SLOPE BRIDGE RAIL PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 82 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of three crash tests conducted on a single slope bridge railing design in accordance with guidelines set forth in the 1989 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Guide Specification on Bridge Railings" for performance level 2 (PL-2) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 for test level 4 (TL-4). The first crash test involved a 2000-kg ( 4405-lb) pickup truck impacting the bridge rail at a nominal impact speed and angle of 100 km/h (62.2 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The bridge rail was judged to have performed satisfactorily in this test. The second crash test involved an 8172-kg (18,000-lb) single-unit truck impacting the bridge rail head-on at a nominal impact speed and angle of 80.5 km/h (50 mi/h) and zero (15) degrees. The third test was a repeat of the second test because the impact angle in the second test was only 10 degrees instead of the required 15 degrees. The bridge rail was judged to have performed satisfactorily in both single-unit truck redirection tests. This volume is the eighth in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Roadside KW - Testing KW - Transitions KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818229 AU - Mak, K K AU - Bligh, R P AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME XI: APPENDIX J - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF EXISTING GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 189 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of a series of crash tests conducted on existing guardrail systems with the 2000P test vehicle (i.e., a 2000-kg (4409-lb) pickup truck) in accordance with guidelines set forth in NCHRP Report 350. Results of the crash tests indicated that the cable (G1), box-beam (G3), W-beam, strong-wood-post (G4(2W)), and the modified thrie-beam guardrail systems performed satisfactorily under test level 3 conditions (i.e., at a nominal impact speed and angle of 100 km/h (62.2 mi/h) and 25 degrees). The W-beam, strong-steel post (G4(1S)), and the thrie-beam (G9) guardrail systems failed to perform satisfactorily under test level 3 conditions. The W-beam, weak-post (G2) guardrail system failed to perform satisfactorily under test level 3 conditions, but performed satisfactorily under test level 2 conditions (i.e., at a nominal impact speed and angle of 70 km/h (43.5 mi/h) and 25 degrees). This volume is the eleventh in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Roadside KW - Testing KW - Transitions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22000/22017/PB99155111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818226 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME VII: APPENDIX F - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF THE MINNESOTA SWING-AWAY MAILBOX SUPPORT PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 100 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of four crash tests conducted on a swing-away mailbox support design by the Minnesota Department of Transportation in accordance with guidelines set forth in the 1985 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaries and Traffic Signals" and National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. The first two tests corresponded to NCHRP Report 350 test designation 3-60 and 3-61, involving an 820-kg passenger car impacting the vertical mailbox support head-on at speeds of 35 km/h and 100 km/h respectively. The mailbox support was aligned with the right front quarter point of the vehicle so that the interaction between the cantilevered arm and the mailbox assembly with the windshield of the vehicle can be evaluated. The third and fourth tests involved an 820-kg passenger car impacting the vertical mailbox support head-on at a nominal speed of 100 km/h and zero (0) degree with the centerline of the mailbox assembly aligned with the centerline of the vehicle. These two tests are not required in NCHRP Report 350, but are included because of the cantilever design of the mailbox support. The Minnesota swing-away mailbox support was judged to have successfully met all evaluation criteria for a single mailbox assembly, but not for a triple mailbox assembly. This volume is the seventh in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - Cantilevers KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Frontal crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Mailboxes KW - Median barriers KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Performance KW - Roadside KW - Roadside structures KW - Testing KW - Transitions KW - Vertical supports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691272 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00818228 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF STATE ROADSIDE SAFETY SYSTEMS. VOLUME X: APPENDIX I - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF A MINI-MELT FOR A W-BEAM, WEAK POST (G2) GUARDRAIL SYSTEM PY - 1990/08/02 SP - 115 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to crash test and evaluate new or modified roadside safety hardware and, where necessary, redesign the devices to improve their impact performance. The three major areas addressed in this study are the impact performance of bridge railings, transitions from guardrails to bridge railings, and end treatments for guardrails and median barriers. This report presents the results of four crash tests conducted on a Mini-MELT for use with the W-beam, weak post (G2) guardrail system. The first test involved a 2000-kg (4409-lb) pickup truck impacting the terminal at the beginning of length of need at a nominal impact speed and angle of 100 km/h (62.2 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The vehicle was successfully contained and redirected, but the vehicle rolled over on its side as it lost contact with the guardrail. The terminal was redesigned and evaluated in a second crash test, which involved a 2043-kg (4500-lb) passenger car impacting the guardrail at 4.6 m (15 ft) upstream of the last wooden CRT post (post 5) in the reverse direction at a nominal impact speed and angle of 96.5 km/h (60 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The W-beam rail element was ruptured, allowing the vehicle to penetrate behind the guardrail. The terminal was again redesigned and evaluated with the third and fourth crash tests. The third test was a repeat of the second test on the modified terminal. The fourth crash test involved a 2043-kg (4500-lb) passenger car impacting the modified terminal at the beginning of length of need at a nominal impact speed and angle of 96.5 km/h (60 mi/h) and 25 degrees. The vehicles were successfully contained and redirected in both tests and the modified Mini-MELT was judged to have performed satisfactorily. This volume is the tenth in a series of 14 volumes for the final report. KW - Bridge railings KW - End treatments KW - Evaluation KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - Mini-MELT KW - Passenger vehicles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Rollover crashes KW - Testing KW - Transitions KW - W beam UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01414344 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Glauz, W D AU - Kulakowski, B T AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations TI - Truck characteristics for use in highway design and operation; volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1990/08 IS - FHWA/RD-89-226, FHWA SP - 261p + 227p AB - Highway geometric design and traffic operations are based in part on consideration of vehicle characteristics. However, many of the current highway design and operational criteria are based on passenger car characteristics, even though truck characteristics may be more critical. This report reviews existing data for the truck characteristics that need to be considered in highway design, including truck dimensions, braking distance, driver eye height, acceleration capabilities, speed-maintenance capabilities on grades, turning radius and offtracking characteristics, suspension characteristics, and rollover threshold. The report also includes these truck characteristics. The highway design and operational criteria evaluated include sight distances, vertical curve length, intersection design, critical length of grade, lane width, horizontal curve design, vehicle change intervals at traffic signals, sign placement, and highway capacity. An assessment has been made of the need to change the current highway design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. The cost effectiveness of proposed changes in design and operational criteria has been evaluated (A). KW - Curve KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Driving KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Highway design KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Road design KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle handling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1182142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407806 AU - Stuart, K D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations TI - Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures - a state-of-the-art report PY - 1990/08 IS - FHWA/RD-90-019 SP - 125p AB - This state-of-the-art report is on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures used in highway pavements. It addresses the known causes of moisture damage, methods for controlling damage such as antistripping additives, and moisture damage tests. Several current research studies are also given in the report. Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures is a complex mechanism which is not well understood and has many interacting factors. This report is mainly concerned with dense-graded hot asphalt mixtures as most of the literature discusses these types of mixtures. Some information on chip seals and emulsion mixtures is also included. One of the intents of this report is to indicate where data is lacking so that research can be performed in these areas. State-of-the-art reports often give the impression that more is known than is really known. More knowledge is needed in all areas dealing with moisture damage in asphalt pavements. How to develop moisture damage tests so that they relate to pavement performance needs to be addressed (A). KW - Binders KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Damage KW - Material properties KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture control KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layer KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Stripping of binder KW - Test method KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760547 AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A CULVERT-END SAFETY GRATE PY - 1990/08 SP - 31 p. AB - Culvert ends located within the highway clear zone of the right-of-way present potential hazards to errant drivers leaving the roadway. One of the less expensive solutions is installation of a safety grate over the culvert opening. A grate of welded steel reinforcing bars was developed by the New York State Department of Transportation's Region 9 (Binghamton), and has undergone six drive-over tests and two full-scale crash tests. These showed that the grate was strong enough to protect large and small sedans crossing exposed culvert ends, without damage to the grates or vehicles, with the terrain on which the grate is located having a greater effect on vehicle trajectory than the grate itself. KW - Culvert outlets KW - Culverts KW - Grates KW - Highway safety KW - Impact tests KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside hazards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750999 AU - Texas Department of Transportation TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC DATA ACQUISITION TECHNOLOGIES CONFERENCE, AUSTIN, TEXAS, AUGUST 26-30, 1990. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/08 SP - 432p AB - The conference covered topics ranging from the demands of traffic data collection to current and future traffic data technologies and applications. More than 250 conference participants viewed 18 demonstration installations of international state-of-the-art data collection equipment, including the latest weigh-in-motion and traffic classification technologies under actual working conditions. They attended lecture sessions that focused on either toll facilities and enforcement or on data collection. The more than 30 lectures given by people from around the world involved in traffic data acquisition technology, the field trip, and all the products on display made this conference an exciting technology transfer opportunity. The proceedings contain a list of attendees, a list of exhibitors, and the conference presentations according to session: Opening General Session; Session I - Demand for Traffic Data Collection; Session II - Current Traffic Data Technologies and Applications; Session III - Emerging Traffic Data Technologies; and Closing General Session. The proceedings conclude with a list of contributors including brief biographical sketches. U1 - National Traffic Data Acquisition Technologies ConferenceAmerican Society for Testing and Materials; Texas A&M University; University of Texas; and Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19900826 EndDate:19900830 Sponsors:American Society for Testing and Materials; Texas A&M University; University of Texas; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automation KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Data recorders KW - Information organization KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Toll collection KW - Traffic data KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/487390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643561 AU - Kuo, S S AU - Davidson, T E AU - Fiji, L M AU - Leftwich, D S AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCESS. PHASE II FINAL REPORT - VOLUME II PY - 1990/08 SP - 194 p. AB - To ensure public safety, bridge inspections need to be as efficient and accurate as possible. This study presents methods and equipment for automating visual bridge inspection procedures. Automation promises to increase the speed and cost efficiency of preparing bridge inspection reports. Various inspection agencies were visited to assimilate state-of-the-art inspection techniques. Informative tables comparing routine bridge inspection operations of agencies are given, along with summaries of advanced techniques currently in use. New inspection technologies drawn from current literature are also outlined. The applications of computers, video cameras, voice-activated radios, lightweight tool belts, and other advanced equipment are discussed. A new inspection procedure, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, is proposed for the Florida Department of Transportation. The procedure includes the use of portable computers and camcorders to collect field data. Two man inspection teams are planned. The inspectors will stay in contact with each other through voice-activated, two way radios. Field inspection software will prompt the inspectors for data on bridge features and defects, making sure a complete inspection is performed. This data will then be automatically transferred into various report formats by computer software. Recommendations are given for testing the new procedure in actual field conditions to determine feasibility, time requirements, and costs. Finally, future research for further improving bridge inspection is suggested. This volume is Volume II of the Phase II Final Report. It contains (1) the Bridge Inspection Software User's Guide and (2) the Image Capture and Editing Instruction Manual. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laptop computers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lightweight tool belts KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Productivity KW - Radio equipment KW - Research KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Video cameras KW - Videotape recorders KW - Vision KW - Voice-activated radios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386055 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643560 AU - Kuo, S S AU - Davidson, T E AU - Fiji, L M AU - Leftwich, D S AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCESS. PHASE II FINAL REPORT - VOLUME I PY - 1990/08 SP - 190 p. AB - To ensure public safety, bridge inspections need to be as efficient and accurate as possible. This study presents methods and equipment for automating visual bridge inspection procedures. Automation promises to increase the speed and cost efficiency of preparing bridge inspection reports. Various inspection agencies were visited to assimilate state-of-the-art inspection techniques. Informative tables comparing routine bridge inspection operations of agencies are given, along with summaries of advanced techniques currently in use. New inspection technologies drawn from current literature are also outlined. The applications of computers, video cameras, voice-activated radios, lightweight tool belts, and other advanced equipment are discussed. A new inspection procedure, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, is proposed for the Florida Department of Transportation. The procedure includes the use of portable computers and camcorders to collect field data. Two man inspection teams are planned. The inspectors will stay in contact with each other through voice-activated, two way radios. Field inspection software will prompt the inspectors for data on bridge features and defects, making sure a complete inspection is performed. This data will then be automatically transferred into various report formats by computer software. Recommendations are given for testing the new procedure in actual field conditions to determine feasibility, time requirements, and costs. Finally, future research for further improving bridge inspection is suggested. This volume is Volume I of the Phase II Final Report. It is organized in the following chapters: (I) Introduction; (II) Literature Review; (III) Proposed Techniques and Equipment; (IV) Inspection Software Development; (V) Field Testing of the Computer Automated Bridge Inspection System; (VI) Summary; and (VII) Conclusion. There are four appendices: (A) National Bridge Inspection Standards; (B) Bridge Inspection Agency Survey; (C) Sample Forms and Time Log; and (D) BIS Program Modules and Procedures. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field tests KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Guides to the literature KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laptop computers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lightweight tool belts KW - Literature reviews KW - Microcomputers KW - Productivity KW - Radio equipment KW - Research KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Video cameras KW - Videotape recorders KW - Vision KW - Voice-activated radios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625025 AU - SMITH, L AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC BRIDGE DECK PROTECTION PY - 1990/08 SP - 195 p. AB - Five systems of cathodic protection were installed on the US 87 Missouri-Pacific Railroad overpass in Big Spring, Texas. The design and construction of the systems are summarized in this report. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored the demonstration project, which was intended to be used as a means of comparing the various systems. Later reports will provide updates of how effectively the systems operate in this installation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Construction KW - Corrosion protection KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Highway bridges KW - Overpasses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367690 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00621545 JO - Publication of: California University, Berkeley PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Labell, L N AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTORS FOR FREEWAY SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 249 p. AB - The purpose of this research project was to review, evaluate, select and field test presence-type detector technologies for freeway surveillance and control which are readily available and which don't require lane closures for their installation and maintenance. The project consisted of several major tasks, the highlights of which are as follows. The first task was concerned with identification and description of currently available detector technologies. This work included a brief history, current research assessment, and a description of characteristics and application experience of available detector technologies. The next tasks included a paper evaluation of these detector technologies and the selection of the most promising detectors for field testing. A major portion of the research dealt with the establishment of an automatic freeway data collection station and a series of three field experiments. The first experiment was with inductive loop detectors alone, and a traffic pattern data base was developed. The second experiment was with loop and ultrasonic detectors and the results of each were compared. The third and last experiment consisted of data from the loop and ultrasonic detectors as well as a videotape from which direct measurements of flow and occupancy could be obtained. The ultrasonic detectors, under the conditions and time periods tested, were within five percent of manually measured counts for 15 minute intervals. These detectors missed few vehicles and very seldom recorded phantom vehicles. While the on times and percent occupancies appeared consistent, their values were questioned because of unexpected resulting detection zone lengths. Further research is recommended and specific research suggestions are made. KW - Detectors KW - Field tests KW - Freeways KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Loop detectors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Ultrasonic detectors KW - Ultrasonics KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/365459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00619204 AU - Pierson, L A AU - Davis, S A AU - Van Vickle, R AU - Oregon State Highway Division AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCKFALL HAZARD RATING SYSTEM: IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL PY - 1990/08 SP - 172 p. AB - Development of the Rockfall Hazard Rating System (RHRS) is complete. The system has been fully tested and implemented by the Oregon Department of Transportation. The RHRS is a tool for managing rockfall sites adjacent to highways. The system is proactive by design and provides a rational way to make informed decisions on where and how to spend construction funds. This manual documents the components of the RHRS, the steps an agency should follow to implement the system, and discusses the level of commitment required. It also describes the benefits of implementation. KW - Benefits KW - Decision making KW - Hazards KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Ratings KW - Rockfalls KW - Systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/361735 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601413 AU - Hudson, J W AU - Hudson (James W) and Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF CURBS AND DRAINAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 48 p. AB - A Value Engineering Study was performed by four State highway agencies (Michigan, Minnesota, West Virginia, and Wisconsin), covering various aspects of curbs, drainage structures, drainage castings, and gutters. Twenty-seven specific proposals are given for the consideration of highway agencies. To add credibility, a draft report was circulated to the members of the AASHTO Task Force on Hydraulics and Hydrology. Some of the proposals are: minimize cover over pipes, broaden specifications and standards, air entrained concrete, inlet frames with inward protruding flanges, high efficiency grates, eliminate ribs on manhole covers, eliminate adjustable manhole frames, minimize curb drainage, creative uses for slotted vane grates, provide designers with relative costs, reduce the number of standard grates, eliminate metal frames from concrete inlet boxes, standardize design of curbs and gutters, have only six standard curbs and gutters, minimize thickness of gutter pans, eliminate reinforcement in curbs and gutters, specify batter, minimize tight specifications, increase hydraulic capacity of gutters, use curbs to minimize right of way, and avoid oversized drainage inlets. KW - Culvert inlets KW - Curbs KW - Design standards KW - Drainage KW - Drainage structures KW - Drains KW - Grates KW - Gutters KW - Inlets KW - Manholes KW - Slotted drains KW - State departments of transportation KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601414 AU - Carter, J AU - Kaufman, J J AU - Kaufman (J Jerry) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALUE ENGINEERING STUDY OF BRIDGE DECK MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND PROTECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 60 p. AB - A Value Engineering Study was performed by six State highway agencies (California, Washington, Kentucky, Missouri, Virginia and New Hampshire), covering various aspects of materials and equipment used in the repair of cracking, scaling and spalling of concrete bridge decks. Numerous types of qualified and untested equipment, materials and processes were examined and ranked by the task team. The private sector participated in the study and shared their knowledge and experience with the team. A survey was developed and sent to the six participating states and their neighboring states prior to the start of the three month study, to determine common and unique procedures. Some of the proposals are: provide an on site water source to flush bridge facilities, eliminate bridge deck drains, provide permanent access for inspection, exclude contaminants from reinforcing steel, cathodic protection to prevent corrosion in new construction, modular deck components for deck replacement projects on high-volume bridges, joint pre-final design plan reviews, joint post-construction and follow-up reviews, require certified construction inspectors, contractor pre-qualification should include performance capability and quality/durability evaluations, preventative maintenance considerations, and repair options. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Contractors KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Modular design KW - Modular structures KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Qualifications KW - Repairing KW - Structural design KW - Value engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344521 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616396 AU - CHUNG, S C AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IMPROVED TRAVEL ASSIGNMENT PROCESS FOR PROJECT-LEVEL ANALYSIS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 225 p. AB - This research investigated a restraint assignment procedure which would provide assignment results that are more directly applicable to project-level planning and design. This assignment process was expected to provide more equalized link volume/capacity ratios for the links on the competing roadways within a project area. A prototype assignment model was developed by modifying an existing computer package for urban transportation planning. The assignment results from the prototype assignment model (equalized link v/c ratio assignment procedure) were evaluated to determine whether and how well the link v/c ratios of the links on the competing routes were actually equalized. In addition the accuracy of the assigned link volumes were evaluated by comparing them to the counted volumes. Also, the assigned turning volumes were compared with the results from the incremental restraint assignment technique. Three networks were used for the evaluation; these were the existing network used in the Tyler urban transportation study, a network in which the link capacities were reduced to make the network "congested," and a congested network in which the project area was coded in greater detail. The research found that for the congested networks, the v/c ratio assignment procedure tended to equalize the v/c ratios for the links on the competing routes within the project area. It produced assigned link volumes which more closely agreed with counted volumes than those from the incremental assignment. Also, the turning volumes produced by this assignment were judged to be more reliable. KW - Accuracy KW - Capacity restraint KW - Equilibrium models KW - Link volume KW - Project-level planning KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation planning KW - Turning traffic KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357035 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600497 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Glauz, W D AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS FOR USE IN HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION. VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 261 p. AB - Highway geometric design and traffic operations are based in part on consideration of vehicle characteristics. However, many of the current highway design and operational criteria are based on passenger car characteristics, even though truck characteristics may be more critical. This report reviews existing data for the truck characteristics that need to be considered in highway design, including truck dimensions, braking distance, driver eye height, acceleration capabilities, speed-maintenance capabilities on grades, turning radius and offtracking characteristics, suspension characteristics, and rollover threshold. The report also includes these truck characteristics. The highway design and operational criteria evaluated include sight distances, vertical curve length, intersection design, critical length of grade, lane width, horizontal curve design, vehicle change intervals at traffic signals, sign placement, and highway capacity. An assessment has been made of the need to change the current highway design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. The cost effectiveness of proposed changes in design and operational criteria has been evaluated. This volume, Volume I, of the report presents the main findings of the study including recommended changes in highway geometric design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. Volume II of the report contains appendixes documenting the detailed data collection and analysis activities. KW - Change KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vertical curvature KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344002 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497374 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVING FABRIC AND ASPHALT STRESS ABSORBING MEMBRANE INTERLAYERS (SAMI). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 124 p. AB - Geotextile paving fabric and two different asphalt rubber systems will each reduce or delay reflective cracking when used as an interlayer. One asphalt rubber system utilizes vulcanized rubber and the other system utilizes both devulcanized and vulcanized rubber. They are completely different systems with different procedures, temperatures, and methods of reducing viscosity of the hot asphalt rubber mixture. These interlayers are needed the most when using thin overlays. Proper crack sealing is important for the best utilization of interlayers and increased pavement performance. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Crack sealing KW - Cracking KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Geotextiles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sealing compounds KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayers KW - Stresses KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310718 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615580 AU - Mohseni, A AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROTOTYPE NETWORK PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 33 p. AB - The Illinois Interstate highway network is deteriorating at a rapid rate due to its age and heavy truck loadings. Meanwhile, the required funds for rehabilitation exceed the available budget. Illinois DOT administrators and planners are faced with many difficult questions about the consequences of adopting different pavement rehabilitation budgets and policies. To answer these questions, they need information about future rehabilitation needs and pavement conditions for different funding levels and rehabilitation strategies. The Illinois pavement network rehabilitation management program (ILLINET) was developed to provide the capability to aid IDOT administrators and planners. The program generates useful results on a PC in both summary tables and graphics. Performance prediction and cost models are used together with decision trees to generate several feasible strategies for each pavement section in the network. All strategies for all sections are then analyzed together to find answers to a variety of "what if" questions regarding network budget levels and rehabilitation policies. KW - Analysis KW - Budgeting KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Forecasting KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Prototypes KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-062.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615581 AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS PAVEMENT FEEDBACK DATA AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT. CIVIL ENGINEERING SERIES (RESEARCH) PY - 1990/08 SP - 32 p. AB - The Interstate highway system is "the most critical lifeline of the economy in the nation as well as Illinois." The vital transportation facility carries more than 50% of all goods shipped by highway in Illinois. Most of the system was built in the 1960's and 1970's and due to its age and heavy truck traffic, is currently experiencing considerable deterioration and requiring large rehabilitation funding. The Illinois Pavement Feedback Data and Management System (IPFS) was developed to assist administrators, planners and engineers of IDOT in managing the strategic transportation system. The report provides an overview of the capabilities of IPFS. Two major components of IPFS include: (1) A comprehensive Illinois Interstate highway pavement database of over 500 sections; and (2) Procedures for retrieval and analysis of information through direct user queries, menu-driven automated database reports and analysis programs for pavement evaluation and rehabilitation and determining multi-year pavement funding needs. For example, several useful analysis results were obtained using the database including traffic loading trends and the performance of JRCP, CRCP and AC overlays over the past 30 years. Results obtained from the IPFS study provide several valuable tools for use by IDOT personnel in managing the Interstae highway network into the 1990's and beyond. KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Illinois KW - Information retrieval KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-063.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608613 AU - Rasoulian, M AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MICROSILICA ADMIXTURE FOR PRODUCTION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 42 p. AB - This study consisted of a laboratory evaluation of the effect of microsilica on the physical properties of both plastic and hardened portland cement concrete. Microsilica (silica fume) is a by-product of the industrial manufacture of ferro silicon and other metallic silicones in high-temperature electric arc furnaces. Microsilica is a very fine material, pozzolanic in nature. Due to its physical and chemical characteristics, microsilica when used as an admixture has the potential of enhancing the properties of portland cement concrete. In this study the variable selected for evaluation is the dosage rate of microsilica. Other variables included the microsilica source; the cement factor and the dosage rate of the other admixtures. All experimental and control mixes contained cement and aggregate of the same type and from the same respective source. When utilized, air entraining and high-range water reducer admixtures were also of the same type and from the same respective source. The results of this evaluation indicate that the inclusion of microsilica in a portland cement concrete mix can improve compressive and flexural strengths, increase the modulus of elasticity, improve resistance to scaling and decrease permeability. Physical properties that may be adversely affected by this admixture include freeze/thaw durability and workability. No conclusions could be drawn on the effect of microsilica on set times and length change and abrasion resistance. A reommendation is made to further evaluate microsilica admixtures by and through the utilization of the product on selected project(s). KW - Air entraining agents KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - High strength concrete KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Permeability KW - Scaling KW - Silica fume KW - Silica fume concrete KW - Water reducing agents KW - Workability UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_227.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607531 AU - Zimpfer, W H AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH GAIN AND CEMENTATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT BASES. FINAL REPORT. REVISED 2/25/91 PY - 1990/08 SP - 71 p. AB - This report deals with the strength gain of selected carbonate FDOT flexible pavement base materials. The gain in strength after aging of base sections constructed in an Inside environment and Outside environment was measured. Scanning Electron Microscope photos were also taken and examined to determine changes in structure. The materials investigated were: (1) Bank Run Shell; (2) Limerock, and (3) Cemented Coquina. Strength tests were the Clegg Impact Value (CIV) performed on Inside and Outside Sections; and a Rigid Plate Test performed on the Inside Section. There was a small gain in strength for all three carbonate bases after 22 months. Changes in the matrix particles were observed in the SEM Study. The three complementary phases (CIV, Plate Modulus E sub er, and SEM) tend to reinforce each other, indicating a small gain in strength. KW - Aging KW - Bank run shell KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bonding KW - Carbonates KW - Cemented coquina KW - Electron microscopy KW - Environment KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Scanners KW - Scanning KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350809 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605741 AU - Guo, JCY AU - University of Colorado, Denver AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PEAK RUNOFF PREDICTION METHOD FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS IN COLORADO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 116 p. AB - In this study, a peak runoff regression model was derived using dimensional analysis. The model was calibrated by 63 rainfall/runoff events observed from 30 small rural basins in the State of Colorado. It has been found that basin area, slope, shape factor, precipitation, vegetation, and soil type are important factors. In the developed model, vegetation and soil type are merged into a single coefficient. Although for some combinations of soil type and vegetation, sample data were not enough to adequately calibrate the model, the general trend agrees with common understanding of catchment behavior. A three to five page manual is being developed as an aid to the hydraulic engineers in utilizing this model. KW - Colorado KW - Dimensional analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Rainfall KW - Regression analysis KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Soil types KW - Vegetation KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350073 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605601 AU - Chang, D M AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARISON OF TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT TECHNIQUES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 62 p. AB - This report compares and evaluates the traffic assignment results from five assignment techniques: all-or-nothing, stochastic multipath, iterative, incremental, and equilibrium. The results of the assigned volumes from the five techniques are compared to ground counts. Various statistical measures are used to evaluate the results. Five different assignments of the existing Tyler, Texas, network were compared to ground counts to detemine if there were differences among the results. Measures of how well the assignment reproduces traffic counts were divided into two groups: macro-level measurements (screenlines, cutlines, and VMT) which are network-wide analyses and micro-level measures which are link-by-link comparisons. No significant difference was found among the five assignment techniques when using macro-level measures. The values for the incremental assignment had the best results compared to ground counts when using micro-level measures. Some of the statistical measures were affected by the introduction of capacity restraint. Otherwise, it was concluded that the incremental and the equilibrium assignments represented a slight improvement from the all-or-nothing and the stochastic multipath assignments. However, the difference in results was not significant enough when using capacity restraint to warrant the extra cost such as link capacity data and computer run time involved in the capacity-restraint assignments. This implies that much of the precision in the assignment procedure using the different techniques may be sacrificed and still produce acceptable assignment results. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capacity restraint KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350045 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605740 AU - Mamlouk, M S AU - Khanal, P P AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF TYPICAL ADOT ASPHALT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 90 p. AB - A typical Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) asphalt concrete mixture was evaluated based on the Asphalt-Aggregate Mixture Analysis System (AAMAS) procedure (NCHRP Project 9-6(1)). Two sets of ADOT asphalt concrete specimens were prepared using the California kneading compactor and the Marshall hammer. All tests recommended by the AAMAS project were performed. The test results were analyzed using the AAMAS guidelines. It was found that the diametral resilient moduli of the ADOT mixture are within the acceptable range. A typical AASHTO structural layer coefficient is recommended. The rutting potential is low in some cases and moderate in other cases. Recommendations for the evaluation of fatigue cracking and thermal cracking are provided. The potential for moisture damage is high, while the potential for disintegration is marginal. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Cracking KW - Disintegration KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture damage KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test results KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603113 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD PLASTIC AND HOT SPRAY THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 55 p. AB - Stamark 5730 cold plastic performed well in appearance and durability. The only problem with reflectivity was the period when the surface beads had become badly worn and the interior beads were not sufficiently exposed. The reflectivity was below minimum. This makes Stamark 5730 unusble except where overhead lighting is provided. Both Stamark 350 and cata-tile have overcome this problem of reflectivity. Airless hot spray thermoplastic provided good appearance and reflectivity. Retention on concrete pavement and on bridge decks was no problem. Durability was not good since the better installations provided only a six year life and the poorer ones even less. Pavement markings should be designed. More long life markings should be used which will improve safety for marking crews and motorists. Cold plastic should be used on concrete pavement and bridge decks. Cold plastic and hot spray thermoplastic should not be used as equal alternates on a bid schedule. KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastics KW - Reflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road markings KW - Safety KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic marking materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603063 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES, JUNE 12-14, 1990. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1990/08 SP - 255 p. AB - The Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures was held in Washington, D.C., on June 12-14, 1990. The Symposium was hosted by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Symposium's objectives were to identify the most effective and practical short-term (within 2 years) countermeasures to highway accidents and to develop strategies for their implementation. The Symposium focused on five areas of highway safety: improving pedestrian safety, reducing accident severity, improving driver performance and control, improving commercial motor vehicle safety, and identifying and improving highway corridors. This publication summarizes the presentations and workshop reports. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway safety KW - Improvements KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602703 AU - French, C M AU - Middlebrooks, P B AU - University of Georgia, Athens AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY USE OF HERBICIDES IN GEORGIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 48 p. AB - Several herbicide treatments were evaluated in six areas of emphasis to develop roadside management programs for improvement of the roadside environment and reduction of mechanical mowing. The program emphasis was in the suppression or control of weeping lovegrass, blackberry, Japanese honeysuckle, herbaceous summer weeds, smutgrass, and Florida paspalum. A determination of arsenic residues from MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) sprayed roadsides was compared with unsprayed roadsides. Analyses of soil samples indicated little or no accumulation of arsenic after several years of the normal spray program. No acceptable treatment was found for control of weeping lovegrass. Results indicate Escort (metsulfuron) may be used for control of blackberry and Japanese honeysuckle. Sequential applications of MSMA were effective for the control of most summer herbaceous weeds. Results indicated Oust (sulfometuron) may be a candidate for control of summer herbaceous weeds, if used at low rates of application. Velpar (hexazinone) was demonstrated as effective for the control of smutgrass. No treatment evaluated was acceptable in the control of Florida paspalum. Studies also determined the effect of herbicide treatments on the roadside turf. KW - Grasses KW - Growth retardants KW - Herbicides KW - Inhibitors (Chemistry) KW - Plant growth KW - Roadside KW - Weed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602727 AU - King, P L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF TIMBER PILES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 19 p. AB - A nondestructive ultrasonic testing device can be used to predict the compressive strength of timber piles in service. The purpose of this study was to verify the wave velocity vs. compressive strength equations developed by the University of Maryland and to evaluate the ultrasonic testing method in routine timber pile inspections. The ultrasonic test method is an adequate inspection procedure for determination of compressive strength when used in conjunction with other test methods. The ultrasonic method will help to identify weak piles and thereby prevent structural failure. The results of ultrasonic testing provide valuable information to those responsible for maintenance of timber supported structures. KW - Compressive strength KW - Equations KW - Inspection KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Timber KW - Timber piles KW - Ultrasonic tests KW - Wave motion KW - Wave velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601412 AU - Horton, S AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROJECT LEVEL PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - v.p. AB - This study was carried out in several phases, including documentation of current policies and procedures and review of existing state-of-the-art project level pavement management systems from other states and agencies. During the development of Colorado's pavement management system the subsequent study phases were focused on the modification of the flexible and rigid pavement design process, followed by the rehabilitation of pavements and life-cycle cost analyses. All changes were incorporated in the Colorado Department of Highways design manual subsequent to approval by the Federal Highway Administration. Computer programs were developed for the pavement design process, pavement rehabilitation, and life-cycle cost analyses. These programs are currently being Beta tested by the department's designers, and changes will be made upon findings from the users as warranted. KW - Computer programs KW - Development KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rigid pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601475 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACHIEVING COMPATIBILITY OF STATE AND FEDERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS. A REPORT TO THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1990/08 SP - 59 p. AB - The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Regulatory Review Panel (Safety Panel) has prepared this report in response to Sections 207, 208, and 209 of the Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-554). This report provides the Secretary of Transportation with the results of the Safety Panel's review of safety requirements affecting interstate motor carrier operations. It includes information on the Safety Panel's approach for reviewing State requirements affecting interstate motor carrier operations and the status of the State requirements. It also describes the Safety Panel's recommendation for relying on existing State activities for adopting and enforcing compatible requirements under the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP) and achieving compliance by the few States not participating in MCSAP. The procedures and guidelines to be used to implement the recommendation are also described. KW - Federal government KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Interstate transportation KW - Motor Carrier Safety Act of 1984 KW - Motor carrier safety assistance program KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Standardization KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31072/FHWA-MC-90-011.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/31000/31000/31072/Scan001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600470 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY SUBDRAINAGE DESIGN BY MICROCOMPUTER: (DAMP) DRAINAGE ANALYSIS AND MODELING PROGRAMS (VERSION 1.1). FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 118 p. AB - This report presents the user's manual and technical guide for a software program named DAMP (Drainage Analysis and Modeling Programs), designed to perform drainage design for highways by microcomputer. This program includes a comprehensive examination of the drainage factors which affect pavement design and performance. The following modules are included: a) determination of net inflow by surface infiltration, ice lensing, and an evaluation of pavement geometry affecting outflow of water, b) determination of the AASHTO drainage coefficients using base drainage times, and climatic saturation moisture exposure calculations, c) an edge drain analysis of pipe drains, geocomposite fin drains, and granular trenches, d) drainage layer analysis using calculated permeability and thicknesses, and e) filtration analysis using granular material gradations and filter fabric evaluation. These calculation modules have been programmed into a user interactive program which allows the user to use any module independently of the others to perform sensitivity analyses. Context sensitive help is provided and graphical help screens are included where necessary. The program has the ability to perform batch calculations and print results directly to a disk file or a printer. KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Edge drains KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway drainage KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Pavement design KW - Subdrainage KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343989 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600504 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE DAMAGE IN ASPHALT MIXTURES - A STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 125 p. AB - This state-of-the-art report is on the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures used in highway pavements. It addresses the known causes of moisture damage, methods for controlling damage such as antistripping additives, and moisture damage tests. Several current research studies are also given in the report. Moisture damage in asphalt mixtures is a complex mechanism which is not well understood and has many interacting factors. This report is mainly concerned with dense-graded hot asphalt mixtures as most of the literature discusses these types of mixtures. Some information on chip seals and emulsion mixtures is also included. One of the intents of this report is to indicate where data is lacking so that research can be performed in these areas. State-of-the-art reports often give the impression that more is known than is really known. More knowledge is needed in all areas dealing with moisture damage in asphalt pavements. How to develop moisture damage tests so that they relate to pavement performance needs to be addressed. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Causes KW - Chip seals KW - Control KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Research KW - State of the art studies KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600498 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Glauz, W D AU - KULAKOWSKI, B T AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS FOR USE IN HIGHWAY DESIGN AND OPERATION. VOLUME II: APPENDIXES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 227 p. AB - Highway geometric design and traffic operations are based in part on consideration of vehicle characteristics. However, many of the current highway design and operational criteria are based on passenger car characteristics, even though truck characteristics may be more critical. This report reviews existing data for the truck characteristics that need to be considered in highway design, including truck dimensions, braking distance, driver eye height, acceleration capabilities, speed-maintenance capabilities on grades, turning radius and offtracking characteristics, suspension characteristics, and rollover threshold. The report also includes these truck characteristics. The highway design and operational criteria evaluated include sight distances, vertical curve length, intersection design, critical length of grade, lane width, horizontal curve design, vehicle change intervals at traffic signals, sign placement, and highway capacity. An assessment has been made of the need to change the current highway design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. The cost effectiveness of proposed changes in design and operational criteria has been evaluated. This volume, Volume II, of the report contains appendixes documenting the detailed data collection and analysis activities. Volume I of the report presents the main findings of the study including recommended changes in highway geometric design and operational criteria to accommodate trucks. KW - Change KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Sight distance KW - Traffic KW - Traffic lane width KW - Traffic lanes KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vertical curvature KW - Width UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34700/34792/FHWA-RD-89-227.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344003 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497330 AU - Hilton, M H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE WABOCRETE FMV JOINT SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 23 p. AB - A Wabocrete FMV bridge deck expansion joint system was installed on the Alternate Rte. 58 bridge over the Clinch River in November 1986. The bridge was placed in service in mid-1987. The report concerns an installation and performance evaluation of the joint system. It was found that the Wabocrete FMV joint system offers some installation advantages over preformed joint systems. The blockout area of the bridge deck does not have to be as smooth or as precisely dimensioned since the joint's anchorage system can be leveled prior to placement of the bonding material. Installation and future maintenance problems involving anchor bolts are eliminated since the system relies on bond rather than mechanical anchorages. After over two years of service, the Wabocrete system has performed well. During this period, the joint has accommodated all thermal and structural movements, withstood traffic impacts and remained leakproof. The joint does tend to accumulate debris and should be routinely cleaned. The performance of the joint during the period of the study has not given any reason to suggest that it not be used on new bridge decks similar to the one studied. A longer term evaluation, however, would be necessary for a full recommendation. The use of the Wabocrete FMV, and similar systems, as retrofit on older bridges should be approached with caution. Furthermore, these systems should probably not be used in retrofit situations in conjunction with adjacent asphaltic overlays. KW - Bonded construction joints KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Concrete KW - Construction joints KW - Elastomeric concrete KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36806/91-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310682 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497371 AU - Hall, J W AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS ON ALBUQUERQUE FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/08 SP - 38 p. AB - This study examined the feasibility of implementing a freeway surveillance and control system on the 35 miles of interstate freeway in Albuquerque. The research initially examines the traffic, accident, and incident characteristics of the existing system. It subsequently describes the effects of a lane blocking incident under conditions that are typical of those found during peak periods on Albuquerque freeways, and examines the effect of potential improvements due to improved response time, traffic diversion, and similar control strategies. The merits and shortcomings of alternative incident detection and traffic control techniques are discussed as they apply to Albuquerque freeways. Based on results of this preliminary study, it is recommended that a real-time freeway control program be implemented in a staged manner on Albuquerque freeways. An initial system should include loop detectors, variable message signs, and closed circuit TV cameras; research should continue along with system implementation. KW - Albuquerque (New Mexico) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Improvements KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310715 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497307 AU - Tia, M AU - Bloomquist, D AU - Yang, MCK AU - Soongswang, P AU - MELETIOU, C A AU - Amornsrivilai, P AU - Dobson, E AU - RICHARDSON, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDY OF MODULUS OF RUPTURE AND PERMEABILITY OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE IN FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT. ABRIDGED VERSION PY - 1990/08 SP - 250 p. AB - An extensive laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various mix parameters and curing conditions on these two properties of structural concretes used in Florida, and the relationship of other concrete strength properties, to these two properties. An efficient laboratory test set-up for performing forty permeability tests simultaneously was developed and used in this study. In addition, concrete samples obtained from six concrete projects in Florida were tested to evaluate the differences between the in-service concrete and the laboratory-cured concrete. The scope of the laboratory study covered three aggregate types (a Florida porous limestone, a river gravel, and an Alabama dense limestone), three cement types (Types I, II and III), three water/cement-ratios (0.45, 0.38 and 0.33), three maximum aggregate sizes (3/8, 3/4 and 1 inch), two pozzolans (fly ash and silica fume) and six curing conditions (steam curing, air curing, curing compound and three moist curing conditions). The results of the study indicated that water/cement-ratio and curing condition are the major factors affecting the properties of concrete. The replacement of cement by 20% Class F fly ash produced about the same modulus of rupture but lower permeability than the control concrete at 28-day and 90-day moist curing. The silica fume concrete reaches its minimum permeability at a silica fume addition of around 10% by weight of cement while the modulus of rupture reaches its maximum at 20% addition. Empirical relationships between different concrete properties were developed and were found to be very close to those in the ACI codes. An optimum mix design, which minimizes permeability, maximizes strengths and is suitable for use in practice, was recommended. A portable field apparatus was developed to measure the water permeability of in-service concrete. The apparatus was tested in the laboratory and in the field and found to be easy to operate and give consistent results which correlate well with the permeability measured in the laboratory. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Alluvium KW - Cement KW - Cement type KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Curing agents KW - Field tests KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Moist curing KW - Permeability KW - Portable equipment KW - River gravel KW - Silica fume KW - Steam curing KW - Testing equipment KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496760 AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A DEMONSTRATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING. VOLUME III: EVALUATION OF THE PROTOTYPE EXPERT SYSTEM TRANZ PY - 1990/08 SP - 35 p. AB - The validation and evaluation of an expert system for traffic control in highway work zones (TRANZ) is described. The stages in the evaluation process consisted of the following: revisit the experts, selectively distribute copies of TRANZ with documentation and an evaluation form, perform research on identifying related problems that affect the problem domain of TRANZ, and conduct a formal evaluation workshop. It was found that it is very difficult to develop a system that will accurately handle all possible permutations of a problem. The validation process should establish a range of applicability, which can be continually updated as the system "grows" with experience. All expert systems are seen to require a mechanism for continual support past the prototype demonstration through a team familiar with the problem and the system building technique. KW - Evaluation KW - Expert systems KW - Prototypes KW - Support systems KW - Validation KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38536/91-R9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01472587 AU - Smith, K D AU - Mueller, A L AU - Darter, M I AU - Peshkin, D G AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance of Jointed Concrete Pavements: Volume II - Evaluation and Modification of Concrete Pavement Design and Analysis Models PY - 1990/07//Interim Report SP - 301p AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from 95 experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflections, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data were used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume investigates the accuracy of several concrete pavement performance models and shows the usefulness of several concrete design and analysis procedures. Based upon the data collected from this and other studies, new prediction models were developed for selected performance indicators. KW - Case studies KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/46000/46500/46541/FHWA-RD-89-137.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1239012 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408372 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meyer, W E AU - Anderson, D A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Development of an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speed; volumes 1 and 2 PY - 1990/07 IS - FHWA-RD-90-011 & FHW SP - 170p & 278p AB - The objective of this study was to develop an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speeds. This was accomplished by determining the requirements and operating characteristics for such a system, preparing a design, and estimating initial and operating costs. Volume 1 contains a review of the data and measurement needs for pavement condition surveys. The equipment available and under development for this purpose are identified with emphasis on measurements at highway speeds. Three potential survey vehicle designs are presented: the first uses off- the-shelf components, the second uses state-of-the-art components, while the third anticipates the addition of equipment still in development. The final design that was selected incorporates all three types of equipment. A complete, detailed design for the vehicle and the test equipment was prepared and each subpart discussed. Volume 2 contains detailed information about the design, costs, specifications, and software associated with the integrated survey vehicle. The system drawings for the vehicle are provided. The name, part number, and cost of each part required to build the vehicle are listed. Estimates are provided for the costs of labor and materials required to manufacture custom components. The estimated cost of the vehicle (arranged by system) is presented. A complete software package was written (based on off-the- shelf software as well as software developed in-house). The in-house software is outlined and source listings are provided. KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Instrumented vehicle KW - Instrumented vehicles KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement evaluation KW - Pavements KW - Road surface properties KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01405183 AU - Klippstein, K H AU - Romito, P A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R & D TI - Variable amplitude load fatigue, task A - literature review; volume 2: constant amplitude fatigue behaviour PY - 1990/07 IS - FHWA/RD-87/060 SP - 192p AB - This volume discusses constant amplitude fatigue behavior related to highway bridges. It describes the development of the present AASHTO fatigue provisions and presents graphs summarizing the fatigue data on which they are based. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge loads KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Material fatigue KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Stress KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1172979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760555 AU - Doody, M E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REINFORCEMENT CORROSION OF MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH STRUCTURES PY - 1990/07 SP - 49 p. AB - This report outlines electrochemical and biological properties of soils that determine the rate and type of corrosion of buried metals. Mechanisms of corrosion are briefly discussed and specifications that consider interaction of the various properties are suggested. The Appendix presents a consultant's opinion, from which the specifications are drawn. A method of ranking corrosivity of materials to be used as backfill is suggested. Although particular reference is made to reinforced earth structures, this information is important to any system where metals are buried in soil. KW - Biology KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive soils KW - Electrochemistry KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Metals KW - Soils KW - Specifications UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21143/PB99100406.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624983 AU - Meade, B W AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DEFLECTION TEST DATABASE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 29 p. AB - Pavement deflection measurements have been collected on various pavement types by both research and the Pavement Management Branch of the Transportation Cabinet for several years. This report outlines the establishment of a data base of deflection measurements which have been collected. An index program has been developed to search the available data base for pavement sections which meet given criteria. This data base will provide up-to-date information which may be used for both research and pavement management activities. The presence of historical data will assist in evaluating the structural performance of various pavement types. It will also provide additional information for life-cycle-cost analysis of pavements. KW - Databases KW - Deflection KW - Kentucky KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367649 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605769 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Tyer, K D AU - Middleton, D R AU - Feldman, S A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ALTERNATIVE TO POST-MOUNTED DELINEATORS AT HORIZONTAL CURVES ON TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT. REVISED EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - 111 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to evaluate the operational, safety, and cost-effectiveness of retroreflective raised pavement markers (RPMs) supplementing the existing painted centerline as an alternative to existing post-mounted delineators (PMDs) at horizontal curves on rural two-lane highways. The safety and operational evaluations were based upon the collection of nighttime speed and lateral placement data at seven study sites. The operational data analysis focused on those measures of effectiveness that previous research has suggested are correlated to accident rates at horizontal curves. The results of the analysis suggest that new RPMs compare favorably to PMDs. A limited evaluation at one site of RPMs that had been in place 11 months and had lost most of their reflectivity suggests that the RPMs continued to provide near delineation but that their far delineation was at least partially degraded. The cost comparisons were sensitive to the service lives of the two delineation treatments. For RPMs with a 1-year service life, the breakeven service life of PMDs ranges from 4 to 8 years, corresponding to curvature increasing from 1 to 8 degrees. For RPMs with a 2-year service life, the breakeven service life of PMDs ranges from 8 to 18 years. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Effectiveness KW - Highway delineators KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Post-mounted delineators KW - Raised reflectorized traffic markers KW - Raised road markings KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603210 AU - Zegeer, C AU - Stewart, R AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Council, F AU - Neuman, T AU - Hamilton, E AU - Miller, T AU - Hunter, W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVE GEOMETRIC IMPROVEMENTS FOR SAFETY UPGRADING OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 237 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the horizontal curve features which affect safety and traffic operations and to quantify the effects on accidents of various curve-related improvements. The primary data base developed and analyzed consisted of 10,900 horizontal curves in Washington State. Three existing Federal data bases on curves were also analyzed. These data bases included the cross-section data base of nearly 5,000 mi (8,050 km) of roadway from 7 States, a surrogate data base of vehicle operations on 78 curves in New York State, and 3,277 curve segments from 4 States. Based on statistical analyses and model development, variables found to have a significant effect on accidents include degree of curve, roadway width, curve length, ADT, presence of a spiral, superelevation, and roadside condition. Curve flattening is expected to reduce accidents by up to 80%, depending on the amount of flattening. Widening lanes or shoulders on curves can reduce curve accidents by as much as 33%, while adding spiral transitions on curves was associated with a 5% accident reduction. Improving deficient superelevation can reduce accidents by 10% or more, while the effects of specific roadside improvements were also quantified. An economic analysis was conducted to determine when curve flattening and/or widening are cost effective. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crashes KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Databases KW - Economic analysis KW - Flattening KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Improvements KW - Modernization KW - Pavement widening KW - Roadside improvement KW - Safety KW - Spirals KW - Statistical analysis KW - Superelevation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transition curves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349220 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647332 AU - Chaluvadi, S V AU - McIlwain, R AU - Miller, R A AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECK CATHODIC PROTECTION STRIP SYSTEM WITH LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE OVERLAY. CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - This report covers the construction phase of Cathodic Protection System on S.R. 0028 section 61M of State Route 28, in Millvale Borough, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The report discusses the installation of the Cathodic Protection System, preparation of the deck, construction procedures, costs, specifications, etc. No problems occurred during construction. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Cathodic protection KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Facilities KW - Field performance KW - Installation KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/388774 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00645989 AU - Zegeer, C AU - Stewart, R AU - Reinfurt, D AU - Council, F AU - Neuman, T AU - Hamilton, E AU - Miller, T AU - Hunter, W AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFEFCTIVE GEOMETRIC IMPROVEMENTS FOR SAFETY UPGRADING OF HORIZONTAL CURVES. VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 237 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the horizontal curve features which affect safety and traffic operations and to quantify the effects on accidents of various curve-related improvements. The primary data base developed and analyzed consisted of 10,900 horizontal curves in Washington State. Three existing Federal data bases on curves were also analyzed. These data bases included the cross-section data base of nearly 5,000 mi (8,050 m) of roadway from 7 States, a surrogate data base of vehicle operations on 78 curves in New York State, and 3,277 curve segments from 4 States. Based on statistical analyses and model development, variables found to have a significant effect on accidents include degree of curvature, roadway width, curve length, ADT, presence of a spiral, superelevation, and roadside condition. Curve flattening is expected to reduce accidents by up to 80%, depending on the amount of flattening. Widening lanes or shoulders on curves can reduce curve accidents by as much as 33%, while adding spiral transitions on curves is associated with a 5% accident reduction. Improving deficient superelevation can reduce accidents by 10% or more. The effects of specific roadside improvements are also quantified. An economic analysis was conducted to determine when curve flattening and/or widening are cost effective. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Curvature KW - Curve flattening KW - Curve length KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Economic analysis KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Improvements KW - Length KW - Pavement widening KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Roadside conditions KW - Roadside improvement KW - Safety KW - Spirals KW - Statistical analysis KW - Superelevation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transition curves KW - Washington (State) KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386551 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624984 AU - Parikh, J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPACTION CONTROL OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE USING NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 187 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop a procedure for the use of the thin layer nuclear density gauge by collecting data from the laboratory and field. An analysis of the laboratory data showed that there was no significant difference in the averages of four readings taken at one, two, or four minute counts. Also, it was observed that the influence of the density of the underlying material on the top layer density determination is a function of top layer thickness. Field data were collected during the 1987 and 1988 construction seasons. In 1987, data were collected using the normal, special calibration, and surface void modes. Analysis of the 1987 data showed that the mean of the nuclear densities obtained using the special calibration mode were the same as the mean core densities. Therefore, in 1988 data were collected using the special calibration mode only. A 95% confidence interval for the difference between the core density and nuclear special calibration density was found to be 1 pcf for 46% of the projects, 1.5 for 40% of the projects, and 2 pcf for 14% of the projects. Using a 95% confidence interval, the 1987 data were reasonably close to the 1988 data. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calibration KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Density measurement KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Measurement KW - Nuclear gages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367650 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600501 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meyer, W E AU - Anderson, D A AU - Nittany Engineers & Management Consultants, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SURVEY VEHICLE FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT SURFACE CONDITIONS AT HIGHWAY SPEEDS--VOLUME II: TECHNICAL DETAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 278 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speeds. This was accomplished by determining the requirements and operating characteristics for such a system, preparing a design, and estimating initial and operating costs. This volume contains detailed information about the design, costs, specifications, and software associated with the integrated survey vehicle. The system drawings for the vehicle are provided. The name, part number, and cost of each part required to build the vehicle are listed. Estimates are provided for the costs of labor and materials required to manufacture custom components. The estimated cost of the vehicle (arranged by system) is presented. A complete software package was written (based on off-the-shelf software as well as software developed in-house). The in-house software is outlined and source listings are provided. KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600500 AU - Wambold, J C AU - Meyer, W E AU - Anderson, D A AU - Nittany Engineers & Management Consultants, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SURVEY VEHICLE FOR MEASURING PAVEMENT SURFACE CONDITIONS AT HIGHWAY SPEEDS--VOLUME I: TECHNICAL REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 170 p. AB - The objective of this study was to develop an integrated survey vehicle for measuring pavement surface conditions at highway speeds. This was accomplished by determining the requirements and operating characteristics for such a system, preparing a design, and estimating initial and operating costs. This volume contains a review of the data and measurement needs for pavement condition surveys. The equipment available and under development for this purpose are identified with emphasis on measurements at highway speeds. Three potential survey vehicle designs are presented: the first uses off-the-shelf components, the second uses state-of-the-art components, while the third anticipates the addition of equipment still in development. The final design that was selected incorporates all three types of equipment. A complete, detailed design for the vehicle and the test equipment was prepared and each subpart discussed. Operating procedures for the survey vehicle are established and given in this report. KW - Condition surveys KW - Costs KW - Equipment KW - Evaluation KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Specifications KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344004 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622305 AU - Bishara, A G AU - Consulting Structural Engineer AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORCES AT BEARINGS OF SKEWED BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 366 p. AB - Despite the increasing use of skew bridges in modern highways, no sufficient information exists for estimating the correct reaction forces generated at their bearings. In this research a three-dimensional finite element discretization scheme was developed and used in a parametric study conducted on 36 simply supported composite multi-stringer steel bridges with different span lengths, deck widths and skew angles supported on bolster and rocker bearings. Results from field load tests of two bridges, one skew tangent simply supported bridge and the other two span continuous tangent skew bridge, confirmed the validity of the finite element analysis discretization scheme used. Based on nonlinear regression analysis of the data base generated from the 36 bridges investigated, practical expressions suitable for use with rocker and bolster bearings were developed for evaluating reaction components of medium span simply supported multi-stringer composite steel bridges under dead load increments and maximum live load effects. Use of elastomeric bearings in lieu of bolster and rocker bearings in the 36 bridges investigated, resulted in a slight reduction of vertical reaction components (about 8%) and large reduction of other reaction components: about 75% for R sub x, 50% for R sub y, 40% for M sub x, 75% for M sub y and almost 100% for M sub z. KW - Bearings KW - Bolster and rocker bearings KW - Bridge bearings KW - Elastomeric bearings KW - Elastomers KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Force KW - Regression analysis KW - Skew bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602721 AU - Middleton, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF SPECIAL-USE TRUCK DATA COLLECTION. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (VOLUME III) PY - 1990/07 SP - 57 p. AB - The objective of this study was to collect site-specific information, specifically regarding traffic classification counts and vehicle weights, at or near special-use activity centers. Report 420-3F contains the complete results of these field studies. Commodities examined in the traffic classification counts were: timber, produce, grain, beef cattle, limestone, and sand/gravel. Vehicle weight data were collected using portable weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems. In the weight studies, these same commodities were included with one addition--oilfield activities. The results of these studies are reported herein along with information to relate site-specific information to total district activity and total statewide activity. Reference Section numbers noted throughout the Executive Summary correspond to sections in the full report, Report 420-3F. Traffic counts cited in this document were taken from State Department of Highways and Public Transportation Annual Count Maps. KW - Activity centers KW - Commodities KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Traffic counts KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344852 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616470 AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Holmgreen, R J AU - Kennedy, T W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TROXLER MODEL 4640 THIN LIFT NUCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 32 p. AB - This report describes the results of a research study to determine the effectiveness of the Troxler Model 4640 Thin Lift Nuclear Density Gauge. The densities obtained from cores and the nuclear density gauge from seven construction projects were compared. The projects were either newly constructed or under construction when the tests were performed. A linear regression technique was used to investigate how well the core densities could be predicted from nuclear densities. Correlation coefficients were determined to indicate the degree of correlation between the core and nuclear densities. Using a statistical analysis technique, the range of the mean difference between core and nuclear measurements was established for specified confidence levels for each project. Analysis of the data indicated that the accuracy of this gauge is material dependent. While relatively acceptable results were obtained with limestone mixtures, the gauge did not perform satisfactorily with mixtures containing siliceous aggregate. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Core density KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Density KW - Forecasting KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Linear regression analysis KW - Nuclear gages KW - Performance evaluations KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous aggregates KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497285 AU - Kidd, S Q AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF REFLECTIVE MARKERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 49 p. AB - The objective of this project was the evaluation of different raised pavement markers (RPMs) and marker adhesives in order to find one or more systems that would provide good performance and long life. The following markers were evaluated: Stimsonite model 88; Ray-O-Lite; Stimsonite model 911; Stimsonite model 947; and Cata-Guide. The following marker adhesives were evaluated: Stimsonite bituminous adhesive; Crafco standard adhesive; Crafco flexible adhesive; and Renco standard adhesive. All markers and adhesives were approved except Stimsonite model 947. Also evaluated in this study was the placement of RPMs in shallow slots cut in the pavement with diamond blades. This did not prove to be cost effective due to the high cost of cutting the slots and the reduction in reflectance effectiveness. KW - Adhesives KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Grinding KW - Performance evaluations KW - Raised reflectorized traffic markers KW - Raised road markings KW - Recessed pavement markers KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Road markings KW - Test results KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611893 AU - Parra, F AU - Townsend, F C AU - McVay, M C AU - Martinez, R E AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF DESIGN METHODS FOR DRILLED SHAFTS (IN FLORIDA LIMESTONE). VOLUME 2 OF 2. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 294 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to improve our understanding and design procedures of drilled shafts socketed in weathered Floridian limestones. A database of 24 instrumented drilled shaft load tests was collected, and various correlations between rock properties and engineering parameters evaluated. Data reduction of instrumentation (sister bars and telltales) was evaluated and a computer program prepared. Six design methodologies for rock socketed shafts were examined for capabilities in predicting capacity and settlement, as well as their required input parameters. The geological aspects of Floridian limestones were summarized. The results of the investigation showed that Florida limestones are quite varied and their properties are usually assessed by RQD, unconfined compression, and SPT N values, with the latter two being used for design. A correlation between unconfined compression and side friction shows some promise. Both telltales and sister bars perform satisfactorily; however, the former requires greater attention to detail and is more affected by temperature than the latter. The rock socket side friction t-z curves are nonlinear, strain hardening, with no post peak strength reduction, and exhibit failure deformations ranging from 0.015 in. to 2.0 in., but generally less than 0.2 in. The majority of drilled shafts designed in Florida rely only upon side resistance of the rock socket and overburden, and conservatively neglect tip resistance. Geologically, 18 different limestone formations exist within Florida. KW - Capacity KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Drilled shafts KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Geology KW - Limestone KW - Load tests KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Unconfined compression UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496776 AU - Maupin, G W AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE VARIABILITY OF THE INDIRECT TENSILE STRIPPING TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 42 p. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the variability of the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT's) indirect tensile stripping test. Five contractor labs and eight VDOT labs participated in the study. Each lab performed three replicate tests on each of two mixes, one containing hydrated lime and one containing chemical antistripping additive. The standard deviation was 3.5% for within-lab results and 6.1% for between-lab results. Lack of significant correlations between strength and voids total mix indicated that a strength correction procedure for voids is not necessary. Examination of the VDOT specification indicates that contractors need to maintain the average TSR (tensile strength ratio) of the alternative mix containing chemical additive at least two standard deviations above the minimum value to ensure that single tests do not fail. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Specifications KW - Standard deviation KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Variables UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36804/91-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310360 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496775 AU - Nunan, T A AU - Humphrey, D H AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A REVIEW AND EXPERIMENTATION OF GRAVEL STABILIZATION METHODS. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/07 SP - 59 p. AB - Most of the aggregate found in northern Maine is of inferior quality. When used as base material, it breaks down under construction traffic and may continue to break down under repeated traffic loading. This layer has decreased bearing capacity and increased frost susceptibility which leads to rutting and cracking of the pavement surface. Stabilization is a promising way to allow use of this low quality aggregate as base material. The performance of several existing stabilization projects in Maine were evaluated. The base beneath four projects located in northern Maine was examined to determine the extent and possible causes of the aggregate degradation problem. Small scale stabilization tests were conducted to evaluate the applicability of several stabilization methods in stabilizing the poor quality northern Maine aggregate. The laboratory strength and durability tests conducted on stabilized specimens indicated that soil-cement, emulsified asphalt, and calcium chloride may be able to stabilize the northern Maine base material. Soil-cement, emulsified asphalt, and calcium chloride are recommended for a field stabilization trial. KW - Aggregate degradation KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium chloride stabilization KW - Deterioration KW - Durability KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Gravel KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310359 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611162 AU - Cassidy, M AU - Chan, P AU - Robinson, B AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR FREEWAY WEAVING SECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 316 p. AB - Weaving occurs when merging traffic streams entering a freeway from an on-ramp cross over diverging traffic streams exiting the freeway via a nearby off-ramp. The intense lane-changing activity which typically occurs in weaving areas can create significant operational problems. Thus, weaving sections often represent bottleneck locations in urban freeway systems. The research documented in this report has sought to develop and calibrate a more reliable technique for evaluating weaving performance. Specifically, a procedure is proposed for the design and analysis of major weaving areas (a subset of all weaving configurations). Such weaving sections are often used at freeway to freeway interchanges. The proposed procedure predicts vehicle flow rates in critical regions within a weaving area as a function of prevailing traffic flow and geometric conditions. Predicted flows are then used to assess the capacity sufficiency and/or level of service of the subject weaving site. Such a methodology represents a more disaggregate approach to evaluating weaving operation than existing evaluation procedures. The proposed model was developed using large amounts of empirical and simulation data. Much of the research effort was directed toward identifying the traffic flow and geometric factors that influence the bahavior of traffic streams operating at weaving locations. Results indicate that traffic behavior in weaving areas can generally be predicted. KW - Analysis KW - Bottlenecks KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane changing KW - Level of service KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Weaving sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610092 AU - Mueller, A L AU - Peshkin, D G AU - Smith, K D AU - Darter, M I AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. VOLUME VI - APPENDIX C - SYNTHESIS OF COMCRETE PAVEMENT DESIGN METHODS AND ANALYSIS MODELS AND APPENDIX D - SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS DATA FOR THE EVALUATION OF PREDICTIVE MODELS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 389 p. AB - A major national field and analytical study has been conducted into the effect of various design features on the performance of jointed concrete pavements. Extensive design, construction, traffic, and performance data were obtained from numerous experimental and other concrete pavement sections throughout the country. Field data collected and analyzed included distress, drainage, roughness, present serviceability rating (PSR), deflections, destructive testing (coring and boring), and weigh-in-motion (WIM) on selected sites. This information was compiled into a comprehensive microcomputer database. Projects were evaluated on an individual basis and then compared at a national level to identify performance trends. The performance data was used to evaluate and modify several concrete pavement design procedures and analysis models. This volume provides a general evaluation of several concrete pavement design and analysis models. This includes RISC, ILLISLAB, JSLAB, H-51, WESLIQUID, WESLAYER, JSC-1, JCP-1, AASHTO, RPS-3, PCA, PMARP, PEARDARP, PREDICT, BERM, CMS, Liu-Lytton, JRCP-4, and California Rigid Design. Sensitivity analyses are included for each section. This volume provides supporting documentation for Volume II. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Destructive testing KW - Drainage KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical tests KW - Models KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roughness KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Serviceability KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608611 AU - Klippstein, K H AU - Romito, P A AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOAD FATIGUE, TASK A - LITERATURE REVIEW. VOLUME II - CONSTANT AMPLITUDE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 192 p. AB - This is a multi-volume series. The other volumes of the series are Volume I (FHWA/RD-87/059) and Volume III (FHWA/RD-87/061). Each volume is self-contained. Some material, such as basic data and references, appear in more than one volume as the researchers felt that such duplication was desirable so that each volume could be read separately, without the reader having to refer to the other volumes. This volume discusses constant amplitude fatigue behavior related to highway bridges. It describes the development of the present AASHTO fatigue provisions and presents graphs summarizing the fatigue data on which they are based. Volume I describes the traffic loadings that affect fatigue behavior and the response of bridges to these loadings. Volume III discusses variable amplitude fatigue behavior and gives graphs summarizing test results that show the effects of various parameters. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Reviews KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608653 AU - Rothrock, T P AU - Info Tech, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATING WORK STATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 6 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to develop a Highway Construction Cost Estimating Workstation (HighEst) that incorporated those methodologies in an automated tool designed to improve estimation productivity, accuracy, central control and reliability, while reducing the cost of preparing estimates. The main objective is to provide cost-based estimation support, but it supports bid-based estimation as well, since developing cost worksheets for every item used by a state is prohibitively difficult and unnecessary as well. KW - Accuracy KW - Automation KW - Bids KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost estimating KW - Costs KW - Estimates KW - Estimating KW - Productivity KW - Reliability KW - Road construction KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608610 AU - Schilling, C G AU - Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOAD FATIGUE, TASK A - LITERATURE REVIEW. VOLUME I - TRAFFIC LOADING AND BRIDGE RESPONSE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 292 p. AB - This is a multi-volume series. The other volumes of the series are Volume II (FHWA/RD-87/060) and Volume III (FHWA/RD-87/061). Each volume is self-contained. Some material, such as basic data and references, appear in more than one volume as the researchers felt that such duplication was desirable so that each volume could be read separately, without the reader having to refer to the other volumes. This volume describes (a) traffic loadings that affect fatigue behavior, (b) the response of bridges to such loadings, (c) fatigue design and evaluation procedures, and (d) stress spectra for testing. The volume includes extensive field data on traffic loadings and bridge responses. Volume II discusses constant amplitude fatigue behavior and gives graphs summarizing test results for various types of details. Volume III discusses variable amplitude fatigue behavior and gives graphs summarizing test results that show the effects of various parameters. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Reviews KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00605746 AU - Hanks, J W AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY CONGESTION IN MAJOR URBAN AREAS 1982 TO 1988. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 148 p. AB - This research report represents the results of the third year analysis of a six year research effort focused on quantifying urban mobility. The study contains roadway information for 39 urban areas representing a geographic cross-section throughout the country. The data base used for this research contains vehicle travel, urban area information, facility mileage, and vehicle travel per lane-mile information from 1982 to 1988. Various federal, state, and local information sources were used to develop and update the data base with the primary source being the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System. Vehicle-miles of travel and lane-mile data were used to develop roadway congestion index values for the seven largest Texas and 32 other U.S. urban areas. These index values serve as indicators of the relative mobility level within an urban area. An analysis of the cost of congestion was performed using travel delay, increased fuel consumption and increased auto insurance premiums as the economic analysis factors. Congestion costs were estimated on an urban areawide, per registered vehicle, and per capita basis. KW - Costs KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic impacts KW - Fuel consumption KW - Insurance KW - Insurance rates KW - Mobility KW - Texas KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - United States KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350078 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603532 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1800-LB PENDULUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 56 p. AB - The report contains the results of the tests performed to determine the crush characteristics of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum. The pendulum was impacted into a rigid instrumented pole that had force gauges located in it to collect the force/crush characteristics of the crushable honeycomb material. The results of these tests were compared to similar tests in which 1979 Volkswagen Rabbits and the breakaway bogie vehicle were impacted into the rigid pole. Analysis of these data revealed that the crush characteristics of the 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum accurately represent the Volkswagen Rabbit. KW - Characteristics KW - Compact automobiles KW - Crashes KW - Crushing KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Impact tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603676 AU - Appleman, B R AU - Weaver, REF AU - Bruno, J A AU - Steel Structures Painting Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF ALTERNATE COATINGS IN THE ENVIRONMENT (PACE). VOLUME III: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This report summarizes the conclusions and recommendations of two previous reports on the SSPC PACE (Performance of Alternate Coatings in the Environment) Program. The PACE Program consists of outdoor test fence evaluations of over 200 coatings systems evaluated over various hand tool, power tool, blast cleaning, and chemical surface preparation methods. The degree of rusting and the extent of scribe undercutting was evaluated on over 5,000 4-in. by 12-in. (100-mm by 300-mm) test panels for up to 10 years. The times of failure were computed based on the above two degradation modes (rusting and scribe undercutting). The technique of failure/survival analysis was conducted of the relative performance of the coatings, cleaning methods, test sites, and film thickness. The project was organized into the following eight branch tests: (A) Alternate inhibitive pigments; (B) Alternative blast cleaning abrasives and degrees of cleaning; (C) Water-borne coatings; (D) Vinyl alternate pigment and vehicles; (E) Alternate blast and non-blast cleaning methods; (F) New experimental coatings; (G) Water-borne epoxies; and (H) Bridge site evaluation. KW - Abrasives KW - Acrylic resins KW - Alkyd resins KW - Alkyds KW - Blast cleaning KW - Cleaning KW - Coatings KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Metal bridges KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pigments KW - Rusting KW - Scribe undercutting KW - Steel bridges KW - Surface preparation KW - Thickness KW - Vinyl paints KW - Water based paints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603529 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TORQUE SENSITIVITY AND OTHER TRANSFORMER BASE TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 49 p. AB - The report contains the results of additional transformer base testing performed during the validation phase of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) bogie vehicle. Included in the report are the results of tests to determine the optimal torque for fastening the transformer base to its foundation, to examine the reaction of the bogie's nose at 40 mi/h (17.88 m/s), and to attempt to reduce force levels on the bogie's structure through an alternative honeycomb configuration. KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Construction KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Honeycomb construction KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensitivity KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Torque KW - Transformer base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349364 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603533 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT TESTS OF LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS WITH THE 1800-LB PENDULUM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 35 p. AB - The report contains the results of the crash tests performed with the 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum on slip base and anchor base luminaire supports. Also contained in this report are the results of tests performed on a breakaway sweeper plate which was attached to the underside of the pendulum body and should more accurately represent the undercarriage of an automobile. The luminaire supports were tested at a speed of 20 mi/h (8.94 m/s). These devices were previously tested at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) with the breakaway bogie vehicle. The results of the bogie tests are presented in FHWA reports FHWA-RD-88-253 and FHWA-RD-88-258. The anchor base luminaire support has since been modified with a groove to allow the device to break away with a lower stub height. The results of these tests are presented in FHWA-RD-90-056. KW - Anchor bases KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Luminaires KW - Pendulum tests KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Speed KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603669 AU - Kell, J H AU - Fullerton, I J AU - Mills, M K AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC DETECTOR HANDBOOK. SECOND EDITION PY - 1990/07 SP - 354 p. AB - This handbook is a revised, updated version of the Federal Highway Administration's "Traffic Detector Handbook", originally published as Implementation Package FHWA-IP-85-1. This upgraded version of the Handbook supersedes and replaces the previous edition. It has been restructured, corrected, and revised to update discussions of concepts and equipment to reflect the current state of the art, particularly as it relates to the microprocessor revolution, advances in control technology, and real-world application experience. The overall objective of this Handbook is to provide a single resource and basic reference to aid the practicing engineer and technician in planning, designing, installing, and maintaining detectors. It provides a compendium of existing detector technology to facilitate the understanding of all aspects of detector systems. Best current practices are described with emphasis on proper design, applications, and installation processes and techniques. KW - Applications KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Handbooks KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetometers KW - Maintenance KW - Sensors KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic signals KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/ip90002/ip90002.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8700/8787/IP90002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602496 AU - Spence, S AU - Association for Commuter Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL COMMUTER TRANSPORTATION SURVEY. PEOPLE AND PROGRAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - v.p. AB - Surveys were mailed to 586 people involved in commuter transportation nationwide. 228 surveys were completed for a 39 percent response rate. The survey was designed to find out who the commuter transportation professionals are, what types of organizations they work for, the scope of services which they provide, financial information about the program and future directions of the field. Initially, the survey asked the respondent to identify the category of organization which they worked for or to return the survey uncompleted if their organization did not fit the given categories. It was divided into six sections: Section I: General Information About Respondent, Section II: Career Information (Respondent only), Section III: Organizational Information, Section IV: Program Information, Section V: Budget Information and Section VI: Program Growth. The report begins with an overview of survey respondents including profiles by organization type and by region. The term "respondent" refers to the person who completed the survey. The term "staff" indicates those people who work in the indicated program. Summary and comparative data is included in this section. Questions have been chosen for analysis according to their value of comparison. A brief explanation accompanies each set of data. The second, third and fourth sections analyze the three categories of: non-profit, private and public organizations individually. These sections deal with the questions which were not examined in the first section. The appendix contains the answers to all the questions on the survey which were analyzed. In a few cases analysis was impossible due to a limited response. KW - Commuting KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Governments KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Nonprofit corporations KW - Organizations KW - Private enterprise KW - Programs KW - Surveys UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6951/NCTSPP.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/345453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602734 AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Cunigan, W AU - Chizewick, T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK WEIGHT DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE, AND REPORTING. IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 16 p. AB - This is the implementation report for PennDOT Research Project 89-11, "Truck Weight Data Processing, Storage, and Reporting." Specific and detailed recommendations are presented in this report on the following phases of the PennDOT Weigh-In-Motion Program: Calibration of Golden River WIM Systems; Use of WIM Data; and Integration of WIM Program with Existing and Future Information Management Systems. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Calibration KW - Computer programs KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Recommendations KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344861 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602733 AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Cunigan, W AU - Chizewick, T AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK WEIGHT DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE, AND REPORTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 140 p. AB - This report documents the findings of the PennDOT Weigh-In-Motion research project, including the evaluation of PennDOT WIM units, the survey of PennDOT needs, analysis of the surveys and recommendations, and the development and testing of the computer programs. Based on an analysis of the responses to the survey questionnaire and an investigation of the existing computer programs provided through FHWA and the PAT, IRD, and Golden River firms, five computer analyses were developed. These are: (1) average truck weight, (2) equivalent single-axle loads, (3) number of trucks by weight range, (4) trucks exceeding standard weight limits, and (5) cumulative fatigue damage on bridge structures. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602735 AU - Weyand, T E AU - Sutton, W F AU - Pittsburgh Mineral & Environmental Technology, Inc AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IDENTIFICATION OF ACCEPTABLE/BENEFICIAL REUSES FOR SPENT BRIDGE PAINTING BLAST MATERIAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 120 p. AB - This report documents the results of an investigation to identify potential beneficial reuses for spent bridge painting blast material. Nine samples of the spent material generated at various PennDOT maintenance projects were characterized both physically and chemically. Two coal slag abrasive samples and one copper slag abrasive sample which reported hazardous levels of lead on the EP and TCLP extraction tests were evaluated in possible reuse application. Of the eight potential reuse applications, only structural clay products offered the potential to fully reuse the spent abrasive material without significant material upgrading, while yielding products that demonstrated equivalent or improved performance over those made with standard feed materials. Bricks made with up to 40% spent abrasive material demonstrated improved mechanical performance and equivalent or improved shrinkage and density over the standard. Assuming larger scale testing confirms these results, it is anticipated that such reuse could consume all the spent mineral abrasive materials generated in the State, yielding environmentally stable products of commercial utility, and eliminating landfill disposal of this material. KW - Abrasives KW - Blast cleaning KW - Brick KW - Environmental impacts KW - Recycling KW - Spent blast materials KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600473 AU - Monismith, C L AU - Finn, F N AU - Epps, J A AU - Kermit, M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT AT THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEVEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 52 p. AB - At the local government level considerable effort is underway to implement pavement management systems. This study sponsored by the State of California Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration through the Rural Technical Assistance Program (RTAP), represents an endeavor to assist in this development process. This report describes a survey and evaluation of the experiences of thirteen agencies which have initiated such activities. It summarizes the results of the study and includes a discussion of factors to be considered in the development of a pavement management system (PMS) at the local government level. Under the study, six local government agencies were provided both financial and technical assistance to implement pavement management activities within their organizations. This report provides a summary of these implementation experiences for the six agencies. The results suggest that the development of a "generic" pavement management system would be an extremely desirable undertaking. It is envisioned that this "generic" system suited to the specific organization's requirements might be developed in-house or with the assistance of a consultant. Included in the report is a brief discussion of the form that such a system might take and the stages of its development. KW - Case studies KW - Local government KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343992 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600503 AU - Matkovic, B AU - Institut "Rudjer Boskovic" AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS. VOLUME II: INTERIM REPORT 1987-1988 PY - 1990/07 SP - 26 p. AB - This account of the researchers' latest studies for 1987-88 would probably be best described by the heading, "Hydrated Fly Ash with a Silica Fume and/or Portland Cement Addition, Reactions in Pastes and Mortars." The hydrated fly ash results from the hydration of free-lime-rich (approximately 40 weight percent) fly ash from the GACKO power plant. Also treated are the results of combining 1) hydrated fly ash (70 weight percent) plus silica fume (30 weight percent); 2) and 3) hydrated fly ash (70 weight percent) plus silica fume (20 or 10 weight percent) and portland cement (10 or 20 weight percent), respectively; and 4) hydrated fly ash (70 weight percent) plus portland cement (30 weight percent). Figures 1 through 4 in the report illustrate the relative percentages of ettringite and the carbonate, oxide, hydroxide, and sulfate of calcium plus that of portland cement (where used in a hydration) at the various hydration agings from 0 to 90 days. A short summation of the researchers' previous findings from 1984 to 1987 appears in the early part of the report. KW - Calcium carbonate KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Calcium oxide KW - Calcium sulfates KW - Cement KW - Ettringite KW - Fly ash KW - Hydration KW - Mortar KW - Pastes KW - Portland cement KW - Silica fume KW - Strength development KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344007 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600502 AU - Matkovic, B AU - Institut "Rudjer Boskovic" AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH IN CEMENTS. VOLUME I: INTERIM REPORT 1986-1987 PY - 1990/07 SP - 66 p. AB - This report is presented in three parts. Part I describes an investigation of approaches for regulating the setting time of belite cement containing C3A and C4AF. Findings in this respect would have considerable economic import. It was found that belite rich cement must have at least twice as much alite as tricalcium aluminate to avoid a flash setting. Part II deals with the development of a phase diagram for the various compositional entities of Ca2SiO4 and Ba2SiO4, (Ca2SiO4-Ba2SiO4), content on the temperature range from 25 to 145 deg C. Part III treats specifically with X-Phase, (Ca1.52Ba0.48SiO4) and T-Phase, (Ca0.69Ba1.31SiO4) which according to their compositions are sandwiched between belite and Ba2SiO4 in the Ca2SiO4-Ba2SiO4 system. Studies of the hydraulic reactivities and strength development of X-Phase and T-Phase are presented. KW - Cement KW - Hydraulic reactivities KW - Materials selection KW - Phase diagrams KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Setting time KW - Strength development KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344006 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600489 AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Hansen, A AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRUSH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE "BREAKAWAY" BOGIE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 80 p. AB - This report contains the results of the tests performed to verify that the crush characteristics of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) "breakaway" bogie vehicle are similar to the characteristics of a 1979 Volkswagen Rabbit when impacting a narrow object at 20 mi/h (3.94 m/s). These tests were performed at the FOIL located in McLean, Virginia. The 1979 Volkswagen Rabbit and the "breakaway" bogie were impacted into a rigid pole that had force gauges located in it to collect the force/crush characteristics of the vehicles. The results of this study are to be used to validate the 1800-lb (817.2-kg) pendulum that is being manufactured for the FOIL. Analysis of the data reveals that the crush characteristics of the "breakaway" bogie accurately represent those of a Volkswagen Rabbit. In addition to the force/crush data, a method to determine acceleration data from high-speed movies is also presented in this report. The method presents a straightforward process that is comparable with electronic transducer data. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Accuracy KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Characteristics KW - Crushing KW - Determination KW - High speed movies KW - Impact tests KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344000 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497372 AU - Ross, T AU - Verzi, S AU - Shuler, S AU - McKeen, G AU - SCHAEFER, V AU - University of New Mexico, Albuquerque AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PAVEMENT REHABILITATION EXPERT SYSTEM (PARES) FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 58 p. AB - The objective of this research effort was to develop a computerized expert system that could be used to assist the New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department's Planning Bureau and Materials Lab Bureau in the evaluation and development of rehabilitation schemes for flexible pavements. This code is termed PARES (PAvement Rehabilitation Expert System) for preliminary pavement design. The knowledge base of PARES is comprised of 278 rules which reason about 23 different distress types in an effort to select one or more of 21 different rehabilitation strategies. The expert system interacts with other numerical codes, including a module to assess relative costs of the recommended rehabilitation strategies. The system as configured eventually would use information collected from the Department's pavement management system and consolidated database to establish initial rehabilitation schemes (based on current AASHTO design procedures) that would be reasonable and cost effective. Products of the project consist of: (1) an implemented "VAX" computer-based integrated system software package for the preliminary rehabilitation design of flexible pavements, (2) a final report, and (3) a user's manual documenting the software. The system is installed on the State's VAX-cluster. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Expert systems KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Planning KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310716 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00496713 AU - Griffin, R G AU - Colorado Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT MARKING MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/07 SP - 125 p. AB - This is a final report for a study to review and evaluate the performance of pavement marking in Colorado. The report covers the performance of materials installed transverse to the road and panel review of several long-line striping projects with higher-type pavement marking. The transverse test deck included numerous brands of both permanent and removable grades of preformed plastic, extruded thermoplastic, epoxy paint, standard alkyd traffic paint, and fast dry alkyd traffic paint. These materials were applied on both asphalt and concrete. Conclusions in this report are: (1) 100% solids epoxy paint is a durable marking material which outlasts numerous applications of standard alkyd traffic paint both on asphalt and concrete; (2) Catalyzed polyester paint seems to be unsuitable for the severe environment of Colorado Mountain interstate highways; (3) Extruded thermoplastic is a durable marking material, maintaining its retroreflectivity throughout its life when applied to asphalt. On the test deck on asphalt, the extruded thermoplastic's performance was equivalent to that of the better preformed plastics. When applied to concrete, however, extruded thermoplastic breaks up and debonds quickly. Epoxy paint is now used statewide on rural interstate lane lines. Thermoplastic is not recommended on concrete pavement. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Drying rate KW - Durability KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fast dry paints KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polyester resins KW - Preformed plastics KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Test results KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310330 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615578 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Hashmi, A M AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT SAVINGS FROM ROADSIDE IMPROVEMENTS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06/13 SP - 104 p. AB - The objective of the study was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of roadside improvements on two-lane rural highways in Illinois. The accident frequencies on the road segments before the improvements were compared with those afterwards. Accident reductions due to the improvements were estimated and the benefits from these avoided accidents were compared to the improvement costs. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash rates KW - Improvements KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356638 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01413383 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Coleman, J A TI - Field evaluations of breakaway utility poles PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 166-70 KW - Accident KW - Crashes KW - Frangible joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181181 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01413382 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Jones, J S TI - Model study of the Hatchie River US 51 Bridge PY - 1990/06 VL - 54 IS - 1 SP - 160-5 KW - Bridge failure KW - Collapse KW - Erosion KW - Erosion KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1181180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01410814 AU - Opiela, K S AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Work zone traffic control delineation for channelization PY - 1990/06 IS - FHWA/RD-90-089 SP - 107p AB - This report describes a study of the delineation requirements for work zone traffic control. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies and current practices, and an examination of current standards. It was concluded that, in spite of the increasing number of different types of channelizing devices, there appears to be no scientific basis for the spacing criteria for the use of devices for channelization purposes in the taper or tangent sections of a work zone. A laboratory-based testing procedure was used to determine the most appropriate spacing configuration. An interactive video system was used to test subject recognition distances of eight different device types spaced at the standard distance, 1.5 times and 2.0 times the standard distance. Over 240 subjects were tested. The results indicated variability between the performance of most channelizing devices across the spacings tested. Field testing was undertaken at six actual work zones. Right and left closures were used to test the various device-spacing configurations under both day and night conditions. Manual and automated methods were used to gather the field data for traffic approaching a work zone. The study area included four points equally spaced over the 2000 ft (600 m) before the work zone and the activity at the start of the taper for the lane closure. The tests were undertaken under the hypothesis that the most effective treatment would minimize the percentage of traffic in the closed lane at the start of taper. Field data were analyzed for 2100 5-minute observation periods. Statistical analysis of the data determined neither type of device (round barrels, oblong barrels, Type II barricades, and cones with reflectorized collars) or device spacing (55, 80, and 110 ft) [16.5, 24.7, 33.0m] had a significant effect on driver lane changing behavior. Recommendations for locating work zones to maximize the sight line on the approach to the taper are presented (A). KW - Behavior KW - Channelization KW - Construction site KW - Delineation KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lane closure KW - Lane closure KW - Road markings KW - Traffic channelization KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1178612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01408559 AU - Markow, M J AU - Seguin, E L AU - Ireland, E F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations, R and D TI - Feasibility study of options for the highway maintenance and operations cost index PY - 1990/06 IS - FHWA/RD-89-195 SP - 136p AB - Highway Maintenance and Operations Cost Index has not been revised since it was developed in 1947. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the procedures now used to prepare the Index, and to consider the feasibility of options regarding the Index: retaining it in its current form, revising or redeveloping it, or discontinuing it. This study included several tasks: a literature review of the theoretical aspects of price index development; a detailed survey of State DOT needs for the Maintenance Index, current uses, relationship to maintenance operations, preferences for change, and assessments of the utility of different options; a detailed review of other construction and maintenance indexes and related cost data; analyses of current Index behavior, and comparisons with several construction indexes; and recommendations regarding the Maintenance Cost Index. Based upon the findings of this study, the recommended option is Index redevelopment according to the following guidelines: (1) a simpler Index built upon a market basket of maintenance labor, equipment, and materials items; (2) clearer instructions on submission of unit cost data, and checks on divergent values; (3) computation of regional as well as national Index values; and (4) periodic checks on the currency of the Index's market basket and weighting functions, with revision or rebasing as needed. KW - Construction KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Economics KW - Highways KW - Information management KW - Information management KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance economics KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance management KW - Road costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1176355 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01407471 AU - Stuart, K D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations Research and Development TI - Evaluation of the supplemental procedure of the maximum specific gravity test for bituminous paving mixtures PY - 1990/06 IS - FHWA-RD-90-082 SP - 41p AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of performing the supplemental procedure of AASHTO T 209 (or ASTM D 2041) on the per cent air voids, the effective aggregate specific gravity, and the maximum specific gravity of a bituminous paving mixture, using both thoroughly coated aggregates and partially coated aggregates. The supplemental procedure should correct the test data for water absorbed into the aggregate during the test. Although the supplemental procedure can be used when designing mixtures, it is most often used for determining the maximum specific gravities of moisture damaged pavement samples, or cores or specimens where sawing has exposed a significant amount of aggregate. The majority of aggregates used in this study had water absorptions below 2.5 per cent and thus were not highly absorptive. It is recommended that the supplemental procedure not be performed on laboratory mixtures or pavement cores having aggregates with water absorptions below 2.5 per cent. When testing any mixture prepared in the laboratory during the mixture design process, the procedure for determining the maximum specific gravity should only be performed on well coated mixtures so that the supplemental procedure does not have to be used. For highly absorptive aggregates, it is recommended that the test only be performed at high binder contents which provide thick coatings. Only binder contents close to or slightly above the optimal binder content should be used. The maximum specific gravities for the lower binder contents can be calculated using the effective specific gravity of the aggregate. For laboratory mixtures containing highly absorptive aggregates, the supplemental procedure may indicate whether the coating is sufficient (A). KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Density KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1175267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962908 AU - Johnston, D P AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF A REINFORCED EARTH RETAINING WALL INCORPORATING EPOXY-COATED STEEL STRIPS, DEADWOOD, SOUTH DAKOTA PY - 1990/06 SP - 16 p. AB - In 1986 a retaining wall was constructed in Deadwood, South Dakota using the "reinforced earth" design concept. The backfill material used for the wall was gold mine tailings with a high sulfide content prompting the use of epoxy-coated steel strips in the structure because of the high potential for corrosion. Pullout tests on the epoxy-coated strips indicated that there was no significant difference between epoxy-coated and galvanized strips in terms of pullout resistance and residual friction angle. Monitoring of wall movements since construction was completed shows that, although the central section of the wall settled almost one-half foot due to lack of foundation support, the wall is internally stable and suffered only superficial damage. Corrosion monitoring of black and galvanized steel strips placed in the wall reveals a corrosive environment does exist and that the use of epoxy-coating was a wise decision. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Deadwood (South Dakota) KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Galvanized metals KW - Gold mine tailings KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Monitoring KW - Pull out test KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Retaining walls KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Steep strips KW - Sulfides KW - Trench backfill UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/660935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938423 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE REPORT ON CORRUGATED POLYETHYLENE PIPE, N-12 PY - 1990/06 SP - 18 p. AB - This paper documents the installation and performance of N-12 pipe installed during construction of South Forbes Road in Fayette County, KY 54 in Daviess County, US 62 in McCracken County, Nicholasville Road in Fayette County, and US 68/KY 80 in Warren County. The pipe is manufactured by Advanced Drainage Systems, Inc., and is designated as ADS N-12. ADS N-12 is a corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe. The pipe has a corrugated exterior for increased strength and a smooth interior to provide maximum flow capacity. The N-12 pipe requires less equipment and fewer personnel than steel or concrete pipe for installation. From visual observations at all five sites, extreme care should be taken during backfilling around the pipe above the bedding material. On US 62, KY 54, and US 68/KY 80 the pipes were not completely covered with bedding material. Cuts or tears were found inside the N-12 pipe (5 total). It appears that the tears are occurring where the sections of plastic are wrapped together to form the pipe. The rips are probably occurring due to improper backfilling and unequal loading of the pipe wall. On Forbes Road and Nicholasville Road, the pipes were completely covered with one foot of either sand or crushed stone before the excavated material was placed as backfill. This one-foot cover helps protect the pipe against backfill damage. In several installations, it was apparent the ends of the pipes at the couplings were rarely butted completely together. This permits material to be deposited in those areas. Care should also be taken during construction not to damage the plastic pipe during transportation. Due to the fact the N-12 is lightweight, the pipe has a tendency to rise or drift during backfilling. To eliminate this, the contractors bed each side equally to approximately 1/2 to 3/4 of the pipe height before compacting (depends greatly on the backfill material). KW - Backfilling KW - Bedding KW - Corrugated pipe KW - Couplers KW - Cover depth KW - Crushed rock KW - Field studies KW - High density polyethylene KW - Installation KW - Kentucky KW - Performance KW - Sand KW - Tearing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730644 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00763202 AU - STOUT, D AU - Hinch, J AU - Sawyer, D AU - Ensco, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL TESTING PROGRAM: FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 196 p. AB - A series of crash tests was conducted to evaluate aesthetic guardrails, guardwalls, median barriers and bridge rails that have been designed for use on park roads, parkways and other Federal Lands roads. Following two iterations of redesign, a steel-backed wooden guardrail showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. The successful system features 10-in. by 12-in. by 7-ft (0.25-m by 0.30-m by 2.1-m) posts. A rough stone masonry guardwall showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230, following a modification consisting of raising the concrete core. An artificial stone median barrier made of precast concrete showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. The excellent appearance of this artificial stone barrier makes it a very acceptable replacement for natural stone barriers. The use of this barrier could result in a great saving of time, labor and money. A smooth-stone masonry bridge rail showed acceptable performance when tested and evaluated in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. Designs were developed for a removable guardrail system planned to be used in Glacier National Park. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge railings KW - Compliance KW - Federal lands KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - NCHRP Report 230 KW - Parks KW - Parkways KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738932 AU - Southgate, H F AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATION OF EQUIVALENT AXLELOADS USING DATA COLLECTED BY AUTOMATED VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION AND WEIGH-IN-MOTION EQUIPMENT PY - 1990/06 SP - 85 p. AB - The primary objective of this research study was to modify the existing Equivalent Axle Load (EAL) estimation system to include data obtained using the Golden River Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) system and automated vehicle classification equipment. Data are to be collected over a three-year cycle in accordance with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Traffic Monitoring Guide. Having the capability of moving the portable WIM scales to locations other than interstate sites permits the collection and analysis of specific data at sites on other highway functional classifications. Such data permits estimating both accumulated and future EAL requirements for that site. Such data permits estimating EAL requirements for sites on the same highway functional classification for which the annual average daily traffic (AADT) is the only available data. An algorithm was developed to identify heavy/coal trucks weighed by WIM. The algorithm involves a minimum weight for straight-frame trucks, and for semi-trailer coal trucks has the additional parameter of gross weight divided by the spacing between the last axle on the tractor and the first axle on the trailer. The algorithm works because the coal semi-trailer is shorter than a normal semi-trailer. Historical data files have been sorted by highway functional classification to permit calculating EAL requirements on a three-year cycle corresponding to the requirements of the FHWA Traffic Monitoring Guide. The revised computer programs use the same data format contained in historical files. The basic equation for estimating EALs contains the following seven parameters as independent variables: 1) AADT volume, 2) average fraction of trucks in the traffic stream, 3) average fraction of coal trucks in the total truck population, 4) average number of axles per coal truck, 5) average number of axles per non-coal truck, 6) average number of EALs per coal-truck axle, and 7) average number of EALs per non-coal-truck axle. KW - Algorithms KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Classification KW - Coal trucks KW - Equations KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Highway classification KW - Highways KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738933 AU - Mahboub, K AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOUISA BYPASS EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT PY - 1990/06 SP - 31 p. AB - In an effort to reduce rutting in the new Louisa Bypass in Lawrence County, Kentucky, a large-stone asphaltic base mix (Class K) was used in the base layer. A one-inch (2.54-cm) polymer modified surface wearing course was also used on half of the project. In order to facilitate drainage, a free draining subbase (No. 57's) was placed between the large-stone base and a dense-graded aggregate layer. KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Drainage KW - Large stone mixes KW - Pavement design KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Prevention KW - Rutting KW - Stone KW - Subbase materials KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17300/17362/PB2001101126.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572929 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625391 AU - Houser, T J AU - Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HIGH PRESSURE METHOD OF BITUMEN EXTRACTION FROM ASPHALT PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 20 p. AB - A new method of extracting bitumen from asphalt pavement mixtures has been developed which gives bitumen contents essentially the same as those obtained by the currently used method. The preferred solvent is cyclohexane (although cyclopentane may be used) at high temperatures and pressures. The new method uses a non-chlorinated solvent at high temperatures and pressures (but sub-critical) to dissolve and extract asphalt from the mix in a stainless steel extractor vessel. Although the solvent, cyclohexane, is less hazardous to health than trichloroethylene it can be a fire hazard unless reasonable precautions are exercised. KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Chemical analysis KW - Extraction (Chemistry) KW - Resource extraction KW - Solvents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620389 AU - Wolde-Tinsae, A M AU - Aggour, M S AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL AND SOIL PROVISIONS FOR APPROACHES TO BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/06 SP - 16 p. AB - Most problems occurring at bridge approaches can be associated with differential settlement between the highway pavement and bridge deck, rotation and/or lateral movement of the abutment, and poor design of structural components. This study compiles the different problems that have been encountered at approaches to bridges and summarizes corrective measures that have been used or recommended. Based on extensive finite element investigations, a comprehensive literature review, and a survey of state highway agencies, the report makes recommendations on approach slabs, drainage systems, approach embankments, and the use of geotextiles. Different approach slab lengths based on fill heights and assuming granular backfill material are recommended. Points regarding the special attention that must be given to controlling and driving water away from critical areas around abutments and beneath the approach pavement, by providing adequate drainage systems are summarized. The use of marginal materials and/or inadequate compaction at approach embankments are also primary causes of approach problems. The report makes recommendations on materials, compaction, and construction for approach embankments. The study reviewed the use of geotextiles a technique that is promising, but requires further study to obtain more information on their in-place behavior. This executive summary briefly outlines major problems at bridge approaches, objectives and scope of the research, and conclusions and recommendations that resulted from the research. The complete final report is available as Report No. FHWA/MD-89/13. KW - Abutments KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Embankments KW - Geotextiles KW - Granular materials KW - Recommendations KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00620535 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1990/06 SP - 65 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirement KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616577 AU - Lambe, P C AU - Riad, A H AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH FOR DESIGN OF CUT SLOPES IN PARTLY WEATHERED ROCK AND SAPROLITE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 453 p. AB - Three active landslides located in western North Carolina were investigated. They are: Balsam Gap II landslide located along US 23/74 in Haywood County; Boone landslide located along US 321 in Watagua County; and Waterville landslide located along I-40 in Haywood County. At the Balsam Gap II and Boone landslides, borings were made to obtain soil samples, install slope indicators and piezometers, and to perform pressurementer tests. Surveys were made to determine the surface topography, and test pits were excavated to inspect the shear surface which was located in the saprolite just below the interface with the overlying colluvium. The Waterville landslide had already been investigated by the NCDOT and LAW Engineering so that only a boring was performed to obtain undisturbed samples for laboratory testing. At NCSU, the undisturbed samples were tested in direct shear, ring shear, and consolidation tests. At the NCDOT laboratory, the undisturbed samples were tested in consolidated undrained triaxial tests. The direct shear tests measured peak friction angles of 32 to 38 degrees and cohesion values of 0.25 to 0.48 ksf. The ring shear tests measured residual friction angles of 21 to 27 degrees and cohesion values of 0.04 to 0.15 ksf. The triaxial results fell between these bounds depending upon the orientation of the weakness surfaces. Back analyses show that at failure the pore pressure ratios vary from 0.2 to 0.49 while piezometers measured zero pore pressure. Rainfall causes pore pressures to rise quickly to the failure values. Laboratory measured permeabilities and observations made in the test pits indicate rainfall infiltration caused a perched water table in the colluvium at the Boone landslide while it caused an artesian condition in the saprolite at the Balsam Gap II landslide. KW - Artesian conditions KW - Backcalculation KW - Boring KW - Colluvium KW - Design KW - Direct shear tests KW - Embankments KW - Groundwater KW - Laboratory tests KW - Landslides KW - Perched water table KW - Permeability KW - Pore pressure KW - Rainfall KW - Ring shear KW - Ring stress KW - Saprolite KW - Shear strength KW - Slope stability KW - Soil consolidation test KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Water table KW - Weathered rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00616397 AU - Roschke, P N AU - INOUE, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF BANDED POST-TENSIONING IN A PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLAT SLAB. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 134 p. AB - A new class of flat slab concrete bridges employs bidirectional post-tensioning. While longitudinal post-tensioning is uniform, transverse tendons are concentrated in the vicinity of column lines to act as bentcap-like supports. For multispan structures, transverse post-tensioning is limited to a series of narrow banded regions. This report, first in a series, documents displacement, strain, stress, and punch-through shear capacity of a 3/10ths scale model of a column and slab region of a prototype bridge. Concomitant efforts are underway on a large two-span laboratory bridge model, a field study of a full-size bridge, and a numerical simulation package. The current study investigates degree of validity of a design procedure for a column region of a prototype bridge. Construction, instrumentation, testing, and numerical simulation are described for the concrete model slab. A loading schedule enables stress distribution determination for a variety of tendon and load patterns. The number of stressed tendons varies from one to nine. Results of a large number of transducer readings and finite element simulations are presented via fringe plots, tables, and graphs. Finally, the slab is loaded by a specially fabricated load frame and the circular support column so as to impose punch-through shear failure. A brittle failure at 207 kips (923 kN) is followed by reserve capacity at 111 kips (496 kN) which collapsed the slab. Shear formulas recommended by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, American Concrete Institute, and other researchers are compared with experimental failure and reserve capacity loads. KW - Bridges KW - Brittle failures KW - Brittleness KW - Columns KW - Concrete KW - Deformation curve KW - Design methods KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Failure KW - Finite element method KW - Longitudinal tensioning KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Scale models KW - Shear capacity KW - Shear failures KW - Shear properties KW - Shear stress KW - Slabs KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Tensioning KW - Transverse tensioning KW - Validity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/357036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600694 AU - Keane, E G AU - Abbey, L AU - Utah Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REJUVENATION AND SEALING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 102 p. AB - This research study was undertaken to determine if periodic rejuvenating of asphaltic concrete pavement is a practical method to extend surface life. Five rejuvenating agents were applied -- using a range of application rates -- to both plant mix and chip seal pavements. Extensive field observations were made of the chip seal surfaces. Evaluation of the results indicated that rejuvenation is a viable strategy to extend the life of flexible pavement surfaces during the interval between chip seal coats. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Chip seals KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rejuvenating agent KW - Rejuvenation KW - Seal coats KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497317 AU - Temple, W H AU - Carpenter, W AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW AASHTO PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE IN LOUISIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 118 p. AB - This study was undertaken to provide the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LA DOTD) with an implementation package to facilitate adoption of the new AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. The study included evaluation of design parameters for rigid and flexible pavements, including several new parameters such as design reliability, resilient modulus, drainage, and use of tied concrete shoulders and widened lanes. Recommendations were made for design values which best represent Louisiana conditions, materials, and construction procedures. An automated procedure was developed to estimate roadbed resilient modulus by using soils engineering and classification data as an interim design measure. Traffic equivalence factors were updated using Weigh-in-Motion data for selected vehicle types. Layer structural coefficients were updated for flexible design to reflect new materials and construction procedures. A computer program was developed for LA DOTD use which is tailored to its design reporting format and which has storage capabilities for pavement management purposes. The program is designed to calculate layer thicknesses for a variety of available materials to satisfy the flexible design structural number while maintaining a uniform final pavement elevation. Recommendations are provided for a high stability wearing course layer which is designed to resist rutting and early surface failure, and for permeable asphalt base drainage for rigid and flexible pavement designs. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Design methods KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Implementation KW - Louisiana KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement widening KW - Recommendations KW - Reliability KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Tied concrete KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Widening pavement UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_218.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310670 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00615579 AU - Vespa, J W AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF RESURFACING OF JRCP AND CRCP ON THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 46 p. AB - A study was conducted on the survival of asphalt concrete (AC) overlays on the Illinois Interstate highway system. Data were obtained from the Illinois Pavement Feedback Database (IPFS) for 410 AC overlay construction sections placed on continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) and jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) between 1964 and 1989. The overlays range in thickness from 1.5 to 6.0 in. Both in-service life and 18-kip equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) carried to rehabilitation of the overlay were analyzed through the use of survival curves. The mean age and accumulated 18-kip ESALs at the time of overlay rehabilitation were estimated for each category of overlay thickness (thin and thick), pavement type (JRCP and CRCP) and PCC durability (with and without "D" cracking). Not quite enough data are yet available for CRCP sections to estimate means reliably. Results showed that each of the factors considered, along with traffic level, had a significant effect on the life of the overlays. The information will be very useful in improving the design of AC overlays in the future. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Axle loads KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Thickness KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-053.pdf UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-061.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00497370 AU - Covil, J AU - Sexton, M AU - Stephens, L AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - National Highway Institute TI - NHI COURSE NO. 15127, STATEWIDE HIGHWAY PLANNING PROCEDURES. PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK PY - 1990/06 SP - 665 p. AB - Statewide highway planning procedures and the current state-of-the-practice are documented in this report. The purpose is to provide an instruction manual for the participants in the National Highway Institute (NHI) Course No. 15127, and also, a reference manual that can be used to determine common practices in the eight important areas of statewide planning. These areas are as follows: (1) The Statewide Highway Planning Process; (2) Data Needs and Collection Procedures: Traffic, Classification, Weights, Roadway Inventory, Pavement Distress, HPMS Roughness, and Information Systems; (3) Travel Forecasting Procedures: Autos, Trucks, and ESALs Using Trend, Regression, and Network Approaches; (4) Systems Analysis Procedures: Highway Plans, Population/Land Use Forecasts, Functional Classification, Arterial Preservation, Level of Development Plans, and Cost Allocation; (5) Highway Needs: HPMS Analytical Process, HWYNEEDS, HIAP, Network PMS, Sufficiency Ratings, and Route Analyses; (6) Project Level Analyses: Project Development, Benefit/Cost, Environmental, and South Carolina Prioritization; (7) Pavement Design Related to Truck Travel Forecasts: Truck Impacts, ESAL Forecasting, and Pavement Management; and (8) Management and Legislature Presentations. KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Highway planning KW - Highways KW - Information organization KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - Politics KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Regional planning KW - State of the art studies KW - State planning KW - States KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/310714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611914 AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Mousa, R AU - Said, K AU - Jovanis, P P AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - University of California, Davis AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONES IN ILLINOIS: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 156 p. AB - This study had two two principal objectives: First, to identify whether any driver population subgroup is overrepresented in construction zone accidents and second, to evaluate the effect of various traffic control measures in effect during construction on accident rates. The first issue was addressed by matching characteristics of drivers involved in construction accidents contained in a sample of 441 accident reports collected by the Illinois State Police with those involved in overall freeway accidents on the Chicago Area Expressway System. The results indicated that no definite distinctions could be made from the two groups on the basis of driver gender, age group or residence. On average, a higher percentage of male drivers were involved in injury accidents, a confirmation of previous research. The second objective was carried out by classifying construction zone accidents for three major reconstruction projects on I-290 Extension Expressway in the Chicago area by a number of attributes. It was found that the accident rates increased from 3.11 to 7.24 A/MVM during construction, then dropped to 2.41 after construction. Moreover, accidents were more likely to occur (a) near ramps, (b) when construction occurred over the left side of the roadway, and (c) when the road cross-section had 2 directional lanes. KW - Construction sites KW - Crash rates KW - Driver characteristics KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Human characteristics KW - Illinois KW - Impacts KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic crashes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00611098 AU - Seamons, L L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE INVOLVING SOUNDWALLS. DRAFT FINAL PY - 1990/06 SP - 67 p. AB - This report presents the results of a before-and-after study of soundwall installations which indicates that the installation of soundwalls did not significantly increase the total accident rate. The study involved comparing the accident experiences among groups of soundwall installations; a group being defined by base or protection type and distance from the edge of the traveled way. Soundwall accidents were also compared with all urban freeway accidents. All available collision reports were read and examined for angle of impact. Fatal collision reports were further examined for causative factors. The final conclusions are that the data in this report does not conflict with Caltrans' newly revised soundwall base type policy and actually lends support. The support is qualified because of the small data samples available for some aspects of the study. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Design KW - Fatalities KW - Freeways KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Noise barriers KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/356017 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610139 AU - GRAY, J AU - Lavallee, P P AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEGMENT-WIDE ON-LINE CONTROL OF FREEWAYS TO RELIEVE CONGESTION AND IMPROVE PUBLIC SAFETY: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1990/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This paper is an executive summary for the project entitled "Segment-Wide On-Line Control of Freeways to Relieve Congestion and Improve Public Safety". The project consisted of a number of working papers that examined various areas of freeway on-line control. Working papers are documented in the References section at the end of the report. The three major areas investigated include: monitoring of traffic detection information and incident control strategies; detector diagnostics; and ramp entry control strategies. KW - Computers KW - Freeways KW - Improvements KW - Incidents KW - Monitoring KW - Mtigation KW - On line computers KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00610117 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Kvammen, B AU - Kaloush, K AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREMATURE FAILURE OF LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 259 p. AB - This study is an investigation of the cause(s) of premature failure of latex modified concrete (LMC) bridge deck overlays in Ohio. Data and materials for 93 bridge decks overlaid with LMC were collected from five Ohio Department of Transportation Districts. Additional materials were collected and evaluations were conducted through monitoring the construction of seven LMC bridge deck overlays. Overall documentation and evaluation of the overlays and materials obtained are discussed; this includes field survey activities, construction monitoring and laboratory testing and analysis. Characteristics of the LMC mixtures and materials are evaluated and compared to acceptable standards. General findings were that most of the problems were due to the underlying old deck which was contaminated with chloride ions, previously undetected due to insufficient testing. Other conclusions are presented separately under construction monitoring, field surveys, and laboratory testing and analysis. KW - Bridge decks KW - Causes KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Failure KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Monitoring KW - Overlays (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/355641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00608649 AU - Rissel, M C AU - Taylor, J P AU - Vollmer, R J AU - Smith (Wilbur) and Associates AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS FOR BRIDGE MAINTENANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - v.p. AB - A manual consisting of 65 bridge maintenance procedures and standards was developed for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation during development of the Department's Bridge Maintenance System. Research to determine the need for, and potential usage of the procedures and standards was conducted through interviewing Department personnel; observing work being performed by Department bridge maintenance crews; a survey of the procedures and standards of other states; and a literature search. A standardized format for the procedures and standards was developed in conjunction with the Department. Individual procedures were developed with coordination and review by the Department. The format provides an activity description; reference to other documents such as standard specifications; methods and procedures; labor, equipment and material requirements; and a productivity standard. Appropriate schematic drawings are included where pertinent. Productivity standards were developed based on available data, work experience of the author and review by Department personnel. A significant difference from usual management systems was intended in that reporting information was to refer only to 65 specific Bridge Maintenance System (BMS) activities. The concept was revised by the Department and the 65 activities were regrouped under 26 activities in the Maintenance and Operations Resource Information System (MORIS). KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance standards KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Productivity KW - Quality of work KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/351781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00607562 AU - Madden, D A AU - Rand, D W AU - Dunphy, W J AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRELATION OF FROST DEPTH, THAW PERIODS AND SPRING DEFLECTIONS TO SPRING LOAD RESTRICTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 37 p. AB - This publication is a final report containing results derived from an HP&R, Part II research project designed to find a more objective method of selecting the date to restrict heavy loads from travelling over thawing roadways. A Road Rater, Model 400 B, manufactured by Foundation Mechanics, Inc., and frost gauges built from sketches furnished by the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, comprised the equipment utilized. Climatological data were obtained from U.S. Weather Bureau reporting stations. Thawed and frozen zones were determined using the frost gauges and compared to surface deflections, the area of the deflection bowl, the subgrade modulus and the ratio of the applied force to the deflection of the number 1 sensor, among other things. Although not specifically an original objective of this study, a method previously reported by Washington DOT/FHWA was also considered. The results of these comparisons are discussed in the report. They are presented in both tabular and graphic form in the Appendices. KW - Coefficient of subgrade reaction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Frost KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Load limits KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Spring breakup KW - Tables (Data) KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/350833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603572 AU - Mullins, J A AU - Benson, J D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas State Department of Highways & Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL FOR TRAFFIC DIVERSION TO A STRATEGIC ARTERIAL SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 59 p. AB - This report presents the results of an analysis of strategic arterials and their effect on the travel demands of an urban region. The Texas travel demand models were used to macroscopically estimate potential demands for, and the magnitude of any reduction in travel demand on other parts of the regional transportation system due to the implementation of a system of strategic arterials. Two strategic arterial systems, one consisting of 600 miles of strategic arterials and the other composed of 350 miles of strategic arterials, were delineated for the evaluation. In order to gauge any "shifts" in travel demand a base system (without strategic arterials) was analyzed as well. To accommodate what was initially a key parameter in estimating strategic arterial demands, the strategic arterials were tested at two different speed advantages over "normal" arterials. Two different types of assignments were performed with each of the strategic arterial systems in each speed advantage condition. The first set of assignments focused on the potential for travel path diversion resulting from the implementation of a strategic arterial system and a second set of assignments was directed toward travel pattern diversion. The results of these analyses have shown that while speed does play a role in the demand on and diversion of traffic to strategic arterials, the overwhelming controlling factor involves the capacity of the strategic arterials. The travel demand modeling analyses show that demand on strategic arterials matches capacity in areas which are otherwise congested. Analysis results of proposed strategic arterial systems in the Dallas/Fort Worth region are also presented and were found to be comparable to those from the Houston region in terms of the effectiveness of strategic arterial systems in reducing demand on freeway systems. KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway capacity KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic speed KW - Travel demand KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603114 AU - Jackson, G W AU - Bowser-Morner Associates, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ACCELERATED LABORATORY TEST TO DETERMINE THE DURABILITY OF PIPE CULVERT MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 46 p. AB - The serviceability of a culvert is, to a great degree, determined by the rate at which erosion and corrosion deteriorate the given material. While corrosion is the result of a chemical reaction on the material's surface, erosion involves a mechanical wearing away of the material. The reports citing factors affecting culvert material deterioration indicate that the two processes often work in concert. Consequently, the environment into which the material is placed into service will determine the type and degree of erosion and corrosion. Interviews with professionals in the area of culvert corrosion along with an extensive literature review of more than 100 articles provided the basis for determining that stream side oxidation potential, solution pH, and abrasion are the primary contributing factors in the deterioration of culvert materials. A test method is proposed that would allow experimental control of these factors. The apparatus to be employed would induce a constant voltage relative to a reference electrode to simulate the oxidation potential of the stream side of the culvert material. The pH and electrolytic composition of the solution would be adjusted to simulate the desired environment. Abrasion would be evaluated at reproducible level(s) to reflect the possible interacting effect on the culvert material's corrosion resistance. Electrical current would be monitored as a measure of corrosion in the culvert material. A properly designed study utilizing this approach should provide for the successful development of an accelerated corrosion test. KW - Abrasions KW - Accelerated tests KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Erosion KW - Interviewing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Oxidation KW - pH value KW - Pipe culverts KW - Reviews UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00603209 AU - Hansen, A AU - Hinch, J AU - Santelli, N AU - Hott, C AU - Brown, C AU - Totani, N AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ADDITIONAL FEDERAL OUTDOOR IMPACT LABORATORY (FOIL) FACILITIES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: VALIDATION OF THE FOIL PENDULUM UPGRADE PY - 1990/06 SP - 29 p. AB - This report documents the design, development and validation of an upgraded pendulum for the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL). The pendulum, which is designed to simulate the low-speed impact of a small automobile into breakaway luminaire and sign supports, has been upgraded with an 1800-lb (817 kg) mass, a new crushable nose design, special features to reduce pendulum harmonic ringing after impact, a new sweeper plate design, and provision for mounting on board accelerometers. Additional facility modifications developed as a part of this upgrade include a removable rigid foundation for mounting luminaire and sign supports and a new speed trap system. Testing conducted on the new pendulum system confirmed the adequate operation of the new speed trap system and the acceptability of the removable rigid foundation. In addition, the pendulum crush characteristics were shown to be in agreement with the crush characteristics of the bogie vehicle put into service in 1985, and to closely model the crush of the automobile which was used as a basis for the pendulum development. Tests with the new sweeper plate design confirmed its proper performance, though the breakaway force level was 50% higher than the design value. Tests with actual luminaire supports demonstrated that the pendulum could indeed be used to simulate the low-speed impact of a small car into sign and luminaire supports, though there were anomalies in the data from the slip base testing. The new speed trap system and the new sweeper plate were recommended for implementation at the pendulum facility, though the attachment bolts of the sweeper plate should be replaced with lower strength bolts so that the breakaway force level is reduced. The pendulum was recommended for evaluation of anchor base, transformer base, progressive shear, coupling mounted and other breakaway luminaire and sign supports which have already been shown to perform satisfactorily with the bogie vehicle. However, further research was recommended to evaluate the anomalies in the results of the slip base testing (with automobiles and with surrogates like the pendulum and bogie) before the pendulum is used for slip base evaluations. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compact automobiles KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory, foil KW - Impact tests KW - Low speed KW - Modifications KW - Pendulum tests KW - Small car KW - Test facilities KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/349219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00602804 AU - Swatek, C AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RTAP NATIONAL TELECONFERENCE, NOVEMBER 15, 1989. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 32 p. AB - This report documents the events leading to the November 15, 1989 RTAP National Teleconference, the actual teleconference and the lessons learned from this teleconference. Its purpose is to inform the readers of some of the advantages, as well as some of the problems associated with using teleconferencing as a training media. Recommendations are given to assist those individuals who are planning their own teleconference. KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technology transfer KW - Teleconferencing KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601477 AU - Reyes (JA) Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS OF MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1987 PY - 1990/06 SP - 61 p. AB - This document profiles 1987 accidents reported by interstate commercial carriers of property subject to the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1651-60). It is suspected that accidents involving interstate carriers were significantly underreported; actions are underway to correct this in the future. 27,479 accidents were reported by commercial carriers of property in 1987, 5% more than in 1986. This was the first time that total accidents reported increased since 1984. Accidents were more lethal in 1987 than during any of the preceding four years. Nearly 1 in 10 accidents in 1987 resulted in fatalities; 6 in 10 accidents produced injuries. Reported accidents produced 2,907 fatalities, 28,018 injuries, and property damage estimated at $380,638,715. One out of 4 accidents occurred in just four states: Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. This document contains five chapters: (1) 1987 Overview; (2) The Driver; (3) The Vehicle; (4) The Accident Setting; and (5) The Accident. Within each chapter, data are organized under specific topics. A glossary of terms and a copy of Form MCS 50-T are presented in the Appendix. KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Environment KW - Fatalities KW - Hazardous materials KW - Injuries KW - Interstate commerce KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344557 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00601534 AU - Scruggs, T E AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SHRINKAGE AND SWELL FACTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 53 p. AB - Factors for shrinkage and swell are provided to designers for use in compensating for changes in soil and rock volumes when they are excavated from a cut and placed in a fill. These factors are used to estimate earthwork volumes for unclassified excavation, embankments, and borrow and can significantly impact project costs. Construction overruns can occur on projects due to inaccuracies in assumption of these factors. The objectives of this study were to examine areas of the state where shrinkage and swell factors did not correlate with actual earthwork measurements, and determine which parameters may have caused errors in estimating these factors. Guidelines would then be established to better predict shrinkage and swell factors of soil and rock. Current recommended shrinkage factors in several of the districts were found to be low and will need to be increased. No major problems were found with swell factors, but additional sampling in weathered rock will be required to help predict swell factors. KW - Earthwork KW - Errors KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Rocks KW - Shrinkage KW - Soil shrinkage KW - Soil swell KW - Soils KW - Swell KW - Swelling KW - Swelling soils KW - Weathered rock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600468 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Mueller, A L AU - Stanley, M B AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 100 p. AB - This report examines the procedures currently being used for evaluating an asphalt concrete mixture and evaluates the suitability of replacing current procedures with newer equipment and procedures. Current test requirements call for the asphalt content and gradation to be dtermined for comparison with specifications to certify the level of quality in the mixture. Newer techniques include the nuclear asphalt content (NAC) gauge, the use of biodegradable solvents, and determination of gradation from cold feed testing. The evaluation of State experience and State special studies, and analysis of raw data collected by various State agencies provided supporting data that show the NAC gauge can be substituted for traditional extraction tests for asphalt content determination, when properly calibrated for each mixture being produced. Several of the new biodegradable solvents, not all, can be substituted directly for traditional solvents to provide the same level of accuracy in asphalt content determination when special procedures are adopted to ensure proper accountability of fines removed during rinsing operations. The use of the biodegradable solvents did not produce a consistently different gradation when the appropriate procedures were used to ensure complete rinsing of the new solvent and accounting for the fines removed during rinsing. It is recommended that the biodegradable solvents be used in conjunction with the NAC gauges to provide a more economical means of evaluating an asphalt concrete mixture. A number of studies examining cold feed determination indicate that the cold feed gradations are as accurate, and no more variable than the determination of gradation from the truck or road. The durability of the aggregate can alter this if it degrades during production, producing a different gradation on the roadway. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Biodegradability KW - Cold feed testing KW - Nuclear gages KW - Solvents KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600505 AU - Stuart, K D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEDURE OF THE MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR BITUMINOUS PAVING MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 41 p. AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of performing the supplemental procedure of AASHTO T 209 (or ASTM D 2041) on the percent air voids, the effective aggregate specific gravity, and the maximum specific gravity of a bituminous paving mixture, using both thoroughly coated aggregates and partially coated aggregates. The supplemental procedure should correct the test data for water absorbed into the aggregate during the test. Although the supplemental procedure can be used when designing mixtures, it is most often used for determining the maximum specific gravities of moisture damaged pavement samples, or cores or specimens where sawing has exposed a significant amount of aggregate. The majority of aggregates used in this study had water absorptions below 2.5% and thus were not highly absorptive. It is recommended that the supplemental procedure not be peformed on laboratory mixtures or pavement cores having aggregates with water absorptions below 2.5%. When testing any mixture prepared in the laboratory during the mixture design process, the procedure for determining the maximum specific gravity should only be performed on well coated mixtures so that the supplemental procedure does not have to be used. For highly absorptive aggregates, it is recommended that the test only be performed at high binder contents which provide thick coatings. Only binder contents close to or slightly above the optimal binder content should be used. The maximum specific gravities for the lower binder contents can be calculated using the effective specific gravity of the aggregate. For laboratory mixtures containing highly absorptive aggregates, the supplemental procedure may indicate whether the coating is sufficient. KW - Aggregates KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Binder content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Coatings KW - Measurement KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity tests KW - Supplemental tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600474 AU - RUSSELL, P AU - Paniati, J AU - Olson, P AU - McGee, H AU - Black, K AU - Casner, D AU - Moseley, R AU - Lagergren, E AU - ROBERT, C AU - Young, R AU - Lumia, J AU - Antle, C AU - Attaway, R AU - Schwab, R AU - McCoola, B AU - Eilts, L AU - CUNARD, R AU - Hofstetter, D AU - Liebe, V AU - Hearn, S AU - SMALL, F AU - McComb, D AU - Butula, R AU - Pickford, T AU - Baker, W AU - Lerch, G AU - Walcoff & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORKSHOP ON FIELD INSPECTION AND REHABILITATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES, PROCEEDINGS. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 263 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has begun a number of initiatives to improve signing on the Nation's roadways. These include workshops to obtain input from experts across the country, a review of each State's highway sign replacement and refurbishing program, and a training course. This report documents the proceedings of the workshops, one held in the Western United States and one in the Eastern United States. The workshops opened with a plenary session on Issues, Needs, and the FHWA Research Program, followed by a plenary session on Development of Minimum Requirements. The program continued with a panel discussion on Performance Standard Criteria, followed by a plenary session on Materials Selection. Breakout sessions on freeway signing, non-freeway signing, and motorist services and tourist-oriented signing completed the first day of the workshops. The second day opened with reports of the breakout sessions and continued with a plenary session on Field Assessment Techniques. A plenary session on Maintenance Procedures and Programs followed. The second day ended with breakout sessions on sign replacement methods, using contracting versus in-house and prison industries, and traffic control during sign replacement. The third day opened with reports on the previous day's breakout sessions, followed by a plenary session on Improved Inventory Techniques. The workshops closed with a Look to the Future plenary session. This report details the remarks made by the panelists and the comments and concerns of the participants on each of these issues. KW - Assessments KW - Contract administration KW - Contract maintenance KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment maintenance KW - In-house KW - Inspection KW - Inventory KW - Methodology KW - Prisoners KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Road markings KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic marking KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/343993 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00600506 AU - Opiela, K S AU - Knoblauch, R L AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL DELINEATION FOR CHANNELIZATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1990/06 SP - 107 p. AB - This report describes a study of the delineation requirements for work zone traffic control. The research included a comprehensive review of past studies and current practices, and an examination of current standards. It was concluded that, in spite of the increasing number of different types of channelizing devices, there appears to be no scientific basis for the spacing criteria for the use of devices for channelization purposes in the taper or tangent sections of a work zone. A laboratory-based testing procedure was used to determine the most appropriate spacing configuration. An interactive video system was used to test subject recognition distances of eight different device types spaced at the standard distance, 1.5 times and 2.0 times the standard distance. Over 240 subjects were tested. The results indicated variability between the performance of most channelizing devices across the spacings tested. Field testing was undertaken at six actual work zones. Right and left closures were used to test the various device-spacing configurations under both day and night conditions. Manual and automated methods were used to gather the field data for traffic approaching a work zone. The study area included four points equally spaced over the 2000 ft (600 m) before the work zone and the activity at the start of the taper for the lane closure. The tests were undertaken under the hypothesis that the most effective treatment would minimize the percentage of traffic in the closed lane at the start of the taper. Field data were analyzed for 2100 5-minute observation periods. Statistical analysis of the data determined neither type of device (round barrels, oblong barrels, Type II barricades, and cones with reflectorized collars) or device spacing (55, 80, and 110 ft) (16.5, 24.7, and 33.0 m) had a significant effect on driver lane changing behavior. Recommendations for locating work zones to maximize the sight line on the approach to the taper are presented. KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barricades KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Behavior KW - Channelization KW - Cones KW - Data analysis KW - Drivers KW - Field tests KW - Human subject testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lane changing KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Recommendations KW - Spacing KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/344010 ER -