TY - CONF AN - 00667739 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Turnbull, K F AU - Meyer, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT INNOVATION AND RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM: SETTING A STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1993, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA. SYMPOSIUM OVERVIEW PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 5-7 AB - This invitation-only Symposium brought together key representatives from public and private sector groups involved in Travel Demand Management (TDM). Individuals from federal, state, and local governments, transit and rideshare agencies, Transportation Management Associations and Organizations, private businesses, consulting firms, universities and research institutes, and other groups provided a diverse mix of perspectives and opinions. Participants spent most of the two days in working groups discussing the current status of TDM, issues limiting the effectiveness of TDM, research needs, and strategies to help advance the state of TDM practice into the next century. Eight resource papers, commissioned for the Symposium, were provided to participants prior to the Symposium. These provided an excellent starting point for the working group discussions. The discussions focused on the five general areas of market and constituency development; legislative and policy development; planning, implementation, and evaluation; institutional and organizational development (public-private partnerships); and operational and technological development (IVHS). The working groups identified key issues and research needs for each of the five focus areas. These were then compiled and presented at the closing session. A market research tool, called the Perception Analyzer, was used at this session to provide the Symposium participants with the opportunity to rate the composite list of 42 strategies and research topics. The responses were tabulated during the session, allowing the preliminary results to be presented before participants left the Symposium. The Transportation Research Board TDM Task Force will use the results from the symposium to develop a comprehensive ongoing TDM research program. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Market development KW - Policy analysis KW - Public private partnerships KW - Ratings KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667750 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Replogle, M AU - Dittmar, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTEGRATING TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 107-122 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) both give new impetus to travel demand management (TDM). Their successful implementation will require all metropolitan areas over 200,000 to develop effective congestion management systems which integrate TDM into transportation planning, programming and operations and include land use management and pricing elements. Under these laws, TDM might finally realize its full potential for boosting the productivity of our transportation system investments and strengthening economic performance. However, this will require several significant changes: (a) TDM must be integrated into all aspects of transportation and community planning and development, rather than being treated as an add-on to the current process. (b) Local, regional and state agencies involved in transportation and land use need to be held accountable for the impacts of their actions on travel demand and reorganized to better coordinate policies and programs which can manage both short and long term demand growth. (c) Much greater resources at the federal, state, regional, and local level must be devoted to transportation and land use data collection, the improvement of analytic tools and monitoring systems, and the use of new types of criteria and benchmarks for measuring transportation system performance, demand changes, and environmental and socioeconomic consequences. (d) TDM must encompass a broader range of strategies, including those dealing with non-work travel, non-peak period travel, short trips, emerging technologies, pricing, land use development, and urban design. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Accountability KW - City planning KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Conferences KW - Congestion management systems KW - Coordination KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Land use planning KW - Local government KW - Measurement KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Monitoring KW - Non-work travel KW - Off-peak travel KW - Performance KW - Pricing KW - Regional government KW - Short trips KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - State government KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412905 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667751 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Turnbull, K F AU - Bridges, G S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND INTELLIGENT VEHICLE-HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 123-133 AB - Although approaching current transportation issues from different perspectives, both travel demand management (TDM) strategies and intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) technologies focus on improving the efficiency of the existing transportation system through better management, rather than building new capacity. Further, the use of IVHS and other advanced technologies appears to hold promise for enhancing the successful implementation of TDM strategies. Many potential applications of IVHS technologies with TDM actions are just beginning to be explored and implemented by public and private sector groups. This resource paper is intended to help foster, enhance, and expand this discussion, and to assist in bringing together the different groups involved in both IVHS and TDM. In addition, the paper generates further ideas and suggestions for operational tests, demonstration projects, and research studies to advance the integration of IVHS with TDM strategies. To accomplish this the paper is divided into three sections following the introduction. The first section provides a brief overview of TDM strategies and IVHS technologies. The major elements of both are summarized to provide a common understanding of the depth and breadth of the two approaches. This section also summarizes the different groups involved in funding, research and development, implementation, and evaluation of IVHS technologies and projects. This is followed by a discussion of techniques to utilize IVHS technologies to enhance the use of TDM actions. This section includes a review of examples of current state-of-the-art projects and discusses other potential applications. It also summarizes some of the major issues associated with the possible development of IVHS/TDM projects and approaches for addressing these concerns. The paper concludes with a summary of the major topics covered and the identification of areas where further research is needed. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Applications KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Implementation KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412906 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667740 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Turnbull, K F AU - Arrillaga, B AU - Judycki, D C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT INNOVATION AND RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM: SETTING A STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1993, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA. INTRODUCTION PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 9-12 AB - Katherine F. Turnbull, Symposium Planning Committee Chair, Texas Transportation Institute, Bert Arrillaga, Federal Transit Administration, and Dennis C. Judycki, Federal Highway Administration, welcomed Symposium participants, reviewed the Symposium agenda, and discussed the goals and expected results of the Symposium. All emphasized the fact that this was to be a working symposium to identify the key focus areas for future Travel Demand Management activities. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667742 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Siwek, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CURRENT PRACTICES, IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES, AND INTEGRATING TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES. SUMMARY OF SYMPOSIUM RESOURCE PAPERS PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 18-21 AB - This Symposium presentation summarizes the following resource papers: "Travel Demand Management Evaluation: Current Practice and Emerging Issues" by E.N. Schreffler; "Implementation Issues and Barriers" by K.L. Gerwig; and "Integrating Travel Demand Management Strategies" by M. Replogle and H. Dittmar. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667744 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Crunican, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT INNOVATION AND RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM: SETTING A STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1993, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA. KEYNOTE SPEECH (CRUNICAN) PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 29-30 AB - This keynote address by the Deputy Administrator of the Federal Transit Administration offers some observations on the federal role in Travel Demand Management (TDM). Among these are the following: It is important to develop and implement TDM strategies that provide realistic alternatives for commuters. TDM should focus on measures that can contribute to improving mobility and the quality of life in metropolitan areas, rather than just addressing specific regulations. Maintaining a long term perspective and focusing on the bigger picture is important in TDM. Portland, Oregon provides a good example where multiple measures are being used to begin to influence a major change in people's travel behavior. A major part of TDM and other related programs needs to focus on educating the general public, especially in those areas where the problem may not be well understood. A national public awareness campaign would be one approach worth considering. Suggestions for the Federal Transit Administration and the Federal Highway Administration, especially those related to demonstration projects, technology transfer, funding, and program support should be explicit. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Awareness KW - Conferences KW - Education KW - Federal government KW - Federal role KW - Innovation KW - Long term KW - Mobility KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Quality of life KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667746 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Edmondson, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEMOGRAPHICS AND MARKET DEFINITION PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 67-76 AB - Despite substantial efforts to promote ridesharing and mass transit, the proportion of employed Americans who normally commute to work alone rose from 64 percent in 1980 to more than 73 percent in 1990. The persistent trend toward single-occupant vehicle (SOV) travel leaves those who favor mass transit and ride sharing facing two major challenges. The first is to devise transportation alternatives that commuters find more economical and more convenient than driving alone. The second is to use land-use planning and other measures to encourage short, multi-purpose trips and discourage long daily drives. This paper's intent is to stimulate debate on four related questions. First, what were the commuting trends of the 1980s? Second, what social and demographic forces caused them? Third, what are the most likely commuting trends of the 1990s? And finally, what actions will most effectively promote the objectives of transportation planners? U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Commuting KW - Conferences KW - Demographics KW - Markets KW - Social factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667738 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT INNOVATION AND RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM: SETTING A STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1993, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - 150 p. AB - These proceedings summarize a Symposium which brought together a wide range of individuals from throughout the country to discuss the current status of Travel Demand Management (TDM) activities and to help chart a course to advance the state of TDM practice into the next century. Included are the following: Symposium Overview; Introduction; Presentation of Resource Papers and Key Issues; Keynote Speeches; Working Group Summary; Resource Papers; Appendix A - Listing of TDM Strategies and Research Needs; and Appendix B - Participant List. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667745 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, M D AU - Siwek, S AU - Berman, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE STATE-OF-PRACTICE OF TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 45-65 AB - Recent data from national surveys and from the U.S. Census suggest that the American love affair with the automobile continues unabated. Even in those cities where massive investments in alternative forms of transportation have occurred the average vehicle occupancy has generally declined. One of the problems with using such data, however, is that national and regional data often blend together travel behavior that occurs in many different travel markets. Success in one travel market at developing effective travel demand management (TDM) strategies could be overwhelmed numerically by the large numbers of travelers in other markets who are not subject to TDM incentives/disincentives. Given that TDM strategies are primarily aimed at changing the travel behavior of individuals, an assessment of the current state-of-practice necessarily must start by looking at the different travel markets found in a typical U.S. metropolitan area. The purpose of this paper is to describe the state-of-practice of TDM in the U.S. As noted above, this assessment is based on the concept of travel markets, and the characteristics of these markets that cause success or failure at implementing TDM programs. Of some importance in understanding the state-of-practice is acknowledging the institutional foundation of the TDM programs that have been successful, and similarly the institutional hurdles that have caused other programs to fail, or to never begin. The final section of this paper presents recommended research projects that would provide an important basis for determining effective strategies that could be used to implement TDM programs. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Institutional issues KW - Markets KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - State of the art KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667752 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Risse, E M AU - Risse, L T AU - Williams, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPACT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING TELEWORK AND TELECOMMUTING, ON TRAVEL DEMAND AND TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT IN THE NEXT DECADE PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 135-141 AB - This paper addresses the impact of telecommunications technology on travel demand and travel demand management (TDM) in the next decade. Two primary, interrelated issues are considered: Indirect Impact - Telecommunications technology has a fundamental impact on regional pattern and density of land-use, and, thus, trip origins and destinations; and Direct Impact - Telecommunications technology may be applied to replace the commute to work (and other travel needs), and thus overcome transportation system deficiencies or locational disadvantages. The discussion is presented in the following sections: Introduction; Survey of Current and Future Telecommunications Technologies; Technology Advances: Terminal Hardware and Software; Technology Advances: Network Hardware and Software; Factors Influencing Implementation of Telecommunications Technologies; Telecommunications Impact on Travel; Conclusion; and Discussion of Three Publications on Transportation Impacts of Telecommuting. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Hardware KW - Impact studies KW - Implementation KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Telecommunications KW - Telecommuting KW - Telework KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667748 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schreffler, E N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT EVALUATION: CURRENT PRACTICE AND EMERGING ISSUES PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 87-96 AB - Travel Demand Management (TDM) is increasing in importance as a key strategy for achieving mobility, air quality and energy goals. Recent federal legislation has underscored this importance by requiring consideration of implementation of TDM strategies and, in doing so, requiring rigorous evaluation of the effectiveness of proposed strategies. This paper explores TDM evaluation issues from two perspectives. First, the current "state of the practice" is described for TDM evaluation. TDM evaluation serves two needs: "routine" monitoring of program compliance under the growing regulatory environment, and "research" activities to assess the effectiveness of TDM strategies. One dilemma posed by this dual need for evaluation concerns the ability and willingness to collect evaluative data beyond that required for compliance with specific trip reduction targets and mandates. Several key questions are presented in this discussion of the current status of TDM evaluation, including: who performs the evaluations, what is the nature and outputs of these efforts, and how is the information being used? The other critical part of this paper explores "future directions" for TDM evaluation. The specific federal requirements for TDM and resultant evaluation needs within recent transportation and clean air legislation are mentioned as reasons for increased importance of TDM evaluation. Likewise, the shift from voluntary to mandatory, and the role of TDM in many regions' long range plans, increase the need to produce solid answers on TDM effectiveness. Key future research issues are outlined that are grounded in the increased specificity and rigor suggested by this new environment. This again points to the fundamental dilemma of balancing reporting of compliance with broader research needs. The specificity and rigor required in this new environment has introduced some new measures to the TDM community that shift the emphasis from participation in programs or HOV modes to vehicle trip and VMT reductions. Compounding this shift is the need to accurately net out the secondary effects of trip reduction, such as use of the vehicle left at home when someone telecommutes. Finally, the paper inquires into appropriate evaluation roles among various levels of government and program implementors and sets the stage for a discussion of the TDM evaluation research priorities that will result from the conference. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Assessments KW - Compliance KW - Conferences KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Research KW - State of the art KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667749 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gerwig, K L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND BARRIERS PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 97-105 AB - Travel Demand Management (TDM) is a set of strategies that have been implemented in many urban and suburban areas to combat problems related to traffic congestion, air pollution, and reliance on fossil fuel. TDM focuses primarily on reducing commute trips by shifting employees out of their cars and into alternatives such as ridesharing, telecommuting, and compressed work weeks. As a result of the Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, scores of local and regional mandates, and voluntary initiatives, TDM programs are being implemented in many areas by those entities that have influence over commute trips: employers and owners/managers of commercial complexes. This paper examines TDM implementation issues and barriers from the perspective of these and other providers of TDM services to commuters. There are important issues and barriers that are outside the scope of this paper, including such areas as high-occupancy-vehicle facilities planning, land use issues, and institutional relationships. These topics are the focus of other presenters at the symposium. Key issues include who pays for TDM programs, larger employers are impacted more than small employers, liability for implementors, challenges associated with parking pricing and financial incentives, labor relations issues, impact on business site selection, ensuring adequate alternatives and support programs, public policy issues, and the limited understanding of the effectiveness and longevity of TDM strategies. Today's performance by the service providers will, in part, dictate how and to what extent TDM is mandated or encouraged in the future. Our understanding of the various side effects of TDM on employees, employers, and communities needs to be enhanced. A better understanding of TDM is critical to future policy making and program development. Capitalizing upon the experience and knowledge of implementors and regulators may create new opportunities. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Effectiveness KW - Employers KW - Finance KW - Impacts KW - Implementation KW - Incentives KW - Labor relations KW - Liability KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Owners KW - Ownership KW - Parking costs KW - Pay parking KW - Public policy KW - Side effects KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412904 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681927 AU - Wong, P W AU - Kalua, J AU - Ravani, B AU - Nederbragt, W AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE AUTOMATED LITTER BAG PICKUP MACHINE (PHASE II). FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09/29 SP - 17 p. AB - This report provides a description of the Automated Litter Bag Pickup machine. This machine was constructed at Lakeview Metal Construction (Nice, California) and developed in conjunction with the Advanced Highway Maintenance and Construction Technology (AHMCT) Center at the University of California at Davis. The system is designed to retrieve litter bags from the side of the highway with an emphasis on the increased safety of the workers. Overall system descriptions are given for the Automated Litter Bag Pickup machine. A detailed description is given for each of the major subsystems and the support equipment. The proposed system operation is also described. KW - Automation KW - Equipment KW - Highway maintenance KW - Litter KW - Occupational safety KW - Removal KW - Subsystems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422677 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00726700 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS IN THE SACRAMENTO METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1994/09/07 SP - 56 p. AB - This formal and comprehensive review of the planning process in the Sacramento metropolitan area was conducted by FHWA and FTA headquarters and regional staff. The federal team concluded the Sacramento Area Council of Governments (SACOG) and other area agencies performing transportation planning conduct a competently managed and organized continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive planning process, produce adequate planning products, and use acceptable planning tools. Efforts are being made to implement a multi-modal planning approach, and the transit operators are involved in the process. This review will assist the Sacramento metropolitan area to prepare for future formal certification. KW - Administration KW - City planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Management KW - Planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/sacrmnto.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103158 AU - Munnich, Lee W AU - Campbell, Candance AU - DeCramer, Gary AU - Rohde, Barbara AU - Douma, Frank AU - Van Hattum, David AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS and the Environment: New Models for Federal, State and Local Cooperation in the Application of Advanced Transportation Systems for Environmental Improvements in Urban Areas PY - 1994/09//Executive Summary SP - 17p AB - Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) have the potential to substantially change transportations impact on urban air quality and other environmental aspects. The study focuses on finding new models for cooperation among federal, state, and local institutions that would ensure deployment of IVHS technologies in a manner that minimizes the negative impacts and maximizes the positive impacts on urban air quality and the broader environment. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Energy consumption KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental policy KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy making KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16686/PB2000104495.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/862983 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100265 AU - King, William M AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Break and Seat of Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements PY - 1994/09//Construction Report SP - 50p AB - The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of break, seat and overlay strategies for the retardation of reflective cracking in bituminous concrete overlays over portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. This is a part of the Federal Highway Administration's special projects SP-202 in which Ohio, West Virginia and Kentucky are also participating. This report documents construction strategies and techniques, instrumentation installation, and data acquisition during pre-construction, construction and post construction. This is the first (construction) report of this five year research project. The experimental sections are located on I-20 near Minden, Louisiana. The core SP-202 experimental features included sections with a break pattern of existing PCC pavement of 6", 18" and 30" with a hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) overlay, and a control section (no breaking) with a HMAC overlay only. Several other strategies included with this research were two sections of a large stone crack relief layer over the PCC pavement and HMAC overlay, sawing and sealing of the HMAC overlay at transverse joints, and sawing the slab panels every eight feet, seating and HMAC overlay. The overall construction of the roadway was a success, however, the first installation of instrumentation failed as a result of structural failure in the access utility boxes. New, stronger boxes were fabricated and the instrumentation reinstalled approximately 9 months after completing the construction of the experimental sections. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Construction management KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Data collection KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Instrumentation KW - Joint sealing KW - Large stone asphalt mixtures KW - Louisiana KW - Reflection cracking KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Sawing UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_287.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100264 AU - Cumbaa, Steven L AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility of Utilizing Shredded Tires in Roadside Ditches PY - 1994/09//Final Report SP - 38p AB - This study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of utilizing shredded tires in hazardous roadside ditches. The concept behind this examination is primarily twofold. First, Louisiana has many miles of rural two lane highway with little or no shoulder which are immediately adjoined by large/deep drainage ditches. Many severe and fatal accidents have occurred when a vehicle leaves the roadway and impacts the side of the ditch or an associated culvert. Filling the ditch with a porous material, such as shredded tires, may prove to benefit highway safety. The second reason behind this study is that this potential application could contribute to the reuse or consumption of a waste material that is becoming an environmental problem when stockpiled or normally disposed of or discarded. It is the author's opinion that this concept is feasible if utilized under carefully controlled conditions. KW - Ditches KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Louisiana KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Scrap tires KW - Shredded tires KW - Two lane highways UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_286.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735923 AU - BURDETTE, E G AU - Deatherage, J H AU - Goodpasture, D W AU - University of Tennessee, Knoxville AU - Tennessee Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING OF BRIDGE PIERS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS, PHASE I PY - 1994/09 SP - 93 p. AB - This final report describes the work done in the first phase of research relating to the modeling of bridge piers for seismic analysis. The objective of this research effort is to determine appropriate spring stiffnesses to use in analytical modeling of bridge piers supported by piles in the loessial soil of West Tennessee. The first phase of effort, reported in this final report, began with a thorough review of literature followed by analytical studies of bridges using the computer program SEISAB; reports on both of these activities were included in the interim report submitted to the Tennessee Department of Transportation in June 1994. Further work on dynamic analysis and a description of the tests to be performed in the second phase of research are included in this final report. Key conclusions drawn in this first phase of research were (1) that the choice of spring stiffnesses used to model the pier/pile interface does affect the moments and axial loads in the pier columns and (2) that meaningful values of these spring stiffnesses can be obtained through the performance of quick-release or "pluck" tests. Work toward the performance of these tests is in progress. KW - Axial loads KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer models KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Loess KW - Loess soils KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Seismic analysis KW - Seismology KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478516 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720045 AU - ICF Consulting AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR APPLYING CRITERIA TO DESIGNATE ROUTES FOR TRANSPORTING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 125 p. AB - This document provides guidance to States, Indian tribes and local jurisdictions on how to apply and implement the Federal standards for establishing, maintaining, and enforcing designated non-radioactive hazardous materials highway routes. The methodology presented in this guide may be used to evaluate roadway types in terms of the risks that hazardous materials shipments pose to the traveling public, adjacent populations, and the environment. KW - Guidelines KW - Hazardous materials KW - Methodology KW - Risk assessment KW - Routes KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454434 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711823 AU - Huerta, JMR AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT DATABASE FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 105 p. AB - This report describes the development of a jointed concrete pavement database that will form part of a Pavement Management Information System for Texas. Relevant topics discussed include the identification of variables, a statewide selection of pavement projects through an experimental design, the collection of performance information through a visual condition survey, and database contents, organization, and access. Also explored are other possible uses of the database, including overlay design, pavement materials selection, and pavement design at the project level. The report also discusses a preliminary analysis of the information collected through a distress index. In this analysis, the distress variables collected in the field are reduced to a single value and related to the different design variables of every pavement project investigated. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Databases KW - Defects KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Surveying KW - Texas KW - Utilization KW - Variables KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447729 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681919 AU - Ahmed, S A AU - Oklahoma State University, Stillwater AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RETROREFLECTIVE SHEETINGS FOR USE ON ROADWAY TRAFFIC SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 159 p. AB - The primary objectives of this research were to evaluate the Oklahoma Department of Transportation's (ODOT's) policy on use of retroreflective sheeting products, and to identify any necessary changes to this policy based on driver visibility needs, durability of sheeting materials, life-cycle cost, and other practical considerations. The scope of the study included three types of retroreflective sheetings (engineering grade, super-engineering grade, and encapsulated-lens high-intensity sheeting), five sheeting colors (white, red, yellow, green, and blue), and two sign fabrication methods (screening and overlay). To meet the objectives of this project, a research plan consisting of literature review, controlled field experiments, survey of ODOT field divisions, durability data collection and analysis, and life-cycle cost analysis was adopted. The findings of this study suggest that the specification of type III-A (high-intensity, encapsulated glass-bead sheeting) on all red and yellow signs, as well as green and blue signs on interstate highways and freeways is sound and defensible. The requirement that type II-A (super-engineering grade sheeting) be used on all other traffic signs, except orange colored signs, needs to be examined. Although the initial cost of sign face fabrication for type III-A sheeting is 25% to 65% higher than that of type II-A, life-cycle cost analysis indicates that type III-A is more cost-effective than type II-A. Evidence from visibility distance analyses and subjective evaluations made by the test subjects suggests that, in addition to upgrading sign materials to provide greater luminance, larger sign size and letter size are needed to satisfy the minimum required visibility distances, particularly at high speed, high traffic volume, and high visual complexity locations. KW - Color KW - Durability KW - Fabrication KW - Field tests KW - Guides to the literature KW - Letter size KW - Life cycle costing KW - Literature reviews KW - Luminance KW - Materials KW - Retroreflective sheeting KW - Retroreflectors KW - Sheathing KW - Size KW - Specifications KW - Traffic sign materials KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681880 AU - Raj, J AU - Rathi, A AU - Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDUCTIVE LOOP TESTER -- ILT II, SUMMARY REPORT (TE-26) PY - 1994/09 SP - 17 p. AB - The report is a summary of Test and Evaluation Project No. 26 of the Inductive Loop Tester -- ILT II, which is a fully automated, digital, hand-held inductive loop tester. The report presents the background of the project, its operating principles, key features, how measurements were made, and modes of operation. It also addresses the field testing background and field testing results. It presents conclusions and recommendations for further study. KW - Field tests KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Inductive loop testers KW - Loop detectors KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422638 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680880 AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVISION 1 TO THE TEXAS HIGHWAY OPERATIONS MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is the first revision to the "Texas Highway Operations Manual" which was issued in August 1992. This revision provides a means of implementing the results of research tasks performed as part of this study and completed since the publication of the Manual. The "Texas Highway Operations Manual" was developed for the Texas Department of Transportation to serve as a Department manual addressing highway operations. The information in the manual covers a wide range of operational issues related to the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and management of highways. Part I of the manual serves as an introduction to the manual and the concept of highway operations. Part II addresses operational considerations for project development, preliminary design, final design, and scheduled activities. Part III addresses systems management, data collection, operational analysis, incident management, control strategies, and information systems. Part IV contains the appendices, abbreviations and definitions, annotated bibliography, and index. KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Information systems KW - Manuals KW - Revisions KW - Signs KW - Texas KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680861 AU - Otis, S C AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Palamarthy, S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS: WARRANTS AND EFFECTIVENESS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 110 p. AB - Several different control designs can be utilized to serve the vehicular and pedestrian traffic at signalized intersections. These range from traffic signals only to traffic signals with pedestrian-actuated signals and detectors. Virtually all of these are commonly used by traffic engineers in the United States; however, there is less than complete agreement regarding the conditions under which each is most appropriate. This research study developed guidelines for pedestrian-actuated signal installation based upon dual consideration of operational and behavioral characteristics. Operational criteria address three (sometimes conflicting) design objectives, which are maximization of pedestrian safety and minimization of pedestrian and traffic delay. Key variables employed in the criteria include the magnitudes of vehicular delay and volumes, number of lanes, and pedestrian volume, walk speed and behavior. These key variables were employed in delay, behavioral, and arrival rate analyses. Delay savings offered by pedestrian-actuated signals compared to fixed-time pedestrian signals are presented, and guides are shown for determining the impact of pedestrian presence at intersections. Guides for determining pedestrian volume without retracting to costly pedestrian counts are also shown. These tools aid in analyzing pedestrian impacts for various intersection conditions. KW - Behavior KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Maximization KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Minimization KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian delay KW - Pedestrian density KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Pedestrian volume KW - Pedestrians KW - Speed KW - Traffic delays KW - Walking KW - Walking speed KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680856 AU - Pierson, L A AU - Davis, S A AU - Pfeiffer, T J AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NATURE OF ROCKFALL AS THE BASIS FOR A NEW FALLOUT AREA DESIGN CRITERIA FOR 0.25:1 SLOPES. FINAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 84 p. AB - The data gathered from rolling nearly 2800 rocks off several 0.25H:1V slopes into three differently shaped ditches (flat, 6H:1V and 4H:1V) was used to develop 12 design charts for rock fallout areas. The data were analyzed using simple statistical and graphical methods. The charts can be used to size fallout areas that satisfy specific rock catching requirements. Based on slope height and the shape of the ditch, the charts identify the required fallout area widths that will restrict set percentages of rockfall ranging from 10% to 100% in 10% increments along with 95% and 98%. This report documents the test method, the means of analysis, the research results, and sample applications of the results. The data results in both tabular and graphical form are included in the appendices. KW - Design KW - Design charts KW - Fallout KW - Fallout areas KW - Graphs KW - Rockfalls KW - Tables (Data) KW - Test procedures UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/RockFall.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680680 AU - Woods, D L AU - Hamm, R A AU - Cronin, B P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDUCTANCE LOOP DETECTOR LEAD LENGTH. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 56 p. AB - Reducing congestion in our nation's urban areas has become a top priority nationwide for state departments of transportation. The recent development and construction of freeway management systems have begun to help reduce these problems. A major component of freeway management systems is the inductance loop detector. This research effort evaluated the use of inductance loop detectors in a freeway management situation to determine maximum permissible lead lengths. Using several detector units, researchers evaluated lead lengths with five different design vehicles (large and small passenger cars, a pickup truck, a motorcycle, and a high profile truck). Both passenger cars and the pickup truck were always detected with 1,220 m (4,000 ft) of lead wire on all combinations of sensitivity level and number of wire turns. The detection of the motorcycle and high profile truck depended upon the sensitivity level and number of wire turns used. The data also indicate that detection of the passenger vehicles may be possible at distances much greater than 1,220 m (4,000 ft). An extrapolation of the inductance measurements indicates that detection of passenger vehicles at 2,440 m (8,000 ft) is likely, and detections may even be possible at much larger distances. Lead lengths of this magnitude give the designer greater flexibility in producing the most functional and cost-effective design. KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Lead length KW - Loop detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676588 AU - Knapp, K K AU - Rao, K S AU - Crawford, J A AU - Krammes, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE AND EVALUATION OF TRANSPORTATION CONTROL MEASURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 206 p. AB - The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAAs) and the Congestion Mitigation Air Quality (CMAQ) program established in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) mandate the evaluation of transportation control measure (TCM) emission impacts. These mandates have created an important role for the proper documentation and cost-effective evaluation of TCM emission impacts in the transportation planning process. There is currently no commonly accepted standard for monitoring or evaluating TCM impacts. This report summarizes a database compiled for this study on the use of TCMs and their documented travel and emission impacts. The entire database is also provided in the appendix of this report. The TCM evaluation methodologies currently available were also reviewed. The methods reviewed include the use of comparative empirical data, network-based models, and sketch-planning tools. Overall, it was concluded that the current database on TCM impacts is inadequate, and that the different characteristics of TCMs, and the intended (or limited) nature of their impacts, currently require the use of several methods for a complete impact evaluation. In fact, none of the methods reviewed can analyze all the TCMs identified in the CAAAs. It was also concluded that the current state-of-the-practice in TCM impact evaluation must be improved and that the use of sketch-planning tools is currently the most promising approach. It is recommended that a standardized TCM impact monitoring and data collection program be initiated in Texas and nationwide, and that sketch-planning tools, although currently the most appropriate and cost effective approach to TCM impact evaluation, still need further study and improvements to their evaluation capabilities. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality management KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Evaluation KW - Impacts KW - Methodology KW - Monitoring KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Pollutants KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - State of the art studies KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421342 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676587 AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Lance, M AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED COMMUNICATION OF A LEFT EXIT LANE DROP USING PAVEMENT MARKINGS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 62 p. AB - This project investigated the operations and safety characteristics of left exit lane drops. As generally recognized, constructing left exits is to be avoided; however, when present, suggestions on methods to improve safety and operations are valuable. One alternative for better communicating to motorists the presence of a left exit lane drop is with pavement markings. Lane drop pavement markings, pavement arrows, and raised pavement markings were evaluated at one site to determine their effectiveness during daytime and evening operations. Erratic maneuvers were reduced by 40% during daylight operations, and by 34% during evening operations. The predominant type of erratic maneuver within 300 ft (91.5 m) of the gore was the lane change through the gore area. The most common type of erratic maneuver upstream of the gore area was the two-lane lane change. The study site, which was 1240 ft (378 m) in length, experienced a 31% reduction in lane changes (64% for the 300 ft (91.5 m) nearest the gore) between the before and after periods during daylight operations. Examining the data by zone (which were typically 100 ft (30.5 m) in length) showed a significant reduction in lane changes per hour in the 700 ft (213.5 m) nearest to the gore, with fluctuations in the remaining zones (between 700 and 1200 ft (213.5 and 366 m) upstream of the gore) for both daylight and evening operations. The data indicated that motorists performed their lane changes, into or out of the exit-only lane, further upstream of the gore in the after period than in the before period. KW - Arrow (Traffic control) KW - Arrows (Signals) KW - Before and after studies KW - Days KW - Effectiveness KW - Erratic driving behavior KW - Gore KW - Gore area KW - Lane changing KW - Lane drops KW - Left exits KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Problem drivers KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Reckless drivers KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675378 AU - Billheimer, J W AU - Moore, J B AU - Stamm, H AU - SYSTAN, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE (HOV) LANE MARKETING MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 356 p. AB - This High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Marketing Manual is designed to provide marketing and HOV professionals with practical guidelines for improving the public awareness, understanding, acceptance, and use of HOV facilities. The organization of the manual features four main sections. The first section, Introduction, contains highlights from case studies of HOV marketing experience and summarizes a few key principles of successful marketing gleaned from these studies. The next main section, Planning the Campaign, addresses such key topics as market research, campaign strategy, marketing materials, and constituency building. The third main section, Implementing the Campaign, covers media relations, advertising placement, promotion, community relations, and ongoing marketing activities. The last major section, Monitoring and Evaluation, discusses the need to monitor and assess the marketing campaign, public response, and HOV lane performance. Finally, Appendices contain sample marketing materials from a variety of HOV projects, project data, the case studies themselves, and a list of contacts who have had experience marketing HOV lanes in various parts of the country. KW - Advertising KW - Campaigns KW - Case studies KW - Communities KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Manuals KW - Market research KW - Marketing KW - Mass media KW - Monitoring KW - Promotion KW - Public relations KW - Strategic planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/9663.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412362 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672570 AU - Frank, L D AU - Pivo, G AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAND USE AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN THE PUGET SOUND REGION. FINAL SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 64 p. AB - This project is part of a research agenda to discover ways to plan and implement urban forms that reduce dependence on the single occupancy vehicle (SOV). The purpose of this project was to empirically test the relationship between land use density, mix, jobs-housing balance, and travel behavior at the census tract level for two trip purposes: work and shopping. This project provides input into policies at the national, state, and local level, targeted at the reduction of SOV travel. This research employed a correlational research design in which urban form (e.g., density) and travel behavior (e.g., mode choice) relationships were analyzed while controlling for non-urban form factors (e.g., demographics). Data for travel behavior variables (modal choice, trip distance, and travel time) were obtained from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. Data for the urban form variables (employment density, population density, mix, and jobs-housing balance) were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Washington State Employment Security Department, and the King County Assessor's Office. The databases developed for this study were composed of these data sources, matched together by one common variable: the census tract. The databases were structured around two separate units of analysis: the trip and the tract. Relationships between urban form and modal choice were analyzed at the tract level, while urban form relationships with trip distance and travel time were analyzed at the trip level. Simple statistical analytical methods were used to identify relationships between urban form and travel behavior variables, including T-tests, linear correlation, partial correlation, multiple regression, and cross-tabulation. Findings from the application of these methods indicated that employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with SOV usage and positively correlated with transit usage and walking for both work and shopping trips. Employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with trip distance. Travel time was positively correlated with employment density and negatively correlated with mixing of uses for work trips. The jobs-housing balance was negatively correlated with trip distance and travel time for work trips. Transit, walking, and SOV usage were found to have non-linear relationships with population and employment density for both work and shopping trips. An analysis of density thresholds was conducted to identify levels of population and employment density, where significant decreases in SOV travel and increases in transit and walking occurred. KW - Land use KW - Local transportation KW - Local transportation policies KW - Mode choice KW - National transportation policies KW - Public transit KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Shopping KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel time KW - Trip length KW - United States KW - Urban form KW - Walking KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00672488 JO - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gamble, A F AU - Pearson, D F AU - Dresser, G B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GROWTH ALLOCATION BY THE DELPHI PROCESS PY - 1994/09 IS - 3 SP - 57 p. AB - This report describes the use of the Delphi process in projecting the allocation of growth in urban areas. The report is based on a case study of an application of the process in a small urban area in Texas. This same process could be used in other urban areas, however, its application is most appropriate in urban areas with a population of 200,000 or less. KW - Allocations KW - Cost allocation KW - Delphi method KW - Medium sized cities KW - Small cities KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/414821 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00672487 JO - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - DeCorla-Souza, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS NEEDS FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED URBAN AREAS PY - 1994/09 IS - 3 SP - 13 p. AB - This report discusses the analysis needs of small and medium size urban areas as they attempt to meet the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This report explains the rationale for new technical capabilities and then explains how these new capabilities may be developed. A number of topics are discussed including the following: multimodal demand analysis, land use, social and environmental impacts, time-of-day analysis, and post processing for speeds. KW - Demand KW - Environmental impacts KW - Land use KW - Medium sized cities KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Periods of the day KW - Small cities KW - Social impacts KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/414820 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672475 AU - DeCorla-Souza, P AU - Gamble, A F AU - Pearson, D F AU - Dresser, G B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT: SMALL/MEDIUM SIZE URBAN AREA ISSUES; COST ANALYSIS PY - 1994/09 SP - v.p. AB - This is the third in a periodic series of reports issued by the Metropolitan Planning Division, Federal Highway Administration. The three reports in this issue focus on two distinct topics: analysis issues faced in small/medium sized urban areas and cost analysis. The first report discusses the analysis needs of small and medium size urban areas as they attempt to meet the requirements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) and the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This report explains the rationale for new technical capabilities and then explains how these new capabilities may be developed. A number of topics are discussed including the following: multimodal demand analysis, land use, social and environmental impacts, time-of-day analysis, and post processing for speeds. The second report describes the use of the Delphi process in projecting the allocation of growth in urban areas. The report is based on a case study of an application of the process in a small urban area in Texas. This same process could be used in other urban areas, however, its application is most appropriate in urban areas with a population of 200,000 or less. The third report provides assistance to those trying to evaluate transportation alternatives across modes by describing the process for performing a least cost analysis of investment alternatives. The method described is a tool for performing an analysis from a societal point of view using a common measure (i.e., total cost) in an attempt to account for the full cost of each alternative. This methodology is applicable for several different categories of alternatives including both infrastructure development and systems management solutions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Delphi method KW - Demand KW - Environmental impacts KW - Investments KW - Land use KW - Medium sized cities KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Periods of the day KW - Small cities KW - Social impacts KW - Transportation KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670452 AU - McLean, D I AU - Buckingham, G C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGE COLUMNS WITH INTERLOCKING SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 50 p. AB - Transverse reinforcement in bridge columns normally consists of spiral reinforcement in columns with circular cross-sections and tied reinforcement in columns with square or rectangular cross-sections. The circular shape of spiral reinforcement is inherently efficient in providing confinement to the concrete core and restraint of longitudinal bar buckling. In contrast, rectangular columns require cross-ties and/or overlapping ties in addition to the perimeter tie in order to provide adequate confinement and restraint of bar buckling. As an alternative reinforcing scheme, interlocking spiral reinforcement has been used in California for columns with rectangular cross-sections. However, several important design elements are not addressed in the Caltrans specifications, and the performance of columns with interlocking spirals has not been fully established. This study experimentally investigated the seismic behavior of columns incorporating interlocking spirals under flexural, shear and torsional loadings. The main tests were performed on approximately 1/5-scale column specimens subjected to increasing levels of cycled inelastic displacements under constant axial load. Rectangular and oval cross-sections with either two interlocking spirals or conventional ties were investigated. Variables studied included the performance of interlocking spirals compared to ties, the amount of spiral overlap, and the size of longitudinal bars required in the overlap region to maintain spiral interlock. Columns with interlocking spirals performed as well or better than columns with ties, despite approximately 50% more transverse reinforcement being provided in the tied columns. Test results indicated improved performance when the center-to-center spacing of interlocking spirals was not greater than 0.6 times the spiral diameter. At least four longitudinal bars of approximately the same size as the main longitudinal reinforcement are required in the overlap region to maintain spiral interlock. Procedures were developed for predicting the axial, shear, flexural and torsional strengths of columns with the interlocking spirals. KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Cross sections KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Interlocking KW - Performance KW - Rectangular cross sections KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Spiral reinforcement KW - Structural design KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/357.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670417 AU - Borden, R H AU - Shao, L AU - Gupta, A AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION RELATED VIBRATIONS PY - 1994/09 SP - 373 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to develop a procedure for evaluating soil response to construction induced vibrations. The settlement potential of 33 specimens of residual soil obtained from 8 different sites was evaluated by resonant column and torsional shear tests. These tests included an evaluation of the effect of confining pressure from 25 kPa to 100 kPa, shear strain amplitude from 0.0001% to 0.1%, frequency of vibration from 0.2 to 10 Hz, and number of cycles up to 1 million on the dynamic densification of residual soils. This research also studied the influence of confining pressure, shear strain amplitude, and number of cycles on the shear modulus and damping ratio of residual soil specimens. The dynamic settlement of the residual soils tested was observed to be small, especially in comparison to that reported in the literature for sands. The following general trends were observed: (a) Dynamic settlement was greatest for the most granular specimen with decreasing settlement associated with increasing fines content; (b) Dynamic settlement decreased with increasing confining pressure; and (c) Dynamic densification of residual soils increased with increasing shear strain amplitude. Further, the results of the cyclic torsional shear test on residual soils tested showed that the threshold shear strain, that value below which there is essentially no volume change, is in the range of 0.005% to 0.01%. The dynamic settlement was found to increase monotonically with increasing number of loading cycles. An analytical model has been proposed to predict the ground settlement due to construction induced vibrations on the basis of the results of this research and previous work reported in the literature. KW - Confining pressure KW - Construction KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Damping ratio KW - Densification KW - Ground settlement KW - Mathematical models KW - Repeated loads KW - Residual soils KW - Shear modulus KW - Shear strain KW - Soils KW - Studies KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670383 AU - Janoo, V C AU - U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LAYER COEFFICIENTS FOR NHDOT PAVEMENT MATERIALS PY - 1994/09 SP - 53 p. AB - In 1992, the New Hampshire Department of Transportation (NHDOT) experimented with the use of reclaimed asphalt concrete as a base course material, identified by NHDOT as reclaimed stabilized base (RSB). The RSB and a control test section were placed on Interstate 93 between exits 18 and 19. The RSB test section was designed to the same structural number (SN) as the control. To evaluate the structural capacity of these test sections, the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) conducted deflection tests using a Dynatest 8000 falling weight deflectometer (FWD). Preliminary analysis of the results by NHDOT personnel showed higher deflections in the reclaimed asphalt concrete test sections. The explanation was that the layer coefficient used for the RSB layer in the design was probably incorrect. A total of 10 test sections constituting the base course materials used by NHDOT were built near Bow, New Hampshire. CRREL evaluated and estimated the layer coefficients of the base course materials. The test program was developed to characterize the material in more than one way. Tests were conducted with the heavy weight deflectometer (HWD), dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) and the Clegg hammer. In-situ California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were also conducted. The deflections from the HWD were used with the WESDEF backcalculation program to determine the layer moduli. The moduli were then used with the AASHTO Design Guide to calculate the layer coefficients. The layer coefficients were also determined with the method proposed by Rohde. The CBR values from the Clegg hammer, in-situ CBR, and DCP tests were also used in the relationships in the HDM model to determine the layer coefficients. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Backcalculation KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Clegg impact hammer KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Deflection tests KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Heavy weight deflectometers KW - Layer coefficient (Pavements) KW - Layer coefficients KW - Reclaimed stabilized base KW - Recycled materials KW - Test sections KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669049 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECOMMENDED CONGESTION MONITORING OPTIONS FOR WSDOT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 55 p. AB - This report provides detail on the options for monitoring traffic congestion within the state of Washington. It refines initial estimates of staffing and equipment resource needs for the data collection systems analyzed. This document also answers questions raised by the recommendations made in the Phase I report for this project. Finally, this report provides specific recommendations for near-term actions the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) can take towards providing a cost-effective congestion monitoring system for the state's urban areas. KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Monitoring KW - Personnel KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel time KW - Volume/capacity ratios UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/317.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669002 AU - Schoener, G AU - Muller, G AU - Sonefeld, O AU - Roberts, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Loyola College, Baltimore TI - FHWA INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SCANNING PROGRAM STUDY TOUR SUMMARY REPORT ON EUROPEAN INTERMODAL PROGRAMS: PLANNING, POLICY, AND TECHNOLOGY PY - 1994/09 SP - 77 p. AB - In September 1993, a team of four government and state transportation association representatives made a two-week scanning trip to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany to discuss and report on European experiences with intermodal freight transportation policies and systems. The objective was to observe and document information on European Community (EC) - sometimes referred to as European Union (EU) - methods and experiences in the planning and administration, system development, environmental compliance, financing, marketing, and operation of increasingly complex and capital-intensive intermodal freight systems and facilities. To the extent that such information was pertinent to the public and private sector transportation community in the United States, it would be documented in the form of a summary report. A vast amount of material and information was gathered on this scanning trip. It is reported in this summary report which is organized as follows: Executive Summary - Introduction, Background, Goals and Objectives, Other Objectives, Overall Observations, and Recommendations; Chapter 1 - Summary Report on the European Community - Background, Common Transport Policy, Trans-European Networks, EC Funding, Incentives for Combined Transportation, and Conclusions; Chapter 2 - Summary Report on the Netherlands - Background, Accessibility and Congestion, The Environment, Developments In Europe, Modal Projections, Combined Transport, Spending Needs, Comprehensive Funding System, Transport Regions, and Conclusions and Observations; Chapter 3 - Summary Report on Germany - Background, Federal Traffic Infrastructure Plan of 1992, Freight Distribution Centers/Marine Transportation, Short Sea Shipping, Industry Apprenticeship Programs, and Other Observations; Chapter 4 - Technologies - Rotterdam's Delta Terminal, ISETEC (German Port Industry Terminal of The Future), Bremen Guterverkehrszentren (GVZs), Cologne Container Transfer Facility, and SIMET (Smart InterModal European Transfer); Appendix I: Persons Met With During Intermodal Scanning Trip; Appendix II: Facilities Visited; Appendix III: European Intermodal Policy Review: Questionnaire; Acknowledgments; and Bibliography. KW - Administration KW - Belgium KW - Development KW - Environmental compliance KW - European Commission KW - European Community KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Germany KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Marketing KW - Netherlands KW - Operations KW - Planning KW - Study tours KW - Transportation policy UR - http://www.bts.gov/ntl/DOCS/intrmdl.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7900/7972/intrmdl.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669003 AU - McElhaney, D R AU - Jarema, F E AU - Pisarski, A AU - Fulton, P AU - Tweedie, R AU - Purvis, C AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Loyola College, Baltimore TI - FHWA STUDY TOUR FOR NATIONAL TRAVEL SURVEYS PY - 1994/09 SP - 53 p. AB - In October 1993, a team of Federal, State, and local officials visited major centers in Europe where substantial national travel survey activities have been undertaken. Among the purposes of the visits were to seek out innovative methodological approaches to transportation survey design and operations, to review European experiences with different kinds of institutional arrangements, and to investigate new ideas in survey content and new collection methods. The countries visited included: The United Kingdom, Denmark, The Netherlands, Sweden, France, and Germany. Information obtained in these visits will have direct and immediate application in the United States. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), under the leadership of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), will be designing and conducting the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) in 1995. In addition, the DOT's Bureau of Transportation Statistics will also be conducting a major survey of long-distance travel, the American Travel Survey, in 1995. These surveys represent major financial investments by the DOT. Any experience that can be converted into greater efficiency or program improvement will be highly cost-effective. While the primary benefits of the field visits of the Travel Survey Panel will be the detailed evaluation of survey design and operations experience and in the wealth of supporting materials obtained in meetings with European counterparts, there are valuable broader perspectives that were obtained and can be identified at this early stage. This report documents some of the broad observations and comments of the study team, based on their six country visits. It is organized as follows: Executive Summary; (1) Introduction - Background, Purpose of Trip, Team Members, European Contacts, and General Trip Description; (2) Summary of Visits; (3) Findings - Overview, Institutional Questions, Content Questions, Method Questions; (4) Acknowledgments; and Appendices - (A) United States Team, (B) Primary European Contacts, (C) Sample Introductory Letter, (D) Glossary of Special Terms and Acronyms, (E) Meeting Agendas, and (F) Documents Received. KW - American travel survey KW - Denmark KW - France KW - Germany KW - Innovation KW - National travel surveys KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Netherlands KW - Study tours KW - Survey methods KW - Surveys KW - Sweden KW - United Kingdom UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/surveys.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/surveys.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6931/fhwa94.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668966 AU - Paikowsky, S G AU - Regan, J E AU - McDonnell, J J AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SIMPLIFIED FIELD METHOD FOR CAPACITY EVALUATION OF DRIVEN PILES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 313 p. AB - A simplified method based on energy balance between the total energy delivered to the pile and the work done by the pile/soil systems is proposed. This method, entitled the Energy Approach, assumes elastoplastic load displacement pile-soil relations. Calculated transferred energy and maximum pile displacement from the measured data, together with the field blow count, are used as input parameters. This method does not consider the propagation process and is aimed at providing a real-time pile-capacity prediction in the field. Two large data sets were gathered at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell. One, PD/LT, contains 208 dynamic measurement cases on 120 piles monitored during driving, followed by a static load test to failure. The data were obtained from various sources and reflect variable combinations of soil-pile-driving systems. The other, PD, contains data on 403 piles monitored during driving and was provided by Pile Dynamics Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio. All cases were examined and analyzed. The Energy Approach method was found to provide excellent evaluations of pile capacity under all conditions. The method is, therefore, proposed to be used in the field for instantaneous capacity determination. The predictions of this method were found on the average to provide more accurate evaluations than the sophisticated office methods, especially for records obtained at the end of initial driving. The Energy Approach is, therefore, also proposed to be used as an independent tool to evaluate the office methods. KW - Accuracy KW - Driven piles KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Energy balance KW - Field methods KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Modems KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Sets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668968 AU - Garber, N J AU - Patel, S T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS IN CONTROLLING VEHICLE SPEEDS IN WORK ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 103 p. AB - This study evaluated the effectiveness of the changeable message sign (CMS) with radar unit in reducing work zone speeds. Four CMS messages designed to warn drivers that their speed exceeded the maximum safe speed were tested at seven work zones on two interstate highways in Virginia. Speed and volume data for the whole population traveling through the work zone were collected with automatic traffic counters. To assess the effect of CMS on high-speed drivers in particular, vehicles that triggered the radar-activated display were videotaped as they passed through the work zone. Using the data obtained from the traffic counters and videotapes, speed characteristics were determined at the beginning, middle, and end of the work zone. Those characteristics were computed for the whole population and for high-speed vehicles separately. Statistical tests were then conducted using these speed characteristics to determine whether significant reductions in speed accompanied the use of CMS. Odds ratios were first calculated to compare the odds for speeding when using CMS with the odds for speeding when using the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) signing only. These odds ratios indicated that CMS effectively reduced the number of vehicles speeding by any amount, by 5 mph or more, and by 10 mph or more in the work zone. When analysis of variance was used to compare speeds when using the CMS with speeds when using MUTCD signing only, all of the speed characteristics--average speeds, 85th percentile speeds, speed variance, and the percentage of vehicles speeding by any amount, by 5 mph or more, and by 10 mph or more--were reduced with any of the four CMS messages. In some cases, these reductions were not significant at alpha equals 0.05. The messages were rated according to their level of effectiveness in the following order: (1) YOU ARE SPEEDING SLOW DOWN, (2) HIGH SPEED SLOW DOWN, (3) REDUCE SPEED IN WORK ZONE, and (4) EXCESSIVE SPEED SLOW DOWN. Finally, t tests were conducted using the speed data obtained for the high-speed vehicles, and at a significance level of alpha equals 0.05, all of the messages were effective in significantly reducing the average speeds of those vehicles traveling 59 mph or faster in a 55 mph work zone when compared to MUTCD signing only. KW - Effectiveness KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Radar KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Speeding KW - Traffic speed KW - Variable message signs KW - Videotapes KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/EC.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/EC.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/EC.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668964 AU - Richardson, E V AU - Edge, Billy L AU - Zevenbergen, L W AU - Richardson, J R AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Fisher, J S AU - Greneir, R AU - Resource Consultants and Engineers AU - Edge and Associates, Incorporated AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC COMPUTER MODELS TO ANALYZE TIDAL AND COASTAL HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS AT HIGHWAY STRUCTURES. PHASE I FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - v.p. AB - Highway encroachments are subjected to stream instability and foundation scour resulting from dynamic flow conditions caused by tides, currents, storm surges, and upland runoff. This study focused on three tasks: (1) compile a database of literature on tidal processes and computer models; (2) evaluate which computer models are best suited for tidal hydrodynamic investigations, especially for projects involving highway structures and encroachments; and (3) evaluate sources and methodologies for determining ocean tide and storm surge characteristics. Of the 21 models reviewed, three computer hydrodynamic models (UNET, RMA-2V, and FESWMS-2DH) are recommended for use by State Departments of Transportation for determining the hydraulic variables used in scour computations. A useful methodology for predicting storm surge hydrographs has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and is also recommended. This methodology uses peak storm stage and storm properties to estimate storm surge hydrographs. Recommendations made for a second phase of this study are to correct, improve, and enhance the computer hydrodynamic models for use by Highway Hydraulic Engineers, and to modify the storm surge methodology. User guides focusing on tidal simulations should also be developed for these models. KW - Coastal regions KW - Coasts KW - Computer models KW - Currents KW - Encroachments KW - Foundations KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highways KW - Hydraulic conditions KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Hydrographs KW - Research KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Runoff KW - Scour KW - Storm surges KW - Tides UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668920 AU - Baus, R L AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHOTOLOGGING/VIDEOLOGGING AS A TOOL FOR THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION- PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - v.p. AB - This report summarizes a study conducted to 1) determine the South Carolina Department of Transportation's (SCDOT's) current general needs for photologging/videologging data, 2) determine the level of usage of and applications for photologging/videologging data by other state highway agencies, 3) determine what image logging equipment is currently being used by other state highway agencies, and 4) determine what photologging/videologging equipment and services are currently available commercially. The study documents general image data requirements for the SCDOT Division of Planning, Traffic Engineering, Preconstruction, Maintenance, Construction, and five of the seven District offices. Recommendations are made to 1) begin a small-scale videologging program using contracted services, and 2) delay implementation of a comprehensive videologging program. KW - Equipment KW - Level of service KW - Needs assessment KW - Photologging KW - Services KW - Videologging UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412634 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668918 AU - Schrank, D L AU - Turner, S M AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRENDS IN URBAN ROADWAY CONGESTION - 1982-1991. VOLUME 2: METHODOLOGY AND URBANIZED AREA DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 184 p. AB - This research report represents the sixth year of a ten-year research effort focused on quantifying urban mobility. This study contains the facility information for 50 urban areas throughout the country. The database used for this research contains information on vehicle travel, system length, and urban area characteristics from 1982 to 1991. Various federal, state, and local agencies provided the information used to update and verify the primary database. The primary database and original source of most of the information is the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). Vehicle travel and system length data were combined to develop Roadway Congestion Index (RCI) values for 50 urban areas including the seven largest in Texas. The RCI values provide an indicator of the relative mobility level within an urban area. An analysis of the cost of congestion was also performed using travel delay and increased fuel consumption as estimated quantities. The impact of congestion was also estimated by the amount of additional facility capacity required to provide urban mobility. Congestion costs were estimated on an areawide, per registered vehicle, and per capita basis. KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Mobility KW - Roadway congestion index KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410573 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668917 AU - Schrank, D L AU - Turner, S M AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRENDS IN URBAN ROADWAY CONGESTION - 1982 TO 1991. VOLUME 1: ANNUAL REPORT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 86 p. AB - This research report represents the sixth year of a ten-year research effort focused on quantifying urban mobility. This study contains the facility information for 50 urban areas throughout the country. The database used for this research contains information on vehicle travel, system length, and urban area characteristics from 1982 to 1991. Various federal, state, and local agencies provided the information used to update and verify the primary database. The primary database and original source of most of the information is the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). Vehicle travel and system length data were combined to develop Roadway Congestion Index (RCI) values for 50 urban areas including the seven largest in Texas. The RCI values provide an indicator of the relative mobility level within an urban area. An analysis of the cost of congestion was also performed using travel delay and increased fuel consumption as estimated quantities. The impact of congestion was also estimated by the amount of additional facility capacity required to provide urban mobility. Congestion costs were estimated on an areawide, per registered vehicle, and per capita basis. KW - Costs KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Mobility KW - Roadway congestion index KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668891 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF NOVACHIP (TRADEMARK) - CONSTRUCTION REPORT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 73 p. AB - NOVACHIP (Trademark) was successfully constructed on two highways in the San Antonio District of the Texas Department of Transportation: US 281 and SH 46. The French process, NOVACHIP (Trademark), is a new technology for Texas and the United States created to provide evaluation and documentation of the process and resulting performance. After one year of service, the NOVACHIP (Trademark) pavement surfaces are in excellent condition. The pavements appear to be in essentially the same condition as immediately after construction and will be monitored for a period of three years and performance will be documented. In general, NOVACHIP (Trademark) appears to have promise as a preventive maintenance treatment or surface rehabilitation technique for asphalt concrete pavements. It should provide the maintenance engineer with an alternative for chip seals, micro-surfacing, plant-mix seals, or thin asphalt concrete overlays. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Construction KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - France KW - Friction KW - Friction course KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667601 AU - Brich, S C AU - Hoel, L A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN VIRGINIA: PAST PRACTICES AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE REPORT PY - 1994/09 SP - 34 p. AB - This report presents a summary of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) legislation, past Virginia transportation studies, and two Transportation Research Board (TRB) conferences on intermodal and multimodal transportation. The purpose is to reveal past practices and new opportunities in multimodal transportation planning in Virginia. KW - Air transportation KW - Conferences KW - Highway transportation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Public transit KW - Railroad transportation KW - Studies KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation studies KW - Urban transportation KW - Virginia KW - Water transportation UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/vtrc.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6500/6565/95-TAR1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720069 AU - White, D W AU - Ramirez, J A AU - KUCZEK, T AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR PERMITTED OVERLOADS. PART 2. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF OVERLOAD VEHICLE EFFECTS ON INDIANA HIGHWAY BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08/19 SP - 225 p. AB - The report summarizes an analytical investigation carried out to develop a set of guidelines for regulation of overload vehicles in Indiana. A formula based first phase evaluation of overload permit requests is developed through statistical study of the rating of a representative sample of the highway bridges in Indiana using a representative sample of overload vehicles observed in the state in 1990 and 1991 plus the HS 20 design vehicle and the two Indiana Toll Road loadings. A sample of 148 bridges is chosen from a total population of 3700 Indiana highway bridges using a proportionate stratified random sampling process. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Indiana KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Permits KW - Statistical analysis KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682804 AU - Gunawardena, N R AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOTYPE CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE STATE OF INDIANA: PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08/10 SP - 145 p. AB - This study details a comprehensive set of guidelines and a work-plan that consists of nine elements that need to be developed in implementing a congestion management system. A procedure has been developed by means of which congestion on roadway links can be identified at a macroscopic level using daily volume counts (ADT), after which links that are identified as being congested will be subjected to a more detailed microscopic study using hourly volume counts to determine extent, duration and severity of congestion. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Development KW - Guidelines KW - Identification KW - Identification systems KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Prototypes KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423064 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735972 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF DATA FROM CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES. VOLUME I: RECOMMENDATIONS PY - 1994/08/08 SP - 95 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study of the use of traffic data from continuous monitoring sites. Included is a review of current procedures for collecting traffic data and for using these data to estimate annual average daily traffic (AADT), vehicle miles of travel (VMT), AADT and VMT by vehicle class, and 18,000 pound (18 kip) equivalent single axle loads (ESALs). This volume, Volume I, presents a number of recommendations relating to the collection and analysis of traffic data that are based on the work performed and, in particular, on the analysis of automatic traffic recorder (ATR) data. Volume II contains complete documentation of all analyses performed. KW - Analysis KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Data recorders KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735973 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF DATA FROM CONTINUOUS MONITORING SITES. VOLUME II: DOCUMENTATION PY - 1994/08/08 SP - 101 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study of the use of traffic data from continuous monitoring sites. Included is a review of current procedures for collecting traffic data and for using these data to estimate annual average daily traffic (AADT), vehicle miles of travel (VMT), AADT and VMT by vehicle class, and 18,000 pound (18 kip) equivalent single axle loads (ESALs). Volume I presents a number of recommendations relating to the collection and analysis of traffic data that are based on the work performed and, in particular, on the analysis of automatic traffic recorder (ATR) data. This volume, Volume II, contains complete documentation of all analyses performed. KW - Analysis KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Data recorders KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic data KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478565 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681876 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF THE OREGON MULTIDIRECTIONAL SLIP-BASE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS, FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 93F014, 93F015, AND 93F019 PY - 1994/08 SP - 50 p. AB - This report documents the results of three crash tests conducted at the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The objective of these tests was to evaluate the safety performance of two large sign support systems provided by the Oregon Department of Transportation. Two multidirectional triangular slip base sign support systems were tested. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 350, "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features" (NCHRP Report 350), was used as guide for the test procedures followed and for the safety performance evaluation of the sign supports. The safety performance evaluation criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 5 m/s or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no greater than 100 mm, and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. These three major evaluation criteria are used in this report to determine whether or not the sign supports meet or do not meet the FHWA's acceptable performance level for sign supports. This document does not "pass or fail" the sign supports for use on the National Highway System (NHS). The FHWA determines "pass or fail" based on this report and other performance criteria. The results indicate that the two multidirectional sign support systems do not meet the FHWA safety performance criteria. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422634 ER - TY - SER AN - 00815904 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK ACCIDENT MODELS PY - 1994/08 SP - 5 p. AB - Using data from the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), two recent studies have attempted to address the safety questions of larger trucks. The first, an FHWA study at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, developed preliminary statistical models relating the truck accident involvement rates for three roadway types and for various geometric and traffic variables. The second, research as part of a Grants for Research Fellowships Program study, developed truck accident models for Interstates and two-lane rural roads as a function of relevant geometric features. This summary report is a discussion of the results of these two studies. KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway Safety Information System KW - Interstate highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Rural highways KW - Truck crashes KW - Two lane highways UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/94022.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/692569 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760563 AU - Choueiri, E M AU - Valenti, R A AU - Sandhu, D AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL STOP/SLOW SIGNAL FLAG IN WORK ZONES PY - 1994/08 SP - 25 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has established the STOP/SLOW paddle as the primary hand-signaling device in work zones. Although their clear messages provide motorists with positive guidance, they are cumbersome to use. Flags are much easier to handle, but are generally used only in spot locations because they do not provide such guidance. Highway Maintenance employees in the New York State Department of Transportation's (NYSDOT's) Region 9 have developed a hand-held flag displaying STOP and SLOW legends, combining the maneuverability of flags with the positive guidance of paddles. NYSDOT received FHWA permission to evaluate the flag's effectiveness, and comparative field tests indicated that drivers reduce speed earlier as they approach the new flag -- for example, at about 120 m motorists averaged 4.9 km/h slower in approaching the new flag than the paddle. There were also fewer erratic driver movements or violations of instructions when using the new flag. Based on this evidence of improved compliance and legibility, this new hand-signaling device warrants consideration as an alternative to the STOP/SLOW paddle. KW - Compliance KW - Field tests KW - Flaggers KW - Flags KW - Legends (Traffic control devices) KW - Legibility KW - Signaling KW - Speed reduction KW - Traffic control devices KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21124/PB99100216.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496303 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753803 AU - Falk, M A AU - Hager, G M AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF IMPERMEABLE MEMBRANES TO TREAT SWELLING SOILS: THE WYOMING EXPERIENCE PY - 1994/08 SP - 18 p. AB - The Wyoming Department of Transportation has used impermeable membrane below the surfacing section of highways to help prevent the swelling of expansive, clay containing, subgrade soils since 1981. The main purpose of the membrane is to prevent surface moisture from infiltrating the subgrade through cracks in the pavement causing the subgrade to swell at the cracks. The result from this is a very poor ride quality. The purpose of this research project was to determine if the impermeable membrane is working as it was designed. This project involved exhuming 2 ft x 2 ft (0.6 m x 0.6 m) pieces of the impermeable membrane at 12 different sites which were then tested for strength and permeability. These results were then compared to the strength and permeability values of the membrane before installation. The purpose of this comparison was to determine if the membrane had lost some of its impermeable properties due to construction damage or natural deterioration. In addition, several soil samples were taken at each site below the membrane for determination of moisture content, soil classification, and shear strength. KW - Damages KW - Deterioration KW - Expansive clays KW - Impervious membranes KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Strength of materials KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Swelling soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/536619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738951 AU - Agent, K R AU - Deacon, J A AU - Pigman, J G AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Lexington Fayette Urban County Government AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ADVANCED SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY FOR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PY - 1994/08 SP - 29 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of advanced surveying technology for the investigation of traffic accidents. The analysis shows that the investigation of traffic accidents using total station (survey) equipment provides a substantial improvement over the traditional coordinate procedure. The number of measurements obtained at an accident scene increased (by a factor of about two) when the total station equipment was used while the time required to collect the measurements decreased by about 33% with the man hours decreased by about one-half. The increase in the number of measurements results in a more accurate and detailed investigation and accident diagram than typically obtained with the coordinate procedure. The use of computer plotting in the total station procedure results in a significant time savings when a detailed accident diagram is needed. It is recommended that the use of total station equipment be continued and expanded. KW - Accuracy KW - Crash diagrams KW - Crash investigation KW - Data collection KW - Information processing KW - Plotting KW - Productivity KW - Surveying KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Total station equipment KW - Traffic crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667594 AU - Erinle, O AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF GUARDRAIL AND MEDIAN BARRIER ACCIDENTS USING THE LONGITUDINAL BARRIER SPECIAL STUDIES (LBSS) FILE, VOLUME II: USERS GUIDE PY - 1994/08 SP - 134 p. AB - In this study the Longitudinal Barrier Special Studies (LBSS) file was cleaned up for use in examining the "real-world" performance of longitudinal barriers. The cleanup included some recoding of variable definitions, correction of erroneously coded data, and the addition of missing data, specifically impact speeds. Also, as part of the cleanup, all data elements pertinent to data analyses were extracted and included in the main analysis file. This report is meant to serve as a data element dictionary and a guide to using the LBSS file for analysis purposes. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Computer program documentation KW - Crash data KW - Databases KW - Guardrails KW - Longitudinal barrier special studies file KW - Longitudinal control KW - Manuals KW - Median barriers KW - Studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720072 AU - Moore, R L AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONFLICTS ON MULTIPLE-USE TRAILS: SYNTHESIS OF THE LITERATURE AND STATE OF THE PRACTICE PY - 1994/08 SP - 68 p. AB - The National Recreational Trails Advisory Committee identified trail-user conflicts of multiple-use trails as a major concern that needs resolution. This synthesis is intended to establish a baseline of the current state of knowledge and practice and to serve as a guide for trail managers and researchers. The goal of the report is to promote user safety, protect natural resources, and provide high-quality user experiences. It reviews management options such as trail design, information and education, user involvement, and regulations and enforcement. The report provides 12 principles for minimizing conflicts on multiple-use trails. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Consumers KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Management KW - Multiple use KW - Natural resources KW - Options KW - Protection KW - Safety KW - State of the art studies KW - Trails KW - Users UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6300/6341/Conflicts.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454461 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682776 AU - Lundy, J R AU - Sujjavanich, S AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATEX AND MICROSILICA MODIFIED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK OVERLAYS IN OREGON. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 80 p. AB - This interim report presents information collected from 24 bridge deck overlays constructed in Oregon between 1989 and 1993. Decks were placed on a variety of existing structures using hydroblasting, milling and diamond grinding surface preparation. All decks were latex or microsilica modified concrete. Some decks experienced premature cracking and/or delamination. The objective of this study is to determine the possible cause(s) of these distresses and recommended procedures to correct the problem. Statistical analyses of available environmental and construction information failed to clearly establish the causes of early cracking or delamination. Petrographic studies did show more microcracking was present in the substrate when milling was used compared to hydrodemolition. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete overlays KW - Crash causes KW - Delamination KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Geological surveying KW - Grinding KW - Hydroblasting KW - Latex modified concrete KW - Microsilica concrete KW - Milling KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - Silica fume KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surface preparation UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/LatexandMicrosilica.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681878 AU - Migletz, J AU - Fish, J K AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Graham-Migletz Enterprises, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY DELINEATION PRACTICES HANDBOOK PY - 1994/08 SP - 266 p. AB - This handbook was developed to assist design, traffic, and maintenance engineering personnel in making determinations about roadway delineation systems, including the appropriate system for a given situation, when a system has reached the end of its useful life, and how to maintain a quality delineation system. It may also be valuable to consulting engineers, educators, and students. A companion videotape, "Testing and Field Inspection of Roadway Delineation", was produced to assist engineers with field inspection of the quality of delineation projects. This videotape is available separately as publication number FHWA-SA-93-002. This handbook supplements the policies and standards provided in the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" by offering implementation guidelines for the standards. The contents cover current and newly developed devices, materials, and installation equipment, presenting each item's expected performance based on actual experience or field and laboratory tests. The handbook draws on the experiences of Federal, State, county, and city agencies and summarizes future directions and developments as reported in recent research and by industry's technical representatives. Individual chapters cover the characteristics of retroreflection and quality assurance, driver visibility needs, traffic paints, preformed tapes, raised pavement markers and other marking materials, post-mounted delineators and other delineation devices, and administrative and management issues and practices. The appendices provide detailed technical information, including cost analysis techniques; sources of materials and equipment; and a list of standards, specifications, and test methods related to delineation. KW - Administration KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Post-mounted delineators KW - Quality assurance KW - Raised road markings KW - Raised traffic markings KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road marking materials KW - Road marking tapes KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - Test procedures KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic marking tapes KW - Traffic paint KW - Visibility UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/rdwydelin.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9900/9997/93001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681866 AU - Ogden, M A AU - Mounce, J M AU - Middleton, D R AU - Ullman, G L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN RESPONSE TO MAJOR FREEWAY INCIDENTS, VOLUME II. APPENDICES PY - 1994/08 SP - 192 p. AB - A two year study to develop guidelines to respond to major freeway incidents was conducted for the Texas Department of Transportation. The objective of this study was to establish guidelines to be applied statewide in large and small cities for the preparation of an incident management plan or the improvement of an existing incident management plan. This manual is intended to be used as a resource document for transportation related agencies responding to roadway incidents in Texas. In addition, appropriate steps are outlined for effective interagency communication and cooperation in incident response. Guideline results for traffic management response to major freeway incidents were established. These results were used to develop incident management plan guidelines for the Houston, Austin, and Beaumont areas of Texas. Evaluation of these case studies by their respective Traffic Management Teams are documented in this report. This volume, Volume II, contains the appendices to the final report. KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Interagency relations KW - Manuals KW - Texas KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681842 AU - Ogden, M A AU - Mounce, J M AU - Middleton, D R AU - Ullman, G L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN RESPONSE TO MAJOR FREEWAY INCIDENTS, VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 170 p. AB - A two year study to develop guidelines to respond to major freeway incidents was conducted for the Texas Department of Transportation. The objective of this study was to establish guidelines to be applied statewide in large and small cities for the preparation of an incident management plan or the improvement of an existing incident management plan. This manual is intended to be used as a resource document for transportation related agencies responding to roadway incidents in Texas. In addition, appropriate steps are outlined for effective interagency communication and cooperation in incident response. Guideline results for traffic management response to major freeway incidents were established. These results were used to develop incident management plan guidelines for the Houston, Austin, and Beaumont areas of Texas. Evaluation of these case studies by their respective Traffic Management Teams are documented in this report. KW - Case studies KW - Cooperation KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Interagency relations KW - Manuals KW - Texas KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681848 AU - Meggers, Dave AU - Bruns, T AU - Shafer, J AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METAL SEALER AS A PRIMER AND RUST INHIBITOR FOR PAINT SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 19 p. AB - Half of several steel plates were treated with metal sealer and then painted entirely with various paint systems used by the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT). The plates were then placed in a salt fog cabinet to determine the metal sealers ability to prevent corrosion. Pre-rusted plates were also coated with the metal sealer and placed in the salt fog cabinet to determine the product's ability to stop or retard the activity of pre-existing corrosion. Test results indicated that the metal sealer did not improve or enhance existing paint systems used by the KDOT and displayed little advantage in retarding pre-existing corrosion. This may have been due to problems with sealer application. Based on the results of this test, the KDOT does not feel that the use of this product will be of any benefit. KW - Corrosion protection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Metal sealers KW - Metals KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sealing compounds KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681812 AU - Bass, P L AU - Williams, T A AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANPLAN CORRIDOR ANALYSIS: PROCEDURES GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 96 p. AB - This report documents a method for developing detailed traffic forecasts and turning movements for use by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) in roadway project planning and design. The methodology uses a combination of current TxDOT corridor analysis procedures, TRANPLAN travel forecasting applications, and traffic refinement and turning movement estimation procedures from NCHRP Report No. 255. KW - Analysis KW - Corridor analysis KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - NCHRP Report 255 KW - Procedures KW - Traffic estimation KW - Traffic forecasts KW - Transportation corridors KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681811 AU - Obermayer, S J AU - Stover, V G AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATING TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE PLANNING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 112 p. AB - Changes in the transportation system have a large influence on urban development patterns. The location, type, and intensity of urban land uses also affect the urban street and highway system. Various federal and state initiatives have been taken to more closely link transportation and land use. These include the following: (1) The Traffic Congestion Management System (CMS) mandated by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) (The CMS regulators specifically state that state and local agencies must address existing congestion and avoid potential future congestion. This clearly implies that the impact of land use and development decisions on transportation must be more effectively addressed than in the past.); (2) State-mandated growth management requirements such as those in Oregon, Washington, Florida, and Vermont; (3) State-mandated local planning which must meet state criteria as those in Florida, Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Oregon; (4) State-mandated congestion management which requires that the impact of proposed development must be assessed and provides penalties if development that degrades congestion is approved by a local government (California); and (5) Access management practices administered by the state highway agency which are designed to protect the public investment in major state roadways (Colorado, Florida, and New Jersey). In order to address traffic congestion problems, many municipalities have implemented travel demand ordinances which are intended to reduce drive-alone auto use and encourage ridesharing and transit. In other locations, such requirements have been, or are being, implemented in response to federal clean air requirements. KW - Access KW - Congestion management systems KW - Growth management KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Local planning KW - Management KW - Ordinances KW - State laws KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban areas KW - Urban growth KW - Urban transportation KW - Zoning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680868 AU - Woods, D L AU - Cronin, B P AU - Hamm, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED MEASUREMENT WITH INDUCTANCE LOOP SPEED TRAPS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 78 p. AB - This research effort evaluated the use of inductance loop detectors in a freeway management situation to determine optimal speed trap distance, best wire type, shortest response time condition, and most accurate speed detection scenario. Five speed trap distances were evaluated with a variety of detector units. An optimal speed trap distance was not identifiable. However, the research consistently identified that the best method for obtaining accurate speeds requires the use of inductance loop detectors utilizing identical make and model detector units. The researchers also compared single conductor wire and multiconductor cable inductance loops for accuracy of speed measurement. It was found that the response times for multiconductor cable inductance loops are significantly shorter and more uniform than response times using loops formed with single conductor wire. The response time from the presence of a vehicle at an inductance loop to the actual detection of a vehicle varies. As the response time varies, so does the accuracy of speed measurement. Vehicle size, vehicle speed, detector type, detector sensitivity, and inductance loop wire type all affect the response time. Measuring accurate vehicle speeds with inductance loop detector speed traps is dependent upon the vehicle mix, vehicle speeds, detector type, and detector sensitivity settings. While using a 9 m (30 ft) speed trap, the speed difference between an inductance loop speed trap and an infrared light sensor speed trap was found to be very small for most cases. As speeds increased, the speed differences also increased. Finally, the Naztec Card Rack System was found to consistently measure the lowest speed differences for all conditions. KW - Accuracy KW - Emergency response time KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Loop detectors KW - Motor vehicles KW - Reaction time KW - Sensitivity KW - Speed KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic speed KW - Vehicle mix UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680864 AU - Bass, P AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC FORECASTING REQUIREMENTS BY PROJECT TYPE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 100 p. AB - The method used to prepare a traffic forecast needs to relate to the type of project for which the forecast is prepared. This report describes the various types of projects for which the Texas Department of Transportation uses traffic forecast data. For each project category, the type of traffic forecast data needed to perform the required analyses is identified and the appropriate forecasting procedure and level of forecast accuracy that can be expected is described. The project categories and forecasting requirements discussed include urban transportation planning; feasibility studies; advanced planning; environmental documentation; and geometric, signalized intersection, pavement, and bridge design. KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680842 AU - Hughes, J J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROSPHALT-50 BRIDGE DECK OVERLAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 73 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of an 8-year study of five bridge decks overlaid with Rosphalt-50, a proprietary asphalt paving mix developed by the Royston Laboratories Division of Chase Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The mix is produced by using polymeric additives. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of a Rosphalt-50 bituminous overlay in two capacities: as a bridge deck wearing course and as a waterproofing membrane to prevent chlorides from penetrating the concrete bridge deck. The effectiveness of the material can be determined by comparing construction and maintenance costs of Rosphalt-50 to the current prevailing methods of bridge deck protection, such as latex modified concrete and standard asphalt overlays with waterproofing membranes. Significant deterioration of the Rosphalt-50 asphalt overlays was noted at most of the sites after 8 years of service. As a result, Rosphalt-50 could be used as a 7- or 8-year overlay alternative but further study of current materials would be required before it is recommended as a longer term overlay alternative. KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Deterioration KW - Effectiveness KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Skid resistance KW - Waterproofing materials KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680681 AU - Bhagat, V AU - Woods, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDUCTION LOOP DETECTOR SYSTEMS CROSSTALK. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 46 p. AB - Today, modern traffic control systems are necessary to obtain maximum possible efficiency from our freeway systems. In order for the traffic controller to respond to the needs of the traffic, it must be able to sense traffic conditions at all times. A major component of a vehicle detection system is the induction loop detector (ILD). This research effort evaluated the methods by which crosstalk in loop detectors could be controlled effectively in a freeway management situation and, thereby, make the most efficient use of induction loop detectors. The researchers conducted tests to evaluate the distance at which no crosstalk was observed between two adjacent ILDs. Tests were also conducted to measure the potential of crosstalk in twisted and untwisted lead wires, and between parallel lead wires. As a part of this ongoing research, the potential for crosstalk within the controller cabinet itself was also evaluated. Researchers observed that there was no crosstalk between ILDs placed in 3.65 m (12 ft) and 3.35 m (11 ft) wide lanes. However, crosstalk may exist in loop detectors that are placed in 3.05 m (10 ft) wide lanes. No false detections were recorded over twisted or untwisted lead wires. No evidence of crosstalk was measurable in the controller cabinet. KW - Crosstalk KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Loop detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422188 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00678009 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR AN INTERNATIONAL BORDER HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE DISCRETIONARY PROGRAM, INTERMODAL SURFACE TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ACT SECTION 1089 STUDY: ASSESSMENT OF BORDER CROSSINGS AND TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS FOR NORTH AMERICAN TRADE PY - 1994/08 SP - 29 p. AB - The report responds to Section 1089 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 and related interest in the condition of international border crossing infrastructure. Section 1089 calls for a study to determine the advisability and feasibility of establishing an international border highway infrastructure discretionary program. Execution of this study included analysis of border crossing and trade flow data and issues, interviews with government and industry, and this final report. KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intermodal services KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - International compacts KW - Trade routes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676622 AU - Kercher, A AU - Delaware Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FUNDAMENTALS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION - REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1994/08 SP - v.p. AB - This manual has been developed to serve as a reference for assisting local agencies in developing a better understanding of the basic engineering principles which influence the proper construction and maintenance techniques for asphalt concrete roadways. Portions of this manual were adapted from a manual developed by the Maine Local Roads Center entitled, "Roadway Fundamentals for Municipal Officials". This manual has been written to accompany a training course on the Fundamentals of Highway Construction. It is intended that this manual serve as a reference for questions that may arise in the future. The contents are organized in five sections as follows: (1) Traffic, Loads and Stresses; (2) Anatomy of a Pavement; (3) Soils; (4) Drainage; and (5) Pavement Materials. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Drainage KW - Loads KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Manuals KW - Materials KW - Road construction KW - Soils KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676586 AU - Dossey, T AU - McCullough, B F AU - Dumas, A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF AGGREGATE BLENDS ON THE PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 85 p. AB - Although recent studies have shown that pavement performance does vary by aggregate type, current portland cement concrete pavement design tools do not fully incorporate aggregate properties into the design process. Aggregate characteristics shown to affect pavement performance include strength, thermal properties, and shrinkage properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the material properties of crushed limestone and siliceous river gravel, two aggregates predominantly used in current pavement construction, and to determine a relationship between the properties of single-aggregate concrete and concrete made with predetermined blends of limestone and gravel. This report continues the work of Project 422/1244, which way limited to single-aggregate concretes. Additional models were developed to predict concrete properties of blended aggregate concrete for use in the design tools, CRCP and JRCP, described in previous 422/1244 reports. A computer program, CHEM2, was developed, which allows the pavement designer to estimate the material properties of concrete from an inexpensive chemical test. CHEM2 also predicts the properties of blended aggregates so that the user can determine the necessary blending ratio to control such troublesome properties as thermal coefficient of expansion and drying shrinkage. KW - Aggregate blending KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Blending KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Control KW - Crushed limestone KW - Drying KW - Drying shrinkage KW - Forecasting KW - Gravelly soils KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Physical properties KW - Rivers KW - Shrinkage KW - Silica stone KW - Siliceous river gravel KW - Thermal expansion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676454 AU - Lohrey, E C AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THREE (3)-YEAR FIELD EVALUATION OF THE NARROW CONNECTICUT IMPACT-ATTENUATION SYSTEM (NCIAS). FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 25 p. AB - In a continuing effort to develop and implement the use of improved vehicular crash cushions, the Connecticut Department of Transportation has designed, crash tested and field evaluated a new and unique device, known as the Narrow Connecticut Impact-Attenuation System (NCIAS). By employing eight (8) steel cylinders connected in a single row as its energy-absorbing medium, the NCIAS is designed to protect motorists from impacting narrow, rigid roadside features, such as bridge piers and ends of longitudinal barriers. This report documents a comprehensive three (3)-year field evaluation of five (5) NCIAS installations in Connecticut. During the evaluation period, one (1) major and several minor impacts occurred. The NCIAS performed successfully in all instances. KW - Crash cushions KW - Crash investigation KW - Cylindrical bodies KW - Field performance KW - Impact severity KW - Injury severity KW - Narrow Connecticut impact attenuation system KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Steel KW - Steel cylinders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672583 AU - Stephenson, A R AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE PRACTICE REPORT ON MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 68 p. AB - Air quality nonattainment areas must use computer models to estimate the mobile source portion of emission inventories for the State Implementation Plan. Mobile source emissions estimates are produced for the emission inventory by multiplying an emission factor by a measured vehicle activity (such as vehicle miles of travel). The Environmental Protection Agency requires the use of their model, MOBILE, to produce emission factors for all states except California. California uses its own emission factor model, EMFAC. Travel demand models, used for transportation planning, produce the needed vehicle activity data. Emissions modeling systems act as an interface between the emission factor models and travel demand models, pulling data from both models to calculate mobile source emissions estimates. This report describes emissions modeling systems that are currently being used or have recently been used for air quality analysis aspects of transportation planning. Both MOBILE and EMFAC are described, and concerns about the accuracy of their emission factors are reported. Each emissions modeling system is described, including major inputs and outputs, and which emission factor model and travel demand model the emissions model will interface with. The authors evaluated each emissions modeling system for possible use in Texas, and found that none of them offer significant advantages in features, accuracy, or ease of use over the emissions modeling system currently being used in Texas. KW - Accuracy KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Mobile sources KW - Pollutants KW - State of the art studies KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667656 AU - Watts, R J AU - Spencer, C J AU - Stanton, P C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ON SITE TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED SOILS USING CATALYZED PEROXIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 59 p. AB - Treatment of contaminated water, timbers, and soils was investigated using catalyzed hydrogen peroxide, a procedure based on Fenton's reagent [hydrogen peroxide and iron (II)]. The process produces hydroxyl radicals which oxidize essentially all organic contaminants. Fenton's methodology was used to treat total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in an oil-water separator effluent from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) White Pass maintenance station. Results indicated that the presence of surfactants affected treatment efficiency. Although surfactants lowered the effectiveness of the process, 25% of the TPH was removed. Wood posts contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and creosote were treated using catalyzed peroxide process, resulting in 84% degradation of PCP and 74% degradation of creosote with 6% hydrogen peroxide and 56 mg/l Fe. Estimated chemical cost for treatment was $1.00/kg of wood. A central composite rotatable design was used to investigate the interactions between hydrogen peroxide concentration, slurry volume, initial contaminant concentration, and soil organic carbon content in the catalyzed hydrogen peroxide remediation of diesel-contaminated soil to develop design criteria for soil remediation. Two separate experimental matrices were investigated: 1) high slurry volumes and low peroxide concentrations, and 2) low slurry volumes with high peroxide concentrations. Time required for high volume/low concentration system to proceed to completion was approximately three weeks; low volume/high concentration reactions were complete within three days. The results showed that soil organic carbon content was an insignificant variable in the catalyzed peroxide treatment of diesel-contaminated soils. However, significant interactions were found for the remaining three variables. Data were analyzed for TPH degradation and treatment stoichiometry. Although both systems could achieve equal levels of treatment, stoichiometry of the high volume/low concentration system was significantly more efficient; therefore, high volume/low concentration was the most economical system for the remediation of diesel-contaminated soils. KW - Contaminants KW - Contaminated soils KW - Costs KW - Creosote KW - Diesel fuels KW - Effectiveness KW - Fenton's reagent (Hydrogen peroxide and iron) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pentachlorophenol KW - Posts KW - Soil remediation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Soils KW - Stoichiometry KW - Surface active agents KW - Total petroleum hydrocarbons KW - Treatments KW - Wood KW - Wood posts UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/338.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410143 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666239 AU - Tia, M AU - Ruth, B E AU - Chiu, C-T AU - Huang, S-C AU - RICHARDSON, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED ASPHALT CEMENT SPECIFICATIONS TO ENSURE PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 237 p. AB - This study investigated a variety of laboratory aging processes on asphalt binders and asphalt mixtures, which were used for simulating the long-term aging of asphalt binders in service. The binder-aging methods investigated include (1) an extended TFOT, (2) a UV chamber, (3) the California Tilt Oven (CTO), and (4) the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) on asphalt binders. The laboratory mixture-aging procedures examined include (1) a forced-draft oven at 60 deg C for 28 days, (2) a UV chamber at 60 deg C for 28 days, (3) the SHRP (Strategic Highway Research Program) proposed short-term oven aging, and (4) the SHRP proposed long-term oven aging. Marshall specimens aged under natural sunlight and core samples from actual paving projects in Florida were also evaluated to correlate the effects of laboratory aging to those of actual aging under Florida conditions. The results show that the ranking of severity among different asphalts could be different when different aging processes or different evaluation parameters are used. The most sensitive parameter for characterizing the aging severity of asphalt binders was found to be the aging index at 60 deg C, which is the ratio of absolute viscosities at 60 deg C of the aged residue to that of the original asphalt. Asphalts from different sources exhibit differentiable degrees of volatile loss when subjected to TFOT at higher temperature. Low viscosity asphalts were found to age more in the CTO process. The aging effect of natural exposure for four years on compacted Marshall samples can be simulated in the laboratory by using the PAV at 110 deg C for 20 hours. This PAV process is suggested for use to simulate the long-term aging of asphalt binders in Florida. For conventional asphalts, a viscosity value of 90,000 poises at 60 deg C is a suggested limit for prevention of thermal cracking. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - California tilt oven KW - Laboratory aging KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oven tests KW - Pressure aging vessels KW - Pressure vessels KW - Specifications KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Ultraviolet radiation KW - Weathering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662816 AU - Sen, R AU - Liby, L AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR OF STEEL COMPOSITE BRIDGE SECTIONS USING CARBON FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC LAMINATES - RESTRAINT EFFECT OF BEARINGS - PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/08 SP - 94 p. AB - This report provides experimental and numerical results of an investigation to examine the feasibility of using carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminates for repairing steel composite beams. The six specimens tested were obtained by cutting 4.5 in. (11.25 cm) thick concrete slabs in two 20 ft x 7 ft (6.1 m x 2.1 m) wide composite bridges with three equi-spaced W8x24 steel beams fabricated during Phase I. Each specimen comprised a 20 ft (6.1 m) long W8x24 steel beam acting compositely with a 28 in. (70 cm) wide, 4.5 in. (11.25 cm) thick concrete slab. The specimens were first loaded in flexure past yielding of the tension flange to simulate distress under service loading. They were then repaired using 12 ft (3.7 m) long, 6.5 in. (16.25 cm) wide, 2 mm or 5 mm thick carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates that were bonded to the tension flange of the W8x24 steel section using FR-1272 epoxy adhesive augmented by fasteners where needed. The repaired specimens were then tested to failure. The results of the tests indicate that despite the lower modulus and the small thickness of the CFRP laminates used, there were substantial increases in ultimate capacity especially with the thicker laminate. Some improvement in stiffness and increases in the elastic range were also observed. This overall improvement suggests that if long term durability is assured, this technique may be utilized for the speedy on-site repair of structurally sub-standard steel composite bridges. KW - Adhesion KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Destructive testing KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Fasteners KW - Mechanical tests KW - Repairing KW - Steel beams KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01526403 AU - Margiotta, Richard AU - Cohen, Harry AU - Morris, Robert AU - Trombly, Jeffrey AU - Dixson, Andrew AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Cambridge Systematics AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Roadway Usage Patterns: Urban Case Studies PY - 1994/07/22/Final Report SP - 108p AB - The transportation profession has long suffered from inadequate data on which to base policy and programming decisions. One of the data shortcomings has been the lack of realistic urban travel patterns on which to base models of highway performance. This study pursued five objectives. The first objective was the development of a study data base. Second, the study provided a general understanding of congestion. Third, two specific products were developed by analyzing the data that were collected: (1) revised annual average daily traffic to capacity ratio (AADT/C) vs. volume to capacity ration (V/C) relationships and (2) temporal distributions of traffic. Both of these products are to be used by the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) simulation models. Fourth, the study revised the congestion term in the HPMS speed determination models previously developed for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Finally, the study outlined options for monitoring congestion on a continuing and national basis. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Case studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Performance Monitoring System KW - Highway travel KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Urban highways UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51600/51637/Roadway_Usage_Patterns_1994.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1310512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453823 AU - McCullouch, Bob G AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Multimedia Application Synthesis Study PY - 1994/07/21/Final Report SP - 80p AB - Multimedia with its ability to involve various human faculties through the use of various media forms, provides a robust environment in which to learn in. Retention improves significantly when media exercises these various human faculties. Studies indicate that students complete training in one-third the time of the traditional instruction method while reaching up to 50 percent higher competency levels. Utilizing this technology can provide improved training tools and learning environments for the Department. Because of the many potential applications, technical and nontechnical, that may exist within the Department for utilizing this technology; a study was performed to answer questions about the technology; a study was performed to answer questions about the technology of multimedia and how to best utilize it. This report summarizes the work of the study committee as it came up with answers to these questions. KW - Employees KW - Learning KW - Multimedia KW - Retention KW - Technology KW - Training UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313275 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668894 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Far, N AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF COMPACTION TEMPERATURE AND ANTI-STRIPPING TREATMENT ON THE RESULTS FROM THE HAMBURG WHEEL-TRACKING DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07/15 SP - 52 p. AB - The Hamburg wheel-tracking device can be used to predict the moisture susceptibility of a hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement. This report shows how the test results are influenced by compaction temperature and anti-stripping treatment. The higher the compaction temperature, the better the results in the Hamburg wheel-tracking device. The use of hydrated lime and liquid anti-stripping additives improved the results in the Hamburg wheel-tracking device over HMAs that were not treated. Hydrated lime dramatically improved the HMAs that were not treated. Liquid anti-stripping additives improved some of the HMAs dramatically while other HMAs were only improved slightly. These variables are important to control in the laboratory environment to ensure repeatability of the test. Additionally, these variables are also considered important to the moisture resistance of a pavement in the field. KW - Antistrip additives KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Compaction KW - Forecasting KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Repeatability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410549 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01461080 TI - CONCRETE BRIDGE PROTECTION, REHABILITATION DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING, A RESEARCH STUDY AB - This study involves the chloride removal from bridge decks, rehabilitation of corrosion damaged reinforced concrete bridge elements, cathodic protection of bridge decks and patching of bridge decks with corrosion inhibiting concrete. Approximately 27 experimental field sites have been constructed. This is a continuation of ongoing SHRP studies on the existing or soon to be constructed experimental sites. Continued monitoring to include data collection, periodic evaluations, and a final analysis and report are needed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Patching KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1229298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584093 AU - Hallenbeck, Mark E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Development of a Transportation Data Center PY - 1994/07//Draft Final Report SP - 42p AB - As a result of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and various state laws and regulations, the data needs of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) are changing to reflect the increase in intermodal policy and planning work required by the WSDOT. This report describes alternative approaches to obtaining and internally managing the data needed to meet these requirements. Specifically, it explores the utility, functionality, and organizational structure of a transportation data center within the Department. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data processing centers KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Personnel KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/354.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377951 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01354582 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey: Implications of Emerging Travel Trends, Conference Proceedings PY - 1994/07 SP - 56p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored a conference April 20-21, 1994 in Crystal City, Virginia to bring together participants to share their experiences and interpretations relative to the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey. The conference was called "Implications of Emerging Travel Trends - What does NPTS Tell Us?" Some issues covered, identified in previous commissioned papers, were: declines in carpooling; potential saturation of travel by male population; trip linking behavior; travel by women; travel by the elderly; and travel by households without vehicles. KW - Age KW - Carpools KW - Gender KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Travel KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip chaining KW - Zero vehicle households UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1118764 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01102891 AU - Hauser, E AU - Styers, C AU - Padfield, B AU - Musselwhite, J AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Advanced Transportation System Improvements for North Carolina's Piedmont Triad: An IVHS Area-Wide/Corridor Plan PY - 1994/07 SP - 50p AB - Residents, transportation professionals, and decision-makers throughout the Piedmont Triad generally agree that the prosperity of the region depends on having an adequate transportation system. The ability to move people and goods quickly, efficiently, and safely affects both this region’s economy and the quality of life. The purpose of this report is to describe the implementation of Advanced Transportation Systems (ATS) Technologies for the eleven Piedmont Triad Counties. Particular emphasis is being placed on the Interstate 40/ Interstate 85 corridor. Advanced technologies including so-called “smart highway” or IVHS technologies will be utilized in order to help solve the traffic problems in the Triad. IVHS, which stands for “Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems” actually is a misnomer because transit systems are also included. Hence, ATS (Advanced Transportation Systems) is the title that has been adopted to describe such transportation improvements in the Triad. ATS (or IVHS) means using advanced technology to improve traffic flow on highways without necessarily adding more lanes or roads. In addition, ATS means using advanced technology to provide safer, more efficient transit service. KW - Automated highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - North Carolina KW - Public transit KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16400/16458/PB2000103998.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/850144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675294 AU - Brown, C AU - Liu, B AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGNAL WAVE GENERATOR SIGNALS RECORDED BY THE FEDERAL OUTDOOR IMPACT LABORATORY'S ON-BOARD DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 44 p. AB - This document contains signal wave generator signals recorded by the data acquisition system (DAS) used by the Federal Highway Administration's Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The FOIL Test Director and Junior Engineer performed the evaluation testing on September 29, 1993. The Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) supervised the project. This document is accompanied by one 3.5-in. (88.9-mm) floppy disk. The disk contains the data that were collected during the testing. In addition to the curve files, header files are also included on the disk. The tests were performed by injecting standard signals from a signal wave generator, serial number 7 (SWG7), provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) into each channel of the FOIL's data acquisition system. KW - Data collection KW - Electromagnetic wave propagation KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Signal generators KW - Signal wave generator UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412311 ER - TY - SER AN - 00674238 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADWAY WIDTHS FOR LOW-TRAFFIC VOLUME ROADS PY - 1994/07 SP - 4 p. AB - The United States has over 4.8 million km (3 million mi) of two-lane highways, and about 90% of these roads carry traffic volumes less than 2,000 vehicles per day. Many of these roads were designed and built to standards that have since been upgraded. Because funding is not available to reconstruct all two-lane highways to meet current design standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), State and local highway agencies must decide which roads to reconstruct. Current design standards do not provide the guidance necessary to make safety, operations, and cost trade-offs. This investigation was undertaken to develop revised roadway width guidelines based on accident analyses, cost estimates, and operational considerations. This Summary Report describes the data bases used in the investigation, the analysis methods, the results, and the study implications. KW - Cost estimating KW - Crash rates KW - Estimates KW - Low volume roads KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Pavement widening KW - Ratings KW - Reconstruction KW - Road width KW - Roads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/94023.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753804 AU - Kostage, J T AU - Dolan, C W AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF BRIDGE DECK JOINT PERFORMANCE PY - 1994/07 SP - 54 p. AB - The deterioration and failure of bridge deck joints result in significant maintenance effort for reconstruction of joints and other structural elements that become damaged as a consequence of joint malfunction. This report contains a review of finger plates, plank seals, compression seals, strip seals and field-molded joint sealants. The joints were evaluated for performance, and the design, installation and maintenance recommendations were made for each joint type. The recommendations are summarized in tabular format for each joint type. KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Compression seals KW - Design KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Joint sealers KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Seals (Devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/536620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753806 AU - Kostage, J T AU - Dolan, C W AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT PLUG JOINT - AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION PY - 1994/07 SP - 44 p. AB - A pilot study was conducted at the University of Wyoming on plasticized asphalt plug joints. Currently, no standard testing procedures exist for evaluation and fatigue testing of an asphalt plug joint. The pilot program was designed to identify cyclic loading response and evaluate possible testing procedures for this class of joint. There were four main objectives in this testing: 1) model the cyclic mechanical behavior; 2) determine the temperature effects during cyclic loading; 3) pull the joint in tension until failure, repair and cycle again; and 4) develop recommendations for further testing. The asphalt plug joint used in this experiment was supplied and installed by Koch Materials Company and Best-Way Paving. The joint test was designed to simulate ten years of mechanical movement and the corresponding temperature changes the joint would experience. Testing simulated daily movement and seasonal movement. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Bridge decks KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure analysis KW - Fatigue tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Repeated loads KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/536622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753805 AU - Kostage, J T AU - Dolan, C W AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WYDOT BRIDGE JOINT SPECIFICATION PRACTICE AND FIELD PERFORMANCE PY - 1994/07 SP - 65 p. AB - The Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications for bridge deck joints are often inadequate on their own. They should, in fact, be complimentary. WYDOT specifications should supplement the AASHTO specifications, typically for conditions which are specific to Wyoming. WYDOT and AASHTO specifications are vague, inconsistent, incomplete and require significant modifications concerning bridge deck joints. The WYDOT District and Maintenance Engineers were surveyed with questionnaires in order to determine the specific inadequacies of the specifications. The joints that were studied were the following: finger plates, plank seals, compression seals, strip seals and field-molded joint sealants. Recommendations are divided into design, installation and maintenance. This report is a supplement to report FHWA/WY-94/06-A, a more comprehensive report that was based on literature research and field observations. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge decks KW - Building KW - Compression seals KW - Design KW - Expansion joints KW - Facilities KW - Field performance KW - Installation KW - Joint sealers KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Seals (Devices) KW - Specifications KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/536621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753807 AU - Croft, R C AU - Dolan, C W AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SKEWED AND CURVED SLAB-GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1994/07 SP - 215 p. AB - The Wyoming Department of Transportation has had problems with significant distress in expansion joints and bearings of skewed and curved bridges. Much of this distress can be attributed to temperature. Bridges in Wyoming undergo extreme temperature variation with common daily variations of 20 deg C (36 deg F), and seasonal variations of 80 deg C (144 deg F). Typical examples of damage include (1) expansion-bearing devices with failed bearing bars and keepers, (2) fixed bearings with bent anchorage bolts, (3) failure of expansion joints, and (4) spalling of wingwalls. The present methods for predicting the temperature deformations in skewed and curved slab-girder bridges are incomplete or inadequate. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) method does not account for the geometric differences of skew and/or curvature. The goal of this research was to address the important behavioral aspects and design tools to guide the designer in the prediction of temperature-induced deformations and forces in bridges structures. Three objectives included (1) obtaining field measurements to determine actual deformations, (2) comparing these results to analytically obtained results, and (3) developing simplified design procedures and recommendations for prediction of temperature-induced translations. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Curved bridges KW - Deformation KW - Design methods KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Skew bridges KW - Temperature KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/536623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745698 AU - Heydrick, C AU - Brink, R AU - St John, B AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SCAN 16 EF ICE DETECTION SYSTEM PY - 1994/07 SP - 92 p. AB - This report represents the details of construction as well as an interim report based on the data provided for the winters of 1990-91 and 1991-92. The pavement sensors are located in each of the four lanes of pavement on I-80 and they are connected by hardwire to the Remote Processing Unit (RPU). The RPU gathers and stores data from the pavement and atmospheric sensors and transmits this information via telephone line to the Central Processing Unit (CPU) at predetermined intervals. Technicians in the District 1 Office evaluate the data from the sensors and are able to give maintenance personnel advance warning of impending icing conditions. KW - Accuracy KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Detectors KW - Ice KW - Ice detection KW - Operating costs KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reliability KW - Remote sensing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20000/20056/PB98107063.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666252 AU - Funahashi, M AU - Wagner, J AU - Young, W T AU - PSG Corrosion Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION DEVELOPMENTS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE COMPONENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 132 p. AB - This is the final report in a study that evaluated the feasibility of using cathodic protection on prestressed concrete bridge members. The interim report (FHWA-RD-92-056), published in February 1993, presented laboratory data showing that cathodic protection will generate hydrogen on high-strength steel embedded in concrete if the potential is more negative than the thermodynamic hydrogen evolution potential. The hydrogen generated will enter the steel and will cause a loss in ductility that will adversely affect the steel's performance if a notch is present. In addition, conductive paints and polymers were evaluated as anode materials. Full-scale beams were constructed to study the above phenomena, as well as the various cathodic protection criteria. Four pretensioned beams were constructed. In addition, two post-tensioned slabs were constructed to evaluate the ability of cathodic current to provide corrosion protection to anchorages and tendons encased in metal or plastic conduits. Cathodic protection currents were supplied by IR drop-free potential controlled rectifiers. Later in the study, constant-current power supplies were utilized. The interim report presented the initial construction details and preliminary results for the beams and slabs. Hydrogen entering the steel as the result of corrosion appears to have masked the presence of hydrogen that might have been produced by cathodic protection applied at levels exceeding -1100 mV vs. CSE. The analysis also revealed that there was corrosion of some pretensioned wires at crossings with interior steel reinforcing bars due to interference (stray current) caused by cathodic protection application. Analysis of the post-tensioned slabs indicates little effect on tendons inside plastic or metal ducts from the application of cathodic protection. Beneficial effects were noted on anchor points where mortar was in contact with the metal. None of the anode systems tested proved to be fully durable under the conditions of the test. KW - Anchorages KW - Anodes KW - Beams KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Embrittlement KW - Hydrogen embrittlement KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Slabs KW - Stray currents KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405799 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664245 AU - Shenton, H AU - Cassidy, M AU - Spellerberg, P AU - Savage, D AU - National Institute of Standards and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYSTEM FOR CALIBRATION OF THE MARSHALL COMPACTION HAMMER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 147 p. AB - The Marshall method is used by many State and local highway agencies for the design of hot-mix asphalt. Although the procedure is specified by several industry standards, round-robin testing programs have confirmed wide variability in Marshall results. Much of the scatter in the data is attributed to compaction hammer variables, such as variation in drop weight, drop height, friction, hammer alignment, pedestal support, and foundation. To reduce the variability in the test results, an easy-to-use and relatively inexpensive system has been developed for the calibration of mechanical Marshall compaction hammers. This system consists of a spring-mass device with force transducer, power supply, and data acquisition system. The spring-mass device replaces the standard specimen mold during calibration. Force-time histories from multiple hammer blows are recorded and analyzed to determine average peak force, energy, and cumulative impulse. Using this information, a proposed calibration procedure has been developed. The procedure involves adjusting the number of blows to achieve a standard cumulative impulse. A limited laboratory evaluation program has been completed to demonstrate the system. The variability of test results for specimens prepared in calibrated machines was reduced by as much as 60%, as measured by the reduction in standard deviation and range of data for 15 specimens. A draft calibration standard has been developed and formatted according to AASHTO standards. KW - Calibration KW - Compaction hammers KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mix design KW - Procedures KW - Standards KW - Test results KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720232 AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY-RAILROAD GRADE CROSSINGS: A GUIDE TO CROSSING CONSOLIDATION AND CLOSURE PY - 1994/07 SP - 31 p. AB - This guide is about highway-railroad grade crossing consolidation and closure -- an effective, but often overlooked, option for improving grade crossing safety. The advent of the systems or corridor approach to evaluating crossing safety and the need to address the persistent problem of accidents at low volume crossings have increased attention on crossing consolidation and closure. The benefits of consolidating unnecessary grade crossings include: fewer intersections at which collisions between motor vehicles and trains can occur; removal of a potential safety hazard at a cost that is often only a fraction of the cost of warning signals and gates; redirection of limited resources to the remaining crossings which have the greatest public necessity; and a reduction in the number of at-grade crossings which may need costly improvements or grade separation in the future to accommodate high speed rail operations. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) is encouraging states, political subdivisions and railroads to reduce the 280,000 public and private grade crossings by 25%. In support of this initiative, the FRA developed case studies of actual grade crossing consolidation and closure projects. This guide is derived from the case studies. The guide condenses the lessons learned from both the successful and unsuccessful projects. It was prepared to disseminate information to state transportation agencies, Metropolitan Planning Organizations, and railroads on how to gain local support for grade crossing consolidation and closure projects. The case studies unequivocally demonstrate that the main obstacle to the rationalization of redundant crossings is local opposition. Even when formal approval from the local government is not required by law, local endorsement of the project (or at a minimum the absence of local opposition) is often a de facto requirement. The focus of this guide is a model approach for working with local communities to reach voluntary agreement to consolidate unnecessary crossings and a checklist of the factors commonly found in the successful projects. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Closures KW - Communities KW - Community support KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway safety KW - Lane closure KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Railroad grade crossings UR - http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0001 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720189 AU - Pribanic, J A AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF SALVAGED ASPHALT PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 30 p. AB - The purpose of this sub-study (part of a larger research project on salvaged asphalt) was to investigate the potential for soil and/or groundwater and/or surface water contamination arising from the stockpiling, use, or disposal of salvaged asphalt pavement in Montana. The investigation was keyed to the four asphalt sources generally used in Montana highway pavements, those sources being the four Montana oil refineries. Asphalt from each refinery exhibits unique molecular and chemical attributes. Road surface contamination resulting from vehicular road use was recognized as a factor impacting this study, but was not researched. Asphalt paving materials (actually, core samples from newly placed bituminous pavements) representing each of the four refinery sources were analyzed using widely accepted test methods. These included the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic Characteristics Leachability Procedure (TCLP) and related tests to determine the presence and/or amount of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, polynuclear aromatics (PNAs) and certain metals. Test results are included. In summary, no substances tested for in these test groups were observed to be above the stated minimum threshold values in any of the four representative samples. The potential of soil or water contamination arising from the use, storage, or disposal of any of the typical Montana asphalt paving mixtures appears to be minimal. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Contaminants KW - Disposal KW - Environmental impacts KW - Leaching KW - Metals KW - Organic compounds KW - Polynuclear aromatics KW - Recycling KW - Salvage KW - Soil contamination KW - Soil pollution KW - Stockpiling KW - Waste disposal KW - Water pollution UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/recycled_asph/salvaged_asphalt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45842/salvaged_asphalt64.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454578 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720071 AU - Datta, T K AU - Wayne State University AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF THE BENEFITS OF TWO-WAY CENTER LEFT TURN LANES: PHASE 1 - REPORT (REVISED). STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 134 p. AB - This study contains a review of the state of the art related to assessment of the benefits of Two-Way Center Left Turn Lanes (TWCLTL). A critical review of related published materials and reports has been made and the validity of various papers, based on credible analytic and empirical approaches, has been determined. Parametric summaries have been prepared and included in this report so that the readers can clearly see and understand the usefulness and validity of various published materials. An experimental plan for the Phase II study, for testing the benefits of TWCLTL, is included in this report. Use of a statistically valid test plan is essential in this very important topic where there are many incorrect and marginally correct papers which have influenced the practice in the past. KW - Benefits KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - State of the art studies KW - Two way left turn lanes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712951 AU - Aktan, A E AU - Naghavi, R AU - Farhey, D N AU - Lee, K L AU - Aksel, T AU - Hebbar, K AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE/DESTRUCTIVE TESTS AND ASSOCIATED STUDIES ON TWO DECOMMISSIONED STEEL TRUSS BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 385 p. AB - Two decommissioned 80-year-old steel truss bridges were subjected to a series of nondestructive and destructive tests. The trusses had built-up members rigidly connected by rivets at the gusset plates. The floor system, many truss members and the connections exhibited considerable deterioration. The bridges were retrofitted at critical connections by welding A36 plates on the pre-A7 steel. Both bridges exhibited acceptable performance during the tests at all the limit states. In one of the bridges, failure could not be induced due to displacement limits of the loading equipment. The test results revealed that serviceability, damageability, and failure behavior of steel truss bridges possessing built-up members rigidly connected by rivets at the gusset plates are not adversely affected by local deterioration. Both the built-up members and the connections possessed adequate deformability permitting extensive redistribution. Connection retrofit by welding plates was feasible and successful. KW - Connections KW - Damages KW - Destructive testing KW - Deterioration KW - Failure analysis KW - Gusset plates KW - Loss and damage KW - Mechanical tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Modulus of deformation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Rivets KW - Serviceability KW - Steel bridges KW - Steel plates KW - Test results KW - Truss bridges KW - Welding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448136 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664236 AU - Wilkinson, W C AU - Clarke, A AU - Epperson, B AU - Knoblauch, R AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF BICYCLE ACCOMMODATIONS ON BICYCLE/MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY AND TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 140 p. AB - This report begins with an assessment of the Federal government's policy goal for bicycling and defines two basic types of "design bicyclists". It concludes by setting forth specific recommendations for selecting roadway design treatments to accommodate the needs and desires of all types of bicyclists. The recommendations are based on assumptions regarding policy goals and the types of bicyclists to be accommodated, on the state-of-the-practice, and on professional judgment. More research, testing, and evaluation is needed to assess and refine these recommendations. The report describes the assumptions, principles, and approaches used to develop the recommendations; provides a model planning process for identifying a network of routes on which designated bicycle facilities should be provided to accommodate bicyclists of moderate ability (casual adult riders and children); and recommends design treatments and specifications for roadways to serve different types of bicyclists under various sets of traffic operational factors. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Bicycles KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Recommendations KW - State of the art studies KW - Traffic KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405119 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681974 AU - Keating, P B AU - Noel, J S AU - Litchfield, S C AU - Mattox, M J AU - White, E P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLOAD PERMIT PROCEDURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 218 p. AB - This document defines criteria for issuing permits for overweight vehicles passing over H15, H20 and HS20 highway bridges in the state of Texas. The resulting formulae have been developed to ensure that the maximum stress does not exceed the operational stress level. Criteria are first developed for simple span bridges. The approach used analyzes the discrete point on the bridge where overstress is most likely to occur. This is done in the manner prescribed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) in the "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" and the "Maintenance Manual for the Inspection of Bridges". Two formulae for each bridge type, a general formula and a bridge specific formula, have been developed to limit the group axle weight on simple span bridges. The general formula is a function of only the vehicle dimensions and is similar to the current Texas permit rules. The current Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) permit rules for mobile cranes and oil well equipment vehicles only apply for wheelbases up to 80 ft (24.4 m). The proposed formula is calculated for wheelbases up to 120 ft (36.6 m). The formula developed is significantly more restrictive than that currently used by TxDOT. A second formula has been developed based on the vehicle dimensions and the span length of any bridge along the permitted vehicle route. With this bridge-specific formula, higher permit weights can be safely authorized without additional engineering analysis. In addition, several critical reinforced concrete continuous span slab bridges have been investigated to ensure that the formulae calculated for simple span bridges do not exceed the allowable stresses. The greatest concern of the continuous span bridges is at the supports where negative moments can become great. The results indicate that the capacities of the reinforced concrete continuous span slab bridges are well above those allowed by the proposed simple span formulae. KW - Continuous span bridges KW - Formulas KW - Highway bridges KW - Load limits KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Single span bridges KW - Wheel base UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680551 AU - Hu, P S AU - Trumble, D AU - Lu, A AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Office of Highway Information Management TI - FUEL USED FOR OFF-HIGHWAY RECREATION PY - 1994/07 SP - 87 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) established a National Recreational Trails Funding Program and the National Recreational Trails Trust Fund. ISTEA requires that tax revenue generated from the sales of motor fuel used for off-highway recreation be transferred from the Highway Trust Fund to the Trails Trust Fund for recreational trail and facility improvements. In order to apportion the Trails Trust Fund to individual states equitably, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) asked the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to estimate the amount of motor fuel used for off-highway recreation at the state level by different vehicle types. This report documents this estimation procedure. KW - All terrain vehicles KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Motor fuels KW - Recreational roads KW - States KW - Trails UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680550 AU - Miaou, S-P AU - Davis, S C AU - Young, J R AU - Strang, S G AU - Lu, A AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Office of Highway Information Management TI - ESTIMATING PUBLIC USES OF MOTOR FUEL: PHASE II PY - 1994/07 SP - 200 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop and implement methodologies to estimate the use of motor fuel by Federal, State, county, and municipal (FSCM) governments. The project was planned by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to be conducted in two phases. Phase I was to gain a better understanding of the availability and quality of the existing motor fuel use data for FSCM governments, and to propose methodologies to better estimate the FSCM government use of motor fuel. Phase II was to implement one or more of the estimation methodologies recommended in Phase I. The objective of this memorandum is to summarize the Phase II study with emphasis on reporting the results of the full-scale data collection and presenting the fuel use estimates based on the sample data collected from both the pilot and full-scale data collections. KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - County government KW - Estimating KW - Federal government KW - Fuel consumption KW - Governments KW - Motor fuels KW - State government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675318 AU - Venglar, S P AU - Fambro, D B AU - Walters, C H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR EVALUATING OPERATIONS OF LIGHT-RAIL AT-GRADE WITHIN AN URBAN SIGNAL SYSTEM - INTERIM REPORT 2 PY - 1994/07 SP - 114 p. AB - This research investigated the use of the Federal Highway Administration's NETwork SIMulation (NETSIM) program and JRH Transportation Engineering's TransSim II (trademark) as a tool for agencies interested in planning and developing light rail transit (LRT) systems. NETSIM is one of the few available traffic analysis programs with the flexibility to model the operations and mobility impacts of transit. Similarly, TransSim II (trademark) can model the impacts of transit and has been specifically developed for this purpose. To evaluate NETSIM and TransSim II (trademark) for simulating and providing accurate descriptive measures of performance for LRT and traffic in pretimed and actuated arterial networks, researchers compared outputs from the models with real-world field data from Los Angeles and Long Beach, California and Portland, Oregon. The results indicated that the models could produce moderately accurate measures of stopped delay and percent stops for individual intersections within studied networks. On a system-wide basis, the models produced reasonably reliable, accurate estimates of network travel times and were capable of reproducing most traffic characteristics observed in the field. They also performed well in simulating the control impacts and behavior of LRT in the modeled systems. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Bus stops KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway operations KW - Impacts KW - Intersections KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Mobility KW - Simulation KW - Stopped time delays KW - Stopping KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412324 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675297 AU - McHale, G AU - Stevens, W AU - Harding, J AU - Faunce, K AU - Brahaney, M AU - MITRE Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES INTERIM RESULTS WORKSHOP (CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS) PY - 1994/07 SP - 127 p. AB - The Automated Highway Systems (AHS) Precursor Systems Analyses (PSA) Interim Results Workshop (IRW) was held 5 April through 8 April 1994 at the Westfield's Conference Center in Chantilly, Virginia. The major goals of the AHS IRW were to: (1) describe the ongoing AHS research effort to the larger community; (2) share some initial AHS PSA results in order to show the level and quality of the current research; (3) gain feedback and insight from the stakeholder community; and (4) facilitate in-depth interaction among PSA researchers. A total of five general sessions were held as part of the workshop: Potential Performance Gains, System-Oriented Issues, Vehicle-Oriented Issues, Roadway-Oriented Issues, and Institutional and Societal Issues. This document highlights the discussions of the major issues addressed in the breakout groups for each of the five general sessions. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Precursor systems analyses KW - Research KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412314 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672571 AU - Frank, L D AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN URBAN FORM (DENSITY, MIX, AND JOBS: HOUSING BALANCE) AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR (MODE CHOICE, TRIP GENERATION, TRIP LENGTH, AND TRAVEL TIME). FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 284 p. AB - This project is part of a research agenda to discover ways to plan and implement urban forms that reduce dependence on the single occupancy vehicle (SOV). The purpose of this project was to empirically test the relationship between land use density, mix, jobs-housing balance, and travel behavior at the census tract level for two trip purposes: work and shopping. This project provides input into policies at the national, state, and local level targeted at the reduction of SOV travel and for urban form policies. This research employed a correlational research design in which urban form (e.g., density) and travel behavior (e.g., mode choice) relationships were analyzed while controlling for non-urban form factors (e.g., demographics). Data for travel behavior variables (model choice, trip generation, trip distance, and travel time) were obtained from the Puget Sound Transportation Panel. Data for the urban form variables (employment density, population density, mix, and jobs-housing balance) were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Washington State Employment Security Department, and the King County Assessor's Office. The databases developed for this study were composed of these data sources, matched together by one common variable: the census tract. The databases were structured around two separate units of analysis: the trip and the tract. Relationships between urban form and modal choice were analyzed at the tract level, while urban form relationships with trip generation, distance, and travel time were analyzed at the trip level. Simple statistical analytical methods were used to identify relationships between urban form and travel behavior variables, including T-tests, linear correlation, partial correlation, multiple regression, and cross-tabulation. Findings from the application of these methods indicated that employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with SOV usage and positively correlated with transit usage and walking for both work and shopping trips. Employment density, population density, and land-use mix were negatively correlated with trip distance and positively correlated with trip generation for work trips. Travel time was positively correlated with employment density and negatively correlated with mixing of uses for work trips. The jobs-housing balance was negatively correlated with trip distance and travel time for work trips. Transit, walking, and SOV usage were found to have non-linear relationships with population and employment density for both work and shopping trips. An analysis of density thresholds was conducted to identify levels of population and employment density, where significant decreases in SOV travel and increases in transit and walking occurred. KW - Land use KW - Local transportation KW - Local transportation policies KW - Mode choice KW - National transportation policies KW - Public transit KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Shopping KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - State government KW - Statistical analysis KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel time KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - United States KW - Urban form KW - Walking KW - Work trips UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/351.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672532 AU - Sargand, S AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENTATION PLAN FOR THE OHIO SPS TEST PAVEMENT (DEL-23-17.48). FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 127 p. AB - A Specific Pavement Studies (SPS) program, formulated under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), consists of nine experiments, four of which will be included in this DEL-23 project. Since the basic instrumentation plan proposed by SHRP was limited, Ohio Department of Transportation opted to develop a more comprehensive plan for DEL-23. The Ohio Test Road consists of SPS-1, SPS-2, SPS-8, and SPS-9 experiments, all constructed for this project where the climate, soil, and topography are uniform throughout. In this comprehensive instrumentation plan, thirty-three sections are to be instrumented. LTPP guidelines require four instrumented sections in each of the SPS-1 and SPS-2 experiments for the study of seasonal factors and dynamic response. DEL-23 includes an additional nine instrumented sections for the SPS-1 experiment, twelve sections for the SPS-2 experiment, and two sections each in the SPS-8 and SPS-9 experiments to study structural response parameters. A total of eighteen sections will be instrumented for the study of seasonal factors, ten more sections than required by SHRP. This report provides a detailed description of types of sensors, installation methodology, calibration procedures and wiring schematics for instrumentation of pavements for the Ohio SHRP SPS Test Road to measure environmental factors and structural response. Environmental or climatic parameters include temperature, base and subbase moisture, and frost depth. Structural response parameters entail strain, deflection, pressure, and joint opening. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Building KW - Calibration KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Experimental roads KW - Facilities KW - Frost KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Pressure KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Sensors KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Temperature KW - Wiring UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/TransSysDev/Research/reportsandplans/Reports/1999%20and%20Older/Pavements/14573-FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411590 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00672484 JO - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ACTIVITIES IN STATES AND METROPOLITAN PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS PY - 1994/07 IS - 2 SP - v.p. AB - This report is a summary of various congestion management system (CMS) activities in five states and five metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) as of April 1994. Its purpose is to provide a vehicle to share information on the efforts States and MPOs are taking to develop CMSs. The matrices include information from Vancouver, Washington and the State of Washington, Oregon, Tucson, Albany, and the Mid American Regional Council (Kansas City). The information includes excerpts from various Draft CMSs, conference reports, and working group task force minutes. This report also includes certain portions of specific products from four CMS working groups in the States of Florida, Texas, North Carolina, and the Metropolitan Washington DC Council of Governments (WASHCOG). KW - Albany (New York) KW - Congestion management systems KW - Florida KW - Kansas City (Kansas) KW - North Carolina KW - Oregon KW - Texas KW - Tucson (Arizona) KW - Vancouver (Washington) KW - Washington (State) KW - Washington Metropolitan Area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416140 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00672486 JO - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES TO SUPPORT A CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 2: TASK B -- INITIAL PERFORMANCE MEASURES, MAY 2, 1994 PY - 1994/07 IS - 2 SP - v.p. AB - This Technical Memorandum represents the second interim reporting for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) project, "Analytical Procedures to Support a Congestion Management System". It describes candidate transportation system performance measures applicable to the movement of vehicles, persons, and goods that can be incorporated into a congestion management system (CMS). Included are a large number of either existing or recently proposed transportation performance measures in a series of tables, grouped into five categories: vehicle movement, mobility and accessibility, congestion management indices, evaluations of strategies and qualitative measures. The purpose is not to recommend one or more performance measures that may be superior to others, but to identify the underlying data that could be used to calculate a number of different measures of performance. This report was prepared for the FHWA by Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc., K.T. Analytics, and Michael D. Meyer. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Performance KW - Performance measurement KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00672485 JO - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES TO SUPPORT A CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 1: TASK A -- LITERATURE REVIEW, FEBRUARY 28, 1994 PY - 1994/07 IS - 2 SP - v.p. AB - This Technical Memorandum represents the first interim reporting for the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) project, "Analytical Procedures to Support a Congestion Management System". It is a literature review that focuses on the analytical methods available for evaluating the performance of transportation systems in general and congestion management systems (CMSs) in particular. It includes a general assessment of the available literature, a discussion of experience with the Congestion Management Plan Requirements in California, a discussion of measures of transportation system performance in broad terms, and an introduction to the relevant analytical methods in use or under consideration. This report was prepared for the FHWA by Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc., K.T. Analytics, and Michael D. Meyer. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical techniques KW - California KW - Congestion management systems KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance evaluations KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672474 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated TI - METROPOLITAN PLANNING TECHNICAL REPORT: CONGESTION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1994/07 SP - v.p. AB - This is the second in a periodic series of reports issued by the Metropolitan Planning Division, Federal Highway Administration. Included in this issue are three reports that focus on congestion management systems (CMSs). The first report is a summary of various CMS activities in five states and five metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). Its purpose is to provide a vehicle to share information on the efforts States and MPOs are taking to develop CMSs. The other reports are interim documents from a research project to develop analytical procedures to support a CMS. The final product will be a manual describing analytical methods and data collection procedures that can be used by States and MPOs to support the monitoring and measuring of congestion. The first of the two interim reports is a literature review that focuses on the analytical methods available for evaluating the performance of transportation systems in general and CMSs in particular. It includes a general assessment of the available literature, a discussion of experience with the Congestion Management Plan Requirements in California, a discussion of measures of transportation system performance in broad terms, and an introduction to the relevant analytical methods in use or under consideration. The second interim report describes candidate transportation system performance measures applicable to the movement of vehicles, persons, and goods that can be incorporated into a CMS. Included are a large number of either existing or recently proposed transportation performance measures in a series of tables, grouped into five categories: vehicle movement, mobility and accessibility, congestion management indices, evaluations of strategies and qualitative measures. The purpose is not to recommend one or more performance measures that may be superior to others, but to identify the underlying data that could be used to calculate a number of different measures of performance. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical techniques KW - Case studies KW - Congestion management systems KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Performance measurement KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412736 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670375 AU - Botha, J L AU - McKean, P AU - Cheng, W AU - San Jose State University Foundation AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATION LANES FOR TURNING VEHICLES AT RURAL INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 237 p. AB - Guidelines for the implementation and design of acceleration lanes for right- and left-turning traffic, at stop-controlled intersections on rural high-speed highways, are presented. The guidelines are based on a review of existing practice and an operational as well as a safety analysis at intersections with and without acceleration lanes. KW - Acceleration lanes KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - High speed ground transportation KW - High speed vehicles KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Left turns KW - Right turns KW - Rural highways KW - Speed KW - Stop signs KW - Stop-controlled intersections KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670379 AU - Head, L AU - Mirchandani, P AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RHODES PROJECT: PHASE II(A). FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 170 p. AB - This report documents the work performed on the RHODES Project Phase II(a). This research effort was the continuation of the RHODES Project Phase I. Phase I explored concepts for models and algorithms for a real-time traffic-adaptive control system for street networks, referred to as the RHODES System. Phase II(a) focused on further development of some of these algorithms and on performing some preliminary laboratory experiments with these algorithms using simulation models. The control architecture of RHODES is based on a hierarchical decomposition of the overall traffic control problem. In an aggregate sense, there are three levels in the control hierarchy: network load control, network flow (platoon) control, and intersection (vehicular) control. RHODES architecture allows for a modular implementation of many of the subsystems within the control structure and the incorporation of IVHS technologies (e.g., new vehicle sensors) when they become available. In Phase II(a), the decision problems at each of the hierarchical levels were further analyzed and the decision model/algorithm at the intersection level was explicitly formulated, solved, and evaluated using simulation models. KW - Algorithms KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intersections KW - Laboratory tests KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Subsystems KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411120 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670371 AU - Lason, L AU - Gallaher, J AU - McGovern, T AU - McGovern, MacVittie, Lodge and Associates, Incorporated AU - US Forest Service AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISUAL PRIORITIZATION PROCESS - USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 146 p. AB - Road construction and reconstruction projects are subjected to ever increasing scrutiny and criticism from aspects of environmental impacts and costs. Providing measures in road projects to mitigate environmental concerns including visual quality objectives, often threatens the economic viability of needed projects, especially in visually sensitive terrain. On any given project, requirements for maintenance of visual quality may be imposed as a requirement for construction/reconstruction, and variations in "visual sensitivity" exist within areas with the same visual quality objectives. Blanket or uniform application of mitigation treatments within a given visual management category is not cost effective. The most sensitive areas should receive the full range of mitigation; less sensitive areas can receive less. The problem has been to identify and prioritize areas to receive different mitigation efforts, thus maximizing benefits to road users at the least cost. The Visual Prioritization Process (VPP) was developed as a tool to analyze and inventory visual impacts and mitigation in connection with roadway improvement projects. This study refines the process to accommodate conditions relating to distances, angles, construction, and rankings within the models. The User's Manual is intended for use by all design disciplines including engineers, landscape architects, and planners. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Construction projects KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Manuals KW - Mitigation KW - Ratings KW - Reconstruction KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Visual perception KW - Visual prioritization process KW - Visual quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668892 AU - Chang, ECP AU - Koothrappally, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COORDINATION OF ACTUATED CONTROLLERS ON TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 128 p. AB - The purpose of this research is to develop a reliable analytical methodology to improve the overall design and operation of actuated controllers in coordinated systems and generate the parameters for coordinated arterial or network operations. The report summarizes the state of the art in coordinated, actuated controller operations. The methodology developed in the study was successfully tested and demonstrated on two real-world arterial signal systems in Kingsville and Burleson, Texas. The results indicate that coordinated, actuated schemes operate much better than pretimed systems. In addition, coordinated, actuated operations can potentially postpone the "possibility of oversaturation". The report provides the recommended coordination strategies and operational guidelines for using actuated controllers on coordinated signal systems. KW - Actuated controllers KW - Actuated traffic signal controllers KW - Arterial highways KW - Coordination KW - Guidelines KW - Optimization KW - Streets KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667730 AU - Watts, R J AU - Stanton, P C AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCESS CONDITIONS FOR THE TOTAL OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 66 p. AB - The use of Fenton's reagent for completely oxidizing hexadecane and benzo[a]pyrene to their thermodynamic endpoints, carbon dioxide and water, was investigated. Confirmation of oxidation was determined by using carbon-14-labeled compounds and recovering the evolved carbon-14 dioxide. Experimental design procedures incorporating factorial matrices were used to determine optimal treatment conditions based on three variables at five levels. Oxidative treatments were conducted in silica sand and a Palouse Loess soil. Silica sand experiments investigated the effects of slurry volume, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and iron (II) concentrations. In the Palous soil systems, the variables investigated included slurry volume, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and pH. Aggressive conditions were required for oxidizing hexadecane and benzo[a]pyrene in silica sand, which were related to their slow rates of desorption. Under optimal conditions, 74% of the hexadecane and 73% of the benzo[a]pyrene were oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. In both cases, optimal treatment conditions entailed the use of 14,700 mM hydrogen peroxide. Treatment conditions differed in that slurry volumes of 4.0 x F.C. and an iron (II) concentration of 25 mM were required for hexadecane oxidation while slurry volume of 0.25 x F.C. and an iron (II) concentration of 5 mM were required for the oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene. In soils, the presence of organic matter and other species that compete for and quench hydroxyl radicals require additional reagents to promote oxidative treatment. Under optimal conditions, 67% of the hexadecane and 78% of the benzo[a]pyrene were oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The optimal conditions, 67% of the two compounds was found at the same treatment conditions. These conditions consisted of 14,700 mM hydrogen peroxide, a slurry volume of 20 x field capacity and a pH of 8.0. More importantly, the ability of mineral catalyzed hydrogen peroxide for oxidizing contaminants at a neutral pH was documented. The results show that hydrocarbons common to diesel, motor oil, and other refractory petroleum products may be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water using Fenton's reagent. KW - Benzo[a]pyrene KW - Contaminants KW - Contamination KW - Fenton's reagent KW - Hexadecane KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Oxidation KW - pH value KW - Remediation KW - Soils UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/337.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667686 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F014 PY - 1994/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F014. The vehicle used for this test was a 1986 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a dual post sign support with concrete foundations in weak soil. The posts were made from 4-in. by 6-in. (102-mm by 152-mm) pressure treated wood and were spaced 3.5 ft (1.1 m) apart. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual wood post sign support with concrete foundations in weak soil does not meet all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete bases KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36161/FHWA-RD-93-102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410150 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667688 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F016 PY - 1994/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F016. The vehicle used for this test was the FOIL breakaway bogie. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a single post sign support with a soilcrete foundation in weak soil. The post was made from a single 5-in. (127-mm) diameter timber with two 2-in. (51-mm) holes. Soilcrete consists of nine parts native soil mixed with one part cement. Because the sign post was tested in weak soil, sand was used as the native soil. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the single wood timber sign support in a soilcrete foundation in weak soil meets all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Admixtures KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete KW - Crashes KW - Foundation soils KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Soilcrete foundations KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil KW - Wood KW - Wooden posts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667690 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F018 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F018. The vehicle used for this test was a 1984 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple-legged steel 4 lb/ft (5.95 kg/m) u-channel sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 4-lb/ft (5.95 kg/m) u-channel sign support system does not meet all of the applicable criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36165/FHWA-RD-93-106.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410154 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667692 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 92F020 AND 92F021 PY - 1994/07 SP - 37 p. AB - This test report contains the results of two crash tests performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The tests were performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F020, and 60 mi/h (26.8 m/s), test 92F021. The vehicle used for these tests was the FOIL reusable bogie vehicle. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the low- and high-speed safety performance of a dual-legged wooden 6-ft by 8-ft (1.83-m by 2.44-m) sign support in concrete foundation. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual-legged wooden 6-ft by 8-ft (1.83-m by 2.44-m) sign support system meets all of the applicable criteria for the low- and high-speed test in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete bases KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667683 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 92F009 AND 92F010 PY - 1994/07 SP - 34 p. AB - This test report contains the results of two crash tests performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The tests were performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F009 and 60 mi/h (26.8 m/s), test 92F010. The vehicles used for these tests were a 1985 Honda Civic and a 1986 Honda Civic. The purpose of these tests was to evaluate the low- and high-speed safety performance of a dual-legged 4-in. by 6-in. (102-mm by 152-mm) pressure treated wood post sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual 4-in. by 6-in. (102-mm by 152-mm) wood post sign support system meets all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36158/FHWA-RD-93-097.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667684 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F011 PY - 1994/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F011. The vehicle used for this test was a 1984 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a dual-legged 4-lb/ft (6-kg/m) u-channel sign support with a 5-in. (127-mm) overlap splice in weak soil. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual-legged 4-lb/ft (6-kg/m) u-channel sign support with a 5-in. (127-mm) overlap splice does not meet all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36159/FHWA-RD-93-098.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410148 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667698 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F035 PY - 1994/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (32.2 km/h), test 92F035. The vehicle used for this test was a 1984 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a dual-legged 3-in. (76.2-mm) diameter fiberglass sign support with concrete foundation. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 3-in. (76.2-mm) diameter fiberglass sign support with concrete foundation in weak soil meets all of the applicable low-speed safety performance criteria specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete bases KW - Crashes KW - Fiberglass KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36153/FHWA-RD-93-116.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667701 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F038 PY - 1994/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 60 mi/h (96.6 km/h), test 92F038. The vehicle used for this test was a 1986 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the high-speed safety performance of a triple-legged steel 2.5-lb/ft (3.7-kg/m), 8-in. (203.2-mm) splice, u-channel sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 2.5-lb/ft (3.7-kg/m) u-channel sign support system meets all of the applicable safety criteria for the high-speed test in strong soil as specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36150/FHWA-RD-93-119.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667687 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F015 PY - 1994/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F015. The vehicle used for this test was a 1985 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a dual post sign support with concrete foundations in weak soil. The posts were made from 4-in. by 4-in. (102-mm by 102-mm) pressure treated wood and were spaced 3.5 ft (1.1 m) apart. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more that 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual wood post sign support with concrete foundations in weak soil does not meet all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete bases KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36162/FHWA-RD-93-103.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667694 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F023 PY - 1994/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F023. The vehicle used for this test was a 1985 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple-legged steel 2 lb/ft (2.98 kg/m), 8-in. (203.2-mm) splice, u-channel sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 2 lb/ft (2.98 kg/m) u-channel sign support system does not meet all of the applicable criteria for roadside safety appurtenances in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36156/FHWA-RD-93-111.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667705 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RED CEDAR WOOD POST SINGLE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM HIGH-SPEED TEST, FOIL TEST NUMBER 92F002 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 96 km/h (60 mi/h), test 93F002. The vehicle used for this test was the FOIL's reusable breakaway bogie. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the high-speed safety performance of the South Dakota red cedar post sign support. The sign support was made from a 102-mm by 152-mm (4-in. by 6-in.) western red cedar wood post. No holes were drilled in the post, and the post was buried 1.2 m (4 ft) in strong soil. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 4.9 m/s (16 ft/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 102 mm (4 in.), and that there be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the western red cedar wood post sign support system meets all of the applicable safety criteria for the high-speed test in strong soil as specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Wood KW - Wooden posts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410169 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667685 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F012 PY - 1994/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F012. The vehicle used for this test was a 1985 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a dual-legged 3-lb/ft (4.5-kg/m) u-channel sign support in weak soil. The posts were spaced 2 ft 4 in. (0.7 m) apart. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more that 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual-legged 3-lb/ft (4.5-kg/m) u-channel sign support with 2-ft 4-in. (0.7-m) spacing does not meet all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36160/FHWA-RD-93-099.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410149 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667699 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F036 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 60 mi/h (96.6 km/h), test 92F036. The vehicle used for this test was a 1984 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the high-speed safety performance of a dual-legged 3-in. (78.2-mm) diameter fiberglass sign support with concrete foundation. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 3-in. (76.2-mm) diameter fiberglass sign support with concrete foundation in weak soil meets all of the applicable high-speed safety performance criteria specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete bases KW - Crashes KW - Fiberglass KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36152/FHWA-RD-93-117.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667700 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F037 PY - 1994/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (32.2 km/h), test 92F037. The vehicle used for this test was a 1984 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple-legged steel 2.5-lb/ft (3.7-kg/m), 8-in. (203.2-mm) splice, u-channel sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 2.5-lb/ft (3.7-kg/m) u-channel sign support system meets all of the applicable criteria for roadside safety appurtenances in strong soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36151/FHWA-RD-93-118.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410164 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667689 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F017 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F017. The vehicle used for this test was a 1985 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple post u-channel sign support system in weak soil. The posts were made from 2.5-lb/ft (3.7-kg/m) u-channel. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the triple post 2.5-lb/ft (3.7-kg/m) u-channel sign support in weak soil does not meet all of the applicable performance criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36164/FHWA-RD-93-105.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667696 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F026 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F026. The vehicle used for this test was the FOIL reusable bogie vehicle. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the high-speed safety performance of a single-leg 5-in. (127.0-mm) diameter wood post sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the single-leg 5-in. (127.0-mm) diameter wood post sign support system meets all of the applicable criteria for roadside safety appurtenances specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Wood KW - Wooden posts UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36154/FHWA-RD-93-114.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667703 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F040 PY - 1994/07 SP - 21 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 60 mi/h (96.6 km/h), test 92F040. The vehicle used for this test was a 1986 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the high-speed safety performance of a triple-legged 12-gauge 1.75-in. (44.4-mm) square tube sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the square tube sign support system does not meet all of the applicable safety criteria for the high-speed test in strong soil as specified by FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36146/FHWA-RD-93-121.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667695 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 92F024 AND 92F025 PY - 1994/07 SP - 35 p. AB - This test report contains the results of two crash tests performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The tests were performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F024, and 60 mi/h (26.8 m/s), test 92F025. The vehicles used for these tests were a 1984 and a 1985 Honda Civic three-door-hatchback with manual transmission. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the low- and high-speed safety performance of a dual-legged steel 2 lb/ft (2.98 kg/m) braced sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the dual-legged 2 lb/ft (2.98 kg/m) braced sign support system meets all of the applicable criteria for the low- and high-speed test in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36155/FHWA-RD-93-113.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667697 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F034 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (32.2 km/h), test 92F034. The vehicle used for this test was a 1985 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a dual-legged steel 4-lb/ft (6.0-kg/m) u-channel sign support with concrete foundation in weak soil. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 4-lb/ft (6.0-kg/m) u-channel sign support system with concrete foundation in weak soil does not meet all of the applicable safety criteria for the low-speed test specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Concrete bases KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667702 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F039 PY - 1994/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (32.2 km/h), test 92F039. The vehicle used for this test was a 1986 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple-legged 12-gauge 1.75-in. (44.4-mm) square tube sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the square tube sign support system does not meet all of the applicable safety criteria for the low-speed test in strong soil as specified by FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36149/FHWA-RD-93-120.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667704 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RED CEDAR WOOD POST SINGLE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM LOW-SPEED TEST, FOIL TEST NUMBER 93F001 PY - 1994/07 SP - 23 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 32 km/h (20 mi/h), test 93F001. The vehicle used for this test was the FOIL's reusable breakaway bogie. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of the South Dakota red cedar post sign support. The sign support was made from a 102-mm by 152-mm (4-in. by 6-in.) western red cedar wood post. No holes were drilled in the post, and the post was buried 1.2 m (4 ft) in weak soil. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 4.9 m/s (16 ft/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 102 mm (4 in.), and that there be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the western red cedar wood post sign support system meets all of the applicable safety criteria for the low-speed test in weak soil as specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil KW - Wood KW - Wooden posts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667691 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F019 PY - 1994/07 SP - 22 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F019. The vehicle used for this test was a 1985 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple-legged steel 2 lb/ft (2.98 kg/m) u-channel sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (102 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 2 lb/ft (2.98 kg/m) u-channel sign support system does not meet all of the applicable criteria for roadside safety appurtenances in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36100/36166/FHWA-RD-93-107.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410155 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667693 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SMALL AND LARGE SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOIL TEST NUMBER: 92F022 PY - 1994/07 SP - 24 p. AB - This test report contains the results of a crash test performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The test was performed on a small sign support system at 20 mi/h (8.9 m/s), test 92F022. The vehicle used for this test was a 1984 Honda Civic. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the low-speed safety performance of a triple-legged steel 2.5 lb/ft (3.72 kg/m), 8-in. (203.2-mm) splice, u-channel sign support. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in Volume 54, Number 3 of the Federal Register dated January 5, 1989. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 16 ft/s (4.9 m/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 4 in. (101.6 mm), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the 2.5 lb/ft (3.72 kg/m) u-channel sign support system does not meet all of the applicable criteria for roadside safety appurtenances in weak soil specified by the FHWA. KW - Appurtenances KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Sign supports KW - Soils KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Traffic speed KW - Weak soil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410157 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667653 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Lee, Y-H AU - Darter, M I AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PAVEMENT PREDICTION MODELS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 336 p. AB - The management of pavement infrastructure requires programming maintenance and rehabilitation work over time. This cannot be done well without accurate prediction of future pavement conditions. In addition, improvement of pavement designs and rehabilitations requires monitoring pavement condition over time and the use of that data to make continuous improvements. A comprehensive study of the development of pavement prediction models was conducted and practical guidelines were prepared for the following purposes: (1) traditional regression analyses; (2) modern regression techniques to achieve special goals such as robust outlier detection, optimal variable transformation, error variance stabilization and the inclusion of interactions; and (3) step-by-step guidelines for systematic performance model development. The use of graphical visualization and data smoothing techniques was also a very useful component of the proposed modeling approach. Examples using the guidelines for development of prediction models are included for punchouts of CRCP, slab stress models for loading and curling, and simplified performance prediction models using the HPMS and IPFS databases for five types of pavement. Information in this report will be of interest to anyone interested in developing pavement prediction models. KW - Composite pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Reinforced concrete pavements UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-084.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412854 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667605 AU - Walcoff and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLICATIONS OF EMERGING TRAVEL TRENDS--WHAT DOES NPTS TELL US? CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, CRYSTAL CITY, VIRGINIA, APRIL 20-21, 1994 PY - 1994/07 SP - 61p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) considers the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) a valuable resource for understanding changes in travel behavior in the United States. The 1990 NPTS is the fourth national survey of personal travel behavior, preceded by surveys conducted in 1969, 1977, and 1983. To explore specific travel issues implicit in the 1990 NPTS data set, FHWA's Office of Highway Information Management commissioned 12 papers focusing on specific topics to help explain important emerging travel trends and to identify key public policy issues, planning implications, and research needs. The issues addressed in these papers include the following: declines in carpooling; potential saturation of travel by male population; trip linking behavior; travel by women; travel by the elderly; and travel by households without vehicles. This summary of the conference proceedings is organized in a loose chronological fashion, following the order of conference events occurring during general sessions held both days. The four breakout session summaries have been grouped separately. Although the topics addressed by each breakout were relatively the same, different findings emerged regarding policy, planning, and research suggestions. The appendices include a participant list, the conference agenda, and breakout group members. The 12 commissioned papers will be issued in a separate three-volume series. U1 - Implications of Emerging Travel Trends--What Does NPTS Tell Us?Federal Highway AdministrationCrystal City, Virginia StartDate:19940420 EndDate:19940421 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Conferences KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Public policy KW - Research KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667600 AU - Brown, E R AU - Murphy, N E AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION BY THE IGNITION METHOD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 233 p. AB - This paper describes the development and testing for the ignition method for determining asphalt content and aggregate gradation of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The ignition method utilizes the mass of hot-mixed asphalt mixture before and after removal of asphalt cement by burning at 593 deg C (1100 deg F) to measure asphalt content. The recovered aggregate from ignition testing may also be used for gradation analysis. The test procedure is safer and simpler than current methods of asphalt content and gradation determination. The ignition method was evaluated in both the laboratory and field. In the laboratory, ignition testing was performed on 80 samples of hot-mixed asphalt. The ignition method proved to be precise and accurate in determining both asphalt content and aggregate gradation. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Ignition KW - Ignition method KW - Laboratory tests KW - Precision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667596 AU - Larson, T AU - Moseholm, L AU - Cain, C AU - SLATER, D AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL BACKGROUND LEVELS OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN URBAN AREAS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 149 p. AB - The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of CO concentrations immediately upwind of urban roadways, the "local background" values, and how these concentrations depend upon the surrounding traffic and the general meteorology. Measurements were made at seven sites during the winter of 1993. Local background CO concentrations were characterized by an absence of short term fluctuations, a steady buildup during the period between 3:00 PM and 11:00 PM, and a lack of spatial gradients in the eight-hour average values. Distinctly different log-normal distributions of the eight-hour averages were observed for "trafficked" sites versus "urban park" sites, with mean values of 1.6 and 1.0 ppm, respectively. A simple regression model was developed to predict the local background CO. This regression model included distance from the roadway, average daily traffic on nearby roadways, and the frequency of low wind speeds (R-squared = 0.74; F = 170). A new CO sampler was also developed as a part of this project. KW - Air KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution measurement KW - Air sampling KW - Background images KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Forecasting KW - Measurement KW - Meteorology KW - Regression analysis KW - Sampling KW - Traffic KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/339.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406422 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667599 AU - Brown, E R AU - Murphy, N E AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Alabama Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT CONTENT DETERMINATION BY THE IGNITION METHOD. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 12 p. AB - This paper describes the development and testing for the ignition method for determining asphalt content and aggregate gradation of asphalt-aggregate mixtures. The ignition method utilizes the mass of hot-mixed asphalt mixture before and after removal of asphalt cement by burning at 593 deg C (1100 deg F) to measure asphalt content. The recovered aggregate from ignition testing may also be used for gradation analysis. The test procedure is safer and simpler than current methods of asphalt content and gradation determination. The ignition method was evaluated in both the laboratory and field. In the laboratory, ignition testing was performed on 80 samples of hot-mixed asphalt. The ignition method proved to be precise and accurate in determining both asphalt content and aggregate gradation. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Ignition KW - Ignition method KW - Laboratory tests KW - Precision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406425 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666178 AU - Denson, R H AU - Mississippi Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A REMEDIAL REPAIR TECHNIQUE FOR DISTRESSED PLAIN JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 113 p. AB - A technique for repairing distressed plain jointed concrete pavement was evaluated. Nondestructive tests, consisting of pulse echo and deflection measurements, and tests on concrete cores, were performed. A polymer type underseal and crack-repair material was examined and evaluated. Initial indications are that this is a feasible technique and lends itself to a wide range of repair/backfill materials. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Deflection tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Polymers KW - Pulse echo tests KW - Repairing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664378 AU - Roper, T H AU - Henley, E H AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE NO. 90/25. LACEY V. MURROW BRIDGE REPLACEMENT. EXPANSION JOINT SYSTEMS FOR THE TRANSITION SPANS. POST CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 49 p. AB - For floating bridge construction, the transition span from shore to the floating portion of the structure is subject to longitudinal movement in combination with horizontal and vertical rotation. These large movements pose special problems for the expansion joint system at both ends of the transition span. The expansion joint system selected for these conditions must accommodate the wide range of movements involved and remain watertight, corrosion free, durable, require little or no maintenance, and have a useful life of 25 to 30 years. The purpose of this experimental project is to gain knowledge about the effectiveness of the modular expansion joint system over time and to obtain knowledge about field installation techniques and structural performance. Due to weld cracking in similar expansion joints used in the existing SR 90 Third Lake Floating Bridge, it was deemed prudent to require a five-year warranty on the expansion joints on this project. The state will monitor the performance during the warranty period. The evaluation of warranty provisions for these expansion joint systems has been FHWA approved as Special Experimental Project No. 14. This experimental project is a part of FHWA's program of encouraging innovative concepts in contracting procedures. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Construction management KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Expansion joints KW - Floating structures KW - Performance KW - Pontoon bridges KW - Rehabilitation KW - Transition spans UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/356.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664352 AU - Butterfield, E AU - Haselkorn, M AU - Alalusi, K AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POTENTIAL OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION IN THE PUGET SOUND AREA. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 40 p. AB - This report presents the results of an evaluation of a prototype automatic vehicle identification (AVI) system for the Puget Sound area. AVI can identify and locate specific vehicles at a precise location. We chose to investigate a loop-based AVI system, primarily because the Puget Sound-area freeway system has numerous inductive loop detectors already in place, and we expected that the current method of collecting traffic data could be augmented by an AVI system. However, before implementing any large-scale AVI system, we first wanted to test a small-scale, prototype system based on technology that "piggy-backs" AVI detectors on existing loop detectors. The tests revealed a failure to detect buses at the rate of nearly one-in-five expected detections. While the exact cause or causes of the failures are not completely clear, we suspect the loop system itself to have been a prime contributor to the failures. We recommend further testing and troubleshooting to help determine the viability of the AVI system. We also recommend implementing and testing a method for remote access of AVI data. Assuming that the technical difficulties can be solved (or that a nearly one-in-five detection error rate is acceptable), there are potential applications of loop-based AVI technology in the Puget Sound region. These include (1) performance monitoring of HOV lanes, (2) regulation of HOV lane use, (3) real-time location data for advanced public transportation systems, and (4) transit fleet management. KW - Accessibility KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Failure KW - Failure rate KW - Fleet management KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Location KW - Loop detectors KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototype tests KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Remote access KW - Traffic control UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/345.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664344 AU - Ye, B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR USE IN ROADSIDE SAFETY BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 67 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is interested in the development of barriers composed of composite materials. Barriers, as well as other roadside safety appurtenances, are structures subjected to dynamic loading by errant vehicles. This investigation focuses on the understanding of properties of glass fiber-reinforced composites. This study attempts to characterize the mechanical properties of several different fiber architecture types in glass fiber-reinforced composites. This characterization of materials examined volume fractions of test specimens cut from standard, commercially available glass fiber-reinforced pultruded composite shapes and laboratory-fabricated composites of four different fiber geometries. This report also discusses the test results of the quasi-static test with the drop-weight impact test. The results of the volume-fraction test and the quasi-static tests on both pultruded and laboratory-fabricated composite samples are presented and compared. Also, design considerations and possibilities for further investigations are recommended. KW - Appurtenances KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Fiber composites KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Glass fibers KW - Mechanical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Quasi-static test KW - Research KW - Static and dynamic tests KW - Test results KW - Volume-fraction test UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664346 AU - Cosentino, P J AU - Grossman, B G AU - Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FIBER OPTIC SENSORS FOR MEASURING PORE WATER PRESSURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/07 SP - 152 p. AB - Low cost fiber optic sensors capable of measuring loads and pressures, including pore water pressures, have been developed. These sensors employ microbend fiber optic technology and are capable of measuring pressures from zero to about 700 kPa (100 psi). They are relatively inexpensive and give reliable, and repeatable results. A calibration set-up was developed to ensure reliable data acquisition during load or pressure testing of microbend sensors. Two preferred sensor configurations are discussed in detail and the best configuration was multiplexed to show that more than one sensor could be placed on a single fiber to simplify field monitoring. Sensor development and operation, along with sensitivity is described. The preferred configuration could be used in geotechnical applications for in situ monitoring of either pore water pressures or total stresses once the development is completed. KW - Configurations KW - Fiber optics KW - Field tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Measurement KW - Microbend sensors KW - Monitoring KW - Multiplexing KW - Pore water pressures KW - Reliability KW - Repeatability KW - Sensors KW - Shape KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664263 AU - Systems Resource Management, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OECD SEMINAR ON STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR ROAD RESEARCH PROGRAMS. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PY - 1994/07 SP - 220 p. AB - The document summarizes presentations at an international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) seminar on strategic planning for road research programs that took place at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia, and in Williamsburg, Virginia, in October 1993. The seminar sessions explored the current research environment, program development, and priority areas; research organization, management, budgeting, and finance; cooperative research, including public/private partnerships, at the regional, national, and international scale; research program evaluation; and research customers and involvement. The output of the seminar was The Williamsburg Covenants, which are to be used as guidelines for strategic planning for road research programs. An agenda, a participant list, and copies of submitted papers are included as appendixes. KW - Budgeting KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Guidelines KW - Highways KW - International KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Research management KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405146 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662916 AU - Young, G K AU - Krolak, J S AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAIN - INTEGRATED DRAINAGE DESIGN COMPUTER SYSTEM: VERSION 5.0. VOLUMES I TO VII. FINAL REPORT AND HYDRAIN SOFTWARE DOCUMENTATION PY - 1994/07 SP - 692 p. AB - This software documentation report, in seven volumes, presents an integrated system, HYDRAIN, of hydrology and hydraulic computer programs for drainage design and flood computations. Integration of programs is organized around consistent usage of command line input structure or interactive inputs. HYDRAIN is incorporated into the AASHTO Model Drainage Manual, by reference, using detailed example. HYDRAIN software is available through FHWA distribution agents including McTrans Center, University of Florida, Tallahassee, Florida, and PCTrans, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. This documentation presents technical details of computerized methods, examples, and complete command definitions. The software includes original logic for the programs: HYDRAIN, HYEDT, HYDRO, HYCLV, and HYCHL. The pre-existent programs, HY8, WSPRO, HYDRA, and NFF are adapted to the HYDRAIN system. The seven volumes in this report are as follows: (I) HYDRAIN (system operation, editor usage, files); (II) HYDRO-HYDROLOGY (design flow and rainfall); (III) HYDRA-STORM DRAINS (gravity and pressure flow computations); (IV) HYCLV-CULVERTS (design and analysis); (V) WSPRO-STEP BACKWATER AND BRIDGE HYDRAULICS; (VI) HY8-CULVERTS (analysis and design); and (VII) HYCHL-ROADSIDE CHANNELS (lining design). Training on HYDRAIN is available from National Highway Institute Course No. 13057; training notebook provides supplementary documentation. Minimum equipment and configuration: MS DOS 3.0 or better, IBM XT, 640K RAM, Hard Disk, Monochrome Monitor. Desirable additional equipment: math coprocessor, VGA monitor. KW - Backwaters KW - Calculation KW - Computations KW - Computer programs KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Ditches KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Drainage KW - Floods KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Software KW - Storm sewers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666250 AU - Wall, O G AU - Kluckman, B T AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NCDOT EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06/28 SP - 123 p. AB - The purpose of this research is to investigate the equipment management information system needs of the North Carolina DOT and make recommendations for future implementation based on the users' needs. This investigation looks at the current system, how it operates, how it is being utilized, its capabilities, and any limitations. Other equipment management information systems have also been researched, evaluated, and compared. The needs of division and shop level operations have been investigated as well as statewide operations needs. KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Management KW - Management information systems KW - Needs assessment KW - North Carolina KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713033 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio Automation, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OFF-ROAD VEHICLE VOLUME, SPEED AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06/20 SP - 48 p. AB - This project partially met its goal which was to develop a system to measure vehicle volume, speed and class using an overhead sensing system. The work had the following objectives: (1) Develop a proof of concept system which incorporates passive infrared sensors to detect vehicles and microcomputer technology to measure speed and classify vehicles; (2) Develop a compact prototype system which could easily be deployed; and (3) Establish the system accuracy through continuous field testing under weather and environmental conditions that cover all seasons. The proof of concept system consisted of two passive infrared (PIR) sensors spaced approximately 15 in. (0.37 m) and parallel to the axis of the center of a vehicle lane and suspended from an overpass bridge. The sensor signals were interfaced to a laptop computer for which software was written to collect and process data. This system detected vehicles under all weather conditions. Speed measurements were checked by driving a vehicle under the sensors at known speeds from 40 to 65 mph (65 to 100 kph). In warm weather the measured and actual speeds agreed within 1 to 2 mph (0.6 to 1.2 kph) but the speed measurements deteriorated under cold weather conditions. The length measurements of the same vehicle had a range of 9 ft (2.9 m). The prototype system incorporated the same passive infrared sensors as the proof of concept system but the commercially available signal conditioning and single board computer components replaced the laptop computer. To achieve low cost and compactness, the system was enclosed in an industrial NEMA 4X fiberglass electrical box which allowed a spacing of 8 in. (0.2 m) between the sensors. These units provided volume counts that were within 1 to 3% of actual. Speed measurements using the test vehicle showed about the same accuracy as measured with the proof of concept model but the vehicle length measurements for that vehicle were somewhat more accurate. However, speed and length measurements for a random group of vehicles were far less accurate. The PIR sensors response times apparently were sensitive to the color and/or type of vehicle but wider spacing of the sensors could eliminate that problem. KW - Accuracy KW - Field tests KW - Infrared detectors KW - Length KW - Microcomputers KW - Motor vehicles KW - Overhead sensing systems KW - Prototypes KW - Speed KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic counts KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle classification KW - Vehicle length KW - Weather UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672568 AU - Jenq, Y-S AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECISION OF BIODEGRADABLE SOLVENTS IN DETERMINING ASPHALT CONTENT AND AGGREGATE GRADATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06/15 SP - 100 p. AB - The effectiveness of biodegradable solvents was evaluated using centrifuge extraction method in this project. It was found that biodegradable solvents were less effective in extracting asphalt compared to chlorinated solvents such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane. However, despite the fact that the basic chemical compositions of different biodegradable solvents are very different, their effectiveness in determining asphalt content and aggregate gradation was found to be about the same. Furthermore, limestone aggregates, which have a much higher percent absorption, were found to yield a much lower extracted asphalt content compared to pea gravel aggregates. Other variables such as solvent dissolving time, solvent rinsing frequency, water rinsing frequency, etc., were also found to affect the extracted asphalt content and aggregate gradation. Based on the testing results obtained in this project, an extraction procedure, which is believed to be cost-effective and yet accurate, using biodegradable solvents in determining the asphalt content and aggregate gradation using biodegradable solvents was also recommended. Several regression equations were also established to correlate the test results with aggregate type and solvent type. KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt content KW - Biodegradability KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Equations KW - Extraction methods KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Regression analysis KW - Solvents KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667598 AU - Corson, L A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY FOR COMPLIANCE WITH EPA AND OSHA REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO INDOT FACILITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06/15 SP - 91 p. AB - Between March 1990 and November 1992, a sample of 27 field and support facilities operated by the Indiana Department of Transportation were visited by staff of the Environmental Management and Education Program, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, for the purpose of conducting workplace assessments to ascertain the department's compliance with federal and state environmental and worker protection regulations. Thirty-eight different department operations and nine different employee functions were observed and analyzed. There were compliance areas at every facility visited which needed strengthening. A total of 222 recommendations for strengthening those areas are included in the research report. The department has implemented or has made plans to implement most of the recommendations concerning environmental compliance areas. The same is expected with regard to the occupational safety and health compliance areas. KW - Compliance KW - Employees KW - Environmental policy act KW - Environmental protection KW - Facilities KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Indiana KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Occupational Safety and Health act KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - State departments of transportation KW - State government KW - State regulations KW - Workplaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406424 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01459678 TI - A Criterion of Testing the Goodness of Fit of a Model AB - The literature indicates that R-square as a test of goodness of fit of a model is sometimes misleading. A low R-square value does not mean a poor fit. Another criterion, the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) is gaining popularity in academic circles. Computer simulation of different functional forms will be run and a comparison will be made between R-square and AIC. KW - Computers KW - Functional analysis KW - Research projects KW - Simulation KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1227893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720068 AU - Zaghloul, S AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR PERMITTING OVERLOADS. PART 1. EFFECT OF OVERLOADED VEHICLES ON THE INDIANA HIGHWAY NETWORK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06/02 SP - 256 p. AB - A study has been conducted at Purdue University to develop a procedure for permitting overloaded trucks in Indiana. This study was funded by the Indiana Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. As a part of this study a three-dimensional, dynamic finite element program (3D-DFEM) was used to analyze flexible and rigid pavements and develop load equivalency factors. Truck loads moving at different speeds were included in the analysis and a number of material models were used to represent the actual pavement materials behavior under moving loads. The 3D-DFEM was verified for flexible and rigid pavement analysis. KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Indiana KW - Live loads KW - Load equivalency factors KW - Load factor KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Pavement tests KW - Pavements KW - Permits KW - Rigid pavements KW - Structural tests KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01104321 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society of America AU - George Mason University AU - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - National Policy Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems and the Environment. Conference Papers PY - 1994/06 SP - 266p AB - Intelligent Vehicle and Highway Systems (IVHS) and Advanced Transport Telematics are the names which have been used in America and Europe, respectively, to describe the application of information, communications, data acquisition, and control system technologies in surface transportation. This paper discusses efforts to define the vision and future of these technologies. IVHS will help support more sustainable transportation system development only if it is redefined as part of a broader vision. US DOTS progress in moving the IVHS program towards a broader Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) framework and in placing greater emphasis on the environmental and societal impacts of these and other transportation technologies and policies is encouraging. U1 - National Policy Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems and the Environment. Conference PapersFederal Highway AdministrationIntelligent Vehicle Highway Society of AmericaGeorge Mason UniversityUniversity of Minnesota, MinneapolisCalifornia Department of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyArlington,VA,United States StartDate:19940606 EndDate:19940607 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration, Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society of America, George Mason University, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, California Department of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Communication and control KW - Environment KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Policy making KW - Policy, legislation and regulation KW - Telematics KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16000/16019/PB2000102159.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863958 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00980118 AU - Teets, M K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1994 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1994/06 SP - 51 p. AB - This is a biennial report covering the legal requirements and fees regarding driver licensing as reported by State, Province and Territory motor vehicle agencies. This report has been published since 1967. KW - Driver licenses KW - Driver licensing KW - Fees KW - Legal responsibility KW - National Driver Register KW - States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/740837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806052 AU - Horner, Ron AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PAVE-MARK THERMOPLASTIC PAVEMENT MARKING PY - 1994/06 SP - n.p. AB - Material did not perform well. Eighty to ninety percent of material has been destroyed or gone since it was placed. Poor performance. Experimental product has failed and evaluation terminated after one year. KW - Marking materials KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Thermoplastic materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764611 AU - Mohammad, L N AU - Paul, H R AU - Raghavendra, A D AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING PROPERTIES FOR LOUISIANA HOT MIX PY - 1994/06 SP - 115 p. AB - Historically, asphalt concrete has been designed and constructed using empirically developed criteria which has been based on static loading conditions. As loadings increase and stress distributions change due to increased tire pressures such criteria become insufficient to provide durable pavements. Recognizing this design deficiency, in 1986 AASHTO incorporated an engineering materials property, resilient modulus, into its design procedure. This and other time dependent stress-strain relationships are becoming imperative design parameters to provide cost efficient and durable highway pavements for today's changing conditions. Engineering characterization of Louisiana's asphalt concrete mixtures using the indirect tensile test has been the focus of a recent comprehensive research program sponsored by the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC). The objectives of this research study were to acquire a dynamic test system and to establish engineering materials properties in both static and dynamic modes for typical Louisiana hot mix. A fully automated servo-hydraulic MTS test system was acquired. Software for data acquisition and equipment control was developed to perform engineering characterization tests (i.e., indirect tensile strength test, indirect tensile resilient modulus, dynamic modulus test, indirect tensile and axial creep test, axial repeated load test, and dynamic modulus test) on asphaltic concrete mixtures. The influence of two levels of mixture type (low and high stability), three levels of asphalt cement sources, and three levels of compaction effort on the engineering properties measured from the indirect tension strength, resilient modulus, creep compliance, and dynamic modulus are presented. In addition, both a maintenance program for the MTS and training program for Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) laboratory technicians in the operation of the MTS have been established. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compaction KW - Creep tests KW - Dynamic modulus of elasticity KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Repeated loads KW - Static and dynamic tests KW - Technicians KW - Tension tests KW - Training UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_276.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760550 AU - Fu, Gongkang AU - Alampalli, S AU - Pezze, F P AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIGHTLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK SLABS ON STEEL STRINGERS: A SUMMARY OF FIELD EXPERIENCE PY - 1994/06 SP - 47 p. AB - Experimental deck slabs containing light reinforcement (most with a reinforcement ratio of 0.24%) on 28 New York State bridges were evaluated in this study for long-term serviceability. Four were instrumented with strain gages and have been load-tested annually since construction, the longest life being 10 years. Thirteen relatively older bridges have also been inspected annually for the past 6 years, generally performing satisfactorily. Maximum stresses of bottom transverse rebars under 16-kip (71.2-kN) wheel loads over the years have always been below allowable levels, based on conservative analyses. Their behavior and performance are also compared here with regular deck slabs designed according to current AASHTO specifications. Maximum transverse-rebar stresses in both lightly reinforced and AASHTO deck slabs increased noticeably for their first year or two, but remained relatively constant thereafter. Transverse cracking on the top surface was similar for both types of deck slab. Although longitudinal cracking was minor, it appeared more severe on the lightly reinforced slabs than on the corresponding AASHTO slabs, and this was attributed to possible overloading. Thus, a slightly higher reinforcement ratio (closer to 0.3%) is recommended to provide a wider safety margin, especially for cracking under possible overloading. KW - Bridge decks KW - Light reinforcement KW - Load tests KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Serviceability KW - Strain gages KW - Stresses KW - Transverse cracking KW - Transverse reinforcement KW - Wheel loads UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21113/PB99100109.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725506 AU - Haroun, M A AU - Pardoen, G C AU - Shepherd, R AU - Kazanjy, R P AU - Salama, A E AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHEAR CAPACITY OF BRIDGE PINNED COLUMNS PY - 1994/06 SP - 192 p. AB - Column pins in reinforced concrete frames supporting elevated roadways must be able to undergo large plastic rotations while resisting large shear forces. The main purpose of this investigation was to determine if the shear capacity of pin hinges is diminished with increasing plastic rotations. In the first phase of the experimental program, six reduced scale, spirally-reinforced columns with pin connections were built. Each column was rotated to its assigned top displacement level under a constant axial compressive load to develop the plastic moment capacity of the pin. The column was then tested to determine its ultimate shear strength. In the second phase, three additional reduced scale columns were built to investigate the effectiveness of reducing the spiral reinforcement pitch on increasing the shear capacity of the pin connection, assess the shear strength of pinned columns on caisson foundations, and further investigate the shear-friction failure mechanism. The present study showed that the ultimate strength of the pinned column is governed by the direct-shear strength of the column except for the case of the column being supported on a caisson foundation. As the observed failure was in direct shear, the presence of a depressed key had little effect on the lateral resistance of the joint. The shear stiffness of the pinned columns was affected by the axial load level and the volumetric ratio of the spiral reinforcement while the cyclic rotation ductility factor had no significant effect on the shear stiffness. Modifications are suggested for the computation of the shear resistance of the column pins to match the observed and computed shear strength of the tested column specimens. KW - Caissons KW - Columns KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pin connections KW - Pins KW - Repeated loads KW - Scale models KW - Shear strain KW - Shear strength KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662819 AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TASK FORCE REPORT ON QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. WORKSHOP REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 67 p. AB - This report is the result of a Task Force meeting held in Hot Springs, Arkansas, December 6-10, 1993. This Task Force Report has been written to develop a number of innovative approaches to Quality Control/Quality Assurance (QC/QA) programs and to serve as a supplement for sampling and testing to the AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Construction Report, "QC/QA Specification and Implementation Guide". The Task Force was comprised of 26 individuals representing private industry, State agencies, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and consultants. The Task Force meeting and development of this report was sponsored by FHWA Demonstration Project 89 to help fulfill one of the goals of the National Quality Initiative. KW - Acceptance KW - Conflict (Psychology) KW - Disputes KW - Innovation KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662822 AU - Raza, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF MICRO-SURFACING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 62 p. AB - This document is a comprehensive overview of the terminology, design, construction, application, and performance of micro-surfacing paving technology. This technology consists of polymer-modified asphalt emulsion, 100% crushed aggregate, mineral filler, water, and field control additives as needed. Micro-surfacing is primarily used to improve surface friction and to fill wheel ruts. When properly designed and constructed, it has shown good performance for 4 to 7 years. Since micro-surfacing is applied in a thin layer, 10 to 13 mm, its use should be limited to structurally sound pavements. The one unresolved engineering issue concerning this technology is the lack of standard mixture design test procedures. Although the current testing procedures have resulted in micro-surfacing systems that have generally provided good performance, there is a need to validate and standardize the existing test procedures and adjust design standards to better reflect the effect of various material combinations. Standardized mixture design procedures and State acceptance criteria will further enhance the acceptance of this technology by the highway community. KW - Acceptance KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Design standards KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Micro-surfacing KW - Mineral fillers KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rehabilitation KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Standardization KW - State of the art studies KW - Surface friction KW - Surface friction (Geophysics) KW - Test procedures KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720196 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Brydia, R E AU - Lewis, V P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR LOCAL ROADS. VOLUME III - PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION PY - 1994/06 SP - 188 p. AB - This manual is one of a series of four manuals designed to aid municipalities in Pennsylvania to administer, manage, and conduct road maintenance activities. The objectives of the manual are to help municipal administrators and engineers to: Understand and appreciate the full range of management-related road maintenance issues; Manage deteriorating road systems with limited funds; Determine needs, priorities, and work programs in an orderly fashion; Exercise preventive maintenance rather than crisis-response management; Obtain funds, manage expenditures, and cut costs; and Find sources for more detailed information and training. This manual contains chapters on political factors, organization, finance, cost control, contracting, pavement management, maintenance management, equipment management, and computers as management tools. KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Contracting KW - Cost control KW - Equipment KW - Equipment management KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Highway maintenance KW - Information processing KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Manuals KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement management systems KW - Political factors KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720197 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Brydia, R E AU - Lewis, V P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR LOCAL ROADS. VOLUME IV - AN OVERVIEW FOR ELECTED OFFICIALS PY - 1994/06 SP - 165 p. AB - This manual is one of a series of four manuals designed to aid municipalities in Pennsylvania to administer, manage, and conduct road maintenance activities. The objectives of the manual are to help municipal administrators and engineers to: Understand and appreciate the full range of management-related road maintenance issues; Make well-informed decisions concerning the allocation of resources for road maintenance; Provide effective oversight and control over road maintenance activities; and Find sources for more detailed information and training. This manual contains chapters on political factors, organization, finance, cost control, contracting, program management, maintenance techniques, and personnel supervision. KW - Administration KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Contracting KW - Cost control KW - Decision making KW - Finance KW - Financial management KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Manuals KW - Oversight KW - Personnel management KW - Political factors KW - Program management KW - Resource allocation KW - Supervision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720194 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Brydia, R E AU - Lewis, V P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR LOCAL ROADS. VOLUME I - MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES PY - 1994/06 SP - 282 p. AB - This manual is one of a series of four manuals designed to aid municipalities in Pennsylvania to administer, manage, and conduct road maintenance activities. The objectives of the manual are to help municipal administrators and engineers to: Maintain both paved and unpaved roadway surfaces; Resurface and rehabilitate surfaces; Maintain and improve drainage; Maintain and place signs, pavement markings, and other traffic control devices; Maintain bridges; Conduct other maintenance activities such as street sweeping, weed control, and mowing; Remove snow and control ice; and Find sources for more detailed information and training. The manual contains chapters on maintenance of the road surface, overlays and rehabilitation, drainage, traffic engineering and safety devices, bridges, roadside maintenance, snow and ice control, and traffic control in work zones. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Drainage KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance KW - Manuals KW - Mowing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Resurfacing KW - Roadside improvement KW - Roadside maintenance KW - Safety equipment KW - Snow and ice control KW - Street maintenance KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Weed control KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720195 AU - Kilareski, W P AU - Brydia, R E AU - Lewis, V P AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR LOCAL ROADS. VOLUME II - PERSONNEL SUPERVISION PY - 1994/06 SP - 103 p. AB - This manual is one of a series of four manuals designed to aid municipalities in Pennsylvania to administer, manage, and conduct road maintenance activities. The objectives of the manual are to help municipal administrators and engineers to: Understand the environment in which their organization operates; Manage more effective organizations; Improve their performance as managers of people; Plan and schedule maintenance work; Insure the safety of their personnel; Obtain and conduct effective training; and Find sources for more detailed information and training. The manual contains chapters on individuals; organizations and controlling; elements of supervision; planning and scheduling; worker safety; and training. KW - Cities KW - Cities and towns KW - Highway maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Management KW - Management techniques KW - Manuals KW - Occupational safety KW - Personnel management KW - Personnel safety KW - Planning KW - Safety management KW - Scheduling KW - Supervision KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720142 AU - Leiman, L AU - Ostrom, B K AU - Windover, J AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRELANE: AN ANALYSIS MODEL FOR MAJOR FREEWAY WEAVING SECTIONS AND SELECTED FREEWAY SEGMENTS: USER'S GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 100 p. AB - Analysis of weaving and non-weaving segments along a freeway is a necessary step in the design and/or reconstruction of highway facilities to evaluate Level-of-Service. Using data collected on eight types of isolated segments (straight pipe, on-ramp, off-ramp, on-ramp followed by an off-ramp w/o an auxiliary lane, consecutive on-ramps, ramp weaves, four types of major weaves, and a ramp weave followed by an off-ramp) analysis models have been constructed for evaluating primarily four-lane freeway sections. The analysis model implemented includes both the use of empirical information and the extension of the analysis limits using results from a microscopic simulation model. Analysis methods include point flow by movement and total point flow. Point flow by movement estimates the flow of each movement and sums them to determine the total volume at a point. Total point flow estimates the volume directly. Both methods are available for ramp weave analysis. The point flow by movement method is the implementation of Caltrans Traffic Bulletin No. 4 "Level D" with a modification to the estimate of the freeway to freeway percentage in the rightmost through lane. Caltrans Traffic Bulletin No. 4 estimates of the same value remain available to the user. The FREWEV model has been included in its entirety in FRELANE. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Manuals KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Traffic simulation KW - Weaving sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454531 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682807 AU - Cassidy, M J AU - Son, Y T AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTING TRAFFIC IMPACTS AT TWO-LANE HIGHWAY WORK ZONES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 88 p. AB - Maintenance or reconstruction activity on a two-lane highway often requires a lane closure. The implementation of "one-way traffic control", required to maintain traffic flow throughout the work zone, typically produces significant motorist delay. This report describes the adaptation and application of queueing models, originally derived for intersections controlled by vehicle-actuated traffic signals, to estimate delay at two-lane highway work zones. The models estimate expected delay as a function of directional traffic demand rates, work zone physical length and observed traffic measures. Validation efforts using simulation suggest that the models accurately predict the impacts of two-lane highway lane closures. KW - Accuracy KW - Estimating KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - One way traffic KW - Queueing models KW - Queuing theory KW - Traffic delays KW - Two lane highways KW - Validation KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680866 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Beitler, M M AU - Hubbard, S M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENHANCEMENTS TO PASSIVE WARNING DEVICES AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSINGS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 240 p. AB - The current passive signing system for railroad-highway grade crossings is used at both actively and passively controlled crossings. A sign system unique to passively controlled crossings which conveys to the driver his or her responsibility is needed. This research developed two experimental passive signing systems and tested driver comprehension, understanding, and reaction to them under both laboratory and field conditions. The experimental signs were installed at 90 crossings in three Texas counties, with eight crossings identified as test crossings. A before and after study was conducted at each of the eight test crossings. Quantitative measures of driver speeds on the approaches to these crossings, as well as qualitative measures of driver looking behavior and driver responses to exit surveys, were analyzed. The results of these analyses indicate that both sign systems performed well in the field. The results suggest a decrease in driver speed on the approach, an increase in driver looking behavior, and a positive driver opinion of the sign system. Driver ability to recall signs seen on the approach to the crossing improved from 39% for the before condition to 78% for the after condition. The survey also indicated that drivers do not know the meaning of the advance warning sign and are unaware of the action required by the advance warning sign. The results of the study indicate promise of increased safety at passive railroad-highway grade crossings. It is recommended that these signs be installed at additional crossings and evaluated over longer periods of time to investigate possible novelty effects that may be occurring. KW - Approach KW - Approach speed KW - Before and after studies KW - Behavior KW - Comprehension KW - Development KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory studies KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Reaction time KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Speed KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675422 AU - English, B A AU - Klingner, R E AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND FIELD STUDY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 104 p. AB - This report deals with Phase One of TxDOT Project 1304 (Behavior of Elastomeric Bearings). The overall objectives of that project are (1) to recommend procedures for designing elastomeric bearings used by TxDOT and (2) to recommend practical guidelines and procedures for inspecting existing and future elastomeric bearings. The overall objectives of Phase One of the project are: to verify field reports; to conduct field surveys; and to document bearing and girder movements. To accomplish the Phase One objectives, the following tasks were carried out: a comprehensive literature review was conducted; field reports were verified by site visits (Slaughter Creek, Beaumont, Paris, and Alanreed) and by coordination with the BRINSAP database; two bridges were selected for field instrumentation and study (Slaughter Creek and Alanreed) with emphasis on bearing and girder movement; and the BRINSAP database was used to identify bridges that might have bearing problems. The results of the field study can be summarized as follows: -- Two bridges were instrumented and monitored. -- Bearing and girder movement was monitored on both bridges. The effect of resetting the original natural rubber bearings at the Slaughter Creek bridge was compared with the effect of replacing the rubber bearing with a neoprene bearing. -- Girder movement was measured up to 3/8 in. (1 cm) in contraction and expansion, due to temperature changes; both daily and seasonal variations were recorded. It was shown that these movements were easily predicted with simple engineering models. -- After the various resetting and replacement operations, the bearing movement measured at Slaughter Creek was inconsistent and not reproducible. Movement was found to be zero at one time and then unlimited at another time, with no apparent change in loading conditions. However, when it did occur, bearing movement was immediate. -- Resetting with natural rubber bearings was ineffective. However, when the natural rubber was replaced with neoprene bearings, bearing movement stopped. The principal conclusions were: -- Bearing movement is primarily driven by girder thermal movement. -- Girder thermal movement consistently agrees with simple calculations. -- Bearing movement is inconsistent, not stopped by resetting, but stopped by replacement with neoprene. -- Correctly designed neoprene bearings are not moving and natural rubber bearings are moving under the same loading conditions. KW - Bearings KW - Bridge bearings KW - Contraction KW - Design KW - Elastomeric bearings KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Guides to the literature KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Literature reviews KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Neoprene KW - Rubber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675322 AU - Graham, J R AU - King, L Ellis AU - Harrold, J AU - University of North Carolina, Charlotte AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF A MINIMUM HIGHWAY PAVEMENT MARKING RETROREFLECTIVITY VALUE FOR OLDER DRIVERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 100 p. AB - Traffic pavement markings serve to regulate, to warn, to guide, and to supplement other traffic control devices. Pavement markings provide information to the vehicle driver without diverting his attention from the roadway, however visibility of pavement markings may be considerably reduced by night driving conditions. These problems are magnified for the older driver since visual acuity tends to worsen with increasing age. This research investigated the perceived adequacy of roadway markings at night by older drivers. Subjects viewed roadway markings with a wide range of retroreflectivity values at night from an automobile. From their subjective ratings of marking adequacy, an unadjusted minimum required retroreflectivity value was determined. Roadway marking brightness reduction due to less than clean headlight and windshield conditions was also investigated. From this experiment an adjustment factor was determined. When applied to the unadjusted minimum required retroreflectivity value, an adjusted minimum retroreflectivity value was produced. KW - Aged drivers KW - Dirt KW - Headlamps KW - Minimization KW - Minimum KW - Night KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Road markings KW - Soils KW - Subjective analysis KW - Windshields UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412328 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675272 AU - Serafin, C AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DRIVER EYE FIXATIONS ON RURAL ROADS: INSIGHT INTO SAFE DRIVING BEHAVIOR. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 69 p. AB - This report describes an investigation of driver eye fixations on straight and curved rural roads. Thirty-two participants (sixteen under 35 years, sixteen over 60 years) drove on a 4.6 mile (7.4 km) two-lane road while wearing an eye-mark camera to record eye fixations. While data were collected for the entire route, only data from four road segments were analyzed (one straight segment and three left curves of 3, 13, and 21 degrees). The results indicate that there were some differences in driver eye fixations depending on the curvature of the road. A higher percentage of fixations was found for the right scenery on the straight segment (17%) than on the curves (3%). Also, higher fixation percentages were found for the center line, right lane, and right scenery on the 3 degree curve (23%) than on the 21 degree curve (3%). Drivers made more fixations on the 21 degree curve (41) than on the 13 degree curve (34). On all of the road segments, drivers tended to fixate as far down the road as they could. The overall mean fixation duration was 158 milliseconds. Fixation durations were longer to oncoming cars (506 milliseconds) than to any other feature (146 milliseconds). The location of eye fixations was not influenced by age. Younger drivers, however, had slightly longer (174 milliseconds) but fewer fixations (30) than older drivers (145 milliseconds, 36 fixations). The data from this study will be utilized in the development of theoretical and computer simulation models that will describe and predict driver eye-fixation patterns given various road and driver characteristics. In future work, the simulation model will be validated. The ultimate goal of the modeling effort is to provide baseline data for driving that will lead to safe and easy-to-use in-vehicle displays by helping to identify the attentional demands of driving. KW - Adolescents KW - Aged drivers KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Curves (Geometry) KW - Driver information systems KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Ergonomics KW - Eye fixations KW - Human factors engineering KW - Personnel performance KW - Route guidance KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Straight sections KW - Teenage drivers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675279 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METROPOLITAN AMERICA IN TRANSITION: IMPLICATIONS FOR LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1994/06 SP - 45 p. AB - This report summarizes a workshop held in Arlington, Virginia, on September 9-10, 1993, focusing on the broad range of factors that influence metropolitan development patterns in the United States and the impacts of those development patterns. Jointly sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Office of the Secretary (OST) of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, this workshop examined fundamental issues related to past, present, and future patterns of metropolitan development and how public policy can be formulated in full consideration of these issues. The program was built upon a one-day seminar sponsored by FHWA in August 1992 entitled "Edge City and ISTEA--So What?" at which emergence and character of large-scale, mixed-use suburban centers were discussed. The workshop had a dual focus: a) to identify the range and scope of policy issues associated with coordinated land use and transportation planning; and b) to prepare an agenda of research and program activities to advance the state of knowledge on the topic. Workshop themes included identifying emerging growth trends and assessing their impact on mobility and various other social, economic, and environmental quality-of-life aspects in metropolitan America. The workshop program consisted of four plenary sessions comprised of paper presentations followed by individual and panel discussions. Two rounds of small-group breakout sessions were conducted to further develop the issues and possible solutions. Plenary session topics included: Regional demographic and land use trends; Economic, social, and environmental dimensions of growth; Diversity of perspectives on future development patterns; and Policy development and analysis processes to support planning. By the end of the workshop, the discussions converged on a short list of key themes warranting further attention and providing the basis for recommended future research and program activities. KW - Demographics KW - Development KW - Development patterns KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Land use KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Mobility KW - Policy analysis KW - Public policy KW - Quality of life KW - Research KW - Social factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban development KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412297 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672582 AU - Johnson, J L AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Yang, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF FAST TRACK CONCRETE PAVEMENT INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 152 p. AB - This report documents a review of Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) design and construction practices with regard to accelerated concrete pavement construction of heavily travelled intersections. Special measures taken by TxDOT at the design and construction level to address the needs presented by overcoming the impact of reconstruction of such pavement facilities were the focus of this review. The review consisted of a field investigation that considered current construction specifications, concrete (fast track) mixture qualification, and construction practices. The field investigation facilitated development of guidelines based on an assessment of the impact present practices may have on performance of the constructed pavements. It was determined the use of fast track paving techniques requires coordinated construction planning to take advantage of the benefits offered by this construction process. Concrete mix proportioning can be supplemented by special admixtures to accelerate the time of set, but must also meet the workability requirements associated with the transportation, placement, finishing, and curing of concrete. It is also of benefit to the construction supervisor to qualify the concrete mixture with respect to strength gain for a given set of weather conditions. Laboratory work was conducted to support the development of the mix qualification process. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Construction scheduling KW - Construction specifications KW - Fast track KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Guidelines KW - Intersections KW - Mix design KW - Paving KW - Specifications KW - Weather conditions KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672567 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF THE FHWA CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITY ENHANCEMENT STUDY TOUR (CATQEST) PY - 1994/06 SP - 33 p. AB - This brochure reports the findings of a joint public/private industry study tour, the Contract Administration Techniques for Quality Enhancement Study Tour (CATQEST), that was undertaken to examine contract administration practices in Europe that are not common in the United States. The team examined these techniques to determine how they affected the quality of the finished product and to assess if such practices are adaptable for use in the United States. The four main emphasis areas of the CATQEST were: project development and design; contract award procedures; construction quality control; and quality assessment and performance evaluation. KW - Brochures KW - Construction quality control KW - Contract administration KW - Europe KW - Performance evaluations KW - Product quality KW - Project design KW - Project development KW - Project management KW - Quality assessment KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Study tours UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/catqest.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672473 AU - Buckinger, C AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PICKING THE PARTICIPANTS: GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING A TELECOMMUTING TEAM PY - 1994/06 SP - 44 p. AB - The participant selection process is part of an overall process of implementing a telecommuting program that includes an orientation phase, participant selection, formal training, and monitoring. Recruitment of telecommuters for participation in a telecommuting program encompasses an analysis of jobs and projects, as well as an assessment of managers' and employees' work and personality styles. This report looks at the participant selection process in detail in the following report sections: Introduction; Selection Rationale - risk and participant selection, too much volunteerism, and the unsuited telecommuter/telemanager; The Process - participation selection as part of the whole program; Selecting the Jobs - general nature of telecommutable jobs, job/tasks analysis, and project assessment; Select People - overview, application of subjective criteria, the best way to do it, and select from volunteers; Select Managers - overview, how to select the telemanager, and telemanager selection summary; Telecommuter Selection - criteria for selection, personal style assessment, and work assessment; and Letting Them Down Gently: What to Say If Not Selected. The three appendices consist of examples of telecommutable jobs, an example telecommuter survey, and an example telemanager survey, respectively. A bibliography is included. KW - Data collection KW - Hazards KW - Job analysis KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Risk assessment KW - Selection and appointment KW - Surveys KW - Telecommuting KW - Telemanagers KW - Volunteers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670227 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT TO CONGRESS. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS (IVHS) PROGRAM PLAN PY - 1994/06 SP - 29 p. AB - This report is being forwarded to Congress pursuant to Section 6054(c) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). It describes the Department's accomplishments to date in advancing the national Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) program. The IVHS National Program is a key component in the national technology initiative. The purpose of the program is to harness emerging communications, computer, and surveillance technologies to address the most challenging surface transportation problems. This program assessment is meant to serve as a feedback mechanism for evaluating the performance of the program in achieving key IVHS goals and objectives. KW - Advanced systems KW - Evaluation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Program evaluation KW - Technological innovations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16400/16493/PB2000104081.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411036 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668989 AU - DeBlasio, A J AU - Borg, E F AU - Gehring, S G AU - Underwood, S E AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES PROGRAM: REVIEW OF THE FAST-TRAC OPERATIONAL TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 80 p. AB - The FAST-TRAC (Faster and Safer Travel through Traffic Routing and Advanced Controls) operational test was one of eight operational tests chosen by the FHWA to be the subject of a case study. The eight case studies were performed under the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Institutional and Legal Issues Program, which was developed in response to the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. The objective of each case study was to determine (1) institutional issues and legal impediments encountered during the establishment of partnerships and deployment of IVHS services and products during the operational test, (2) the point in the life cycle of the operational test at which the impediments occurred, (3) how project partners and participants overcame impediments, and (4) lessons that were learned that are applicable to future deployments of IVHS products and services. This case study also describes the operational test and documents its history. Interviews for this case study were conducted during the summer of 1993. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Case studies KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal factors KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Partnerships KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668984 AU - Vincent, M J AU - Keyes, M A AU - Reed, M AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NPTS URBAN TRAVEL PATTERNS. 1990 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY (NPTS) PY - 1994/06 SP - 152 p. AB - This is one of a series of reports on the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). The NPTS includes information about the amount and nature of personal travel in the United States, as related to the demographics of persons and households. This report focuses on analyses of four urban size groups: urbanized areas under 1 million population, urbanized areas with 1 million or more population without rail, urbanized areas with 1 million or more population with rail, and non-urbanized areas. Topics include person and vehicle trip rates, vehicle occupancy rates, trip length in time and distance, mode choice, and commuting trip patterns. Comparisons of the 1983 and 1990 NPTS datasets are included. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Mode choice KW - Modems KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Sets KW - Travel patterns KW - Trip generation KW - Trip length KW - Trip rate KW - Urban travel KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667593 AU - Gibby, A R AU - Stites, J L AU - Thurgood, G S AU - Ferrara, T C AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MARKED AND UNMARKED CROSSWALKS AT INTERSECTIONS IN CALIFORNIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 71 p. AB - For two decades transportation agencies in California have been reluctant to mark pedestrian crosswalks. Studies in California concluded that at unsignalized intersections, marked crosswalks have a higher frequency of accidents than unmarked crosswalks. Recent work supported by the FHWA called in question the California practice. The objective of this study was to examine numerous marked and unmarked crosswalks to compare the accident experiences. After a literature search, 380 intersections out of more than 10,000 on California state highways were selected at random. Five years of accident data and 1989 traffic volumes were obtained for all 380 intersections. Pedestrian counts were completed at 55 of the intersections. The analysis utilized the Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests to assess whether or not there were differences in pedestrian-vehicle accident rates between intersections with and without markings. The major results were: 1) at unsignalized intersections marked crosswalks clearly featured higher pedestrian-vehicle accident rates than unmarked crosswalks; 2) for signalized intersections the results were inconclusive; and 3) there is no compelling reason for Caltrans to change intersection crosswalk marking policy. KW - Crash rates KW - Crosswalks KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Road markings KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666236 AU - O'Leary, A A AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION CASES UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF SENATE BILL 724: COMPARISONS OF JURY AND COMMISSION AWARDS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 18 p. AB - The researchers analyzed court awards as a percentage of the state's highest appraisals in two areas of Virginia: the counties and cities that comprise the Virginia Department of Transportation's Northern Virginia District and Chesterfield County. The average values of the awards rendered by juries and those rendered by commissions in Northern Virginia were not appreciably different. The state's total payout for the sample of Northern Virginia commission cases was 208% of the sum of the highest appraisals, however, while the total payout for a sample of jury cases was 132%. From the latter finding, the authors concluded that the use of juries may be contributing to lower awards. It is possible, though, that the observed difference may be attributable to the small number of cases available for analysis. The state's fee attorneys in Northern Virginia have differing views on the use of lay juries. Some attorneys feel that the use of juries has led to higher rates of out of court settlements, but other attorneys have not observed this trend. The attorneys report that trials tend to take longer and require the use of more paid professional witnesses, due to lay jurors' unfamiliarity with the real estate concepts generally used in condemnation proceedings. Some attorneys feel that the use of juries has led to higher rates of out of court settlements, but other attorneys have not observed this trend. The attorneys report that trials tend to take longer and require the use of more paid professional witnesses, due to lay jurors' unfamiliarity with the real estate concepts generally used in condemnation proceedings. Some Northern Virginia attorneys indicated a preference for the old commissioner system. The legislators' extension of the jury "experiment" to Chesterfield County in 1993 and to Henrico County in 1994 will enable the researchers to analyze both a larger number of cases and cases from an area (the Richmond District) where the commissioner system may operate somewhat differently than it does in Northern Virginia. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Awards KW - Commissions KW - Compensation KW - Courts KW - Eminent domain KW - Employee compensation KW - Juries KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Property condemnation KW - Statute cases KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36908/94-IR2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664429 AU - Hoppe, E J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD STUDY OF A SHREDDED-TIRE EMBANKMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 52 p. AB - This report presents interim data from the ongoing field study of an experimental shredded-tire embankment constructed near Williamsburg, Virginia. Approximately 1.7 million tires were used. This constitutes the largest reported use to date of waste tires in a structural fill in the United States. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative performance analysis of conventional and shredded-tire embankments. The results to date indicate that the settlement of a shredded-tire embankment significantly exceeds that of a soil embankment. After construction, expansion of the shredded-tire fill was also observed. KW - Embankments KW - Expansion KW - Field studies KW - Fill (Embankment) KW - Fills KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Scrap tires KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Shredded tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Tires UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36904/94-IR1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664408 AU - Adrian, D D AU - Roy, D AU - Breitenbeck, G A AU - Hinz, C AU - Wang, G T AU - Muirhead, D AU - Kallur, S AU - Kommalapati, R R AU - Jackson, A AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED BIODEGRADATION OF A HERBICIDE APPLIED TO THE ROADSIDE ENVIRONMENT USING ADAPTED SOIL MICROORGANISMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 200 p. AB - The extent and duration of pollution from herbicide spills and deliberate applications is related to properties of the herbicide and soil. Objectives of this study included the development of experimental procedures and mathematical models to determine the sorption, transport, and biodegradation rates of a herbicide in soil using adapted microorganisms. KW - Biodeterioration KW - Chemical spills KW - Hazardous chemical spills KW - Herbicides KW - Mathematical models KW - Microorganisms KW - Pesticides KW - Pollution KW - Properties of materials KW - Roadside KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Sorption UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_284.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664379 AU - Transportation Technology Evaluation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION TECHNIQUES FOR QUALITY ENHANCEMENT STUDY TOUR (CATQEST). SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 112 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration initiated a study tour to selected European countries to evaluate contract administration procedures. The primary objective of the tour, called "Contract Administration Techniques for Quality Enhancement Study Tour" (CATQEST), was to attempt to link innovative contract administration practices with high-quality levels of highways in Europe. Further, if such linkage could be verified, then the study was to determine if the innovative practices were potentially adaptable for use in the United States. From September 20 through October 2, 1993, the scanning team visited Germany, France, Austria, and Spain. As the primary focus of the tour was on contract administration procedures, this report attempts to stress that issue in more detail than other facets of the administration of highway programs in the host countries. The report is organized as follows: Executive Summary; (1) Introduction; (2) Major Findings on (2.1) Project Development and Design, (2.2) Contract Award Procedures, (2.3) Construction Quality Control, and (2.4) Quality Assessment and Performance Evaluation; (3) Conclusions and Recommendations; (4) Country Summary - Germany; (5) Country Summary - France; (6) Country Summary - Austria; (7) Country Summary - Spain; (8) Acknowledgments; (9) Bibliography - cited references and selected support documentation distributed by European hosts; and Appendices - Selected photographs taken by CATQEST team, Glossary, Contract Administration Techniques Questionnaire, and sites visited and individuals consulted. KW - Austria KW - Contract administration KW - France KW - Germany KW - Innovation KW - Quality control KW - Road construction KW - Spain KW - Study tours UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/catqest.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664373 AU - Elkey, W AU - Janssen, D J AU - Hover, K C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPENDICES: CONCRETE PUMPING EFFECTS ON ENTRAINED AIR-VOIDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 128 p. AB - This volume contains the appendices to WA-RD 313.1. Appendix A lists the PCC mix designs. Appendix B contains the sand gradation curves. Appendix C provides the batching description. Appendix D contains the linear traverse data sheets and histograms. KW - Admixtures KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air entraining agents KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Batching KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Histograms KW - Lignosulfonate KW - Linear traverse method KW - Mix design KW - Pressurization KW - Pumped concrete KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Water reducing agents UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/313.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664372 AU - Elkey, W AU - Janssen, D J AU - Hover, K C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCRETE PUMPING EFFECTS ON ENTRAINED AIR-VOIDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 110 p. AB - Pumping is a frequently used method of efficiently transporting concrete from the delivery vehicles to the formwork. Unfortunately, pumping concrete can affect the air content of a concrete mix. This has caused concern about the possible loss of resistance of the concrete to freezing and thawing. The actual effect of pumping on the air content measured for the concrete is not consistent; in some cases air content has increased, while in others it has decreased. Previous work has shown that pumping causes pressure in the concrete, and this pressure can alter the air-void system. The purpose of this work was to verify previously identified changes in the air-void system, and to examine the effect of pressure on concrete mixes containing various admixture combinations. The stability of an air-void system with respect to pressurization was found to depend upon both the actual air content and the admixture(s) used in the mix. Higher air contents improved resistance to changes from pressurization, while the use of lignosulfonate-based water reducers decreased the stability. Type F fly ash improved the stability. Air-entraining agent type appeared to also affect stability, but additional testing would be required to establish statistically significant effects based on air-entraining agent type. KW - Admixtures KW - Air entraining agents KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Fly ash KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Lignosulfonate KW - Pressurization KW - Pumped concrete KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Water reducing agents UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/313.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405252 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00664323 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Wienrank, C J AU - Benekohal, R F AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES IN APPLICATION OF IVHS TECHNOLOGIES TO CVO IN ILLINOIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 134 p. AB - Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) is an important part of the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) program. Using some of the technologies of IVHS in CVO, there is potential for improving productivity of the trucking industry, increasing traffic safety, and increasing the efficiency of state requlatory programs. There are institutional barriers which may be impediments to the implementation of IVHS technologies. These barriers involve changes which must be made to the laws, regulations, policies and procedures of regulatory agencies regarding CVO. The study included six major tasks: (1) Identify laws, regulations, and policies which affect CVO by causing delays, increased costs, or other inefficiencies which could be improved by IVHS technologies; (2) Describe the processes and procedures by which the laws, regulations, and policies are implemented; (3) Catalog the potential institutional issues that would impede or prevent the application of IVHS technologies to CVO, and identify the institutional changes that may resolve these issues; (4) Prepare a draft report outlining the results of Tasks 1 through 3; (5) Organize a workshop to report on the study's progress and obtain input on future directions; and (6) Prepare a final report on the findings of the study and the workshop. Around 90 people participated in the workshop. Approximately two-thirds were from the private sector and one-third from the government agencies. A list of recommendations was compiled based on the findings of this study and feedback from the trucking industry and government representatives. Purdue University performed a similar study for the Indiana Department of Transportation. The two studies were coordinated and conducted in a parallel manner. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Governments KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laws KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Productivity KW - Recommendations KW - Regulations KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Trucking KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664317 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FIELD INVESTIGATION OF CONCRETE PATCHES CONTAINING PYRAMENT BLENDED CEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 16 p. AB - During roadway repairs, state highway officials try to minimize lane closure times. This reduces inconvenience to travelers, reduces traffic control needs, and helps minimize work zone accidents. For rapid repairs, materials that provide high early strength are needed. Pyrament blended cement (PBC) is marketed to produce concretes having a high early strength and long-term durability in varying climatic conditions. Concretes containing PBC were placed in full-depth patches in August 1989 and March 1990 under different temperature conditions. Type III cement concretes were used as controls in patches placed during August only, since specifications did not permit their use when the ambient temperature was below 13 deg C (55 deg F). Tests of the concretes and the field performance of the patches indicated that PBC concrete has high early and 28-day strengths, even in cold weather, and that the temperature and strength development is faster than in the control concretes. PBC concretes have the low permeability needed for durability and provide satisfactory resistance to freezing and thawing without the addition of an admixture during mixing. KW - Climate KW - Concrete KW - Durability KW - Field investigations KW - Field performance KW - Field studies KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - High early strength cement KW - Long term KW - Patching KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Pyrament blended cement KW - Temperature KW - Time duration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36906/94-R26.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664235 AU - Rutkowski, T S AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES TO MITIGATE THE EFFECTS OF CORROSION-RELATED DETERIORATION IN CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 35 p. AB - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) constructed prior to 1984 were built without an anti-corrosion coating on the steel rebars. A significant number of these pavements are deteriorating prematurely due to corrosion of the steel which causes delamination of the pavement surface above the steel. A research study was developed to test preventive maintenance and rehabilitation techniques for distressed CRCP. Several projects built in 1988 were included in the study. The methods of rehabilitation used were: intensive and thorough concrete "super patching", asphaltic concrete overlays of various thicknesses, Portland cement concrete thin overlay, use of impermeable membranes, reducing the existing CRCP to rubble (rubblize) and placing an asphaltic concrete overlay. The methods of preventive maintenance were cathodic protection of the rebar mat and the use of a corrosion inhibitor in the deicing salt. The monitoring data over four years indicates that the asphalt overlays were the most successful and are the recommended rehabilitation strategy. The following are not recommended: the use of impermeable membranes, "super patching", cathodic protection, corrosion inhibitor. Possible further research is recommended for the use of rubblized bases and thin bonded concrete overlays. It was not possible to determine the threshold time point at which a rehabilitation method should be used, but it is safe to say that rehabilitation should take place before there is significant surface distress. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete overlays KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Delamination KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Impervious membranes KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Patching KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rebars KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Research KW - Rubblizing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662904 AU - Yu, S L AU - Kaighn, R J AU - Liao, S-L AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR CONTROLLING HIGHWAY RUNOFF, PHASE II FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 74 p. AB - In order to obtain the detailed information necessary to develop design guidelines for the stormwater best management practices (BMPs) included in the Virginia Department of Transportation's "Stormwater Management Manual", a field program was initiated in 1991 for testing the pollutant removal efficiency of selected BMPs. This report summarizes Phase II of this endeavor. A dry detention pond that drained a small, highly impervious area and a vegetated swale that received runoff from an urban highway were examined. Manual and automatic sampling techniques were used to monitor stormwater flowing into and out of the two facilities. Pollutant removal efficiencies were determined using a mass balance method. Pollutants measured were total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and zinc. The results suggest that, if properly designed, these types of facilities can be effective tools for removing stormwater pollution from highway runoff. KW - Best practices KW - Catch basins KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Pollution control KW - Runoff KW - Swales UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36897/94-R21.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662818 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL QUALITY INITIATIVE: LONG-RANGE PLAN PY - 1994/06 SP - 39 p. AB - A unique partnership--termed the "National Quality Initiative" (NQI)--was formed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and various industry associations to focus attention on continuous quality improvement within the highway industry. This report elaborates on the purpose of the NQI and its scope, then lists its six objectives. The main portion of this report takes each objective and outlines the implementation activities determined to be necessary in order to accomplish that objective. These activities have been adopted by the NQI Steering Committee for future promotion and stewardship. The six objectives are: 1) Promote and disseminate information on quality enhancement practices throughout the highway community; 2) Advance technology and build consensus on important highway quality issues; 3) Widely recognize exemplary quality improvement efforts; 4) Ensure continued national emphasis on the continuous quality improvement of the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of highway facilities; 5) Promote internal and external customer focus and measurement of quality in the highway industry; and 6) Promote and support joint education and training. KW - Customer service KW - Education KW - Highway industry KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Information dissemination KW - National quality initiative KW - Perception KW - Promotion KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Quality initiatives KW - Recognition KW - Road construction industry KW - Stewardship KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662809 AU - Clark, J E AU - Daniel, J T AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - QUANTITATIONS OF THE IMPACTS OF PROVIDING PROTECTED LEFT TURNS AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/06 SP - 47 p. AB - This report documents the development of guidelines and recommendations for the selection of left-turn phasing and loop detector locations for left-turning traffic. The guidelines developed are based on a comprehensive literature search and a survey of state highway agencies. Recommendations for vehicle loop detector locations are based on survey data and computer simulations. Recommendations regarding the type of left-turn phasing are based on a two level decision process. The first level of the decision process provides guidelines to assist the engineer in the decision of whether no left-turn phasing is adequate or if some degree of protection is necessary. The second level provides recommendations to assist in determining if the less restrictive protected/permissive phasing is adequate or if the more restrictive protected only phasing is required. Accident studies of signalized intersections in Greenville and Anderson, South Carolina, were conducted to compare accident frequencies before and after the installation of left-turn phasing. KW - Before and after studies KW - Crash rates KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Exclusive permissive phasing KW - Exclusive phasing KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Left turn phase KW - Left turn phasing KW - Literature reviews KW - Location KW - Loop detectors KW - Recommendations KW - Simulation KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404816 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664412 AU - McCullouch, B G AU - Patty, R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INDOT LESSONS LEARNED CONSTRUCTABILITY PROGRAM AND INTEGRATED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05/31 SP - 155 p. AB - To improve constructability, experienced design and construction engineers often select processes and develop details that require less labor, equipment, or management resources to build. These innovative ideas, enabling circumstances, and their effect on the construction process are not usually recorded in a reusable format. Without such a mechanism, recalling this experience under the appropriate circumstances, or transferring the technology to new management has generally not happened. Further, civil engineers are generally educated to optimize cost by minimizing the material quantity. Through experience gained after graduation, they are expected to pick up options for engineering impact on the labor, equipment, and overhead expense. This school of experience extracts too high a price in trial and error, and the need for redevelopment of lessons learned by others. Presented is a constructability concept and lesson-learned storage and retrieval platform. This case based technical assistant, has been ergonomically designed to employ natural problem solving heuristic methods used by human experts. Within this platform, the process of locating an appropriate lesson learned matches closely the storage and retrieval mechanisms of the human long term memory. The result is lessons learned which are easy to find. Once found, the circumstances and construction processes are presented in a multimedia format that can represent all factors affecting construction cost. Human factors research was again applied to the development of this presentation system. It involves the learner, and deepens the understanding, elaborately relating the lesson to prior knowledge, which will further improve the memory recall mechanism created during the search process. DICEP (Design Integrated Construction Engineering Platform) is presented herein to effectively involve the human design engineer in the application of constructability at the right time during design. KW - Constructability KW - Construction KW - Construction engineering KW - Design KW - Design integrated construction engineering KW - Integrated systems KW - Lesson-learned storage and retrieval KW - Multimedia KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664409 AU - Mausel, P AU - LeBoutillier, D AU - Indiana State University, Terre Haute AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SPOT AND LANDSAT TM DATA TO UPDATE DLG AND TIGER-DELINEATED TRANSPORTATION FEATURES AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAND COVER PATTERNS FOR INDOT APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05/20 SP - 37 p. AB - This project addresses two interest areas of the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) which are 1) to address the suitability of using 10 m resolution SPOT satellite data as a digital image within its GDS GIS system for the purpose of updating and spatial correction of Indiana roads and 2) to explore the suitability of using land cover information derived from computer analysis of Landsat TM data in GDS to provide information for transportation route planning purposes. Integration of 10 m resolution SPOT data for Hendricks and Howard counties into GDS was accomplished successfully. TIGER file DLG data were overlaid onto the 10 m resolution SPOT data with success. Four 10-13 land cover classes were successfully developed through computer analysis of 30 m resolution Landsat TM data for Hendricks and Howard counties. The classified data could not be integrated into GDS fully because of its limited image processing capabilities. Project results indicated that integration of 10 m resolution SPOT as GDS GIS files is feasible and it promises to be a useful product for INDOT road updating and spatial correction. Results also indicated that land cover information of value to INDOT can be developed through analysis of Landsat TM data, but its integration into GDS is too crude and inflexible using GDS software. This research suggests that INDOT incorporate a major established image processing system into GDS rather than to try to work within its current image processing system capabilities, in order to give it the capability it needs in the near future to develop and integrate the type of land cover information created in this project. KW - Classification KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway planning KW - Image processing KW - Land cover KW - Land use KW - Landsat KW - Landsat satellites KW - Satellite data KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662771 AU - Hartt, W H AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS OF BRIDGE CORROSION PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES--AN ADDENDUM STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05/18 SP - 49 p. AB - A life cycle cost analysis has been performed for the purpose of evaluating the most cost effective approach to concrete bridge substructure design in coastal Florida locations. The procedure assumed a design life of 75 years and that a repair free service life of 60 years is being realized with the 346 Class V fly ash mix design in the environment of interest. Options considered included, on the one hand, repair and corrosion methodologies that are presently practiced (pile jacketing for prestressed components and guniting for cast in place ones and cathodic protection in association with either flame or arc spray zinc or a conductive rubber anode system) and, on the other, initial construction durability enhancing strategies such as 1) coated prestressing tendon, 2) coatings on concrete, and 3) admixtures for possible further concrete permeability reduction (condensed silica fume) and for corrosion inhibition (calcium nitrite). The analysis consisted of modeling the costs that are projected to occur during the design life for each of the construction and repair alternatives and, from this, calculating the present worth and equivalent uniform annual cost for different values of real interest rate. It is concluded that flame spray zinc sacrificial anode cathodic protection constitutes the most cost effective procedure for maintaining marine bridge substructure integrity. This is followed by pile jacketing in the case of prestressed components and guniting for cast in place ones. Each of the durability enhancing strategies that pertain to initial construction resulted in a relatively high life cycle cost except at the lowest real interest rate considered (two percent) where some of these were about the same as for the conventional approach and for cathodic protection. Cost figures for initial construction alternatives are provided that have to be met if these methodologies are to be competitive from a life cycle cost perspective. KW - Admixtures KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge substructures KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Cathodic protection KW - Coastal regions KW - Coasts KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Economics KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Florida KW - Guniting KW - Jacketing (Strengthening) KW - Life cycle costing KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Present value KW - Seas KW - Silica fume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404775 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674299 AU - Kavalaris, J G AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE APPLICATION OF INTELLIGENT VEHICLE-HIGHWAY SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES TO COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS IN INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05/05 SP - 190 p. AB - The study focused on potential barriers and opportunities to implementing Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS) technologies to Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) in Indiana. Specific concepts included: (1) Automatic payment of tolls while driving at mainline speeds; (2) Pre-Clearance of vehicles and drivers past weigh stations; (3) "One-Stop-Shopping" for licenses, registrations, and permits; and (4) Transparent state borders. The study reviewed existing laws and policies applying to commercial vehicles operating in Indiana; prepared an inventory of the agencies responsible, their existing procedures, their physical facilities, and their human resources used to implement these regulations; itemized present impediments preventing the implementation of IVHS-CVO under current Indiana State Laws; and suggested future phased-in modifications to the present systems for effective IVHS-CVO implementation. The study also included a comprehensive statewide survey examining IVHS-CVO perceptions, needs, and concerns from the perspective of interstate motor carriers based in Indiana. Specific survey issues included how motor carriers perceive IVHS-CVO concepts would affect their current operations; what data items motor carriers are willing to have electronically stored within automatic vehicle identification (AVI) transponders; what type of weigh-station pre-clearance information storage do motor vehicles prefer (i.e., centralized database or data stored within a transponder); how willing motor carriers are to participating in a "Gold Card" pre-certification process for weigh-station pre-clearance; what type of automatic toll collection system do motor carriers prefer (i.e., debit system or credit system); how willing motor carriers are to paying additional tolls to help cover costs of building bypass lanes next to existing toll plazas for AVI-equipped vehicles to automatically pay tolls while driving at mainline speeds; and the degree to which motor carriers feel IVHS-CVO implementation will lead to a more or less "level playing field" between motor carriers. Finally, recommendations were made for near-term, mid-term, and long-term courses of action. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Data collection KW - Implementation KW - Indiana KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interstate commerce KW - Motor carriers KW - Policy KW - Socioeconomic development KW - State laws KW - Surveys KW - Toll collection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403123 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Mera, R AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Safety impacts of different speed limits on cars and trucks PY - 1994/05 IS - FHWA/RD-93-161 SP - 67p AB - The objectives of this study were to determine whether differential or uniform speed limits are more beneficial to transportation safety and traffic operations on interstate highways. The approach to achieving this objective was to examine speed and accident data from states employing both types of limits. Speed data were collected in 12 states at rural and urban locations representing all speed limits currently established on the interstate highway system for cars/trucks, ie 55/55 mi/h (89/89 km/h), 65/55 mi/h (105/89 km/h), 65/60 mi/h (105/97 km/h), and 65/65 mi/h (105/105 km/h). Accident data were obtained from nine states which were geographically distributed across the country and representative of all rural interstate speed limits currently established. For the speed data collected, a number of measures of effectiveness (MOEs) were examined including mean speed, speed variance, compliance, and speed distribution measures. For the accident data collected, types of crashes were examined (eg rear-end) along with vehicle involvement (eg car-into-truck) and crash severity. This final report summarizes the effects of uniform and differential speed limits on transportation safety and traffic operations as determined by the examination of speed and accident data. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident severity KW - Accident type KW - Automobiles KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Car KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Interstate KW - Interstate transportation KW - Speed KW - Speed KW - Speed control KW - Speed control KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle characteristics KW - Vehicle type UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170907 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400911 AU - Troxel, L A AU - Ray, M H AU - Carney, J F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Accident data analysis of side-impact, fixed-object collisions PY - 1994/05 IS - FHWA/RD-91-122 SP - 94p AB - The results of a study of accident data on side-impact, fixed-object collisions are presented in this report. The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) was used to determine basic characteristics of this type of collisions such as seating position of fatally injured occupants, roadway type, surface conditions, and vehicle weights. The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) was used to examine these same characteristics for accidents of all severities. In addition, the effects of breakaway objects, guardrails and impact conditions on these collisions were examined using the NASS data. Characteristics of side-impact, fixed-object accidents such as location of impact, body region injured, injury sources, deformation measurements, occupant age and time of data were also investigated using the NASS data. The characteristics of fixed-object, side impacts were then compared to those of vehicle-to-vehicles side impacts. KW - Accident analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Fatalities KW - Fatality KW - Guardrails KW - Injuries KW - Injury KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Safety fence KW - Seating position KW - Side crashes KW - Sideways collision KW - Single vehicle accident KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle occupant KW - Vehicle occupants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01399853 AU - Middleton, D AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Jasek, D AU - Woods, D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Traffic and Safety Operations R&D TI - Truck accident countermeasures on urban freeways PY - 1994/05 IS - FHWA/RD-92-059 SP - 102p AB - In addition to fatalities and injuries resulting from truck involved accidents, excessive costs and delays caused by these accidents and incidents have prompted several operating agencies to consider various strategies to reduce the truck accident/incident problem. This study was undertaken to identify truck accident countermeasures implemented in different areas of the US. Issues considered when selecting countermeasures for review in this study included urban freeway volumes of 95,000 vehicles per day or higher, a significant number of trucks in the traffic stream (typically 5 percent or more), and countermeasures involving road design. The study omitted countermeasures directly related to the vehicle and the driver. This project included the following steps: literature search, telephone survey, and field visits to selected sites. The information collected by this project is intended to assist agencies in identifying, selecting, and implementing truck accident countermeasures. Experiences with the following truck accident countermeasures are included in the report: lane restrictions, separate truck facilities, ramp treatments, truck diversions and bans, reduction of shoulder parking, urban truck inspection stations, incident response management, differential speed limit, increased enforcement, tall barriers, and mainline treatments. Additional information on this study is contained in Report NO. FHWA-RD-92-040. KW - Access road KW - Access roads KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Guardrails KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Incident management KW - Inspection KW - Law enforcement KW - Law enforcement KW - Parking KW - Parking KW - Road shoulders KW - Safety fence KW - Shoulder KW - Speed limit KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic management KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road KW - Vehicle inspection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1167637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677859 AU - LOUKES, D K AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - THE INTEGRATION OF GIS AND ROADWAY DESIGN SOFTWARE FOR ARTERIAL HIGHWAY PLANNING PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 376-387 AB - The New Brunswick Department of Transportation has been preparing a series of 1:10 000 digital Road Inventory Maps as a cartographic basemap for the past year. These maps will eventually include Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) from NBGIC mapping. The Department has also recently acquired rights to the NBGIC Digital Property mapping and associated Parcel Index and Assessment files. All of the above datasets will be available for the entire province by mid-1994 in a topologically structured form suitable for direct use with GIS. NBDOT uses CARIS software for GIS and a micro based system, EMXS, for roadway design. Since digital base mapping is now becoming widely available within the Department, a study has been initiated to investigate ow the use of these files can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Arterial Highway Planning process. Geoplan Consultants Inc., has been engaged to assist in this study by providing a set of software tools and procedures for integrating CARIS and EMXS. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Arterial highways KW - Canada KW - Computer aided design KW - Digital mapping KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739852 AU - Pigman, J G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF KENTUCKY'S POLICY ON TOURIST INFORMATION SIGNS PY - 1994/05 SP - 70 p. AB - As a result of recommendations made by the Governor's Task Force on Signage and Tourism, the Transportation Cabinet requested that an evaluation be made of Kentucky's policy on tourist information signs. Among the tasks undertaken were a review of the formula for Parks, Historic, and Recreation Area signs, a survey of interstates and parkways to determine the extent of the constraints imposed by the limitation of one supplemental sign for each interchange approach, and an investigation of the potential for application of Tourist Oriented Directional Signs (TODS). The opportunity for increased tourism through improvements in signing and accessibility was evaluated. Kentucky's policies on tourist-related signing were compared to those in other states and to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. An analysis of data from a survey of supplemental sign usage indicated that 305 of 532 interchanges surveyed were eligible for supplemental signage. KW - Direction signs KW - Historic sites KW - Location KW - Parks KW - Policy KW - Recreational facilities KW - Sign location KW - Sign policy KW - Signs KW - Tourism UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738949 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Hogan, K J AU - Oberst, C M AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF STRESS EVALUATIONS OF WELDED STEEL BRIDGES ON COAL-HAUL ROUTES PY - 1994/05 SP - 57 p. AB - Stress analyses were performed on continuous girder welded steel bridges on extended-weight coal-haul routes. The tests were intended to determine whether extended-weight coal trucks pose fatigue problems to those bridges. Measurements were performed by strain gaging selected bridges subject to high coal transport tonnages with strain gages. Strains induced by routine traffic including coal trucks were monitored for periods of one to two weeks. Unattended monitoring of the variable amplitude strain data was performed using rainflow counting. Eighteen successful tests were performed on 15 coal-haul route bridges and one interstate bridge. The derived strain data are provided as stress histograms. Fatigue analyses were performed by expressing the stress histogram data as single-value equivalent stresses. The accumulated number of stress cycles was estimated using 3 different assumptions based upon variations in traffic. Accumulated stress cycles were determined over the current age of each weld detail and a projected service life of 75 years. Susceptibility to fatigue was determined by superimposing the equivalent resolved stresses and total number of cycles as accumulated damage on AASHTO fatigue design curves for the applicable structural details. The fatigue analyses indicate that none of the test bridges with fatigue-prone weld details is susceptible to fatigue cracking either at their current age or over their projected 75-year service lives. While coal trucks may induce high live stresses on those bridges, the number of those stress applications was not sufficient to pose fatigue problems. The equivalent resolved stresses measured on the interstate bridge were similar in magnitude to those measured on coal-haul routes. However, the number of stress cycles was greater for the interstate bridge than most of the coal-haul route bridges. KW - Coal trucks KW - Fatigue analysis KW - Haul roads KW - Load limits KW - Metal bridges KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Steel bridges KW - Strain gages KW - Stress cycles KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Welds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646100 AU - Harkey, D L AU - Mera, R AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT SPEED LIMITS ON CARS AND TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 67 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to determine whether differential or uniform speed limits are more beneficial to transportation safety and traffic operations on Interstate highways. The approach to achieving this objective was to examine speed and accident data from States employing both types of limits. Speed data were collected in 12 States at rural and urban locations representing all speed limits currently established on the Interstate highway system for cars/trucks, i.e., 55/55 mi/h (89/89 km/h), 65/55 mi/h (105/89 km/h), 65/60 mi/h (105/97 km/h), and 65/65 mi/h (105/105 km/h). Accident data were obtained from nine States which were geographically distributed across the country and representative of all rural Interstate speed limits currently established. For the speed data collected, a number of measures of effectiveness (MOEs) were examined including mean speed, speed variance, compliance, and speed distribution measures. For the accident data collected, types of crashes were examined (e.g., rear-end) along with vehicle type involvement (e.g., car-into-truck) and crash severity. This final report summarizes the effects of uniform and differential speed limits on transportation safety and traffic operations as determined by the examination of speed and accident data. KW - Automobiles KW - Automobiles by type KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Differential speed KW - Highway operations KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Rural areas KW - Speed data KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic KW - Trucks KW - Uniform speed limits KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle type UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/30000/30100/30112/FHWA-RD-93-161.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682806 AU - Cox, K P AU - Scholer, C F AU - Cohen, M D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT PACKING HANDBOOK. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 103 p. AB - The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the November 8, 1991 SHRP C-206 report entitled, "Packing Handbook - A Guide to the Optimal Gradation of Concrete Aggregates". The purpose of the Packing Handbook is to determine the optimal combination of fine and coarse aggregates for concrete from available aggregate sources. Through the use of tables provided in the Packing Handbook, and given sources with known aggregate gradations and void contents, the relative proportion of each aggregate (coarse and fine) is obtained. Concretes made using the Packing Handbook recommendations of aggregate proportioning were compared to concretes used on various INDOT pavement projects. Field proportioned concretes were replicated in the laboratory. The only difference between field mixtures, the field mixtures replicated in the laboratory, and the Packing Handbook laboratory mixtures was the percent of coarse aggregate in the mixes. Other proportions were held constant, i.e., cement content, water cement ratio, and the use of admixtures. The Packing Handbook was evaluated based on the comparison of engineering properties of the field control mixtures and the Packing Handbook mixtures. It was found that the Packing Handbook mixes were harsh and will achieve little or no cost reductions or quality improvements if implemented for field use. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Evaluation KW - Fine aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Packing handbook (Shrp) KW - Physical properties KW - Properties of materials KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423066 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681845 AU - Euritt, M A AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 286 p. AB - An efficient transportation system requires a coordinated transfer for people and goods moving from one mode to another. In the past, neither the process of planning nor the environment for supporting analysis of the total transportation system has been viewed from a multimodal perspective. Tremendous changes in federal and state policies have created a new contextual environment for transportation. Based on these changes, the private sector is rapidly embracing the advantages of an intermodal transportation system. For the future, a total system, or social, cost analysis of transportation must be pursued to address mobility problems and other state and national priorities. This framework includes all costs associated with transportation. Various studies have demonstrated that inclusion of all system costs in analyzing transportation alternatives will yield transportation operations different from what now exists. This model will assist decision-makers in evaluating alternative transportation policies, particularly if combined with a multi-attribute methodology. While additional work is needed to evaluate marginal costs, this report establishes a point of departure for more efficient analysis of transportation alternatives. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Externalities KW - Freight transportation KW - Governments KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Investments KW - Mobility KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Multimodal transportation systems KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Passenger transportation KW - Private enterprise KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422608 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677850 AU - Ries, T AU - Fletcher, D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - DISMANTLING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS TO SPATIAL DATA ACCESS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 227-239 AB - Governmental agencies across the nation are increasing their requirements for access to spatial data. While spatial data access often is technically feasible, improper communication may reduce an organization's ability to respond to these requirements. To simplify access to spatial data, a common language can be established which will help dismantle potential barriers between organizations interested in satisfying their spatial information requirements. This paper describes a common language and how to apply it to three key components of spatial data access: data, data access roles and data access strategies. Each component is decomposed into smaller parts which are used to detect similarities, share responsibilities and work toward common goals. Case examples from Wisconsin government agencies are provided when possible. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Communication systems KW - Data management KW - Government agencies KW - Information processing KW - Spatial abstraction KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425480 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677852 AU - Knickmeyer, J W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS PLATFORM PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 248-259 AB - The rapidly developing technology of geographic information systems (GIS) has reached a state of maturity in which many organizations, public and private, have invested substantial resources in hardware, software and data to support GIS applications. Action is being taken to create standaards for spatial data and to consolidate much geographic data available on a national level in a National Spatial Data Infrastructure. Consistent with these developments is creation of a National Transportation Analysis Platform to serve both as a data repository and analysis platform. Databases within the system, available in a client-server environment, would include transportation infrastructure characteristics and condition data, transport asset location and availability data, and economic factors. Analysis capability has been demonstrated in the US Transportation Command's Analysis of Mobility Platform (AMP) project. AMP integrates several separate models and was successfully used to support an important military exercise in June 1993. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Computer architecture KW - Geographic information systems KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Proposals KW - Spatial abstraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425482 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677839 AU - Xiong, D AU - Marble, D F AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - TOWARDS REAL-TIME GIS-T: TRAFFIC FLOW MODELING USING A MASSIVELY PARALLEL SIMD COMPUTER PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 54-71 AB - This paper focuses on the real-time traffic model calculation problem, and describes an experiment of traffic flow model calculation using a massively parallel computer, the MasPar MP-1. Based on an analysis of the experimental results, conclusion is drawn with respect to the potential and limitations of using a massively parallel computer to solve real-time traffic flow modeling problems and the extension of current GIS technology to incorporate real-time solution. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Real time control KW - Real time operations KW - Simulation KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425469 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677846 AU - Bruce, K AU - Peterson, B AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - COOK COUNTY, ILLINOIS TIGER/LINE CONFLATION AND UPDATE PROJECT PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 182-189 AB - In 1993 Cook County, Illinois (suburban Chicago) was faced with a problem similar to that of most large counties of the nation, how to harness the capabilities of the Census Bureau's TIGER files while dealing with old digitizing problems inherent in the files. The presence of a draftsman quality map base from the County highway Department showed how the streets should look, but that file contained no attribute information in order to do geocoding, etc. How can one take the benefits of each file, disregard the problems, and merge it all into one SUPER MAP? Cook County found the answer. This paper reviews the conflation process adopted by the County, as well as how street names and ranges were updated, and other attribute data added to the new file. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Coding systems KW - County government KW - Data files KW - Geographic information systems KW - Illinois KW - Mapping KW - Streets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425476 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677848 AU - Clark, J AU - Blain, L AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - INTEGRATING A TRANSPORTATION MODEL NETWORK INTO ENHANCED TIGER/LINE PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 195-199 AB - The Puget Sound Regional Council integrated EMME/2 transportation model links into a street centerline database using Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI) Arc/Info GIS base package. Arc/Info's Network software module provides tools that can enhance the display and analysis of EMME/2 transportation model results. One of these tools is a linear referencing system that describes part of, or many linear features. A single linear feature in Arc/info is an arc, whereas a single route describes a portion of, or many arcs. Because EMME/2 transportation model links comprise many line segments (Arcs) in the street centerlines derived from TIGER/Line, they are more easily described as routes. Coding the model links as routes enables a user to maintain the integrity of the arc topology, and to represent EMME/2 links as single data elements. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Referencing KW - Streets KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models and systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425478 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677860 AU - Raley, M I AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - TOWARD MORE COST EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: GIS APPLICATIONS OF CENSUS DATA AND TIGER LINE FILES AT DELDOT PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 388-403 AB - The Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) has used Census data and TIGER line files on a 1:100,000 MapInfo GIS base for various transportation planning applications. These include update of the travel demand forecast model, transit route planning, creation of zones for use in the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) and analysis of elderly and disabled populations for specialized transit planning and programming. In 1994, DelDOT will start using TIGERized 1:24,000 digital road centerline files which can be used in its MapInfo and Intergraph software to enhance analysis and potential GIS applications of Census data to transportation planning, inclusive of the CTPP. Examples of these Census data applications are reviewed, and potential GIS applications of Census data to the various ISTEA management systems are explored. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Aged KW - Census KW - Delaware KW - Digital mapping KW - Public transit KW - Transit vehicle operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425490 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677841 AU - Al-Taha, K AU - Abbas, M S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - THE TRANSPORTATION CHALLENGE FOR TEMPORAL GIS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 90-108 AB - Many transportation applications such as Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS), emergency management systems (EMS), vehicle navigation systems, managing hazardous material, fleet control systems and aviation control systems are potential users of GIS. This paper highlights similarities and differences in what transportation systems demand from a temporal GIS, and discusses the sampling phenomena in these applications and its relation to spatial data granularity. It seems that an increased level of system complexity implies an increased sampling rate and an increased level of detail for spatial data. This paper also presents an example of a GIS-based waterway navigation system for inland navigation and interaction with other transportation modes. Emphasis is placed on what would be needed from a temporal GIS to be effectively used in typical transportation systems. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Inland waterways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Sampling KW - Ship pilotage KW - Water transportation KW - Waterway transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677842 AU - Sutton, J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - GEOCHRONOGRAPHY: THE MAPPING AND REPRESENTATION OF REAL-TIME DATA PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 109-120 AB - The genesis of this paper was a question asked at a HEEP (Highway Engineering Exchange Program) conference the author attended on ISTEA management systems in New Brunswick in 1993. The questioner posited the idea that within a few years real-time GIS would be available to map the IVHS technologies, thus eliminating the need for duplicate abstract network files. The proposition was debated and largely accepted by the ensemble of transportation engineers and planners. As the author was the presenter of the paper during the session that this question was asked, he was prompted to investigate whether the propostion was realistic or not. The investigation was not simply undertaken to satisfy some intellectual craving or redemption for a poor performance but a desire to examine whether there was some practical basis to the notion. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway engineering KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Mapping KW - Real time control KW - Real time operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425472 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677838 AU - Ganter, J H AU - Cashwell, J W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - DISPLAY TECHNIQUES FOR DYNAMIC NETWORK DATA IN TRANSPORTATION GIS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 42-53 AB - Interest in the characteristics of urban street networks is increasing at the same time new monitoring technologies are delivering detailed traffic data. These emerging streams of data may lead to the dilemma that airborne remote sensing has faced: how to select and access the data, and what meaning is hidden in them? Computer-assisted visualization techniques are needed to portray these dynamic data. Of equal importance are controls that let the user filter, symbolize, and replay the data to reveal patterns and trends over varying time spans. The authors discuss a prototype software system that addresses these requirements. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Analysis KW - Data displays KW - Geographic information systems KW - Prototypes KW - Traffic data KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://www.sandia.gov/gis/pubs/dnd_op.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425468 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677845 AU - Ontko, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - METROPOLITAN AREA LAND USE - PROBLEMS OF LARGE AREA GIS APPLICATIONS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 164-181 AB - The Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission is the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for the Philadelphia PMSA (except for Salem County NJ) and Trenton PMSA. The Commission is charged with planning for the orderly development of the region. Land use information is a fundamental tool in that planning process. Since 1970, the Delaware Valley Regional planning Commission (DVRPC) has produced a land use file every 10 years based on information derived from aerial photography. This paper addresses the effort to develop a 1990 land use file having compatibility with previous files that were developed using significantly different procedures. Photo-interpretive problems, file creation problems and the analytical results of this effort are examined. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Aerial photography KW - Compatibility KW - Data files KW - Delaware KW - Land use planning KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Regional planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425475 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677856 AU - Gillis, W AU - Nell, W AU - Casavant, K AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - MODELING WASHINGTON STATE TRUCK FREIGHT FLOWS USING GIS-T PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 328-342 AB - A particular challenge faced by State Departments of Transportation and Metropolitan Planning Organizations is obtaining comprehensive information on freight truck movements. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) initiated a statewide freight truck origin and destination study in April of 1993 to meet this challenge. This paper provides an overview of research procedures utilized in conducting the study. Specific focus is given to the role of GIS-T as a tool for organizing, analyzing and presenting data for use by transportation planners, program administrators and policy makers. A case study of southbound trucks on SR 395 from Canada to Spokane, Washington illustrates the practical uses of GIS-T as a means to document and analyze the characteristics of freight truck movements. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Freight traffic KW - Geographic information systems KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Statistics KW - Trucking KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425486 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677863 AU - Thomas, W W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - ASSESSING UNMET TRANSIT NEEDS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 434-457 AB - Presented here is a methodology used by COMSIS Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, in a recent study, for assessing unmet transit needs in San Fernando Valley, California. This assessment consists of finding areas of unutilized transit potential, determining the magnitude of travel demand between these areas; and finally verifying if transit service exists between these areas. "Unutilized" transit potential refers to a demand for transit that is not currently being fulfilled, either because service is not available in the origin/destination area; or that the service that is available does not meet the standard for "quality" and "competitiveness" with other travel modes. MapInfo was used to display existing transit service, regions of transit potential (as determined by survey data and derived indices), and demographic and attitudinal characteristics. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Assessments KW - California KW - Needs assessment KW - Public transit KW - Transit services KW - Transportation KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel demand KW - Travel modes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677843 AU - Hollingshead, M AU - Gerlt, B AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - CELLING THE HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS: USING A CELL-BASED GIS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 121-143 AB - Many software vendors now offer tools for raster or cell-based geoprocessing. At the first glance of a highway engineer, the idea somehow seems too crude to be of much use for transportation applications. In actuality, cell-based modeling provides a whole new set of tools that can be quite effective in dealing with transportation problems that can overwhelm a strictly vector-based solution. This paper provides a generic look at cell-based geoprocessing and how these powerful concepts can be integrated with vector data and applied to areas such as transportation planning, corridor location studies, alignment design optimization and drainage calculations. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Alignment KW - Cells KW - Geographic information systems KW - Transportation corridors KW - Vector analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425473 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677844 AU - Peterman, V AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - CONFLATION: MERGING SPATIAL DATA SETS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 157-163 AB - Last year Data Chromatics, Inc. of Columbia, Maryland presented information on a pilot project in which U.S. Census Bureau TIGER data was conflated, or merged, with unattributed Maryland State Highway Administration geographic data for the Baltimore Metropolitan area. Over the past year, this project has expanded to encompass the entire State of Maryland and include conflation of other data types. This paper outlines the original project, provides an update of experiences and discusses the role of the actual data merging step in the overall data conflation process. Many parts of the overall conflation process have been automated through methodology changes and custom programming to reduce manual effort. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Baltimore (Maryland) KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maryland KW - Merging KW - Merging traffic KW - Modems KW - Sets KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425474 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677857 AU - Gesing, C G AU - Gesing, P S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - GIS AND THE HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 343-355 AB - This paper describes the use of GIS technologies in conjunction with integrated highway design software, applied to a specific project, to enable highway engineers, planners and environmental scientists to share data and information during the planning process. The GIS facilitates compliance with various regulations, assists in analytical evaluation of impacts and provides simplified information retrieval for environmental documents, agency coordination and public involvement. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Environmental policy KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425487 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677858 AU - Ghanem, M A AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - APPLICATION OF GIS IN SHORT AND LONG RANGE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 368-375 AB - This paper is intended to illustrate applications of Geographic Information System (GIS) in transportation planning. The utilization of GIS in maintaining roadway networks. For the short range planning, it illustrates usage of GIS in identifying projects on the network using dynamic segmentation, and preparing network link tables for travel demand planning. Integration of GIS into the travel demand analysis process to identify future areas of congestion. Shortest path, buffering, and travel time allocation of major activity centers analyses are also discussed. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Buffers KW - Geographic information systems KW - Long range planning KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Travel demand KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425488 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677861 AU - Gennetti, B AU - Fohl, P AU - Antonisse, R AU - Davison, P AU - Bradford, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - A GIS-BASED SYSTEM TO AUTOMATE MAPPING OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 404-414 AB - As part of its annual report to Congress on the state of the nation's highways, the Federal Highway Administration recently produced a new Congressional Map Book depicting the proposed National Highway System, as well as other major national transportation facilities. The proposed NHS is a new, approximately 159,000-mile system which was developed with the support of modern GIS-T tools. To produce, under very tight time constraints, the new Map Book's full set of over 460 separate maps -- including a national NHS map, plus one map for each state and Federally designated "urbanized area" -- the project team developed GIS-based automated mapping techniques for use in a friendly user interface. This paper describes the main context and objectives of the NHS mapping project. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Automation KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway systems KW - Highways KW - Mapping KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425491 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677840 AU - Okunieff, P AU - Minehan, C AU - Siegel, D AU - Gordon, S AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - LOCATION REFERENCING SYSTEM FOR IVHS: A PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 72-89 AB - Realizing the importance of a standard location identifier to the early deployment of IVHS user services, the Federal Highway Administration asked Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to manage a project o explore the spatial and map database requirements for IVHS, including evaluating existing location referencing systems. The Location Referencing System (LRS) Study requires the project team to develop a LRS that best meets the criteria set by the community, and demonstrate a prototype system in an IVHS environment or operational test. This paper describes the results of the LRS study to date. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Location theory KW - Maps KW - Prototypes KW - Referencing KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425470 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677847 AU - Barrett, W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - MANAGING TRANSPORTATION PLANNING NETWORKS IN A GIS-T ENVIRONMENT PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 190-194 AB - Central Planning Organizations, such as a Department of Transportation (DOT) or Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO), use transportation modeling software to create multiple versions of future year planning networks. Typically, each version is a snapshot of the whole planning model. This includes tri-tables, their corresponding socio-economic forecasts, the highway/transit networks and future build/no-build scenarios. This paper presents one potential solution to managing different versions of a highway network with a relational database management system which links the GIS software with the planning model. The GIS software manages the projects so that incremental changes to the highway network are passed to the transportation planning package. Results of the new scenario can be displayed or mapped by the GIS. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Databases KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models and systems KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425477 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677854 AU - Chen, C-Y AU - Tseng, C-L AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - INTEGRATION OF TRANSPORTATION MODELS AND THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM IN TRANSPORTATION PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 297-306 AB - In general, a commercial GIS-T cannot offer all-purpose procedures or functions for users. On the other hand, most institutes or users possess their own models and codes which might not have GIS capabilities. It may be difficult to enhance their transportation models directly to be a GIS-T. There are two shortcuts to become a GIS-T. One is to add to a GIS and the other is to attach to a GIS-T. These two shortcuts are examined by adding the Taipei Rapid Transit System (TRTS), which is developed by the Department of Rapid Transit System, Taipei, City Government, to a GIS-T (TransCAD) and to a GIS (ARC/INFO) as well. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Computer aided design KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Rapid transit KW - Rapid transit systems KW - Taiwan KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425484 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677849 AU - Werle, J W AU - Vivian, G AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - SUB REGIONAL INFORMATION NETWORKS FOR GIS-T PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 216-226 AB - The Western Riverside Council of Governments (WRCOG) has established an information network geared to support Transportation and Air Quality programs in the western portion of Riverside County, an area in Southern California with approximately one million residents. The primary functional objectives of the program are to make the existing digital data sets, which are considerable, more accessible to the members and participating regional agencies, to update critical data sets on a regular and routine basis, and to improve the quality of the data. The four functional areas on which current efforts are focused are development monitoring, transportation networks, current and future land use, and environmental management data. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality standards KW - Environmental policy KW - Land use planning KW - Modems KW - Networks KW - Regional planning KW - Sets KW - Southern California KW - Standards KW - Transportation KW - Transportation networks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425479 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677851 AU - Wallace, D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - PLANNING AND DEVELOPING SYSTEMS INTEGRATION THROUGH GIS. A BUSINESS-DRIVEN APPROACH TO GIS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 240-247 AB - Ministry of Transportation Ontario's (MTO) ability to effectively manage its highway network is being impacted by many of the similar challenges and pressures facing other jurisdictions. To meet these transportation management challenges, the Integrated Highway Information Systems (IHIS) project addresses these areas: integrated highway referencing; inventory of the highway components, their condition and deficiency corrections, to enable consolidated management of the highway infrastructure; current and multiple-year capital project planning and administration; and needs analysis to support long range planning of the highway network. A key success factor for IHIS has been it "business driven" approach that uses an information engineering methodology developed by the Project Team. This paper examines how this approach and the resulting data model has positioned GIS as a strategic architecture for MTO and how IHIS will be the foundation for a planned integrated transportation management system. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Capital expenditures KW - Data management KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highway management KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Integrated systems KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Public administration KW - Systems integration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425481 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677853 AU - DeVany, T AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - SOUTH DAKOTA DOT FAST-TRACK DECISION MAPPING PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 260-269 AB - The South Dakota Department of Transportation and Frank Cooper of Cooper Technology performed a fast-track GIS executive decision mapping project to illustrate the conjunction of GIS technology and existing SDDOT data resources. An additional motivation included increasing the complexity and reducing the turn-around time for map production. A majority of the project was completed between September 30, 1993 and February 28, 1994 resulting in a spatial highway network of select South Dakota roads, and the pre-defined decision maps. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Decision making KW - Decisions KW - Geographic information systems KW - Highways KW - Mapping KW - South Dakota KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425483 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677855 AU - BROOKS, D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - INTERACTIVE INTERSECTION MODELING SYSTEM WITHIN A GIS FRAMEWORK PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 307-327 AB - The Sewall Company is currently developing, with encouraging successes, an Intersection Modeling System (IMS) within a GIS framework. The system manages hundreds of items of information related to an intersection's signal and geometric inventory, geometrics, and volume counts and presents them in thematic components within a digital interactive engineering plan sheet. This plan sheet was originally a part of the State of Maine's massive intersection assessment project in response to the federal Clean Air Act Amendments. Upon its completion, the plan sheet will enable engineers to design traffic type improvements in an intuitive manner. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Digital computers KW - Digital systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Intersections KW - Maine KW - Traffic models KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425485 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677862 AU - Peng, Z AU - Dueker, K J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - A GIS DATABASE FOR ROUTE-LEVEL TRANSIT DEMAND MODELING PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 415-433 AB - This paper addresses the spatial data requirements and integration for transit demand modeling based on the modeling work for Tri-Met, the regional transit agency in Portland metropolitan area. Transit demand modeling is data driven. Valid and accurate data are needed for model specification, a key factor to generate an unbiased estimated of a transit demand model. Invalid data or inaccurate data will result in biased and inefficient model estimation. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Demand KW - Demographics KW - Geographic information systems KW - Portland (Oregon) KW - Public transit KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Transit riders KW - Transit services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677864 AU - Minor, L W AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - THE ROLE OF GIS IN IVHS/APTS PROJECT PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 458-475 AB - This presentation discusses the following areas as they relate to the role of GIS in IVHS/APTS projects: definitions; why use GIS; potential roles of GIS; potential barriers to use of GIS; and the relationship between GIS and IVHS. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Definitions KW - Electric potential KW - Geographic information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Potential KW - Relationships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677806 AU - Moore, A AU - Stauss, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - GIS-T APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 356-367 AB - The premise of this paper is that state DOTs will not be able to realize the potential of GIS technology unless they can develop useful applications and integrate those applications into their work processes. Successful application development is dependent on a number of factors such as expertise in GIS technology and system development techniques, a stable and managed data architecture, user and management commitment, ability to link applications directly to business functions, clear identification of user information requirements and the ability to access data easily. This paper identifies key issues that hinder application development and provides possible solutions in terms of an organizational structure and application development techniques that may aid state DOTs to quickly develop useful GIS applications and therefore deliver the promise of GIS technology. The paper also presents a brief description of the Maryland State Highway Administration's (MSHA) approach. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Applications KW - Geographic information systems KW - Solutions (Chemistry) KW - Solutions general KW - State departments of transportation KW - State highway departments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425448 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677805 AU - Garriga, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - USING GIS AS A DISPLAY AND CONTROL ENGINE FOR A TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 287-296 AB - The firm ESRI has developed a prototype Traffic Management Center (TMC) graphic user interface to control highway field devices, represent actual traffic conditions, and track highway incidents. Highway field devices such as Changeable Message Signs (CMS), Closed Circuit Television Cameras (CCTV), Detector Stations, and On-ramp Meters, can be monitored and controlled through the TMC graphic interface. Dynamic Segmentation is used to symbolize traffic flow as point occurrences (for detector stations) and linear events (for specific lanes). Red, green, and yellow symbols represent congested, free-flowing, or moderate levels of traffic. Incidents, such as traffic accidents or abandoned vehicles, can be entered into the system and tracked by TMC operators. All incident information is time-stamped and logged to provide incident history. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Closed circuit television KW - Display devices KW - Geographic information systems KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425447 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677803 AU - Wyatt, J AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - WORK PROCESS REENGINEERING IN RESPONSE TO IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AGENCY-WIDE GIS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 200-215 AB - Transportation agencies, in response to dealing with changing customer perceptions, increasing competition for customers and/or funds, the explosion of information technology, governmental mandates, and the constant, rapid pace of change itself, are looking to information technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) and GIS-Transportation (GIS-T) in particular to assist in dealing with these issues. Before GIS/GIS-T and other information technologies can be optimally implemented agency-wide, each organization must reexamine its business objectives and structure to ensure that the implementation is not simply automating obsolete processes. Reengineering offers a totally new approach to looking at business processes, and promises tremendous gains in business performance. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Businesses KW - Customers KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information technology KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425445 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677804 AU - Wallace, L AU - Wiley, L AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - "WHAT YOU HEARD IS NOT WHAT I SAID" PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 270-282 AB - Winston Churchill's observation that the British and Americans are divided by a common language is equally true of many clients and their GIS developers. With each side speaking a different language, complete with obscure acronyms and jargon, communication is more often miscommunication. the results can be frustrating at best, expensive at worst. This presentation offers examples of common communication problems between clients and developers and provides practical guidelines for making sure they are speaking the same language. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Clients KW - Developers KW - Geographic information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425446 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677802 AU - Bannura, R K AU - Baker, M AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - THE ROLE OF IMAGING SYSTEMS IN A GIS-T ENVIRONMENT PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 144-150 AB - Transportation applications have made a strong presence in the GIS arena in recent years. Many standard GIS applications and functionalities have been integrated into the transportation discipline, and Imaging is one of them. The power and potential benefits of Imaging have become evident recently. This paper covers the benefits, describes, and gives examples of imaging in transportation applications such as document management, satellite imagery, aerial photography, orthophotography, and photo and video logging. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Aerial photography KW - Artificial satellites KW - Documents KW - Geographic information systems KW - Image processing KW - Imagery KW - Orthophotographs KW - Photologging KW - Satellite imagery UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425444 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00677801 AU - Spear, B D AU - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) TI - GIS AND SPATIAL DATA NEEDS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS PY - 1994/05 SP - p. 31-41 AB - In urban transportation especially, planners, policy makers, and transit managers are just beginning to comprehend how GIS can be an important tool in their work. Promising application areas include: travel demand forecasting and market analysis; transit route planning; vehicle monitoring and real-time operational control; customer information systems; paratransit and emergency vehicle dispatching; congestion management; transportation/land use planning; and impact assessment. Before GIS can reach its full potential in these applications, however, certain enhancements need to be made to the functional capabilities of current GIS software to accommodate new spatial objects and to simplify the translation of transportation data to their spatial representations. This paper discusses several of the more critical enhancements which will be needed to address emerging urban transportation applications of GIS. U1 - Proceedings of the 1994 Geographic Information Systems for Transportation (GIS-T) SymposiumCo-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils.Norfolk, VA StartDate:19940411 EndDate:19940413 Sponsors:Co-sponsored by Highway Engineering Exchange Program, Transportation Research Board, Urban & Regional Information Systems Association, U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, and National Association of Regional Councils. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Geographic information systems KW - Land use planning KW - Paratransit services KW - Travel demand KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674253 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION'S SYMPOSIUM ON OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS PY - 1994/05 SP - 51 p. AB - This report summarizes the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored seminar held on December 6, 1993, covering various topics related to overcoming barriers to public-private partnerships for developing and financing highway transportation projects. Three overall themes or topics were addressed: the first topic was to identify an array of partnership structures available for financing infrastructure improvements; second, experience from case studies was used to identify and discuss barriers to public-private partnerships; and finally, various means to overcome the barriers were suggested and discussed in an open forum. The following partnership structures, evolving from public to private, were discussed: traditional new public highway; traditional new public toll-road delivery; innovative financing for new public facilities; blended public-private financing for new public toll road delivery; public-private partnerships to deliver new road capacity; and privately supplied new highway. The following barriers or issues drew the most attention and comment during the Symposium: financial barriers; equity; barriers related to concession or franchise agreements; powers of state agencies; procurement barriers; permitting process; tax structure; and support from government and the community. Briefly stated, key suggestions to overcome the barriers were: create an attractive investment climate; provide direct government support; develop community-wide support; provide early development stage support by government; limit environmental protests; enhance incentive to use private bonding; provide funding as a catalyst for public-private arrangements; develop innovative financing; look beyond tolls for revenue streams; and establish on-going communications. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Financing KW - Highway transportation KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public private partnerships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411868 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674191 AU - Bartoskewitz, R T AU - Fambro, D B AU - Richards, H A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS HIGHWAY-RAIL INTERSECTION FIELD REFERENCE GUIDE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 164 p. AB - The design, construction, operation, and maintenance of highway-rail intersections present unique challenges to both highway and railroad engineers. The railroad grade crossing represents the physical intersection of two distinctly different modes of transportation, each of which varies considerably in terms of their equipment, travelled ways, and methods of control and operation. Safety at highway-rail intersections has been a national priority for over two decades. Substantial reductions in crashes, injuries, and fatalities have been realized as a result of grade crossing improvement programs. Grade crossing safety has reached a point where further safety improvements will likely require the development of new approaches and innovative technologies. Proper design and construction of new grade crossings ensures safe and efficient operation. Proper maintenance of existing crossings helps to achieve continued safety and efficiency. The field guide has been developed to assist agencies responsible for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of highway-rail intersections in the performance of these responsibilities. It is a reference source for city, county, and state personnel that must address these issues as part of their official duties. Railroad personnel will find the reference guide helpful in obtaining a basic understanding of highway and traffic engineering concerns with regard to highway-rail intersections. The guide includes information on problem identification and engineering studies, improvement alternatives, special programs and activities, and key reference documents. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Engineering KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Problem identification KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674190 AU - Tang, T AU - Zollinger, D G AU - McCullough, B F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TESTS AND ANALYSES OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN TEXARKANA AND LA PORTE, TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 310 p. AB - This report summarizes the research results obtained from two field tests for Portland cement concrete pavements. One field test was carried out on test sections of jointed plain concrete pavement in Texarkana, Texas, and the other was carried out on test sections of continuously reinforced concrete pavement in La Porte, Texas. Laboratory tests and theoretical analysis were also performed to help in understanding and analyzing the field observation. A closed-form solution is proposed for thermal stresses in a concrete slab when it is curled up. This solution is for the case where the temperature decrease in the concrete slab exceeds a limit so that a gap between the slab and foundation forms. This case was not addressed in the Westergaard solution. Fracture tests were applied to the concrete made with different coarse aggregates used for Texas pavements and have shown that fracture mechanics is a powerful tool to judge the quality of the pavement. With these efforts, a method based on fracture mechanics is proposed to determine the depth and spacing of the jointed plain concrete pavement. This method has successfully been applied to the test section in Texarkana. KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Fracture tests KW - La Porte (Texas) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement joints KW - Quality control KW - Test sections KW - Texarkana (Texas) KW - Theory KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670411 AU - Ruth, B E AU - Tia, M AU - Shen, X AU - Wang, L-H AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVEMENT OF ASPHALT MIX DESIGN TO PREVENT RUTTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 344 p. AB - Crushed stone aggregates and a natural sand were used to prepare different aggregate gradations for the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Structural Asphalt Mixtures (S-I, S-II, and S-III). Each gradation was modified by altering the mineral filler (MF) content and substitution of up to 20% natural sand for crushed stone screenings. Mixtures were prepared with these aggregate blends, compacted, and tested at 60 deg C in the Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM). The result of this investigation indicated that the GTM air-roller mix design and evaluation procedure was successful in identifying the optimum asphalt content, sensitivity of the mix to changes in MF and asphalt content, the effect of natural sand content and gradation of aggregates, and their relationship to air void content, voids in the mineral aggregate, and asphalt content. A hot mix asphalt (HMA) densification procedure was developed for Quality Control and/or Quality Assurance testing of plant HMA production. The results of this study indicated that the density and shear strength of the mixtures tested according to this procedure were essentially the same as obtained from the 60 deg C densification test procedure. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Crushed rock KW - Density KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mineral fillers KW - Mix design KW - Optimization KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Sand KW - Sand content KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670385 AU - Chapin, L T AU - Bowling Green State University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PARTNERING ON ODOT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 134 p. AB - The Ohio Department of Transportation's (ODOT's) first partnered project was in the fall of 1991 with Kokosing Construction in Licking County. Over the next two years, 28 more projects were partnered. In May of 1993, ODOT entered into a $33,580 contract with Bowling Green State University (BGSU) to do an evaluation of the partnering program. National literature review was undertaken for the purpose of giving a broad perspective of ODOT's partnering. As of December 31, 1993, forty-two states had introduced a partnering program. A comprehensive perception questionnaire was sent to the ODOT and contractor personnel who were involved in 29 partnered projects. The response rate was 112 out of 209 (54%). Numerous comments were received and are in the report. In addition to the analysis of the questionnaire, final estimates and job completion schedules were reviewed for cost and time savings. The findings were that 1) partnering has enhanced an existing positive atmosphere of cooperation, 2) based on the literature review, ODOT has not utilized all of the implementation best practices suggested by the recognized leaders of partnering, 3) ODOT central office's commitment to partnering is not visible to most partnering participants, and 4) neither significant cost savings nor reduction of contract durations were detected from the review of ODOT records or from phone conversations with various officials. The report recommends that 1) an ODOT policy on partnering should be established and advertised, 2) not all projects should be partnered, especially small projects which might trivialize the process and discourage participation, 3) the responsibility of managing the partnering process should be assigned to one individual, and 4) the department and the construction industry should take an active role in the future direction of partnering at ODOT. Partnering has had a positive beginning with its high profile and success stories. However, if left to take care of itself, it is unlikely that the program will reach its full potential. KW - Construction projects KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Management KW - Ohio KW - Policy KW - Public private partnerships KW - Questionnaires KW - Surveys KW - Time KW - Time effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668972 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1994 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS PY - 1994/05 SP - 47 p. AB - This report was prepared in accordance with Sections 130 and 152 of Title 23 of the United States Code. It is based upon information submitted by the states and territories, information obtained from within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and other sources as noted. The report examines the progress made by the states and territories in implementing the Rail-Highway Crossings and Hazard Elimination Programs. It also examines the effectiveness of highway safety improvements in reducing the number and severity of motor vehicle traffic accidents. In addition, the report presents current traffic accident statistics. The report is organized in five chapters and four appendices as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) The Highway Safety Program; (III) The Highway Safety Improvement Program; (IV) Implementation and Effectiveness of the Categorical Safety Programs; (V) Future Safety Activities; Appendix A - Glossary; Appendix B - Description of Safety Improvements and Service Life; Appendix C - Status of Funds Provided for the Rail-Highway Crossings Program; and Appendix D - Status of Funds Provided for the Hazard Elimination Program. KW - Crash data KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Federal assistance programs KW - Federal government KW - Federal programs KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Future safety activities KW - Glossaries KW - Hazard analysis KW - Hazard elimination KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prevention KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Service life KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667595 AU - South, J M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD SIGN AND SIGNAL STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 118 p. AB - This report documents methods of fatigue analysis for overhead sign and signal structures. The main purpose of this report is to combine pertinent wind loading and vibration theory, fatigue damage theory, and experimental data into a usable fatigue analysis method for overhead sign and signal structures. Vibrations and forces induced by vortex shedding were studied analytically and measured experimentally. Analytical models were extracted from the literature. Drag coefficients, generally assumed to be constants or simple functions of Reynolds number, actually depend on the amplitude of vortex shedding vibration. The amplification of drag coefficients can have a significant effect on resulting forces. Fatigue and the concept of fatigue damage quantification were discussed. Fatigue was described as a failure mode which results from cyclic application of stresses which may be much lower than the yield stress. Fatigue damage was quantified using the Palmgren-Miner linear damage equation. Available stress cycles for each applied stress range are calculated by expressing published S-N fatigue data for welds or anchor bolts as N-S equations, where number of available cycles (N) is the dependent variable, instead of stress range. The use and limitations of fracture mechanics methods were discussed. Stress concentrations were discussed as a vital parameter in fatigue analysis. Methods for estimating K sub t for fillet welds and anchor bolt threads were extracted from the literature. Experimental data were collected for a representative traffic signal structure. These data included stress range and frequency response for ambient wind loadings, dead load stresses, strain as a function of vertical tip deflection, vibration frequency due to ambient winds, and strain response due to controlled-speed wind loads. The instrumented details were tube to base plate circumferential fillet welds and anchor bolts. Wind speed data were collected at a traffic signal site in Springfield, Illinois, for seventeen months. Factor of safety equations for use with welded details were discussed. Sample fatigue life calculations using both strain gage-derived and analytically estimated stress range-frequency histograms were performed as examples to the reader. Calculations using static conditions were also performed. The results differed significantly from the other solutions. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Analytical models KW - Anchor bolts KW - Coefficients KW - Drag coefficients KW - Drag forces KW - Experimental data KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue analysis KW - Fatigue damage KW - Fatigue life KW - Fillet welds KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Histograms KW - Mathematical models KW - Overhead traffic signals KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Sign supports KW - Signal support (Structural) KW - Signals KW - Static loads KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stress concentrations KW - Stresses KW - Velocity KW - Vibration KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind velocity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5739/faos.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664371 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A VIDEO IMAGE DETECTION SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 33 p. AB - A video image detection system (VIDS) is an advanced wide-area traffic monitoring system that processes input from a video camera. The Autoscope VIDS coupled with an information management system was selected as the monitoring device because testing had shown it to be the most advanced system available with respect to performance, reliability, and accuracy. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the capabilities of the VIDS. The primary objective was to assess the performance of the VIDS for incident detection, and a secondary objective was to examine its capability to monitor traffic. Existing hardware was to be used for the VIDS as much as possible in order to fit the VIDS into the existing TMS Center operations and to minimize additional costs. Based on an evaluation that focused on traffic monitoring, the VIDS performed unsatisfactorily at two sites and satisfactorily at a third site. The location of the video camera relative to the monitoring site, which is critical to effective operations of the VIDS, was the major cause of the unsatisfactory performance. The primary objective was not achieved. The potential of using the Autoscope at existing camera locations in Northern Virginia is limited. Based on the performance of the Autoscope at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, it was concluded that it is difficult to accurately return an Autoscope camera to its monitoring position after it is moved for surveillance. A dedicated camera is necessary for the VIDS. Recommendations were made for the use of the VIDS and for project planning and contract administration for future projects of this nature. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Camera location KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Video imaging detectors KW - Wide area traffic control UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/cottre.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/cottre.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6100/6185/94-R22.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405251 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664319 AU - Metcalfe, R C AU - Holtz, R D AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF GEOTEXTILE SEPARATORS IN WESTERN WASHINGTON. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 277 p. AB - Fourteen geotextile separators, with different in-service ages, were exhumed in western Washington and their short (survivability) and long-term (filtration/drainage) performances were evaluated. The geotextile samples, which included six woven slit-films, six needle-punched nonwovens, and two heat-bonded nonwovens, were taken back to the laboratory in order to evaluate their overall condition and to perform permittivity and strength tests on specimens of each fabric. Samples of the subgrade and base materials were also evaluated in the laboratory. The results indicated that all of the geotextile separators adequately performed their intended separation function, although they experienced very different levels of damage during construction. There was evidence of in-service mechanical damage at one of the sites. The damage to the geotextiles was influenced more by the base aggregate type, rather than the initial lift thickness, although both must be considered in design. All of the recovered geotextiles which were installed under an angular base aggregate sustained damage to some degree. Even two heavier weight fabrics, a 231 g/sq m woven slit-film and a 204 g/sq m needle-punched nonwoven, sustained damage under angular base material. All of the fabrics which were installed under subrounded to rounded base aggregate experienced minor to no damage. The woven slit-films and the needle-punched nonwovens experienced similar reductions in strength and both survived the installation conditions reasonably well (except for one lightweight needle-punched nonwoven fabric which was overstressed during installation and also may have been installed under too thin of a pavement section). The heat-bonded nonwovens were heavily damaged during installation; however, they were installed under some of the higher site survivability conditions. The results of the permittivity tests indicated that the woven slit-films and the needled-punched nonwovens both had similar percent increases after being washed. The heat-bonded nonwovens had the highest percent increases in permittivity after being washed, which suggests that they clog more than the other fabrics. There is evidence that the woven slit-films experienced much more blinding than the other fabrics, and that iron staining and caking could also have a detrimental effect on their drainage performance. In all but one case, the woven slit-film fabrics did not meet the Task Force 25 (1989) and Christopher and Holtz (1989) filtration requirements needed for the subgrade soils with which they were in contact. The unwashed (i.e., "undisturbed") permittivity results also indicate that most of the permeabilities of the woven slit-film fabrics fell well below WSDOT's required value. The presence of caked fines on the upper surface of three woven slit-films could have indicated that their pore openings were too large for the intended filtration function and they might be subject to fines migration, although this was inconclusive. There was no evidence of fines migration at any of the sites. All of the pavements were in good condition. KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Damages KW - Evaluation KW - Geotextiles KW - Long term KW - Loss and damage KW - Nonwoven materials KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Permittivity tests KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Woven fabrics UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/321.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662902 AU - Hawkins, H G AU - Bartoskewitz, R T AU - Fenno, D W AU - Distin, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF RURAL GUIDE SIGNING: FIRST YEAR ACTIVITIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 128 p. AB - This report describes the tasks conducted during the first year of a three-year study evaluating the use of guide signs on conventional highways in rural areas. The tasks were concentrated in four basic activity areas: 1) assessment of current practice, 2) identification of driver information needs, 3) evaluation of guide sign legibility, and 4) identification of potential study sites. Some of the first year tasks include: a survey of the Texas Department of Transportation district signing practices, a driver survey assessing the information needs of drivers and their understanding of conventional guide signs, an evaluation of the legibility of the State Highway and Farm-to-Market Road (F.M.) route markers and two designs for cardinal direction markers. The first year findings were used to develop several preliminary recommendations for rural guide signing. Some of the recommendations include: providing more advance signing farther from intersections/interchanges, increasing the height of numbers in several route markers developing/evaluating the effectiveness of alternative designs for the F.M. route marker, providing destination information (city names) at intersections/interchanges, and making greater use of overhead signing. KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Guide signs KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Needs assessment KW - Overhead traffic signs KW - Recommendations KW - Rural areas KW - Sign location KW - Signs KW - State of the art studies KW - Surveys KW - Traffic sign design KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662905 AU - Roper, T H AU - Henley, E H AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MARTIN WAY O'XING CEVA-CRETE EXPANSION JOINT SYSTEM, BRIDGE NO. 5/337 E & W. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 32 p. AB - This final report details the field performance of a Ceva-Crete Expansion Joint system on an I-5 bridge in Olympia, Washington. The Ceva-Crete system employs an elastomeric concrete that is vulvanized in place to handle impact loads on the joint and a low density closed cell material (Evazote 50) that is expoxied to the steel nosing of the joint, to act as the seal. The performance of the joint system was evaluated after a five year period. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Elastomeric concrete KW - Elastomers KW - Expansion joints KW - Field performance KW - Joint sealers KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/349.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662907 AU - Biswas, M AU - Muchane, G K AU - Duke University AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DIRECT EVALUATION OF CORROSION POTENTIAL IN CONCRETE MADE WITH MARINE LIMESTONE COARSE AGGREGATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 32 p. AB - The objective of the research project was to evaluate the potential of corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete made with a marine limestone coarse aggregate (Castle Hayne, NC) in comparison with that in concrete made with an igneous rock coarse aggregate (Neverson, NC) with a proven record of performance. Three types of tests which may indirectly indicate corrosion potential and three types of tests which may directly indicate a corrosion potential were performed. These tests were: Indirect Tests: (1) Water-soluble chloride content of aggregates and concretes, (2) Acid-soluble chloride content of aggregates and concretes, and (3) Rapid chloride permeability of concretes; and Direct Tests: (1) Impressed current on immersed cylindrical specimens, (2) Wetting (immersing) and rapid drying of cylindrical specimens, and (3) Wetting (ponding) and drying of brick shaped specimens. In all of these tests, concrete made with the Castle Hayne marine limestone concrete either performed within acceptable bounds of standard test measures, or performed at least equally well as the baseline Neverson igneous rock concrete. KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chloride content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Igneous rocks KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Marine aggregates KW - Marine deposits KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Reinforcing steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662803 AU - Steffes, R AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT STABILIZING ADDITIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 109 p. AB - Efforts are constantly being put forth by researchers, highway related industries and product suppliers to improve the life and performance of asphalt pavements. As a result of those efforts, a variety of asphalt modifiers have been developed and evaluated in experimental sections over the years. Evaluations of the polymer asphalt modifiers have been done and results were usually compared with conventional sections within each respective project. The research presented in this report is also a comparison of asphalt modifiers with each other as well as a comparison of a modifier with its respective conventional section, when they exist. Several of the modifiers showed some improvements in performance while others did not. KW - Additives KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Modifiers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer additives KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Polymers KW - Test sections UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17093 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662773 AU - Arockiasamy, M AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KNOWLEDGE BASED EXPERT SYSTEM FOR RATING FLORIDA BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II PY - 1994/05 SP - 115 p. AB - The report presents the development of a prototype knowledge based expert system for rating highway bridges based on the AASHTO code. Expert system shell Exsys Professional is used as an Artificial Intelligence (AI) tool for developing this system. The expert system developed here performs load capacity evaluation of the highway bridges and gives the rating factors for flexural strength. The system considers the ultimate flexural strength and shear strength of the beams and girders for the desired rating. The use of knowledge-based expert system provides an efficient approach for finding solutions for bridge management and rating. Four methods of bridge rating are presented: Operating Rating, Inventory Rating, Rating Factor Rating, and Sufficiency Rating. The first three are based on AASHTO specifications for the strength rating of the superstructure system, and the last one on the USDOT guide for sufficiency rating in overall aspects of highway bridges. The system consists of three modules: Rule-User Interface Module, Data Transfer Module, and External Program Module. The Rule-User Interface Module performs the runtime control and allows the user to interact with the system. The External Program Module performs structural analysis and rating computations according to AASHTO specifications. The Data Transfer Module allows the data to be transported between various modules of the system. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Calculation KW - Computations KW - Data communications KW - Data transfers KW - Expert systems KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - Interactive computing KW - Modules KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Ratings KW - Shear strength KW - Specifications KW - Structural analysis KW - Sufficiency rating KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662772 AU - Arockiasamy, M AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - KNOWLEDGE BASED EXPERT SYSTEM FOR RATING FLORIDA BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1994/05 SP - 270 p. AB - The report presents the development of a prototype knowledge based expert system (REX1 and REX2 - Rating EXpert) for analysis and rating of highway bridges. The different bridge types considered are solid slab, voided slab, double-T, and segmental box girders. The system REX-1 utilizes the grillage analogy using space frame idealization for analysis of all bridge types except segmental box bridges. The rating of segmental box bridges is carried out in system REX-2 based on plane frame idealization. The system is designed to be user-friendly and requires minimal computer knowledge; it is entirely menu driven and easily workable. Data pertaining to standard bridge cross-sections have been stored in a database for easy access by the system. A rule-based module provides load and resistance factors based on the structural reliability concepts. Utilizing the grillage analogy eliminated the need for distribution factors in determining the live load effect. Segmental box bridge is checked for serviceability conditions, in which the time-dependent force effects, such as creep and shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of steel, are considered in the system resulting from stage-by-stage construction. Typical bridge types are chosen for illustration of rating using the system REX. KW - Expert systems KW - Highway bridges KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647431 AU - Troxel, L A AU - Ray, M H AU - Carney, J F AU - Vanderbilt University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT DATA ANALYSIS OF SIDE-IMPACT, FIXED-OBJECT COLLISIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/05 SP - 102 p. AB - The results of a study of accident data on side-impact, fixed-object collisions are presented in this report. The Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) was used to determine basic characteristics of this type of collision such as seating position of fatally injured occupants, roadway type, surface conditions, and vehicle weights. The National Accident Sampling System (NASS) was used to examine these same characteristics for accidents of all severities. In addition, the effects of breakaway objects, guardrails, and impact conditions on these collisions were examined using the NASS data. Characteristics of side-impact, fixed-object accidents such as location of impact, body region injured, injury sources, deformation measurements, occupant age, and time of day were also investigated using the NASS data. The characteristics of fixed-object, side impacts were then compared to those of vehicle-to-vehicle side impacts. KW - Age KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crash data KW - Data analysis KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Fatal Accident Reporting System KW - Fixed objects KW - Guardrails KW - Injuries KW - Mathematical analysis KW - National Accident Sampling System KW - Periods of the day KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387227 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675349 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEMS INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES PROGRAM PY - 1994/04/01 SP - 27 p. AB - This report contains project updates for the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) Institutional and Legal Issues Program. The program was officially implemented in Fiscal Year (FY) 1992, with activities primarily concentrated on obtaining an assessment of the major institutional and legal challenges in implementing IVHS. In FY 1993, the Department of Transportation (DOT) completed more in-depth analysis of selected nontechnical challenges associated with the national IVHS program. In FY 1994, the DOT looks towards applying some of the "lessons learned" from past research to both the operational testing and deployment programs. Innovative approaches to procurement, financing, and agreement formation are among the innovative projects the Department will pursue. The Institutional and Legal Issues Program has been restructured into four major emphasis areas: Intergovernmental Cooperation which addresses the challenges associated with coordinating a complex, systems-level program across jurisdictional, organizational and agency bounds; Legal Issues which impact in varying degrees the research, testing and deployment of IVHS activities; Environmental Issues which address the policy implications of deploying IVHS within or to the benefit of the objectives of national environmental laws, particularly those related to air quality; and Socioeconomic Issues which address a range of societal and economic aspects of the IVHS program. KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal factors KW - Legal issues KW - Research projects KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548147 AU - Hardison, Terry L AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Guidelines for In-place Recycling PY - 1994/04//Final Report SP - 57p AB - This Phase 1 report documents the construction and performance to date of all hot in-place recycling (HIR) projects in Arkansas. These projects are located in Texarkana, Magnolia, Arkadelphia, Newport and Vilonia. The HIR projects have different lengths of service ranging in age from three years to five years. The objective of this study is to gather all pertinent information relating to hot in-place recycling projects from the preconstruction phase to post construction monitoring. This information will be used to develop guidelines that will design recycled asphalt pavements more efficiently. KW - Arkansas KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Guidelines KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%209205.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335506 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403150 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - Federal Highway Administration technology applications programs PY - 1994/04 IS - FHWA/SA-94-028 SP - 177p KW - Activity report KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge management KW - Bridge management systems KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Directory KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydraulics KW - Marketing KW - Marketing KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Public utilities KW - Public utilities KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road construction KW - Road construction KW - Road safety KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104239 AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rural IVHS Scoping Study: An Assessment of Rural Minnesota Travelers' Needs PY - 1994/04//Final Report SP - 155p AB - The role of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) Applications in rural environments has yet to be precisely defined. The Minnesota Rural IVHS Scoping Study is an attempt to clearly define the needs of travelers throughout rural Minnesota in order to assess the potential for rural IVHS applications within the state. This project was performed in a series of five tasks. The remainder of this executive summary will focus on brief descriptions of each of the following tasks: description of rural Minnesota highway users; identification of rural traveler needs and potential strategies to meet these needs; review of available technologies; identification of key issues concerning each technology; and development of conceptual ideas for future projects. The initial stage of this project involved an assessment and description of rural Minnesota transportation users. This review served to draw a complete picture of the rural Minnesota highway environment including the identification of rural highway users, their numbers, and their reasons for travel. In order to facilitate the subsequent task of identifying the needs of rural highway users, descriptions of rural Minnesota roadways, rural travel problems and rural Minnesota highway users were developed. Additionally, a review of all current IVHS projects which potentially relate to rural applications, was conducted to assist the remaining stages of this project. KW - Communication and control KW - Highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - ITS program technologies KW - Minnesota KW - Needs assessment KW - Rural areas KW - Telematics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16600/16670/PB2000104478.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864171 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662815 AU - Porterfield, J A AU - Cotton, D M AU - Byrne, R J AU - Golden Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL NAILING FIELD INSPECTORS MANUAL -- SOIL NAIL WALLS PY - 1994/04 SP - 115 p. AB - The purpose of this manual is to provide field inspectors with the knowledge necessary to effectively monitor and document the construction of soil nail retaining walls. The manual provides information useful to both the experienced and inexperienced soil nail inspector. The manual is organized into two main parts: Preconstruction Preparation and Construction Inspection. Checklists are provided throughout the Construction Inspection sections of the manual which summarize key items discussed in the text. The inspector is encouraged to copy the checklists for use during construction. Appendix A contains blank forms that can be used for proper documentation and testing during soil nail wall construction. Appendix B contains examples of completed forms. Construction inspectors and engineers from California, Oregon, Texas, and Washington State departments of transportation contributed to this manual. The International Association of Foundation Drilling also provided input from the industry perspective. KW - Color photography KW - Construction KW - Construction inspection KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Inspection KW - Inspectors KW - Manuals KW - Photographs KW - Preconstruction KW - Preparation KW - Retaining walls KW - Soil nailing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21700/21795/PB99142507.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720051 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF A VIRGINIA SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM. FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 94F003 AND 94F004 PY - 1994/04 SP - 32 p. AB - This report documents the results of two crash tests conducted at the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The objective of these tests was to evaluate the low- and high-speed performance of a small sign support system provided by the Virginia Department of Transportation. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, was used as guide for the test procedures followed and for the safety performance evaluation of the sign support. The safety performance evaluation criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 5 m/s (16.4 ft/s) or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no greater than 100 mm (4 in.), and that there can be no occupant compartment intrusion. These three major evaluation criteria are used in this report to determine whether or not the sign support meets or does not meet the FHWA's acceptable performance level for sign supports. This document does not "pass or fail" the sign supports for use on the National Highway System (NHS). The FHWA determines "pass or fail" based on this report and other performance criteria. The results indicate that the Virginia small sign support system met the FHWA safety performance criteria. KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Impact tests KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety research KW - Sign supports KW - Test procedures KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712952 AU - Aktan, A E AU - Chuntavan, C AU - Lee, K L AU - Farhey, D N AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND IDENTIFICATION FOR BRIDGE RATING - PHASE II: STEEL-STRINGER BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 254 p. AB - Nondestructive dynamic field testing and structural identification studies on three (2, 20, and 43-year-old) steel-stringer bridges are presented. The bridges were rated by code procedures and by field-calibrated comprehensive 3-D finite-element models developed by structural identification. Experimentally measured and analytically simulated modal flexibilities were correlated with bridge deflections obtained under proof-load level truck-load tests. Test results indicated that all three bridges, although constructed as noncomposite, exhibited composite action between the slab and girders. While the composite action was near-perfect in the 2-year-old bridge, the older bridges exhibited partially-composite behavior due to deterioration of the chemical bond and friction. The rating factors obtained by field-calibrated models exceeded the corresponding operating rating factors by about two and a half to four times for the three test bridges. The rating process and the resulting factors helped to identify and conceptualize a number of unresolved important issues that influence bridge rating and management. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Composite action KW - Deflection KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Inspection KW - Load tests KW - Metal bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ratings KW - Simulation KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675418 AU - Scullion, T AU - Lau, C-L AU - Chen, Yao AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TEXAS GROUND PENETRATING RADAR SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 102 p. AB - Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a nondestructive testing tool for evaluating pavements. The system described in this report uses an air launched antenna which is suspended between 10 and 14 in. (25 and 37 cm) above the pavement and has been shown capable of operating adequately at close to highway speed (+/- 40 mph (64.5 km/h)). This report describes the system developed and implemented for the Texas Department of Transportation. The system includes a Penetradar PS-24 Ground Penetrating Radar system, a TTI developed data acquisition and signal processing system, a data acquisition vehicle housing a Distance Measuring Instrument and synchronized video recording system. The hardware, software and data processing procedures will be described together with several case studies in which GPR has been used to evaluate pavement rehabilitation jobs in Texas. These applications include layer thickness determination, void detection, base course evaluation, and locating areas of asphalt stripping. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Case studies KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Evaluation KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Hardware KW - Information processing KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675218 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Bohuslav, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF RAP IN ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES PY - 1994/04 SP - 54 p. AB - This document presents guidelines on the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in routine maintenance activities. The following topics are covered: Proper procedures for collecting and stockpiling RAP; An outline of cold-mix design procedures and field tests to aid in determining appropriate recycling agent quantities; Field processing procedures to improve the quality of RAP for maintenance mixtures; and Appropriate uses of RAP and treated RAP in routine maintenance activities. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Mix design KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recycled asphalt pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Stockpiling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674289 AU - Sykora, D W AU - Alexander, D R AU - Roesset, J M AU - U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF SOIL MODULI IN SOIL-STRUCTURE SYSTEMS ON HIGHWAYS. REPORT 1: SURFACE WAVES IN SLOPING GROUND PY - 1994/04 SP - 71 p. AB - Data collection and processing methods for most seismic geophysical methods used to characterize engineering sites assume that the ground surface is level and that the sub-surface layers are horizontal and extend to infinity. These assumptions do not apply to some highway sites which exist on embankments or at bridge abutments or foundations. The objectives of the overall program are to examine the effects of complex geosystems (soil-rock-structure) and anisotrophic states of stress on existing databases, and develop best field system to derive elastic moduli in embankments and obtain effective dynamic earth pressures. This report summarizes the results of numerical approximations using a new research tool and field measurements to evaluate the effect of sloping ground on the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) method. The combined results suggest that surface wave measurements can be reliably and accurately made at sloping ground sites with little modification to existing measurement techniques. KW - Earth pressure KW - Earthquakes KW - Embankments KW - Geophysics KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Numerical analysis KW - Rayleigh waves KW - Seismic geophysics KW - Slopes KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672590 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND CASE STUDIES: TRAVTEK CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 44 p. AB - This operational test case study is one of six performed in response to a Volpe National Transportation Systems Center technical task directive (TTD) to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) entitled, "IVHS Institutional Issues and Case Studies". ADVANCE, Advantage I-75, HELP/Crescent, TRANSCOM/TRANSMIT, TravTek, and Westchester Commuter Central were the subjects of the six case studies. The case studies were performed to determine (1) institutional issues and legal impediments encountered during the establishment of partnerships and deployment of IVHS services and products during the operational test, (2) the point in the life cycle of the operational test at which the impediments occurred, (3) how project partners and participants overcame impediments, and (4) lessons that were learned that are applicable to future deployments of IVHS products and services. This case study also describes the operational test and documents its history. Interviews for this case study were conducted during the summer of 1993. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Case studies KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interviewing KW - Legal factors KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672586 AU - Hanley, R C AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER-BASED DATA SYSTEM FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT - PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION PY - 1994/04 SP - 29 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation has implemented a network-level pavement management program for the state-maintained highway network. This system requires the network to be subdivided into sections with similar physical, engineering, and political characteristics. The sections are then evaluated and paving priorities assigned. The program, written in 1984, was mainframe-based and required a computer programmer to operate and maintain it. This project reevaluated the existing program design and converted it to run on a personal computer. This document summarizes the process and provides computer program documentation written by the software consultant. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Pavement management systems KW - Personal computers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411614 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672577 AU - McCasland, W R AU - Ogden, M A AU - Mounce, J M AU - Ullman, G L AU - Middleton, D R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSE TO MAJOR FREEWAY INCIDENTS - RESPONSE MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 44 p. AB - A two-year study to develop guidelines to respond to major freeway incidents is currently in progress. This study seeks to establish guidelines for application statewide in large and small cities for the preparation of an incident management plan or the improvement of an existing incident management plan. The research investigation and project work during the first fourteen months of this project resulted in the development of this report. This manual is intended to be used as a resource document for transportation related agencies responding to roadway incidents in Texas. This report presents specific procedures to follow when responding to incidents. In addition, appropriate steps are outlined for effective interagency communication and cooperation in incident response. The remainder of this study will concentrate on working with three case study cities to test and evaluate the guidelines. These results will be presented in the final research report. KW - Communications KW - Cooperation KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Interagency relations KW - Manuals KW - Texas KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668988 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND CASE STUDIES: ADVANTAGE I-75 CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 44 p. AB - This operational test case study is one of six performed in response to a Volpe National Transportation Systems Center technical task directive (TTD) to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) entitled, "IVHS Institutional Issues and Case Studies". ADVANCE, Advantage I-75, HELP/Crescent, TRANSCOM/TRANSMIT, TravTek, and Westchester Commuter Central were the subjects of the six case studies. The case studies were performed to determine (1) institutional issues and legal impediments encountered during the establishment of partnerships and deployment of IVHS services and products during the operational test, (2) the point in the life cycle of the operational test at which the impediments occurred, (3) how project partners and participants overcame impediments, and (4) lessons that were learned that are applicable to future deployments of IVHS products and services. This case study also describes the operational test and documents its history. Interviews for this case study were conducted during the summer of 1993. KW - Case studies KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal factors KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Partnerships KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668974 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND CASE STUDIES: TRANSCOM/TRANSMIT CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 38 p. AB - This operational test case study is one of six performed in response to a Volpe National Transportation Systems Center technical task directive (TTD) to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) entitled, "IVHS Institutional Issues and Case Studies". ADVANCE, Advantage I-75, HELP/Crescent, TRANSCOM/TRANSMIT, TravTek, and Westchester Commuter Central were the subjects of the six case studies. The case studies were performed to determine (1) the institutional issues and legal impediments encountered during the establishment of partnerships and deployment of IVHS services and products during the operational test, (2) the point in the life cycle of the operational test at which the impediments occurred, (3) how project partners and participants overcame impediments, and (4) lessons that were learned that are applicable to future deployments of IVHS products and services. This case study also describes the operational test and documents its history. Interviews for this case study were conducted during the summer of 1993. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Automated toll collection KW - Case studies KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal factors KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Partnerships KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668975 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND CASE STUDIES: WESTCHESTER COMMUTER CENTRAL CASE STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 32 p. AB - This operational test case study is one of six performed in response to a Volpe National Transportation Systems Center technical task directive (TTD) to Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) entitled, "IVHS Institutional Issues and Case Studies". ADVANCE, Advantage I-75, HELP/Crescent, TRANSCOM/TRANSMIT, TravTek, and Westchester Commuter Central were the subjects of the six case studies. The case studies were performed to determine (1) institutional issues and legal impediments encountered during the establishment of partnerships and deployment of IVHS services and products during the operational test, (2) the point in the life cycle of the operational test at which the impediments occurred, (3) how project partners and participants overcame impediments, and (4) lessons that were learned that are applicable to future deployments of IVHS products and services. This case study also describes the operational test and documents its history. Interviews for this case study were conducted during the summer of 1993. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Case studies KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal factors KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Partnerships KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668897 AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND CASE STUDIES: ANALYSIS AND LESSONS LEARNED. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 136 p. AB - "Analysis and Lessons Learned" is the final report compiled by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in response to a Volpe National Transportation Systems Center technical task directive (TTD) entitled, "IVHS Institutional Issues and Case Studies". This report is based on an analysis of case studies of the following six operational tests: ADVANCE, Advantage I-75, HELP/Crescent, TRANSCOM/TRANSMIT, TravTek, and Westchester Commuter Central. It includes the identification of institutional issues encountered, lessons learned, and recommendations for improving the performance of other operational field tests and deployments of IVHS products and services. The case studies for this report were performed during various stages of project development. None of the operational tests were fully deployed at the time. Interviews, therefore, represented a snapshot in time, and issues identified at the time of the interviews may only have been temporary. More weight was given to issues that were identified as existing in the current phase of each project, or for which there was concurrence across individual accounts. Interviews for the case studies were performed during the summer of 1993. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Case studies KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interviewing KW - Operational test and evaluation KW - Operations KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410552 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667654 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Hall, K T AU - Lee, Y-H AU - Darter, M I AU - Lippert, D L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORECASTING PAVEMENT REHABILITATION NEEDS FOR THE ILLINOIS INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 27 p. AB - The Illinois Interstate highway network is deteriorating rapidly due to its age and heavy truck loadings. Unfortunately, the funds required for rehabilitation far exceed the available funds. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) faces many difficult decisions concerning prioritizing rehabilitation projects and anticipating future pavement conditions and rehabilitation needs. To assist IDOT in making these decisions, three analyses were conducted using the ILLINET pavement network rehabilitation management program. The first of these was an analysis of the accuracy of ILLINET's pavement condition prediction models. The second was an analysis of the remaining life of each of the more than 1200 pavement sections in the Illinois Interstate network. The third was a comparison of the rehabilitation needs predicted by ILLINET to IDOT's latest multi-year program. The results of these analyses are of immediate practical use to IDOT in forecasting pavement rehabilitation needs for individual pavement sections, Interstate routes, and the entire Interstate network. KW - Accuracy KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Illinois KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Needs assessment KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-085.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666249 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EMERGING TRAVEL TRENDS: SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE, "IMPLICATIONS OF EMERGING TRAVEL TRENDS - WHAT DOES NPTS TELL US?" PY - 1994/04 SP - 8 p. AB - The information in this brochure was compiled from research papers and discussions generated for a 2-day conference on emerging travel trends using data from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Five themes are addressed: (1) women's travel; (2) equity concerns; (3) alternatives to the single occupant vehicle (SOV); (4) air quality and environmental implications; and (5) land use. KW - Air quality KW - Brochures KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Females KW - Land use KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Single occupant vehicles KW - Travel KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405796 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666400 AU - CLAIBORN, C AU - Mitra, A AU - LAMB, B AU - WESTBERG, H AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM10 ROADWAY EMISSIONS PY - 1994/04 SP - 94 p. AB - The objectives of this research are to develop a methodology for assessing PM10 emissions from roads, and to compare emission factors developed from this method to those published factors currently in use by regulatory agencies. Upwind and downwind concentrations of PM10 were monitored at several paved and unpaved roadway sites in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of an inert tracer in a line source to simulate roadway PM10 emissions can provide a tool for improving the existing emission inventories for fugitive PM10 emissions from roads. The factors for paved roads were nearly an order of magnitude higher than those currently in use. PM10 emission rates for paved roads were found to be highly variable, depending on parameters that include wind speed, the variability in the wind direction, and traffic and roadway conditions. KW - Air pollution sources KW - Air quality management KW - Emission rates KW - Methodology KW - Paved highways KW - Pavements KW - Pollutants KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Unpaved roads UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/303.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405902 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664351 AU - Price, D A AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LARGE-STONE HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 50 p. AB - Large-stone hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements have been promoted by various associations including the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) as an answer to rutting problems which exist with current pavement design. Until 1988 the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) had little or no experience with the advantages or disadvantages of large-stone HMA pavements. This report investigates problems encountered in the construction of three large-stone HMA construction projects. Problems encountered with large-stone HMA include segregation of the mix and the validity of mix designs produced with standard test equipment. The study examined the following: the lab tests in use by the CDOT for large-stone pavements, constructability, field performance, and cost required to produce the mix. The study found that grading G should be allowed on projects when practical; grading G should be used as a base course; segregation and smoothness should be addressed before paving; if used as a wearing surface, large-stone HMA should be for experimental projects where pavement smoothness and segregation of the mix are addressed extensively before paving; and grading G should be placed in a minimum lift of 75 mm (3 in.). KW - Aggregate mixtures KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Constructability KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Large-stone mixtures KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mix design KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Prevention KW - Rutting KW - Segregation (Aggregates) KW - Smoothness KW - Stone KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664326 AU - Gilfert, J C AU - Athens Technical Specialists, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERACTIVE INTERFACE FOR THE DYNAFLECT DEFLECTION MEASUREMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 22 p. AB - The Dynaflect Deflection Measuring System is used in assessing deterioration of pavements. The objective of this program was to introduce a notebook PC between the operator and the Dynaflect hardware to attend to many of the tedious tasks involved in collecting, checking, and recording the field data. The actual implementation includes the PC, a software package, and a hardware interface to provide communications between the PC, the Dynaflect, and the auxiliary Distance Measuring Instrument. The benefits realized from this program are greater speed and accuracy in collection of field data; immediate machine access to the data after collection, since they are IBM-compatible disk files; and greatly improved security of the field data at all stages of the collection and recovery process. The system makes separate provision for testing highways or airport pavements; supports appending additional data records to an existing data file; permits insertion of comment records following or preceding any data record; provides a directory display of all data files on the current data disk; allows on-screen display of printing of any file on the current data disk; provides extensive prompting for, and unlimited editing of, all operator-supplied inputs; automatically calculates and displays load-transfer parameters and joint-support ratios in accordance with the type of readings being taken; and warns the operator of unusual data patterns, reading sequence errors, or improper settings of the Distance Measuring Instrument. KW - Access control (Communications) KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Data access KW - Data protection KW - Deflection KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Dynaflect KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hardware KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Personal computers KW - Productivity KW - Security KW - Software KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405208 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664325 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio Automation, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROLLER QUALITY ASSURANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 146 p. AB - This project met its objectives which were to develop a comprehensive system with the following features for testing NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturer's Association) type traffic signal controllers: (1) An automatic procedure to thoroughly test a NEMA controller; (2) The capacity to test up to six controllers concurrently for any mix of tests and controllers; (3) The capability to test controllers at a remote site; and (4) The capability to use either standard or user defined tests. The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) has many sizes and brands of NEMA type controllers. The initial intent was to develop a single test for all NEMA type controllers. Testing of numerous controllers with the same set of input parameters revealed that many do not strictly adhere to the NEMA TS-1 specifications. Such controllers could fail a standard test based on the NEMA specification, yet perform satisfactorily in the field. Consequently a suite of tests was developed to match the actual performance characteristics of the controllers. Some controllers lacked NEMA specified outputs or responded inconsistently to a fixed set of inputs. Such units cannot be successfully tested with the system. The test stations are modified DOS compatible personal computers linked together with a LAN. The server is a desk top computer which operates in the MS Windows environment. The remote unit communicates with the server via a serial port modem. The research team worked closely with ODOT signal electricians to develop the user interface and displays to insure that the system would be easy to implement. Very little input is required to run a test at a station and a graphical display shows test progress. Tests are created at the server using a combination of graphics with mouse and keyboard entry. Each test station includes self diagnostics to verify its internal circuits and a test unit is available to check the wiring harnesses external to the station. KW - Computer graphics KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Performance characteristics KW - Personal computers KW - Quality assurance KW - Specifications KW - Testing KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664281 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS PROGRAM PY - 1994/04 SP - 183 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) technology applications program covers all areas of highway technology, including asphalt and concrete pavements, environment, structures, geotechnology, hydraulics, safety, motor carriers, and traffic operations and management. The program also includes activities related to the implementation of the products from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) and the administration of the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) for the FHWA. This publication focuses on the four categories that, for the most part, make up the technology applications program: demonstration, application, test and evaluation, and special. Technical activities are assigned to one of the categories depending on the stage of the technology, and, after development, what technology transfer or marketing approach would be most useful in reaching the intended users. Each project write-up in the four categories includes its project number, its title, description and status section, and the name, organization code, and telephone number for the project manager and, where appropriate, for a project coordinator. The description section includes information about the reasons for initiating the project and the background and processes related to the individual project. The status section includes a discussion of the current and some past activities of the project. This publication includes a project number index, an index to SHRP projects, and a subject area index. KW - Application projects KW - Demonstration projects KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Program management KW - Special projects KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Technology applications program, fhwa KW - Test and evaluation projects KW - Testing KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662810 AU - Chapman, B J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST-EFFECTIVE MARKING AND DELINEATION MATERIALS FOR HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 156 p. AB - This report details recent investigations and evaluations of various marking and delineation materials. Reported on are high-solids materials such as conventional and the newer sprayable and preformed thermoplastics, multi-component polymeric materials, traffic paints, and pavement marker adhesives. Also reported are the results of tests of "fast dry" waterborne traffic paints, and current progress in finding alternative lead/chrome-free pigments for yellow paints and thermoplastics. KW - Adhesives KW - Chrome free KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drying rate KW - Fast dry paints KW - Lead free KW - Paint KW - Polymers KW - Road marking materials KW - Thermoplastic materials KW - Traffic marking materials KW - Traffic paint KW - Unleaded gasoline KW - Water based paints KW - Yellow paints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404817 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662804 AU - Bendana, L J AU - Yang, W-S AU - McAuliffe, D AU - Lu, J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERPRETING DATA FROM THE FALLING-WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 62 p. AB - This publication compiles materials from a training program for interpreting data produced by the falling-weight deflectometer, a device that may gradually replace previous conventional methods for analyzing the structure and condition of existing pavements. The subjects covered include pavement response (basic theory including deflection, strain, and stress), empirical and mechanistic-empirical methods of pavement design, background and characteristics of the deflectometer and its measurements, backcalculation of material properties, and applications of the instrument in the context of revised AASHTO methods for overlay design. KW - Backcalculation KW - Data KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Empirical methods KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Interpretation KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21114/PB99100117.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404811 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648275 AU - Landphair, H AU - Larsen, T AU - PERRY, C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LANDSCAPE INVENTORY AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 138 p. AB - The application of computer based, spatial information technology (GIS) to management of transportation facilities is becoming increasingly important. This project was for the development of a spatially referenced system for management of roadside landscape and irrigation development in Arizona. Texas Transportation Institute, Environmental Management Program with the Arizona Department of Transportation's (ADOT's) assistance completed the research activities associated with the identification of needs, an assessment of the ADOT's computing environment, conceptual design of the management system, evaluation of hardware and software, the pilot demonstration and subsequent trial implementation activities. The research focused on the development of a "paperless" management system where the integration of technologies is the key to an effective system. The project consisted of the development of a spatially referenced mapping system for highway landscape and irrigation inventory, integration of intelligent maps into handheld data collection devices, collection of information into handheld devices, and incorporation of these new technologies into existing data management systems. Upon completion of the trial implementation period the evaluations suggest that the system, because of its limited focus and high degree of complexity is probably not cost effective. This judgement is based on the fact that this system is a highly specialized system serving a very small segment of the overall maintenance mission of the ADOT. To be efficient and cost effective, a wider range of maintenance activities would have to be integrated into a single system framework. In the final analysis, the research successfully established a conceptual framework around which a new maintenance management system can evolve. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Development KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geographic information systems KW - Handheld devices KW - Hardware KW - Inventory KW - Landscape KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Maps KW - Roadside KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648276 AU - PERRY, C AU - Bruner, M AU - Prakrashumar, S AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER'S MANUAL DOCUMENTATION PY - 1994/04 SP - v.p. AB - The application of computer based, spatial information technology (GIS) to management of transportation facilities is becoming increasingly important. This project was for the development of a spatially referenced system for management of roadside landscape and irrigation development in Arizona. Texas Transportation Institute, Environmental Management Program with the Arizona Department of Transportation's (ADOT's) assistance completed the research activities associated with the identification of needs, an assessment of the ADOT's computing environment, conceptual design of the management system, evaluation of hardware and software, the pilot demonstration and subsequent trial implementation activities. The research focused on the development of a "paperless" management system where the integration of technologies is the key to an effective system. The project consisted of the development of a spatially referenced mapping system for highway landscape and irrigation inventory, integration of intelligent maps into handheld data collection devices, collection of information into handheld devices, and incorporation of these new technologies into existing data management systems. Upon completion of the trial implementation period the evaluations suggest that the system, because of its limited focus and high degree of complexity is probably not cost effective. This judgement is based on the fact that this system is a highly specialized system serving a very small segment of the overall maintenance mission of the ADOT. To be efficient and cost effective, a wider range of maintenance activities would have to be integrated into a single system framework. In the final analysis, the research successfully established a conceptual framework around which a new maintenance management system can evolve. This volume contains the User's Manual Documentation. KW - Computer program documentation KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Demonstration KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Development KW - General surface features of the earth KW - Geographic information systems KW - Handheld devices KW - Hardware KW - Inventory KW - Landscape KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Manuals KW - Maps KW - Roadside KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/388788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648274 AU - Cao, L AU - Allen, J H AU - Shing, P B AU - Woodham, D AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CASE STUDY OF CONCRETE DECK BEHAVIOR IN A FOUR-SPAN PRESTRESSED GIRDER BRIDGE: CORRELATION OF FIELD TESTS AND NUMERICAL RESULTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 103 p. AB - Cracking at the top of bridge decks exposes the top mat of reinforcing bars to chloride attack, which is a major cause of the deterioration of bridge decks. The top mat of reinforcement is required by the current AASHTO design code, in which the influence of girder flexibility on deck behavior is not considered. However, it has been observed that girder deflection reduces the tensile stresses developed at the top of bridge decks. As a result, the need for top reinforcing bars is questionable. To explore the possibility of eliminating top reinforcing bars and, thereby, reducing the vulnerability to deterioration, the behavior of a four-span highway bridge is being investigated. In the four-span bridge deck studied, one span has an experimental deck which has no top reinforcement, while the remainder has both top and bottom reinforcement, which conforms to AASHTO Specifications and serves as a control. The response of the bridge deck under a test truck, which was 47% heavier than a standard HS20 truck, was monitored with imbedded strain gages. It was found that the peak transverse tensile strains developed at the top of the deck were less than 30% of the cracking strain. The behavior of the bridge deck under the test truck has also been analyzed with the finite element method. The numerical results correlate well with the test results. The response of the deck under general truck loads has been analyzed with the validated numerical model, and the numerical results show that the tensile stresses developed at the top of the deck always tend to be much less than the modulus of rupture of the deck concrete. This study confirms the feasibility of eliminating most of the top reinforcement in bridge decks. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Top mat reinforcing bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648259 AU - Kim, C S AU - Noble, P N AU - California State University, Sacramento AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR REPAIRING PCC USING COMBINATIONS OF VINYL ESTERS AND METHACRYLATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 110 p. AB - A mechanistic approach was used to develop improved polymer concrete (PC) for repair of portland cement concrete (PCC). The VEPM binder system (vinyl esters containing acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, polar methacrylates, styrene and a silane coupling agent) produced PCs with tensile, flexural and compressive strengths superior to existing polyester PCs. VEPM PCs have excellent bonding characteristics to steel and PCC (both dry and moist), and the bonds are highly resistant to degradation by harsh freeze-thaw-soak cycles. They also have good absorption, chemical resistance and volume shrinkage. Because this contract had only a year's duration, additional research will be needed to lower the binder modulus without sacrificing good bond characteristics and strength, to improve control of pot-life and cure time, and to study the effect of types, sizes and size distributions of aggregates. Preliminary results in these areas suggest that it will indeed be possible to develop a superior polymer concrete based on the VEPM binder system. KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Flexural strength KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Methacrylates KW - Patching KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Polymer concrete KW - Research KW - Tensile properties KW - Vinyl esters UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387478 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648265 AU - CLAIBORN, C AU - Mitra, A AU - WESTBERG, H AU - LAMB, B AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT AND SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF PM SUB 10 ROADWAY EMISSIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 93 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to develop a methodology for assessing PM sub 10 emissions (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 microns) from roads, and to compare emission factors developed from this method to those published factors currently in use by regulatory agencies. Upwind and downwind concentrations of PM sub 10 were monitored at several paved and unpaved roadway sites in eastern Washington and northern Idaho. A novel method for measuring PM sub 10 emission rates that used an inert, atmospheric tracer to simulate the road sources of PM sub 10 was developed. Using this methodology, PM sub 10 emission rates were measured from paved and unpaved roads. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of an inert tracer in a line source to simulate roadway PM sub 10 emissions can provide a tool for improving the existing emission inventories for fugitive PM sub 10 emissions from roads. The emission factors calculated for unpaved roads were similar in magnitude to those currently used by the Department of Ecology. The factors for paved roads were nearly an order of magnitude higher than those currently in use. PM sub 10 emission rates for paved roads were found to be highly variable, depending on parameters that include wind speed, the variability in the wind direction, and traffic and roadway conditions. KW - Emission rates KW - Measurement KW - Particulates KW - Pavements KW - Pollutants KW - Road conditions KW - Tracers KW - Tracers (Chemistry) KW - Traffic KW - Unpaved roads KW - Wind KW - Wind effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387485 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648262 AU - Wright, J R AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE COMPUTER AIDED SYSTEM FOR PLANNING EFFICIENT ROUTES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 29 p. AB - The Indiana Department of Transportation has sponsored the design and implementation of a decision support system for routing highway maintenance vehicles--the Computer Aided System for Planning Efficient Routes (CASPER). Designed for solving multiobjective route design problems, CASPER has been used by agency personnel to design routes for winter maintenance vehicles with significant results: cost savings of more than $9 million to the State of Indiana through more efficient use of materials, equipment, and personnel, while at the same time significant improvement in overall level of network and public service. CASPER integrates 1) an extensive spatial network database (GIS/CAD), 2) a models base consisting of multiobjective search heuristics and network algorithms, and 3) a template-driven and highly interactive user interface. KW - Algorithms KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Geographic information systems KW - Heuristic methods KW - Improvements KW - Information processing KW - Interactive computing KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Maintenance vehicles KW - Optimization KW - Routing KW - Support systems KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647986 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - STUDY OF THE MAXIMUM AXLE WEIGHT LIMITS OF PUBLIC TRANSIT VEHICLES ON THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM. REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS FROM THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 1023(H) OF THE INTERMODAL SURFACE TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ACT OF 1991 PY - 1994/04 SP - 26 p. AB - This study is a response to a directive in the ISTEA that requires the Secretary to conduct a study of the maximum axle weight limits of "public transit vehicles" on the Interstate System. The FHWA and FTA conducted this study by soliciting comments through a notice in the Federal Register. The report documents the 17 questions published in the Federal Register notice inquiring about transit buses and how compliance with the Interstate System weight limits might be achieved. Each question is accompanied with a discussion of the respondents' comments. The study shows that the rear axles of some standard size transit buses exceed the 20,000-pound single-axle Interstate System weight limit, even when empty. When fully loaded with sitting and standing passengers, some axles are as much as 8,000 pounds overweight. There was general agreement among the respondents about the accuracy of the rear axle overweight shown on the charts in this report. The high weights are caused by the equipment requirements imposed by government regulations, the need for a sturdy vehicle to achieve an acceptable service life, and the position of the engine cantilevered behind the rear axle, as well as inattention to weight-saving technology. The report concludes that until a new bus fleet can replace the old, accommodations must be made to allow existing buses to use the Interstate System. The recommendation was that Congress amend 23 U.S.C 127 to create a phase-in plan which will ensure that public transit buses purchased with Federal funds are eventually brought into compliance with the weight limits of 23 U.S.C. 127. KW - Axle loads KW - Axles KW - Bus design KW - Buses KW - Government regulations KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Public passenger vehicles KW - Rear axles KW - Regulation KW - Regulations KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Transit vehicles KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle rear end KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647442 AU - Livingston, J AU - Anderson, K AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUBBER MODIFIED AND PBA-6 ASPHALT BINDER PAVEMENTS. SR-5, LEWIS COUNTY LINE TO SR-12. POST-CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 28 p. AB - This report documents the construction of two experimental test sections of asphalt concrete pavement containing polymer and ground rubber additives. The two sections are located on I-5 south of Olympia, Washington and were constructed in the summer of 1992. The test sections were paved with an open-graded mix using PBA-6 and PBA-6GR asphalt cement binders. PBA-6 is a performance based asphalt cement with a polymer additive. PBA-6GR is also a performance based asphalt cement but with ground rubber tires as the additive. The PBA-6GR is a new product developed by the U.S. Oil and Refining Company of Tacoma, Washington. The completed test sections are performing well, although the PBA-6GR section is flushing due to too high of an initial asphalt content. The sections will be monitored for a minimum of 10 years to determine long-term performance. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Crumb rubber KW - Experimental roads KW - Long term KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Test sections KW - Time duration KW - Tires UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/347.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387238 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647436 AU - McMahon, J W AU - Schulze, T AU - Federico, A P AU - Baer, J AU - Orski, C K AU - McMahon Associates, Incorporated AU - Urban Mobility Corporation AU - Howard/Stein-Hudson, Associates AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR PENNDOT'S TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 147 p. AB - Research Project Number 92-11 has provided technical assistance for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation's (PennDOT's) Transportation Management Association (TMA) Assistance Program. The Consultant provided guidance and background information to nine TMAs in the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh metropolitan areas. TMAs are organizations composed of representatives of an area's business community, municipal and county governments, and local organizations. Through the TMA Assistance Program, PennDOT is providing a more efficient means of getting effective, community-based, Transportation Demand Management (TDM) programs operating in targeted metropolitan areas. The Consultant provided assistance to TMAs being funded by contracts awarded through PennDOT's TMA Assiatance Program, as well as to other TMAs seeking funding assistance. Each TMA was given assistance based on its unique characteristics. This relationship facilitated development of a monthly and quarterly evaluation which measures the progress of TMAs in achieving their goals. KW - Assistance programs KW - Grant aid KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Pennsylvania KW - Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) KW - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technical assistance KW - Transportation management associations KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647384 AU - Anderson, K W AU - Gubbe, J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADS HDPE SEWER PIPE: I-90, THIRD LAKE WASHINGTON BRIDGE MAINTENANCE FACILITY. POST-CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 7 p. AB - The construction and pressure testing of a field installation of ADS HDPE corrugated PVC sewer pipe is documented in this report. The ADS HDPE pipe was installed on a project located on I-90 underneath the west approach to the Third Lake Washington Floating Bridge. The ADS HDPE pipe is a double walled (smooth interior) corrugated polyethylene pipe meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 294. The use of the ADS pipe saved time and money by not having to use a backhoe to set the pipe sections. A $507.50 credit was received by the Washington State Department of Transportation for the use of the ADS pipe in lieu of plain concrete pipe. KW - Construction KW - Corrugated pipe culverts KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Drainage KW - Instruments for measuring loads or pressure KW - Pipe KW - Polyvinyl chloride KW - Pressure testing KW - Productivity KW - Sewers KW - Time savings UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/344.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647334 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF A FINE AGGREGATE ANGULARITY TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 61 p. AB - Both the contractors and Colorado Department of Transportation have had frustrations with the specification used to limit natural fine aggregates. The angularity of manufactured and natural fine aggregates needs to be more clearly defined for contractual purposes. The purpose of this report is to develop a specification and implementation plan for quantitatively defining manufactured and natural fine aggregates. Two methods were investigated: the AASHTO TP3 and French P18-564 methods. Results from the two tests provided comparable rankings of the individual stockpiles and blended natural and manufactured fine aggregates tested in this study. The AASHTO TP3 is recommended because of sample preparation time. Specifications to limit the natural fine aggregates in quantitative manner and an implementation plan were developed. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Angularity KW - Artificial aggregates KW - Fine aggregates KW - France KW - Natural aggregates KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387153 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647335 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF REFINING PROCESSES AND CRUDE OIL SOURCES USED IN COLORADO ON RESULTS FROM THE HAMBURG WHEEL-TRACKING DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/04 SP - 61 p. AB - The Hamburg wheel-tracking device is known to be very sensitive to aggregate quality. It was considered important to investigate how the asphalt-aggregate interaction can influence the results. The purpose of this report is to identify the influence of the asphalt-aggregate interaction by using results from the Hamburg wheel-tracking device. Ten grading AC-10 asphalt cements were used from four refineries who supply asphalt in Colorado that used various refining processes and crude oil sources. The refining process and crude oil sources do influence the test results from the Hamburg wheel-tracking device. Each refinery was able to produce an asphalt cement that passed in the Hamburg wheel-tracking device with the better aggregates. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt-aggregate interface KW - Crude oil KW - Crude oil sources KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Refining processes KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387154 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647286 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CHARACTERISTICS OF BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. PRESENTATIONS FROM THE 7TH CONFERENCE ON BRIDGE MANAGEMENT, AUSTIN, TEXAS, SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1993 PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - 160 p. AB - This circular contains the papers presented at the Seventh Conference on Bridge Management. The objective of the Conference was to provide a forum for the exchange of information about the state-of-the-art in bridge management support systems. The papers are grouped into four categories: Bridge Management Decision Support Process; National and Provincial Bridge Management Systems; State and Local Approaches to Bridge Management; and Development and Implementation Issues in Bridge Management Systems. The first category contains three papers that describe the basic components of the bridge management support process: data needs and collection, data analysis, and decision support. The second category includes four papers that describe the two U.S. national systems, Pontis and BRIDGIT, followed by examinations of Denmark's bridge management system (BMS) and Ontario's project BMS. The third category has seven papers; the first five describe systems in Alabama, Connecticut, Indiana, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania, and the last two papers provide a city's and a county's view of the bridge management process. The fourth category contains four papers. The first describes a method for developing National Bridge Inventory (NBI) condition ratings from a BMS, the second and third papers address issues involved in user costs, and the last paper examines the future prospects for bridge management. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alabama KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Connecticut KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Denmark KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Hennepin County (Minnesota) KW - Indiana KW - Inventory KW - National bridge inventory KW - North Carolina KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Pennsylvania KW - Ratings KW - State of the art studies KW - Technological innovations KW - United States KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390336 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647299 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kaderbek, S L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT A BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CAN DO FOR A LARGE CITY PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 116-119 AB - The benefits derived through the implementation of a Bridge Management System (BMS) at the state transportation agency level are well documented. Little attention has been given, however, to the use of a BMS at the local agency level. Local agencies face many of the same challenges as state agencies regarding allocation of scarce resources such as dollars, labor and equipment, to address the needs of an aging infrastructure. Local agencies also must deal with the reality of maintaining this infrastructure to meet the needs of the local population. BMSs, as they are currently envisioned, are principally planning and programming tools. Enhancements must be made to BMSs to allow bridge design and maintenance engineers at the local level to utilize all the capabilities of the database to effectively manage and respond to the needs of the infrastructure. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Conferences KW - Infrastructure KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Maintenance management KW - Resource allocation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390349 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647301 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hearn, G AU - Frangopol, D M AU - Pinkerton, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NBI CONDITION RATINGS FROM BMS DATA PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 122-129 AB - Methods to generate National Bridge Inventory (NBI) condition ratings for deck (NBI Field 58), superstructure (NBI Field 59), substructure (NBI Field 60), and culvert (NBI Field 62) from element-level condition data in a bridge management system (BMS) database have been developed. A translation of data from BMS coding to NBI coding is possible by linking BMS elements to corresponding NBI fields and mapping BMS condition states to the NBI rating scale. Methods for NBI generation are now available and have been calibrated against data gathered by nine state departments of transportation (DOTs) in testing of Pontis BMS in 1992. The performance of NBI generation is good and a uniform generation procedure for all state DOTs is feasible. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Activities leading to information generation KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Data communications KW - Data generation KW - Data translation KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Inventory KW - National bridge inventory KW - Ratings KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390351 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647303 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Johnston, D W AU - Chen, C AU - Abed-Al-Rahim, I AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING USER COSTS FOR BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 139-149 AB - Evaluation of bridges for improvement in bridge management systems to meet expectations of ISTEA legislation and AASHTO guidelines depends on accurate estimates of various user and agency costs associated with both the existing structure and the improved or replaced structure. This paper summarizes methods developed for determining the user costs associated with deficiencies in load capacity, deck, approach and vertical clearance geometry. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Deficiencies KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - User costs KW - Vertical clearance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390353 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647291 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lipkus, S E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGIT BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SOFTWARE PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 43-54 AB - BRIDGIT is a microcomputer based bridge management system (BMS) being developed under NCHRP Project 12-28(2)A to meet the operational needs of state and local DOT bridge authorities as well as requirements being proposed by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The Phase I portion of the work has resulted in a software program named BRIDGIT. The system includes several modules that permit bridge agencies to store and modify inventory, inspection and maintenance information for bridges and culverts. An unlimited number of inventory data items can be created by the agency if desired. BRIDGIT also can produce a multi-period optimization analysis of the network or any subset of it to estimate and prioritize bridge improvement needs for both the constrained and unconstrained budget cases. Both costs to the agency as well as to users are included in the evaluation of feasible maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement options. The analysis also considers level of service goals for removing functional deficiencies due to geometric and load capacity deficiencies. BRIDGIT provides routines to enable agencies to transfer information into the system from databases stored in other external systems. In addition, the system can automatically convert condition information uploaded from other systems, such as the NBIS (National Bridge Inventory System), to the condition rating format used in BRIDGIT. Phase I of this project began in January 1992 and was completed in July of 1993. A second phase is in progress to develop some enhancements to the system and is scheduled for completion in early 1994. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Bridgit (Bridge management system) KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Culverts KW - Data communications KW - Data transfers KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Improvements KW - Inspection KW - Inventory KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance KW - Optimization KW - Options KW - Ratings KW - Software KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390341 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647292 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Andersen, N H AU - LAURIDSEN, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF DENMARK'S BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 55-61 AB - Bridge Management System (BMS) is an area in rapid development. Although we have been working with this subject for nearly 20 years in Denmark, we are still adding new parts to our system. Experience obtained from working with bridge management in other countries also has influenced our system development. Thus, what we present today is a step forward from what we were able to show a few years ago. Since the last presentation of the work in Thailand, we have developed new modules for optimization and also preventive maintenance, long-term budgets and a price book. We are currently working on an experience module. This paper describes the various components of our system and the status of our development. It also describes how the system is used as a tool in the road administration when dealing with the multiple tasks that have to be taken care of in the daily work. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Budgeting KW - Conferences KW - Decision support systems KW - Denmark KW - Optimization KW - Preventive maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390342 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647288 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kleywegt, A J AU - Sinha, K C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TOOLS FOR BRIDGE MANAGEMENT DATA ANALYSIS PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 16-26 AB - The objective of bridge management is to allocate and use the limited resources in an optimal way for the provision of service. Data collection and data analysis are essential components of a bridge management process. Without these two activities, strategy selection and implementation cannot function efficiently. Data collection and analysis are therefore conducted not for their own sake, but to enable the other activities in the process to be well executed. An important purpose of data analysis is the prediction of the impact of different strategies on the system objectives. This involves predicting future conditions of bridge elements, agency costs of different projects and activities, and user and nonuser consequences expressed as user costs, user time, accident rates and other impacts. In this paper the application of several data analysis techniques, such as regression analysis, Markov chains, Bayesian estimation and fuzzy set theory for the prediction of bridge element condition, agency costs and user costs, is discussed. Whatever techniques are used, the point is stressed that the success of data analysis depends ultimately on the quality and sufficiency of data gathered. The objective of data analysis is not the analysis but better strategy selection. To assist in strategy development, several prioritization and optimization procedures exist that can be usefully applied. Some common techniques for priority setting and optimization, such as the analytic hierarchy process, linear and integer linear programming, dynamic programming and network techniques, are briefly discussed. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Agency costs KW - Bridge condition KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Estimation theory KW - Forecasting KW - Fuzzy sets KW - Inspection KW - Markov chains KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Regression analysis KW - Resource allocation KW - Strategic planning KW - User costs UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trcircular/423/423-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390338 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647295 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lauzon, R G AU - Sime, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONNECTICUT'S BRIDGE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 81-86 AB - Procedures for the storage and retrieval of bridge-related information at the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) had remained virtually unchanged since the Department began keeping records. In 1985 the Department began utilizing advanced technologies to store and retrieve highway photolog images which provided an integral element in the development of the Department's Pavement Management System. In 1988 ConnDOT, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, began investigating the use of the same technologies for the storage and retrieval of bridge-related information. The investigation brought to light inefficiencies in the storage and distribution of bridge-related data within the Department. With the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, six management systems were mandated, including one for bridges. This paper briefly describes the development of an information system dedicated to bridges and how it is being modified to provide input to the Connecticut Bridge Management Information System (CBMIS), to assist in the processing of data, and to support the results of a network analysis on a bridge-by-bridge basis. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Connecticut KW - Data storage KW - Information processing KW - Information retrieval KW - Information systems KW - Network analysis (Planning) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390345 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647290 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Thompson, P D AU - Shepard, R W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PONTIS PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 35-42 AB - Pontis is a network-level Bridge Management System (BMS) to aid in the optimization of budgets and programs for the maintenance and improvements of each state's inventory of structures. The system includes several important innovations in bridge inspection procedures, life-cycle cost estimation, economic optimization, deterioration modeling, and software engineering. With a large collection of customization and "what-if" analysis features, the system is highly adaptable to the diverse needs of the states. It can operate in a client-server environment in tandem with mainframe or personal computer bridge inventories, and can be subdivided into components useful for inspectors, district offices, and local governments to support their individual portions of a state's total BMS. All 50 of the states have requested the software for evaluation, and a recent American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) solicitation indicates that at least 38 states have agreed to participate in a proposed AASHTOware (trademark) project to support and enhance the system. Many local, federal, and international agencies are also evaluating it. Initial development of the system was completed in February of 1992, and it is currently undergoing a set of minor software enhancements along with a process of standardizing the definitions of bridge elements to be inspected. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Budgeting KW - Computer science KW - Conferences KW - Decision support systems KW - Deterioration KW - Economics KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Pontis (Computer program) KW - Software KW - Software engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390340 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647297 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Johnston, D W AU - Lee, J D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE MANAGEMENT DATA IN NORTH CAROLINA PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 97-109 AB - An overview is presented of the North Carolina Bridge Management System. The system is based on economic evaluation considering agency and user costs, and engineering evaluation considering minimum user and maintenance condition levels of service. The system seeks to reduce total costs to the ultimate owner, the user-taxpayer, while assuring essential minimum levels of condition and public service. Descriptions of databases, analyses conducted and samples of results are included. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Cost control KW - Cost reduction KW - Costs KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Level of service KW - Mathematical analysis KW - North Carolina KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390347 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647304 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - SHIROLE, A M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT TO THE YEAR 2000 AND BEYOND PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 150-153 AB - The momentum of Bridge Management System (BMS) development activities increased significantly during the 1980s. These activities have continued to accelerate with the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991. This paper reviews the status of BMS development and the difficulties it faces. It also discusses the rapid advances taking place in automation and communications technologies and their beneficial impact on the developments in bridge management. The application of these technologies to bridge management data collection, data analysis and decision-support functions will provide dramatic improvements in BMS capabilities in terms of its comprehensiveness and cost-effectiveness. However, these developments must occur within the context of intermodalism and interface with other ISTEA mandated management systems. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Automation KW - Benefits KW - Bridge management systems KW - Communications KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Development KW - Future policies KW - Improvements KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Policy KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390354 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647293 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Reel, R S AU - Conte, D F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROJECT BRIDGE MANAGEMENT IN ONTARIO PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 62-71 AB - A bridge management system is required to ensure the safety of bridges and to optimize the resources available for maintenance and rehabilitation. This paper describes the bridge management practices in Ontario at the project level and outlines the work in progress toward the development of a comprehensive bridge management system at the network level. The visual inspection condition data collected on bridges are supplemented with data from detailed condition surveys that include nondestructive and destructive sampling and testing. The results of those inspections and surveys are assessed to determine appropriate methods and options for rehabilitation. As an economic evaluation is an important step in the decision making process for work that involves major expenditures, the costs for alternative levels of improvements to a bridge are compared to determine the most economical option for the bridge based on a present value analysis and incremental benefit/cost ratio analysis. One benefit of this approach to bridge rehabilitation is significant improvements in the selection of rehabilitation options through detailed life-cycle analysis to determine optimal cost-effective options. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge management systems KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Destructive testing KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Improvements KW - Inspection KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mechanical tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Optimization KW - Options KW - Present value KW - Rehabilitation KW - Value analysis KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390343 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647294 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Green, S G AU - Richardson, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN ALABAMA PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 72-80 AB - This paper describes the development of Alabama's bridge management system (ABIMS) by the Alabama Department of Transportation (Department). Unique features of ABIMS development include its comprehensive committee structure and efficient software development procedure. Specific information is given regarding important ABIMS functions such as bridge resource tracking, needed and performed maintenance reporting, and scour monitoring. After hiring the University of Alabama as a consultant, the Department organized several committees to oversee, review, and develop ABIMS. The committees were composed of personnel from many branches and levels within the Department, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and city and county representatives, which ensures ABIMS will interface as smoothly as possible with existing systems and will meet the needs of all users. Early, the Department decided to develop its own bridge management system (BMS) rather than use an off-the-shelf system. ABIMS was designed by pulling information and ideas from many sources and molding a BMS to custom-fit Alabama's needs. The detailed system design was performed by the bridge management engineer and the computer-program analyst assigned full-time to the project. Software development for ABIMS followed a three-phase procedure in which the function of every component was first fully-defined before proceeding with the actual computer programming. Several of ABIMS components or modules are up and running, including its unique scour module. This module displays stream-bottom profiles based on sounding data from biennial inspections. The graphical display allows bridge inspectors and maintenance engineers to spot developing scour problems. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Alabama KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Development KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - Inspection KW - Modules KW - Modules (Electricity) KW - Problem identification KW - Scour KW - Software KW - Sounding UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390344 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647287 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Turner, D S AU - Richardson, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DATA NEEDS AND DATA COLLECTION PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 5-15 AB - This paper examines the types of data needed for operation of bridge management systems (BMSs). It traces the historical development of the National Bridge Inspection Standard (NBIS), which requires the collection of bridge data by all highway agencies. However, NBIS data are limited and do not supply the detailed information needed to make decisions regarding allocation of bridge resources. Many states have begun to supplement the NBIS data for bridge management purposes. The authors conducted a survey of bridge data collection by state highway agencies in 14 states. A wide variety was noted for both data collection and BMS practices. The strongest finding was that the states were collecting much more data than required by the NBIS. Data types, data uses, and collection methods are reviewed in the paper. The paper also outlines data needs for typical BMS functions such as preventing bridge failures, determining functional obsolescence, establishing maintenance requirements, determining future conditions through deterioration modeling, and operating bridge-cost models. Cost-effective management requires the use of sophisticated techniques and comprehensive data to provide bridges for tomorrow on today's limited budgets. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Information organization KW - National bridge inspection standard KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390337 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647289 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - SHIROLE, A M AU - Winkler, W J AU - Fitzpatrick, M W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT DECISION SUPPORT PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 27-34 AB - Bridge Management Systems (BMSs) are designed to assist the bridge manager in cost-effectively addressing the bridge infrastructure needs. Typical decision support includes access and retrieval of bridge related information, assessment of bridge needs, evaluation and cost estimating of alternate strategies for inclusion in optimized capital and maintenance programs, network and project level forecasting, and trend analysis. This paper specifically focuses on major bridge related decisions managers face, at the network and project level, and the types of decision support needed for assuring appropriateness and cost-effectiveness of those decisions. It also discusses the data sources that can provide this decision support. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data sources KW - Decision support systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390339 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647296 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Woods, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INDIANA'S APPROACH TO A BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 87-96 AB - Indiana approached the development of a bridge management system with the requirement to utilize the current bridge inspection data collected under the guidelines of the National Bridge Inventory standards. There are four core modules of the system that run sequentially. The four modules are decision tree (DTREE), economic analysis (COST), ranking (RANK), and optimization (OPT). The objective of DTREE is to analyze condition and geometrical data selecting representative actions over a five-year time window, updating condition ratings dynamically by the Markovian process. The COST module uses recommended actions, costs and action years from DTREE to perform life-cycle cost analysis. The RANK module selects projects in priority order based on a weighted criteria to maximize effectiveness of investment, bridge condition preservation, and bridge traffic safety, and minimize negative community impact. Utility curves were derived for these criteria to measure effectiveness (benefit) based on the difference in utility values from the projected bridge condition at the time of proposed construction, to the utility value of the proposed bridge improvement. Selection of projects can be made by selecting projects of the highest effectiveness until funds are expended. The OPT module uses the output from the RANK module to select bridges with the greatest total effectiveness. Thus, the effectiveness is the improvement in overall disutility of the bridge. The intent of the optimization process is to maximize the system effectiveness and minimize the cost while staying within the proposed budget. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Indiana KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390346 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647298 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Oravec, J D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PENNDOT'S BRIDGE MANAGEMENT DECISION SUPPORT PROCESS PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 110-115 AB - The purpose of this paper is to describe the capabilities of Pennsylvania's Bridge Management System (BMS) and how these capabilities support decision making within the Department of Transportation. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) has developed and implemented a comprehensive BMS. This system has been operational since December 1986. Pennsylvania's BMS can store a wide range of bridge inspection data. BMS also can analyze this data using individual subsystems to provide decision support for Department managers. A Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement Subsystem provides cost estimating and prioritization of bridge improvement projects to support long range planning and programming decisions. A Bridge Maintenance Subsystem provides cost estimating and prioritization of bridge maintenance activities for assistance in developing annual maintenance programs. A Modeling Subsystem that uses deterioration curves for bridge condition and bridge load capacity enables Department managers to predict future bridge improvement needs using different funding scenarios. An Automated Permit Rating and Routing Subsystem is being developed to provide decision support in the load rating, routing and issuance of permits for overweight and oversize vehicles. Finally, a Reports Subsystem is available to provide both standardized and customized report generation capabilities for any subset of data in BMS. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge condition KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Cost estimating KW - Data analysis KW - Data storage KW - Decision making KW - Decision support systems KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highway capacity KW - Inspection KW - Load limits KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Pennsylvania KW - Permits KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacements KW - Report generation KW - Strategic planning KW - Subsystems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390348 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647300 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Murphy, P B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COUNTY BRIDGE MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 120-121 AB - This paper describes elements that will be important to counties as State Departments of Transportation develop and implement their Bridge Management Systems. Elements defined include: Ability to analyze, optimize, and prioritize by bridge ownership jurisdictions; Direct access by local governments to the state managed system, as "co-users"; Ability to accept several data input methods; Ability to perform optimization by several subsets such as type of jurisdiction, various geographic boundaries, and individual ownership jurisdiction; Need for states to work closely with their local governments as the system is developed; and Have early and meaningful dialogue with local governments related to both the development and use of the system. The last is the most important element. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Access KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data input methods KW - Direct access KW - Hennepin County (Minnesota) KW - Information processing KW - Input output devices KW - Local government KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Systems analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390350 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00647302 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Yanev, B S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USER COSTS IN A BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1994/04 IS - 423 SP - p. 130-138 AB - A fundamental task of bridge management is to optimize fund allocations for the reconstruction, maintenance, repair and inspection of a bridge network under existing constraints. The first step in this process is to assume that all existing bridges are beneficial to the community of users. Thus a bridge is rebuilt, repaired or maintained according to its condition. Since all bridge management decisions are optimized under certain constraints, a bridge management system (BMS) provides a method for prioritizing work on structures according to selected criteria. A simple approach would involve addressing the bridges in the worst condition first. An improved system evaluates bridges according to the cost of the work needed. Intervention in the bridge deterioration process at an earlier stage is cost effective by comparison to allowing the bridge to depreciate and then replacing it. A further refinement considers the importance of the bridge to the users. Several factors can be used to reflect this consideration, such as average daily traffic, peak daily traffic, alternate routes, traffic accident count, and level of serviceability. Some of these factors can be treated as deterministic variables, while others are of a random nature. A detailed evaluation would assign certain value to the time lost by the users due to partial or full bridge closure. The study of bridge deck repair strategies by Llanos and Yanev (Proceedings of the Civil Engineering Automation Conference, November 1991) for instance assumed that bridges rated below three provide 75% and bridges rated below two provide 50% of the full bridge service. An accurate evaluation of this assumption would be of considerable benefit. An estimate of the effect of bridge conditions on traffic accidents and their respective cost would have to be made as well. Considering the above factors as variables allows one to observe their influence on bridge management strategies. Thus, it becomes possible to demonstrate critical levels of service that determine the optimal strategy for a bridge, e.g., to rebuild under partial or full closure, to demolish without replacement, or to rehabilitate. In the current practice such decisions are based on experience and engineering judgement. It would be helpful to compare these decisions with a model addressing an entire network, consisting of bridges of different size, importance, and level of deterioration, such as the ones in New York City or even individual cases such as the East River crossings. U1 - Characteristics of Bridge Management SystemsTransportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration.Austin, Texas StartDate:19930915 EndDate:19930917 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board Committee on Structures Maintenance and Management, Texas Department of Transportation, and the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Intervention KW - Level of service KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547827 AU - Banihatti, Nataraj V AU - Ford, Miller C AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design of Asphalt Chip Seals PY - 1994/03/31/Final Report SP - 91p AB - This report on design of asphalt chip seals is based on testing of the in-place seal coat and its emulsion and aggregate components. The samples were obtained from four seal coat projects constructed by the Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) district maintenance sealing crews during the 1990 and 1991 sealing season. The seal coat test sections studied were constructed using CRS-2, CRS-2P and CRS-2L asphalt emulsions. The performance or relative durability of each seal coat test section was determined by use of an accelerated wear track and field condition ratings. Seal coats constructed with CRS-2P and CRS-2L emulsion performed better than CRS-2 jobs. The chip seals constructed with Class 1 (-3/4") or Class 2 (-1/2") aggregate performed better than did the chip seals constructed using Class 3 (-3/8") aggregate. Also chip seal samples taken from projects constructed using pneumatic and steel wheel rollers indicated greater durability than samples taken from projects using only a pneumatic roller. Based upon the continuing investigation of the 1981 chip seal sections of TRC-65, a fairly good relationship between the accelerated wear track results and chip seal service was determined by regression analysis. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Chip seals KW - Durability KW - Road rollers KW - Seal coats KW - Service life KW - Test sections UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%209102.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334830 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713034 AU - Lankard, D AU - Lankard Materials Laboratories AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF FINISHING AIDS ON THE QUALITY OF THE WEARING SURFACE OF BRIDGE DECK SLABS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03/31 SP - 39 p. AB - An investigation was made of the practice of using evaporation-retarding materials as "finishing aids" for concrete bridge deck slab wearing surfaces. When used in this manner, excessive amounts of the evaporation-retarding materials can be worked into the wearing surface concrete. Data generated in the investigation confirm that the improper use of evaporation-retarding materials as "finishing aids" can have an adverse effect on the quality of the wearing surface concrete. Improper use is characterized as (1) application of quantities of the evaporation-retarding materials in excess of their recommended maximum application rate and (2) application of the materials during concrete finishing operations. The adverse consequences of this practice are that the water-cement ratio of the concrete comprising the wearing surface is increased, and the amount of entrained air in the immediate wearing surface concrete may be reduced. When this occurs, the wearing surface concrete is expected to have a reduced resistance to wear and a reduction in its ability to withstand the effects of freeze/thaw cycling. Recommendations are provided for the proper use of evaporation-retarding materials. KW - Air entrainment KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete finishing KW - Durability KW - Evaporation KW - Evaporation control KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Misuse KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations KW - Retarders (Chemistry) KW - Water cement ratio KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01548146 AU - Elliott, Robert P AU - Gowda, Giri AU - Mack Blackwell National Rural Transportation Center AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - Deformation of Surface and Binder Courses PY - 1994/03//Final Report SP - 53p AB - To determine the relative rut resistance of typical Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department (AHTD) surface and binder mixes, repeated load, permanent deformation tests were conducted. Both laboratory prepared specimens and specimens obtained by coring in-service pavements were tested. The accumulated permanent strain after 10,000 load repetitions was used as the measure of relative rutting resistance. The test results clearly show the surface mix to be much less rut resistant than the binder mix. The average strain of the surface mix ranged from 3 to 5.5 times the average strain in the binder mix. Based on this finding, it is recommended that restrictions be placed on the substitution of surface for specifications to implement the recommendation. KW - Arkansas KW - Binder course KW - Laboratory tests KW - Repeated loads KW - Rutting KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%209204.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1335510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105017 AU - Younger, Carey L AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Evaluation of Bridge Deck Cathodic Protection PY - 1994/03//Final Report SP - 54p AB - This report presents the results of the evaluation of cathodic protection systems installed on Interstate Route 80 in 1988. Both the titanium mesh anode and mounded conductive polymer systems have performed satisfactorily and are preventing further deterioration of the concrete from reinforcing steel corrosion. The titanium mesh anode exhibits the best overall performance of the systems under test. Based on the findings in this study, results of the recent national effort by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP-S-337), and favorable reports by other users, it is recommended that cathodic protection be adopted as an alternate bridge deck rehabilitation method by the Department. Future Department installations should incorporate guidelines provided in the AASHTO-AGC-ARTBA Task Force No. 29 publication, 'Guide Specification for Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Decks', SHRP(sup 5,6) and the recommendations given in this report. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion protection KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforcing steel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22200/22223/PB99169310.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/864777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739851 AU - Fleckenstein, L J AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FOLLOW-UP INVESTIGATION OF PREMATURE CRACKING ON THE NATIONAL TURNPIKE, JEFFERSON COUNTY PY - 1994/03 SP - 39 p. AB - This report discusses the investigation of the premature cracking that has been occurring on the National Turnpike, Jefferson County since 1989. A report was issued in 1990, KTC-90-5. This report documents performance to date. A detailed distress survey was performed evaluating each slab throughout the project site. The distress survey indicates that substantial pavement cracking has occurred since the last visual inspection in 1990. An intense maintenance program is recommended. KW - Load settlement KW - Load transfer KW - Loads KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement stabilization KW - Portland cement KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Subgrade stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00726257 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERWEIGHT VEHICLES: PENALTIES AND PERMITS. AN INVENTORY OF STATE PRACTICES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1992 PY - 1994/03 SP - 182 p. AB - This is the 14th annual report from the Secretary of Transportation to Congress on state vehicle weight laws and enforcement practices as required by Section 123, STAA of 1978 (Appendix A). It covers state weight enforcement activities during FY 1992. The FHWA oversight of the states' vehicle weight enforcement program is carried out in compliance with 23 U.S.C., Sections 141 and 127 (Appendices B and C respectively). KW - Size and weight regulations KW - State laws KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664343 AU - Davalos, J F AU - Petro, S H AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TIMBER SUBSTRUCTURES FOR BRIDGE APPLICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 111 p. AB - Timber bridges have become a viable alternative for new bridge construction on low-volume roads, where it is imperative that the bridges be economical and long-lasting. Considerable research on superstructural systems has been completed in the U.S. and has provided design, construction, and inspection guidelines for innovative timber bridges. Guidelines for the design of stress-laminated timber decks have been published by AASHTO. However, practical recommendations concerning timber substructural systems are not readily available. Therefore, the objectives of this booklet are: (1) to present background information on timber substructures, (2) to present practical design guidelines for various systems, (3) to recommend guidelines for construction and inspection procedures, and (4) to present sources of additional information on timber substructures for bridge applications. The following five systems were selected: timber piles, steel bent-pile abutments, culverts, crib-wall abutments, and stub abutments. This publication is part of a collection of three booklets for the study "Education and Technology Transfer", under the Timber Bridge Research Program. The other two booklets are: FHWA-RD-92-044 - Corrosion Protection of Steel Hardware Used in Modern Timber Bridges (TRIS 636308); and FHWA-RD-91-120 - Design, Construction, and Quality Control Guidelines for Stress-Laminated Timber Bridge Decks (TRIS 636334). KW - Abutments KW - Bents KW - Bridge substructures KW - Components KW - Construction management KW - Crib wall abutments KW - Crib walls KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Inspection KW - Low volume roads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Stub abutments KW - Timber KW - Timber (Structural) KW - Timber culverts KW - Timber piles KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681925 AU - Claassen, V P AU - Zasoski, R J AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF TOPSOIL REAPPLICATION ON VEGETATION REESTABLISHMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 91 p. AB - Topsoils were harvested and stockpiled during road construction in northern California. After five months in storage, topsoils were reapplied to barren fill slopes (1.5:1 to 1:1). Early rains caused slumping and gullying on many of the plots. The remainder of the plots were used to compare plant growth on topsoiled and nontopsoiled plots and to compare soil nutrient content and biological activity of stockpiled topsoil with fresh topsoil which had not been stockpiled. A parallel greenhouse experiment allowed more detailed comparison of soil properties. Topsoil reapplication improved plant growth by 250% after three years compared to fill slopes which had no topsoil, but had equivalent application of all other nutrients, erosion control and seed materials. Topsoiled plots were predominantly covered by grasses, while the fill slopes were covered by clovers. Topsoil was not degraded in the stockpiling process. Indicators of plant growth, soil nutrient content, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass showed no decrease compared to treatments using fresh topsoil rather than stockpiled topsoil. Topsoil fraction had to exceed 20% of soil volume before significant improvements in plant growth and soil characteristics occurred. Higher rates are recommended in more severe environments. Moderate fertilization improved plant growth without decreasing mycorrhizal root production. Mineralizable nitrogen was shown to be predominantly derived from soil microbes. Topsoil stockpiling and reapplication are strongly recommended for improved regeneration of plant-soil systems. Stockpiling had little or no negative impact on topsoil quality. KW - Biologic activity KW - Biological activity KW - Biomass KW - Erosion control KW - Fertilization KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Nitrogen KW - Nutrient content KW - Plant growth KW - Recommendations KW - Revegetation KW - Stockpiling KW - Topsoil UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675195 AU - Hahin, C AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CORROSION AND FATIGUE ON THE LOAD-CARRYING CAPACITY OF STRUCTURAL AND REINFORCING STEEL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 113 p. AB - Pitting and crevice corrosion have profound effects on the fatigue life of structural and reinforcing steels used in bridge construction. Stress concentration factors were measured on actual corroded plates with strain gage instrumentation. Using corrosion rates and pitting ratios for immersion, intermittent immersion and various atmospheric environments from the corrosion literature, a unified equation for corrosion fatigue of structural steels is proposed to determine the number of stress cycles to significant crack formation. Collected strain data are used to construct a stress-frequency histogram for a bridge, which establishes an accurate and rapid assessment of traffic damage. The linear damage rule is then used to integrate the simultaneous action of both mechanical fatigue and gradual surface degradation, and is combined with sectional loss from corrosion. The predictive equations developed in this report are very useful in the determination of load-carrying capacity and fatigue damage of bridges. These factors are integral to the planning of improvements and maintenance, the granting of overload permits, and for maximum load rating of bridges. KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion fatigue KW - Equations KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Histograms KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Moment of inertia KW - Moments of inertia KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Permits KW - Pitting KW - Planning KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Structural steel UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5737/ecfl.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412225 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667270 AU - Chalupnik, J D AU - Anderson, D AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROADSIDE TIRE NOISE PY - 1994/03 SP - 37 p. AB - The study investigated the noise produced by a single passenger vehicle tire heard at the roadside. Special care was taken to minimize microphone wind noise caused by the high-speed turbulent flow of the measurement process. Measurements were taken on both old and new Class B asphalt, Class D asphalt, and portland cement concrete pavement. The results are presented in graphical form. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Portland cement KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/329.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406269 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667251 AU - Zegeer, C AU - Feske, D AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY: TRANSPORTATION CHOICES FOR A CHANGING AMERICA. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1994/03 SP - 150 p. AB - This report has been prepared as part of the 'National Bicycling & Walking Study' mandated by the 1991 U.S. Department of Transportation Appropriations Act. It is about enhancing the travel options of bicycling and walking. The study aims to increase the use of these two travel modes by developing a plan for making bicycling and walking safer and more appealing modes of personal transportation. The document presents a plan of action for activities at the federal, state, and local levels for meeting the goals of doubling the current percentage of total trips made by bicycling and walking (from 7.9% to 15.8%), and reducing by 10% the number of bicyclists and pedestrians killed or injured in traffic crashes. This report draws upon all of the work completed to date in outlining an action plan to promote bicycling and walking as viable transportation options. A Federal Action Plan is presented along with actions necessary to achieve the safety objective and doubling the percentage of trips made by bicycling and walking. Separate chapters discuss the Action Plans and Programs at the state and local levels including examples of successful programs. The concept of "institutionalization" is discussed along with indicators of institutionalization and the need for actions that institutionalize bicycling and walking into the Nation's transportation system at the federal, state, and local levels. The vision of this program is a nation of travelers with new opportunities to walk or ride a bicycle as part of their everyday life, and a transportation system that provides new levels of personal mobility at modest cost while encouraging cleaner air and healthier populace, KW - Action plan KW - Air quality KW - Bicycle commuting KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Clean air KW - Mobility KW - Personal rapid transit KW - Personal transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406250 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666253 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Kabat, R J AU - Krammes, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF CONTRACTING STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING PROJECT CONSTRUCTION TIME. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 83 p. AB - The objectives of this study were: to develop criteria for evaluating alternative contracting strategies and make comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies for different types of projects and situations; to evaluate ongoing and completed projects that use alternative bidding strategies and high liquidated damages based partially on user costs, and other alternatives for reducing project completion times; to evaluate techniques for estimating user costs during construction for different types of projects and situations. The HEEM-III and QUEWZ computer programs were used to estimate motorist costs for use in liquidated damages and for costs of lane closure. These programs were used to estimate user costs for a variety of added-capacity construction projects. Since funds are limited for construction projects, it is recommended that only 25% of calculated user costs be used in liquidated damages. Case studies emphasized Texas incentive/disincentive projects and other large, urban projects with emphasis on A+B bidding and use of a special CPM provision where contractors are not paid progress payments unless they meet contract provisions. In A+B bidding, contractors bid not only construction cost but also contract completion time, and both are considered in awarding the contract. At this time, it is recommended that incentive/disincentive provisions, with or without A+B bidding, should not be used routinely in Texas. They should be reserved for special cases of great urgency, of relatively short duration, with a clean set of plans, and with little chance of field changes. For all projects, but especially for large projects with heavy traffic in urban areas, liquidated damages should include user costs; so should incentives/disincentives. It is recommended that CPM scheduling and monitoring be used on large, critical projects. It is also recommended that A+B bidding be tried on a limited basis as experimental projects, when stated conditions are met and when there is a need to reduce project completion time. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Computer programs KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Construction time reduction KW - Contract completion time KW - Contracting KW - Costs KW - Disincentives KW - Estimating KW - Incentives KW - Lane closing costs KW - Liquidated damages KW - Loss and damage claims KW - Strategic planning KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405800 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664432 AU - West, H H AU - Schweich, T P AU - Mahally, P H AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE RESEARCH. TASKS 4-7: DESIGN FOR OVERLOADS IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 104 p. AB - In prestressed concrete bridge beams, regions that are initially subjected to compression are subsequently subjected to tension when overload conditions are encountered. In the design of such beams, an allowable tensile concrete stress may be specified for the precompressed tensile region of the beam for this overload condition. Since this allowable stress will affect the final design of the beam, it will subsequently have an effect on the behavior of the beam. Because AASHTO gives no clear guidelines on this matter, a questionnaire was distributed to 61 agencies to determine the state of current practice and thereby establish the range of tensile stress to be considered in this study. An exhaustive parameter study was conducted to examine a number of serviceability limit states as a function of the allowable tensile stress. These states include live-load deflection, crack width, and fatigue stress range. The study included simply supported beams as well as continuous structures. In the latter case, beams of unequal depth were considered, and the structures could be treated as simply supported for dead load and continuous for live load. Load histories for Pennsylvania were studied to determine the frequencies and intensities of overloads, and recommendations are made regarding how to account for the increases in loads that were evident. KW - Beams KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Limit state design KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Serviceability KW - Structural design KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664383 AU - Case, R B AU - Hampton Roads Planning District Commission AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COST MODEL FOR BIKEWAYS. VOLUME 1: COST MODEL DEVELOPMENT PY - 1994/03 SP - 89 p. AB - The purpose of the first volume of this study is to systematically analyze the cost of bikeways and to document the development of a model to be used to estimate bikeway costs at the planning stage. The development of the cost model proceeded in several phases. In the first phase, a survey of existing bikeway cost estimating methodologies was completed. Various agencies from the local area and around the country were interviewed by phone concerning the way that each prepares estimates and the standard costs used to do so. Upon finding a large variance between the data of the different agencies, the second phase, collecting a database of the cost of actual individual bikeway projects, was performed. The cost of each project was broken down into logical categories which were, in turn, used in the third phase: calibration of a cost model to reflect the gathered data. The model is actually comprised of several submodels, one for each type of bikeway project under consideration. The fourth phase, a survey of opinions concerning a variety of design issues, was undertaken to enable the reader to visualize the impact which a bikeway will have on the corridor along which it is constructed, and thus accurately estimate the cost of the bikeway. Problems at intersections, general safety issues, and required geometrics were documented. The fifth and final phase in this first volume of the study was a listing of step-by-step instructions for the use of the model. This cost model provides the user with a concise and sound means of applying the actual costs of historical bikeway projects to his or her attempts to estimate the cost of planned bikeways. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bikeway planning KW - Bikeways KW - Cost estimating KW - Cost models KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Geometric design KW - Intersections KW - Public opinion KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405263 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664350 AU - Woodham, D AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE DEICING CHEMICALS RESEARCH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 56 p. AB - The effectiveness of alternative deicers was evaluated in field and laboratory testing. The ice melt capacity, ice penetration, concrete compatibility, and corrosion properties of various deicers was tested in the laboratory. The information gathered, in conjunction with field experience, will help maintenance managers determine the most cost effective deicing chemicals and practice. This report recommends that the amount of sand contained in the current salt/sand mixture be reduced. The use of prewetting is recommended to enhance deicer performance. Sodium chloride remains the most cost-effective deicing chemical, however, prewetting with magnesium or calcium chloride is recommended. KW - Calcium chloride KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive effects KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Ice melting capacity KW - Ice penetration KW - Laboratory tests KW - Magnesium chloride KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prewetting KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Sodium chloride KW - Wetting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664321 AU - Kimmerling, R E AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BLAST DENSIFICATION FOR MITIGATION OF DYNAMIC SETTLEMENT AND LIQUEFACTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 114 p. AB - A loose, debris avalanche deposit, resulting from the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens, was encountered during the foundation geotechnical investigation for Bridge 12 on the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway (SR 504) in the Mt. St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, Washington. The deposit was determined to be at risk of experiencing liquefaction and/or dynamic settlement during the design seismic event for the structure (Richter magnitude 6.5 and peak ground acceleration 0.55g). The experimental use of deep blasting was selected by the Washington State Department of Transportation and approved by the Federal Highway Administration, to densify the deposit full depth (up to 43 meters) for the purpose of mitigating the liquefaction and dynamic settlement risks. The contract for the work utilized a test section to evaluate the blast design. Revisions were made to the blast design based on the results of the test section blasting, and production blasting was completed in December of 1992. Numerous instruments were utilized to monitor and quantify the results of the blast densification. Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) before blasting indicated average, corrected blowcounts of about eight full depth in the deposit. Post-blasting SPT blowcounts increased to above the goal of about 25 in the upper 15 meters of the deposit, and to above about 20 below 15 meters. Modified Becker Penetration Testing corroborated the SPT results. Total ground surface settlement of up to 1.5 meters was observed. Volumetric compressive strains on the order of about eight percent were determined on the basis of surface settlement and slope inclinometer measurements. The total project costs were $599,000. On a unit cost basis, the treatment cost about $2.50 per cubic meter of densified ground. A cost savings of approximately $300,000 was realized over alternative ground improvement methods such as stone columns. Blast densification also allowed the use of cost-effective, shallow spread footings for the 60 meter, single-span bridge. Even greater cost savings were realized when the blast densification method was used on the East Creek section of the final 6.2 km of SR 504, from Coldwater Lake Outlet to Johnston Ridge. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Costs KW - Densification KW - Dynamic settlement KW - Dynamics KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Foundation soils KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Ground settlement KW - Liquefaction KW - Mitigation KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - Soil penetration test KW - Soils KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/348.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664233 AU - O'Donovan, T AU - Eberhard, M O AU - MacLardy, J A AU - Marsh, M L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL-LOAD RESPONSE OF TWO REINFORCED CONCRETE PIERS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 160 p. AB - This study was part of a Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) program to assess the vulnerability of multiple-span highway bridges built before 1984. During the first series of static tests (Phase I), discussed in a previous report, a three-span, reinforced concrete bridge was subjected to large lateral loads. In Phase II, described in this report, the researchers greatly reduced the resistance that the abutments provided so that they could evaluate the lateral-load resistance of the piers. The researchers then subjected the piers to large, transverse cyclic displacements with drift ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 percent. The piers resisted repeated loadings to a force equal to one third of the bridge's weight. The envelope to the pier's hysteretic response indicated that the system yielded at a drift ratio of 0.7 percent. Whereas the top of the columns spalled at large drift ratios, the damage to the bottom of the columns was limited to flexural cracks. The pier's measured response was compared to that calculated by the researchers, the California Department of Transportation, and the WSDOT. The calculated responses were found to be strongly sensitive to the assumed steel and soil properties. On the basis of the experience gained in performing the tests, the researchers made recommendations for those planning to perform future tests of large structures. In addition, while acknowledging the limitations of a single series of static tests, the researchers concluded that (1) the tests should serve as a benchmark against which to evaluate proposed analytical models, (2) at an effective acceleration of 0.2g, the seismic damage to the isolated bridge would probably be minor, (3) at an effective acceleration of 0.4g, the piers would likely sustain heavy damage, and (4) the WSDOT should investigate the influence of soil properties on column damage to determine when geotechnical tests are warranted. KW - Bridge piers KW - Damages KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Lateral loads KW - Loss and damage KW - Properties of materials KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Soil properties KW - Soils KW - Structural analysis KW - Vulnerability UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/305.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405116 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00648260 JO - Publication of: California University, Irvine PB - University of California, Irvine AU - Leonard, J D AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRIPLE LEFT-TURNS: AN ANALYSIS OF CAPACITY AND OTHER ISSUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 35 p. AB - A study of the characteristics of triple left turns was performed. Five triple left turn sites in Orange County, California were identified. Manual saturation flow rate studies at each site were performed using electronic counter boards. Queue discharge times were collected for all vehicles by lane and by cycle. Across all five sites, a sample consisting of 4,742 lane-cycles and 34,898 vehicles was compiled for analysis. On average, these triple left turns supported flows of 795 vehicles per hour (vph), received a 19% split of the total cycle time, and spent 57% of that split time servicing the queue. Computing the saturation flow rate using the method suggested by the Highway Capacity Manual, the average saturation flow rate observed was 1,928 vphgpl. Variations in the saturation flow rate observed at the triple left turn sites were explored. Results reveal no significant differences in saturation flow rates when categorized by site, by weekday, or by observer. Significant differences were observed between lanes (inner, outer and middle), time-of-day (AM, Midday and PM), and by weekday versus weekend. KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Left turn lanes KW - Manual traffic counts KW - Saturation flow KW - Triple left turns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648261 AU - Dey, S S AU - Fricker, J D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR TRAFFIC IMPACT ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTS ALONG STATE HIGHWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 86 p. AB - With intensification of urban development and dwindling public resources, assessing the impacts of a new development (traffic impact analysis) is becoming an important planning tool for transportation engineers, so that the traffic impacts of new developments can be foreseen and effective mitigating measures can be planned using optimal allocation of the available funds. The study establishes a detailed and standardized methodology for traffic impact analysis. Although the procedure was developed for the Indiana Department of Transportation, it can be used by other transportation agencies as well with little or no modification. A new methodology for estimating the percentage of pass-by trips using a license plate survey (instead of the traditional interview survey) is presented. The report also demonstrates how Bayesian statistics can be used to update the national ITE Trip Generation data base with limited local data to derive more reliable local trip generation rates. A status report of traffic impact analysis and impact fees in various state transportation agencies has also been included. A brief discussion on impact fee structure has been incorporated. KW - Bayes statistics KW - Guidelines KW - Impact fees KW - Impact studies KW - License plate surveys KW - License plates KW - Methodology KW - State highways KW - Surveys KW - Traffic impact analyses KW - Trip generation KW - Urban development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387481 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647439 AU - Hindin, E AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOXICITY OF ADDITIVES USED TO CONTROL ODORS IN RECREATIONAL VEHICLE WASTEWATER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 84 p. AB - This report consists of three phases. Phase one was a review of existing information on all aspects of recreational vehicle (RV) wastewater additives. Surveys and interviews were held with retailers selling RV wastewater holding tank additives, RV owners and RV users. The surveys and interviews revealed that formaldehyde-methanol additives were the most widely used followed by paraformaldehyde formulations. The second phase explored the toxicity of the commercially available additives when used in a dosage recommended by the manufacturer. The Microtox (registered trademark) toxicity bioassay and the change in oxygen uptake by sewage degrading microorganisms were used as indicators of toxicity. Formaldehyde-methanol formulation showed the greatest immediate toxicity. This was followed in decreasing toxicity by the alkyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol, paraformaldehyde, quaternary ammonium chloride, and enzyme-detergent formulations. Enzymes which contained an inert filler were found to be non-toxic. The adverse impact of the additive on the oxygen uptake rate showed that the formaldehyde-methanol had a biocidal effect while enzyme formulations had no effect. The other additives caused a slow down in the rate of oxygen uptake by the microorganisms. The final phase of the study characterized the RV wastewater being dumped at the rest area dump stations and the characteristics of various wastewater streams in the biological treatment systems. The three parameters monitored were the 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5-day BOD), pH and Microtox toxicity. KW - Additives KW - Biochemical oxygen demand KW - Odors KW - pH value KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Sewage treatment KW - Toxicity UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/322.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647440 AU - Dailey, Donald J AU - Lin, P-J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF GPS AND GIS FOR TRAVELER INFORMATION. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 60 p. AB - Traffic congestion is an increasing problem in many areas of Washington state. Efforts to control traffic flows and mitigate congestion must rely on the ability to accurately monitor the state of traffic flow on highways and arterials. This project, sponsored by WSDOT and executed at the University of Washington, combines two important aspects of geodesy, geographical information systems (GIS) and the global positioning system (GPS), to produce a traveler information system. This project produced a computer application that draws a graphical representation of the transportation data (a map) on an X-terminal. This project also produced a second computer application to perform real time vehicle positioning using GPS. These two applications operate in a client/server distributed computing environment and share data over the Internet. The client/server paradigm is used to combine location and congestion information on one, digitally generated map display. KW - Geographic information systems KW - Geographical information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Information processing KW - Location KW - Maps KW - Passenger information systems KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/332.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647381 AU - Hodge, D C AU - Orrell, J D AU - Strauss, T R AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FARE-FREE POLICY: COSTS, IMPACTS ON TRANSIT SERVICE, AND ATTAINMENT OF TRANSIT SYSTEM GOALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 52 p. AB - This study sought to understand the potential and problems associated with fare-free transit policy. Washington state is extraordinary in the number of such systems that are fully fare-free. Experiences with fare-free policy in Washington are overwhelmingly positive; a result that is consistent with other completely fare-free systems in the U.S. identified in this research. We conclude that fare-free policy does make a difference and that smaller communities especially are better served by a fare-free policy. This positive review of fare-free policy conflicts with common thinking about the policy within the transit industry. We conclude that much of the negative interpretation of the policy is based on a very limited set of experiments with the policy at larger systems. This research points out why these experiments should not be used to dismiss the policy and why the policy's potential success is largely dependent upon transit agency management issues. Furthermore, we present a conceptual overview of why the removal of the fare box results in substantial ridership increases above the levels predicted using standard fare elasticity relationships. This conceptual overview of the relationship between fare-free policy and ridership levels is also suggested as a helpful tool for interpreting the value of increased ridership in juxtaposition to the different objectives of public transportation. KW - Costs KW - Free fares KW - Impacts KW - Public transit KW - Recommendations KW - Ridership KW - Strategic planning KW - Transit services KW - Transportation policy KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/277.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647359 AU - Amirkhanian, S N AU - Manugian, D M AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 177 p. AB - Over 4.1 billion metric tons of non-hazardous, solid waste materials (SWM) are generated in the United States annually, equivalent to approximately 16 metric tons of waste per person. Although a portion of this waste is currently reused, recycled, or reprocessed, the majority is being disposed of in landfills. Section 1038(b) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 and other federal and state legislation mandate each state highway agency to utilize solid waste materials in their pavements. A number of advantages, stemming from the use of waste materials in highway construction, include: a viable disposal option, conventional material replacement, product quality improvement, and, in some cases, cost reductions. However, a number of problems are often encountered including: the source of supply, the consistency of the supply, the high capital or initial costs, reluctance to accept and use recycled products, the non-standardization of air permit modifications, the lack of public education, and the federal and state mandates. During the last fifteen years, the highway industry has been very active in the use of SWM in highway construction. This report summarizes some of the highway industry's experiences in this area. The information was gathered by conducting an extensive literature search, survey of all federal and state highway agencies, visiting several agencies familiar with this topic, and inspecting some of the projects (or items) that included SWM in their structure. In addition, the report contains some information regarding the cost effectiveness of these materials, their performance, and threats to human health and the environment. KW - Benefits KW - Bottom ash KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Flexible pavements KW - Fly ash KW - Glass KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastics KW - Problem identification KW - Public health KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roofs KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Surveys KW - Tires KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387178 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646136 AU - DOUGLAS, R A AU - Holt, J D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF INSTALLED TIMBER PILINGS BY DISPERSIVE WAVE PROPAGATION METHODS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/03 SP - 286 p. AB - This study had the objectives of (1) exploring the feasibility of a proposed nondestructive test to determine the length-in-place of installed timber pilings; (2) if found feasible, to carry the development of the method as far as possible toward the condition of field readiness; and (3) to provide hard copy and documentation of computer programs developed to perform signal processing. These objectives have been met. The method followed was to create bending waves in a piling by a moderate impact on the exposed surface, and capture with accelerometers the bending waves in their travels in the piling. A signal processing method called the Short Kernel Method was used to determine phase velocities of spectral components of the dispersive bending waves, and finally, from the travel time to tip and return, to calculate the length. Laboratory and field tests were employed. The field tests were performed under blind conditions, pile records remaining with the North Carolina Department of Transportation until tests and computations were completed before comparisons were made between computed values and recorded values. Of 40 piles tested, 26 permitted comparison with pile records or, 4, actual pulling and measurement. The percent difference between computed values and pile records or direct measurement ranged from -11.8% (too short) to +8.7% (too long). KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bending waves KW - Computer programs KW - Determination KW - Dispersions KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Length KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Phase velocities KW - Pile records KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Signal processing KW - Timber KW - Timber piles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647361 AU - Stout AU - Ward, T H AU - Hupalo, R B AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CASE STUDY: MITIGATION OF FORESTED FRESHWATER WETLAND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02/14 SP - 203 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of wetlands mitigation and monitoring associated with the widening of Sand Lake Road (SR 528A) in southwest Orlando, Florida. In 1986 the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) obtained a dredge and fill permit from the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (FDER) because the expansion encroached upon an adjacent forested wetland dominated by pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens). The permit required FDOT to create 0.85 ha of forested wetland and 0.48 ha of herbaceous marsh to compensate for the loss of 0.61 ha of forested wetlands and 0.65 ha of roadside ditches which were filled as the result of road widening. Mitigation was determined to occur within a drainage easement adjacent to the construction site. Construction and planting of the mitigation site was completed in January 1988. Monitoring tracked the wetland values of the created wetlands over a period of four years (1988-1991) following construction. Systematic sampling of the sites' hydrology, vegetation, and associated wildlife was performed. In zone A, 93% of the planted bald cypress were alive after four years. Zone B was a herbaceous marsh with bald cypress. Zone C was a herbaceous marsh without trees. Use of the mitigation site by fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals was assessed and compared with literature data from other similar locations in Orange and Osceola Counties. Success of the mitigation effort was evaluated based on the specific conditions of the FDER permit. Recommendations were developed for an overall strategy of dealing with future wetland mitigation needs of FDOT based on the experience derived from the Sand Lake Road project. The major recommendation was for the establishment of a mitigation bank. KW - Case studies KW - Hydrology KW - Marshes KW - Mitigation KW - Mitigation banking KW - Monitoring KW - Orlando (Florida) KW - Pavement widening KW - Recommendations KW - Road construction KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trees KW - Vegetation KW - Wetlands KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387180 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646047 AU - Lee, W AU - BOHRA, N C AU - Altschaeffl, A G AU - White, T D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUBGRADE RESILIENT MODULUS FOR PAVEMENT DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE. IMPLEMENTATION REPORT PY - 1994/02/10 SP - 12 p. AB - This study concentrated on development of a procedure to create an implementable resilient modulus for typical Indiana soils. Five typical cohesive soils were tested. It was found that laboratory compaction with impact procedures at standard Proctor energy at water contents near to optimum or slightly larger, depending on the soil, would create a soil fabric similar to that created in the field under current Indiana specifications. When this preparation is combined with the consideration created in this project for resilient modulus and the data from a routine unconfined compression test, then the as-compacted modulus is obtainable somewhat readily for a specific location. This reduces the need for sophisticated dynamic testing equipment and its associated software. In the field, in-service, the prepared subgrade experiences a variety of environmental conditions. Two seem especially important: freeze-thaw effects, and changes in water content. These have been included in the procedures developed in this project. The resilient modulus of the frozen - and thawed - soil states was developed through laboratory simulation. Additionally, a laboratory procedure was developed to add water, by injection, to the as-compacted soil. Relations were developed from results of testing to allow prediction of the change in modulus from the post-compaction change in water content, soil-by-soil. From the foregoing results of this project, a procedure has been developed with which to determine the subgrade resilient modulus for use in pavement design. The procedure and associated charts and tables are presented in this report. They apply to new construction. KW - Cohesive soils KW - Compaction KW - Field conditions KW - Field tests KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Freezing thawing effects KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement design KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386586 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403056 AU - Okamoto, P A AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Smith, K D AU - Darter, M I AU - Wilson, T P AU - Wu, C L AU - Tayabji, S D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Guidelines for timing contraction joint sawing and earliest loading for concrete pavements, volume 1 - final report PY - 1994/02 IS - FHWA/RD-91-079 SP - 268p AB - A study with the objectives of providing guidelines for timing of contraction joint sawcutting to avert uncontrolled pavement cracking and providing guidelines for early loading of pavements by construction traffic has been conducted. A laboratory study of early age (4 to 24 hours) and early pavement loading (1 to 28 days) concrete strength properties for a range of highway concrete mixes was made. Sawcutting tests were made to determine earliest contraction joint sawcutting. Earliest sawcut timing was correlated on basis of sawcut ratings to concrete strength properties and non-destructive test results that can be used for determining earliest sawcutting time. Concrete pavement placement and joint sawcutting were observed at three highway construction sites to verify test results. Latest sawcutting time was targeted on basis of buildup of restraint stresses attributable to slab cooling. Guidelines for sawcut timing are presented to facilitate construction site decision making based on nondestructive test methods. Early loading by construction traffic was analyzed using ILLI-SLAB finite element models. Load tests were made at two pavement sites to verify that analytical model results are applicable to new pavements. Guidelines are presented to facilitate construction site decision making for early trafficking of new pavements based on nondestructive test methods. KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400889 AU - Mak, K K AU - Sicking, D L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Development of roadside safety data collection plan PY - 1994/02 IS - FHWA/RD-92-113 SP - 90p AB - The purpose of this study is to support the roadside aspect of the FHWA High Priority National Research Area on "Highway Safety Design Practices and Criteria." The objectives of this study are to: (1) identify issues and gaps in the state of the knowledge needed to improve the costeffectiveness analysis procedure, to be developed under NCHRP Project 22-9, "Improved Procedures for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Roadside Safety Features," and (2) develop data collection plans for those issues and gaps that can be addressed with accident data. A conceptual framework of the cost-effectiveness model was first formulated. A list of research topics that could potentially improve the cost-effectiveness model was identified. Five proposed research studies were developed from the list: (1) Validation of Encroachment Frequency/Rate, (2) Determination of Encroachment Frequency/Rate Adjustment Factors, (3) Effect of Roadside Conditions on Impact Probability and Severity, (4) Distributions of Impact Conditions, and (5) Relationships of Impact Conditions, Performance Limits, and Injury Probability and Severity. Detailed data collection plans were developed for each of the five proposed studies. A 1-day meeting of an expert panel was convened to critically review these data collection plans. Also, a data collection plan for a combined proposed studies 1 and 2 was developed. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident severity KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash severity KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Highway safety KW - Injury severity KW - Injury severity KW - Road safety KW - Roadside KW - Roadside KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738948 AU - Whitney, M W AU - Harik, I E AU - Griffin, J J AU - Allen, D L AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARGE IMPACT LOADS FOR THE MAYSVILLE BRIDGE PY - 1994/02 SP - 64 p. AB - This report provides the barge equivalent static load distribution data needed to apply method II of vessel impact design for the Maysville, Kentucky bridge over the Ohio River. The information provided in this report is in accordance with the AASHTO "Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges." A computer program was written to process the database and calculate the probability based length, width, and capacity for each barge category. Additionally, a second computer program was written to calculate the probability based number of barges in a flotilla column and row, and subsequently categorize that flotilla based upon the barge length and width categories designated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The equivalent static impact loads were then calculated using the probability based flotilla sizes and tonnages. The results indicated 12 barge categories occurring along the Maysville section of the Ohio River. The associated frequencies and impact loads are reported. The equivalent static load for the usually neglected 290 x 54 ft (88.4 x 16.5 m) barge was calculated to be a maximum of 8,140 kips (36,207 kN) with a significant frequency of occurrence of 205 downbound passages per year. KW - Barges KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact loads KW - Size KW - Tonnage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664427 AU - Mak, K K AU - Bligh, R P AU - Alberson, D C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING AND EVALUATION OF WYOMING ROAD CLOSURE GATE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 79 p. AB - An existing road closure gate was crash tested for compliance with standards set forth by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350. Modifications were necessary for meeting these specifications. Changes to the design included: replacing the existing 5.5 m high support pole structure with a standard 8.8 m high luminaire support pole structure with a 2.4 m mast arm and a light standard, use of a 4-bolt slip base breakaway design, redesign of the gate arm attachment and lift mechanism, and replacing the manual camper jack with an electric in-line linear actuator. The final design was successfully crash tested in compliance with all relative standards. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Crashes KW - Design standards KW - Gate arm attachments KW - Gate lift mechanisms KW - Impact tests KW - Modifications KW - Road closure gates KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00645987 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Mason, J M AU - Graham, Jerry L AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONCEPTUAL PLAN FOR AN INTERACTIVE HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN MODEL. DRAFT FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 134 p. AB - This report presents a conceptual plan for an interactive highway safety design (IHSD) model under consideration for development by FHWA. This report combines elements of three separate plans for the IHSD model that were developed independently by different contractors. The report also includes elements of a plan for roadside safety models developed recently for FHWA. The IHSD model is intended as a tool that could be used by a designer or design reviewer to assess the safety effects of specific highway geometric design decisions. The model would be interactive in that it would allow the designer to make changes in the geometric design and evaluate the safety effects of those changes as part of a single software package. A key element of the IHSD model would be an accident predictive model incorporating statistical relationships between geometric design elements and safety. Separate submodels would be provided for roadway sections, intersections, interchange ramps and speed-change lanes, and roadside areas. The IHSD model would also include modules for design policy review, design consistency review, benefit-cost analyses, driver/vehicle dynamics simulation, and graphical displays of roadway geometrics. The report includes a research plan for the development of the IHSD model. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Crashes KW - Driver/vehicle interaction KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Human machine systems KW - Interactive computing KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Intersections KW - Ramps KW - Roadside KW - Simulation KW - Speed change lanes KW - User interfaces (Computer science) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386550 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643634 AU - Mak, K K AU - Sicking, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ROADSIDE SAFETY DATA COLLECTION PLAN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 96 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to support the roadside aspect of the FHWA High Priority National Research Area on "Highway Safety Design Practices and Criteria". The objectives of the study are to: (1) identify issues and gaps in the state of the knowledge needed to improve the cost-effectiveness analysis procedure to be developed under NCHRP Project 22-9, "Improved Procedures for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Roadside Safety Features", and (2) develop data collection plans for those issues and gaps that can be addressed with accident data. A conceptual framework of the cost-effectiveness model was first formulated. A list of research topics that could potentially improve the cost-effectiveness model was identified. Five proposed research studies were developed from the list: (1) Validation of Encroachment Frequency/Rate, (2) Determination of Encroachment Frequency/Rate Adjustment Factors, (3) Effect of Roadside Conditions on Impact Probability and Severity, (4) Distributions of Impact Conditions, and (5) Relationships of Impact Conditions, Performance Limits, and Injury Probability and Severity. Detailed data collection plans were developed for each of the five proposed studies. A 1-day meeting of an expert panel was convened to critically review these data collection plans. Also, a data collection plan for a combined proposed studies 1 and 2 was developed. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Research KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643581 AU - Ulberg, C AU - TransNow, Transportation Northwest AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE OCCUPANCY FORECASTING. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 120 p. AB - The design of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes and other HOV facilities depends on volumes of HOVs expected to use the facilities. Currently, there is no good method for predicting vehicle occupancy on specific highway facilities. The basic objective of this research was to incorporate the best of previous transportation models with new information on psychological and demographic determinants of mode choice into a model that forecasts vehicle occupancy for specific highway facilities. In order to do this, four different data sets were investigated. Each one allowed the investigation of one or more aspects of a comprehensive model to forecast vehicle occupancy. The basic approach tested in this research was the "integrated model of consumer choice," first proposed by Tybout and Hauser in 1981. It incorporates a wide variety of factors involved in transportation decision-making. Most of the findings from the four data sets analyzed for this study were consistent with the literature and with each other. The research concluded that, in order for a transportation model to adequately forecast vehicle occupancy, it should take into account that 1) mode choice changes over time, 2) attitudes and perceptions are important in mode choice, 3) attitudes and perceptions can be influenced by experience, 4) household composition is important, 5) commute length varies by type of job and location, 6) constraints influence the process in complicated ways, and 7) two person carpools are different from larger carpools. The dynamic aspects of mode choice are critical to understand. Until we have more good time series data and the ability to adequately understand it, our models of mode choice and vehicle occupancy will be deficient. KW - Demographics KW - Forecasting KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Mathematical models KW - Mode choice KW - Modems KW - Psychological aspects KW - Sets KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel demand management KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/298.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711664 AU - McCullough, B F AU - Dossey, T AU - Weissmann, J AU - Cho, Y-H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CASE STUDY OF OVERLAY PERFORMANCE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT (CRCP) LOCATED ON IH-35, BOWIE COUNTY, TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 93 p. AB - This report documents a case study of an overlaid PCC pavement on IH-30, Bowie County, Texas. The 16-km (10-mi) project, constructed in April 1972, was first rehabilitated with an ACP overlay in May of 1986. Condition surveys of this project have been taken continuously at varying intervals, from the point of construction to the present. In June 1993, the project was again scheduled to be rotomilled and overlaid with 5 cm (2 in.) of ACP overlay. This rehabilitation effort created a unique opportunity for studying the overlay performance. Condition survey, deflection, and profile data were all collected on the project before rotomilling (on the old overlay), after milling (on the exposed PCC), and after the new overlay had been placed. Three analyses were performed: First, the failure history of the pavement was evaluated; second, a spectral analysis of the pavement profile was performed to determine the roughness reduction benefit of the overlay; and, finally, backcalculations of the concrete, subbase, and subgrade moduli were obtained to determine the development of fatigue in the pavement and the extent to which it was mitigated by the ACP overlay. Taken together, this study shows that, while a thin overlay restores ride quality, reduces the rate of failure development, and minimizes dynamic loading, the overlay does little to reinforce or reverse the development of fatigue in the underlying layers. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Backcalculation KW - Case studies KW - Condition surveys KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fatigue analysis KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation KW - Roughness KW - Spectrum analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447701 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680691 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATISTICAL METHODS FOR WSDOT PAVEMENT AND MATERIAL APPLICATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 117 p. AB - This document is an upgraded version of Research Report WA-RD 143.2 (February 1988) and is principally the result of continuing work on the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) Pavement Management System (WSPMS). Various statistical methods have been used in the WSPMS and the research team wanted to summarize some of these applications in a separate, straightforward report which may be of value to a broader group of users. Report sections are as follows: (1) Introduction; (2) The Normal Distribution; (3) Tests of Hypotheses; (4) Regression Analysis; and (5) Sampling. KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Materials KW - Normal distributions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Regression analysis KW - Sampling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/315.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676557 AU - McVay, M C AU - Pang, S AU - Zafar, A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF STEEL PIPE AND H PILES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 254 p. AB - A Lotus 123 spreadsheet load-test database consisting of 48 H piles and 18 pipe piles was established for evaluating pile capacity prediction software/methodology. Macros were written to allow the user to search by soil type, pile size, as well as different failure criteria. Four well-known pile capacity programs, SPILE, COYLE, UNIPILE, and SPT91 were evaluated against the database. Two different failure criteria were used, Davisson and the ultimate (plunging) capacity. Although some methods provided reasonable capacity predictions, i.e., SPILE for H piles, or SPT91 for pipe piles, none predicted both pile types with high levels of confidence (standard deviation). Consequently, new unit skin friction and tip resistance relationships vs. SPT blow count were established for different soil types and rock for both pile types. These curves were subsequently coded into SPT91 and compared with the load-test database. Predicted to measured capacity ratios for both pile types were 0.95 to 1.0 with equal standard deviations of 0.30. SPT91 is now capable of predicting the capacities of not only prestressed concrete, but steel pipe and H piles as well. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Forecasting KW - H piles KW - Measurement KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile design KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Software KW - Steel piling KW - Steel pipe KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675278 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BOND FINANCING AND TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: EXPLORING CONCEPTS AND ROLES PY - 1994/02 SP - 50 p. AB - This report summarizes a symposium jointly sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and the Office of the Secretary of Transportation (OST). The September 28, 1993, symposium focused the attention of transportation officials and financial experts on debt financing options for transportation infrastructure. Introductory remarks were provided by the Deputy Administrator, FHWA (moderator); the Deputy Secretary, Department of Transportation; the Associate Administrator, FTA; and the Administrator, FHWA. These remarks set forth the challenge of meeting future transportation needs with creative financing ideas. Thomas Bradshaw, Managing Director of First Boston Corporation, delivered a keynote address outlining the workings of bond finance as a growing, important option to provide missing transportation links. Two panels, one providing intergovernmental perspectives and the other detailing various bond financing mechanisms, then gave participants the opportunity to weigh current programs and workings of the market and alternatives proposed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of bond use for transportation. Appendix A contains a list of symposium participants, Appendix B the symposium agenda, Appendix C a background paper on bond financing, and Appendix D a glossary of terms. KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Conferences KW - Financing KW - Highway transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Public transit KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675177 AU - Erinle, O AU - Hunter, W AU - Bronstad, M AU - Council, F AU - Stewart, R AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF GUARDRAIL AND MEDIAN BARRIER ACCIDENTS USING THE LONGITUDINAL BARRIER SPECIAL STUDIES (LBSS) FILE, VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 89 p. AB - In the study, the Longitudinal Barrier Special Studies (LBSS) file was cleaned for use in examining the real-world performance of longitudinal barriers. Given that impact speeds were mostly missing from the LBSS file, impact speeds were reconstructed for several accidents. An examination of the accuracy of reconstructed impact speeds was also performed using input from three experts in barrier accident reconstruction. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed to compare one barrier type vs. another in terms of driver injury. Where appropriate, logistical models were developed that utilized impact speed, impact angle, and vehicle curb weight as covariates. Another comparison involved severity of impacts to ends vs. length of need (LON). Nearly 1,200 cases were available for analysis. Two-thirds of the cases involved a LON and one-third involved an end impact. Two-thirds of the cases involved guardrail accidents; the remainder were median barrier accidents. Clinical analysis of barrier performance was also undertaken to learn more about length-of-need segment failures and barrier-ends. KW - Accuracy KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Crash data KW - Crash reconstruction KW - Crash severity KW - Databases KW - Ends KW - Guardrails KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Longitudinal barrier special studies file KW - Longitudinal control KW - Median barriers KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Studies KW - Vehicle weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412207 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670384 AU - Miller, R AU - Shahrooz, B AU - Saraf, V AU - Godbole, B AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRENGTH CONTINUITY OF DETERIORATED CONTINUOUS SLAB R.C. BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 145 p. AB - Continuous reinforced concrete slab bridges rely on reinforcing steel near the top of the deck over the piers to carry negative moment. However, these negative moment resisting bars and the concrete around them are vulnerable to deterioration from traffic wear, deicing salts and weather. When the concrete around the bars deteriorates, the bars may debond and lose negative moment carrying capacity. This situation may be complicated by a common repair method called variable depth removal. In this method, deteriorated concrete is removed from the deck and the deck is patched. However, when the deterioration is excessive, enough concrete may be removed to completely debond the negative moment resisting bars. If these bars are fully or partially debonded, the continuity over the pier lines may be fully or partially lost. This results in an increase in the positive moments in the spans since the spans now behave like simple, rather than continuous spans. This research tested three bridges to determine if variable depth removal affected the moment distribution and stiffness of bridges under repair. One bridge had only slight damage over the piers, one bridge had moderate damage over the piers and the third bridge had severe damage over the piers. The bridges were tested by truck loading, with the trucks placed to cause maximum deflection in two spans and maximum negative moment over the piers. Deflections and slab strains were measured. Slab moments were inferred from the slab strains. The results show that the bridges lost stiffness during repair, but after repair the stiffness was increased from the prerepair condition. However, in all cases the deflections were an order of magnitude less than those allowed by code. The results also showed that continuity was lost during repair and that slab dead load positive moments may be increased as much as 50%, depending on the amount of damage to the bridge. After repair, the continuity was completely restored and the live load distribution is essentially unaltered. A rating of the bridges was conducted and it was found that repairs increased the bridge rating. It was also found that since moment over the piers is the controlling case for rating for most slab bridges, the redistribution of dead load moment to the positive moment zones does not significantly affect the bridge rating. The study concludes that variable depth removal is effective at restoring stiffness and continuity, but that there may be a redistribution of dead load moment during repair. However, this redistribution is usually not large enough to affect the bridge rating, although it must be accounted for in the rating procedure. Finally, the amount of moment redistribution can be controlled by careful planning of the repair methods. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge rating KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Continuous reinforcement KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Deflection KW - Deteriorated concrete KW - Deterioration KW - Field tests KW - Highway capacity KW - Moment distribution KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Negative moment KW - Ratings KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stiffness KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Variable depth removal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411125 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668992 AU - Euritt, M A AU - Machemehl, R AU - Harrison, R AU - Jarrett, J E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN OVERVIEW OF HIGHWAY PRIVATIZATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 76 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), like many state transportation agencies, is faced with limited resources to address growing transportation problems. A variety of non-traditional public and private financing methods are available. Greater private-sector involvement in the financing, constructing, and operating of highway infrastructure may be necessary to assist public agencies in resolving transportation problems. The California AB680 program and Virginia's Dulles Toll Road are good examples of private-sector participation. These experiences are similar to those used throughout Europe and Japan. Texas' experience with toll roads has been primarily through the Texas Turnpike Authority, although nine private toll road corporations have been authorized. The future effectiveness of a privatization program in Texas is contingent on policy directions from the Texas Transportation Commission and the ability of the private sector to work with TxDOT in addressing transportation problems. KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Public private partnerships KW - Texas KW - Toll roads KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668997 AU - Nash, P T AU - Parker, H W AU - Feingold, R W AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK - BIG SPRING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 148 p. AB - Five individual cathodic protection systems were installed on the U.S. 87 Missouri-Pacific Railroad overpass structure in Big Spring, Texas. The cathodic protection systems were installed in October 1988 as a demonstration project to compare the various systems. Three distributed anode types were used to protect the bridge deck: (1) titanium mesh; (2) conductive polymer; and (3) carbon strand. A hot-sprayed zinc conductive coating anode was applied to sidewalks and a median on the bridge deck, and a conductive paint anode was applied to a bridge bent. Performance data have been collected for each system since installation. The purpose of this study was to assess the performance of the five different cathodic protection systems installed on the Big Spring bridge. The system assessment included determining the effectiveness of each system, performing a cost effectiveness study of the systems used to protect the bridge deck, preparing training aids for TxDOT personnel, and recommending a schedule for future evaluations and data collections. Only the titanium mesh distributed anode system continues to function. The hot-sprayed zinc anode system failed early in the study, and the reason for its failure is probably existing conditions of the sidewalk and median prior to system installation. The conductive paint has failed and the conductive coating is peeling and flaking extensively. A present value cost analysis is presented that considers bridge decks with and without cathodic protection. New and existing bridge decks were compared in the present value cost analysis. KW - Analysis KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Carbon fibers KW - Carbon strand KW - Cathodic protection KW - Concrete KW - Conductive paint KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demonstration projects KW - Electronic polymers KW - Overpasses KW - Performance evaluations KW - Titanium KW - Titanium mesh KW - Wire mesh KW - Zinc coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410628 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668993 AU - Jarrett, J E AU - Euritt, M A AU - Machemehl, R AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRATEGIC AND IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES IN TEXAS' PUBLIC-PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 40 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), like most state transportation agencies, has limited resources for addressing growing transportation needs. Greater utilization of the private sector is heralded as an answer to this problem. While not a panacea, there are a range of privatization strategies that are consistent with the TxDOT mission and may assist in reducing the financial burden to the state. The advantages and disadvantages to various strategies are presented. There are a number of important issues to address in developing a privatization program, including: (1) design and construction standards, (2) disadvantaged business enterprise procurement, (3) liability and sovereign immunity, (4) government vehicle access and pricing, and (5) environmental reviews. These issues must be adequately addressed by policy-makers before proceeding with a program of privatization. Moreover, departmental policies must be developed for project selection. KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Design standards KW - Disadvantaged business enterprises KW - Environmental compliance KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Financing KW - Government transportation KW - Liability KW - Needs assessment KW - Policy KW - Pricing KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Project selection KW - Public private partnerships KW - Sovereign immunity KW - Specifications KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668970 AU - Whitt, J H AU - Kim, J AU - Burns, N H AU - Klingner, R E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN THICKNESS OF BRIDGE SLABS: DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY VERIFICATION OF TEST SETUP. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 44 p. AB - The punching shear behavior of concrete bridge decks under static, pulsating fatigue, and rolling fatigue loads was studied using both analytical and experimental models. The study of the analytical models also played a large role in the design of the experimental specimens, test setup, and test procedure. In this report, the development of the test setup is described, and preliminary test results are reported. Complete study results will be discussed in future project reports. KW - Analytical models KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Experimental models KW - Experiments KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue loading KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Shear stress KW - Test results KW - Test setup KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664428 AU - Merchant, R W AU - Dolan, C W AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND PERFORMANCE OF ELASTOMERIC BRIDGE JOINT SEALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 180 p. AB - Comprehensive testing on a select sample of one- and two-component sealant materials was performed to evaluate sealant sensitivity to such factors as cure time, cure environment, sealant conditioning, and sealant performance at extreme temperatures. The type and amount of movement occurring at the joint, determined in a concurrent study entitled "Temperature Effects on Skewed and Curved Slab-Girder Bridges", was used in the assessment of current standards and specifications used in the design of joint systems using elastomeric sealant materials. Test results form the basis for recommendations to improve the current specifications, test procedures, and design procedures. Various products from Sikaflex, Dow Corning, Koch, and Hilti were used for performance comparisons. KW - Bridges KW - Concrete curing KW - Conditioning KW - Elastomers KW - Joint sealers KW - Quality of work KW - Temperature KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405305 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664320 AU - Pierce, L M AU - Korynta, A J AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DOWEL BAR RETROFIT: I-90, KACHESS RIVER TO YAKIMA RIVER. POST-CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 67 p. AB - This report documents the rehabilitation of a faulted Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement with epoxy coated dowel bars. The dowel bars were installed parallel with centerline at each joint to reestablish panel to panel interlock. The construction project also included the trial installation of tied PCC shoulders as a means of stabilizing the panels. Diamond grinding was also included in the contract to bring the retrofit pavement back to a smooth longitudinal profile. Early performance results indicate that the retrofit dowel bars are performing better than the tied shoulders with regard to preventing the reoccurrence of faulting. KW - Diamond grinding KW - Diamonds KW - Dowels KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Faulting KW - Grinding KW - Load transfer KW - Longitudinal profile KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Restoration KW - Retrofitting KW - Road shoulders KW - Smoothness KW - Tied concrete UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/346.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664324 AU - Figueroa, J L AU - Angyal, E AU - Su, X AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF OHIO SUBGRADE TYPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 194 p. AB - The seasonal variations in the resilient modulus of an asphalt concrete (AC) pavement and of the subgrade soil are major factors in determining design parameters for new AC pavements and overlays. To study these variations, nine recording units were installed throughout Ohio to monitor AC, subgrade soil, and air temperature; subgrade soil degree of saturation; and rainfall. Sites were selected to include statewide climatic variations and the most prevalent soil types (A-3, A-4, A-6, and A-7). A calibration equation was developed relating the degree of saturation of the soil to the output voltage and the temperature of the moisture sensors. The degree of saturation of the soil was found to vary minimally on a daily and seasonal basis due to high local water tables and the low coefficients of permeability of the fine-grained soils. Daily temperature variations of the subgrade soils were also small. The daily temperature changes of the AC pavement, however, produced a characteristic reversal in pavement temperatures and large temperature gradients. Equations were developed relating the average AC temperature to air temperature for four sites. A slight decrease in average AC temperature was noted with increasing latitude at a given air temperature. Models were developed relating the resilient modulus for ODOT 402 and 404 AC mixes to AC temperature. Recompacted samples were prepared with soil from each location to obtain generalized resilient modulus models applicable to fine-grained soils. To accomplish this, the dry unit weight of undisturbed Shelby tube samples was compared with the maximum dry unit weight obtained from modified Proctor compaction tests, showing that the dry unit weight of undisturbed Shelby tube samples ranged between 88% and 93% of maximum dry unit weight. A 90% of maximum dry unit weight from modified Proctor compaction test as well as the actual dry unit weight of the undisturbed Shelby tube samples were selected to prepare specimens at a constant dry unit weight but variable degrees of saturation between 80 and 100%. Comparisons were made between surface deflections measured by the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and those predicted by the pavement analysis program ILLIPAVE. ILLIPAVE-calculated deflections matched well with FWD measured deflections at most sites in every season, and in particular under the center of load application. As a result, ILLIPAVE was validated as an effective flexible pavement analysis program using the constant dry unit weight of undisturbed Shelby tube samples model. Finally, nomographs were developed for A-4, A-6, and A-7 soil types using a forward approach with ILLIPAVE, to backcalculate the resilient modulus of subgrade soils from FWD-measured deflections. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fine grained soils KW - Forecasting KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Nomographs KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Percent saturation KW - Proctor compaction test KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Soil compaction test KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Temperature gradients UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662908 AU - Zia, P AU - Rolander, D D AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION OF AN ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR TENSIONING DRAPED STRANDS FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 216 p. AB - Draped strands are commonly used to vary the eccentricity of the prestressing force in pretensioned bridge girders. The draped strands are tensioned either by a harping procedure or by a stress-in-place procedure. Whichever procedure is used, the draped strand must ride over a series of steel rollers at the hold-up and hold-down points to maintain the draped profile. At each steel roller, the strand will experience a loss of prestress due to friction. The North Carolina Department of Transportation construction specifications require that draped strands be lifted (i.e., harped) in four successive lifts at alternate positions to minimize possible friction loss and to equalize the strand stress. Such a requirement does increase the production cost and pose additional safety hazards during the lifting operation. The objective of this investigation was to conduct measurements of the prestressing force on the production line in order to verify an analytical model which had been developed for tensioning of draped prestressing strands in prestressed concrete girders. Four prestressed concrete plants were visited to measure the prestressing force during production. Load cells were placed at each end of a draped strand to measure the strand force during the stressing operation. The results of this investigation indicated that the analytical method is suitable for evaluation of the forces in draped strands, either tensioned by the harping procedure or tensioned by the stress-in-place procedure. The strand force variation between the jacking end and the anchor end was within acceptable tolerances for both the single-step harping process and the four-step harping process. So the currently specified four-step harping procedure for tensioning draped strands can be replaced by one-step harping procedure. KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Deflection KW - Draped strands KW - Friction KW - Girders KW - Harping (Lifting) KW - Hazards KW - North Carolina KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Prestressing KW - Pretensioning KW - Production KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404859 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648268 AU - Cofer, W F AU - McLean, D I AU - McGuire, J W AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL MODELING OF FOUNDATIONS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 353 p. AB - The response of bridges when subjected to seismic excitation may be significantly influenced by the dynamic properties of their foundations. With current design practice, foundation elements are typically considered as elastic springs without consideration of material and radiation damping. The objectives of this research were to identify general foundation models that are suitable for modeling soil-structure interaction in seismic bridge analysis, to modify an existing nonlinear seismic bridge analysis computer program to include a new element capable of representing such models, and to conduct a parametric study to assess the effect of the increased energy dissipation mechanisms on the response of bridge substructures. For spread footing foundations, three different models were identified and applied to a typical two-column bridge bent. For pile foundations, four models were derived and applied to a five-column bent. The seismic response for each model was compared with conventional elastic and fixed-base models. Several soil stiffness values and earthquake records were considered for analysis. Maximum values of displacement, plastic hinge rotation, and cumulative plastic hinge rotations were noted and compared. It was concluded that the use of the foundation models can produce an important change in the bridge response when compared to that of the fixed-base model, depending on the frequency content of the earthquake and the stiffness of the soil. The effects of radiation damping were observed to be insignificant for foundations on stiff soil, but important for those on soft soil. In addition, the performance of the simpler damped foundation models was found to be quite similar to that of the more complex models. KW - Analytical models KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Dissipation KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Earthquakes KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile foundations KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Spread footings KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/328.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387488 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00648267 AU - Cofer, W F AU - McGuire, J W AU - McLean, D I AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYTICAL MODELING OF FOUNDATIONS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 49 p. AB - The response of bridges when subjected to seismic excitation may be significantly influenced by the dynamic properties of their foundations. With current design practice, foundation elements are typically considered as elastic springs without consideration of material and radiation damping. The objectives of this research were to identify general foundation models that are suitable for modeling soil-structure interaction in seismic bridge analysis, to modify an existing nonlinear seismic bridge analysis computer program to include a new element capable of representing such models, and to conduct a parametric study to assess the effect of the increased energy dissipation mechanisms on the response of bridge substructures. For spread footing foundations, three different models were identified and applied to a typical two-column bridge bent. For pile foundations, four models were derived and applied to a five-column bent. The seismic response for each model was compared with conventional elastic and fixed-base models. Several soil stiffness values and earthquake records were considered for analysis. Maximum values of displacement, plastic hinge rotation, and cumulative plastic hinge rotations were noted and compared. It was concluded that the use of the foundation models can produce an important change in the bridge response when compared to that of the fixed-base model, depending on the frequency content of the earthquake and the stiffness of the soil. The effects of radiation damping were observed to be insignificant for foundations on stiff soil, but important for those on soft soil. In addition, the performance of the simpler damped foundation models was found to be quite similar to that of the more complex models. KW - Analytical models KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Dissipation KW - Dynamic characteristics KW - Dynamics KW - Earthquakes KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile foundations KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Spread footings KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/328.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647438 AU - Benuska, M AU - Hansen, M AU - Ulberg, C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOV MONITORING AND EVALUATION TOOL. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 120 p. AB - This report summarizes the methodology used by the Washington State Transportation Center in fulfillment of the requirements for the Washington State Department of Transportation grant "HOV Lane Monitoring and Evaluation Tool". This report describes the types of data collected, how the data were collected, and the uses of the data. The report then makes some preliminary findings based on the analysis to date. Designing a system for evaluating the performance of high occupancy vehicle lanes includes establishing methods for collection and analysis of vehicle occupancy, travel time, and public opinion data. Secondary sources include data on enforcement of HOV lane restrictions, accidents, and transit ridership. The objective of this report is to identify the most effective and efficient method for collecting and analyzing the required data. Issues addressed in identifying the most appropriate methodology included the following: selecting data collection sites, developing a computer program to facilitate data collection and storage, management of traffic observers, scheduling, developing computer programs for auditing and analyzing data, developing a system for mailing public opinion surveys to commuters observed in the field, and analysis of the public opinion data. It is important to note that this report concerns the development of a methodology and is not designed to be an authoritative analysis of the effectiveness of high occupancy vehicle lanes. The analysis of the data described in this report will be published in a forthcoming report for the companion project "HOV Lane Evaluation and Monitoring". KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data storage KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Public opinion KW - Public transit KW - Restrictions KW - Ridership KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/318.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647430 AU - Okamoto, P A AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Smith, K D AU - Darter, M I AU - Wilson, T P AU - Wu, C L AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR TIMING CONTRACTION JOINT SAWING AND EARLIEST LOADING FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS, VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 292 p. AB - A study with the objectives of providing guidelines for timing of contraction joint sawcutting to avert uncontrolled pavement cracking and providing guidelines for early loading of pavements by construction traffic has been conducted. A laboratory study of early age (4 to 24 hours) and early pavement loading (1 to 28 days) concrete strength properties for a range of highway concrete mixes was made. Sawcutting tests were made to determine earliest contraction joint sawcutting. Earliest sawcut timing was correlated on the basis of sawcut ratings to concrete strength properties and nondestructive test results that can be used for determining earliest sawcutting time. Concrete pavement placement and joint sawcutting were observed at three highway construction sites to verify test results. Latest sawcutting time was targeted on the basis of buildup of restraint stresses attributable to slab cooling. Guidelines for sawcut timing are presented to facilitate construction site decision making based on nondestructive test methods. Early loading by construction traffic was analyzed using ILLI-SLAB finite element models. Load tests were made at two pavement sites to verify that analytical model results are applicable to new pavements. Guidelines are presented to facilitate construction site decision making for early trafficking of new pavements based on nondestructive test methods. KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete strength KW - Contraction joints KW - Early pavement loading KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Paving KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Strength of materials KW - Timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647382 AU - McLean, D I AU - Cannon, IBS AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF THE WESTBOUND LANES OF THE I-90 BRIDGES CROSSING MERCER SLOUGH. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 122 p. AB - This study investigated the seismic response of the westbound lanes of I-90 crossing Mercer Slough. Mercer Slough is filled with a very soft, thick peat deposit. Both linear and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed, including spectral analyses, linear time-history analyses and nonlinear time-history analyses. Variables considered in the analyses included different column and foundation stiffnesses, different seismic input, different simultaneous seismic input, and nonlinear joint behavior. The response of the bridge was found to be extremely sensitive to seismic input and, to a lesser extent, foundation stiffness. Consideration of nonlinear effects tended to lessen the bridge response. The analyses also indicated that a long, loosely connected bridge, such as that crossing Mercer Slough, can be adequately analyzed using a fairly short section of the bridge. All of the different analyses indicated that elements in the bridge would probably be close to or exceed their capacity during an earthquake. Problem areas which were identified included the inability of the expansion joints to sustain large relative displacements and the possible overloading of the columns in flexure. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Expansion joints KW - Flexure KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Peat KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Stiffness UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/299.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647362 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Pendleton, O AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT-RUBBER INTERLAYERS. FINAL REPORT: TASK 4 PY - 1994/02 SP - 74 p. AB - This report presents the field performance results of three asphalt-rubber interlayer test roads in terms of the effectiveness of the interlayer at reducing the rate of reflection cracking. Several variables were included in the field experiments: concentration of rubber, binder application rate, type or source of rubber, and digestion (or mixing) time of asphalt and rubber. Control sections were made up of no interlayer and interlayer binders of polymer-modified asphalt and conventional asphalt cement. Results of the statistical analyses of the data indicated that, in general, asphalt-rubber interlayers are more effective at reducing reflection cracking than no interlayer at all. Asphalt-rubber also performed better than control sections composed of asphalt cement interlayers and polymer-modified interlayers except in one case where the interlayer was composed of a double application of asphalt cement/aggregate. The data also indicated that higher binder application rates lead to improved cracking resistance; however, on many test sections, excessively high binder application rates caused flushing at the pavement surface. Rubber type or source did not appear to be a factor in determining reflection cracking but the lower concentrations of rubber appeared to perform better than high concentrations. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Crumb rubber KW - Effectiveness KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Field data KW - Field performance KW - Field studies KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stress absorbing membrane interlayers KW - Stresses KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387181 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646045 AU - Elias, V AU - Earth Engineering and Sciences, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING UNKNOWN BRIDGE FOUNDATIONS. FINAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 73 p. AB - State highway agencies have plans and records on the type and depth of foundations for most Federal-aid highway system bridges, though not nearly as much data exists for off-system bridges. Information on type and depth of the foundations, however, is essential for conducting scour evaluations in order to respond to criteria for the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS). This report summarizes the problem of unknown foundations and provides a strategy for managing the problem of unknown foundations. This report characterizes the nation's bridges over water with respect to key parameters such as average daily traffic (ADT), length, functional classification data, scour related parameters, and other data contained in the National Bridge Inventory (NBI). The subset of bridges with unknown foundation conditions is characterized and quantified in order to determine their impact on scour evaluations presently in progress. A risk based procedure has been developed to allow the bridge owner to manage bridges with unknown foundations. A model is provided to assess the need to determine the type and depth of foundation. The model allows the owner to prioritize bridges having the greatest urgency or economic benefit for determining attributes about the foundation type and depth. Finally, a methods guide outlining measures that might be taken to determine foundation type and depth is presented. KW - Bridge management KW - Bridge management systems KW - Risk assessment KW - Scour KW - Strategic planning KW - Unknown bridge foundations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386584 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646046 AU - Ahmed, Z AU - White, T D AU - Bourdeau, P L AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT DRAINAGE AND PAVEMENT-SHOULDER JOINT EVALUATION AND REHABILITATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 446 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to i) evaluate the performance of pavement subdrainage systems, ii) study the behavior of moisture conditions below pavements, and iii) provide recommendations for improved drainage criteria based on analysis of field data. Existing and retrofitted subdrainage collector systems were inspected through external visual inspection in combination with a probe for internal inspection. Distresses and deficiencies in construction observed were listed and compiled on video. A methodology for inspection is presented that can be used by highway agencies in monitoring the condition, need for maintenance, and performance of collector systems. Pavements with various types of subdrainage systems were instrumented to monitor the effects of different parameters influencing flow. The instrumentation package included pressure transducers, moisture blocks, thermistor probe, rain gauge, tipping bucket flow meter, and a data recording and storage system. Laboratory investigations were conducted on subgrade and subbase samples collected from instrumented sites to assess their material and hydraulic properties. Parameters obtained by fitting Brooks & Corey's model and Van Genuchten's model to experimental data have shown good correlations with measured values. Data collected from instrumented sites show varying response rate and time of outflow with respect to precipitation for different types of pavements and collector systems. Statistical analysis has shown significant influence of base permeability in addition to pavement and drain types on pavement outflow. High correlations exist between precipitation and pore pressure underneath pavements. Data from instrumentation and laboratory tests will help in calibrating and validating an analytical seepage program developed separately as part of this research project. KW - Collector systems KW - Hydraulic properties KW - Inspection KW - Instrumentation KW - Internal inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Outflow KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Pore pressure KW - Precipitation KW - Properties of materials KW - Seepage KW - Statistical analysis KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subdrainage KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386585 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646040 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS FROM LABORATORY AND FIELD COMPACTED SAMPLES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/02 SP - 92 p. AB - Studies have been completed to verify the predictive capabilities of European hot mix asphalt testing equipment by performing tests on mixtures of known field performance. The results indicated that the Hamburg wheel-tracking device and the French rutting tester have the ability to model field performance very well. The purpose of this study was to compare test results from the European testing equipment using laboratory compacted samples and field compacted samples. The results from this study 1) helped to decide how close the laboratory compactors "simulate" field compaction, and 2) assisted with the development of specifications for field acceptance testing. When tested in the French rutting tester, samples compacted in the French plate compactor and linear kneading compactor produced samples that gave very similar test results to field compacted samples. When tested in the Hamburg wheel-tracking device, results from the laboratory compacted samples indicated the mixes would be more resistant to moisture damage than the results from field compacted samples. The air voids in the field compacted samples were more uniformly distributed than those in the laboratory compacted samples. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Europe KW - Field compacted samples KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory compacted samples KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Technology KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386579 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643572 AU - Okamoto, P A AU - Nussbaum, P J AU - Smith, K D AU - Darter, M I AU - Wilson, T P AU - Wu, C L AU - Tayabji, S D AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR TIMING CONTRACTION JOINT SAWING AND EARLIEST LOADING FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: APPENDIX PY - 1994/02 SP - 224 p. AB - A study with the objectives of providing guidelines for timing of contraction joint sawcutting to avert uncontrolled pavement cracking and providing guidelines for early loading of pavements by construction traffic has been conducted. A laboratory study of early age (4 to 24 hours) and early pavement loading (1 to 28 days) concrete strength properties for a range of highway concrete mixes was made. Sawcutting tests were made to determine earliest contraction joint sawcutting. Earliest sawcut timing was correlated on basis of sawcut ratings to concrete strength properties and non-destructive test results that can be used for determining earliest sawcutting time. Concrete pavement placement and joint sawcutting were observed at three highway construction sites to verify test results. Latest sawcutting time was targeted on basis of fuildup of restraint stresses attributable to slab cooling. Guidelines for sawcut timing are presented to facilitate construction site decision making based on nondestructive test methods. Early loading by construction traffic was analyzed using ILLI-SLAB finite element models. Load tests were made at two pavement sites to verify that analytical model results are applicable to new pavements. Guidelines are presented to facilitate construction site decision making for early trafficking of new pavements based on nondestructive test methods. This is the second of two volumes. It contains the Appendices to the final report. KW - Admixtures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete strength KW - Construction equipment KW - Construction vehicles KW - Contraction joints KW - Decision making KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Finite element method KW - Guidelines KW - Laboratory studies KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement loading KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Strength of materials KW - Timing KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386067 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647340 AU - Maser, K R AU - INFRASENSE, Incorporated AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF GROUND PENETRATING RADAR APPLICATIONS FOR PAVEMENT AND BRIDGE MANAGEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01/21 SP - 82 p. AB - A highway speed ground penetrating radar (GPR) system has been investigated in this study by the Wyoming Transportation Department (WTD) for measuring pavement thickness, subgrade moisture, and bridge deck deterioration. The system combines high resolution non-contact radar equipment operating from a survey vehicle, with automated software for calculating pavement and bridge deck conditions. Eleven pavement sites and six bridge decks were evaluated with the radar system. The WTD obtained ground truth verification using cores and split tubes for the pavements, and cores, chaindrag and half cell tests for the bridge decks. The radar data were analyzed using PAVLAYER and DECAR software packages, and the results were then correlated with the WTD ground truth data. For asphalt thickness, the comparison to cores and split tube data showed an average deviation of +/- 1.3 cm for the ten asphalt pavement sites, and +/- 1.0 cm for the overlaid bridge decks. The correlation also showed an accurate prediction of bridge deck deterioration levels, with an average deviation of 4.2% between radar and ground truth. A strong correlation (R squared = 0.77) was revealed between the radar and ground truth data for rebar depth. Concrete pavement thickness and subgrade moisture content could not be reliably calculated using this radar technology. It is recommended that future WTD work focus on the asphalt thickness and bridge deck applications, with a larger scale pilot project as a next step. KW - Bridge decks KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Deterioration KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Ground truth data KW - Measurement KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Software KW - Soil water KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Subgrade moisture KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453882 AU - Kumapley, Robert Kwasi AU - Fricker, Jon D AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Estimating Statewide Vehicle Miles Traveled in Indiana : Draft Final Report PY - 1994/01/20/Draft Final Report SP - 247p AB - Two cross classification models have been developed in this study for use in the estimation of statewide vehicle miles of travel (VMT) in Indiana. This is to provide the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) with an independent source of improved statewide VMT estimates based on driver behavior to supplement the estimates obtained from the traffic count based HPMS method. The models are calibrated to produce VMT estimates for all functional classes in the state network, including combined statewide VMT estimates for functional classes that are not part of the state highway system. The results obtained in the model evaluation process indicate that the models are well calibrated. Model-generated VMT estimates are noted to be within 5 percent of Indiana VMT estimates published in Highway Statistics . The models were found to neither consistently overestimate nor underestimate the Highway Statistics VMT estimates. The models are incorporated into a QUATTRO PRO spreadsheet program to allow INDOT simple and efficient execution of the models. The advantage of having the two models is to use the Short-term Model to forecast short term statewide VMT, and then use the VMT Tracking Model to track annually the VMT forecasts obtained from the Short-term Model. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Indiana KW - Traffic counts KW - Travel demand KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314211 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218863 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713012 AU - Crane, R W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED RURAL MOBILITY THROUGH LOWER COST BRIDGE DESIGN ALTERNATIVES PY - 1994/01/10 SP - 13 p. AB - In response to a need to improve mobility in rural areas of the Federal Highway Administration Region 4 States - mobility limited by closed and weight restricted bridges - two years ago, the Office of Structures began to compile information from around the country about new and better ways to improve rural bridges. This paper is the result of these efforts. The paper concentrates on three areas of interest - revised design standards, financing methods, and new technology. A list of references is provided which will aid States and local agencies in improving their low volume road bridges. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Atlantic Coast (United States) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Design standards KW - Financing KW - Low cost KW - Mobility KW - Rural areas KW - Southeastern United States KW - Structural design KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448163 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01453862 AU - Andrews, Ted M AU - Sinha, Kumares C AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - The Components and Benefits of an Advanced Surface Arterial Traffic Management System PY - 1994/01//Informatioin Report SP - 188p AB - Traffic congestion has become an increasing problem on major surface arterial roadways. Demand for accessibility to adjacent land uses yields increased vehicular turning movement activity at driveways and intersections. As turning and cross-road traffic volumes increase, the need for traffic signalization will eventually be warranted. When numerous, independently operating traffic signals are present on a given arterial roadway, adverse effects can result. First, continuous movement along the arterials at a desirable speed may not be assured. Second, vehicular delay will increase because of the slower operating speeds and increased number of stops. Third, safety can be threatened as poor traffic flow (i.e. increased number of stops, etc.) may lead to potential vehicular conflict. Fourth, vehicle emissions may increase as a result of poor traffic progression and can have unfavorable consequences to the local air quality. Lastly, increased fuel consumption is possible as traffic waits along poorly timed arterials. Of the five effects mentioned, travel delay is the most conspicuous and readily measured. to offset these effects, advanced traffic control systems have been developed to effectively and efficiently coordinate traffic flow along an arterial roadways or throughtout an area. In this study, a review of the most current technolgies in Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) for surface arterial roadways was performed. An emphasis was placed on new and developing technologies which are likely to be available for use within the next five years. In addition, advanced traffic control systems presently within Indiana were covered. Finally, recommendations for surface arterial ATMS were made including a proposed application for major arterial roadways in the metropolitan Indianapolis area. Furthermore, the cost-effectiveness of a surface arterial ATMS was discussed. This included the consideration of the initial construction, maintenance, and operation costs of the system hardware and software as well as roadway user benefits and costs. A comparison of before and after surface arterial ATMS user benefits was made. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Arterial highways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Signalization KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signals UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313328 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218864 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01145046 AU - Bruce, R N AU - Russell, H G AU - Roller, J J AU - Martin, B T AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Evaluation of Utilizing High-Strength Concrete in Design and Construction of Highway Bridge Structures PY - 1994/01//Final Report SP - 220p AB - The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of using high-strength concrete in the design and construction of highway bridge structures. A literature search was conducted; a survey of five regional fabrication plants was performed; concrete mix designs were studied in the laboratory and in the field; tests of nine full-scale specimens were conducted. Three concentrically prestressed pile specimens were fabricated and tested in flexure as part of this program. Each of the pile specimens had a 24-in. (610-mm) square cross section with a concentric 12-in. (305-mm) diameter void. All pile specimens were 24-ft. (7.3-m) long. These three pile specimens had a design 28-day concrete compressive strength of 8,500 psi (58.6 MPa). Four full-size prestressed bulb-tee girders were fabricated and tested as part of this program. Early age flexure and shear strength tests were conducted on two bulb-tee flexural strength tests. The four specimens were subjected to a fatigue test followed by a flexural strength test. The specimens were 54-in. (1.37-m) deep bulb-tee sections with a 6-in. (152-mm) thick web. Each girder specimen was 70-ft. (21.3-m) long. Each bulb-tee specimen had a design 28-day concrete compressive strength of 10,000 psi (69.0 MPa). Prior to testing, three of the four bulb-tee specimens had a 9-1/2 in. (240-mm) thick and 10-ft. (3.05-m) wide deck slab added. One bulb-tee specimen used for early age testing did not have a deck. Fabrication and driving of a single 130-ft. (39.6-m) long prestressed pile specimen was also included as part of this program. The pile specimen had the same cross-sectional configuration and design 28-day concrete compressive strength as the first three pie specimens tested in flexure. Performance of this pile specimen during handling and driving was evaluated in the field. The high-strength concrete piles and girders tested as part of this research program performed adequately with respect to both design requirements and the requirements of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. It is concluded that the provisions of the AASHTO Standard are conservatively applicable for members with concrete compressive strengths up to 10,000 psi (69.0 MPa). Results of this program clearly demonstrated several potential benefits of utilizing high-strength concrete for highway bridge structures including (1) larger girder spacing, (2) longer pile lengths, and (3) lower prestress losses. Therefore, use of high-strength concrete for highway bridge structures is recommended. However, based on the difficulties encountered during this project with respect to achieving 10,000 psi (69.0 MPa) compressive strength concrete, it appears that precast fabricators will need to make some changes to the normal production regime in order to consistently produce high-strength concrete. KW - Bridge design KW - Bulbtee girders KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete construction KW - Fabrication KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Flexural strength KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Structural tests UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_282.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/905206 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738947 AU - Irby, M S AU - Crabtree, J D AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALLEVIATION OF FUEL TAX EVASION IN KENTUCKY PY - 1994/01 SP - 35 p. AB - Motor fuel tax evasion is a problem of major significance nationwide. In Kentucky, evasion of motor fuel taxes could mean an annual loss of approximately $25 million. This study was initiated to provide Kentucky officials involved with fuel tax collection with the best available information on the problem of fuel tax evasion and the best uses of all resources to alleviate the problem. This interim report concludes the first phase of the study and provides a qualitative look at motor fuel tax evasion in Kentucky. It discusses the fuel tax process in the Commonwealth, how evasion occurs, efforts to alleviate evasion, and preliminary findings and recommendations. Findings include the fact that fuel tax evasion by dishonest dealers places honest dealers at a major competitive disadvantage, as well as contributes to the loss of funds for highway construction and maintenance. Kentucky is combating evasion through a combination of state and cooperative regional and national efforts. Future research will include examining three basic approaches to developing a quantitative estimate of the magnitude of fuel tax evasion in Kentucky and implementing the most promising of these approaches. Additional research could be conducted on experience gained by other states, average fuel burn rates for various types of engines and furnaces, and a cost/benefit analysis for Kentucky's Motor Fuel Tax Audit program to justify additional funds for that program. KW - Auditing KW - Estimating KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Kentucky KW - Motor fuels KW - Problem solving KW - Research KW - Tax evasion KW - Taxation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572942 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666238 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Rao, S S AU - Young, B AU - National Center for Asphalt Technology AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED MIXTURES IN STATE OF GEORGIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 106 p. AB - The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) has been constructing recycled asphalt pavements routinely for about four years. This research project was undertaken to evaluate the performance of recycled pavements in comparison to virgin (control) asphalt pavements. Five projects, each consisting of a recycled section and a control section, were subjected to detailed evaluation. In-situ mix properties (such as percent air voids, resilient modulus and indirect tensile strength), recovered asphalt binder properties (such as penetration and viscosity), and laboratory recompacted mix properties (such as Gyratory Stability Index and confined, dynamic creep modulus) were measured. A paired t-test statistical analysis indicated no significant differences between these properties of virgin and recycled mix pavements which have been in service from 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 years. Ten additional virgin mix pavements and 13 additional recycled pavements were also evaluated as two independent groups. No statistical differences were found between the recovered asphalt properties (penetration and viscosity) of these virgin and recycled pavements in service. The current GDOT recycling specifications and mix design procedures appear to be satisfactory based on the results of this study. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Creep KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Pendulum tests KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Statistical analysis KW - T test KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests KW - Viscosity UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/43000/43000/43052/9209.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664345 AU - McGennis, R B AU - Shuler, S AU - Bahia, H U AU - Asphalt Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKGROUND OF SUPERPAVE ASPHALT BINDER TEST METHODS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 99 p. AB - This manual represents the first formal training document that embodies the complete series of SUPERPAVE asphalt binder test equipment and procedures. These tests and procedures represent the results of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) 5-year research effort to investigate and improve asphalt cement technology. This manual was developed under the Federal Highway Administration's National Asphalt Training Center. Students attending the center utilize this manual to obtain a better understanding of the underlying theory behind asphalt cement testing, as well as how to perform each of the new procedures. KW - Aging KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bituminous binders KW - Manuals KW - Rheometers KW - Specifications KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Viscometers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405226 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643483 AU - SVENSON, A L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR USE IN ROADSIDE SAFETY BARRIERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 72 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is interested in the development of barriers composed of composite materials. Barriers, as well as other roadside safety appurtenances are structures subjected to dynamic loading by errant vehicles. This investigation focuses on the understanding of the impact behavior of fiber-reinforced conposites when subjected to low-velocity impacts, such as an automobile collision into a fixed roadside object. This study attempts to characterize the relative impact performance of several different fiber architecture types in glass fiber-reinforced composites. This dynamic characterization of materials compared test specimens cut from standard, commercially available glass fiber-reinforced pultruded composite shapes with laboratory-fabricated composites of four different fiber geometries. Composite plates were fabricated by a hand lay-up vacuum bag process and were then cut into impact test specimens approximately 178 mm long by 25 mm wide (7.0 in. long by 1.0 in. wide). These test specimens were used to evaluate the impact characteristics of the various types of materials. This report discusses the drop weight testing procedures, important data analysis parameters, and material fabrication methods used in this study. The results of impact tests on both pultruded and laboratory-fabricated composite samples are presented and compared. Also, design considerations and possibilities for further investigations are recommended. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Data analysis KW - Drop tests KW - Fabrication KW - Fiber composites KW - Fiber geometries KW - Fibers KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Glass fibers KW - Impact tests KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research KW - Specimens KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643487 AU - Sen, R AU - Spillett, K AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESTRAINT EFFECT OF BEARINGS - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 118 p. AB - This report provides experimental and analytical results of an investigation to determine the restraint effect of elastomeric bearings. A simply supported, two-lane, 20 ft x 7 ft wide bridge consisting of three W8 x 24 steel beams acting compositely with a 4.5 in. thick concrete slab was designed and fabricated. Each girder was supported on elastomeric bearing pads that were designed to comply with current AASHTO provisions. A 26 ft long x 10 ft x 15 ft 8 in. high environmental chamber was constructed around the test bridge to allow simulation of temperature extremes encountered in the State of Florida. The service response of the bridge was linear and the validity of the principle of superposition was demonstrated. Load distribution tests indicated that the AASHTO parameters accurately characterized the bridge. Tests to assess bearing restraint effects were conducted by subjecting the bridge to temperatures in the range from -2.5 deg F to 125 deg F and measuring the response to simulated truck loads. The results from the tests confirmed the presence of restraint forces at the elastomeric bearings. The maximum restraint effects, relative to the 80 deg F temperature at which the bridge was constructed, were found to be at the lowest temperature where about a 15% reduction in service moment was obtained. However, reductions at higher temperatures were relatively insignificant. KW - Bearings KW - Bridge bearings KW - Elastomeric bearings KW - Elastomers KW - Load transfer KW - Loading and unloading KW - Restraint effects KW - Simulated loading KW - Simulation KW - Temperature KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381921 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642351 AU - Fancher, P AU - Kostyniuk, L AU - Massie, D AU - Ervin, R AU - Gilbert, K AU - Reiley, M AU - Mink, C AU - Bogard, S AU - Zoratti, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POTENTIAL SAFETY APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 322 p. AB - This report identifies and evaluates the application of new technology to known highway safety problems, including an assessment of functional requirements, feasibility, costs, and potential safety benefits. Findings are documented for the following subjects: (1) a typology of prevalent accident/crash types, (2) functional descriptions of 18 postulated countermeasure systems for mitigating the consequences of prevalent crash types, (3) the relationship of advanced technology to the sensing, processing, communications, and display needs of the postulated countermeasure systems, (4) potential safety benefits of countermeasure systems as expressed by estimates of the reductions in risk and severity in selected accident types, and (5) estimates of the costs of countermeasure systems and their rate of penetration into the driver-vehicle-roadway system. Conclusions and recommendations concerning the development of safety applications of advanced technology are delineated in chapter 3 of the report. The crash countermeasures identified as having high safety potential are headway control for rear-end crashes, lane-edge detection for run-off-road situations, lane-keeping systems, night vision enhancement as a crosscutting measure for various crash types, longitudinal control for pedestrians, cyclists, animals, etc., in the road, and impaired driver warnings as a crosscutting measure for various crash types. KW - Automatic steering control KW - Costs KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Edge detection KW - Hazards KW - Headway control KW - Headways KW - Highway safety KW - Impaired drivers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Longitudinal control KW - Night vision KW - Recommendations KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Risk assessment KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680857 AU - Younger, K AU - Hicks, R G AU - PARTL, M AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF POROUS PAVEMENTS FOR ROAD SURFACES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 89 p. AB - Porous pavements or open graded asphalt mixtures have been in use in Oregon since the late 1960s. The use of this pavement type has increased over the years because the pores in the mat provide a better way for water to drain from the surface. This greatly increases the safety in the areas of skid resistance and splash and spray. Added benefits to these pavements are that sound emitted from the tire noise is partly absorbed into the voids of the pavement. Not all the attributes of porous pavements are beneficial. There have been some durability and construction problems associated with this pavement type. Experience and trial and error have reduced many of the disadvantages of porous pavements. Recent experiences with these mix types in the U.S. and abroad have been positive. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Durability KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavements KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Surface drainage KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680707 AU - McVay, M C AU - Townsend, F C AU - Casper, R D AU - Clausen, J AU - Linde, D V AU - McAdams, P AU - Subramanian, S AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEFORMATION OF PILE GROUPS UNDER AXIAL AND LATERAL LOADINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 133 p. AB - The report presents analytical and experimental work on modeling axial and lateral loaded pile groups. The analytical is the development of LPGSTAN which is a finite element code which models each pile or drilled shaft with fifteen linear elastic beam elements with five degrees of freedom per node (2 translations, 2 rotations, and 1 axial). The pile-soil interaction is modeled with T-Z and P-Y curves (axial and lateral), and the pile-soil-pile interaction is characterized with Mindlin's linear elastic representation or through P-Y, and T-Z multipliers as suggested by Brown et al. The P-Y curves are those suggested by O'Neil and the T-Z are those reported by McVay. The code has been verified by checking linear solutions (single and groups) and nonlinear solutions (single piles; COM624). LPGSTAN was subsequently used to predict the 9-pile lateral load test in Houston, Texas reported by Reese and Brown. It was found that Mindlin did a good job of predicting the average response of the group but did not delineate the reported row response. The use of P-Y multipliers did both exceedingly well. Centrifuge testing on nine pile groups at different pile spacing and soil densities in sand were also conducted. The piles were driven and laterally loaded in flight without stopping the centrifuge. It was found that both the total resistance of the group and the row contributions in the group varied as a function of the pile spacing and relative density of the sand. LPGSTAN was used to predict the centrifuge results with good success. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loading KW - Axial loads KW - Centrifuges KW - Deformation KW - Density KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile groups KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Pile spacing KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Sand KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Spacing KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422214 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675290 AU - Anderson, P P AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF BENEFITS, ACCOMPLISHMENTS, AND RESOURCE NEEDS OF THE LOCAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 41 p. AB - This study was undertaken to document accomplishments of the Technology Transfer (T2) Centers, funded through the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) of the Federal Highway Administration in partnership with State highway agencies, universities, and local governments. The study further documents the benefits that local governments have derived from the Centers. The users of T2 Center services are the nearly 36,000 local government agencies with responsibilities for maintaining streets and roads. With budgets totalling $30 billion in 1991, these agencies maintain 2.9 million miles of roadways and more than 290,000 bridges. Prior to the establishment of LTAP, local agencies had little opportunity for training or assistance specifically designed to meet their needs. T2 Centers in the 50 States and Puerto Rico typically operate with average annual budgets of $300,000 and five part-time employees. Centers offer technical assistance, primarily in the form of training. Collectively, during the past 5 years, the Centers offered 20,187 days of training that were attended by 263,061 individuals. Highway safety, pavements, and management were the major training topics. The benefits stated in this report were identified by the local government agencies through a random survey distributed in 39 States and through personal interviews conducted with local agency personnel in 15 States. The study profiles the transportation responsibilities of local governments, provides a functional and resource overview of T2 Centers, describes benefits in seven specific areas, documents cost savings, and provides testimonials from the personal interviews conducted. It also presents recommendations for future program areas, projects resource needs, and proposes specific 1998 source contributions. KW - Accomplishments KW - Benefits KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Interviewing KW - Local agencies KW - Local government KW - Local government agencies KW - Local Technical Assistance Program KW - Maintenance KW - Management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Resource needs KW - Surveys KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer centers KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675291 AU - Warren, R S AU - McGennis, R B AU - Bahia, H U AU - Asphalt Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPERPAVE ASPHALT BINDER TEST METHODS: AN ILLUSTRATED OVERVIEW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 140 p. AB - This manual provides sequential, illustrated steps for performing the SUPERPAVE test procedures on asphalt cements. It also serves as a self-contained laboratory reference document on those procedures. These tests and procedures represent the results of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) 5-year research effort to investigate and improve asphalt cement technology. This manual was developed under the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) National Asphalt Training Center. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Manuals KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412309 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674252 AU - Terrel, R L AU - George, A J AU - Sosnovske, D AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD CONTROL OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 57 p. AB - The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) controls the quality of its asphaltic concrete (AC) paving mixtures by using a statistical pay factor system based on random sampling and testing of aggregate gradation, asphalt content, and compaction density. Concerns about potential toxicity of solvents used for asphalt extraction led to the desire for less hazardous quality control procedures. As a result, ODOT eliminated the use of solvents. Asphalt content is now controlled using a nuclear gage and aggregate gradations are determined from cold feed samples. The goal of this study was to develop information and evaluate new methods for controlling quality of the AC mixture in the mat. Specifically, this research project evaluated using a gyratory compactor in the field laboratory to determine mix quality. Specimens were prepared from companion mixture samples using both gyratory and kneading compaction. The properties of the mixtures were compared using a variety of standard tests including density, voids, Marshall stability, Hveem stability, etc. The results of this research study include the following conclusions and recommendations: Conclusions: (1) The gyratory compactor worked well in the field laboratory. Compared to the kneading compactor, it is relatively inexpensive and simple to operate. The compacted specimens appear to represent the mixture quite well as shown by density and voids. (2) The measured stability values on gyratory compacted specimens are equal to or better than those for kneading compacted specimens; the results appear to be more consistent than with kneading or Marshall compacted specimens. (3) AC mixtures can be controlled in the field by monitoring stability; however, there is significant variability in the results. (4) The void content measured in gyratory compacted field specimens may be used as a field control parameter. Recommendations: (1) The gyratory method of compaction should be advanced as a method of field acceptance for AC mixtures. This should be delayed until the new SHRP compactor is available. (2) The field performance of the four projects evaluated in this study should be tracked for a period of 2-3 years to see if actual performance correlates with any of the test results evaluated. (3) Specifications should be developed for controlling AC mixtures with a field compaction device used to fabricate specimens to measure air voids and voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA). KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Compactors KW - Field control KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Nuclear gages KW - Quality control KW - Recommendations UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/FieldControlOfAsphaltPav.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670458 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Tilley, J AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BY-PRODUCT AND DISCARDED MATERIAL UTILIZATION IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE -- A LITERATURE REVIEW. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 49 p. AB - This report summarizes the findings of an extensive literature search and review conducted to determine current attitudes relative to the use of recyclable and recoverable materials in highway construction and maintenance activities. Specifically, the literature search focused upon the engineering, economic, and performance aspects of using recyclable and recoverable materials in highway construction and maintenance projects. The literature review focused on asphalt and cement concrete pavement recycling, discarded tire recycling, reuse of paint removal wastes, fly ash, glass, alternative fuels, and other miscellaneous recycled and recovered materials as related to construction and maintenance of highways. Additionally, regulatory and policy matters associated with the use of recyclable and recoverable materials in the transportation area were investigated during the review of literature. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Economics KW - Fly ash KW - Glass KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway maintenance KW - Literature reviews KW - Paint removal wastes KW - Pavement recycling KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Policy KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Regulations KW - Road construction KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Tires KW - Utilization KW - Waste products KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411202 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669165 AU - SVENSON, A L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR USE IN ROADSIDE SAFETY BARRIERS PY - 1994/01 SP - 72 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is interested in the development of barriers composed of composite materials. Barriers, as well as other roadside safety appurtenances, are structures subjected to dynamic loading by errant vehicles. This investigation focuses on the understanding of the impact behavior of fiber-reinforced composites when subjected to low-velocity impacts, such as an automobile collision into a fixed roadside object. The study attempts to characterize the relative impact performance of several different fiber architecture types in glass fiber-reinforced composites. This dynamic characterization of materials compared test specimens cut from standard, commercially available glass fiber-reinforced pultruded composite shapes with laboratory-fabricated composites of four different fiber geometrics. Composite plates were fabricated by a hand lay-up vacuum bag process and were then cut into impact test specimens approximately 178 mm long by 25 mm wide (7.0 in long by 1.0 in wide). These test specimens were used to evaluate the impact characteristics of the various types of materials. The report discusses the drop weight testing procedures, important data analysis parameters, and material fabrication methods used in this study. The results of impact tests on both pultruded and laboratory-fabricated composite samples are presented and compared. Also, design considerations and possibilities for further investigations are recommended. KW - Composite materials KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Glass fibers KW - Impact tests KW - Roadside structures KW - Safety equipment KW - Set forward force UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410744 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667652 AU - Roschke, P N AU - Pruski, Kevin R AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GRAPHICALLY-ORIENTED ANALYSIS OF POST-TENSIONED SLAB BRIDGES ON MICROCOMPUTERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 117 p. AB - This is the fourth in a series of reports documenting a research program aimed at detailed investigation of a new type of bridge structure that has a moderately thick, post-tensioned, concrete slab resting directly on columns without bent caps. In this program, two scaled laboratory models, named Model One and Model Two, are tested in the laboratory along with instrumentation of a full-scale 3-span bridge. Analysis of this class of bridge structure is carried out by means of a nonlinear finite element analysis code that has been specially designed to run on microcomputers. This report relates to the analysis code and is intended to serve as a user manual for design engineers. A suite of computer codes, mnemonically titled TEXSLAB, automates input of bridge geometry and loads, performs finite element simulation to determine deflections, strains, and stresses in the slab and tendons, and provides graphical output of salient quantities for the designer. A user-oriented system of menu-driven interfaces makes generation of the input model relatively simple. In addition, graphical representation of many input parameters, such as tendon profiles, allows error-checking before execution of the analysis module. Full program operation takes place on a microcomputer. This package is developed using FORTRAN 77 as the primary coding language, C as a secondary language for operating system function calls, and a commercially available graphics package for rapid visualization of results. TEXSLAB runs under OS/2 version 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.0, or 2.1 with the DOS compatibility box active. File development and program execution take place in OS/2, while graphic model confirmation and examination of analysis results occur in DOS. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer program documentation KW - Deflection KW - Finite element method KW - FORTRAN (Computer program language) KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Manuals KW - Microcomputers KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Post-tensioned slab bridges KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410137 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667650 AU - Palamarthy, S AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Machemehl, R B AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELS OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSING BEHAVIOR AT SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 104 p. AB - The traditional approach to reduce accidents at intersections has been to install traffic control devices. However, it has not been established that installation of such devices as signals, signs, or pavement markings, substantially improves pedestrian safety. On the contrary, empirical investigations have indicated that these devices tend to create a false sense of security. The major criteria used in installing these devices are vehicular volumes, pedestrian volumes, and engineering judgment. The compliance with these devices is, however, dependent on the pedestrian behavior. It is therefore necessary to study the crossing behavior, not only to realize the full benefits of signalization, but also to develop and evaluate new strategies to deal with the pedestrians. This report focuses on the crossing behavior of pedestrians at traffic signalized intersections. Since a non-compliant pedestrian attempting to cross on a "don't walk" phase looks for gaps in the traffic stream, the gap-acceptance theory is used to model the crossing maneuver. An inconsistent behavior model is assumed wherein the critical gap is treated as a random quantity varying both within and across individuals. Four possible crossing modes are identified, but only two could be studied because of sample size restrictions. Group interactions are incorporated in the models, as the behavior of individual pedestrians within the group may not be independent. Also, the pedestrians within the group may not be independent. Moreover, the pedestrian push-button choice behavior is integrated with the gap-acceptance models, as these two behaviors are correlated. Models are developed in the framework of random utility maximization theory using a multinomial probit approach. A data collection methodology was developed using a stratified sampling approach, with land use as the exogenous variable. The procedure was applied to selected intersections from the city of Austin, Texas. On-site surveys were conducted to obtain information on the behavior using a video recording technique. The calibration package used applies the Monte Carlo simulation technique to compute the choice probabilities, and obtains maximum likelihood estimates for the model parameters. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Data collection KW - Gap acceptance KW - Land use KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Multinomial probits KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Pedestrians KW - Signalized intersections KW - Surveys KW - Utility maximization theory KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667597 AU - McEwen, E E AU - Tsiatas, G AU - University of Rhode Island, Kingston AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE USE OF FATIGUE FUSES IN PREDICTING THE FATIGUE LIFE OF STEEL BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 64 p. AB - The fatigue fuse is a device for predicting fatigue life of steel highway bridge members when the bridge is subject to variable loads. The fuse is calibrated so that the cracking of each of its four legs can be related to damage in the structure. In this preliminary laboratory study fatigue fuses were attached to eight steel girders, selected to represent three types of structural details found in existing highway bridges. The girders were all of A-572 grade 50 steel fabricated to AASHTO specifications. Fatigue fuses were cemented to the girders and the girders subjected to a constant amplitude fatigue loading which resulted in a tension-tension stress on the bottom flange. Cracking of the fatigue fuses was monitored by checking electrical continuity across each fuse leg. Tests were continued until the girder failed or until all fuse legs had broken and the mean fatigue life of the girder, as predicted by AASHTO, had been reached. The breaking of the fuse legs was used to predict the fatigue life of each girder. This was compared with the actual cycles to failure of the girder and the AASHTO mean life. This prediction gave satisfactory agreement with the AASHTO mean life in four of the tests. In two tests the predictions varied significantly from the AASHTO mean life. While several critical issues remain such as adapting the fatigue fuse to the environment of a real bridge and conducting tests on a statistically valid sample, the results of this feasibility study indicate that the fuse could be a very valuable tool for highway bridge inspection. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue fuses KW - Fatigue life KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Forecasting KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664411 AU - Dey, S S AU - Fricker, J D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEWER'S GUIDE FOR TRAFFIC IMPACT STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 80 p. AB - This guide is intended to establish a standard methodology for reviewing traffic impact analyses. It is intended to promote consistency in study requests, preparation and review. Such a standardized procedure would be beneficial to everyone involved in the development process. First and foremost, the manual will take the study preparer through a step-by-step procedure and enable him or her to present the study findings and recommendations in a systematic manner consistent with the reviewer's expectations. Second, it will enable reviewers to review the study in a systematic manner. Finally, it will promote understanding and awareness of transportation related issues among those involved in the development procedure. This guide is an expanded version of the Applicant's Guide. KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Methodology KW - Reviewing KW - Reviews KW - Standardization KW - Traffic impact analyses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664349 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMONSTRATION OF A VOLUMETRIC ACCEPTANCE PROGRAM FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT IN COLORADO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 80 p. AB - The Colorado Department of Transportation is attempting to change its method of acceptance of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Currently, HMA is accepted based upon asphalt content and gradation. It has been previously shown that the volumetric properties of HMA relate to field performance. Volumetric acceptance of HMA is planned within the next five years. The purpose of this report is to describe three pilot projects that used the specification. Results from the pilot projects indicated the volumetric acceptance specification was reasonable and achievable. When contractors had control of their materials and processes, bonus payments were common. Recommendations to improve the specifications are included. Volumetric testing was performed around the state for information. Five changes to HMA during production were identified that could not be detected with gradation acceptance. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Demonstration projects KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Specifications KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662823 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM 1994-1998 PY - 1994/01 SP - 66 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), cooperating with other government agencies, business, and academia, has created the Research and Technology (R&T) Program to help meet the needs of the transportation community. One of the byproducts of the program is this report. Published annually by the FHWA, it tracks current highway research programs and projects future highway research needs. The information contained in this report will assist transportation professionals in formulating their future research and technology plans. The report is organized in the following sections: Introduction; Safety (Research and Development: Highway Safety; Motor Carrier Safety Research); Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (Advanced Traffic Management Systems; Advanced Traveler Information Systems; Advanced Public Transportation Systems; Commercial Vehicle Operations; Advanced Vehicle Control Systems; Advanced Rural Transportation Systems); Infrastructure Assessment and Renewal (Research and Development: Pavements and Structures; Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program); Productivity, Planning, and the Environment (Motor Carrier Productivity Research; Planning Research; Policy Research; Environmental Research; and Right-of-Way Research); Advanced Research; Technology Transfer (Technology Assessment and Deployment; Education and Training; International Programs); Program Development; Glossary; and Appendix: High Priority Areas of Research and Technology Transfer. KW - Advanced research KW - Annual reports KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Glossaries KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor carriers KW - Pavements KW - Planning KW - Productivity KW - Program development KW - Program management KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research and technology program (Fhwa) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662817 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Public Works Association TI - STATE AND LOCAL HIGHWAY TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES PY - 1994/01 SP - v.p. AB - This directory provides a list of training and technology resources developed through the Technology Transfer (T2) Center program, which was initiated by the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) (formerly Rural Technical Assistance Program) to provide a transfer of technology to local road programs in governmental units of under 50,000 population. Sources of data for the directory were the T2 Centers, State highway agencies, professional organizations, universities, and the Federal Highway Administration. The directory is divided into sections by the following subjects: bridges; drainage/roadside; equipment; general/management; operations; roads; and other resources. For each resource the following are provided: title; the type of product (such as course, manual, or videocassette); the source of the item; a contact who can give further information; the cost of the item; a short description of the product; and the targeted audience. A title index is provided as well as a list of the LTAP Technology Transfer Centers. KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Directories KW - Drainage KW - Equipment KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Local government KW - Management KW - Natural resources KW - Road construction KW - Roadside KW - Rural areas KW - Small towns KW - States KW - Street construction KW - Street design KW - Street maintenance KW - Streets KW - Technology KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647441 AU - Marsh, M L AU - Gianotti, C M AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO LONG-DURATION EARTHQUAKES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 46 p. AB - The effects of postulated Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes on inelastic structural response have been quantified. The earthquakes studied ranged in size from those previously recorded to the largest plausible event, a magnitude 9.5, 240 second duration earthquake. Artificial acceleration records attenuated to epicentral distances corresponding to coastal range sites and Puget Sound sites were generated. These records were used as input for inelastic response history analyses of single-degree-of-freedom systems with either bilinear or degrading stiffness hysteretic relationships. The results indicate that the maximum displacements are not significantly greater than those produced by previously recorded events or by records that are compatible with current design code response spectra. However, the inelastic energy dissipated and the numbers of displacement cycles are somewhat greater for the largest events, although the energy demands and cyclic demands are similar to those from previous events for magnitudes up to 8.5. Since, the maximum credible event is not well established at this time no changes to the current design procedures are recommended. KW - Damages KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dissipation KW - Duration KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Inelastic response KW - Inelastic stress KW - Loss and damage KW - Repeated loads KW - Shear zones KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Subduction zone KW - Time duration UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/340.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647432 AU - Clarke, A AU - Dornfeld, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY. CASE STUDY NO. 19: TRAFFIC CALMING, AUTO-RESTRICTED ZONES AND OTHER TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES - THEIR EFFECTS ON BICYCLING AND PEDESTRIANS PY - 1994/01 SP - 64 p. AB - Traffic calming is becoming a popular traffic management tool in many areas of the world including Europe, Japan, and North America. In addition to requests from neighborhood groups, pedestrians and bicyclists have gotten involved in supporting traffic calming. The reasons these groups are supporting traffic calming varies. However, some of the most important reasons are for safer and more pleasant neighborhoods, environmental concerns, and places for people to walk and bike. This report is presented in five parts, as follows: (I) Introduction; (II) The History and Development of Traffic Calming (including traffic calming techniques installed in Europe and Japan); (III) Traffic Calming in the United States and Types of United States Traffic-Calming Techniques; (IV) Practical and Policy Implications; and (V) Conclusions and Recommendations. KW - Automobile-restricted zones KW - Bicycle travel KW - Case studies KW - Europe KW - Highway traffic control KW - History KW - Japan KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Recommendations KW - Traffic calming KW - Transportation policy KW - United States KW - Walking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6300/6341/CASE19.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387228 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647360 AU - Liu, J-J AU - Kalevela, S AU - Rushton, D AU - Hanson, G AU - Sivonen, P AU - Harper, J AU - Scofield, L A AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIDE (PRODUCT RESOURCE INVESTMENT DEPLOYMENT & EVALUATION) ANNUAL REPORT - 1993 PY - 1994/01 SP - 204 p. AB - This report describes the Arizona Department of Transportation's (ADOT's) product evaluation activities for the 1993 calendar year. ADOT utilized 3 committees: the Traffic Control Products Evaluation Committee (TPEC), the Materials Products Evaluation Committee (MPEC), and the New Products Policy Committee (NPPC). The Arizona Transportation Research Center (ATRC) is the administrator of the PRIDE (Product Resource Investment Deployment & Evaluation) Program. The Products Evaluation Committees reviewed 95 requests. The committees approved 65 products, disapproved 11 products, assigned 1 product as a specialty product, recommended 8 products for field testing, and denied 10 requests for field testing. Forty-nine products were incorporated into 2 experimental projects. ATRC processed 231 requests in 1993. Forty-one requests remain active pending proposals from the vendors. KW - Annual reports KW - Arizona KW - New products KW - Product evaluation programs KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387179 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646995 AU - Spear, B D AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Office of the Secretary of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - NEW APPROACHES TO TRAVEL FORECASTING MODELS. A SYNTHESIS OF FOUR RESEARCH PROPOSALS PY - 1994/01 SP - 34 p. AB - This report summarizes 4 approaches proposed by transportation consultants on how transportation planning models should and could be improved. New approaches can meet new forecasting requirements, address the impacts of new transportation technology, and exploit the travel behavior theory and methodology that has developed over the past 2 decades. This document identifies common themes in the approaches and elements missing from some approaches, with the aim of developing a research plan for the future models. Topics highlighted include microsimulation approaches to travel demand forecasting, dynamic assignment models, use of geographic information systems (GIS) as a platform for forecasting models, and linkages between travel demand and mobile emissions models. KW - Dynamic models KW - Emission factors KW - Forecasting KW - Geographic information systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Microsimulation KW - Pollutants KW - Research projects KW - Simulation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand UR - https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/tmip/publications/other_reports/new_approaches_travel_forecasting/natf.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/444.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386962 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646994 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) TI - OVERVIEW OF TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES PY - 1994/01 SP - 24 p. AB - This report provides an overview of the Travel Demand Management (TDM) concept and its utility in addressing congestion and air quality problems. This introductory document describes the components of TDM strategies, how they relate to longer term congestion avoidance strategies, and the potential level of impact of successful TDM programs. One section specifically explores the myths and realities of successful TDM programs. The document stresses the importance of commitment, constituency, coordination, and continuity in putting together a successful TDM program. The document should be of particular use as an overview for non-transportation executives unfamiliar with the TDM concept. KW - Air quality management KW - Congestion management systems KW - Coordination KW - Impacts KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4300/4365/273.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/56000/56400/56492/overviewoftrave9411coms_0.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646132 AU - Marsh, M L AU - Gianotti, C M AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO LONG-DURATION EARTHQUAKES. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 206 p. AB - The effects of postulated Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes on inelastic structural response have been quantified. The earthquakes studied ranged in size from those previously recorded to the largest plausible event, a magnitude 9.5, 240 second duration earthquake. Artificial acceleration records attenuated to epicentral distances corresponding to coastal range sites and Puget Sound sites were generated. These records were used as input for inelastic response history analyses of single-degree-of-freedom systems with either bilinear or degrading stiffness hysteretic relationships. The results indicate that the maximum displacements are not significantly greater than those produced by previously recorded events or by records that are compatible with current design code response spectra. However, the inelastic energy dissipated and the numbers of displacement cycles are somewhat greater for the largest events, although the energy demands and cyclic demands are similar to those from previous events for magnitudes up to 8.5. Since the maximum credible event is not well established at this time, no changes to the current design procedures are recommended. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Duration KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Inelastic response KW - Inelastic stress KW - Shear zones KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Subduction zone KW - Time duration UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/340.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646130 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - KIM, S-G AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK LOADS AND FLOWS, TASK A--SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 33 p. AB - This study describes the analysis of truck volume data collected by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) over four and one half years, from 1988 through 1993. The primary objectives of this research were to: investigate the patterns in truck volumes at various locations in Washington State; determine whether seasonal factors can be developed and applied to short duration truck volume measurements to better estimate average annual conditions; develop procedures for routinely calculating and applying these values in Washington; develop an easy procedure that other states can use to create their own seasonal factoring process, and produce a guidebook that explains this process and lists the necessary steps clearly and concisely. This report summarizes all but the last of these objectives; this last objective is met in another summary report. The project analyses show that it is very difficult to develop and apply truck seasonal adjustment factors that accurately predict annual truck volumes from a single short duration truck volume count. As a result, the project team recommends that, wherever possible and financially appropriate, each state should collect multiple, site specific vehicle classification counts in order to accurately estimate annual truck volumes whenever pavement design projects are to be performed. KW - Adjustment factors KW - Pavement management systems KW - Seasonal traffic pattern KW - Seasons KW - Traffic counts KW - Travel patterns KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Washington (State) KW - Weight UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/320.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646129 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - O'Brien, A J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK FLOWS AND LOADS FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 49 p. AB - This report describes procedures state departments of transportation can use to determine the location and frequency of their truck monitoring activities. The objective of the recommended procedures is to help a state design a program that cost-effectively meets its needs for truck data within its overall pavement management structure. If the data are collected and used properly, they should provide a much more effective pavement design and management process than is currently available, thereby increasing the reliability of pavement designs; decreasing overall pavement construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation costs; and improving a state's ability to manage its pavement infrastructure. This summary report discusses: the procedures required to determine the number and distribution of permanent, automatic vehicle classification (AVC) and weigh-in-motion (WIM) devices within a state; a system for using the data gathered with these devices to adjust data from short duration vehicle classification and WIM counts to better estimate average annual conditions; the appropriate length of short duration AVC and WIM counts required to develop annual average estimates of travel within specified levels of precision; and research performed in Florida and Washington that illustrates the variability of vehicle classification and truck weight data that states can expect to find on their roads. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Data collection KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement management systems KW - State departments of transportation KW - Traffic counts KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle classification KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/320.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646123 AU - Poplaski, R S AU - Demetsky, M J AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOV SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 41 p. AB - This study focuses on defining high occupancy vehicle (HOV) systems and their components, criteria, and related issues in a systems planning context (as compared with the conventional project level planning). Definitions are provided to establish the physical and socioeconomic elements of HOV systems. Appropriate system performance criteria are developed for the purpose of evaluating HOV facility designs, operational strategies, and policy options. A set of timely issues associated with a systems level for HOV planning and analysis are established. Methods to evaluate alternative policies specifically for HOV systems are then investigated. Representative analytical models that have been used in HOV studies (for demand estimation and system simulation) that appear appropriate in the analysis of HOV systems are reviewed. A test case scenario in Northern Virginia is used to demonstrate this utility of a mode choice model (MWCOG Mode Choice Model) and a freeway simulation model (FREFLO) to address the choice between HOV3+ and HOV2+. The mode choice model demonstrates the changing levels of patronage for the HOV facility, and the simulation model evaluates the performance of the facility for changing conditions. The execution of the case study demonstrates the basis for a methodology for a complete HOV systems analysis. KW - Analytical models KW - Case studies KW - Definitions KW - Demand KW - Design KW - Economic forecasting KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Mode choice KW - Operating strategies KW - Performance KW - Performance characteristics KW - Performance evaluations KW - Policy KW - Regional transportation KW - Simulation KW - Systems analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Virginia UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/hhov.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38539/94-R13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643633 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Terrel, R AU - Zamora, R AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF THE HAMBURG WHEEL-TRACKING DEVICE AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONING SYSTEM TO PAVEMENTS OF KNOWN STRIPPING PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 110 p. AB - Moisture damage to hot mix asphalt pavements has been a sporadic but persistent problem in Colorado, even though laboratory testing is performed to identify moisture susceptible mixtures. The laboratory conditioning was often less severe than the conditioning the hot mix pavement encountered in the field. Twenty sites of known field performance with respect to moisture susceptibility, both acceptable and unacceptable, were identified. Materials from these sites were tested using several new and innovative tests: the Hamburg wheel-tracking device, the SHRP Environmental Conditioning System (ECS), and tests of only the aggregate component of the mix. Test results indicated the Hamburg wheel-tracking device has very severe moisture conditioning. By modifying the City of Hamburg specification, the results could accurately identify most sites of known performance. The ECS test procedure has a mild moisture conditioning. By making the test specification more severe, the results could accurately identify most sites of known field performance. A combination of methylene blue/Ridgen voids index may identify reasons some sites had poor performance. KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Environmental conditioning system KW - Field performance KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Loss and damage KW - Materials tests KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test results KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643567 AU - Hallenbeck, M AU - Koehne, J AU - Scheibe, R R AU - Rose, D AU - Leech, J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WESTERN STATES TRANSPARENT BORDERS PROJECT: IMPLEMENTING TRANSPARENT BORDERS--RECOMMENDED ACTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 43 p. AB - The Western States Transparent Borders Project involved an assessment of the institutional barriers to implementing transparent border technologies for interstate commercial vehicle operations (CVO) in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The results of the fact finding and associated analysis were documented in two sets of reports. Two reports were produced for each participating state, and reflected the individual structure, needs, and operations of that state. These reports are "Description of Current State Practices" and "Institutional Barriers and Recommended Actions". This report provides a summary of these two sets of reports, as well as conclusions drawn since the publishing of those reports. The project team determined that the key barriers to transparent border system implementation are 1) a lack of a mandate from top management or the low priority for commercial vehicle operations within various state agencies; 2) a lack of communication about the status of, need for, cost of, and benefits from intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) CVO initiatives between and within state agencies; 3) a lack of a compelling argument to expend scarce resources on IVHS CVO initiatives; and (4) a lack of standards for technologies and procedures needed for IVHS CVO. To surmount these barriers requires that any selected course of action provide for: 1) affordable participation for both state agencies and private firms; 2) national leadership to initiate the program; 3) small and incremental program development steps to keep initial costs low, demonstrate early success, and build support for the system; 4) development of compelling arguments for implementation of the transparent borders program; 5) top management support for program implementation; and 6) dedicated funding for system development and implementation. The project team recommends a phased implementation of an electronic credential verification system for all seven participating states. A description of the proposed system is included in this report. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Electronic credential verification KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interstate commerce KW - Leadership KW - Management support KW - Managerial personnel KW - Recommendations KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Transparent Borders Concept KW - Western States UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/309.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643528 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A MOVABLE CONCRETE BARRIER SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 41 p. AB - The movable concrete barrier (MCB) system consists of 1-m-long sections of barrier connected by steel pins in hinges to form a barrier wall that is moved laterally with a transport/transfer vehicle. The MCB system allows for the quick closing and opening of a lane for construction work. A 1-km section of barrier can be laterally positioned in about 10 minutes. This system aids in the safe maintenance and reconstruction of highways with minimum inconvenience to the motoring public by limiting lane closures to the nonpeak periods. The Virginia Department of Transportation and its contractors used the MCB system on two road-widening projects on I-66 in Fairfax County. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effectiveness of the MCB system and to develop guidelines for its use. The costs associated with the use of the system along with problems and benefits were examined. The results of the study showed that the MCB system performed adequately in its transfer operations, in redirecting errant vehicles, and in protecting the construction workers. Some general guidelines were developed for using the MCB system. The MCB system should be used on high volume, congested freeways (1) where there is a need for barrier protection and quick opening and closing of lanes or (2) where there is a need for a median barrier that can be quickly shifted. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Benefits KW - Channelization KW - Concrete KW - Construction sites KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Guidelines KW - Highway maintenance KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement widening KW - Performance evaluations KW - Positioning KW - Safety KW - Temporary barriers KW - Utilization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36891/94-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643484 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH PRIORITY AREA: IMPROVING BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN SAFETY PY - 1994/01 SP - 4 p. AB - In recent years, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has been developing a new, expanded statement of policy regarding walking and bicycling. The forthcoming, congessionally mandated National Bicycling and Walking Study has the following goals: (1) Double the percentage of all trips made by bicycling or walking; and (2) Reduce the current number of bicycling and walking injuries and fatalities by 10%. This leaflet presents the scope and objectives of FHWA's program for improving bicycle and pedestrian safety, describes four studies currently under way, and lists 15 planned future activities. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycles KW - Bicycling KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Research KW - Traffic safety KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381918 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642353 AU - Hoffeditz, D C AU - Jones, N X AU - Tobia, C L AU - Price Waterhouse AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MATERIALS DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PHASE I REPORT PY - 1994/01 SP - 150 p. AB - This report summarizes a study to assess the needs and requirements of the Materials and Research Laboratory and other units of the South Carolina Department of Transportation for a Materials Data Management System; to assess systems currently in use at other State Highway Agencies in meeting these requirements; and to prepare a conceptual design and implementation plan for the recommended system. All State Highway Agencies were surveyed for information on their systems (manual and/or automated). The results from visits to two states, Oregon and Washington, which appeared to have systems that generally met the functional and technical requirements are included. These States' systems provide the core for two of the four alternative conceptual approaches for implementing a Materials Data Management System presented in this report. KW - Computer programs KW - Data collection KW - Data management systems KW - Databases KW - Information management KW - Materials KW - Oregon KW - South Carolina KW - State departments of transportation KW - State highway departments KW - Surveys KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01510737 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Mon/Fayette transportation project, from I-68 in Monongalia County, WV to Route 43 (formerly Chadville demonstration project) in Fayette County, PA : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1295061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01508632 AU - United States Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 9A reconstruction project, Battery Place to 59th St., New York County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///v. held: D, Dapp (12 v.), DappA(fol), Dsup(3 v), F, FappA(fol), FappB, FappC, FappD, FappE(2 v), FappF, FappG, FappH, FappI, FappJ, FappK, FappL, FDsup, FDsupappA, FDsupappC, FDsupappD, FDsupappEpt. 1,FDsupappEpt. 2,FDsupappF, FDsupappG, FDsupappH, FDsupa KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1292956 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01492487 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Third International Conference on Managing Pavements, San Antonio, Texas, May 22-26, 1994. Conference Proceedings, Volume 2 SN - 0309055024 PY - 1994 IS - 1 SP - 351p AB - The conference objective was to enhance effectiveness and efficiency in managing pavements for roads, streets, airfields, and other paved areas. The conference provided an opportunity for executives, practitioners, and researchers to share and evaluate recent experiences with pavement management systems. It addressed the benefits of implementation, the effects of support for decision making, advances in the state of the art and in technology, and the need for future development. The conference, conducted over three and one-half days, included formal paper presentations, workshops, and optional tutorials. The conference addressed the following themes: Appropriate Systems; Implementation Issues; Institutional Issues; Managing Information; Analytical Issues; and New Frontiers. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Information management KW - Innovation KW - Institutional issues KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Socioeconomic development KW - State of the art studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1261713 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483576 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Twenty Miles From Everything (Video) PY - 1994 AB - Deals with rural public transportation systems and the people who depend on the availability of such systems: the elderly, the handicapped, commuters, shoppers, and those who live in the country. Shows six systems using various methods of conveyance and the people whose activities would be severely restricted if there were no public transportation systems in their local area. KW - Public transit KW - Rural areas KW - Rural transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483566 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ramp Metering: Signal for Success (Video) PY - 1994 AB - Explains how ramp metering works as a means of controlling traffic on to freeways and thus controlling the flow of traffic on the freeway. Primary audience: traffic engineers, decision makers, general public, city and county government, libraries. KW - Freeways KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow UR - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgBfKZ1eNPA UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252285 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01483560 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Front Wheel Brakes: Dispelling a Myth (Video) PY - 1994 AB - This program encourages motor carrier drivers to connect and use front brakes. It shows a ralley where trucks with and without front brakes were tested. The results show trucks with front brakes stopped faster and safer. KW - Brakes KW - Highway safety KW - Motor carriers KW - Trucks KW - Types of brakes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1252288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01454432 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Pollution Dispersion - Air Quality in the Right-of-Way (Video) PY - 1994 AB - This video explains how air pollution is caused in the highway right-of-way by the combination of automobile exhaust, highway location, design, and wind conditions. KW - Air pollution KW - Air pollution dispersion KW - Air quality KW - Highway location KW - Pollutants KW - Wind direction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1222876 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402704 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Reagan, J A TI - The Interactive Highway Safety Design Manual: designing for safety by analyzing road geometrics PY - 1994 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 37-43 KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Road design KW - Road safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402341 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Eskandarian, A AU - Bedewi, N E AU - Meczkowski, L TI - National Crash Analysis Center PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 32-5 KW - Accident analysis KW - Activity report KW - Crash analysis KW - Highway safety KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research organization KW - Road safety KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170125 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402340 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ray, M TI - Using finite element analysis in designing roadside hardware PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 28-31 KW - Crash test KW - Design KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Finite element method KW - Impact tests KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170124 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402339 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Smith, T M TI - The impact of highway infrastructure on economic performance PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 4 SP - 8-14 KW - Economic development KW - Economic development KW - Economic efficiency KW - Economic efficiency KW - Infrastructure KW - Infrastructure KW - Investment KW - Investments KW - Road network KW - Types of roads by network UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170123 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402200 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alicandri, E TI - HYSIM: the next best thing to being on the road PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 19-23 KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Driving simulator KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors KW - Human factors KW - Research KW - Research and development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402199 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - da Silva, L F AU - Confre, J A TI - Modeling of geotextiles and other membranes in the prevention of reflection cracking in asphaltic resurfacing PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 12-8 KW - Asphalt KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cracking KW - Cracking KW - Geotextile KW - Geotextiles KW - Load KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Membrane KW - Membrane curing KW - Modelling KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Surfacing KW - Traffic KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169983 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402198 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Colucci, L AU - Bryant, R TI - Overcoming roadblocks to US innovation PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 9-11 KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Innovation KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169982 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402197 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McComb, R A AU - Larson, D F TI - New guidelines for accelerating the use of innovative technologies by the highway industry PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 5-8 KW - Highway engineering KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road engineering KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169981 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01402196 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - The National Highway System - backbone of our national transportation network PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 1-4 KW - Highway KW - Highways KW - Road network KW - Road statistics KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Statistics KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Types of roads by network KW - Urban highways KW - Urban road KW - Vehicle kilometre KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169980 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01400225 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H AU - Reagan, J A TI - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model: accident predictive module PY - 1994 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 14-7 KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident proneness KW - Accident proneness KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168009 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01400224 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Black, K N TI - The nuclear asphalt content gauge PY - 1994 VL - 57 IS - 3 SP - 8-13 KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Nuclear density gages KW - Nuclear gauge KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Quality control KW - Quality control KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168008 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161029 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TH-610 construction from I-94 to TH-10 and TH-252 from I-94 to TH-610, Hennepin/Anoka counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final(1992), Final supplement to the final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01134134 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-67/I-40W, from US-67/167 to the I-40/I-430 interchange, Pulaski County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Draft supplement to the final[2007], Final supplement to the final[2008] KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/894893 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01106078 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Richmond Regional Planning District Commission AU - Richmond Area Metropolitan Planning Organization TI - Transportation data report of the Richmond Area Metropolitan Planning Organization, 1990 & 2015 PY - 1994 SP - ii, 97 p., [9] leaves of plates KW - Automobiles KW - City dwellers KW - Distributions (Statistics) KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Housing KW - Housings KW - Planning KW - Population KW - Richmond (Virginia) KW - Statistics KW - Students KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105863 AU - Fitzpatrick, Kay AU - Lance, Marty AU - Urbanik, T AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - Improved communication of a left exit lane drop using pavement markings PY - 1994 SP - xiv, 48 p. KW - Interchanges KW - Left turn lanes KW - Road markings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865477 ER - TY - SER AN - 01105723 JO - VTRC ; AU - Baber, Thomas Thaxton AU - Massarelli, Peter J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council TI - Comparison of modal superposition methods for the analytical solution to moving load problems PY - 1994 SP - vi, 35 p. KW - Bridges KW - Live loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Modal analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Vibration UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37200/37299/95-R6.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865335 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062306 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IA-60 improvement, Plymouth County, Sioux County, O'Brien County, Osceola County EA Segment 1 LeMars to Alton B1 Segment 2 Alton to Ritter B2 Segment 3 Ritter to IA/MN state line : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Background documents3 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062305 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-30 improvement, Marshall County, Tama County EA PY - 1994///Volumes held: Background documents1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821802 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062189 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wonderwood Connector transportation facility, connecting the Dame Point Expressway (SR-9A) to Mayport Road (SR-101), City of Jacksonville, Duval County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821685 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062185 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 160 improvements, Route 60 (Sunshine) to James River Freeway : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062184 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Eastern Transportation Corridor (ETC), SR-231 between SR-91 and south of I-5 at SR-133, Orange County, Supplemental EIS : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final(4v), Draft supplement to the final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821680 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062179 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 119 Highway Transportation Project, Partridge to Whitesburg, Lechter County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821675 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062177 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CA Route 152 adoption and right-of-way preservation, from Santa Teresa Boulevard to CA-156, Tier 1 corridor identificaton, Santa Clara County and San Benito County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821673 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062176 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Outagamie County Trunk Highway CB (West Side arterial) Construction, between intersection of County Trunk Highway JJ with Pendleton Road and intersection of County Trunk Highway BB with Mayflower Road, Winnebago County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft; Section III (left out of original) B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062172 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 101, near Cushing Creek from mile post 20.3 to 22.3 south of Crescent City, Del NoRoute County D; Maps; B1 PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Background documents1 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062171 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-24 transportation improvements project, from 2.8 miles east of I-25 to I-40, Cumberland County, Sampson County, and Dublin County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062166 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Calexico East border station and state route 7 between the new port of entry and State Route 98, City of Calexico, Imperial County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Addendum B1 KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821662 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062164 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Tuscaloosa east bypass corridor, I-59/I-20 to US 82 west of Northport, Tuscaloosa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Supplement to the draft(2v) KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062162 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port authority of New York and New Jersey airport access program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, NJ) : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft(4v)(v.4 fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Jersey KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062161 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Maryland Route 140 (Westminster bypass) Hughes Shop Road to Reese Road, Carroll County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft; Maps for draft B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062160 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 14/52, Reconstruction between Olmsted CSAH 14 (75th St NW) and TH-63 (Broadway), City of Rochester, Olmsted County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062155 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sterling Highway Milepost 37 to Milepost 60 transportation project : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821651 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062151 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US Route 6, Bolton, Coventry, Andover, and Columbia, from I-384 at Bolton Notch to Windham : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: D,DappC,Dsup(6v),DsupApp; Technical reports: Wetlands B1; Air quality analysis B2; Archaeological analysis B3; Secondary and cumlative development and associated impacts B4; Environmental risk sites B5; Farmland and agricultural resour KW - Connecticut KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062147 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Missouri River Bridge at Niobrara, Knox County [NE], Bon Homme County [SD] : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska KW - South Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062146 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 93 (Somers to Whitefish West), Milepost 104.3 to 133.0, Flathead County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062144 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Proposed US-23 improvements from M-13 to M-65, Arenac County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Record of Decision B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Michigan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062143 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Supplemental EIS, Boston St, from Chester St to Conkling St : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062140 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Red Mountain Freeway, Price Freeway to State Route 87, Maricopa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062134 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Illinois Central Railroad to US 45, Williamson County, Saline County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821630 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062133 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OH-129 / Princeton Road improvements from 129 to OH-4, Butler County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Ohio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821629 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062123 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Lake arterial Extension, WI-TH-31 to Layton Ave, Kenosha, Racine and Milwaukee County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062120 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-5 and 196th St. SW Interchange Project; Lynnwood, Snohomish County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062116 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Twin Bridges Replacement Project, Grosscup Road, Benton County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062115 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Long Island Expressway (I-495) and Seaford-Oyster Bay Expressway (NY-135) interchange improvement project : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft(2v) (Dv.2 fol), Final(2v); Technical support documents: Air quality B1; Noise B2; Traffic B3; Water quality B4 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062112 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-10, Waupaca to Fremont, Waupaca County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Record of Decision B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062111 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Poteau bypass, US-59/US-271N junction to US-59/SH-112 intersection, LeFlore County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Oklahoma UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062110 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mankato South Route, Blue Earth County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821606 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062107 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Mon/Fayette transportation project, I-70 to PA-51, Washington and Allegheny counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Supplement to the draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062103 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-29 reconstruction, I-94 to Green Bay, Clark and Marathon counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821599 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062100 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-14/16/20 improvement, Cody to Yellowstone highway, Park County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062099 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Harpers Ferry bridge replacement, US 340 over the Shenandoah River, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - West Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062098 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 41, Elkhorn Avenue to North Avenue, Fresno County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821594 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062097 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-90/Interchange 8 connector to Route 4, Rensselaer County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Draft air quality report B1; Draft noise study report B2 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062096 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 6 transportation improvement project, between the towns of Dennis and Orleans on Cape Cod, Barnstable County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: D; Technical appendix 1 - engineering B1; Technical appendix 2 - socioeconomics B2; Technical appendix 3 - natural resources B3; Technical appendix 4 - air quality and noise B4; Technical appendix 5 - traffic, volume 1 B5; Technical app KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062091 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 146, turnpike interchange project, Worcester County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: D(2v),F(3v),Fapp; Supportive engineering document (Draft) B1(fol); Supportive engineering document (Final) B2(fol); Air quality analysis B3; Hydraulics report B4, related maps B5; Noise analysis B6; Archaeological site examinations B KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Massachusetts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062087 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Newport to Hwy. 63 (US-67), Newport to Walnut Ridge/Hoxie, Jackson County, Lawrence County, Crayhead County and Poinsett County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821583 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062079 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USH-45 to USH-41 (USH-10), Winnebago County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062078 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ND-1806, South of Ft. Lincoln to Mandan : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Dakota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821574 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062076 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Freeway construction SR-125/54, west of Worthington St and SR 94, San Diego County to City of Lemon Grove : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062071 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-23/I-26 Corridor study, Buncombe and Madison counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821567 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062066 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR-522, SR-2 to SR-9, Snohomish County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062062 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Suncoast corridor, Northwest Hillsborough Expressway to US-98, to FL-52, Hillsborough County, Pasco County, and Hernando County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Florida UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821558 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062050 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Northern State Parkway, Meadowbrook State Parkway interchange to Wantagh State parkway interchange, Nassau County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: D,F,FappB,FappG; Noise analysis and report B1; Air quality study B2; Water quality analysis and report B3; Visual resource assessment B4; Accesibility report B5; Landscape planting assessment B6; Structure architectural treatment repor KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821545 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062041 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-53 relocation/replacement, I-94 to US-53/STH-124 interchange, Eau Claire and Chippewa counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062018 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-20 relocation, from US-65 south of Iowa Falls east to existing relocated US-20 at Grundy County / Black Hawk County line, Hardin County and Grundy County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061994 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STH-36 and STH-64 reconstruction, Washington County, MN and St. Croix County, WI : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final; Supporting documents for the Stillwater/Houlton River crossing studies B1 KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821489 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061953 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Southeastern Expressway construction, I-464 and I-64 to Route 44, Chesapeake and Virginia Beach : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061672 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-64/Pittsboro bypass from SR-1514 to Jordan Lake, Chatham County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821161 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061583 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-89, US-2 interchange study, Bolton : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final, Final Appendix; Feasibility study B1; Preliminary cost estimates B2; Waterbury to Richmond- geometric and conceptual analysis B3 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821071 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01060635 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-26/89, Snake River Canyon Highway, Alpine Jct to Hoback Jct, Teton County, Lincoln County : environmental impact statement PY - 1994///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820020 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01030766 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology Program Highlights 1993 PY - 1994 SP - 24p AB - This brochure highlights the 1993 Research and Technology Program of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The contents are organized as follows: Overview; Advancing New Technologies; Renewing the Infrastructure; Protecting the Environment; Improving Safety; and Creating Customer-Friendly Systems. KW - Customer satisfaction KW - Environmental protection KW - Highway safety KW - Infrastructure KW - Research KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/787725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681670 AU - Shunk, G A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF ADDED TRANSPORTATION CAPACITY. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. HELD IN BETHESDA, MARYLAND ON DECEMBER 16-17, 1991 PY - 1994 SP - 134 p. AB - Partial contents: Transportation Investment and Metropolitan Economic Development; A Reconnaissance of Research Availability and Requirements; The Effects of Added Transportation Capacity on Travel; Environmental Effects of Added Transportation Capacity; The Travel Effects of Added Transportation Capacity; Transportation Investment and Metropolitan Economic Development; A Reconnaissance of Research Availability and Requirements; Institutional, Financial, and Social Impacts of Induced Transportation; Speculations on the Need for Research; Use of Travel Forecasting Models to Evaluate the Travel and Environmental Effects of Added Transportation Capacity; and Travel and Locational Impacts of Added Transportation Capacity; Experimental Designs. KW - Capacity KW - Conference programs KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/EAT.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/000/400/474/EAT.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962472 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IVHS NATIONAL ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT : PHASE II PY - 1994 AB - This paper describes the major features and timing of the second phase of the national IVHS system development activity. Phase I of the architecture development involved four contractor teams, each of which developed competing initial architectures and preliminary evaluations. Phase II will involve one or more of these Phase I teams, whose efforts will be directed towards developing a single national IVHS architecture KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - System architecture UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_pr/7024.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00933851 AU - Finch, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS AQUIFER STUDY OFFERS CLUES TO CONTROL OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF PY - 1994 SP - 2 p. AB - For the past two years--and in the midst of a drought--University of Texas water quality researchers have captured runoff from Austin's Loop 1 expressway by regularly spraying both traffic and road surfaces. Why have they gone to all this trouble? They're working to protect an environmentally-sensitive aquifer--the Edwards Aquifer. The four-year, $1.4 million project funded by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is designed to predict runoff's effects on water quality and quantity in the aquifer before, during, and after construction of Loop 1. KW - Aquifers KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Edwards Aquifer KW - Highways KW - Runoff KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Water pollution KW - Water quality UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/TXAQUIFR.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00924502 AU - Hughes Aircraft Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECT AND OBTAIN VEHICLE DETECTORS PY - 1994 SP - xii, 196 p. AB - This report describes Task D of the Detection Technology for IVHS project. It presents the selection criteria, selection process, and technical justifications for detector selection and rejection. The technologies assessed include: ultrasonic detectors; active and passive infrared; microwave radar; video image processing; passive acoustic detectors; inductive loop detectors; magnetometers; microloop probes; speed, occupancy and headway systems; speed warning and queue detection systems; inductive loop vehicle identification systems; traffic data analysis systems; and infrared thermal imagers. It also includes manufacturers specification sheets, when available, for those detectors that have been identified as representing state-of-the-art technology. KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/707819 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00924504 AU - Hughes Aircraft Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESULTS OF LABORATORY DETECTOR TESTS. PART I PY - 1994 SP - x, 108 p. AB - This report describes Task E Part I of the Detection Technology for IVHS project. This task, comprised of three parts, presents test results of above-the-road vehicle detectors. Part I specifically describes tests held at a road track where vehicles were driven through the field of view of the detectors. Some of the parameters included power consumption, detection range, delay time, ground illumination pattern, and detection sensitivity. KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/707821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00924501 AU - Hughes Aircraft Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECT FIELD SITES FOR DETECTORS FIELD TESTS PY - 1994 SP - v, 22, [6] p. AB - This report describes Task B of the Detection Technology for IVHS project. It presents the criteria used in selecting the freeway and surface street field site test locations as well as describing the test sites. In order to evaluate the detector technologies under a variety of climatic conditions and driver populations, the sites were dispersed among several states. These include Minnesota, Florida, and Arizona. KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/707818 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776282 AU - Whitworth, Paul AU - GEOGRAPHICAL PRESS LIMITED AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center TI - ATIS MARKET RESEARCH : A SURVEY OF OPERATIONAL TESTS AND UNIVERSITY AND GOVERNMENT RESEARCH PY - 1994 SP - v, 37, 17 p. AB - This report outlines research that examines the market for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS). The report includes detailed descriptions of Pathfinder, TravTek, and SmarTraveler ATIS operational tests. It includes basic background information and an assessment of market information which has been or will be collected. It also provides a brief description of five operational tests that are in the planning stages. The report also outlines market-related research projects that are underway or have recently been completed at universities and government transportation research labs. Work-in- progress is briefly described. Descriptions of recently completed research include an outline of the research, a brief summary of results, and citations referring the reader to where the work was published. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Marketing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814683 AU - DeBlasio, Allan J AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES PROGRAM : REVIEW OF THE FAST-TRAC OPERATIONAL TEST PY - 1994 SP - x, 69 p. AB - The FAST-TRAC (Faster and Safer Travel through Traffic Routing and Advanced Controls) operational test attempted to integrate advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) and advanced traffic management system (ATMS) technologies in Oakland County, Michigan. Section 1 of the report presents a summary of the project and of the issues learned that were discussed by the interviewees and questionnaire respondents. Section 2 describes the scope, history, management structure, and participants of the FAST-TRAC operational test. It also discusses the stated project goals and objectives, the goals and objectives of the project participants, the benefits the interviewees and questionnaire respondents foresee for participating in the project, the risks that they or their organization may be taking and what they see as the critical success factors of the project. Section 3 presents a more detailed discussion of the institutional issues and lessons learned. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Fast Trac (Program : Michigan) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route choice KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785832 AU - Hoogen, Erick van den AU - Smulders, Stef AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL BY VARIABLE SPEED SIGNS : RESULTS OF THE DUTCH EXPERIMENT PY - 1994 SP - p. 145-149 AB - This paper is a follow-up to a previous paper on the same subject. In that paper the motivation and set up of an experiment with the application of variable speed control on motorways was described. In the meantime, the actual experiment has been carried out and evaluated. This paper presents a synopsis of the main results. U1 - International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring and Control (7th : 1994 : London, England). Road traffic monitoring and control KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641029 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00785801 AU - McElhaney, D R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN UPDATE OF ROAD TRAFFIC MONITORING IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1994 SP - p. 111-114 AB - This paper discusses trends and recent changes to the traffic monitoring programs in the United States. It begins with a brief discussion on the requirements of the new Federal regulation mandating the establishment of Traffic Monitoring Systems for highways. The paper then gives an overview of research activities underway sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), with focus on Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems ( IVHS). The paper concludes with a brief description of sponsored research directly applicable to traffic monitoring. U1 - International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring and Control (7th : 1994 : London, England). Road traffic monitoring and control KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/641000 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00663035 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Reagan, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE INTERACTIVE HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN MODEL: DESIGNING FOR SAFETY BY ANALYZING ROAD GEOMETRICS PY - 1994 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-43 AB - The Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) is an integrated design process through which information on safety and geometrics can be retrieved by a highway designer. Two versions of IHSDM are necessary: level 1 for design associated with the preparation of environmental impact statements and level 2 for detail design associated with the preparation of plans, specifications, and estimates. Computer-aided design (CAD) systems are the heart of level 2 IHSDM. Most state highway agencies use some sort of CAD to develop highway plans, making the IHSDM simple and somewhat familiar. Through research and development contracts, the Transportation Research Board aims to complete two IHSDM versions as well as eight individual modules relating to vehicle dynamics, consistency, accident prediction, roadside safety structure, driver, traffic, policy review, and benefit-cost. KW - Analysis KW - Behavior KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Consistency KW - Crash analysis KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Drivers KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Interactive models KW - Policy KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/94summer/p94su37.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00663036 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mohamedshah, Y M AU - Kohls, A R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT RATES USING HSIS PY - 1994 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - p. 44-47 AB - The Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) is a safety data base that contains accident, roadway inventory, and traffic volume data for a select group of states. The data base is maintained by the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with participating states. This article describes the study to determine if HSIS data could be used to develop the accident prediction module for the Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM). Consideration was given to types of roadways, but the focus was on roadway section accidents, which occur between the intersections and interchanges. The authors concluded from this two-state study that the successful development of accident frequencies for eight roadway types was possible using state data from a large data base like HSIS. Accident rates from HSIS will be valuable in developing the level 1 IHSDM. Additional research is needed to understand key variables--type of terrain, width of clear zone, traffic volume, overall alignment, land-use characteristics, and weather condition of the region--for the different roadway types. KW - Accident research KW - Classification KW - Crash rates KW - Crashes KW - Highway safety KW - Interactive models KW - Research UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/94summer/p94su44.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/408375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773889 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Science Applications International Corporation TI - IVHS INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND CASE STUDIES : TRAVTEK CASE STUDY PY - 1994 SP - x, 33 p. AB - TravTek was a joint public/private sector project to develop, test, and evaluate an integrated advanced driver information system. To understand the project in its entirety, interviews were conducted with a representative sample of people knowledgeable about the TravTek project. The project's development, goals and objectives management structure, initiators and champions, and selection and involvement of sponsoring agencies are described in Section 2, along with a description of the operational field tests. Section 3 summarizes the non-technical impediments that were faced by the project. Section 4 describes in detail critical issues involved in reaching commercial deployment. Section 5 summarizes the lessons learned in the project and presents recommendations for addressing the types of issues encountered in the project. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Travtek (Program) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489850 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774128 AU - Head, K Larry AU - Mirchandani, Pitu B AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RHODES PROJECT, PHASE II (A) PY - 1994 SP - vi, 93, A-70 p. AB - This report documents the work performed on the RHODES Project Phase II(a) which is a continuation of the RHODES Project Phase I. Phase I explored concepts for models and algorithms for real-time traffic- adaptive control systems for street networks. Phase II(a) focused on further development of some of these algorithms and on performing some preliminary laboratory experiments with these algorithms using simulation models. The control architecture of RHODES is based on a hierarchical decomposition of the overall traffic control problem with three levels in the control hierarchy: network load control network flow control, and intersection control. RHODES architecture allows for a modular implementation of many of the subsystems within the control structure and the incorporation of IVHS technologies. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774323 AU - Dougan, Charles AU - Loyola College, Baltimore AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA INTERNATIONAL SCANNING REPORT ON ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY PY - 1994 SP - vi, 73 p. AB - This document presents the results of a survey of European planning and applications of advanced technologies. A group of experts in various advanced technologies met with experts in Denmark, Germany France and the Netherlands. The mission of the group was to review European plans and developments in evolving computer-based or computer-enhanced technologies to assist with the development of appropriate actions for enhancing the U. S. highway system productivity, and economic future. KW - Expert systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490160 ER -