TY - RPRT AN - 00788933 AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEARTLAND EXPRESSWAY SOUTH ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY: DENVER, COLORADO TO SCOTTSBLUFF, NEBRASKA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1995 SP - v.p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) identified the Heartland Expressway from Denver, Colorado, through Scottsbluff, Nebraska, to Rapid City, South Dakota, as a high priority corridor. The Heartland South study takes the results of the Heartland North study as a "given" and explores the need and feasibility of building the southern segment, from Scottsbluff to Denver. This document provides the final report on the economic and engineering feasibility study for the highway. The study includes reviews of alignment options, road standards, traffic demands, conceptual design, costs, economic benefits, and environmental impacts and implications. The primary focus, however, is on economics and what the highway might do for the area's economy and the area's general well-being. From the perspective of the funding agencies, the economic feasibility results reveal that none of the Heartland Expressway South alternatives are feasible. KW - Alignment KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Expressways KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freeways KW - Heartland Expressway KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway engineering KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Routes KW - Scottsbluff (Nebraska) KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649152 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00788932 AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Nebraska Department of Roads AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEARTLAND EXPRESSWAY SOUTH ECONOMIC AND ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY STUDY: DENVER, COLORADO TO SCOTTSBLUFF, NEBRASKA. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1995 SP - p. 1-16 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) identified the Heartland Expressway from Denver, Colorado, through Scottsbluff, Nebraska, to Rapid City, South Dakota, as a high priority corridor. The Heartland South study takes the results of the Heartland North study as a "given" and explores the need and feasibility of building the southern segment, from Scottsbluff to Denver. This brief report summarizes the economic and engineering feasibility study for the highway. The study includes reviews of alignment options, road standards, traffic demands, conceptual design, costs, economic benefits, and environmental impacts and implications. The primary focus, however, is on economics and what the highway might do for the area's economy and the area's general well-being. From the perspective of the funding agencies, the economic feasibility results reveal that none of the Heartland Expressway South alternatives are feasible. KW - Alignment KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Costs KW - Demand KW - Denver (Colorado) KW - Economic analysis KW - Economic development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Expressways KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Heartland Expressway KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway engineering KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Routes KW - Scottsbluff (Nebraska) KW - Two lane highways KW - Wyoming UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649122 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783289 AU - SoftTEACH, Inc. AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TRAFFIC ANALYSIS PY - 1995 SP - 1 computer laser optical disc AB - This product provides an automated presentation of advanced traffic analysis technologies. It describes methods for dealing with traffic control and traffic flow. KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/638016 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781713 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lum, H AU - Reagan, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERACTIVE HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN MODEL: ACCIDENT PREDICTIVE MODULE PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 14-17 AB - The Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) being developed by the Federal Highway Administration will provide highway design engineers with safety information on the relationships between geometrics and accidents in a usable format and will guide the designer in evaluating the safety of alternative alignments. This article discusses the accident predictive module of IHSDM. The IHSDM architecture connects the accident predictive module to the data stored in the computer-aided design (CAD) package. Eventually, IHSDM will allow the other modules, especially the driver module and the traffic module, to communicate with the accident predictive module. The development of the accident predictive module will be an evolutionary process in three phases. Phase 1 is the short-term goal and deals only with two-lane, rural roads. Phase 2 will address both roadway and roadside accidents and will continue to develop the interface between the accident predictive module and the CAD package. Three submodels will be developed: roadways, intersections, and interchange ramps. Phase 3 is a long-term goal that will establish the relationship between geometric design elements, accidents, and driver performance. A sidebar provides details on the status of the accident predictive module's intersection submodel. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer aided design KW - Development KW - Drivers KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway engineering KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic KW - Human factors engineering KW - Human factors in crashes KW - Interactive computer systems KW - Interactive Highway Safety Design Model KW - Intersections KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Roadside KW - Safety engineering KW - Traffic crashes KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi14.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514444 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781724 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ATIS DEPLOYED IN JAPAN PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 42 AB - Japan's Advanced Traffic Information Service (ATIS) Corporation has rapidly become the major supplier of advanced traveler information in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Real-time information is provided to personal computers in homes, offices, and in-vehicle displays. Begun in February 1994, the company has outpaced radio stations, highway advisory radio broadcasters, and variable message signs in providing information on traffic flow and congestion, estimated overall travel time and travel time between specified points, ramp closures, incident and construction reporting, and parking availability at specified locations. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Construction KW - Incident detection KW - Lane closure KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Parking KW - Tokyo (Japan) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514455 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781717 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Woo, D-C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROBOTICS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 26-30 AB - Although robotics technology can benefit highway transportation in many ways, its use thus far has been limited. As an ultimate goal, robotics can be used in all phases of highway transportation: production of highway material, construction of highways (including quality control), highway maintenance and operations (including inspection and monitoring), and performance in hazardous and difficult-to-access environments. Its cost, however, is not cheap. Robotics research is multidisciplinary, involves high technology, and requires special laboratory facilities. Its products are sensitive, complicated, and often expansive machineries that require special training to operate and maintain. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, under an interagency agreement with the Federal Highway Administration, completed an in-depth study on the application of present robotics knowledge to enhance safety, quality, and productivity of highway construction, maintenance, and operation. From these results, the Civil Engineering Research Foundation conducted six detailed evaluations and found four proposals provided significant, potential economic improvements over current practice: automated pavement inspection and crack-sealing, automated bridge inspection and maintenance, automated bridge deck construction, and site integration. One area of potential research involves improving work zone safety and reducing traffic congestion through the use of robotic aids. Future research is needed for automated, continuous bridge inspection, including underwater inspection of abutment and pier scour and the development of environmentally sound and continuous operations for bridge painting and removal. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Construction KW - Construction safety KW - Costs KW - Highway bridges KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Paint removal KW - Painting KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement management systems KW - Productivity KW - Quality of work KW - Research KW - Robotics KW - Scour KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Traffic congestion KW - Work zone safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi26.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514448 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781720 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENATE BACKS ETHANOL PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 39 AB - On August 3, 1995, the Senate ensured that corn-based ethanol will play a significant part in the production of a cleaner-burning fuel for cars. The ethanol fuel will soon be required in nine cities--Baltimore, Maryland; Chicago, Illinois; Hartford, Connecticut; Houston, Texas; Los Angeles, California; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Diego, California--and parts of 13 states cited has having the worst air pollution. KW - Air pollution KW - Alternate fuels KW - Clean fuels KW - Ethanol KW - Legislation KW - Pollution control KW - United States Congress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514451 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781714 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Saxton, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NATIONAL AHS CONSORTIUM: A NEW WAY OF DOING BUSINESS PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 18-19 AB - In an automated highway system (AHS), vehicles will be equipped with additional communications and control technology so they can operate in dedicated lanes under automated control. The driving process will become much more consistent and efficient, congestion will be markedly reduced, safety will be enhanced through elimination of driver error, trip quality will greatly improve, and the overall performance of the automated vehicle-highway system will be substantially superior to manual control. Normally, the federal government approaches major system developments as the customer and presumed end user of the program output and products. However, AHS recognizes that other interests, not the federal government, will be the ones that own, operate, and maintain future AHS facilities. These AHS stakeholders include many groups, but core members are the automotive industry; the highway design industry; highway owners and operators, including state and local governments; and major vehicle electronics and system control suppliers. Thus, this major federally sponsored initiative was undertaken as a cooperative program between the Department of Transportation and a national consortium (NAHSC), and the program revolves around these major AHS stakeholders. NAHSC's responsibilities will be wide ranging and will include many functions that would have been performed by the federal government in a more conventional federal procurement. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Automobile industry KW - Cooperation KW - Development KW - Electronics industry KW - Federal government KW - Highway design KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Procurement KW - Prototypes KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research projects KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi18.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514445 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781716 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Robena, J N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TUNNEL FIRE: TESTING TO EVALUATE VENTILATION SYSTEMS PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 24-25 AB - In a tunnel fire, it is the smoke and heat, not the fire itself, that are truly deadly. In the past, designers have had to rely on theoretical analysis in designing highway tunnel ventilation systems. The Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program will give designers first-hand, real-life data and information on the behavior of heat and smoke in a tunnel fire. The Memorial Tunnel is a two-lane, 0.85-km structure near Standard, West Virginia, that was abandoned in the late 1980s when the highway was expanded and realigned. Today, however, it is more like a highly sophisticated laboratory than an outmoded highway tunnel. It has two ventilation buildings--one at each end--each with three fully reversible vane axial fans. Temperature sensors, video cameras, and velocity probes have been installed inside the tunnel. Approximately 130 tests will be conducted in the tunnel to determine the effectiveness of different ventilation systems and strategies in tunnel fires. Ventilation systems to be tested include the following: transverse, semitransverse, oversized single extraction ports, jet fans, and natural airflow. KW - Design KW - Fires KW - Heat KW - Memorial Tunnel KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Safety KW - Smoke KW - Standard (West Virginia) KW - Tests KW - Tunnels KW - Ventilation equipment KW - Ventilation systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi24.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514447 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781721 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS EQUIPMENT INSTALLED IN DOT VEHICLES PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 40 AB - Six U.S. Department of Transportation vehicles have been outfitted with in-vehicle navigation devices that provide routing directions by electronic maps, arrow indicators, and voice instructions to selected locations. One vehicle can also receive real-time traffic information to be used in planning routes. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor vehicles KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Routes and routing KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - Vehicle components UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514452 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781723 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANTAGE I-75 TESTING COMPLETED PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 41 AB - ADVANTAGE I-75 partners expected to complete verification testing in October 1994 on four of 30 planned Mainline Automated Clearance System (MACS) sites designated to reduce congestion, increase efficiency, and enhance safety of motor carriers operating on the 3,200-km north-south corridor. ADVANTAGE I-75 was formed in 1990 to prove that intelligent transportation systems technologies can be applied now, at moderate cost, to achieve tangible benefits. Plans now call for installing MACS at all 30 weigh stations on the Interstate 75/Route 401 corridor from Miami, Florida, to Belleville, Ontario, and to equip 4,500 trucks with transponders for the operational test. The goal of MACS is to allow transponder-equipped and properly documented trucks to travel any segment of the corridor at posted speeds with no more than one stop at an inspection station. KW - Inspection stations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interstate highways KW - Motor carriers KW - Transponders KW - Trucks KW - Weigh stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514454 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781712 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Black, K N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NUCLEAR ASPHALT CONTENT GAUGE PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 8-13 AB - Improper mix designs and amounts of asphalt cement are major causes of premature failure in pavement structures. There are three major methods for determining asphalt content: solvent extraction, nuclear asphalt content gauge, and metering methods. This article discusses one specific indirect test, the nuclear test, in an effort to provide accurate information on its abilities and its limitations and to encourage its use. It describes the equipment and its operation, in addition to licensing, safety, and economic factors that support its use. It also addresses the gauge's more favorable environmental operation over traditional methods. There are three gauges currently on the market, consisting of a control unit, sample chamber, and specimen pan. Neutrons are transmitted into the asphalt mix, and their movement through the material is influenced by the hydrogen composing or surrounding the aggregate. During the calibration process, the nuclear gauge "counts" the neutrons influenced by the hydrogen as they pass through the sample, establishing the hydrogen versus neutron count relationship. Correlating these counts to asphalt content using mathematical regression techniques permits the evaluation of asphalt content for any sample having the same mix design. Environmental concerns are making chemical methods increasingly costly and imposing additional regulations on solvents. The nuclear gauge method is accurate, cost-effective, environmentally clean, and quick to perform. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Calibration KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental protection KW - Hydrogen KW - Licensing KW - Mix design KW - Neutrons KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear gages KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Solvents KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi8.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514443 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781725 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY BUILDS ALL-PLASTIC BRIDGE PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 42 AB - The longest all-plastic bridge in the United States was designed and is being built by engineers from the University of Kentucky. The approximately 18-m-long pedestrian bridge in the Daniel Boone National Forest is being made entirely of fiber-reinforced plastic. Previous studies indicate the plastic bridges are strong and virtually immune to deterioration from exposure to harsh environments. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Deterioration by environmental action KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Footbridges KW - Kentucky UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514456 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781711 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Strickland, S G AU - Berman, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONGESTION CONTROL AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 1-7 AB - Road traffic congestion is a significant, and growing, problem in many parts of the world. Moreover, as congestion continues to increase, the conventional approach of building more roads does not always work for a variety of political, financial, and environmental reasons. In fact, building new roads can actually compound congestion, in some cases, by inducing greater demands for vehicle travel. In 1992, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established an expert panel to study and report on the worldwide state of the practice for traffic congestion control and demand management. This article summarizes the study group's work and findings. The group found that comprehensive programs involving both demand-side and supply-side measures produce the most successful results. Some examples of comprehensive approaches investigated are the Congestion Management System Regulations in the United States, the London Red Routes Program in the United Kingdom, the Structure Plan in the Netherlands, and the Olympics Traffic Management Program in Barcelona, Spain. For a variety of reasons, however, such comprehensive approaches are more the exception than the rule. KW - Barcelona (Spain) KW - Bus lanes KW - Congestion management systems KW - Congestion pricing KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Land use KW - Laws KW - London (England) KW - Netherlands KW - Public transit KW - Technology KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic signal preemption KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - United Kingdom KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi1.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514442 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781715 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Beatty, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSFUTURE '94 AND TRANSPORTATION INTO THE NEXT CENTURY PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 20-23 AB - Thousands attended a special U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) 3-day technology fair held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., on October 7-9, 1994. Showcasing the most innovative transportation technology, TransFuture '94 included more than 100 exhibits presented by each DOT agency and its industry partners. Exhibits included dashboard controls in the intelligent transportation system (ITS), ITS TravTech cars, and a bridge structure inspection motorboat by the Federal Highway Administration; explosives/weapons detection devices, satellite technology for pilots in congested airports, and superjumbo aircraft runway design by the Federal Aviation Administration; self-righting motor lifeboats and differential global positioning technology by the U.S. Coast Guard; train/auto collision and crossing safety simulators, high-speed rail technology, and a diesel locomotive by the Federal Railroad Administration; interactive traveler information kiosks, an electric transit bus with zero emissions, and a satellite-based vehicle tracking system by the Federal Transit Administration; commercial space transportation vehicles, global positioning satellites, and launch facilities by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation; internal inspection device for pipeline safety by the Research and Special Programs Administration; alcohol detection ignition locks, onboard police vehicle computer systems, and school bus object detection systems by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; and collision avoidance thermal imaging, 3D simulation for ship design, and satellite communications for vessel tracking by the Maritime Administration. KW - Airport runways KW - Commercial space transportation KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Design KW - Detection and identification technologies KW - Diesel locomotives KW - Electric buses KW - Global Positioning System KW - High speed rail KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Lifeboats KW - Oil spills KW - Pipeline safety KW - Police vehicles KW - Satellite communication KW - Satellite navigation systems KW - School buses KW - Ships KW - Simulation KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Thermal imagery KW - Transit buses KW - Transportation KW - Traveler information and communication systems KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - U.S. Maritime Administration KW - U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration KW - United States Coast Guard UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi20.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514446 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781722 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MINNESOTA OPENS HIGH-TECH ROADWAY TEST AND RESEARCH FACILITY PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 40 AB - A section of Interstate 94 (I-94), located approximately 65 km northwest of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the parallel highway are part of the 9-km Minnesota Road Research Test Project (Mn/ROAD), the world's largest and most technologically advanced roadway test and research facility. More than 4,500 electronic sensors installed in 40 different pavement test sections will be monitored. Two types of roadways--a high-volume, high-speed roadway and a low-volume roadway--were constructed. KW - Experimental roads KW - Minnesota KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Sensors KW - Technological innovations KW - Test tracks KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514453 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781718 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Orban, I AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SAFETY CHALLENGE: THE NATIONAL CAPITAL BELTWAY PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 31-34 AB - The Capital Beltway Safety Team recently announced 13 actions to improve safety on the 101-km highway that rings the nation's capital: increase enforcement, increase points and fines, implement a driver performance and behavior improvement program, implement the automated speed monitoring and warning program, provide enforcement areas, enhance work zone safety, improve interchange operations, improve highway signing, implement intelligent transportation system strategies, expand regional incident response training, enhance pavement markings and other delineations, upgrade beltway lighting, and sustain high-level focus on safety through cooperation and interaction. KW - Aerial surveying KW - Capital Beltway KW - Cooperation KW - Crash analysis KW - Driver improvement programs KW - Focus groups KW - Highway safety KW - Incident detection KW - Incident management KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interchanges KW - Lighting KW - Maryland KW - Monitoring KW - Road markings KW - Speeding KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signs KW - Virginia KW - Washington (District of Columbia) KW - Washington Metropolitan Area KW - Work zone safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi31.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514449 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00781719 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sobhi, N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS IN ADVANCED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - p. 35-38 AB - Today's traffic centers control traffic signals in a relatively low-tech environment. However, this situation is changing quickly. The traffic management centers (TMCs) of the near future--under the advanced traffic management systems (ATMs) component of the intelligent transportation systems program--will be sophisticated facilities with advanced tools and communication systems, manipulating and managing massive amounts of information. The Federal Highway Administration's human factors research program in ATMS is designed to meet the current and projected needs of the TMC design community. Design guidelines are developed based on user requirements and analytical assessments of existing TMCs and comparable systems. The first edition of the human factors ATMS TMC design handbook will be available before the end of 1995, in time to support current upgrades and designs of TMCs. The human factors TMC research simulator supports the development of empirically based human factors design guidelines. This research test bed will continue to support the development and refinement of ATMS TMC design well into the future. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Design standards KW - Guidelines KW - Handbooks KW - Human factors KW - Human factors engineering KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Simulation KW - Systems engineering KW - Test beds KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control centers KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95winter/p95wi35.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/514450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774650 AU - Rockwell International AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ACTIVITY AREA P : PRELIMINARY COST/BENEFIT FACTORS ANALYSIS. VOLUME III ELECTRONICS COST ANALYSIS PY - 1995 SP - 86 p. in various pagings AB - This report describes the analysis and resultant predicted acquisition and ownership costs for Automated Highway Systems (AHS) electronics equipment. Equipment suites and associated costs are presented for vehicle and infrastructure electronics covering several evolution stages and Representative System Configurations (RSCs). KW - Automated highways KW - Benefit cost analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774334 AU - Green, Paul AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASURES AND METHODS USED TO ASSESS THE SAFETY AND USABILITY OF DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - ix, 106 p. AB - This report concerns in-car systems that may be used to present navigation, hazard warning, vehicle monitoring, traffic, and other information to drivers in cars of the future. It describes in detail measurements researchers have made to determine if those systems are safe and easy to use. The report also discusses issues relating to comfort, convenience, and confidence. KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774659 AU - DeMers, R E AU - Honeywell AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS : MALFUNCTION MANAGEMENT ACTIVITY AREA REPORT FOR AHS HEALTH MANAGEMENT PY - 1995 SP - ix, 203 p. AB - This report is the final in a series describing an effort to determine a viable approach to ensuring that the elements of an Automated Highway System (AHS) are ensured operational or healthy. This paper presents a brief overview of the process used to perform a Health Management study, followed by a discussion of the results produced in this period of performance, including detailed mechanizations of vehicle and roadside functions, reliability and safety analyses vehicle simulations, and a driver check-out analysis. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Fault monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774699 AU - Cluett, Chris AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ACTIVITY AREA O : INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES PY - 1995 SP - xvii, 157 p. AB - This study identifies and analyzes the institutional and societal aspects of Automated Highway Systems (AHS), and for each aspect identified, it describes potential courses of action for dealing with resulting issues. KW - Automated highways KW - Environmental impacts KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Liability KW - Policy KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774324 AU - Elias, Joseph A AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS : AHS SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, VOLUME 4 PY - 1995 SP - 548 p. in various pagings AB - This report is part of the Automated Highway System (AHS) Precursor Systems Analyses studies. This volume deals with the AHS Systems Analysis, focusing on automated check-in, automated check-out, lateral and longitudinal control analysis, AHS entry/exit implementation, and vehicle operations. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491564 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774655 AU - Shannon, M AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. VOLUME ONE PY - 1995 SP - viii, 52 p. AB - This document gives an overview of the nine activity areas of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems. These activity areas include: Automated Check In, Automated Check Out Lateral and Longitudinal Control Analysis, Malfunction Management and Analysis, commercial Vehicle and Transit AHS Analysis, Entry/Exit Implementation Strategy, Vehicle Operational Analysis, AHS Safety Issues, and Knowledge Based Systems and Learning Methods for AHS. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774173 AU - Ioannou, Petros A AU - SSC Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS VEHICLE OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS. VOLUME EIGHT PY - 1995 SP - xi, 301 p. AB - This report presents the vehicle operational analysis segment of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) project. The report analyzes the reliability requirements and issues associated with the development operation and deployment of vehicles for five evolutionary representative configurations (ERSCs). The emphasis of the report is on the issues associated with the evolution of vehicle control, the reliability and vehicle and driver diagnostic requirements, maintenance, retrofitting, and deployment scenarios for each ERSC. The report documents the results of a failure modes and effects analysis ( FMEA) that includes a list of potential failure modes, their potential causes and effects, their severity and occurrence ratings and a list of design requirements and recommendations for each ERSC. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Fault monitoring KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490060 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774258 AU - Blumentritt, C W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVTEK SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE EVALUATION PY - 1995 SP - xiv, 236 p. AB - This report presents the results of a system architecture evaluation of the TravTek program. It documents the TravTek system, including the Traffic Information Network, TravTek Information Services Center Traffic Management Center, and the TravTek Vehicle. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Route guidance KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Technology assessment KW - Travtek (Program) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490121 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00775861 JO - Workshop on Simulation and Interaction in Virtual Environments (1st : 1995 : Iowa City, Iowa). Proceedings PB - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - Papelis, Y E AU - Bahauddin, S AU - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - University of the Arts. Graduate Program in Industrial Design AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOGICAL MODELING OF ROADWAY ENVIRONMENT TO SUPPORT REAL-TIME SIMULATION OF AUTONOMOUS TRAFFIC PY - 1995 SP - p. 62-71 AB - This paper focuses on elements of a logical roadway environment designed to support real-time simulation of autonomous traffic. The model must provide information regarding all elements of an environment that affect the driving task. This representation must include both physical and logical aspects of the environment. The physical aspects are primarly the road layout, or the position of other vehicles. The logical aspects include information about passing lanes, lane direction, and object positioning. KW - Automated highways KW - Simulation KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495539 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774651 AU - Hoffman, M J AU - Corwin, W H AU - Nolan, M S AU - Honeywell AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS COMPARATIVE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS : COMPARING AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS TO AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1995 SP - v, 107 p. AB - This report is the final documentation of a Comparable Systems Analysis which compared Automated Highways Systems (AHS) to Air Traffic management ( ATM). Lessons learned from ATM and recommendations for AHS are documented. This analysis takes a broad system level look at Air Traffic Management including Air Traffic Control, vehicle automation, the role of the user, and the development of standards within the National Airspace System. For each of these topic areas, generalized recommendations for AHS are made based on the success or lack thereof the comparable counterpart in Air Traffic Management. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774653 AU - McGowan, M AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS MALFUNCTION MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS. VOLUME FIVE PY - 1995 SP - 39 p. AB - The purpose of the malfunction management and analysis effort was to identify strategies for managing Automated Highway System (AHS) malfunctions, and to identify issues and risks associated with implementing these strategies. In addition measures of effectiveness have been identified which could be used to evaluate and to optimize various malfunction management strategies. KW - Automated highways KW - Fault monitoring KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490376 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774170 AU - Dickerson, J A AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS LATERAL AND LONGITUDINAL CONTROL ANALYSIS. VOLUME FOUR PY - 1995 SP - xxiii, 281 p. AB - This report presents the lateral and longitudinal control segment of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) project. It analyzes the requirements, issues, and risks associated with lateral and longitudinal control of vehicles operating on the AHS. This report presents a possible evolutionary path for the automation of lateral and longitudinal control. The path is characterized by five evolutionary representative system configurations (ERSCs). This analysis looks at the development of longitudinal, lateral and combined lateral and longitudinal systems in terms of the performance and reliability requirements and deployment scenarios. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Automatic steering control KW - Longitudinal control KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490057 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774172 AU - Youngblood, William R AU - Leonard, John D AU - Parsonson, Peter S AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Raytheon Company. Missile Systems Division AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ENTRY/EXIT IMPLEMENTATION. VOLUME SEVEN PY - 1995 SP - x, 89 p. AB - This report presents the entry/exit implementation segment of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) project. The analysis attempts to identify and analyze the most important issues with the roadway implementation of AHS entry and exit associated functions. The analysis takes a broad system engineering approach to assure that all entry/exit occasions on the AHS are considered. The top level issues addressed are the impact of strategies and configurations on the overall performance of the AHS the relative viability of strategies and physical configurations, and the design parameters and guidelines. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774317 AU - Hall, Randolph W AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS ACTIVITY AREA P : PRELIMINARY COST/BENEFIT FACTORS ANALYSIS. VOLUME I, COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAYS SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - xvix, 54 p. AB - This report is part of the Automated Highway System (AHS) Precursor Systems Analyses (PSA) studies. The objective of this activity is to develop a framework for the evaluation of alternative AHS deployment concepts, with respect to life-cycle costs and benefits. This framework is applied to a range of scenarios, to capture benefits and costs on both a highway and national basis. The study uses results of the best available benefit studies, and creates original AHS cost estimates. In addition to producing the evaluation framework, this activity helps identify the types of locations that would benefit most from AHS, as well as strategies for evolutionary deployment. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Benefit cost analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774322 AU - Elias, Joseph A AU - Calspan Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS : OVERVIEW REPORT, VOLUME I PY - 1995 SP - 175 p. in various pagings AB - This report is part of the Automated Highway System (AHS) Precursor Systems Analyses studies. This volume provides an overview and summary of the program which identifies the issues and risks associated with the potential design, development, and operation of an AHS. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Risk assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491563 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774053 AU - Bellomo, Salvatore J AU - Bellomo-McGee, Inc AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSIVE MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND IVHS PY - 1995 SP - vi, 156 p. AB - This study investigates new and innovative ways to incorporate Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) technologies into multimodal transportation management strategies, with focus on integrating Travel Demand Management ( TDM) strategies with IVHS. Specifically, the study was aimed at developing multimodal IVHS applications for: 1) increasing the market share of mass transit, HOV and ride-sharing, 2) enhancing the efficiency of urban goods movement 3) reducing transportation demand in congested areas, 4) improving mobility in urban and rural areas, 5) improving operations at ports rail facilities, and airports, and 6) addressing air quality issues. A process was also developed for evaluating the potential utility and costs of these new applications. KW - Airports KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489963 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774174 AU - Whitney, D A AU - Hansen, A J AU - Pisano, J J AU - Analytic Sciences Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS HIVAL : A SIMULATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM CONCEPTS ANALYSIS PY - 1995 SP - vi, 73 p. AB - This report presents HiVal, a prototype integrated modeling simulation, and decision support tested, which was developed under the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) project. HiVal uses a modular, distributed client-server computing architecture with modern workstation technology. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Decision support systems KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774519 AU - Inman, V W AU - Peters, Joseph I AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVTEK GLOBAL EVALUATION AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1995 SP - viii, 92 p. AB - TravTek was an operational field test of an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) and Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) that provided a combination of traveler information services and route navigation and guidance support to the driver. This report summarizes the findings from the series of studies that constituted TravTek evaluation. Two field studies, three field experiments, and four analytical studies are summarized. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Route guidance KW - Technology assessment KW - Travtek (Program) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775289 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC MONITORING GUIDE PY - 1995 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This guide is designed to provide direction on the monitoring of traffic characteristics. It begins with a discussion of the structure of traffic characteristics monitoring and traffic counting. The next two sections cover vehicle classification and truck weighing. The last section presents the coordinated record formats for station identification, traffic volume, vehicle classification, and truck weight data. KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6969/tmgbook.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491594 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00775862 JO - Workshop on Simulation and Interaction in Virtual Environments (1st : 1995 : Iowa City, Iowa). Proceedings PB - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - Cremer, J AU - Kearney, J AU - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - University of the Arts. Graduate Program in Industrial Design AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVISATION AND OPPORTUNISM IN SCENARIO CONTROL FOR DRIVING SIMULATION PY - 1995 SP - p. 114-119 AB - This paper discusses the problem of creating consistent, replicable scenarios in virtual environments populated by large number of semi- autonomous agents. The authors propose a methodology based on hierarchical, concurrent state machines that support the modeling of reactive behaviors and provide mechanisms for coordinating behaviors to create critical situations and events. KW - Driving simulators KW - Virtual reality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774146 AU - Bloomfield, J R AU - Honeywell AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFER OF CONTROL FROM THE AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM TO THE DRIVER PY - 1995 SP - x, 135 p. AB - This report presents the results of two initial experiments which investigated driver performance in a generic Automated Highway System configuration. The experimental research was conducted in an advanced driving simulator and involved younger and older drivers transitioning from an automated lane to a manual lane. Driver performance data as well as subjective data related to the drivers' acceptance of the Automated Highway System were collected. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Automobile driving KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774171 AU - Ravani, Bahram AU - University of California, Davis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS A PRECURSOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS PY - 1995 SP - viii, 123 p. AB - This report documents work performed on the analysis of automated construction, maintenance, and operational requirements segment of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) project. The report documents a design analysis for a robotic system for automated installation of discrete magnetic markers for AHS. The design includes a manpower assessment and a cost-benefit analysis. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Robotics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490058 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774652 AU - Luhrs, Richard A AU - Price, Stephen AU - Martin Marietta Astronautics Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS TASK D : LATERAL- LONGITUDINAL CONTROL ANALYSIS. VOLUME II, AHS MANEUVER DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT PY - 1995 SP - v, 65 p. AB - This report defines the maneuver taxonomy and the functional requirements for each defined maneuver for which each Representative System Configuration will be accountable. The requirements contained herein are a preliminary set to which the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) Consortium will add as AHS system definition moves to the next program phase. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490375 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774654 AU - Shannon, M AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS AHS SAFETY ISSUES. VOLUME 9 PY - 1995 SP - vii, 41 p. AB - This study looked at safety issues associated with the Automated Highway System (AHS). The first step was empirical, identifying the top level functions that would take place in an AHS. These functions were entry into, travel on, and exit from the AHS. The next step was heuristic, studying the General Estimates System (GES) data to learn what kinds if accidents occur most frequently on today's interstate. The third step was analytical and assessed the impacts on the system design depending upon the implementation approach. The final step showed how a deductive approach could be used as a method to quantify safety benefits achievable by the AHS. It was concluded that large safety benefits will not be achieved until full implementation and market penetration of AHS technology. KW - Automated highways KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774909 AU - Dial, Robert B AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Travel Model Improvement Program AU - Department of Transportation AU - United States Environmental Protection Agency TI - NETWORK OPTIMIZED CONGESTION PRICING : A PARABLE, MODEL AND ALGORITHM : FINAL REPORT PY - 1995 SP - iv, 32 p. AB - This paper recites a parable, formulates a model and devises an algorithm for optimizing tolls on a road network. The parable introduces the network-wide congestion-pricing problem, emphasizing the significance of the variability of users' value of time and the importance of not restricting tools to certain links a priori. The model permits the marginal value of time to be a random variable having a different distribution for each origin-destination pair. The algorithm provides the ability to determine the best toll for each link in the network. Such tolls induce an equilibrium traffic flow that is at once system-optimal and user-optimal. KW - Computer algorithms KW - Road pricing KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490575 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00774390 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW VIDEO TECHNOLOGY CAPTURES RED LIGHT RUNNERS PY - 1995 AB - This article briefly describes a demonstration project in Florida in which vehicles running red lights at selected intersection are being photographed and mailed a warning letter. KW - Law enforcement KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774656 AU - Luhrs, Richard A AU - Argo, Peter A AU - Martin Marietta Astronautics Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS TASK D : LATERAL- LONGITUDINAL CONTROL ANALYSIS. VOLUME IV, AHS SYSTEM CONCEPT EVALUATION DOCUMENT PY - 1995 SP - ix, 131 p. AB - This report provides the evaluation and conclusions drawn from the Lateral- Longitudinal Control Study. It evaluates Representative System Concepts ( RSCs) described in the Automated Highway System (AHS) Concept Definition Document against the functional requirements defined in the AHS Maneuver Definition and Functional Requirements Document. Evaluation criteria are also defined and applied to the RSCs. Relative strengths and weaknesses are described, and system issues are highlighted. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774168 AU - Turan, L AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS AUTOMATED CHECK IN. VOLUME TWO PY - 1995 SP - ix, 79 p. AB - This report summarizes the research results in the Automated Check-in Activity Area of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) project. Situations in AHS where transition from manual to automated control takes place are analyzed. In particular, vehicle fitness testing to ensure safe and smooth automated operation is emphasized. The check-in procedures presented and an effective malfunction management system, together with a reliable control system, would ensure a safe, smoothly operating AHS system. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Fault monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774198 AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS AHS INSTITUTIONAL, SOCIETAL, AND COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS : FINAL REPORT. VOL. VIII PY - 1995 SP - 186 p. in various pagings AB - The objective this report is to present an institutional, societal and cost benefit analysis of Automated Highway Systems (AHS). The first part, Task O, documents the numerous institutional and societal issues and risks, i.e. the "non- technical" issues associated in deploying AHS. The discussion covers the areas of intergovernmental/private sector participation, legal, environmental, user acceptance, societal funding and financial analysis. The second part, Task P, presents a preliminary costs/benefit factors analysis of AHS. The discussion presents a cost- benefit analytical framework, summarizes important cost-benefit factors, and presents the results of the evaluation of costs and benefits for four scenarios. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy KW - Risk assessment KW - Socioeconomic factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491556 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775234 AU - ITS Research Center of Excellence AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESEARCH CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE ANNUAL REPORT PY - 1995 AB - This serial presents highlights of activities and research from the FHWA- sponsored ITS Research Centers of Excellence: Texas A&M University, University of Michigan, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and University of Minnesota. It also provides information concerning the activities of the RCE Clearinghouse located at the Texas Transportation Institute KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Research in progress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491590 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774197 AU - Calspan Advanced Technology Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS COMMERCIAL AND TRANSIT AHS ANALYSIS. VOL. VII PY - 1995 SP - 237 p. in various pagings AB - This activity area focuses on identifying the potential commercial vehicle and transit industry roles, issues, and requirements for involvement and participation in the Automated Highway System (AHS) program. A study of both industries was made, identifying existing highway freight and transit passenger transportation markets, vehicle characteristics, roadway design criteria, accident patterns, and existing and anticipated new technologies. The expected impacts of operating these heavier and longer vehicle types on representative urban and rural AHS configurations were also studied. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Commercial vehicle operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777264 JO - Workshop on Simulation and Interaction in Virtual Environments (1st : 1995 : Iowa City, Iowa). Proceedings PB - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - DONIKIAN, S AU - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - University of the Arts. Graduate Program in Industrial Design AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REALISTIC DRIVING SIMULATIONS IN VIRTUAL URBAN ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE PRAXITELE PROJECT PY - 1995 SP - p. 45-50 AB - This paper describes the simulation of virtual urban environments where simulations can be performed. Focus is on the Praxitele project which involves a fleet of autonomous electric public vehicles. The paper presents a simulation platform which tests the automatic motion control algorithms of vehicles in a complex environment. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Driving simulators KW - Electric vehicles KW - Virtual reality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511007 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00777265 JO - Workshop on Simulation and Interaction in Virtual Environments (1st : 1995 : Iowa City, Iowa). Proceedings PB - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - Burnette, C AU - Universite de Rennes. IRISA AU - University of the Arts. Graduate Program in Industrial Design AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ADVANCED DRIVER INTERFACE DESIGN/ASSESSMENT PROJECT PY - 1995 SP - p. 228-233 AB - This paper presents the Advanced Driver interface Design/Assessment Project, developed to demonstrate an integrated computer-based system to support the application of human factors during the design development of advanced automotive interfaces through their simulated use in a virtual environment. KW - Driver support systems KW - Human factors KW - Vehicle design KW - Virtual reality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/511008 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00774389 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR PATROL CARS BEING PROBED PY - 1995 SP - p. 4 AB - This article describes a research project in Texas on the application of advanced technologies to patrol cars. Particular application will be to traffic records collection in the field while strengthening officer safety. The vehicle will integrate technologies including global positioning systems, magnetic striping, advanced video systems smart tags, digital camera and speed detection systems, and pen-based computer systems. KW - Police vehicles KW - Research in progress KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/494374 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774649 AU - Martin, Michael R AU - Coogan, Matthew A AU - BDM Federal, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS : COMMERCIAL AND TRANSIT ASPECTS PY - 1995 SP - v, 49 p. AB - This Commercial and Transit (C&T) aspects for the Automated Highway System (AHS) report is a summary of current literature, European automated transit state of the art summary, special analysis of motor carrier sector needs, future research needs, summarization of the AHS context of legislative/regulator /institutional issues, and a prototypical AHS Transit scenario. KW - Automated highways KW - Commercial vehicle operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490373 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774657 AU - Luhrs, Richard A AU - Martin Marietta Astronautics Group AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS TASK D : LATERAL- LONGITUDINAL CONTROL ANALYSIS. VOLUME III, AHS SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION DOCUMENT PY - 1995 SP - vi, 85 p. AB - This report defines the Representative System Configurations (RSCs) to be evaluated against the requirements outlined in the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) Maneuver Definition and Functional Requirements Document. Six concepts are defined and their basic functions described and allocated. Concepts are described at a very high level and do not represent detailed designs. The intent of these concepts is to provide a wide range of differing concepts to be able to develop a preliminary understanding of what the elements of successful AHS concepts will be. In addition, various concept-dependent issues surrounding possible implementation of each of the concepts are identified for future consideration. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Technology assessment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774268 AU - Hughes, Ronald G AU - Turner, N Kipp AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation TI - IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE FOR CARAT (CONGESTION AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION FOR AUTOS AND TRUCKS) PY - 1995 SP - 187 p. in various pagings AB - This document provides recommendations to the North Carolina Department of Transportation as to how it should structure required evaluations of the CARAT (Congestion Avoidance and Reduction for Autos and Trucks) program. CARAT is an attempt to apply detection surveillance, and real time communications technologies. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - CARAT (Program : Charlotte, North Carolina) KW - Incident management KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00773965 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION'S INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITS) PROJECTS PY - 1995 SP - xi, 421 p. AB - The National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program is focused on the development and deployment of a collection of user services. These user services are grouped into "bundles," based on likely deployment scenarios. This report describes those ITS projects that are wholly or partially funded by the Department of Transportation's (DOT) modal administration, including the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Transit Administration (FRA), and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The report is a complement to the National ITS Program Plan, and is organized to describe those DOT-sponsored activities which support the development of user services, national compatibility planning deployment, deployment support, and program assessment. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/489901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774151 AU - Dingus, Thomas A AU - Performance and Safety Sciences, Inc. AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVTEK EVALUATION TASK C3 CAMERA CAR STUDY PY - 1995 SP - xv, 245 p. AB - The goal of the TravTek Camera Car Study was to furnish a detailed evaluation of driving and navigation performance, system usability and safety for the TravTek system. To achieve this goal, an instrumented camera car was developed to provide comprehensive driving performance and behavior measurement capability. Six navigation test configurations were evaluated in the camera car study. The following configurations were tested: TravTek route-map and symbolic guidance- map displays (individually and in conjunction with supplementary voice guidance), paper map, and paper textual direction list. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Cameras KW - Route guidance KW - Technology assessment KW - Travtek (Program) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490044 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774175 AU - Turan, L AU - University of Southern California, Los Angeles AU - Raytheon Company AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRECURSOR SYSTEMS ANALYSES OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS AUTOMATED CHECK OUT. VOLUME 3 PY - 1995 SP - ix, 60 p. AB - This report summarizes the research results in the Automated Check-out segment of the Precursor Systems Analyses of Automated Highway Systems ( AHS) project. Situations in AHS where transition from automated to manual control takes place are analyzed. The focus is on driver readiness testing. A novel testing procedure is presented in which the authority of the automatic controller is gradually decreased while the manual control authority is gradually increased. The system monitors the driver's progress and accelerates or decelerates the transfer of control from automatic to manual. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Automobile driving KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490062 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774326 AU - Levison, William H AU - Cramer, Nichael L AU - BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESCRIPTION OF THE INTEGRATED DRIVER MODEL PY - 1995 SP - vii, 115 p. AB - In this report, a simulation model for predicting driver behavior and system performance when an automobile driver performs concurrent steering and auxiliary in-vehicle is described. This model is an integration of two previously existing computerized models referred to as the "procedural model" and the "driver/vehicle model." KW - Driver information systems KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00774486 AU - Wochinger, K AU - Boehm-Davis, Deborah Ann AU - Science Applications International Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF AGE, SPATIAL ABILITY, AND NAVIGATIONAL INFORMATION ON NAVIGATIONAL PERFORMANCE PY - 1995 SP - vi, 46 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study which examined the relationship between age, spatial ability, and navigational skill. The results were that older drivers and drivers with lower spatial ability showed worse navigational performance than younger drivers and drivers with higher spatial ability. However, a simulated in-vehicle turn-by-turn route guidance display enhanced navigational performance for both groups of drivers, and for drivers with varying spatial abilities. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Aged KW - Automobile driving KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Route guidance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00749966 AU - National Highway Institute TI - GUIDE TO SAFETY FEATURES FOR LOCAL ROADS AND STREETS PY - 1995 SP - v.p. AB - This Guide deals with the construction and maintenance practices that will lead to increased safety on local roads and streets. The specific purpose of the Guide, and the associated training course, is to provide local transportation agency personnel with important information related to highway safety features intended for use on roads and streets in rural and small urban areas. The intended uses and functions for each of several safety features are discussed. Examples of both good and poor practices are given. This Guide will be especially helpful to field personnel involved in construction, installation and maintenance of safety related features on the highway system. Familiarity with the material in the eight chapters of the Guide will enable one to: Install and maintain highway safety features and devices so that intended safety benefits will be obtained; Recognize potentially hazardous situations, and be able to suggest appropriate remedies; and Identify conditions which may make some existing safety features ineffective. The report is organized in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Road Surfaces; (3) Slopes and Drainage Facilities; (4) Signs, Markings and Delineation; (5) Sign Supports; (6) Clear Zones and Sight Distance; (7) Roadside Traffic Barriers; and (8) Narrow Bridges and Bridge Rails. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Bridge railings KW - Clear zones KW - Crash cushions KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Drainage structures KW - Guardrails KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway delineators KW - Local street KW - Median barriers KW - Narrow bridges KW - Road markings KW - Rural areas KW - Safety KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Sight distance KW - Sign supports KW - Slopes KW - Small towns KW - Streets KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484937 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742390 AU - Public Technology, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVELING WITH SUCCESS: HOW LOCAL GOVERNMENTS USE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1995 SP - 55 p. AB - The federal government, through the U.S. Department of Transportation, has launched a national campaign to integrate application of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies. This initiative provides the building blocks needed to combine two or more of the following technologies: traffic signal control systems; freeway management systems; transit management systems; incident management systems; electronic fare payment systems; electronic toll collection systems; and multimodal traveler information systems. This pamphlet contains examples and contact names and addresses for ITS programs currently conducted around the U.S. The table of contents divides the examples into the following categories: traffic management, parking solutions, mass transit, incident management, traveler information, traffic safety, toll collection, public safety, and comprehensive success stories. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Automatic fare collection KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incidents KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Local government KW - Magnetic farecards KW - Management KW - Parking KW - Passenger information systems KW - Public transit KW - Safety KW - Traffic incidents KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Transit management KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9400/9409/4dv01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573916 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00741153 AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Maritime Administration TI - 1995 STATUS OF THE NATION'S SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: CONDITIONS AND PERFORMANCE. REPORT TO CONGRESS PY - 1995 SP - 400 p. AB - This 1995 Status of the Nation's Surface Transportation System: Condition and Performance report is divided into six chapters and four appendices. This is the second in a series of combined documents on the condition, performance and capital investment requirements of the nation's highway, transit and maritime, waterborne transportation systems. Key topics addressed are personal travel behavior, including demographic and economic trends; highway, bridge and transit system usage characteristics; finance; system conditions and performance; future investment requirements, and waterborne transportation, including world and U.S. fleets, port infrastructure, oceanborne trade, ship production, environmental issues, port access and the federal role. The report highlights the need to maintain a strong and efficient intermodal system along with a commitment to infrastructure investment. KW - Capital investments KW - Condition surveys KW - Demographics KW - Economic factors KW - Ground transportation KW - Improvements KW - Maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Travel behavior KW - Waterborne transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573761 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735980 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - READ YOUR ROAD: EVERY HIGHWAY USER'S GUIDE TO DRIVING SAFELY PY - 1995 SP - 72 p. AB - This guide is packed with useful information. It focuses on some of the less well-known safety messages the road offers you. It is designed to be kept in your glove compartment after it has been read so that you will have its valuable information at your fingertips. The contents are as follows: Introduction; (1) Reading the Road - for Safety; (2) Pavement Markings; (3) Traffic Signs; (4) Traffic Signals; (5) Sharing the Road; (6) Navigating the Road; (7) Danger, Hazards, and the Unexpected; and (8) Appendix. KW - Behavior KW - Driver education KW - Drivers KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Road markings KW - Route signs KW - Safety education KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic signs UR - http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/docs/ryr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478572 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723808 AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TEXAS SEAPORT AND INLAND WATERWAY SYSTEM SN - 0899407226 PY - 1995 SP - 309 p. AB - This report presents a comprehensive overview of the Texas seaport and inland waterway system, the results of which are intended to be integrated into the Texas Transportation Plan. The Texas seaport and inland waterway system accounts for much of the state's movement of domestic and international cargo. The state's 12 deep-draft ports and 15 shallow-draft ports accounted for over 390 million tons of cargo moved in 1993, which is half of the state's foreign imports and exports. Of those ports, Houston, Texas City, Port Arthur, and Corpus Christi are among the top 20 ports in terms of tonnage (for all services) in the United States. The Port of Houston is ranked number two in the United States in terms of tonnage for all services and number one for tanker services. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway contributes another 100 million tons of cargo, of which 70% occurs along the 423 miles of Texas waterway, making it the nation's third busiest waterway. This report is divided into eight chapters examining global, national, and Texas waterborne commerce; the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway; Mexico's seaport and inland waterway system; seaport access to the Texas railway system; seaport access to the Texas highway system; legislation affecting Texas seaports; and issues affecting current and future port and waterway performance. Appendixes contain profiles of individual Texas seaports. Included are Houston, Corpus Christi, Galveston, Texas City, Freeport, Bay City, Victoria, Port Lavaca, Brownsville, Port Isabel, Harlingen, Port Mansfield, Sabine Pass, Beaumont, Orange, and Port Arthur. There is also a profile of the Port of New Orleans, the major competitor of large Texas ports on the Gulf of Mexico. The profiles contain information on each port to the extent that it is available in the following areas: operations and services, top five imports and exports, existing facilities and equipment, modernization and expansion plans, strategic and master plans, revenues and expenditures, intermodal access and land transportation costs, economic impacts, and major issues affecting Texas ports. KW - Commodities KW - Deepwater harbors KW - Development KW - Domestic shipping policies KW - Domestic transportation KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Expenditures KW - Exports KW - Freight and passenger traffic KW - Gulf Intracoastal Waterway KW - Imports KW - Inland waterways KW - Intermodal access KW - International shipping policies KW - International trade KW - Legislation KW - Marine terminals KW - Mexico KW - Modernization KW - Policy KW - Port operations KW - Port structures KW - Ports KW - Revenues KW - Seaports KW - Shallow water ports KW - Shipping KW - Statistics KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Tonnage KW - Trade KW - Types of ports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460175 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723809 AU - Jimenez, R A AU - University of Arizona, Tucson TI - PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL ARIZONA CONFERENCE ON ROADS AND STREETS, TUCSON, ARIZONA, APRIL 20-21, 1995 PY - 1995 SP - 107p AB - The Forty-Fourth Annual Arizona Conference on Roads and Streets continued the objective of bringing new knowledge and information to those interested or working in the transportation field. The Conference also provided the opportunity for designers and constructors to meet and exchange thoughts and methods for solving their common problems. A copy of the 1995 Program is printed in the Proceedings, along with the following papers: Very Low Volume Road Standards, B. Cox; Performance of Heavy Duty Hot-Mix, G. Way; Partnering Phase II: Fine Tuning the Process, R.C. Williams; Metrication - Current Status, A. Benet; ADOT's Freeway Management System, M. Agah and D. Powell; The ADOT Project Management Process, F.J. Medina; The National Automated Highway System, D. Bruggeman; Tucson's Advanced Transportation Technologies, D.L. Swartz; Americans with Disabilities Act in Roadway Construction, L. Parker; Navajo Bridge: Spanning the Grand Canyon, J.A. Cannon; and Reliability Analysis of Drilled Shafts, W.M. Isenhower. U1 - Forty-Fourth Annual Arizona Conference on Roads and StreetsUniversity of ArizonaArizona Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationTucson, Arizona StartDate:19950420 EndDate:19950421 Sponsors:University of Arizona, Arizona Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration KW - Americans with Disabilities Act KW - Arizona KW - Automated highway systems KW - Conferences KW - Design standards KW - Drilled shafts KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Historic bridges KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Low volume roads KW - Metric conversion KW - Metric system KW - Partnerships KW - Project management KW - Reliability KW - Road construction KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463165 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00723811 AU - American Road & Transportation Builders Association TI - NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WORK ZONE SAFETY, WASHINGTON, D.C., DECEMBER 5-7, 1994. PROCEEDINGS PY - 1995 SP - 192p AB - The National Conference on Work Zone Safety was designed to explore ways in which the highway construction industry and Federal, State and local governments can reduce accidents and fatalities in work zones. Attending the Conference were more than 200 people representing diverse safety areas, including educators, engineers, corporate and government officials. The two-and-a-half-day agenda was designed to offer a broad perspective from several disciplines as to the contributing factors causing accidents in work zones and possible remedies. During the Conference, participants separated into workshop groups that addressed the following topics: philosophy of traffic control; work zone safety implementation; contractors construction management; interaction with public highway users; and advanced technologies. This proceedings document summarizes the events of the Conference. It is divided into several sections as follows: Executive Summary - an overview of the speakers' presentations and a summary of the workshops and the conclusions offered during the plenary session on day three; Section I - introduction and opening remarks of the Conference sponsors and cosponsors on day one, as well as transcripts of the presentations by guest speakers on days one and two; Section II - the facilitators' summaries of the two days of workshops, as presented to the plenary session on day three, and the concluding remarks by the Conference moderator, Dr. Nicholas Garber; and Appendices - the Conference agenda, tables and background materials, a listing of Conference participants, acronyms found throughout this document, and a summary of legislative activities related to work zone safety programs. U1 - National Conference on Work Zone SafetyFederal Highway Administration; American Road & Transportation Builders Association; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and American Traffic Safety Services Association.Washington, D.C. StartDate:19941205 EndDate:19941207 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; American Road & Transportation Builders Association; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and American Traffic Safety Services Association. KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Construction sites KW - Contributing factors KW - Countermeasures KW - Crash causes KW - Fatalities KW - Implementation KW - Legislation KW - Prevention KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic safety KW - Travelers KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/463167 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722659 AU - National Association of County Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE MAINTENANCE ON LOCAL ROADS. 1995 EDITION PY - 1995 SP - 80 p. AB - This training guide was prepared for use by bridge maintenance crews and other personnel responsible for inspecting and maintaining bridges on county and local agency roads. The contents are presented in three sections. The first section, General Considerations, covers legal issues, safety, environment/permits, preventive maintenance, and types of bridges. The next section, Planning, addresses inspection, program development, and defining the maintenance activity. The final section, Activities, presents guidelines for the inspection and maintenance of work zone traffic control, signs and energy-absorbing devices, approaches, substructures, superstructures, beam spans, decks, railings, waterways, culverts and related appurtenances, and cleaning and painting. A glossary is provided. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Beams KW - Beams and girders KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cleaning KW - County roads KW - Culverts KW - Energy absorbing barriers KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Inspection KW - Legal factors KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Maintenance KW - Painting KW - Permits KW - Planning KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Safety KW - Signs KW - Waterways KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722661 AU - National Association of County Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RURAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. 1995 EDITION. NACE ACTION GUIDE VOLUME II-4 PY - 1995 SP - 26 p. AB - The objective of this guide is to provide an overview of rural transportation services and the planning, coordination, and implementation activities involved in providing these services. Chapter 1 provides an introduction. Federal, state, regional, and local legislation and regulations applicable to county transportation planning are discussed in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 addresses comprehensive and regional planning. The county transportation planning process is described in detail in Chapter 4. Chapter 5, Selecting the Recommended Plan, discusses identifying alternative plans, plan selection, plan adoption and implementation, financial strategies, and monitoring and updating the transportation plan. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comprehensive planning KW - Counties KW - Financing KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Implementation KW - Legislation KW - Modernization KW - Monitoring KW - Planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Regulations KW - Rural areas KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722663 AU - National Association of County Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE REHABILITATION ON LOCAL ROADS. 1995 EDITION. NACE ACTION GUIDE VOLUME III-3 PY - 1995 SP - 96 p. AB - The major objective of this guide is to provide county personnel with an understanding of current techniques for rehabilitating and upgrading bridges with functional deficiencies and structural deterioration to adequately serve current and future traffic needs. The guide was written for the practicing engineer or other county personnel who might not have a broad background in bridge and structural engineering. It concentrates on the types of bridges and types of rehabilitation activities that are generally applicable to counties. Rehabilitation techniques that have proven to be practical and cost-effective are presented. The contents are presented in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Planning Activities; (3) Bridge Decks and Railings; (4) Trusses; (5) Beams and Girders; (6) Expansion Joints and Bearings; (7) Substructures; (8) Waterways; and (9) Support Activities (jacking and temporary supports and cofferdams). KW - Beams KW - Beams and girders KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Cofferdams KW - Counties KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Expansion joints KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Local government KW - Maintenance KW - Modernization KW - Planning KW - Rehabilitation KW - Temporary supports KW - Trusses KW - Waterways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722660 AU - National Association of County Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF LAND DEVELOPMENT ON COUNTY AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM PLANNING. 1995 EDITION. NACE ACTION GUIDE VOLUME II-3 PY - 1995 SP - 32 p. AB - This guide is intended for use by county engineers and other local government officials responsible for local transportation planning in association with land use and development activities. In addition to emphasizing transportation planning activities, including traffic projection and safety considerations, transportation plans describe legislative and environmental concerns and procedures for mitigation of traffic conditions resulting from land development. The contents are presented in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Planning; (3) Regulatory Framework; (4) Existing Transportation Network; (5) Impact of Development; (6) Planning for On-Site Impacts; and (7) Mitigation of Off-Site Impacts. KW - Counties KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Impacts KW - Land use KW - Legal factors KW - Local government KW - Mitigation KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Real estate development KW - Regulations KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459824 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722662 AU - National Association of County Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC OPERATIONS. 1995 EDITION. NACE ACTION GUIDE VOLUME III-2 PY - 1995 SP - 88 p. AB - This guide reviews the principles of traffic engineering and provides guidance to counties and local governments in the areas of traffic operations planning and programming; traffic control devices, equipment, and procedures; and special considerations in traffic engineering such as roadway construction and maintenance activities, school areas, residential areas, access control, elderly and handicapped concerns, and bicycle facilities. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Aged KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Counties KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway operations KW - Local government KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Residential areas KW - Schools KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic engineering KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459826 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721453 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Carlson, E D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, MAY 22-26, 1994. WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-4 AB - In this conference address, conference participants are welcomed on behalf of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). They are reminded that the first conference focused on teaching pavement management and the second on implementing pavement management, while this third conference focuses on the use of pavement management. In the following remarks, the many uses of a pavement management system are discussed in relation to the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), the National Highway System (NHS), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and FHWA's new pavement management policy. Also discussed is the future of pavement management. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Future policies KW - Government policies KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - National Highway System KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Pavement management systems KW - Policy KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Uses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461879 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721455 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Oddson, R W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, MAY 22-26, 1994. WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 7-8 AB - Conference participants are welcomed on behalf of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and it is noted that the guiding principles for the two previous conferences continue to be important in setting the agenda for this third conference. These guiding principles, established by Dr. Ramesh Kher, who coordinated and chaired the 1985 and 1987 conferences which took place in Ontario, are: (1) Improving the broad understanding of pavements, pavement management issues, and problems by all practitioners at all organization levels within all transportation jurisdictions; (2) Developing pavement management solutions based on objective evaluations, along with comprehensive integration of all pavement maintenance and rehabilitation activities; (3) Developing new technologies, methodologies, and materials where existing ones have demonstrated their failure to perform in a cost-effective manner; and (4) Incorporating the idea of continuous improvement in all aspects of pavement management by bringing together broad segments of the industry in one major event. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Pavement management systems KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461881 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721470 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Vallerga, B A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WARRANTIED PAVEMENT ON AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY IN CALIFORNIA SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 98-101 AB - During the 1993 construction season, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) solicited bids for state highway work using the principle of "warrantied pavements" on several overlay construction projects. One of these projects--the Sims Project--was located on Interstate 5 north of Redding, running from 1.2 mi (1.9 km) south to 0.8 mi (1.3 km) north of the Sims Road undercrossing. Essentially, construction was to consist of placing two lifts of an asphalt concrete overlay on existing portland cement concrete pavement, which was to be "cracked and seated". Both lifts were to be 0.15 ft (4.6 cm) thick. The first lift was to be made of asphalt concrete (Type A) and the second of rubberized asphalt concrete (Type G, asphalt rubber). The warranty was to be limited to the asphalt concrete paving itself, and the contractor was to agree to warranty the performance of its asphalt concrete paving for 5 years. Enforcement of the warranty was to be based on defined performance criteria incorporated in the special provisions of the project. This paper discusses the terms of the warranty, performance criteria, repair criteria and warranty work requirements, the contractor's response to the challenge, and the impact of warrantied pavements on pavement management systems. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - California KW - Conferences KW - Contracting out KW - Impacts KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - Warrantied pavements KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721472 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Anderson, D T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 23: DEFINING AN APPROPRIATE SYSTEM SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 106-107 AB - Workshop Session 23 examined the various factors that are important to take into account in selecting, developing, and maintaining a pavement management system (PMS) to ensure that an agency gains maximum benefit from its investment. The participants noted that: (1) unless an agency decides what the scope of a system ought to be, there is a risk of selecting and developing a black box that in the long run will not produce credible results relevant to the needs of the senior management or budget decision makers; (2) development of the system must be entirely compatible with the decision-making environment of the organization from the point of view of staff skills, relevant data types, quantity, quality, and the required reporting style; and (3) the evaluation of benefits of PMSs is of fundamental importance and should be one of the major themes of a future conference. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Selection KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461898 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721457 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Henry, J J AU - Paterson, WDO AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STANDARDIZATION OR HARMONIZATION: WHAT IS NEEDED FOR PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT? SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 16-28 AB - This paper begins with a discussion of the different types of standards and of the typical developmental stages through which technical standards tend to evolve. Attention is then focused on harmonization, which is stage 5 of standard development. Three approaches to achieving harmonization are discussed. These are correlation, calibration to an independent fundamental reference, and classification. The discussion continues with a review of the status and progress of standardization in pavement management. First, the tangible, familiar elements of specific data and information such as pavement condition and traffic are considered, and second, the more conceptual aspects such as terminology, management system principles, and implementation issues. A listing of ASTM standards relating to pavement management is provided. Final comments concern international cooperation in developing standards and the direction for pavement management standards. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Calibration KW - Classification KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Development KW - Implementation KW - International KW - International compacts KW - International standards KW - Pavement management systems KW - Standardization KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461883 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721459 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Monismith, C L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CHARGE TO THE CONFERENCE (THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS) SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 37-39 AB - The charge to the conference is that participants must take advantage of this opportunity to forge international links of cooperation to ensure that important developments in pavement management, wherever they occur, can be effectively used by the world community. In considering the future direction of pavement management, participants are charged with considering the following factors, in no order of priority since all are important: performance models, traffic data, data acquisition, user costs, optimization, and construction. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Cooperation KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Traffic data KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461885 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721466 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McNeil, S AU - Rodriguez, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 14: AUTOMATED ROAD MONITORING: PROGRESS ON SURFACE DISTRESS AND THE MULTIFUNCTION OPTION SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 77-81 AB - The purpose of Workshop Session 14 was to discuss the present status and future of multifunction automated road monitoring equipment and automated distress identification equipment. Presentations on multifunction automated road monitoring equipment addressed various views from a regulatory, supplier, and client (user) perspective. Panel discussions focused on the efforts to implement standards for selecting and specifying multifunction automated road monitoring equipment and road survey procedures and the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing, leasing, and contracting multifunction equipment. Presentations on automated distress identification equipment addressed the status of the state of the art in automated pavement condition survey equipment, methods used to evaluate the reliability of this equipment, and present and future needs. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Automated distress identification equipment KW - Automated road monitoring equipment KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Contracting KW - Evaluation KW - Leasing KW - Pavement management systems KW - Purchasing KW - Reliability KW - Selecting KW - Specifications KW - Standards KW - State of the art studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461892 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721468 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DANYLO, N H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING INNOVATIONS IN THIN, VERY THIN, AND ULTRATHIN OVERLAYS: THE MONTREAL EXPERIENCE SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 88-92 AB - In 1988 the executive committee of the city of Montreal approved a policy proposal concerning the management of Montreal's network of roads and sidewalks. The proposal covered a 10-year span and included a funding plan that earmarked a total of $350 million for this purpose. Among the many clauses of that policy, two statements were to help the Montreal Public Works Department step out in the field of innovation. One statement set out maintenance priorities: first, conservation; second, prevention; and third, rehabilitation. The second statement directed the department to study, evaluate, and implement new treatments for roads, especially in the category of conservative maintenance. After resolving many issues through discussions and meetings, the public works department believed it could proceed with various calls for proposals. In 1991 the call was for very thin overlays (15 to 30 mm); in 1992 the call was for ultrathin overlays (less than 1.5 mm); and the department is now in the process of a similar call for proposals for thin overlays (30 to 50 mm). This paper provides further details on Montreal's experience in pavement management with thin, very thin, and ultrathin overlays. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Conservation KW - Innovation KW - Montreal (Canada) KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement management systems KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461894 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721461 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fletcher, D R AU - Springer, J H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 6: LOCATION REFERENCING AND GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS/GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGE SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 48-49 AB - Workshop Session 6 began with the presentation of two papers on location referencing systems. This was followed by a panel discussion and the presentation of a third paper. Location referencing covers two subjects: location referencing method - the use of a set of field procedures to identify the location of any point; and location referencing system (LRS) - the use of a set of procedures to manage location referencing. The objective of an LRS is to designate the geographic position of specific locations on and off the highway. There are three types of LRSs: geodetic, which is based on latitude and longitude; geographic, which is based on mapping; and linear, which is based on locating by milepost or other linear measuring device. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Geodetic surveying KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Location KW - Location referencing methods KW - Location referencing systems KW - Mapping KW - Mileposts KW - Pavement management systems KW - Referencing KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461887 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721462 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hutabarat, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INSTITUTIONAL IMPACTS OF IMPLEMENTING THE INTEGRATED ROAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 50-56 AB - From 1987 to 1989 the Interurban Road Management System (IRMS) was developed on a microcomputer-based local area network, followed by the development of a bridge management system (BMS), an urban road management system (URMS), a toll road management system (TRMS), a local road management system (LRMS), and other monitoring systems aimed at improving the management of all roadways in Indonesia. This paper identifies the principal institutional impacts of implementing the IRMS and identifies problems and constraints encountered during previous system implementation projects. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Constraints KW - Implementation KW - Indonesia KW - Institutional issues KW - Pavement management systems KW - Problem identification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461888 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721458 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hudson, W R AU - Haas, RCG AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WHAT ARE THE TRUE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT? SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 29-36 AB - A major issue not adequately treated by many agencies is the comparison of the costs and benefits of implementing a pavement management system (PMS). This issue must be addressed more fully in the future if pavement management is to prosper. Any such analysis must be done by individual agencies. It is not sufficient to be convinced that the benefits of implementing a PMS in an agency outweigh the costs; this must be demonstrated. This paper discusses general and specific aspects of benefit-cost studies. It also suggests methodologies to be considered for application by any agency. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Conferences KW - Methodology KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461884 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721465 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dong, T S AU - Stampley, B E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 13: INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AFFECTING PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT AND USE, AND METHODS TO OVERCOME OR BYPASS THEM SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 62-76 AB - Workshop Session 13 was one of two sessions devoted to institutional issues affecting pavement management system (PMS) implementation. The purpose of the sessions was to get those involved in pavement management to help identify methods to overcome institutional and people barriers to PMS implementation and use. Institutional issues were divided into three types: (1) people issues and barriers (4 issues); (2) organizational issues and barriers (11 issues); and (3) system design, development, and selection (3 issues). Session 13 addressed 11 of these 18 issues. The other 7 issues were addressed in Workshop Session 24. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Pavement management systems KW - Problem solving KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Utilization KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461891 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721476 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Zimmerman, K A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES: AN EXTERNAL VIEWPOINT SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 136-138 AB - Many changes have taken place in the last 20 years - personal computers in place of mainframes, a public that is not as trusting of elected officials as it used to be and that is asking for, and expecting to receive, accountability from its leaders and government agencies, and legislation that is affecting the way local agencies operate. One change that began to be recognized at the last pavement management conference is the importance of institutional issues to the success of system implementation. Technical issues are no longer the driving force for implementing pavement management or for forcing operational changes within organizations. Today nontechnical factors often have more of an impact on the success of pavement management systems and on the acceptance of programs by elected officials who control access to funds. The question becomes, How do we react to these changes and what organizational and institutional challenges do we face when trying to deal with these changes? The remainder of this paper discusses these challenges within the following five principle categories: (1) Communication; (2) Education; (3) Quality; (4) Teamwork; and (5) Innovation. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Communications KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Education KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Institutional issues KW - Pavement management systems KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461902 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721452 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, MAY 22-26, 1994. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 3 SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 173 p. AB - The conference objective was to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of managing pavements for roads, streets, airfields, and other paved areas. The conference provided an opportunity for executives, practitioners, and researchers to share and evaluate recent experiences with pavement management systems. It addressed the benefits of implementation, the effects of support on decision making, advances in the state of the art and technology, and the need for future development. The conference, conducted over three and one-half days, included formal paper presentations, workshops, and optional tutorials. The conference addressed the following themes: Appropriate systems; Implementation issues; Institutional issues; Managing information; Analytical issues; and New frontiers. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Analytical issues KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Information management KW - Innovation KW - Institutional issues KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Socioeconomic development KW - State of the art studies KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461878 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721475 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wells, W E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES: AN AGENCY VIEWPOINT SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 131-135 AB - The Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) is the metropolitan planning organization (MPO) for the San Francisco Bay Area in California. Its area of responsibility spans 9 counties, 98 cities, 7,000 sq mi (18,200 sq km), and 6 million people. There are 1,400 mi (2,253 km) of state highways and 18,000 mi (28,962 km) of local roads in the region. In addition to the cities and counties, 35 agencies have direct responsibilities in planning, programming, managing, and operating the transportation system. Unlike many MPOs, MTC has statutory powers and responsibilities directly related to the region's transportation system. MTC, in concert with three cities and three counties, designed and implemented a pavement management system (PMS) in 1985. The user base has grown over the years, and today 65 Bay Area cities and counties are using the PMS. In addition, more than 100 local jurisdictions nationwide have used the system. This paper presents MTC's perspective on the institutional challenges faced as the local agencies attempted to implement the PMS. Topics covered include recognizing opportunities, partnerships, building a credible PMS program, and securing funding. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Financing KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Partnerships KW - Pavement management systems KW - Planning KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461901 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721477 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Haas, RCG AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KEY CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE OF PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 139-140 AB - These closing remarks to the Third International Conference on Managing Pavements address key challenges for the future of pavement management. The biggest challenge is seen as the challenge to advance, and it is suggested that this be considered the theme for the next conference. The areas in which quantum advances are needed are pointed out. Another key challenge identified is to retain pavement management as a distinct entity. The dangers of losing sight of the importance of the technical underpinnings of pavement management and of pavement management being submerged in the broader spectrum of asset management are pointed out. Conference participants and especially younger people coming into this field are challenged to seize the opportunities that these challenges represent and advance the process, technology, and use of pavement management. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Education KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - Pavement management systems KW - Planning KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461903 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721454 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Burnett, W G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, MAY 22-26, 1994. WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 5-6 AB - Conference participants are welcomed on behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and comments are made on what TxDOT is doing to manage the 77,000 mi (123,900 km) of pavements for which it is responsible. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Pavement management systems KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461880 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721456 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Finn, F N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, MAY 22-26, 1994. KEYNOTE ADDRESS SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-15 AB - In this keynote address, the author gives a brief overview of the past, present, and future of pavement management systems (PMSs), including a summation of the major issues addressed in the two previous conferences and a look at the program for the 1994 conference. He then discusses the following topics: Definition of Performance; Definition and Evaluation of Pavement Distresses; Techniques for the Development of Prediction Models; Costs and Their Computation; Marketing PMS; and the Pros and Cons of Standardization. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Defects KW - Definitions KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Standardization KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461882 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721469 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lund, E A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRITISH COLUMBIA'S EXPERIENCE WITH CONTRACTED ROAD AND BRIDGE MAINTENANCE SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 93-97 AB - The government of the province of British Columbia announced in October 1987 that the maintenance of all roads and bridges would be privatized. The decision was based on the premise that contractors competing for work would be better able to control costs and bring innovations to equipment, staffing, and methods. The British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Highways developed contract principles and end-product maintenance specifications. Contracts were to be negotiated with qualified private contractors if an employee group did not form or if negotiations broke down with an employee group. All contracts were 36 months in length. The first contract was activated on September 1, 1988, and the last one on April 1, 1989. The contracts were lump-sum types with monthly payments due at the end of each month. There was no provision for dispute resolution or for monitoring the management capability of the contractor. All equipment was either sold to the contractors or leased in cases in which newer essential units such as graders and plow trucks were needed. All materials, including produced sands and crushed aggregate, were sold, but the gravel pits and yard facilities were leased to the contractors. This paper provides further details on British Columbia's experience with privatization. It appeared in early 1992 that only minor savings had been realized (less than 1%). Former ministry employees who are now contractor employees and, in some cases, shareholders, are generally satisfied with their remuneration. There is a more consistent maintenance level due to the monitored application of detailed maintenance standards and more uniform contract administration. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - British Columbia KW - Conferences KW - Contracting out KW - Cost control KW - Innovation KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Privatization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461895 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721471 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Baladi, G Y AU - Fults, K W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 19: PERFORMANCE PREDICTION SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 102-105 AB - Workshop Session 19 addressed pavement performance issues. A major pavement management system (PMS) learning tool is the frequent evaluation of pavement conditions. The performance of a pavement section over time can be divided into three levels: functional, structural, and safety. A PMS should be based on all three levels. The pavement performance issues addressed were: pavement performance prediction models; individualized pavement distress indices; combined pavement distress indices; and remaining service life. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Service life KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461897 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721473 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Paterson, WDO AU - Connor, B G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONFERENCE SUMMARY (THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MANAGING PAVEMENTS) SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 108-120 AB - The Third International Conference on Managing Pavements drew 540 delegates from 41 countries. Sixty-five papers were presented covering the following six conference themes: Appropriate systems; Institutional issues; Analytical issues; Implementation issues; Managing information; and New frontiers. This paper provides a summary of the conference findings in each of these six areas. In conclusion, the following five areas are noted as areas on which attention should be focused in the next few years: Credibility of models; Decision criteria and objective functions; Harmonization and quality management; Better information; and System integration. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Pavement management systems KW - Research KW - State of the art UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461899 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721460 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Francois, F AU - Johnson, E G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 5: HOW TO MARKET A MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION PROGRAM TO DECISION MAKERS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 40-47 AB - Workshop Session 5 dealt with implementation and institutional issues. Specifically, the session provided information on how those using pavement management systems (PMSs) should present the results to decision makers and senior management. The session used two role-playing situations to simulate PMS presentations to county and state officials. The audience consisted of citizens attending a public meeting. The officials had been enlightened enough in the past to fund PMS implementation, and the PMS staff had completed results of the first cycle of PMS recommendations. The question was, How do you market the recommendations to those above you? After the PMS presentations, senior national, state, and local officials discussed what they need from pavement management. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Executives KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Managerial personnel KW - Marketing KW - Pavement management systems KW - Recommendations KW - Senior management officials KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461886 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721467 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McWaters, B R AU - Sharpe, G W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INITIATIVES IN REMOVING BARRIERS TO PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 82-87 AB - The term "pavement management" began to be used by pavement researchers and engineers in the late 1960s and early 1970s to describe the entire range of activities associated with providing pavements to the public. Today the term "pavement management system" implies a comprehensive, coordinated set of activities associated with the planning, programming, design, construction, maintenance, evaluation, and research of pavements. Before the Third International Conference on Managing Pavements, conferences in 1985 and 1987 presented information on potential barriers to implementation of pavement management systems (PMSs). Some of these barriers continue to affect pavement management today. With the development of new technology, some technological barriers have been eliminated, and other barriers have evolved. New areas of concern in pavement management today include standardization, uniformity of pavement management data, data collection and reporting, metrication, the interrelationships between the pavement management effort and the planning function, methods to continue trends in pavement management with ever-changing equipment for collecting data, and the electronic format for information transfer. Also of concern is that the definitions of pavement quality and performance vary from agency to agency. There is a tremendous challenge to remove barriers and meet the challenges of the 21st century. This can be accomplished through continuing research in developing engineering solutions to technical problems. The training and education programs necessary for pavement engineers to better understand the science of pavement management need to be developed. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data uniformity KW - Definitions KW - Education KW - Implementation KW - Implementation barriers KW - Information storage and retrieval systems KW - Metric conversion KW - Metric system KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Research KW - Standardization KW - Technological innovations KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461893 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721474 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hudson, W R AU - Haas, RCG AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND NEED FOR INNOVATION IN PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 121-130 AB - The improvement in pavement management system (PMS) application and implementation has not been matched by improvements in the component technology of pavement management. Many problems that existed in the 1970s, such as the lack of good, long-term performance prediction models, still exist in the 1990s. A substantial amount of innovation will be necessary to realize a standardized pavement management process with widespread application. Required innovation and research should range from short-term problem solving to strategic efforts toward technology and application improvements. In conclusion, the authors present a list of eight problems and proposed solutions, which they believe will facilitate the advancement of pavement management. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Innovation KW - Pavement management systems KW - Problem identification KW - Problem solving KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461900 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721463 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McWaters, B R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 9: DEFINING AN APPROPRIATE SYSTEM SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 57-59 AB - Workshop Session 9 addressed the selection, development, and maintenance/operation of a pavement management system. Each of the session's 37 participants from around the world was assigned to one of four groups. Each group had a specific topic: system selection (first and second groups), system development (third group), or system maintenance/operation (fourth group). Each group identified important factors in its assigned area and established priorities for these factors. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Selection KW - Strategic planning KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461889 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00721464 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ullidtz, P AU - Kulkarni, R B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WORKSHOP SESSION 10: USER VERSUS AGENCY COSTS SN - 0309055024 PY - 1995 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - p. 60-61 AB - Workshop Session 10 was presented as a court case. First, two different opinions were stated by the workshop coleaders: (a) user costs should be quantified in monetary value, even if they involve a number of political decisions, and (b) because uncertainties are too large and can lead to improper decisions, rather than quantifying user costs in monetary value, the impact on users should be considered, using more stable parameters. The audience was formed into juries, each electing a spokesperson, and each jury was asked to give a verdict for or against quantifying user costs in monetary terms. If consensus could not be reached, the juries were asked to cast a vote. In addition, they were asked to jot down their main arguments and present them to the other juries during the last part of the workshop. The overall conclusion of the workshop was that there is a great deal of willingness to include user costs in decision making, but current user cost models are unrealistic or incomplete. U1 - Third International Conference on Managing PavementsTransportation Research BoardFederal Highway AdministrationOntario Ministry of TransportationAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Texas Department of TransportationInternational Society for Asphalt PavementsAmerican Concrete Pavement AssociationSan Antonio,Texas StartDate:19940522 EndDate:19940526 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Texas Department of Transportation, International Society for Asphalt Pavements, American Concrete Pavement Association KW - Conferences KW - Cost models KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Pavement management systems KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - User costs KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720256 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1995 ACHIEVEMENT REPORT: TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER PY - 1995 SP - 25 p. AB - This 1995 report is the 19th in a series of annual reports highlighting the achievements of the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC). TFHRC is operated by the Federal Highway Administration's Office of the Associate Administrator for Research and Development. This report covers the period October 1, 1994, through September 30, 1995. The contents are organized as follows: Statement of the Associate Administrator; Operations (Mission, Staff and Organization, Facilities, Budget, and Public Awareness); Research Accomplishments (Improving Mobility, Protecting the Environment, Developing New Technology, Improving Quality of Program Delivery, and Enhancing Safety); Technical Training (Improving Mobility, Protecting the Environment, Transferring New Technology, Improving Quality of Program Delivery, and Enhancing Safety); Publications; and Acronyms. KW - Administration KW - Annual reports KW - Budgeting KW - Development KW - Documents KW - Publications KW - Publicity KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research facilities KW - Strategic planning KW - Training KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720237 AU - Morales, J M AU - Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVING TRAFFIC SIGNAL OPERATIONS: A PRIMER PY - 1995 SP - 16 p. AB - This report describes how some relatively simple, low-cost adjustments to a traffic signal system can reduce traffic congestion and lead to big payoffs in time savings, environmental benefits, and safety. The report is organized in the following seven chapters: (1) Traffic Signals: Tools for Improving Safety and Traffic Flow; (2) Simple Strategies with Big Payoffs; (3) How Traffic Signals Work; (4) When Is a Signal Needed?; (5) Traffic Signal Maintenance; (6) Legal Aspects; and (7) Funding Traffic Signal Improvements. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Improvements KW - Legal factors KW - Maintenance management KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13466.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454624 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712727 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bobb, N M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIFORNIA'S TEMPORARY FREEWAY BRIDGE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 2-3 AB - A twin bridge failure at Arroyo Pasajero near Coalinga, California gave the California Department of Transportation an opportunity to install and test a temporary railroad flatcar bridge. The concept of using railroad flatcars as bridges is not new; however, the use of railroad flatcars as modular, reusable bridges is new. The entire assembly is modular and versatile as well as structurally strong and able to pass dynamic analysis. This article describes the temporary bridge at Arroyo Pasajero, providing design and construction information. The author reports that transportation agencies must remember to include hauling of flatcars, field welding, and dismantling to estimates of overall cost. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Modular structures KW - Railroad flatcar KW - Southern California KW - Structural design KW - Temporary structures UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au2.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451486 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712734 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ourston, L AU - Bared, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROUNDABOUTS: A DIRECT WAY TO SAFER HIGHWAYS PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 41-49 AB - The features that characterize modern roundabouts include yield-at-entry, deflection, and flare, which are absent in nonconforming traffic circles. Roundabout features force drivers to reduce speed during the approach, entry, and movement within the roundabout, leading to a reduction in accidents and an increase in capacity. This article describes and illustrates the modern roundabout, reports on the spread of this traffic configuration in Europe and in the United States, and documents the accident rates for modern roundabouts. The number of roundabouts in the United States is expected to increase, based on their remarkable safety record. KW - Capacity KW - Configurations KW - Deflection KW - Europe KW - Flares KW - Highway safety KW - Roundabouts KW - Safety KW - Shape KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Technology KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - United States KW - Yield at entry UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au41.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451493 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712731 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chatfield, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TQM: IT REALLY WORKS! PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 24-27 AB - Total quality management (TQM) has been around for nearly two decades, yet debates continue about its true value. Some view TQM as a management fad, a quick fix, for the latest business problem. TQM advocates, however, state that it must be embedded in the organization's culture and environment to be effective. It is not be viewed as a set of management tools to be taken out as things need fixing. This article presents a case study in the use of TQM. The Federal Lands Highway (FLH) Office, part of the Federal Highway Administration, implemented TQM 6 years ago. FLH has improved significantly in the areas of productivity, external customer satisfaction, and employee satisfaction. Key to making TQM work at FLH has been taking a long-term view of quality and improvement and striving always to reach those goals. KW - Case studies KW - Customer service KW - Employee participation KW - Improvements KW - Management KW - Organizations KW - Quality control KW - Quality of work KW - Total quality management KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au24.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451490 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712729 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Reagan, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE COMPATIBILITY WITH ROADSIDE SAFETY HARDWARE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 11-15 AB - The compatibility of vehicles with roadside safety hardware is crucial in that the hardware is the primary means of mitigating the injury severity of run-off-the-road accidents. This article provides background on the evolution of roadside safety features and states that the purpose of the hardware is to: 1) redirect the vehicle, 2) breakaway upon vehicle impact, or 3) bring the vehicle to a controlled stop. A discussion of the current procedure for developing roadside safety structures is included. Evaluations of the safety performance of new hardware are based on crash tests. Problem areas associated with the use of crash tests are exposed. Finite element analysis is a promising technique for evaluating the compatibility of vehicles and roadside safety hardware. The author suggests that in developing new procedures for the evaluation of the safety performance of roadside hardware, input must be gained from all parties involved in the motor vehicle/roadside safety hardware design problem. KW - Compatibility KW - Finite element method KW - Hardware KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Procedures KW - Roadside structures KW - Safety KW - Safety design KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety features KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au11.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451488 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712730 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Crabtree, J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANTAGE I-75 PREPARES TO CUT RIBBON ON ELECTRONIC CLEARANCE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 16-21 AB - A total of 4,500 trucks that routinely travel on Interstate 75 (I-75) and Canadian Highway 401 are part of the Advantage I-75 Operational Test Project. Advanced technology in the form of Mainline Automated Clearance System (MACS) will allow truckers to have their weight and credentials checked at highway speeds without being processed at weigh stations. Advantage I-75 is a partnership of public and private interests along this commercial corridor, striving to reduce congestion, increase efficiency, and enhance safety for motorists. This article describes the 2-year operational test, explains the automatic vehicle identification (AVI) technology that will process trucks on the mainline, and predicts the costs and benefits of MACS. This intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technology will benefit both the trucking and enforcement communities--making it a win-win proposition for everyone. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Corridors KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Electronic equipment KW - Electronic systems KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public private partnerships KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic flow KW - Trucking KW - Weigh stations KW - Weight stations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au16.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451489 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712732 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cooper, J D AU - Buckle, I AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LESSONS FROM THE KOBE QUAKE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 28-37 AB - The port city of Kobe, Japan, violently shook for 20 seconds on January 17, 1995, when an earthquake registering 7.2 on the Richter Scale struck. This particular earthquake was significant because it shattered many notions about seismic zones, earthquake resistance, and the adequacy of recovery plans. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has worked for over two decades to create new sets of earthquake design criteria, codes, guidelines, and specifications based on the findings of actual earthquake investigations. These investigations yield valuable information for developing new technologies to promote structural resistance to earthquakes. This article describes the findings of a team of structural engineers that investigated 15 bridge sites in Kobe, Japan, after the catastrophic January 1995 earthquake. Highway bridges built 30 years ago before modern seismic codes suffered the most damage; although, some new bridges suffered serious damage, leading investigators to re-evaluate current design loads and procedures in the design specifications. Damage to bridge columns was spectacular, however, the incidence of bearing failure was high, pointing to the need for better damping devices and isolation bearing designs to decouple energy and motion. A long list of lessons learned from the Kobe earthquake is generated and a discussion presented regarding the vulnerability of many unsuspecting cities in the United States. The authors conclude by stating that the most cost-effective, long-term program for mitigating earthquake damage to highway bridges is to ensure that new construction is designed beyond existing specifications in accordance with the latest technology derived from investigations of real-world disasters. Retrofitting is not always the answer. KW - Bearing failure KW - Bridge bearings KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Earthquake engineering KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Earthquakes KW - Highway bridges KW - Japan KW - Lateral movement KW - Liquefaction KW - Mechanical failure KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic investigations KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Specifications KW - Technological development KW - Technology KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au29.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451491 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00712728 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Arnold, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NAVIGATING THE FUTURE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - p. 4-10 AB - A United States Department of Defense system called NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is revolutionizing navigation and positioning technologies. GPS is a satellite-based, radio-navigation system consisting of 24 satellites arranged in 6 orbital planes at an altitude of 20,000 km and a ground-based infrastructure that monitors and controls the satellites. Every transportation mode can benefit from GPS. On the nation's highways, GPS can provide navigation and guidance to vehicles and buses, automated voice for bus stop annunciation, and accident data collection. The rail industry can track hazardous cargo and monitor the location of entire trains on their track network to prevent collision. The most dramatic use of GPS will eventually be in guiding an aircraft from the time it takes off until the time it lands. Finally, many marine navigators use a complex system of buoys, navigational beacons, and landmarks, which can be pinpointed accurately using GPS. This article describes how GPS works, the services available and the errors associated with services, the needs and requirements of users, augmentation services, and future developments. The author reports that the advances being made today are nothing short of phenomenal. KW - Accuracy KW - Applications KW - Artificial satellites KW - Availability KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Radio navigation KW - Supply KW - Technological development KW - Technology KW - Transportation modes UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95fall/p95au4.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/451487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713010 AU - United States House of Representatives AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM DESIGNATION ACT OF 1995. REPORT TOGETHER WITH DISSENTING VIEWS (TO ACCOMPANY H.R. 2274), 104TH CONGRESS, 1ST SESSION, SEPTEMBER 14, 1995 PY - 1995 SP - 137 p. AB - The Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, to whom was referred the bill (H.R. 2274) to amend title 23, United States Code, to designate the National Highway System, and for other purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon with an amendment and recommend that the bill as amended do pass. The report is organized as follows: Amendment; Purpose; Background and Need; Section-by-Section Analysis; Hearings and Legislative History; Committee Oversight Findings and Recommendations; Inflationary Impact Statement; Costs of the Legislation; Compliance With House Rule XI; Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate; Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported; and Dissenting Views. KW - Amendments KW - Analysis KW - Cost estimating KW - Dissenting views KW - Estimates KW - History KW - National Highway System KW - National highway system designation act 1995 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448161 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711709 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wipf, T J AU - Klaiber, F W AU - Fanous, F S AU - El-Arabaty, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRENGTHENING OF CONTINUOUS-SPAN COMPOSITE STEEL-STRINGER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 33-44 AB - On the basis of current bridge rating standards, many continuous-span composite steel-stringer concrete deck bridges in the United States are classified as deficient and in need of rehabilitation and strengthening, or replacement. Through several Iowa Department of Transportation research projects, methods of strengthening such bridges have been developed. Ways in which two of these strengthening procedures--post-tensioning and superimposed trusses--have been applied to actual bridges are described, and a design methodology is explained briefly. The strengthening systems were implemented and tested on two existing three-span bridges; both bridges were 45.72 m (150 ft) long and had roadway widths of 7.37 m (24 ft). From two analyses, it was determined that both bridges, when subjected to legal live loads were overstressed in both the positive and negative moment regions. The bridges, instrumented for strain and deflection measurements, were loaded with trucks before and after strengthening to determine the effectiveness of the strengthening systems. To alleviate the flexural overstress in Bridge 1, a post-tensioning scheme was designed in which the positive moment regions of all beams were post-tensioned. This strengthening scheme reduced the overstresses in both the positive and negative moment regions. In Bridge 2, superimposed trusses were employed over the piers on the exterior stringers in addition to the post-tensioning of the positive moment regions of all beams. In both bridges, considerable end restraint was measured; it was also determined that the guardrails were making a structural contribution. The transverse and longitudinal distribution of post-tensioning forces is summarized, behavior changes are noted, and the effectiveness of both strengthening systems is discussed. A design methodology developed for practicing engineers for use in designing a strengthening system for a given continuous-span bridge is also briefly described. Both strengthening schemes were determined to be cost-effective and practical techniques. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Conferences KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Live loads KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Posttensioning KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Stresses KW - Superimposed trusses KW - Trusses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450950 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711711 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Buckle, I G AU - Friedland, I M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVED SCREENING PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 59-70 AB - Recent damaging earthquakes in California and elsewhere have demonstrated once again the seismic vulnerability of highway bridges in the United States. Retrofitting programs for correcting deficiencies in existing bridges have been proposed since the 1970s, but until very recently only California has been active in the field. In 1983 FHWA published a set of retrofitting guidelines for bridges; recently they were revised to reflect advances made in the state of the art during the past decade. The improved screening procedure, which has been recommended in the revised FHWA manual, is presented. Differences between the old and new procedures include a new priority-ranking process, revised seismic performance categories, expanded definitions for bridge importance, and new flow charts to illustrate and clarify the assignment of structure vulnerabilities. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Deficiencies KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Ratings KW - Retrofitting KW - Strategic planning KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450952 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711728 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Segrestin, P AU - Brockbank, W J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRECAST ARCHES AS INNOVATIVE ALTERNATIVE TO SHORT-SPAN BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 219-226 AB - As the transportation infrastructure ages in many countries around the world, there is a growing number of bridges that are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete and require either major repair or replacement. There are estimated to be hundreds of thousands of bridges in this condition in North America alone. A cost-effective option for replacement of bridges with short spans (from 10 to 20 m) is the construction of a precast arch. The growing popularity of the precast arch can be attributed to its combination of the age-old structural efficiency of the arch shape and the modern-day cost-effectiveness of precasting. Rapid construction of approximately 15 m of arch per day keeps erection costs low. Not only is the construction cost-effective, but it also can be accomplished without disturbance to the stream, road, or rail it crosses. With no bearings or expansion joints, a precast arch will function for its entire service life virtually maintenance free. Construction is carried out in three basic operations: preparation of footing, erection of precast elements, and finally the simultaneous placement of backfill and end walls. The precasting is made economical with simple repetitive casting and stripping cycles utilizing high-production steel forms. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Precast concrete KW - Replacing KW - Short span bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450969 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711741 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Chajes, M J AU - Kaliakin, V N AU - Holsinger, S D AU - Meyer, A J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF COMPOSITE WOOD BEAMS FOR USE IN TIMBER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 371-380 AB - The use of new high-performance materials can play an important role in the search for ways to rebuild and rehabilitate the nation's deteriorating bridges. Innovations in the area of engineered wood products provide new possibilities for the design of timber bridges. Bonding high-strength fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite plates to the tension face of wood beams can improve stiffnesses and strengths. By further incorporating a concrete compression flange, an even more versatile and efficient structural member can be created. The use of concrete-wood-FRP composite beams for timber bridges in investigated. The criteria involved in designing timber beams for bridges are presented. Then, details and results of an experimental study aimed at addressing design-related issues for concrete-wood-FRP composite beams are discussed. In the study, a series of wood, wood-FRP, concrete-wood, and concrete-wood-FRP composite beams were tested. The wood used was a laminated veneer lumber; the reinforcement consisted of carbon FRP plates. Composite action between the concrete flange and the wood web, bond strength between the FRP plates and the wood, and stiffness and ultimate strength properties of the composite beams were evaluated. Results of the tests indicate that composite wood beams show promise for use in timber bridges. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Beams KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Bonding KW - Composite action KW - Composite beams KW - Composite materials KW - Concrete compression flanges KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Laminated wood KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Plates (Structural members) KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Ultimate strength KW - Wood KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450982 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711743 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - Faller, R K AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CRASH-TESTED BRIDGE RAILINGS FOR TIMBER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 395-404 AB - Bridge railing systems in the United States historically have been designed on the basis of static load criteria given in the AASHTO "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges". In the past decade, full-scale vehicle crash testing has been recognized as a more appropriate and reliable method of evaluating bridge railing acceptability. In 1989 AASHTO published "Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings", which gives the recommendations and procedures to evaluate bridge railings by full-scale vehicle crash testing. In 1993 NCHRP published Report 350: "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features", which provides criteria for evaluating longitudinal barriers. From these specifications, a cooperative research program was initiated to develop and crash test several bridge railings for longitudinal wood decks. The research resulted in the successful development and testing of five bridge railing systems for longitudinally laminated wood bridge decks in accordance with the AASHTO Performance Level 1 and Performance Level 2 requirements and the Test Level 4 requirements of NCHRP Report 350. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge railings KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Laminated wood KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Specifications KW - Steel railings KW - Steel rails KW - Testing KW - Timber KW - Timber railings KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1995/ritte95c.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450984 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711707 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fisher, J W AU - Yen, B T AU - Kaufmann, E J AU - Ma, Z-Z AU - Fisher, T A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CRACK EVALUATION AND REPAIR OF CANTILEVER BRACKET TIE PLATES OF EDISON BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 15-25 AB - The Edison Bridge on Route 9 over the Raritan River in New Jersey is a riveted two-girder floor beam structure that was built in 1944. Cracks were discovered in several tie plates connecting the cantilever brackets to the main girder and floor beam in the continuous span, the 25.8-m (84-ft, 6-in.) spans, and the 40.4-m (132 ft, 6-in.) spans. Several cracked tie plates were removed so that the cause of cracking could be evaluated. The investigation included metallographic and fractographic examinations of crack surface areas that were not damaged extensively by corrosion. Striation spacing measurements showed that the cyclic stress driving the crack was independent of crack length, characteristic of displacement-induced fatigue. Field testing to determine the live load stress levels confirmed that in-plane bending of tie plates was the principal cause of the fatigue cracking and that the cantilever bending stresses were negligible. The measurements also suggested that a loss of frictional composite action occurred as the slab deteriorated. This led to high cyclic stresses in tie plates, with the maximum stress range varying between 69 and 138 MPa (10 and 20 ksi). Fatigue cracking initiated at flame-cut plate edges subjected to the maximum in-plane bending stress from distortion. Cracking was also aggravated by corrosion loss of section. Future inspection procedures were developed to enhance crack detection, which is highly variable because of the uncertainty of composite action. Retrofit recommendations for failed tie plate replacement were developed as well as means to eliminate the problem when the structure is rehabilitated. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Cyclic fatigue KW - Equipment replacement KW - Girder bridges KW - In-plane bending KW - Live loads KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Repeated loads KW - Replacements KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Tie plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450948 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711730 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lagasse, P F AU - Richardson, E V AU - Weldon, K E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION BRIDGE SCOUR EVALUATION PROGRAM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 237-248 AB - Following the catastrophic failure of the Schoharie Creek bridge in April 1987 FHWA established a national bridge scour evaluation program under the National Bridge Inspection Standards to be implemented by state highway and transportation departments. Initial scour susceptibility screening was completed for the most part by October 1992, and FHWA has established January 1997 as the completion date for scour evaluations of all existing bridges identified as scour susceptible. The procedures that were developed and the results to date of scour evaluation of bridges in Florida are highlighted. The Florida Department of Transportation guidelines contain a four-phase approach to scour evaluations: Phase I is data collection and qualitative analysis, Phase II is hydrologic and hydraulic assessment for scour analysis, Phase III is geotechnical and structural scour assessment, and Phase IV is a recommended plan of action. The checklists and field procedures developed to complete Phases I and II of the evaluation are presented, and the results of the scour evaluations to date are summarized. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Florida KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Hydraulics KW - Hydrology KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Scour KW - Structural analysis KW - Susceptibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450971 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711732 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jones, J S AU - Bertoldi, D AU - Stein, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ALTERNATIVES TO RIPRAP AS A SCOUR COUNTERMEASURE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 261-278 AB - Riprap is the most common and best documented method of protection against local scour at bridge piers. Alternatives to riprap vary in size, shape, and mass as well as flexibility of design. The overall performance of alternatives such as grout mats and grout bags, extended footings, tetrapods, cable-tied blocks, anchors (used in connection with countermeasures) and high-density particles is evaluated. In general, alternatives are used when riprap is hard to obtain, the size required for high-velocity streams is unreasonable, or riprap is difficult to place, among other reasons. Various tests were performed on all previously mentioned countermeasures with and without a pier on a fixed bed. An obstructed movable-bed condition was also tested to obtain qualitative data for each countermeasure. Recommendations for implementing these alternatives are based on laboratory results and include the effects of filter fabric, lateral extent of the countermeasure, sealing between the face of the pier and the countermeasure, and anchoring. The impact of the drag coefficients on the stability of the countermeasure was also examined. The results of these experiments provide some comparative conclusions among the countermeasures as well as criteria for the design and implementation of these devices in the field. Investigations at an FHWA hydraulics laboratory over several years are summarized, including results of the investigations of riprap and of alternatives to riprap. As a local scour countermeasure, each alternative has its unique attributes that, depending on the application, may provide superior protection over riprap. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Anchors KW - Blocks KW - Cable-tied blocks KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drag KW - Extended footings KW - Filter fabric KW - Footings KW - Grout bags KW - Grout mats KW - High density KW - High density particles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Particles KW - Riprap KW - Scour KW - Test results KW - Tetrapods UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450973 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711737 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tada, K AU - FUJII, Y AU - Ohashi, Hiroshi AU - MIKI, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FATIGUE ASSESSMENT OF CABLE SYSTEMS OF LONG-SPAN CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 327-337 AB - Cable systems of a cable-stayed bridge consist of cable and cable anchorage. Cable tension caused by prestress, dead load, and live load acts directly on the cable anchorage. In addition to direct tension, bending deformation caused by live load, temperature changes, and wind load act on the anchored stay cables. Furthermore, wind-induced oscillations may be considered. Because the cable tension and bending deformation occur repeatedly, it is necessary to verify fatigue behavior. The structural details of cable anchorages are complex, making it difficult to evaluate their fatigue resistance. Therefore, fatigue tests were conducted on full-scale specimens that include proposed anchorages and cables to examine their performance. The obtained results show that fatigue cracks initiated at the welded toe of the bearing plate to anchor web plates were caused by plate bending; therefore, some refinements of structural details are necessary. The bending fatigue strength of semi-parallel wire cables socketed by two types of anchorage were both proved to be sufficient for use as stay cables for an 870-m span cable-stayed bridge. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Anchorages KW - Bending KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cable systems KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue tests KW - Flexural strength KW - Long span bridges KW - Plate bending KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Prototype tests KW - Welded plates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450978 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711739 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nowak, A S AU - Ritter, M A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN CODE FOR WOOD BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 351-357 AB - The development of a load and resistance factor design (LRFD) edition of AASHTO's Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges is complete. A part of this effort involved the development of LRFD provisions for wood bridges. These new specifications include numerous changes and several significant departures from current allowable stress design practices for wood bridges. The live load model is based on the statistical analysis of the actual traffic data. The design load is a superposition of the traditional HS20 truck and lane loading. Dynamic load is applied to wooden components of the superstructure. Strength of material is based on the nominal values derived from in-grade tests, specified for wet-use conditions and 2-month live load duration. The resistance factors are determined consistently for all the limit states considered. The major changes in the approach to summarize the design provisions are presented. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Conferences KW - Load factor KW - Resistance factors KW - Specifications KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1995/nowak95a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450980 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711706 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fisher, J W AU - Kaufmann, E J AU - Koob, M J AU - White, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CRACKING, FRACTURE ASSESSMENT, AND REPAIRS OF GREEN RIVER BRIDGE, I-26 SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 3-14 AB - The Green River Bridge, I-26 near Asheville, North Carolina, was opened to traffic in 1969. In October 1992, during an inspection, two long transverse cracks were discovered in the bottom flange plate of a main girder; these cracks resulted in closure of the eastbound bridge. Numerous shorter cracks were observed at the web to flange plate connecting fillet welds throughout the girders. The Green River Bridge is a five-span, twin structure having a total length of 320 m (1,050 ft). Each bridge is a two-girder system, and ASTM A441 modified Corten B weathering steel was used to fabricate the bridge. The investigation into the cause of the cracking included metallographic and fractographic examination of core samples containing cracks, chemical composition and toughness testing of material, and instrumentation and field testing to determine live load stress levels. Test results of the flange plate material containing the large cracks showed it to have high carbon content, large grain structure, very low toughness, and high hardness. A field hardness survey was carried out on all bottom flange plates to determine locations of plates in the structure with similar properties. The fatigue and fracture assessment found that the cracks discovered in the Green River Bridge occurred at the time of fabrication. All cracks appeared to result from hydrogen-related cold cracking. Orientation of the large cracks was influenced by welding residual stresses that caused the crack tip to turn to a nearly horizontal orientation (parallel to the stress field). Because of this favorable crack tip orientation, the large cracks could tolerate dead and live load stresses and fatigue crack growth and brittle fracture were prevented. The main retrofit recommendation was to bolt cover plates on all bottom flange plates subjected to tensile stresses using high-strength bolts. This retrofit will provide internal redundancy in all spans and reduce live load stress range levels in the two-girder system by about 50%. Repairs were completed in October 1994. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bolts KW - Cold cracking KW - Cold weather KW - Conferences KW - Cover plates KW - Cracking KW - Flange plates KW - Flanges KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - High strength bolts KW - Live loads KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Transverse cracking KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450947 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711713 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kwong, J AU - Lindsay, R K AU - Woodworth, A J AU - Jones, D M AU - Knight, R P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF BASE ISOLATION TO SINGLE-SPAN BRIDGE IN A ZONE WITH HIGH SEISMICITY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 79-87 AB - The Carlson Boulevard Overcrossing is part of the 23rd Street Grade Separation Project, a major reconstruction of a complex intersection in the city of Richmond, California. The design of this bridge was based on a recommended, site-specific response spectrum because the project site is 3 km (1.86 mi) from the Hayward fault. The response spectrum values are very high over a broad range of periods. Also, because of the proximity of the structure to the fault, large displacements occur at the longer periods. The initial design approach was to use a two-span concrete structure with a center bent. It was then determined that the entire grade separation could be spanned with a single-span structure and the cost of the center bent could be saved. The single-span, multicell concrete box girder structure is 153 ft (46.6 m) long, varies in width from 49 to 57 ft (14.9 to 17.4 m), and is on a skew of approximately 40 deg. With the single-span structure, the lateral earthquake forces are required to be resisted by only the abutments. However, the tall seat-type abutments used for this project were not able to resist the large accelerations required by the response spectrum. Therefore, isolation bearings were selected to reduce the lateral seismic forces and to accommodate the large displacements at the abutments. The joints between the abutments and superstructure consist of 2-in. (5.08 cm) joint seals for everyday service use and short knock-off walls that give way for the large seismic movements. The analysis, design, and construction of the Carlson Boulevard Overcrossing are described in detail. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bearings KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge abutments KW - Conferences KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Isolation bearings KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450954 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711720 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kamel, M R AU - Benak, J V AU - Tadros, M K AU - Jamshidi, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF PRECAST, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PILES IN INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 146-157 AB - In jointless integral abutment bridge superstructures, thermally induced movements must be absorbed by the abutments, which in most cases are supported on piles. Most states in the United States use steel piles in their integral abutment bridges. Research was undertaken to compare the flexibility of steel and concrete piles to determine whether concrete piles may be used in integral abutment bridges and, if not, to modify the pile abutment joint detail currently used with steel piles for possible use with concrete piles. Load-deflection tests on one steel and two concrete piles were conducted to evaluate and compare their stiffnesses. The computer program LPILE was used to analyze both concrete and steel piles in various types of soil. The results of the analysis and tests showed that concrete piles have limited flexibility for lateral loads with current pile abutment details; therefore, they can be used only in short span integral abutment bridges. For concrete piles, a new pile abutment joint was investigated. The joint consists of a neoprene bearing pad with a Teflon layer. It allows for controlled movement or rotation of the pile relative to the abutment, or both. Laboratory tests were conducted to study the behavior of the proposed joint under axial and lateral loads. The test results showed that the proposed joint would allow the use of concrete piles in integral abutment bridges of lengths comparable to those with steel piles. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axial loads KW - Bearing pads KW - Bridge abutments KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Deflection tests KW - Jointless bridges KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral loads KW - Load deflection tests KW - Loads KW - Neoprene KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Polytetrafluoroethylene KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Steel KW - Steel piling KW - Stiffness KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450961 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711724 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tabsh, S W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRUCTURAL SAFETY OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE STEEL HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 188-198 AB - Traditionally, the safety evaluation of existing bridges and code calibration of newly developed structural design specifications for the ultimate limit states are usually based on the maximum factored design loads. The advantage of this approach is that it does not require detailed design computations. Past experience with prestressed concrete girder bridges indicates that the design of such bridges is governed by the allowable stresses requirement at release or under service load effects. Similarly, the design of composite steel beam bridges is generally controlled by overloading for compact sections and by the maximum stress criterion for noncompact sections. The reliability of bridges designed according to AASHTO's Load Factor Design code is evaluated on the basis of actual designs. Reliability is measured in terms of the reliability index for the ultimate flexural capacity limit state. The statistical data on strength are generated starting from statistics on material properties and using simulation methods. Statistical data on load components are compiled from the available literature. The scope of the study covers a wide range of precast sections and rolled beams, span lengths, and beam spacings. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Conferences KW - Highway bridges KW - Limit state design KW - Load factor KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Specifications KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450965 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711731 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Richardson, J R AU - Richardson, E V AU - Edge, Billy L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE SCOUR IN THE COASTAL REGIONS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 249-260 AB - Bridge scour and waterway instability in the coastal region where waterways are subjected to tidal flow can be subjected to mass density stratification, water salinity, sedimentation (littoral drift or riverine transport), and unsteady reversible flows from astronomical tides and storm surges, as well as riverine flows. Nevertheless, bridge foundation scour depths can be determined and waterway instability can be countered by using existing scour equations and geomorphology techniques. A major difference for nontidal (riverine) streams is that the design discharge (50-, 100-, or 500-year return period flows) has a constant value, whereas with tidal waterways the design discharge for the same return periods may increase because it is dependent on the design storm surge elevation, the volume of water in the tidal prism upstream of the bridge, and the area of the waterway under the bridge at mean tide. If there is erosion of the waterway from the constant daily flow from the astronomical tides that increase the area of the waterway, the discharges can increase. An existing clear-water scour equation can be used to predict the magnitude of this scour, but not its time history. Recent experience indicates that this long-term degradation can be as large as 0.2 to 0.9 m/year. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Coastal regions KW - Coasts KW - Conferences KW - Depth KW - Equations KW - Geomorphology KW - Scour KW - Tidal currents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450972 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711738 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ghosn, M AU - Moses, F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REDUNDANCY IN HIGHWAY BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 338-348 AB - A framework for considering redundancy in the design and load capacity evaluation of highway bridge superstructures is proposed. Redundancy is defined in terms of the capacity of the bridge system to resist failure at high loads and to resist system serviceability distress compared with its capacity to resist first member failure. The consequences of damage of one member to the overall system capacity is also checked. The proposed framework consists of tables of load modifiers that can be used to assess the redundancy level of typical bridge configurations. The load modifiers are used during the design process to require that members of less redundant configurations be more conservatively designed than is allowed by current standards. On the other hand, highly redundant designs are rewarded by permitting less conservative member designs. For bridges with nontypical configurations that are not covered by the tables, a direct analysis approach is recommended. General guidelines explaining how to perform such an analysis are provided. These include the loads that should be applied, the limit states that should be checked for both intact and damaged conditions, and the target load factors that the bridge should sustain before these limit states are violated. System factors that provide a measure of the system's redundancy can be calculated from the results of the incremental analysis. The load modifiers obtained from the tables and the system factors obtained from the incremental analysis can be used for the design of new bridges or they can be used to calculate rating factors for the evaluation of existing bridges. Thus, bridges with lower levels of redundancy must have their member capacities increased or they will have lower ratings. An example illustrating the proposed procedures is provided. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Conferences KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Load modifiers KW - Loads KW - Redundancy KW - Structural analysis KW - Tables (Data) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450979 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711716 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Roeder, C W AU - Hildahl, M AU - Van Lund, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LARGE MODULAR EXPANSION JOINT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 111-121 AB - Modular expansion joints are sometimes used on bridges with large movement potential. Single-support-bar modular expansion joints with 1200 mm of movement capability were used at each end of the third Lake Washington Bridge between Seattle and Mercer Island on Interstate 90. Fatigue cracks were observed in these joints within the first few years of service, and an extensive research program was undertaken. An initial study used a range of analyses, which showed that the behavior of the joint was influenced by the dynamic wheel loading and the characteristics of the joint. Field measurements were performed to verify the analytical conclusions, and the results are summarized. The field measurements included measurements of strains, bending moments, and deflections for a series of controlled truck loadings on a large modular joint. Braking and acceleration of vehicles produce the largest horizontal wheel forces and joint movement. The horizontal forces produced by overrolling (nonbraking and nonaccelerating vehicles) are small. Impact and rebound due to vertical loading are significant. Measurements are compared with fatigue design recommendations and correlated with analytical results. Recommended vertical and horizontal fatigue design loads are given for large-movement single-support-bar expansion joints. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bending moments KW - Braking KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Design load KW - Expansion joints KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Loads KW - Recommendations KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural design KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450957 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711717 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Van Lund, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE BEARING REPLACEMENT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 122-129 AB - The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) has removed and replaced nonfunctioning bridge bearings to extend the service lives of existing bridges. Inoperable roller nests and seismically vulnerable steel rocker bearings with excessive tipping have been removed and replaced to restore expansion capability. The superstructure must be raised to replace bridge bearings. Case studies that show three recent bridge bearing replacement projects designed by WSDOT are presented. In the first case study, a 113.0-m single-span truss built in 1925 was raised from below by placing two hydraulic jacks and the upper steel distribution plates directly under the bearing pin gusset plates. The unreinforced pier cap was post-tensioned to prevent spalling. A sliding disc bearing was installed in place of the frozen roller nest. In the second case study, the bearings were removed and were replaced as part of an overall structural rehabilitation project. The existing concrete deck was removed and the ends of seven 54.9-m single-span trusses were lifted sequentially from above with a pair of jacking beams consisting of two W36 x 245 steel beams. Hanger rods were attached directly to the jacking beams and the floor beam top flange. Four 50-metric-ton jacks (two per jacking beam) simultaneously raised the ends of the trusses. Sliding fabric pad bearings were used to replace the frozen expansion roller nests. In the final case study, seismically vulnerable tipping rocker bearings were replaced with elastomeric bearings. Jacking diaphragms were located in the exterior bays at the girder centerline of bearings so that the lifting loads would not cause tipping of the pier. Additional shelf width was provided by adding a continuous corbel to the pier cap. Superstructure lifting recommendations are given. Jacks are sized for at least 1.5 times the calculated lifting loads. Bearing design loads, replacement bearing costs, and costs for lifting bridge superstructures are presented. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Lifting equipment KW - Replacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450958 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711734 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Walther, R A AU - Koob, M J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF FATIGUE-SENSITIVE DETAILS USED IN MOLINE VIADUCT, ILLINOIS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 291-303 AB - A comprehensive study was undertaken to assess the performance of fatigue-sensitive details used in the Moline Viaduct. This 26-span, 872-m (2,860-ft) structure constructed in 1973 is located on Interstate 74 in Rock Island County, Illinois. The complex bridge superstructure includes variations in span length and width along with curved and superelevated geometries. The superstructure is fabricated from ASTM A36 steel and includes longitudinal plate girders supported by box-shaped cross-girders at the mainline piers. The cross-girder extends continuously through the web plates of the longitudinal girders. Full-penetration welds are used to complete the girder to cross-girder connection. This detail is considered potentially fracture sensitive by an FHWA notice dated April 24, 1978. This notice was issued following the brittle fracture of several steel support bents of the Chicago Transit Authority's Dan Ryan Transit Structure in January 1978. A brief discussion of these brittle fractures is presented to introduce the fatigue behavior characteristics of slotted member bridge details. Examination of the structure revealed a number of cracking problems at the girder to cross-girder connection. In addition, various fatigue-sensitive conditions were identified in the cross-girder interior. Field testing indicated that nominal stress ranges in the vicinity of fatigue-sensitive details were below the crack growth threshold and crack growth should not occur. However, preventive retrofit recommendations and a surveillance program were recommended to address cracking and nonconformance items. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Box girders KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Plate girders KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Retrofitting KW - Stresses KW - Viaducts KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450975 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711735 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hassan, A F AU - Bowman, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVEMENT OF FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STEEL GIRDERS WITH TAPERED PARTIAL-LENGTH WELDED COVER PLATES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 304-315 AB - The fatigue strength of beams with tapered cover plate ends, which were repaired with one of three methods, was investigated experimentally. Most of the test specimens were precracked before the cover plate ends were repaired. Three repair methods were investigated: a friction-type bolted splice plate connection; air-hammer peening; and a hybrid combination of the previous two, known as partial bolted splice. Although specimens repaired with the bolted splice plate connection achieved Category B design life after repair, the splice plates did not prevent subsequent crack growth. Also, splice plate thickness was found to have a large influence on crack growth rate. Air-hammer peening was found to be effective in increasing the fatigue life of noncracked cover plate ends and details with small initial cracks. The partial bolted splice repair method was found to significantly improve the fatigue strength of precracked details, although it was not effective in preventing subsequent crack growth. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bolting KW - Conferences KW - Cover plates KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue cracking KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue strength KW - Girders KW - Peening KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Splice plates KW - Thickness KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450976 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711708 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ZOBEL, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DETERMINATION OF HEAT-STRAIGHTENING PARAMETERS FOR REPAIR OF STEEL PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 26-32 AB - Repair of steel bridges damaged by oversized vehicles is one of the most common problems for maintenance personnel. The application of the thermomechanical method of repair to a pedestrian bridge in Warsaw, Poland, over one of the busiest expressways is presented. The comparison of three kinds of straightening is shown. The thermomechanical procedure was the most effective, but it needs still more theoretical and experimental research. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Footbridges KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Steel bridges KW - Straightening KW - Thermodynamics KW - Thermomechanics KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450949 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711710 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Csogi, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONTROLLING LEAD-BASED PAINT EMISSIONS DURING REHABILITATION OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE: A PARTNERING APPROACH SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 45-55 AB - The Williamsburg Bridge Main Cable and Suspension System Rehabilitation Project began in 1991 amid public outcry that the communities surrounding the bridge were being contaminated with lead from construction activities. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration was about to lower the construction lead exposure limit to match industry standards. Intense scrutiny existed at the advent of this project: work was about to begin on a structure containing layers of flaking lead-based paint; in addition, the principal protective coating for the main cables would be a 92% pure lead paste, all of which would result in a waste stream containing 100 tons of lead. This project was atypical in the sense that containment activities had to address solid wastes (paint chips) and liquid wastes (preservative oil for main cable work) and had to be implemented at the lofty main cable areas over active traffic, transit, and pedestrian ways. The approach taken to make this project an environmental and contracting success was twofold. The first was to incorporate partnering on an informal basis to attain a common environmental standard with which all of the project's parties could concur. The second was to identify each operation that generated a hazardous material and to develop a specific engineering control to address every activity within the operation, from containment to disposal. Each control was tested and evaluated with the appropriate monitoring methods. Each engineering control ultimately was incorporated into the project's Hazardous Waste and Raw Material Management Plan. This "performance-based" approach allowed the development of a readily accepted environmental plan. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Containing equipment KW - Containment KW - Disposal KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Lead based paint KW - Lead paste KW - Partnerships KW - Preservative oil KW - Protective coatings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Removal KW - Suspension bridges KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450951 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711725 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DODSON, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BANGKOK SECOND-STAGE EXPRESSWAY SYSTEM SEGMENTAL STRUCTURES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 199-204 AB - In December 1988, the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand entered into an agreement with the Bangkok Expressway Consortium, Ltd., to build and operate the Bangkok Second-Stage Expressway for a period of 30 years. The project includes 66 km (41 mi) of elevated structures to be built in two phases. The precast segmental structures consist of over 2,000 spans with an average length of 42 m (138 ft). A gigantic precasting yard was designed to produce a total of 20,500 superstructure segments. New construction engineering procedures had to be developed to accommodate production of as many as 1,000 superstructure segments per month. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Concrete construction KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Highway bridges KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Precast concrete KW - Precasting yard design KW - Segmental construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450966 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711727 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Petrangeli, M P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXTERNAL PRESTRESSING FOR BRIDGE REHABILITATION IN ITALY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 213-218 AB - The Italian motorway network was built about 20 to 30 years ago; it has a large number of prestressed concrete viaducts often located in mountain regions where deicing salts are used. Most of these bridges must now be rehabilitated. The main reasons for the rehabilitation, besides the use of salts, are (a) the increased live loads, (b) the insufficient knowledge of seismic problems at the time that the bridges were built, (c) underestimation at the time of building of the effects of time on the concrete, and in some cases, (d) the poor quality of the construction. External prestressing has been found to be a powerful tool for repair work; therefore, it is used extensively in Italy. Three stages in the evolution of this technique can be focused: (a) the additional cables are embedded in new concrete and are added and attached to the old concrete, (b) the cables remain external to the original section with few points of contact with the deck; the wires or the strands are encased in high-density polyethylene pipes that are grouted with cement mortar (no petroleum wax or grease has been used in Italy until now), and (c) the cables are composed of single sheeted and greased strands located inside a high-density polyethylene pipe that is not grouted; each strand acts as a unit and can be easily replaced. Three examples, one for each of the techniques, are provided. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - External prestressing KW - Italy KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Rehabilitation KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450968 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711742 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - WOOD, D L AU - Wipf, T J AU - Wijesooriya, C AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF STRESS-LAMINATED-DECK BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 381-394 AB - The dynamic response of three stress-laminated wood bridges was determined from the field test results using a heavily loaded truck. Deflections at the bridge midspan were measured at various vehicle speeds using a high-speed data acquisition system, and a dynamic amplification factor (DAF) was computed. These tests represent only a portion of the field testing, which is part of a larger research study that also includes analytical research. Experimental data described will be used to validate analytical models. The objective of the larger study is to determine the dynamic behavior of stress-laminated wood bridges so that reliable design specifications can be developed. The three bridges represent contrasting approach conditions at the bridge entrance, asphalt and gravel roadways and bridge surfaces, and different natural frequencies. Results show that for smooth in situ conditions at the bridge entrance and an asphalt roadway surface, maximum DAF is 1.08 for a bridge with a relatively high calculated natural frequency (10.6 Hz). For rough conditions at the bridge entrance approach and an asphalt roadway surface, maximum DAF is 1.34 for a bridge with a high calculated natural frequency (10.6 Hz) and 1.20 for a bridge with a low calculated natural frequency (3.2 Hz). The DAF was found to be very high (1.50) at high vehicle speeds for the bridge with gravel surface approach conditions and a calculated frequency of 7.8 Hz. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Amplifiers KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic amplification factor KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Field tests KW - Laminated wood KW - Live loads KW - Motor vehicles KW - Natural frequencies KW - Natural frequency KW - Speed KW - Traffic speed KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450983 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711712 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Saiidi, M AU - Maragakis, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF HINGE RESTRAINERS AS SEISMIC RETROFIT MEASURE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 71-78 AB - A summary of (a) the performance of hinge restrainers based on a field investigation of several bridges after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and (b) important aspects of restrainer design for bridges with narrow seat widths is presented. The observed characteristics of restrainer behavior are described. The field investigations showed that the entire restrainer system (which consists of the restrainers, connection hardware, diaphragms, and the superstructure) and not merely the restrainers should be considered at the time of design. The weak link in the system for bridges with narrow seats needs to be the superstructure. The sensitivity studies revealed that small changes in the assumptions made in the design can affect the required number of restrainers. It was also found that the most critical case for restrainer design corresponds to the condition when the restrainer gap is zero, whereas the critical abutment forces during the earthquake may occur when the restrainer gap is maximum. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Highway bridges KW - Hinge restrainers KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - Loss and damage KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450953 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711714 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Schamber, R A AU - Abugattas, A A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF SOUTHERN FREEWAY VIADUCT, ROUTE 280 (SINGLE-LEVEL SEGMENT), SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 88-100 AB - The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 generated the need to strengthen the single-level Southern Freeway Viaduct. The double-deck portion just south of this project was damaged, and the whole viaduct was closed to traffic. The Southern Freeway Viaduct is a continuous reinforced concrete box girder bridge built in 1964 in accordance with the AASHO (now AASHTO) standard specifications. The viaduct is composed of three main lines, as follows: ES Line, SE/A Line, and R1 Line. The columns are rectangular with inadequate tied reinforcement. The columns at most multicolumn bents are pinned at the bottom. Several of the fixed-base columns have lap splices. The majority of footings are supported on steel HP piles; however, some are spread footings. The footings do not have top mat and shear reinforcing. Several of the A-Line bents north of 25th Street are outriggers. Soil conditions at the southern section (south of Bent 73 on the main lines) can be classified as soft bay mud sites, whereas more generally, the site has a combination of a thick soft bay mud layer and a large depth to bedrock. The northern segment is founded on bedrock or stiff soils. Most of the deficiencies found in the viaduct are related to the original design of the hinges, columns, footings, and outriggers. Solutions to retrofitting the viaduct were limited by the existing conditions and existing features (i.e., railroad lines, streets, leased airspace below the viaduct, utilities, etc.) within the project limits. The retrofit strengthening concepts used on the project included the following: hinge retrofits, separation of two level bents, steel column casings, column strengthenings (additional vertical steel encased within a steel casing), grade beam retrofit, new drop caps (bent replacements), elimination or retrofit of outriggers, and footing retrofits. This final retrofit strategy met the required seismic performance goals established by the California Department of Transportation for this project to prevent collapse and provide serviceability after a maximum credible earthquake. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Structural) KW - Bents KW - Box girder bridges KW - Casings KW - Casings (Materials) KW - Columns KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Footings KW - Hinges KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - Loss and damage KW - Outriggers KW - Retrofitting KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450955 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711721 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Lane, S N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF PRESTRESSING STRAND IN BRIDGE MEMBERS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 161-168 AB - FHWA is undertaking a research study on the development length of prestressing strand. The objective is to investigate the validity of AASHTO Equation 9-32 for predicting both the transfer length and flexural bond length components of development length for fully bonded, straight, uncoated, and epoxy-coated prestressing strand. Toward this end, the effects of strand diameter [9.5, 12.7, and 15.2 mm (3/8, 0.5, and 0.6 in.)], concrete strength, strand coating (uncoated or epoxy coated), and strand spacing on development length will be evaluated. This phase of the research study involves full-size prestressed concrete bridge members. A total of 32 AASHTO Type II prestressed concrete bridge girders and 32 prestressed concrete deck panels were fabricated at a precast concrete plant in Winchester, Virginia. All of the members will undergo transfer and development length experimentation. The fabrication, instrumentation, and experimentation procedures, as well as partial results, are described. Experimentation is scheduled to be finished in the spring of 1995. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Conferences KW - Development length KW - Diameter KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Girders KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Prototype tests KW - Spacing KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450962 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711723 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Nowak, A S AU - El-Hor, H H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SERVICEABILITY CRITERIA FOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 181-187 AB - Serviceability limit states often govern in the design of prestressed concrete bridge girders, yet the corresponding acceptability criteria are not clearly justified. The paper deals with allowable stresses and ultimate moment. The requirements of the AASHTO standard specifications are demonstrated on pretensioned bridge girders AASHTO Types III through VI. Moments are calculated for the considered limit states and for various spans. It is observed that the ratio of these moments varies with regard to span length. In most cases, the final tension stress (after the final loss of prestress) determines the minimum required number of prestressing strands. On the other hand, the important limit state is compression stress in concrete, as overloading may lead to unacceptable permanent deformations. Revision of the serviceability limit states, consistent in format with the new AASHTO load and resistance factor design specifications, is suggested. The formulation of a compression limit state in concrete that is based on the elastic limit and tension limit states in concrete and the modulus of rupture is proposed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Conferences KW - Girders KW - Limit state design KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Serviceability KW - Specifications KW - Stresses KW - Ultimate load design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450964 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711715 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fish, R C AU - Rowe, G L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EARTHQUAKE RETROFIT OF CALIFORNIA BRIDGE: ROUTE 242/680 SEPARATION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 101-107 AB - The California Department of Transportation is currently implementing a statewide earthquake retrofit program. The goals of the program are to improve structural ductility and to provide corrective measures to the factors that contributed to the major damage and collapse of bridges during the San Fernando and Loma Prieta earthquakes. A case study of a retrofit design project of a bridge located in the San Francisco Bay area, in proximity of the Concord fault, is described. The structure type, geometry, traffic volumes, and maximum credible earthquake led to many difficulties in the analysis and resulted in solutions that were complex and unique for a bridge structure. The bridge investigated consists of two very different structure types joined by a voided pier that serves as a central abutment for both. The focus is primarily on the south structure, where base isolation was used, in contrast to the more conventional retrofit techniques used for the north structure. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridges KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450956 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711722 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Russell, H G AU - Volz, J S AU - Bruce, R N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE IN PRESTRESSED BRIDGE GIRDERS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 169-180 AB - High-strength concrete provides a higher compressive strength, a higher modulus of elasticity, a higher tensile strength, reduced creep, and greater durability than normal-strength concrete. For the same cross section and span length, a high-strength concrete girder will have less initial deflection, a higher permissible tensile stress, less prestress loss, less camber change, and longer life than a similar girder made with normal-strength concrete. Structurally, the benefits of using high-strength concrete are fewer girders for the same width bridge, longer span lengths or reduced dead load. The limitations of existing prestressed concrete girders relative to the use of high-strength concrete and several options to more effectively utilize high-strength concrete are described. Analytical results indicate that the use of existing girder cross sections with concrete compressive strengths up to 69 MPa (10,000 psi) allow longer span lengths and more economical structures. However, to effectively utilize concrete with compressive strengths greater than 69 MPa (10,000 psi), additional prestressing force must be applied to the cross section through the use of smaller strand spacings, larger strand sizes, higher-strength strands or post-tensioning. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Curvature KW - Deflection KW - Durability KW - Girders KW - High strength concrete KW - Limitations KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestress loss KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressed concrete girders KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Size KW - Spacing KW - Strength of materials KW - Structural design KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450963 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711729 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mertz, D R AU - Kulicki, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPACT OF LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS ON SHORT- TO MEDIUM-SPAN STEEL BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 227-233 AB - In 1993, AASHTO adopted the "Load and Resistance Factor Design Bridge Design Specifications" (LRFD specifications) as an alternative to the "Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges" (standard specifications). Its adoption raises many questions regarding the specification's impact on the resultant bridge members' proportions and the design process itself. The implication of the provisions of the LRFD specifications on the design of steel highway bridges relative to those of the load factor design (LFD) provisions of the standard specifications is investigated through a dissection of the specifications into the load and resistance sides of the LRFD equation. A simple design example illustrates the impact of the LRFD specifications. Finally, the design process and effort required to apply each set of provisions, LRFD and LFD, are discussed on the basis of the example. Through the dissection of the LRFD specifications into the load and resistance sides of the LRFD equation and the discussion of the design process, the general impact of the specifications on the economy of short- to medium-span steel bridges and on the design community in general is assessed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Load factor KW - Medium span bridges KW - Metal bridges KW - Resistance factors KW - Short span bridges KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural design KW - Types of bridges by design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450970 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711740 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - Wacker, J P AU - Tice, E D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND EVALUATION OF TIMBER BRIDGE CONSTRUCTED OF COTTONWOOD LUMBER SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 358-370 AB - The Cooper Creek bridge was constructed February 1992 in the city of Centerville, Iowa. The bridge is a two-span continuous stress-laminated deck structure with a length of 12.8 m and a width of approximately 8.1 m. The bridge is unique in that it is one of the first known stress-laminated timber bridge applications to use eastern cottonwood lumber. The performance of the bridge was monitored continuously for 28 months beginning at the time of installation. Performance monitoring involved gathering and evaluating data relative to the moisture content of the wood deck, the force level of stressing bars, the deck vertical creep, and the behavior of the bridge under static load conditions. In addition, comprehensive visual inspections were conducted to assess the overall condition of the structure. On the basis of field evaluations, the bridge is performing well with no structural or serviceability deficiencies. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Creep KW - Eastern cottonwood lumber KW - Inspection KW - Laminated wood KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Vision KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450981 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711718 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Naganuma, T AU - Seki, K AU - Iwasaki, M AU - TOKUDA, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BEHAVIOR OF BEARING PLATE TYPE BRIDGE BEARINGS UNDER TRAVELING LOAD SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 130-136 AB - Although bridge bearings are important parts in bridges, they are subject to severe conditions for long periods of time. This might lead to damage, particularly if maintenance is poor. Macroscopic analysis of the inspection data on the Hanshin Expressway is provided. The dynamic behaviors of bridge bearings under traveling loads were measured both before and after new bridge bearings were installed. Model tests with full-size bridge bearings were conducted to improve the functions of the bridge bearings. The major findings are as follows: (a) Approximately 70% of the bearings on the Hanshin Expressway are plate bearings, and the number of damaged bridge bearings increases after 20 years of service. (b) Plate bearings that had been used for about 20 years no longer functioned well under traveling loads. The sliding function could not be fully restored, even by replacing the existing bridge bearings with identical new ones. (c) Rubber bearings (particularly pot bearings) are suitable for improving bridge bearing function. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bearings KW - Before and after studies KW - Bridge bearings KW - Conferences KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Live loads KW - Model tests KW - Plate bearings KW - Replacing KW - Rubber KW - Rubber bearings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450959 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711719 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - ROBERTS, W S AU - Heywood, R J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A NEW SHEAR CONNECTOR FOR STEEL CONCRETE COMPOSITE BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 137-145 AB - A new cross section has been developed for steel concrete composite bridges that eliminates the top steel girder flange. This is made possible by utilizing a recently developed shear connector known as the Perfobond Strip. This shear connector provides a stiff connection between steel and concrete and reportedly has excellent resistance to fatigue. Because the success of this new cross section and numerous other applications depends on the performance characteristics of the shear connector, the present design models were investigated. Some inconsistencies were found between current design models and experimental results; the results of a series of shearbox tests that have led to the development of a new design model are included. This new design model is compared with current models. Some details of a full-scale bridge test are also included to examine the fatigue behavior and overall performance of the new bridge cross section. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Conferences KW - Cross sections KW - Design methods KW - Design models KW - Fasteners KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Performance KW - Shear box tests KW - Shear connectors KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Shear tests KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450960 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711733 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hoit, M I AU - McVay, M AU - Breneman, S E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE PIER ANALYSIS FOR SHIP IMPACT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 279-288 AB - A comprehensive computer program that analyzes bridge piers including the pier structure, nonlinear piles, and nonlinear soil interaction is discussed. The program, LPGSTAN (laterally loaded pile group and structural analysis), includes pile group effects, missing and battered piles, and bridge connection effects. The program is unique in that the analysis models are defined by using the designer specifications such as pile spacing, number of columns, and soil layer information. All model definition and result review are performed in a graphical environment. The program has not been tested by comparisons with data in the literature on pile group tests and an extensive series of centrifuge tests performed at the University of Florida. The program is in use at the Florida Department of Transportation and consulting firms throughout Florida. An overview of the program's assumptions, modeling, and capabilities is given. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer programs KW - Conferences KW - Impact KW - Pile groups KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Ship impact forces KW - Ship motion KW - Soil structure interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450974 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711736 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Idriss, R L AU - White, K R AU - Woodward, C B AU - Jauregui, D V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AFTER-FRACTURE REDUNDANCY OF TWO-GIRDER BRIDGE: TESTING I-40 BRIDGES OVER RIO GRANDE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 316-326 AB - The I-40 bridges over the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, were due to be razed in the fall of 1993 because of geometry and traffic safety considerations, thus providing a unique opportunity for testing them. These medium-span steel bridges represent a common design in the United States and are classified by AASHTO as nonredundant "fracture critical" two-girder steel bridges ("fracture critical" classification means that failure of a primary member would probably cause collapse of the bridge). The subject bridge, built in 1963, is 1,275 ft (390 m) long and consists of three medium-span continuous units with spans of 131, 163, and 131 ft (40, 50, and 40 m) each. The bridge was field tested to determine the impact of a near full-depth girder fracture on the redistribution of loads, the load capacity, and the potential for collapse. Four levels of damage were introduced in the middle span of the north plate girder by making various cuts in the web and the flange of the girder. The final cut resulted in a crack 6 ft (1.8 m) deep in the 10-ft (3.1-m)-deep girder, extending from the bottom flange to the floor beam to girder connection. Data were taken under dead load and under a static live load consisting of an 82,000-lb (365,000-N) truck. The fractured bridge proved to be stable, with minimal deflection and no yielding. The after-fracture response and the load redistribution in the fractured bridge were evaluated. The contribution of the various members to the redundancy of the structure was assessed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Field tests KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girder bridges KW - Live loads KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - Load transfer KW - Metal bridges KW - Plate girders KW - Redundancy KW - Static loads KW - Steel bridges UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp7/cp7v2-020.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450977 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711668 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LEGOSZ, A AU - Wysokowski, A AU - HUTNIK, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: COMPUTER-AIDED PLANNING DECISION SYSTEM FOR POLISH ROAD ADMINISTRATION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 16-24 AB - A computer-aided system for the management of bridge structures in the Polish Road Administration is described. The Polish Bridge Management System (BMS), which is still being developed, is grouped in modules containing optimization procedures that support maintenance and management problems. Some of the procedures are based on the method of taxonomic investigation as being optimal for determining the priority for bridges qualified for rehabilitation that forms the basis for a yearly plan at the regional level. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Poland KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450909 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711669 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kolozsi, G AU - Gaspar, L AU - Toth, E AU - Csorba, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUNGARIAN BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 25-31 AB - The funds available for bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction are far below the realistic needs in Hungary. That is why the Ministry of Transport, Communication and Water Management has initiated countrywide coordinated efforts to establish the Hungarian bridge management system (BMS). The elements already existing are used, and new relevant research work is in progress. The main elements of the future Hungarian BMS, which are already more or less available, are as follows: computerized bridge data bank, uniform procedure for bridge inspection, countrywide bridge maintenance and construction programs until 2000, methods for the calculation of the gross and net values of bridges, cost-benefit calculation method for bridge rehabilitation and reconstruction, simplified BMS for the ranking of interventions, and a computer program for the selection of appropriate routes for oversized and overweight vehicles. A long-term bridge maintenance strategy has recently been developed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Data banks KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Hungary KW - Inspection KW - Intervention KW - Load limits KW - Long term KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Oversize loads KW - Oversized vehicles KW - Overweight loads KW - Planning KW - Ratings KW - Routing KW - Strategic planning KW - Time duration KW - Vehicle size UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450910 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711683 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Schmitz, W J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONSTRUCTABILITY REVIEWS: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PARTNERING SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 151-154 AB - The partnering concept of working together toward common goals has proven to be highly successful during construction. Constructability reviews offer the opportunity to expand this idea to include the design process. The definition, objectives, and benefits of constructability reviews are examined. The composition of the review team and procedures for conducting a constructability review are also discussed. Case histories of the author's involvement in a number of constructability reviews are related. It is concluded that constructability reviews are the direction of the future, but there is a need for an effective methodology to permit contractor participation in the process. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Benefits KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Constructability reviews KW - Construction KW - Definitions KW - Methodology KW - Partnerships KW - Reviews KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450924 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711686 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ingham, T J AU - Manzanarez, R AU - Cormier, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF NORTH HALAWA VALLEY VIADUCT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 176-184 AB - The North Halawa Valley Viaduct is a 2-km-long prestressed concrete box girder bridge on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. It is the first cast-in-place cantilever segmental bridge in the United States to be built from an overhead erection gantry. The design features of the project are described, and the reasons for choosing that construction method are given. The main features of the operation of an erection gantry are described, and some of the problems arising during the construction of the bridge are discussed. Finally, the instrumentation of the structure to monitor its long-term performance is detailed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Cast in place structures KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Gantry cranes KW - Instrumentation KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Structural design KW - Time duration KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450927 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711700 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LAMAN, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOAD SPECTRA FOR GIRDER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 314-323 AB - Measurement results of static truck loads and the corresponding response of the girders under normal traffic on six girder bridges located on Interstate highways, state highways, U.S. highways, and surface streets are presented. Truck data are available from highway weigh station logs and citation files and also through the use of weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology. Stationary scales are biased and do not accurately reflect the distribution of truck axle weights and gross vehicle weight caused by avoidance of scales by illegally loaded trucks. Citation data are helpful in understanding the nature and extent of overloaded trucks but cannot present the entire spectra of normal traffic. WIM measurements of trucks can be taken discretely during normal traffic, resulting in unbiased data for a statistically accurate sample of truck traffic traveling a particular highway. The results show that truck loads are strongly site specific. There is a negative correlation between law enforcement effort and occurrence of overloaded trucks. Overloaded trucks are observed on roads not controlled by truck weigh stations. A comparison of the weigh station data, truck citation data, and WIM measurements obtained in this study confirms this observation. Additionally, load spectra for each girder are strongly component specific as demonstrated by this study. This information is useful to focus inspection efforts. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Girder bridges KW - Inspection KW - Live loads KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Static loads KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450941 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711701 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cobo del Arco, D AU - APARICIO, A C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SIMPLIFIED NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 324-334 AB - Discretization methods are widely used in the analysis and design of suspension bridges. However, the large number of variables involved do not normally allow examination of the influence of different parameters on the behavior of suspension bridges. This paper presents a numerical method of analysis of suspended cables under vertical loads. Both explicit equilibrium and tangent stiffness matrices are derived by the finite element method. The expressions are also presented in dimensionless form, so that parametric studies can be performed. The obtained matrices can be assembled easily in a general structural analysis computer program. The proposed method is applied to the simplified analysis of suspension bridges. Some dimensionless charts are given for a single span suspension bridge. These include displacement and bending moments under the position of a concentrated load, pseudoinfluence line of displacement and bending moments at the quarter of span, and maximum displacements and bending moments for an arbitrarily located distributed load. It is believed that these charts can be useful in the first phase of design of suspension bridges and can contribute to the understanding of suspension bridge behavior. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Numerical analysis KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450942 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711672 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gottemoeller, F AU - Buchwalter, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INNOVATION AND AESTHETICS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 47-56 AB - Throughout engineering history, innovation and aesthetics have been intertwined. The introduction of new materials inspires the creation of forms that exploit their structural capabilities. These forms generate new aesthetic responses and create new opportunities for aesthetic pleasure. Although the acceptance of new ideas and forms is often slow, new materials and thus innovations are constantly on the horizon. Eventually the public recognizes and appreciates the beauty of them. Thomas Telford proved this with his development and use of iron. Telford's breathtaking proposal for a cast iron bridge in London was denied, but by the mid-19th century his ideas were standard for major metropolitan areas. Today we look forward to a similar but, it is hoped, faster acceptance of the innovations made possible with high-performance steel, high-strength concrete, and composites of the two. Furthermore, with the new load and resistance factor design (LRFD) specifications, designers will have greater flexibility in creating more efficient and aesthetic structures. With today's methodology and experience, it is possible to provide engineering solutions to issues tailored to the specifics of the bridge at hand. The challenge for designers of these structures is to develop forms that exploit and display the inherent advantages of laciness and transparency while at the same time addressing modern criteria of simplicity and the expression of structural forces. The structures that result will evoke new aesthetic reactions. We will see then how long it will be this time before general public acceptance follows. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Future concepts KW - History KW - Innovation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450913 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711679 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sobrino, J A AU - CASAS, J R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 110-116 AB - The structure of an existing bridge cannot be assessed using the same nominal parameters and safety factors calibrated for the design of new bridges. The direct use of probabilistic methods allows a determination of the safety and serviceability of an existing structure. The uncertainties involved with load and resistance values in the assessment of concrete bridges are usually lower than in the design stage because the strength and load effects can be estimated accurately by using information from inspections, experimental tests, traffic measurements and other supplementary data. After that, a full probabilistic analysis is performed, as with design code calibration, but for each particular case of study. A practical example is presented, including the assessment of a prestressed concrete bridge, to illustrate the abilities of probabilistic methods to assess existing structures. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Conferences KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Safety KW - Serviceability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450920 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711690 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hawk, H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE-CYCLE ACTIVITY PROFILES IN BRIDGIT BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 209-219 AB - The objectives of NCHRP Project 12-28(2)A were to develop a microcomputer-based bridge management system (BMS) that could be implemented by departments of transportation and local bridge authorities as well as satisfy the requirements for bridge management systems mandated in the interim final regulations for Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act management systems. Phase 2 of the project was completed in 1994 and resulted in the development of the BRIDGIT BMS. The various models used in BRIDGIT to produce life-cycle activity profiles (LCAPs) for each bridge in a network are discussed. In developing repair and functional improvement strategies for any selected group of bridges, it is necessary to identify and compare feasible alternatives. As part of its optimization analysis, BRIDGIT develops different LCAPs for individual bridges and determines the present value of life-cycle costs and benefits for each one. The costs considered include agency costs for the various repair or improvement actions as well as user costs associated with accidents or detours due to load capacity deficiencies, vertical clearance deficiencies, or bridge width deficiencies. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Benefits KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711697 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Heywood, R J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ARE ROAD-FRIENDLY SUSPENSIONS BRIDGE-FRIENDLY? OECD DIVINE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 281-295 AB - This paper presents the results of an investigation aimed at developing an understanding of the influence of truck suspensions on the dynamic response of short span bridges. The work forms part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Dynamic Interaction between Vehicle and Infrastructure Experiment (DIVINE). The hypothesis is based on the assumption that soft, so-called "road friendly" suspensions induce less damage in pavements than stiff suspensions. This paper concentrates on the extension of this hypothesis by discussing its application to short span bridges. Three bridges were instrumented and their dynamic response to the air- or steel-suspended test vehicles was recorded. For two of these bridges, the dynamic wheel forces and the bridge response were acquired simultaneously. The bridges chosen were to have natural frequencies in the range of axle hop frequencies in order to investigate possible resonance effects. The paper details both the vehicle and the bridge responses and the interaction between them. Dynamic increments in excess of 100% were recorded. Dynamic coupling between axle hop vibrations and the bridge resulted in up to 10 damage cycles during the passage of a vehicle. The bridge response is shown to be sensitive to the natural frequency of the bridge, the suspension of the vehicle, its speed, and the road roughness. The bridge-friendliness of road-friendly suspensions is discussed in the light of experimental evidence. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Axle loads KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Loss and damage KW - Short span bridges KW - Suspension systems KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450938 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711704 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Garrity, S W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODERN BRICKWORK HIGHWAY STRUCTURES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 358-367 AB - Clay brickwork is set to reemerge as a major structural material with the growing emphasis on designing aesthetically pleasing highway structures with low maintenance costs. This paper addresses the use of clay brickwork construction for new highway structures such as earth retaining walls, short-span arch bridges and bridge abutments, piers, parapets, and wingwalls. The performance of existing masonry structures is appraised, the principal design requirements for new brickwork structures are identified, and recent research and development is summarized. Two recently completed bridges with major elements of structural clay brickwork construction are described in brief. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Arch bridges KW - Brick KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge parapets KW - Bridge piers KW - Design KW - Development KW - Masonry construction KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Retaining walls KW - Short span bridges KW - Wingwalls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450945 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711680 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Azizinamini, Atorod AU - Kathol, S AU - Beacham, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECT OF CROSS FRAMES ON BEHAVIOR OF STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 117-124 AB - Although cross frames are required before construction, their usefulness after construction has been questioned. A combination of experimental and analytical studies was conducted to investigate the performance of steel girder bridges that use different types and spacing of cross frames. The experimental investigation included construction and testing of a full-scale steel girder bridge in the laboratory. Unique characteristics of the bridge include a concrete slab designed on the basis of AASHTO's 1994 empirical design approach, which requires a minimal amount of reinforcement. Elastic and ultimate load tests were carried out, and punching shear tests were conducted after the ultimate load tests. Results of the research indicate that for bridges with zero skew, the influence of cross frames is minimal. Ultimate tests indicate that steel girder bridges have large reserve capacities. Very large punching shear capacity of the slab was also observed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Breaking loads KW - Conferences KW - Cross frames KW - Girder bridges KW - Live loads KW - Metal bridges KW - Prototype tests KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Shear stress KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450921 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711682 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Duntemann, J F AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FHWA'S BRIDGE TEMPORARY WORKS RESEARCH PROGRAM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 141-150 AB - Approximately 35,000 state or federal-aid highway bridges were built in the United States during the past decade. Most of these bridges were built without incident, which is a credit to the construction industry. During this period, however, several major bridge failures occurred during construction and were attributed to construction practices and procedures. Statistically, bridge falsework represents more than a third of the total recorded falsework collapses, most of which occurred during construction of conventionally reinforced concrete beam or box-girder bridges. Falsework design in the United States, because of its temporary nature, has traditionally been delegated to the contractor or contractor's engineer under the premise that the contractor is responsible for the means and methods of construction. Although there are potential economies in this type of assignment, the design engineer of record for the bridge relinquishes some control of the project, which, in turn, increases the probability of construction complications or failures. The possibility of construction problems is compounded by the fact that until recently very few detailed standards existed for the construction of these temporary systems and, in many cases, the design assumptions were left to individual engineering judgment. Following the collapse of the Route 198 bridge over the Baltimore Washington Parkway in 1989, FHWA determined that there was a need to reassess, on a national level, the specifications currently used to design, construct, and inspect falsework for highway bridge structures. Toward that end, FHWA sponsored a study to identify the existing information on this subject and develop a guide specification for use by state agencies to update their existing standard specifications for falsework, formwork, and related temporary construction. The results of this study, which included a survey of U.S. and Canadian highway departments and a comprehensive literature search, is presented. The paper focuses on the current state of the practice in the United States and abroad. FHWA's "Guide Design Specification for Bridge Temporary Works" is discussed in detail. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Falsework KW - Formwork KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Scaffolds KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450923 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711687 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - SHIROLE, A M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW YORK STATE'S COMPREHENSIVE BRIDGE SAFETY ASSURANCE PROGRAM SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 187-196 AB - Since 1990 the New York State Department of Transportation has been proactively involved in the planning, development, and implementation of its long-range comprehensive bridge safety assurance program. This program will be integrated into the department's bridge management system to provide important safety-based bridge information for capital and maintenance program planning. The development and implementation of procedures used to assess the vulnerability of existing bridges to six potential causes or modes of failure--hydraulic, structural steel detail deficiencies, collision, overload, structural concrete detail deficiencies, and earthquake--are discussed. Furthermore, the development and implementation of an overall bridge safety assurance policy aimed at the design and construction of new bridges, retrofitting bridges during their planned rehabilitation, and programming the remaining bridges for necessary actions to eliminate or reduce their vulnerability to catastrophic failure are also discussed. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Assessments KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Failure KW - Failure mode KW - New York (State) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Retrofitting KW - Safety programs KW - Structural design KW - Vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450928 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711689 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wells, D T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENVIRONMENTAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR PONTIS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 203-208 AB - In efforts to comply with the federal mandate for bridge management systems, many states are implementing Pontis. Pontis is the network-level bridge management system developed through FHWA's Demonstration Project 71. One component of the Pontis implementation process involves assigning the bridge elements to one of four environments. The environments used in Pontis--benign, low, moderate, and severe--represent relative distinctions among rates of deterioration resulting from operating practices and climatic exposure. Because of this, each agency should develop its own criteria for assigning elements to environments. A systematic strategy for developing a definition of these environments suitable to the needs of individual states is presented, and a step-by-step procedure for collecting data is explained. Regression analysis can then be used to analyze the data, thereby providing a way of defining the environments. To illustrate the method, an application is described for concrete bridge decks that uses operating practices and climatic exposures specific to Virginia. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Classification KW - Climate KW - Conferences KW - Environment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450930 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711674 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Van Landuyt, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HUMANE URBAN AESTHETIC: US-183 ELEVATED PROJECT IN AUSTIN, TEXAS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 60-67 AB - Designers at the Texas Department of Transportation were faced with building an elevated bridge 1.3 million sq ft through the city of Austin. Limited right-of-way and the inherent size of an overhead highway meant that there existed the possibility of building an oppressive architecture among the homes and businesses of the US-183 corridor. Instead of applying the accepted techniques of modern bridge aesthetics, engineers used new fundamentals for designing appropriate regional bridge architecture. The aesthetic design philosophy was to build this important public structure so that is expressed the spirit of Austin as defined by the city's innovative high-technology industry, traditional state architecture, and most importantly its humane, livable quality. Engineers tapped into the iconoclastic creativity common to so many Austin artists. Aesthetics was given equal importance with the other constraints of bridge design: functional requirements and economic demands. Integrity of structure can only be achieved when all three of these elements are fully examined and integrated into every level of decision making. The result is a sound, economical structure that reawakens the notion of creative detailing in large-scale bridge architecture. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Austin (Texas) KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Geometric design KW - Highway bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450915 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711676 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Miller, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ALSEA BAY BRIDGE REPLACEMENT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 80-87 AB - As the nation's infrastructure ages, replacement of bridges has become more commonplace. Many of the bridges to be replaced will have historic significance and may have established an identity for the local community. Replacement of these historic bridges may be the only feasible option when the structure can no longer safely serve its transportation function. This is especially true when the cost of rehabilitation becomes prohibitively high. When replacement has been determined to be the only option left, owners are often faced with the challenge of justifying replacement to the community. Opposition can be overcome or reduced by education of the community to the need for replacement. An effective means to mitigate the loss of the historic bridge is to provide a replacement structure that meets the needs and aesthetics of the community. The Alsea Bay Bridge at Waldport, Oregon, is one example of how an owner can successfully overcome local opposition and provide a replacement structure that enhances the community. This paper documents how the Oregon Department of Transportation was able to replace a high-profile, extremely popular structure that could no longer meet the transportation needs of the highway system with a new bridge that provides aesthetic features complementing the local community. The tradition established by the previous bridge was preserved by adapting parts of the old bridge into waysides and bridgeheads. The resulting structure, which incorporates the old with the new, has provided the community with a new focal point. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Conferences KW - Historic bridges KW - Replacing KW - Waldport (Oregon) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450917 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711678 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cao, L AU - Shing, P B AU - Allen, J AU - Woodham, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CASE STUDY OF CONCRETE DECK BEHAVIOR WITHOUT TOP REINFORCING BARS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 100-109 AB - A major cause of the deterioration of bridge decks is the spalling and delamination caused by the corrosion of the top mat of reinforcing bars. Empirical evidence has indicated that the tensile bending stresses developed at the top of a bridge deck subjected to traffic loads are relatively low. As a result the need for top reinforcing bars for sustaining the negative bending moment induced by traffic loads is questionable. To explore the possibility of eliminating top reinforcing bars, and thereby reducing the vulnerability to corrosion, the performance of a four-span bridge deck is investigated. In the bridge studied one span has an experimental deck with no top reinforcement. whereas the remaining spans have both top and bottom reinforcements that conform to AASHTO specifications. The response of the bridge deck under a test truck was monitored with embedded strain gauges. It was found that the peak transverse tensile strains developed at the top of the deck were less than 30% of the cracking strain of the deck concrete. The behavior of the bridge deck under the test truck and other combinations of truck loads has also been investigated by means of elastic finite-element analysis. The results show that the tensile stresses developed at the top of the deck tend to be much less than the modulus of rupture of the deck concrete. The study confirms that a properly designed bridge deck does not require the top reinforcement for sustaining the negative bending moment induced by traffic loads. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Case studies KW - Concrete KW - Conferences KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Load tests KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Removal KW - Tensile stress KW - Tension KW - Top reinforcing bars UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450919 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711691 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hearn, G AU - Frangopol, D M AU - Chakravorty, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF DETERIORATION MODELS FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 220-230 AB - A correspondence between deterioration processes and the observed performance of bridges is established by creating new quantitative condition ratings. Condition ratings defined in terms of damage indexes are used to form Markov chain models that embody the performance of bridges in service. Markov chains in turn are used to generate mean transition times that can be used to compute parameters of deterioration process models. Variations in exposure of bridge beams and in regions of bridge beams are handled by a multiplicity of Markov chains. To calibrate multiple models, condition ratings must be tied to known locations in a bridge. For this purpose the practice of segment-based reporting is introduced. Quantitative condition ratings are linked to normalized remaining flexural and shear strengths of bridge beams. Normalized remaining strength, along with segment-based reporting, supports the estimation of live load rating of bridges. Four cases of an example steel beam bridge are considered under differing rates of corrosion and patterns of corrosion in cross sections. It is seen that the controlling segment for live load rating of a bridge may evolve under some corrosion environments and that estimated live load capacities based on quantitative condition ratings are reasonable approximations of the actual load ratings. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Condition surveys KW - Conferences KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Deterioration KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Highway bridges KW - Live loads KW - Markov chains KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Ratings KW - Steel beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450932 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711693 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - SAUVAGEOT, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CROSSING, CANADA SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 238-248 AB - The Northumberland Strait Crossing is a bridge in Atlantic Canada; it is a prestressed, precast concrete structure that will provide a fixed link across the strait between Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick, and Borden, Prince Edward Island. It has been financed, designed, constructed, operated, and maintained for 35 years by the developer, a joint venture. The design service life of the structure in 100 years. The 13-km crossing comprises approaches with 93-m spans in shallow water near shores and a main bridge with 250-m spans in the strait. The scheduled completion date is the end of 1996. Because of the short construction time and the often adverse conditions for work at sea, precasting is used systematically on a large scale for the entire bridge. Precast pier bases are installed and grouted to bedrock at depths to 38 m below sea level. Precast shafts are erected on the bases. Typical cantilevers for marine spans weighing 78 MN are precast on shore and set in place with a floating heavy-lift crane, which is also used to place 52-m-long precast drop-in spans between cantilevers using a procedure that eliminates excessive erection moments in the piers. Innovative design features and the most advanced construction techniques and skills have been called on to match the challenge presented by such a major undertaking. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Concrete construction KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Innovation KW - Long span bridges KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450934 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711666 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FOURTH INTERNATIONAL BRIDGE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, AUGUST 28-30, 1995. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 2 VOLUMES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - 807 p. AB - The objective of the conference is to provide an international forum for the exchange of bridge research results and technical information on planning, design, construction, repair, rehabilitation, replacement, and maintenance of bridges. The focus is on problems and solutions of interest to bridge engineers and administrators of highway, railroad, and transit agencies. Research results emanating from the AASHTO-sponsored NCHRP bridge studies as well as those of federal, state, and international research agencies' programs are being highlighted. The proceedings include all papers presented at the conference sessions and cover the following topics: Bridge Management Systems; Bridge Aesthetics; Bridge Performance; Bridge Construction; Long-Span Bridges; Bridge Loads and Dynamics; FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastic) Composites and Other Materials for Bridges; Bridge Rehabilitation; Seismic Response of Bridges; Bridge Bearings, Joints, and Details; Prestressed Concrete Bridges; Bridge Structural Systems; Bridge Substructures: Scour and Ship Impact; Bridge Fatigue and Redundancy; and Wood Bridges. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridge repairs KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dynamics KW - Fatigue strength KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Loads KW - Long span bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Replacing KW - Research KW - Seismic response KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450907 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711667 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kivisto, P M AU - Flemming, D J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGING MINNESOTA'S BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 3-15 AB - The process that is presently used, and that is anticipated to be used in the future, to manage Minnesota's limited bridge resources is explained. Present bridge management history and policies including present inspection methods, computer tools that are available, present priority-ranking methods for bridge replacements, and the relationship between the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) and local governments are discussed. Future bridge management practices including Pontis bridge management system (BMS) implementation, element-level inspections, the Minnesota case study in moving to the use of Pontis, new funding processes as a result of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), and how these factors will tie together for managing bridge resources in the 21st century are covered. In 1994 Minnesota began the process of implementing the Pontis BMS. Before that time all bridge inspections were based on National Bridge Inspection Standards and management decisions were guided by a Minnesota priority-ranking system, (FHWA) sufficiency ratings, Minnesota published improvement guidelines, and engineering judgment. Minnesota has used computer software programs extensively to record and store field inventory and inspection data, which has substantially reduced the amount of paperwork required during each inspection. With the advent of the Pontis BMS, inspection coding is changing and new data collection software has been developed. As a result of ISTEA, Minnesota has established area transportation partnerships that develop the statewide transportation improvement program. Outputs from BMS will provide information to be used in the selection of appropriate bridge projects and bridge maintenance activities. The outputs necessary to plan a bridge preservation and improvement program include overall conditions, estimates of bridge needs, future conditions assuming certain levels of expenditure, and identification of activities with high benefit-cost ratios. This information will best be illustrated through graphs or charts. Bridge management is another tool that can be used to assist in the definition of bridge programs, so even with the introduction of system analysis, engineering judgment will continue to be a part of the process. In the future integration will occur among the various management systems (pavement, safety, etc.). Limited integration exists at this time in Mn/DOT, and preliminary thoughts on extensive integration of these systems and level-of-service goals are described. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Implementation KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Minnesota KW - Policy KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450908 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711685 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Purvis, R AU - Babaei, K AU - Udani, N AU - Qanbari, A AU - Williams, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREMATURE CRACKING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS: CAUSES AND METHODS OF PREVENTION SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 163-175 AB - Newly constructed bridge decks were examined in order to identify the factors that cause cracking and ways in which the cracking might be reduced. The research included field surveys that showed transverse cracking to be the prevalent type associated with new bridges. Factors potentially influencing transverse cracking were studied and compared with the design and construction practice of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Preliminary findings indicated that the main cause of transverse cracking is the shrinkage of hardened concrete. Further study and tests provided conclusive evidence of thermal shrinkage and drying shrinkage. Correlation of the cracking performance of several newly constructed decks with the shrinkage actually measured in the deck concrete showed that transverse cracking occurred where the shrinkage measurements were high. The findings further indicated that the type of aggregate used in the mix was a major factor associated with shrinkage cracking. Thermal shrinkage is affected by the amount of temperature change during the curing period as well as the coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, which is mainly aggregate-related. It was noted that thermal shrinkage and cracking were especially severe in concretes that were subjected to large temperature changes associated with cold-weather curing. The research recommends the maximum acceptable shrinkage, implementation of a shrinkage verification test for use in approving mix designs, and temperature control during cold-weather curing. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge decks KW - Cold weather construction KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Conferences KW - Crash causes KW - Prevention KW - Shrinkage KW - Temperature control KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450926 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711699 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barker, M G AU - Hartnagel, B A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF INELASTIC DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR STEEL BRIDGES SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 304-313 AB - The first of three composite girder tests is presented from a project with the objectives of validating current inelastic design procedures and developing new inelastic provisions for bridges comprising noncompact girders. The first girder test was a half-scale, three-span composite beam with compact sections. The future tests will be two-span composite girders comprising noncompact sections. The essential components of inelastic design provisions are moment-inelastic rotation relations at the critical sections. These relations are necessary to predict inelastic rotations, permanent residual deflections, and redistributed moments in the structure. Along with the design and modeling of the half-scale test, experimental moment-rotation behavior characteristics for moving load inelastic tests and a plastic collapse test are presented. Inelastic behavior in terms of design limits and predicting residual deformations is presented on the basis of the experimental results. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Collapse KW - Composite girders KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Girders KW - Inelastic design KW - Metal bridges KW - Model tests KW - Moving load inelastic tests KW - Plastics KW - Steel bridges KW - Tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450940 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711702 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Drimoussis, E AU - Cheng, JJR AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS USING CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC SHEETS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 337-347 AB - Many older reinforced or prestressed concrete bridges designed in accordance with now obsolete design codes and for much lighter traffic loads have been found to be shear deficient. It is of great interest to develop rehabilitation techniques that are both structurally efficient and economically competitive. The main objective of the research program was to investigate the feasibility of strengthening concrete bridge girders for shear using carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheets bonded externally to the webs of the girders. The advantages of such advanced composite materials include their high tensile strength, noncorrosive properties, light weight, and small sectional dimensions, all of which make them competitive with more traditional materials for use in rehabilitation applications. Three precast reinforced concrete bridge girders 9.1 m long, hat-shaped in section, were salvaged from a demolished bridge that had originally been constructed in the late 1950s. CFRP sheets were bonded to the vertical web faces in various arrangements, the members were tested to failure, and the results were compared with those associated with the unstrengthened condition. Shear failure was governed by the strength of the concrete rather than by the CFRP material, and the behavior indicated that anchorage of the sheets is a key consideration. The results showed an increase in shear capacity of between 21 and 55%. On the basis of the test results, mechanisms were proposed by which the bonded CFRP sheets contributed to the shear strength of the section, and a method was suggested for calculating this contribution. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Girders KW - Rehabilitation KW - Shear strength KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450943 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711703 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Seible, F AU - Hegemier, Gilbert A AU - Karbhari, V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ADVANCED COMPOSITES FOR BRIDGE INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 348-357 AB - Applications of advanced composite materials such as glass fibers, aramids, or carbon fibers in polymer matrices are important in extending the life of our nation's bridge infrastructure into the 21st century. The increasing number of deficient bridge structures necessitates the rapid development of new rehabilitation technologies in the form of new materials and applications, with proven structural effectiveness, quality control, durability, and affordability. Advanced composite materials offer unique mechanical and durability characteristics that can affect bridge infrastructure renewal. Recent developments in automated manufacturing and application processes of advanced composite structural components indicate that not only structurally, but also economically, these new materials are becoming very competitive in civil engineering applications. Research at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), by the Advanced Composites Technology Transfer Consortium (ACTT), shows that, for example, seismically deficient bridge columns can be wrapped with carbon fibers in an automated fashion, reducing current time requirements for equivalent steel jacket installations, and advanced composite replacement bridge decks can be built in one-step manufacturing processes at weight savings by a factor of 10 or more over conventional concrete decks. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aramids KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Composite materials KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Glass fibers KW - Polymer fibers KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450944 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711670 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sawicki, M AU - Bien, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CONDITION RATING AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEM FOR RAILWAY BRIDGES IN POLAND SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 32-37 AB - Changes in the national economies in Central Europe stimulate changes in bridge maintenance systems. The SMOK railway bridge management system was designed and developed at Wroclaw Technical University for Polish State Railways. The main idea of the new system is to combine the new maintenance unit organization with a new inspection system and to implement a computer system to support the collection and processing of data for bridges. The huge amount of fresh and modern knowledge and technology will fill all elements of the management system; among these also will be expert computer systems and economical optimization for supporting the decision-making process. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Inspection KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Planning KW - Poland KW - Railroad bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711681 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Alampalli, S AU - Fu, Gongkang AU - Dillon, E W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ON THE USE OF MEASURED VIBRATION FOR DETECTING BRIDGE DAMAGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 125-137 AB - Bridge condition monitoring using modal properties, which has been suggested and studied recently, is perceived to supplement or even replace current inspection practice. However, its applicability is still unclear. A study conducted on a fracture-critical bridge, supplementing earlier studies on a scaled model bridge, is presented. The detectability of damage using measured vibration is addressed. Results indicate that modal frequencies can be used to detect the existence of damage or deterioration simulated here. However, the damage location cannot be identified with high confidence using the mode shapes and their derivatives because damage affects mode shapes comparably at both damaged and undamaged locations. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Condition monitoring KW - Conferences KW - Damages KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Deterioration KW - Loss and damage KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Vibration KW - Vibration measurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450922 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711688 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Thompson, P D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PONTIS VERSION 3: REACHING OUT TO THE BRIDGE MANAGEMENT COMMUNITY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 197-202 AB - AASHTO, through its AASHTOWare software joint development and support program, has recently adopted the Pontis bridge management system and has completed development of Release 3, to be known as AASHTOWare Pontis. With the participation of 46 state-level departments of transportation (DOTs) and FHWA, the project represents a significant effort to advance the implementation of the system and broaden its audience to include large and small transportation agencies, including local governments working in cooperation with their state DOTs. The Release 3 software will be a major advance in the product: it will be highly graphical in its user interface, work with a wide variety of commercial data base managers, employ an innovative system for coordinating the work of multiple decision makers, and include a state-of-the-art project-level analysis to complement its already-advanced network-level capabilities. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., as a contractor to AASHTO, developed the product. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Graphics KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450929 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711695 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Stroh, S L AU - Lovett, T G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KAP SHUI MUN CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 259-265 AB - The Kap Shui Mun Bridge is one of the world's largest double-deck cable-stayed bridges and features the first fully enclosed lower deck. The bridge spans Kap Shui Mun Channel linking Lantau Island and Ma Wan Island, providing access to the proposed new airport in Hong Kong. The bridge carries six lanes of roadway traffic on the upper deck and two lanes of emergency roadway traffic and two tracks of light rail on the lower deck. The winning design/build tender is described; it is an innovative hybrid design with a steel composite superstructure for the central 387 m of the 430-m center span and an all concrete superstructure for the remainder of the main span and for the 160-m side spans. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Design build KW - Double deck bridges KW - Innovation KW - Long span bridges KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450936 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711671 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Figg, E C AU - McCallister, L F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INNOVATIVE STAND-ALONE FINANCING FOR MID-BAY BRIDGE ACROSS CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 38-43 AB - Innovative stand-alone financing in the form of an $81 million unrated, revenue bond project was a first of a kind for transportation and resulted in the successful completion of a 5876-m (19,265-ft) bridge for a Florida coastal community. The development of this project incorporates part of the suggestions of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act. The bridge is owned by a special authority and is being financed completely through the use of tolls backed by 5,000 vehicles a day. There is no full faith and credit backing of any state, federal, or local government. Partnerships were developed, with loan monies received from the Florida Toll Facilities Revolving Trust Fund, the Florida Department of Transportation, and the county. Partnering was done with property owners and the community. This major bridge was accomplished from conception through construction in 6 years. The bonds were unrated and were supported with special unique insurance. They sold in less than 10 min, and offers were made for twice the amount needed, resulting in lower interest rates. The partnership approach, design, and financing contributed to the project speed and resulted in many unique features: A world record for span-by-span construction was set. Seven spans were completed in 7 days (952 ft of completed bridge in 1 week). A simplified post-tensioning design resulted in greater speed of construction. The bridge was built in 25 months, 5 months ahead of schedule, and opened on June 26, 1993. The bridge cost $44/sq ft. The project was selected as the top bridge project for 1993 by the Florida Department of Transportation. The award was given by the Florida Transportation Builders Association. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bonds KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Costs KW - Financing KW - Florida KW - Partnerships KW - Tolls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450912 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711673 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mays, R R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRIDGE ARCHITECTURE: THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 57-59 AB - The aesthetic element of bridge design is more complex than many bridge design engineers realize. Some view aesthetics as something that gets in the way of a true engineering solution, adds excessive costs, and slows up the project. Others consider visual quality to be as important as structural integrity. A truly beautiful structure has the balance of visual elements that will give it a pleasing appearance throughout time. To achieve visual quality it is important to include an architect who is experienced in transportation architecture on the design team at the very beginning of a project. This early involvement on the design team will give the architect a chance to ask questions and make suggestions in the early stages that will affect the visual quality of the whole project. Individual components, such as bridges, retaining walls, noise barriers, location and style of light standards, sign bridges, transfer facilities, utility conduits, or other attachments to transportation structures, all need to be visually coordinated. Study models and sketches during the design process will give the architect and design engineers the ability to coordinate the visual and structural requirements. Our transportation environment deserves our best efforts. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450914 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711696 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tabatabai, Habib AU - Ciolko, A T AU - Dickson, T J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLICATIONS OF TEST RESULTS FROM FULL-SCALE FATIGUE TESTS OF STAY CABLES COMPOSED OF SEVEN-WIRE PRESTRESSING STRAND SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 266-277 AB - Since 1990 14 full-scale axial and combined axial/flexural fatigue tests of parallel-strand cable specimens representing three recently constructed U.S. cable-stayed bridges have been conducted. Stay cable specimens ranged in size from 17 to 85 strands 15.2 mm (0.6 in.) in diameter with lengths between 4570 and 14,600 mm (15 and 48 ft) and nominal capacities between 4430 and 22,157 kN (996 and 4,981 kips). The specimens represented the variety of parallel-strand cable anchorage designs in use worldwide, namely, the wedge anchorage, combination wedge/conical socket anchorage, and conical anchorage; they also incorporated uncoated, epoxy-coated, and grit-impregnated epoxy-coated seven-wire strand. The primary goal of each test series was the validation of the as-designed cable system's fatigue performance for each bridge. However, test results indicate that these specification-required tests effectively identified endurance- and durability-impairing features of certain cable components, prompting the system's refinement and validation during test series. The intent of the review is to synthesize test results for a highly diverse sample of stay cable designs, installation procedures, and test criteria, emphasizing fatigue performance enhancements resulting from specific cable configuration refinements. Measured fatigue test data are compared with Post-Tensioning Institute cable testing criteria. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Anchorages KW - Building KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Cables KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Facilities KW - Fatigue tests KW - Installation KW - Long span bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450937 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711698 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hassan, M AU - Burdet, O AU - FAVRE, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF BRIDGE BEHAVIOR UNDER STATIC LOAD TESTING LEADING TO BETTER DESIGN AND JUDGMENT CRITERIA SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 296-303 AB - Load testing offers an effective means of investigating the actual behavior of a bridge and detecting a possible abnormal response. A computerized data base of the results of over 200 load tests performed in Switzerland was established to study the behavior of bridges subjected to a load test. This large number of bridges enabled the Institute of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne to carry out a comparative statistical study to better understand the behavior of different types of bridges. The main evaluation criteria are the agreement between the measured and calculated deflections and the similarity between the measured and calculated deflected shapes. Although the deflections under loading can be measured precisely, their calculations are difficult because of phenomena usually not taken into account in the design. Statistical analysis of the data base, combined with an analysis of 88 bridges, led to recognition of the contribution to the overall stiffness of nonstructural elements such as reinforced-concrete parapets, asphalt wearing surfaces, and reinforcement. The precise determination of the modulus of elasticity of concrete led to the use of ultrasonic measurements, drilled cores, and molded samples of concrete. The analysis confirmed the correlation between unsatisfactory short-term behavior during the load test and abnormal long-term behavior. Bridges with a low level of prestressing often exhibit unsatisfactory behavior, whereas a higher prestressing level seems to prevent abnormal bridge behavior. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Load tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Prestressing KW - Static loads KW - Statistical analysis KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450939 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711705 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Gori, R AU - Siviero, E AU - Russo, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LARGE DEFORMATION CYCLIC TESTS ON STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCING BARS FOR REINFORCED-CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC REGIONS SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 368-375 AB - Stainless steel reinforcing bars, proposed for use in reinforced-concrete (r/c) structures, are available with the same lengths and current diameters of conventional carbon steel bars. They present advantages as regards durability, antioxidability, and mechanical properties. These may make them economically competitive with conventional steel bars, and therefore suitable for use in bridge decks in severe environments. Recent earthquakes have further emphasized the need for metal reinforcements capable of resisting considerable and often repeated deformations. The problem is particularly acute in the case of continuous-beam viaducts, since severe strain comes to bear on the integral joints between the deck and the piers. A solution is the use of stainless steel bars because of their intrinsic stress-strain features. R/c seismic-resistant structures may benefit from stainless steel bars as reinforcement for their higher ductility and toughness. These mechanical properties are particularly suitable for critical regions of r/c continuous beams or frames, as the capability of energy dissipation as well as the ductile elongation are greater than for conventional carbon steel. In addition, the antioxidability property of reinforcing bars affects the durability of the structure and its serviceability. Comparative experimental static monotonic and cyclic large deformation uniaxial tests have been carried out until failure on stainless steel AISI 304L bars with different strain rates, in order to reproduce the actual behavior of steel for r/c structures. Cumulative plastic damage has also been analyzed. Initial results reveal a significant dependence of fatigue parameters on the strain rate, particularly for relatively small plastic strain ranges. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Antioxidability KW - Conferences KW - Cyclic tests KW - Dissipation KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Mechanical properties KW - Mechanical tests KW - Plastic deformation KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Stainless steel KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Toughness KW - Uniaxial testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450946 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711675 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mattox, R K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DISCOVERY BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 68-79 AB - The Discovery Bridge in downtown Columbus, Ohio, is a one-of-a-kind structure that provides unique solutions to historic, aesthetic, and technical issues. Because the bridge was a contributing element in the Civic Center Historic District and was federally funded, FHWA entered into a memorandum of agreement (MOA) with the State Historic Preservation Office. To comply with stipulations within the MOA, FHWA assembled a community interest task force, representing regional planning, Columbus development, historic preservation, and arts organizations. This task force identified architectural design parameters/criteria for the replacement bridge. To incorporate the input from the task force, public agencies, and private individuals, a unique and innovative bridge study process was developed. The new process included separate and intense engineering workshop sessions followed by the presentations to the task force and general public. Within each session, the design team reviewed all input, developed ideas, evaluated alternatives, and prepared presentation sketches and renderings. The resulting structure is reminiscent of the previous bridge, respectful of the historic district, and a center for civic activities, and it was constructed using the latest in bridge design and construction technology. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Aesthetics KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Columbus (Ohio) KW - Conferences KW - Historic preservation KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450916 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711677 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - HARVEY, W J AU - Smith, F W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BRITISH PRACTICE IN ARCH BRIDGE ASSESSMENT SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 91-99 AB - The bridge at Aldochlay in the Strathclyde region is small and is constructed from random rubble masonry. It shows no sign of distress, but it became clear very early in the assessment process that different types of analysis yielded very different answers for this structure. The example describes the root causes of some of these conflicts. Bargower is a semicircular bridge constructed from dressed sandstone and has a 10-m span. Its behavior is influenced by various effects of soil pressure and soil-structure interaction that are not well represented in many analytical approaches. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Arch bridges KW - Conferences KW - Masonry construction KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450918 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711692 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kulkarni, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - A SECOND HIGH-LEVEL BLUE WATER BRIDGE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 233-237 AB - Planning, design, construction, and maintenance issues are presented for the proposed second high-level Blue Water Bridge, which crosses the St. Clair River between Port Huron, Michigan, and Point Edward, Ontario, Canada. The bridge design meets the requirements of AASHTO load resistance factor design specifications as well as the "Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code". The construction plans are prepared in metric (SI) units. Main spans are a continuous tied arch bridge. The fracture-critical tie girder is fully bolted (no welding is allowed) to improve redundancy. The empirical design method is used to design the reinforced concrete deck. Approach spans are predominantly prestressed concrete I- or box beams with a reinforced concrete bridge deck. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Long span bridges KW - Maintenance KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450933 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00711694 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Enomoto, Michitaka AU - Morikawa, H AU - Takano, H AU - OGASAWARA, M AU - Hayashi, H AU - Takahashi, W AU - Watanabe, Naoto AU - INOUE, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF TSURUMI TSUBASA BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE SN - 0309061091 PY - 1995 IS - 7 SP - p. 249-258 AB - The Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge is a single-plane, three-span continuous cable-stayed bridge 1020 m long, with a 510-m center span. It was constructed over the Tsurumi Fairway, which lies between the Daikoku-Futo Wharf and Ogishima Island in Yokohama. The total weight of the steel superstructure is about 38,000 tons with the foundation built on pneumatic caissons. This bridge was built for the Metropolitan Expressway. In the future, National Highway 357 will cross the Tsurumi Fairway on a separate bridge built parallel to and in the same style as the Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge. Therefore, the appearance and the earthquake and wind resistance of the Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge were studied not only with consideration being given to the first but also the second bridge standing parallel to the first. As for the construction of this new bridge, at each step of construction actual values were checked against design values to ensure safety and precision. Construction was accomplished with a high degree of precision, owing to the introduction of a precision control system. U1 - Fourth International Bridge Engineering ConferenceTransportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation.San Francisco, California StartDate:19950828 EndDate:19950830 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and California Department of Transportation. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Long span bridges KW - Precision KW - Safety KW - Structural design KW - Wind resistant design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/450935 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682830 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - A GUIDE TO METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING UNDER ISTEA: HOW THE PIECES FIT TOGETHER PY - 1995 SP - 44 p. AB - Improving our nation's transportation system is the goal of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), which authorizes Federal highway and transit funding programs. The ISTEA views planning as a key strategy to improve the system and investment decisionmaking. It provides the framework for better planning and management of the Nation's transportation system. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) have prepared this guide for transportation professionals, elected officials, and policymakers, as well as community and business interests, who want to understand and participate in the transportation planning and decisionmaking process. It has two objectives: first, to provide a framework for linking the various elements of ISTEA's transportation planning process together in a comprehensive manner; and second, to provide information, suggestions, and examples of ways to carry out the metropolitan planning process. Part One describes the changes Congress and the President envisioned in the transportation planning and investment process when they enacted ISTEA. Part Two discusses the products of the transportation planning process: the transportation plan and the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP). Part Three describes the elements of transportation planning and how metropolitan areas can use them to develop transportation plans and TIPs that meet their needs and the expectations of the Federal Government. Part Four provides a reference guide to Federal regulations, guidance, and other useful information that have been published on ISTEA and the planning process. KW - Air quality KW - Decision making KW - Federal laws KW - Federal regulations KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - Metropolitan areas KW - National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 KW - Planning KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/424MTP.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/424MTP.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423085 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681573 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Cooper, J D AU - Munley, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RESEARCH: LEADING THE WAY TO THE FUTURE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-27 AB - The United States spends $5 billion per year for highway bridge design, construction, replacement, and rehabilitation. This article questions the role and value of bridge research as a part of the nation's investment in highway bridges. The authors review the status of the nation's bridges, reporting a 35 percent deficiency rate, down slightly from 37 percent in 1991. Assigning a value to bridge-related research is difficult as the benefits are hard to quantify. Historically, though, innovative bridge technology has led to economic development, and therein lies the key to ensuring a prosperous future. KW - Benefits KW - Development KW - Economic development KW - Highway bridges KW - Investments KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Technological innovations KW - United States KW - Value engineering UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su23.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426397 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681569 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mueller, N C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIFTEEN YEARS OF HPMS PARTNERSHIP: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 10-11 AB - The Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) was established 15 years ago to measure the investment accountability of vast amounts of public funds, to provide information to Congress for formulating federal-aid highway programs, and to serve the Federal Highway Administration's need for highway data. This article describes the initial objectives of the HPMS as well as later enhancements due to program maturity. Fifteen years of HPMS accomplishments are listed and the future direction of the program is noted. KW - Data collection KW - Federal aid KW - Federal state relationships KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Highways KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Investment planning KW - Investments KW - Monitoring KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su10.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426393 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681575 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pearce, V P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSGUIDE LEADS THE WAY IN INNOVATIVE TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 35-38 AB - The TransGuide project--subtitle "Technology in Motion"--was initiated by the Texas Department of Transportation in response to increasing traffic problems in and around San Antonio. TransGuide is an intelligent transportation system used to detect and respond to incidents, cutting response time from 20 to 2 minutes. Rapid response aids in traffic flow and produces an annual delay savings of $513 million, with additional savings in improved fuel efficiency. This article explains the innovations in procurement, process, and system design that led to the TransGuide project. The 39.4-km project features pairs of inductive-loop-type vehicle detectors in each lane at 0.8-km intervals, video cameras every 1.6 km, and a fiber-optic communications network. The TransGuide Operations Control Center has become a popular site visit for federal, state, and local transportation officials interested in seeing state of the art in action. KW - Detection systems KW - Detectors KW - Emergency response time KW - Fuel conservation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Reaction time KW - San Antonio (Texas) KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su35.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681574 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Britt, M AU - Pate, W D AU - TRIANDAFILOU, L AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CROSSING THE DELAWARE! PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 28-34 AB - The authors of this article report that economy of bridge construction can be achieved through the careful balance of efficient details, minimal quantities, and minimizing special equipment costs. The Chesapeake and Delaware (C&D) Canal Bridge is an example of this philosophy. The C&D Canal Bridge is a precast concrete, cable-stayed structure, 1,417 m long with an out-to-out width of 38.8 m. The bridge consists of twin parallel roadways for northbound and southbound traffic, designed to accommodate eight lanes of HS-25 loading. Dimensions of the foundations, piers, spans, and cable stays are provided as well as a discussion of the construction method. Final construction operations are under way. KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Construction KW - Delaware KW - Economic factors KW - Economy KW - Precast concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Structural design KW - Value engineering UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su28.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426398 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681570 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - GRIFFITH, R G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERCHANGE: GLOBAL ROAD TRANSPORT KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE NETWORK PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 12-13 AB - This article describes a newly envisioned global network for road knowledge exchange called INTERCHANGE. INTERCHANGE will use the global exchange networks of existing institutions already engaged in technology transfer. INTERCHANGE users will get solutions to problems from the closest available network or from one sharing similar economic and geographic circumstances. Details of the process that led to the development of INTERCHANGE are provided. The network is scheduled to be operational by September 1995 to coincide with a meeting of the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses to be held in Montreal, Canada. KW - Communication systems KW - Information exchange KW - Information organization KW - International KW - Networks KW - Roads KW - Technology transfer UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su12.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426394 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681572 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hamilton, S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TOP TRUCK AND BUS SAFETY ISSUES PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 20-22 AB - This article describes the events of the Federal Highway Administration's first-ever Truck and Bus Safety Summit. The summit convened in Kansas City, bringing together commercial drivers and leaders in the areas of industry, manufacturing, enforcement, and safety. The purpose of the summit was to develop a list of the most important safety issues; the top three were fatigue, crash information/data, and driver training. A list of 17 issues was generated and is included in a sidebar. KW - Buses KW - Crash data KW - Driver training KW - Drivers KW - Fatigue (Physiological condition) KW - Safety KW - Trucks KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su20.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681571 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Smith, D AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METRIC CONVERSION: HOW SOON? PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 14-19 AB - After nearly 200 years of talking about metrication, the United States is slowly moving toward conversion. This article describes the long road to the 1991 Executive Order 12770, which mandates the transition to metric measurement by all federal agencies. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) implemented its 5-year conversion process, which includes five activities: 1) establishing basic plans and policies, 2) revising laws and regulations that impede metric conversion, 3) converting all FHWA documentation to metric, 4) converting all FHWA data collection and reporting systems, and 5) converting construction contracts, plans, and specifications. Metric training is scheduled nationwide, with FHWA and the Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) as major sponsors. AASHTO is operating a metrication clearinghouse for state highway agencies as well. Sidebars explain the history of metrication in the United States and "hard" versus "soft" conversion. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - History KW - Laws and legislation KW - Metric system KW - Metric system changeover KW - Policy KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - United States UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su14.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426395 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681567 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Washer, G A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF EPOXY-COATED PRESTRESSING STRANDS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 6-7 AB - The Federal Highway Administration recently completed experiments to assess the performance of epoxy-coated prestressing strands at elevated temperatures. The purpose of the experiments was to determine the temperature at which epoxy softening causes slip, the effect of that slip on the stress in the strands and the transfer length, and the effect of cyclic temperature variations. This article describes the study specimens, the test apparatus and instrumentation, and test procedures. Results indicate that temperatures in the vicinity of 66 deg C will undermine the strand's bonding ability. Further, temperatures as low as 63 deg C may soften the epoxy coating on a strand and reduce its ability to bond with the surrounding concrete. KW - Bonding KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Experiments KW - High temperature KW - Performance KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Softening point KW - Steel wire KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su6.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681568 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Anderson, P P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE LOCAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: KEY AREAS OF ACCOMPLISHMENT PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 8-9 AB - Key accomplishments of the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) and their technology transfer (T2) centers are the subject of this article. LTAP offers training, technical assistance, newsletters, and a multimedia lending library to rural, urban, and American Indian tribal governments. A survey intended to determine the most beneficial aspects of LTAP and T2 centers revealed that cost savings and training were ranked highly. Safety management systems and equipment management systems were the most helpful training topics. LTAP officials agree that the success of the program is due to its unique structure, which allows local T2 centers to tailor their services to local demands. KW - Local government KW - Surveys KW - Technical assistance KW - Technology transfer KW - Training KW - Transportation KW - Transportation systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su8.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426392 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00681566 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ray, M H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METRICATION OF ROADSIDE HARDWARE PY - 1995 VL - 59 IS - 1 SP - p. 3-5 AB - The metrication of roadside hardware is detailed in the revised edition of the "Guide to Standardized Highway Barrier Rail Hardware." This article highlights the most important recommendations regarding specifications, guardrails, bridge railings, and concrete median barriers. The most useful feature of the new guide is the exclusive use of the International System of Units (SI)--a modernized metric system, which will be an invaluable resource to states in the process of converting their roadside hardware standards to SI prior to the September 30, 1996, deadline. KW - Appurtenances KW - Bridge railings KW - Design KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Median barriers KW - Metric system KW - Metric system changeover KW - Specifications UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95summer/p95su3.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681686 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - National Highway Institute TI - THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: PART II INTERMODAL AND PUBLIC TRANSIT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. RESOURCE BOOK FOR DAYS 4 AND 5 OF THE FIVE DAY TECHNICAL COURSE PY - 1995 SP - v.p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) provided many new challenges to transportation planning and decision making. One of these challenges is implementing a performance-based planning process based on the use of management systems. The purpose of this course is to introduce three of these systems: the congestion management system, the intermodal management system, and the public transportation management system. The course is designed for all those who will be responsible for actually carrying out the implementation of these three systems in the transportation planning and decision making process. The course is designed to provide participants with the following information: understanding of transportation system performance; developing performance measures; understanding data sources; identification of strategies; and, evaluation and feedback. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Decision making KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Public transit KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423245 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681834 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tarrer, A R AU - Whetstone, G T AU - Boylan, J W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, AND SAFETY REGULATIONS ON HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 144-151 AB - Transportation agencies throughout the United States face dilemmas due to the ever-increasing number of environmental, health, and safety regulations being issued at the federal, state, and local levels. These regulations are often issued without complete familiarity with or comprehension of their effects on highway maintenance resources and activities. As a result, compliance with the new regulations has serious impacts on agencies' activities and allocation of resources. Compliance with environmental regulations reportedly cost state highway agencies an estimated $99 billion in 1990, and this figure is expected to rise significantly in coming years. Technical, operational, and economic impacts of these regulations on 17 key areas of maintenance, including herbicide use, road deicing, fuel and asphalt storage, wetland areas, storm water runoff, bridge painting, and roadside litter, are identified. Some highway departments have used innovative methods to help budget resources for transportation maintenance operations; make essential alterations regarding personnel, equipment, and operating procedures; and respond to needs in areas such as inter- and intradepartmental communications, staffing, and training. Legislative decision makers must understand the implications of their actions with regard to environmental regulations. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Budgeting KW - Compliance KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Drainage KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Erosion control KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Herbicides KW - Highway maintenance KW - Impacts KW - Innovation KW - Lead based paint KW - Maintenance practices KW - Regulations KW - Resource allocation KW - Runoff KW - Storage tanks KW - Underground storage tanks KW - Waste management KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426553 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681836 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Conrad, J F AU - Pierce, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STORM WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO MEET NATIONAL POLLUTION DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEMS REQUIREMENTS SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 156-159 AB - Storm water runoff from highways and other paved surfaces may contain levels of petroleum, metals, and particulates that could affect the environment. To address potential environmental impacts, the federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulations were enacted in 1990. The Washington State Department of Ecology is the regulatory authority for the NPDES program. Municipalities with populations exceeding 100,000, as well as transportation departments, are obligated to obtain a municipal NPDES permit, which will provide conditions for storm water management. The Washington State Department of Ecology issues permits on a watershed basis, and a single municipal permit will be issued for that watershed. Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) staff coordinate with the municipalities to develop a practical storm water management plan for each watershed that places sites in priority order for improvement and that reflects a sharing of costs. Approximately 2,500 storm water outfalls along 1288 km of state highway have been inventoried to characterize the discharge quality and therefore potential impact on surface waters of the state. A prioritization scheme was developed that will be used in selecting areas for highway storm water improvement. WSDOT maintenance facility storm water issues are not covered under the WSDOT municipal permit. However, through the development of the city and county municipal permits, all WSDOT property storm water will have to be managed. The WSDOT has and will continue to recognize quality-of-environment issues in all phases of planning, construction, and operation. The storm water quality impacts of WSDOT facilities and highways must be balanced with other traditional goals of the department. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Drainage KW - Improvements KW - National pollutant discharge elimination system KW - Ratings KW - Regulations KW - Runoff KW - Storm water management KW - Storms KW - Strategic planning KW - Washington (State) KW - Water control KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426555 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681815 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE, ORLANDO, FLORIDA, JULY 18-21, 1994 SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - 165 p. AB - The proceedings consist of 21 papers presented at the conference, grouped into sections on maintenance management, roadside maintenance, snow and ice control, pavement maintenance, bridge maintenance, and environmental maintenance. The maintenance management section addresses the topics of customers' viewpoints, data collection technologies, integration with other management systems, strategies for managing expenditures, and ways to maintain a responsive maintenance management system. Issues involved in worker exposure to herbicides are discussed in the roadside maintenance section. The snow and ice control section presents information on the Swedish winter maintenance system, technologies in Europe and Japan, and overseas use of deicing and prewetting procedures. The pavement maintenance section describes the use of deflection measurements to manage network maintenance in England, institutional issues in the implementation of pavement management systems, maintenance for life cycle-designed pavements, and evaluation of pavement maintenance materials, procedures, and equipment. The tracking of maintenance activities in Pennsylvania's bridge management system is discussed in the bridge maintenance section. The environmental maintenance section provides information on roadside litter programs, effects of regulations on highway maintenance, training for hazardous materials management, and strategies for storm water management. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Roadside KW - Snow and ice control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426534 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681830 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - File, D H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MAINTENANCE FOR NEWLY DESIGNED PAVEMENTS USING THE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 93-106 AB - In recent years several states, including Illinois, have developed or revised their pavement design procedures and selection processes. These procedures and selection processes usually include an evaluation of the expected traffic and projected maintenance costs required for a given period of time. Since 1987 in Illinois, pavements have been designed, selected, and constructed using these procedures. One key to successful development and application of the pavement design procedures and selection processes is to compare and analyze field performance with expected results and make necessary adjustments. To do so requires a systematic data collection and reporting mechanism so the pavement sections are carefully monitored and all work performed is accurately reported. Illinois has established such a monitoring plan and a program of maintenance for newly designed pavement sections. The state expects to use the monitoring plan and to follow the program of maintenance for the 40-year design life of the selected pavement sections. Other states are likely to be concerned with the need to monitor pavement sections in order to check expected performance against actual performance and to summarize the maintenance activity and costs so predictive models can be evaluated. It is important that pavement maintenance models be realistic and accurate so that the economic analysis used in their selection produces correct results. Future pavement design models can be improved if complete information of past performance is available for evaluation. The procedures used by Illinois and its use of the Maintenance Management Information System to collect and produce the informational reports needed for long-term analysis are described. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Illinois KW - Long term analysis KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426549 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681832 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Knoll, D E AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PENNSYLVANIA'S BRIDGE MANAGEMENT PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING, PRIORITY RANKING, AND COMPLETING BRIDGE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 125-132 AB - Pennsylvania's Bridge Management System (BMS) stores a wide range of bridge inspection data and analyzes these data using individual subsystems to provide decision-making support for department managers. The subsystems are as follows: Bridge Rehabilitation and Replacement, Bridge Maintenance, Modeling, and Reports. Pennsylvania's BMS operates in a mainframe environment and includes 17 on-line data screens and up to 400 data elements for each bridge. Data on any of the 25,000 state-owned and 6,500 locally owned bridges in the system are retrievable within minutes of inquiry. The system can produce a wide range of reports, including standard menu-driven reports and customized user-generated reports. Besides storing and recording bridge inspection information, BMS can automatically generate improvement costs by bridge for maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement needs. BMS also can prioritize bridges for capital maintenance improvements. A unique feature of BMS is its modeling capability, which enables the user to predict future bridge needs by programmatically degrading bridge condition and load-carrying capacity over time. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridges KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Cost estimating KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forecasting KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Needs assessment KW - Pennsylvania KW - Ratings KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacing KW - Reports KW - Strategic planning KW - Subsystems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426551 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681822 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - File, D H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HOW TO KEEP YOUR MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FROM GROWING OLD SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 50-54 AB - Most states now have a maintenance management information system (MMIS). Many states, including Illinois, have extensively revised or replaced their original system. Now states are facing the same dilemma with their second systems as they did with the first: how to keep their new MMIS from growing old. The new MMISs are much different from their predecessors in terms of the equipment used to support them and the experience of the managers who use them. In addition, the investment in these systems is often substantial. It is important that these systems not be allowed to grow old and require total replacement when they can remain dynamic, growing, and emerging systems that keep up with management and organizational requirements. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Illinois KW - Investments KW - Maintenance management KW - State departments of transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426541 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681823 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dickens, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HERBICIDE FATE AND WORKER EXPOSURE SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 57-59 AB - A conference of state and federal highway personnel and university researchers was held in Auburn, Alabama, to ascertain interest in and the feasibility of a regional approach to studying the safety of vegetation management practices for workers, the general public, and the environment. It was agreed that a cooperative research project should be developed to obtain the needed information and develop it into a form useful to highway roadside personnel, to better prepare them to deal with questions from regulatory officials and the general public about the safety and environmental aspects of their state's vegetation management program. It was further agreed that Alabama and Georgia personnel would develop a draft of the proposal for a regional project using a regional pooled-funding approach through the Federal Highway Administration, with Alabama as the lead state for consideration. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Herbicides KW - Occupational safety KW - Regional analysis KW - Safety KW - Vegetation control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426542 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681819 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cumberledge, G AU - Wilson, C A AU - Hoffman, G L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTEGRATION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 26-30 AB - Pennsylvania's Maintenance Operations Resource Information System (MORIS) is a large and complex mainframe system that has been fully operational since 1986. MORIS captures information on all aspects of maintenance operations, including personnel, equipment, and materials. It is a "real-time" system, updated daily through transactions--such as payrolls, invoice documents, equipment usage information, and work activities--at terminals in the 11 district and 67 county offices and the three central warehouse functions (sign shop, equipment division, consumable supplies). Since 1986, MORIS has continually evolved through enhanced integrations with other management systems. These include the Roadway Management System, Bridge Management System, Accident and Reporting System, and the Fiscal Management and Information System. Each of these five systems is large and can operate independently. MORIS integrates functions and obtains key information from these systems to better manage the maintenance of Pennsylvania's roadways. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Accident record systems KW - Bridge management systems KW - Conferences KW - Crash records KW - Financial management KW - Financing KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426538 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681826 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Frevert, L W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OBSERVATIONS ON OVERSEAS USE OF DEICING CHEMICALS SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 69-70 AB - In March 1994 a winter maintenance panel conducted a study tour of Japan, Germany, and Austria. The tour was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, through the National Cooperative Highway Research Program administered by the Transportation Research Board. The panel of U.S. maintenance engineers reviewed winter maintenance equipment; pavement condition policies; and the use, characteristics, and costs of deicing chemicals. Most organizations responsible for winter maintenance in the United States pursue a "bare pavement" policy on all or at least on their major roadways. By contrast, Japan does not advocate that philosophy; the city of Innsbruck, Austria, uses only a minimal amount of chemical deicing; and the state of Bavaria in Germany has progressed to a more environmentally friendly philosophy for deicing chemical use. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Austria KW - Conferences KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Equipment KW - Germany KW - Japan KW - Policy KW - Study tours KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426545 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681821 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Humplick, F AU - Faiz, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING PUBLIC EXPENDITURES FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 38-49 AB - Public disbursements for highways include investments in network and capacity expansion and expenditures on current operations and maintenance. A number of factors contribute toward complicating the process of managing public expenditures: (a) a multiplicity of budget-making bodies, (b) the propensity to favor new construction, (c) disparate treatment of activities relating to new construction and maintenance, and (d) divergence in analytical approaches for cost estimation. The result is a profusion of budgeting techniques, including line-item, lump-sum, and program or performance budgets. Alternative approaches to predicting life-cycle expenditures for highways are examined to derive a unifying methodology for sound management of public expenditures. Aggregate techniques, such as indices of absolute or relative expenditures, are contrasted with disaggregate procedures using detailed predictions of maintenance work volumes and activity costs. The advantages and disadvantages of each method vis-a-vis a budgeting process are also presented. Of special concern is the treatment by each technique of the following: (a) variation in unit costs, (b) modalities of highway failure and their maintenance consequences (catastrophic, monotonic degradation, nonmonotonic drift), (c) configuration of highway network characteristics (age and use levels), and (d) trigger mechanisms for maintenance (user costs, capacity and structural constraints, asset depreciation, employment generation, economic productivity). The methodology is applied to the evaluation of a typical country's budget for road maintenance. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Aggregate analysis KW - Aggregates KW - Budgeting KW - Conferences KW - Disaggregate analysis KW - Expenditures KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance management KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426540 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681824 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Axelson, L B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE SYSTEM SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 63-65 AB - VVHS is a data-base tool for improving winter maintenance and making it more effective. VVHS supports all sorts of work, including preseason planning, implementation of follow-up measures, and evaluation of completed work. During the planning phase, VVHS allows users to optimize resource utilization and timing of maintenance. Optimized plans for different situations such as skid control and snowplowing can be used to yield expected results at the lowest possible cost. The consideration of time improves the quality of plans. During work, any deviation from planned ending times for activities can be pinpointed and compensated for by VVHS. VVHS can help gather information on ongoing operations, making information on completion times, resource utilization, and material use easily available for future decision making. In turn, agencies can make information about their winter maintenance operations and traffic conditions available to the public. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Conservation KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Planning KW - Resource management KW - Sweden KW - Timing KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426543 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681817 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hyman, W A AU - Alfelor, R M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD TESTING AND EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR MAINTENANCE DATA COLLECTION SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 9-17 AB - Automated electronic procedures for data capture and transmission appear to be superior compared with manual paper-based methods. Many highway agencies are now either using or exploring some of these innovative technologies for many of their data collection activities. For maintenance management, a variety of recording and data entry procedures involving pen and paper could be considerably improved using electronic equipment such as portable and pen-based computers, identification technologies including barcoding and voice recognition, and location systems such as global positioning system and geographic information system. In addition, data transmission can be accomplished much faster and in real time between distant locations using telecommunications systems such as mobile phones. The application of advanced data acquisition technologies for maintenance management in state highway departments is summarized. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Bar codes KW - Computers KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data communications KW - Electronic equipment KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Maintenance management KW - Speech recognition KW - Technological innovations KW - Telecommunications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426536 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681828 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - OLIVER, J E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF DEFLECTIONS TO MANAGE THE STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS AT NETWORK LEVEL IN ENGLAND SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 77-86 AB - A major task for the manager of a maintenance program is to collate and present a robust case for funds to ensure that the network is maintained at an appropriate level. In England a project was conducted to collate and analyze deflection data collected, principally for project-level design, for the benefit of network-level planning. The total national highway network in Great Britain is some 11,000 km long, representing only 4% of total road length but carrying 30% of all traffic and 60% of heavy traffic. Deflection data usually are collected under contracts let by some 90 maintenance agents. Between 1985 and 1991 some 80% of the length of flexible roads was surveyed, some of it more than once, and the results analyzed. On the basis that the most cost-effective strategy for strengthening is to overlay the surface at the critical point, the network has been shown to be in suboptimal condition. The project collated deflection data and presented them in a consistent and easily understood format to illustrate requirements for restoring the network to its optimal condition. Condition data were also analyzed through a network model to investigate alternative strengthening strategies over the medium and longer terms. Collection and analysis of data in this way offers the opportunity to carry out valuable audits of the range of projects put forward--and not put forward--by agents. It therefore improves the management of maintenance at both network and project levels. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - England KW - Evaluation KW - Maintenance management KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Network level KW - Networks KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426547 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681835 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Swearingen, K C AU - Tatman, R E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MANAGEMENT SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 152-155 AB - Departments of transportation are today, more than ever before, affected by a staggering load of rules and regulations designed to control and manage hazardous waste. Federal and state environmental protection agencies, the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and local environmental regulators all promulgate rules and regulations that can create a nightmare for transportation managers. In 1989, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency issued findings and orders to the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) concerning mismanagement of hazardous waste in five separate locations. The lack of required training was the item most cited as causing ODOT's management problems with hazardous waste. The best way for departments of transportation to minimize hazardous waste management problems is to have a well-trained staff. With that in mind, ODOT developed hazardous waste training courses for all employees whose job requires hazardous waste management. If ODOT's training program had been in place during the mid-1980s, there is a good chance that the agency would not have been found in violation of environmental regulations. The $12 million to $15 million now being spent to remediate these sites could be spent on new county facilities or other capital improvement programs. Transportation officials must place priority on employee training in order to decrease environmental liability. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Environmental protection KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Liability KW - Maintenance management KW - Ohio KW - Regulations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426554 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681816 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Miller, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT FROM THE CUSTOMER'S VIEWPOINT SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 3-8 AB - Technicians in the maintenance operation field must start thinking like their customers and use measurements to meet the customer's expectations. In 1991 the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) began developing a business plan to improve its customer orientation. MnDOT's maintenance staff developed a mission statement, and to guide it in defining maintenance, products and services were defined as outcomes. These outcomes include smooth pavement, roadways clear of obstructions, pleasing roadsides, highly visible signs and stripes, and the availability of motorist services. Pilot tests have been implemented through the district offices of MnDOT to assess products and services and methods of evaluating those services. This is in addition to the measurement of inputs and activities within the present maintenance management system. Customer research has also been initiated to further define products and services and to help MnDOT evaluate its response to customer concerns. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Customers KW - Evaluation KW - Level of service KW - Maintenance management KW - Minnesota KW - Products KW - Services UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426535 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681831 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Evans, L D AU - Good Mojab, C A AU - Patel, A T AU - Romine, A R AU - Smith, K L AU - Wilson, T P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF MATERIALS, PROCEDURES, AND EQUIPMENT FOR PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 107-121 AB - Beginning in March 1991, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Project H-106 began installing 22 test sites for the investigation of various pavement maintenance materials and procedures for four different pavement maintenance activities: pothole repair in asphalt concrete (AC) pavements, crack sealing and filling in AC pavements, joint resealing of portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements, and partial-depth spall repair in PCC pavements. Since the installation of the test sites, all of the 1,250 pothole repairs, 1,600 partial-depth spall repairs, 6700 m (22,000 ft) of crack sealing, and 1,600 resealed joints have been periodically evaluated to document their performance under actual field conditions. The SHRP H-106 project concluded in March 1993, with the production of final reports, manuals of practice, and training and implementation packages. A continued monitoring contract was awarded by the Federal Highway Administration beginning in September 1993 to ensure that the H-106 test sites continue to provide valuable information as the repairs are subjected to further traffic and environmental stress through September 1998. The test site installation process for each of the four experiments and the results of the most recent analysis effort are summarized. For the crack seal, joint reseal, and partial-depth spall repair experiments, the most recent data were collected during fall 1993. For the pothole repair experiment, the most recent data were collected in April 1994. Future activities to be completed under the current monitoring project are described. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Conferences KW - Cracking KW - Data collection KW - Earthwork KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Monitoring KW - Partial depth repairs KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Potholes KW - Repairing KW - Resealing KW - Research KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Spalling KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426550 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681833 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Andres, D L AU - Andres, C J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROADSIDE LITTER AND CURRENT MAINTENANCE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: ARE WE MAKING ANY PROGRESS? SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 135-143 AB - The recurrence of litter along highways and roadsides presents problems for state maintenance engineers across the nation. Not only is collection a labor-intensive effort with significant impact on the scheduling of higher-priority tasks, but the disposal of unsorted mixtures of debris presents unique problems. State environmental regulations control waste disposal sites, which are becoming scarcer each year. Recycling and reuse requirements are becoming more common nationwide. Waste products generated from material purchases for routine maintenance operations add to the by-products for disposal at state maintenance facilities. Most roadside litter is now being removed by low-fee "private partnership" arrangements, heavily supplemented by volunteer and inmate participation programs in many states. In spite of these efforts, costs continue to grow and now exceed $130 million per year for state highways alone. To deal with the changing requirements of ever-expanding environmental regulations, the state maintenance engineer faces a future of managing operations in a proactive environmental role. Maintenance materials are being purchased with prior consideration for waste disposal; roadside debris is being sorted and recycled; and maintenance materials produced from recycled materials and packaged in nondisposable, returnable containers are encouraged in the procurement process. Formal plans for waste management in maintenance operations are necessary to meet growing environmental requirements. The state maintenance engineer is now an active and responsible participant, innovator, and educator in an environmentally conscious society. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Environmental protection KW - Litter KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance management KW - Regulations KW - Waste management KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426552 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681818 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sparks, G A AU - Gerke, R AU - KAWESKI, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTEGRATING MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT AND PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 18-25 AB - Considerable effort has been directed toward the development and implementation of maintenance management and pavement management systems over the past 25 years. Unfortunately, these two systems have for the most part been developed in isolation from each other. These systems have typically been developed by engineers to meet the specific planning, design, and operation needs of engineering staff. Further, maintenance management and pavement management systems are not typically integrated into the overall management and financial information systems of most agencies. Maintenance management and pavement management systems should and can be integrated together and made an integral part of the overall engineering and financial management systems within public-sector agencies. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Financial management KW - Financing KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Maintenance management KW - Management information systems KW - Pavement management systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426537 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681820 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Markow, M J AU - Hyman, W A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 31-37 AB - Maintenance management systems were among the first applications of rational management principles and the then-new technology of computers to highway operations. Recent changes in the composition and funding of highway programs, the organizational structures and missions of highway agencies, and federal legislation governing the development and use of management systems have focused increased attention on the design and use of such systems, as well as how to integrate maintenance management with other departmental management functions. The conceptual design of an idealized maintenance management system, the integration of this system with other management systems, and potential applications of new management capabilities and technology within these next-generation systems are described. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Applications KW - Conferences KW - Highway maintenance KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Maintenance management KW - Management KW - Management systems UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/conf/cp5/cp5-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426539 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681825 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Smithson, Leland D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - JAPANESE AND EUROPEAN WINTER MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 66-68 AB - Snow and ice control operations in the United States differ from those of other countries. A Winter Maintenance Scanning Panel visited Japan and Europe to study these differences. The visits were sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration's Office of International Outreach Programs, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program of the Transportation Research Board. The panel consisted of six United States managers responsible for snow and ice control operations. They came from federal, state, county, and municipal authorities. General topics of interest to the panel included anti-icing operations, road weather information systems, weather forecasting services, equipment, public information systems, policy, roadway level-of-service criteria, visibility, and environmental issues. The panel visited Japan from March 12 to March 19, 1994, and Germany and Austria from March 20 to March 27, 1994. While in Austria the panel attended the 9th Permanent International Association of Road Congresses, the International Winter Road Congress, and the International Road Weather Conference. The panel proposes the development of a winter maintenance program to demonstrate, evaluate, and acceptance-test promising U.S. and foreign technologies. This program should be a joint effort of the federal, state, and local authorities with snow and ice control responsibilities. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Anti-icing KW - Austria KW - Conferences KW - Deicing KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Equipment KW - Foreign KW - Germany KW - Information systems KW - Japan KW - Level of service KW - Policy KW - Public information programs KW - Public information systems KW - Snow and ice control KW - Study tours KW - Technology KW - Visibility KW - Weather conditions KW - Weather forecasting KW - Weather information systems KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426544 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681827 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mergenmeier, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF PREWETTED SNOW AND ICE CONTROL MATERIALS SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 71-73 AB - Interest in the use of prewetting systems for the application of snow-and-ice-control materials is growing within the United States. This interest has been facilitated by activities in the Strategic Highway Research Program, the cooperative efforts between the Minnesota Department of Transportation and Scandinavian countries, the Federal Highway Administration study on anti-icing technology, and recent travel by U.S. maintenance engineers to Europe and Japan. Prewetting of snow-and-ice-control materials may be an important element in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of snow-and-ice-control processes. However, there is a need to evaluate the operational and economic impacts of prewetting systems on winter road maintenance activities. Once evaluated, prewetting systems for snow-and-ice-control materials could become an effective tool in a roadway agency's winter maintenance operation. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prewetting KW - Research KW - Snow and ice control KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium chloride KW - Wetting KW - Winter maintenance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426546 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00681829 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Maze, T H AU - Smadi, Omar G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TAXONOMY OF INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SN - 0309061067 PY - 1995 IS - 5 SP - p. 87-92 AB - The benefits of a pavement management system when fully implemented are well known, and the history of successful implementation is rich. Implementation occurs when the pavement management system is the critical component for making pavement decisions. However, there are barriers to the full implementation of pavement management systems. Institutional barriers, not technical and financial barriers, are more commonly responsible for a pavement management system's falling short of full implementation. In general, highway agencies should put more effort into overcoming these barriers. The Iowa Department of Transportation has designed an implementation process to overcome institutional obstacles and facilitate the implementation of its pavement management system. U1 - Maintenance ManagementTransportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration.Orlando, Florida StartDate:19940718 EndDate:19940721 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Implementation KW - Institutional issues KW - Iowa KW - Pavement management systems KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426548 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680776 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Poyhonen, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - METHODS FOR REPAIRING FROST DAMAGE ON GRAVEL ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 149-154 AB - In Finland, gravel roads are mainly "unbuilt", meaning that the road structure is thin or the structural courses have mixed with subgrade material. Because of this kind of structure and Finland's geographical location (freezing index), Finnish gravel roads suffer from considerable frost damage every spring. The objective of this project has been to determine technically feasible and economical methods for repairing different types of frost damage. The project can be divided into four parts, of which three--the test pit studies, industrial waste material analyses, and studies of 15 different types of test structures--have already been completed. Currently, a follow-up of the test structures is being performed. Test structures were erected in 1991-1992. The length of each structure was 50 m (55 yd). Test structure studies can be divided into stabilization, intensification of drainage, thermal insulation materials, and geogrids and strengthening fabrics. In the stabilization of structural courses, efforts were made to use industrial waste materials. For the follow-up on the functioning of different structural solutions, the structures were equipped with electrical measuring instruments with which it is possible to measure the temperature and moisture distribution in the subgrade and pavement of the road, vertical movements of the road surface, and the deformation behavior of the strengthening fabric. The effect of stabilization on the improvement of the bearing capacity of the road has been significant. The effect of stabilization in balancing the differences in frost heaving has been the same or slightly better than that of reinforcements. However, experience gained from drainage structures is not very promising. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Conferences KW - Deformation KW - Drainage KW - Fabrics KW - Finland KW - Frost damage KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Gravel roads KW - Heat insulating materials KW - Improvements KW - Industrial wastes KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture distribution KW - Motion KW - Physical distribution KW - Repairing KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Temperature measurement KW - Test sections KW - Vertical movements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426071 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680781 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LITZKA, J AU - Haslehner, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLING ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN AUSTRIA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 189-194 AB - Modern methods for road maintenance should involve used construction materials, take account of environmental compatibility, and eliminate road damage economically and durably. Regarding these basic requirements, attention should be paid to cold in-place recycling of damaged asphalt layers using cement stabilization. Within the last few years, cold in-place recycling has become an appropriate alternative for the rehabilitation of low-volume roads in Austria. In the course of documentation carried out at the Institute for Traffic and Transportation Engineering of the Vienna University of Bodenkultur, the individual steps of construction were analyzed. The advantage of the described procedure is that none of the old pavement need be hauled to a special repository. An innovative method for cold in-place recycling on low-volume roads using cement stabilization is described. The first step of this method contains a detailed analysis of the section to be restored, including bearing capacity measurements and the determination of the grading curves of existing unbound layers. Grading curves are also determined for the existing asphalt layer after trial milling in order to consider refinement by milling. This analysis forms the basis for adding material before milling in order to achieve a well-graded aggregate. On the construction site, the necessary additional aggregate is spread over the existing pavement. In the next step, the cement binder is distributed on the road surface. A soil stabilizer breaks up the existing road structure and mixes it thoroughly with the aggregates and binder that were distributed beforehand. The leveling and compaction are done with a grader and a vibratory roller. An after-treatment with a vibratory roller is carried out up to 3 days later to create microcracks and prevent the appearance of open stress-caused cracks at greater intervals. The paper also describes in detail the analysis of existing pavement before milling, including bearing capacity measurements. Existing results and statements describing achievable quality level are given. Results showing increased and homogenous bearing capacity conditions after milling and cement stabilization are shown. Concluding remarks also show that this way of reconstruction is an economic means of conserving raw materials and protecting the environment. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Austria KW - Bearing capacity KW - Before and after studies KW - Cement KW - Cement stabilization KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Conferences KW - Conservation KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Low volume roads KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426076 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680783 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Barcomb, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PROLONGING HAUL OVER FROZEN ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 207-210 AB - A 5-cm-deep blanket of sawdust was used successfully on a timber haul road in the Kootenai National Forest in northwestern Montana to extend the period of timber hauling from mid-February to the end of March. The annual cost for applying, maintaining, and removing the sawdust from the road was far less than that of rebuilding the road after failure or reconstructing it for all-season haul. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Haul roads KW - Hauling period extension KW - Insulation blankets KW - Low volume roads KW - Montana KW - Sawdust KW - Spring breakup KW - Thaw UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426078 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680785 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kuula-Vaisanen, P AU - Jarvinen, H-L AU - Nieminen, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 225-233 AB - The effects of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the properties of Finnish road construction materials used in the base course and subbase were examined. The properties studied in laboratory conditions were, first, the basic properties of grain size, specific surface area, water adsorption, and zeta-potential; and second, the compactability, frost heave and migration of these materials. Studies were also performed on full-depth reclamation with CaCl2 used in the United States and Canada. The literature review yielded a positive indication for the use of CaCl2 in road construction. The materials studied were crushed aggregates and glacial tills. The test results indicate that CaCl2 enriches in finer parts of materials, binds the finer particles together, and increases their water adsorption. Changes in the basic properties affect compactability and frost heave. The compaction needed to achieve a maximum dry unit weight decreases with CaCl2 use, and the material stays wet for long periods. When CaCl2 was used as an additive, the compactability of materials at below-zero temperatures was clearly better and the dry unit weight was nearly the same as at room temperature. Frost heaves decreased remarkably, even by 80% in frost-susceptible materials. The migration studies showed that the stability of CaCl2 is poor when it is in contact with percolating water. Despite the positive technical facts, the environmental effects should be considered carefully. The environmental effects were not studied, but some estimations were made, mainly based on a literature review. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Calcium chloride KW - Calcium chloride stabilization KW - Compactibility KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Guides to the literature KW - Land reclamation KW - Literature reviews KW - Low temperature KW - Low volume roads KW - Material migration KW - Materials KW - Reclamation KW - Seepage KW - Soil stabilization KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Test results KW - Water adsorption UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426080 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680787 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Steward, J E AU - Ribera, J M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LAUNCHED SOIL NAILS: NEW METHOD FOR RAPID LOW-IMPACT SLOPE REPAIRS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 240-251 AB - A variety of methods have been used during the last 20 years to reinforce soils. One of these in soil nailing. Most often, soil nails are installed by inserting steel rods in drilled holes, then grouting them in place. Sometimes the nails are inserted using percussion methods. These methods generally require excavation of a working bench in order for the construction equipment to work below the slope being nailed. These methods are not suitable for repairing small slips of road fills and embankments where access is limited. Launched soil nailing, a new technique developed in the United Kingdom by Soil Nailing, Ltd., allows nails to be inserted into the slope using a launcher attached to the end of an excavator boom. With this method the nails can be installed into slopes up to 8 to 11 m (26 to 36 ft) above or below the road surface without excavation or ground disturbance. The launcher uses high-pressure compressed air to install the nail. The depth of penetration depends both on the compressed air pressure and on the in situ material. At a reproduction rate of 15 nails per hour, this method is rapid, yielding production results not experienced using conventional methods. In July and August 1992, the USDA Forest Service sponsored a demonstration project for launched soil nails to stabilize failing road slopes. Small slope failures [no deeper than about 4.5 m (15 ft)] can be stabilized for about $150/sq m ($14/sq ft) of slope face. Low retaining walls and excavate-and-replace methods typically cost $161 to $645+/sq m ($15 to $60+/sq ft) of face area. Equipment mobility, rapid placement, minimum site disturbance, and low costs indicate a strong future for launched soil nails for the repair of the road infrastructure. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Embankments KW - Fills KW - Low volume roads KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil nailing KW - Soil stabilization KW - Technology KW - United Kingdom UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426082 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680789 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bergeson, K L AU - Brocka, S G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BENTONITE TREATMENT FOR FUGITIVE DUST CONTROL SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 261-271 AB - A laboratory and field evaluation was conducted of sodium montmorillonite clay (bentonite) as a dust palliative for limestone-surfaced secondary roads. It was postulated that the (negative) electrically charged surfaces of the clay particles could interact with the (positive) charged surfaces of the limestone and act as a bonding agent to agglomerate fine (- No. 200) particulates, and also to bond the fine particulates to larger (+ No. 200) limestone particles. Laboratory testing of limestone fines treated with soda-ash-dispersed bentonite indicated a significant improvement of compressive strength and slaking characteristics. Test roads were constructed in Dallas, Adair, and Tama counties in Iowa using bentonite treatment levels (by weight of aggregate) ranging from 0.5 to 9.0%. Quantitative and qualitative periodic evaluations of the roads were conducted with respect to dust generation, crust development, roughness, and braking characteristics. As the bentonite treatment level increased, dust generation decreased. About a 70% reduction can be achieved at 9% bentonite treatment. Wheelpath crust development is improved. Braking distance and braking handling characteristics under wet surface conditions do not appear to be adversely affected up to the 9% treatment level. The bentonite appears to be functioning as a bonding agent to bind small particulates to larger particles and is acting to agglomerate fine particles of limestone. This bonding capability appears recoverable over a wide range of environmental conditions. The bentonite appears to be able to interact with new applications of limestone maintenance material and maintains a dust reduction capability. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Agglomeration KW - Aggregate surfaced roads KW - Aggregates KW - Bentonite KW - Bonding KW - Braking performance KW - Compressive strength KW - Conferences KW - Crust development KW - Dust control KW - Dust palliatives KW - Experimental roads KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Natural earth crust materials KW - Qualitative analysis KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Roughness KW - Slaking KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426084 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680784 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bennett, D M AU - Gleeson, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TALL OIL PITCH EMULSION FOR STABILIZING UNPAVED FOREST ROAD SURFACES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 213-224 AB - In British Columbia's central interior, production of tall oil-based road-surface stabilizers, which are coproducts of the kraft pulping process, began in 1990. One product, a tall oil pitch (TOP) emulsion, was applied as a test to a 5.1-km section of unpaved forest road near Prince George, British Columbia, in May 1992. The Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada cooperated with the British Columbia Ministry of Forests' Prince George Forest District to evaluate the emulsion's performance on the forest road. Road-surface conditions and dustfall were monitored, and information about application procedures and costs, aggregate gradation, climate and traffic conditions, and maintenance procedures was collected. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - British Columbia KW - Climate KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Dust control KW - Forest roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance practices KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pitch (Materials) KW - Road conditions KW - Stabilizers KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426079 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680791 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Janisch, D W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REEVALUATION OF SEAL COATING PRACTICES IN MINNESOTA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 284-290 AB - Seal coating of bituminous pavements, referred to as chip sealing in this paper, is a common type of routine maintenance done by local government agencies in Minnesota. Most cities, counties, and rural Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) districts construct at least some seal coats annually. Over the years, Mn/DOT has received calls from local agencies concerned about poorly performing seal coats. This, along with recent developments from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), led to the development of a seal coat research study. The goal of this study is to find the factors involved in constructing a quality seal coat, including examining the current Mn/DOT specifications and studying the performance of seal coats designed using the procedure found in the Asphalt Institute's asphalt emulsion manual (MS-19), which was used by SHRP. In all, eight local agencies participated in this study: five municipalities and three counties. The test sections were constructed during the summer and fall of 1993. Experiment variables include application rate, sweeping time, aggregate type, and gradation and binder type. These sections will be monitored over the next several years to evaluate their performance. This paper presents an overview of the study, examines the preliminary data, and summarizes the findings. This study will likely lead to changes in the current Mn/DOT bituminous seal coat specification. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Conferences KW - Low volume roads KW - Minnesota KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Seal coating KW - Specifications KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426086 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680798 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ritter, M A AU - Wacker, J P AU - Duwadi, S R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF STRESS-LAMINATED TIMBER BRIDGES ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 347-356 AB - Stress-laminated timber bridges were first introduced in the United States in the late 1980s. Since that time, the concept of stress-laminating has received a great deal of attention and hundreds of bridges have been built. Most of these bridges are located on rural low-volume roads. To evaluate the performance of stress-laminated bridges, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, implemented a nationwide bridge monitoring program in 1988 that was subsequently expanded in 1992 to include a cooperative program with the Federal Highway Administration. This paper presents a summary of monitoring results and observations obtained through that program for stress-laminated bridges that have been continuously monitored for 2 years or more. Included are discussions related to bridge construction, moisture content, stressing-bar force, vertical creep, load test behavior, and condition evaluation. Based on the monitoring program results, performance of stress-laminated timber bridges is generally satisfactory, although observed performance can be improved in several areas. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bars (Building materials) KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Condition monitoring KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Field performance KW - Force KW - Laminated wood KW - Load tests KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stresses KW - Stressing-bar force KW - Vertical creep KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426093 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680777 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Eriksson, M AU - Penzkover, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSFORMING A RAILROAD GRADE INTO A MULTIUSE TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 155-162 AB - The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company constructed its westward extension through Missoula, Montana, to Tacoma, Washington, in 1907 and 1908. Design, construction, and maintenance of the 72-km (45-mi) section of railroad grade from St. Regis, Montana, to Avery, Idaho, involved engineering feats that have valuable historical significance. Fills were placed under existing temporary trestles using hydraulic mining technology. Tunnels were dug using air-powered shovels and electric ore cars. The regenerative electrification of the line through western Montana to Avery, Idaho, in 1917, was the first major railroad electrification in the world. Preserving the history of these engineering feats is a worthwhile challenge. After the Milwaukee Railroad abandoned the line in 1980, engineers with the USDA Forest Service, the Federal Highway Administration, and Shoshone County in Idaho began evaluating the route for various transportation needs. In 1988 the Forest Service and Shoshone County cooperated in reconstructing a segment of the railroad grade into a county road. This 14.5-km (9-mi) segment with six tunnels and two large trestles cost about $727,000 to reconstruct. The $50,000/km ($81,000/mi) reconstruction cost was far less than the cost of new construction through this difficult country. In 1991 the Federal Highway Administration reconstructed a 21-km (13-mi) railroad segment from Avery, Idaho, west, as Forest Highway 50. The flat, straight alignment of the railroad grade was conducive to a very economical, high-speed reconstructed roadway. Since 1993, the USDA Forest Service has been evaluating and designing repairs and modifications to allow pedestrian and mountain biker use of the 58-km (36-mi) segment from St. Regis, Montana, westward. Repair and reconstruction of this segment would include preservation and interpretation of the historic engineering features of the route. This segment includes 11 tunnels [the longest of which is 2666 m (8,771 ft)] and 9 large trestles. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Abandonment KW - Bikeways KW - Conferences KW - County roads KW - Historic preservation KW - Low volume roads KW - Multiple use KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Railroads KW - Rural highways KW - Transportation corridors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426072 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680780 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mustonen, J AU - Taipo, R AU - Blomberg, S-A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FINNISH COLD-MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENT SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 182-188 AB - A Finnish-Minnesotan cooperative project to test paving materials for low-volume roads will embark in 1995. The subject of research is a Finnish cold-mix asphalt, oil gravel (oljysora). A test road selected by the Minnesota Department of Transportation will be surfaced with oil gravel to judge its suitability for conditions in Minnesota. The contents and mixing requirements of oil gravel and emulsion gravel pavement--aggregate, binder, mixing, and surfacing techniques--are identified on the basis of technical experience with this type of paving material in Finland. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Emulsion gravel KW - Experimental roads KW - Finland KW - Low volume roads KW - Minnesota KW - Mixing KW - Oil gravel KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426075 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680794 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dickson, B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODULAR TIMBER T-BEAM BRIDGES FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 319-327 AB - Wood has a long and successful history as a bridge-building material. Recently, a new wood construction technique known as stress laminating has been developed sufficiently so that wood bridges may become cost-competitive with concrete and steel, particularly for short span ranges and on low-volume roads. At the Constructed Facilities Center of West Virginia University (WVU), a variation of the stress-laminated deck has been developed that shows excellent structural performance and reasonable costs. The modular timber T-beam bridge is the result of many years of effort on the part of engineers from WVU, West Virginia Division of Highways, the USDA Forest Service, and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory. Ten modular timber T-beam bridges are currently in service throughout West Virginia, and one is in service in the Ozark National Forest in Arkansas. Modular timber T-beam bridges consist of glued-laminated wood beams and wood deck planks stress-laminated together to form 4-ft-wide (1.22-m-wide) modules, each as long as the bridge span. To illustrate the advantages and problems of the modular system, two case studies are presented. The Camp Arrowhead bridge is one of the first modular T-beams built and is an example of a moderately priced structure showing excellent performance. The Nebo bridge, a short modular T-beam bridge, offers some insight into the construction problems resolved during the development process. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bridge decks KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Costs KW - Laminated wood KW - Low volume roads KW - Modular design KW - Modular structures KW - Performance KW - T beams KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426089 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680795 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - TAYLOR, S E AU - Keliher, K P AU - Thompson, J D AU - Ritter, M A AU - Murphy, G L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PORTABLE GLULAM TIMBER BRIDGE DESIGN FOR LOW-VOLUME FOREST ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 328-338 AB - Improved stream crossings are needed to reduce construction and maintenance costs and reduce the environmental impacts from low-volume forest roads and skid trails. New designs of timber bridges are cost-effective alternatives for portable stream crossing structures. This paper discusses design criteria for portable timber bridges and presents one design for a portable, longitudinal glued-laminated (glulam) deck timber bridge. Design criteria for portable bridges generally should not be as conservative as those used in the design of permanent highway bridges. The longitudinal glulam deck bridge has performed well in service, and load test results demonstrate that highway bridge design procedures are conservative for portable bridge systems. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Forest roads KW - Laminated wood KW - Load tests KW - Low volume roads KW - Portable timber bridges KW - Stream crossings KW - Streams KW - Test results UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1995/taylo95a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426090 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680775 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kohlnhofer, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LIGHTWEIGHT FILL MATERIALS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 139-148 AB - A lightweight fill is any material used to replace a heavier in situ soil to reduce the load on subgrade soils. The use of lightweight fills is increasing in many areas of the United States. Various materials have been used; however, because of their experimental nature there are no formal design guidelines specific to each material. Additional research is required to determine more specific design guidelines for each available lightweight fill material. The selection of a lightweight fill is generally based on local knowledge of each fill material. For any construction project requiring a lightweight fill, there may be several alternative materials to consider. However, due to a limited knowledge or unfamiliarity with these materials, design engineers might not consider them as an alternative. This synthesis has been written to help determine what technology and materials are available for use in road construction in areas where a lightweight fill material may be appropriate. The fills investigated are sawdust and wood chips, expanded polystyrene, foamed concrete, and shredded tires. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Cellular concrete KW - Concrete KW - Conferences KW - Fills KW - Foamed materials KW - Lightweight materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Polystyrene KW - Recycling KW - Road construction KW - Sawdust KW - Shredded tires KW - Tires KW - Wood chips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426070 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680782 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cross, S A AU - Ramaya, B M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EVALUATION OF COLD IN-PLACE RECYCLING IN KANSAS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 195-206 AB - Kansas has many miles of thermally cracked roads, primarily in the western half of the state. Rehabilitation with conventional hot-mix asphalt overlays and hot recycling have not yielded the expected service life before existing cracks reflect through the pavement. Since 1986, the Kansas Department of Transportation has used cold in-place recycling (CIR) with an additive of emulsified asphalt as a cost-effective option for rehabilitating thermally cracked low-volume pavements. Field performance of the final product appears to have more variation than desirable, with an expected life of 3 to 5 years. The results of a 2-year study indicate that the material properties of locally available aggregates are poor, which results in the low strength of CIR mixes. In addition, the in-place air voids of the wearing surface were high and had an adverse effect on the performance of CIR mixes. Improvement of aggregate angularity and gradation with additional new aggregates or chemical stabilization of the materials is necessary to markedly improve CIR performance. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Field performance KW - Field tests KW - Insitu methods KW - Kansas KW - Local materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426077 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680793 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hicks, R G AU - Richardson, E S AU - Huddleston, I J AU - Jackson, N C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPEN-GRADED EMULSION MIXTURES: 25 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 302-315 AB - Open-graded emulsion mixtures (OGEM) have been used extensively as road surfaces for low-volume roads in the Pacific Northwest since 1966. They consist of open-graded aggregate (20 x 6 mm) and 5 to 7% of a cationic mixing graded emulsion (CMS-2 or CMS-2h). This paper presents the results of several agency experiences indicating that OGEM usually performs as well as or better than conventional dense-graded asphalt concrete in most applications. It also includes mixture properties (modulus, changes in gradation with time, etc.) to illustrate that conventional test procedures are not appropriate for evaluating this product and layer equivalencies that have evolved during this period, as well as guidelines for use of OGEM. Well over 16,000 km (10,000 mi) of roads have been surfaced with OGEM during this period. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pacific Northwest KW - Pacific States KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426088 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680778 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ningyuan, L AU - Haas, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE, AND PERFORMANCE OF QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU HIGHWAY SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 163-174 AB - Qinghai-Tibet highway, the highway with the highest elevation in the world, was originally built in the 1950s without detailed design. It is about 860 km in length and goes through the center part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an average elevation of 4100 m. A number of permafrost engineering problems have been experienced since an asphalt surface layer was placed over the entire highway during the mid-1970s. Typical pavement damage and distress included large amounts of thaw settlement of embankments, unequal deformations of pavement structures, low-temperature cracks, and frost heaving. The traffic operation on this highway has been seriously affected by this pavement damage and distress. Based on 3 years of field observations and experimental tests of behavior, this paper emphasizes the proper design and construction of embankment and pavement with asphalt surface in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The minimum height of the pavement structure required for each pavement condition in permafrost areas is discussed. It involves study of the changeable patterns in the upper boundary of the permafrost table under different pavement structures, estimation of thaw settlement due to the construction of the asphalt pavement, and the seasonal change of structural capacity of the pavement. The minimum thickness of a pavement structure in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dictated by the type of pavement surface, condition of frozen soil above the permafrost table, annual air temperature, fill materials, and the criteria required for pavement performance. Pavement strength during a thaw can be determined by using the Benkelman beam deflection test. Tests show that the reduction in pavement strength during the thawing season is about 40 to 75% of the value during the freezing season. Finally, a practical evaluation procedure for pavement design and maintenance in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is presented. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bearing capacity KW - Benkelman beam KW - Conferences KW - Deflection KW - Embankments KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Permafrost KW - Permafrost regions KW - Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (China) KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Structural design KW - Thaw KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426073 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680779 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - JOHNSON, D M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OVERVIEW OF MINNESOTA ROAD PAVEMENT STRUCTURE RESEARCH PROJECT SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 177-181 AB - The Minnesota Road (Mn/ROAD) research project test facility by design and location supports cold regions pavement research for both low- and high-volume roads. The facility is one of a kind and is impressive in terms of size and automation. However, the real payoff for the $25 million investment lies in the results from research conducted there. The facility was completed and opened to traffic in June 1994. Research activities are under way. Extensive materials testing and baseline readings of sensors have been completed, yielding preliminary results as well as additional questions. Unique and leading-edge engineering tools used or developed on this research project are being implemented for the operational needs of Minnesota pavement and materials engineers. For more long-term results, a pavement structure research program for Mn/ROAD is in place. Besides performing research with in-house staff, the Minnesota Department of Transportation has substantial cooperative research agreements with the University of Minnesota, FHWA, the U.S. Army Engineer Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, and the Finnish National Road Administration. The general objectives of Mn/ROAD research are to evaluate electronic sensors and other pavement characterization tools, verify existing pavement design and analysis models, investigate factors that affect pavement response and performance, and develop new and improved pavement design and analysis models. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Evaluation KW - Frigid regions KW - Low volume roads KW - Measuring instruments KW - Minnesota KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research facilities KW - Research projects KW - Test facilities KW - Testing equipment KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426074 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680796 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Otte, E AU - PIENAAR, A J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOW-LEVEL STREAM CROSSINGS IN DEVELOPING AREAS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 339-342 AB - Lack of funds has delayed the provision of stream crossings in the developing rural areas of South Africa. A fund to promote labor-intensive construction and the realization that design standards could be reduced to allow for a 1-in-2-year flood flowing 300 mm (1 ft) deep across the road provided an opportunity to meet some of the community needs. The Roads Department accepted that floods bigger than a 1-in-2-year flood would overtop the structures and cause damage requiring maintenance. Designs were simplified to ensure labor-intensive construction. Three typical designs were used: a concrete slab or causeway so that the water would flow over the road, a concrete slab with one or more openings to accommodat the base flow while floods flow over the road, and a bridge or culvert with several openings, usually with a simply supported concrete deck. Liberal use was made of gabions and cut-off walls in all three designs to reduce erosion damage at the inlets and outlets. After calling for bids, the Roads Department awarded five separate contracts during 1992 to construct 17 low-level stream crossings. Special conditions in the contract documentation were necessary to ensure labor-intensive construction. The use of labor-intensive construction techniques for low-level crossings designed to reduced standards was very successful. These stream crossings met both technical and social needs in a developing area. The program will be continued and additional funds will be provided. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bridges KW - Causeways KW - Concrete KW - Conferences KW - Culvert inlets KW - Culverts KW - Cutoff walls KW - Design standards KW - Erosion control KW - Gabions KW - Inlets KW - Labor intensive construction KW - Low volume roads KW - Low-water crossing structures KW - Outlets KW - Rural areas KW - Slabs KW - South Africa KW - Stream crossings KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426091 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680797 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Behm, T L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WATERSHED MANAGEMENT WITH RESPECT TO LOW-VOLUME ROAD DRAINAGE DETENTION STRUCTURES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 343-346 AB - The availability of state and federal monies to replace local bridges has allowed engineers to evaluate watershed management in conjunction with the bridges' physical replacement. By using computer-driven watershed models, engineers can incorporate flood reduction measures into bridge replacements. Bridge and culvert openings have been restricted and modified to temporarily store flood runoff on low-volume county and township roads. The result can be an economical bridge replacement with a significant reduction in peak runoff. Properly designed and constructed, road detention structures can modernize the rural transportation network of farm-to-market roads. The background and procedure for designing detention structures are outlined. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bridges KW - Conferences KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage structures KW - Equipment replacement KW - Farm roads KW - Flood protection KW - Low volume roads KW - Management KW - Replacements KW - Runoff KW - Watersheds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426092 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680786 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mery, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD STUDIES ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF GEOSYNTHETIC-REINFORCED UNPAVED ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 234-239 AB - Many French forest or agricultural engineers now use geosynthetics to protect base courses from clay contamination, but few of them design their roads taking into account the reinforcement effect. Several studies have been conducted since 1983 to evaluate this effect, using physical models and real structures. The usefulness of geosynthetic reinforcement for unpaved roads is analyzed, including practical and economical aspects. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Field studies KW - France KW - Geosynthetics KW - Low volume roads KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426081 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680788 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Scholen, D E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STABILIZER MECHANISMS IN NONSTANDARD STABILIZERS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 252-260 AB - An improved understanding of the mechanism of nonstandard chemical stabilizers is sought in the mineralogy and chemistry of clays and stabilizers. The mineralogy of clays and the chemistry of stabilizers are described. The complete hydrolysis of the rock mineral feldspar produces the rock minerals opaline and gibbsite. This pathway provides a most probable route for the chemical stabilization process. In the natural weathering process, the presence of alkali metal cations prevents completion of hydrolysis and results in an end product of clay minerals except where lateralization occurs. The process of lateralization is paralleled by the effects of chemical stabilizers. Certain organic ring compounds provide a strong attraction for metal cations. Chemical stabilizers contain these compounds in ionized form so that they can remove cations from the clay environment and permit the hydrolysis to proceed to a stage of lateralization. In a certain construction procedure involving injection, development of a high electrochemical potential results in rapid infiltration through normally impervious clays. In another construction procedure limited to scarification, the developed potential is low, and mixing is required. For either procedure, the behavior of resulting stabilized materials resembles that of natural concretions in various stages of lateralization, and the materials are resistant to moisture penetration and frost action. Strength increases with density, which results in higher intermolecular attractions. The physical manifestation of the proposed mechanisms at work has frequently been observed in the case studies, which are referenced in detail for illustration. A review of recent case studies and some supporting laboratory data are provided. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Case studies KW - Cations KW - Chemistry KW - Clay KW - Conferences KW - Embankment stabilization KW - Embankments KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Hydrolysis KW - Laboratory studies KW - Lateralization KW - Low volume roads KW - Machines KW - Mechanisms KW - Metals KW - Mineralogy KW - Organic compounds KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trbconfproc/vol.%206/6-073.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426083 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680790 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Forsberg, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN COLD CLIMATES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 275-283 AB - Blue Earth County in Minnesota has developed a process for bituminous pavement design and construction for low-volume roads in cold climates. Principal features of the process include cost-effectiveness, quality pavements, and the flexibility to adapt the design to the particular road segment. The process allows separate payment for asphalt cement and aggregate. However, the contractor must pay for any asphalt cement over a given percentage. This requires the contractor to balance the quality and gradation of aggregate against the cost of providing asphalt over the given maximum amount. Construction inspection remains the county's responsibility. This typically saves $0.50 per ton added to contracts for the quality management approach where design and testing responsibilities lie with the contractor. Key features necessary to ensure quality pavements include approval of a trial mix by Minnesota Department of Transportation, provision of a nuclear density gauge and roll test patterns to determine the maximum density compaction process, regular gradation and asphalt cement content tests to ensure that a proper blend of quality materials is used, regular voids content tests during construction, and trimming of the aggregate base by use of automatic controls on a motor grader to ensure good ride quality and a uniform aggregate base and pavement section. The process described has evolved over the last 5 years. There is no quantitative measure of results. Qualitatively, results appear to be good. In addition, the concepts appear to be consistent with the Super Pave Level I concepts of the Strategic Highway Research Program now being implemented. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction inspection KW - Contracts KW - Frigid regions KW - Inspection KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Payment KW - Quality KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426085 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680792 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Greenfield, P H AU - Ashmore, S C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTS OF VEHICLE TYPE AND TIRE PRESSURE ON DRY-WEATHER ROAD MAINTENANCE SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 291-301 AB - In 1993 a structured test was conducted to measure the effects of different vehicle types on road maintenance for operation in a dry climate. Three different vehicle types were compared: high-tire-pressure logging truck, low-tire-pressure logging truck (both were 18-wheel, western U.S.-style logging trucks), and a mix of light, two-axle vehicles. The test track consisted of four different sections and three individual lanes. Comparisons were made for roadway roughness (washboarding, potholing), material loss, and rutting. Results are presented indicating that grade and alignment have substantial impacts on road maintenance ratios between light and heavy vehicles operating under dry conditions. Maintenance ratios between light and heavy vehicles are on the order of five to one for the dry operationg conditions experienced. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alignment KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Highway grades KW - Highway maintenance KW - Impacts KW - Inflation KW - Light trucks KW - Logging trucks KW - Low volume roads KW - Material loss KW - Road grades KW - Roughness KW - Rutting KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test tracks KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426087 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680799 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Faller, R K AU - Rosson, B T AU - Sicking, D L AU - Ritter, M A AU - Bunnell, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF TWO BRIDGE RAILINGS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 357-372 AB - The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) and Headquarters Engineering Staff, in cooperation with the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility undertook the task of developing bridge railing systems for roads with low traffic volumes and low speeds. Two low-cost bridge railing systems were developed and successful full-scale crash tests were conducted for their use on timber bridge decks using longitudinal lumber laminations. A curb-type timber railing system was designed to redirect a 3/4-ton pickup truck hitting at a speed of 24 km/hr (15 mph) and an angle of 15 degrees. The curb-type rail system used square, trapezoidal, or rectangular rail shapes. A flexible railing system consisting of steel W-beam supported by breakaway timber posts was designed to redirect a 3/4-ton pickup truck hitting at a speed of 50 km/hr (31 mph) and an angle of 25 degrees. The flexible railing system was developed according to Test Level 1 of NCHRP Report 350, "Recommended Procedure for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features". U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bridge railings KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Impact tests KW - Low cost KW - Low volume roads KW - Testing KW - Wooden bridges UR - http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1995/falle95a.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426094 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680724 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LITZKA, J AU - Haslehner, W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS IN AUSTRIA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 67-73 AB - A major portion of Austria's network of rural roads, which has a total length of about 160,000 km, is situated in hilly and mountainous regions where protection of the existing landscape is a primary concern. Much of the criticism raised by conservationists against the disturbance of these regions by road construction is not unfounded. Builders are, therefore increasingly called upon to replace purely technology-oriented solutions with holistic, interdisciplinary approaches that take into account the need for wildlife and landscape conservation. This paper describes how consideration is given to these aspects in the three essential phases of a project: design, construction, and integration into the landscape. It identifies current standards and guidelines in Austria and provides examples of practical applications of bioengineering methods. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Austria KW - Bioengineering KW - Conferences KW - Conservation KW - Environmental protection KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Low volume roads KW - Mountains KW - Road construction KW - Rural highways KW - Standards KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426019 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680726 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jones, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE FOR LOW-VOLUME ROAD PROJECTS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 82-87 AB - Roads and transport routes by their nature are potentially intrusive to the environment. Numerous scars have been left on landscapes, many of which are still visible after a number of years. Public complaints stemming from road development and the resultant increases in traffic are escalating. Therefore, roads and related structures must be constructed to minimize negative impacts on the environment and enhance positive impacts associated with the provision of infrastructure. The incorporation of an integrated environmental management procedure during the project cycle will identify all environmental issues that can be addressed during the early stages of an assignment. In new road projects, this will allow uninterrupted construction and could prevent the costly time delays that result from disputes and actions. Incorporation of the procedure into the maintenance and operation of existing transport routes can enhance rehabilitation and management programs. The proposed procedure facilitates the identification, investigation, and reporting of key issues relevant to the circumstances of the particular project. It also includes review, monitoring, and auditing stages. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Environmental policy KW - Highway design KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426021 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680731 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pinard, M I AU - Mbvundula, W D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STRATEGY FOR IMPROVED ROAD ASSET MANAGEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 129-136 AB - Despite the dominant role played by road transport in the economies of the 10-country Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), this subsector faces a crisis from inadequate maintenance funding. More than half of the paved roads and just over 60% of the unpaved roads are now in fair to poor condition and require substantial repair. However, there is serious concern that the institutional, managerial, technical, and financial capacities of many of the road agencies are simply not adequate to cope with the increasing complexities of managing the maintenance and preservation of national road networks in a satisfactory manner. Radically new approaches are now required to return and maintain national roads in good condition. This paper identifies a range of policy options open to road agencies in the SADC region of Southern Africa as a basis for selecting appropriate courses of action aimed at improving approaches to road asset management. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Angola KW - Botswana KW - Conferences KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Lesotho KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Malawi KW - Mozambique KW - Namibia KW - Options KW - Pavement management systems KW - Policy KW - Road conditions KW - Swaziland KW - Tanzania KW - Zambia KW - Zimbabwe UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426026 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680733 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - MacLeod, D R AU - WALSH, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS IN NORTHERN CANADA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 142-146 AB - Low-cost bituminous surface treatments (BSTs) have been used since the early 1970s on northern Canadian highways to provide an improved level of service to the motoring public. This paper details the development of a management system for these surfaces. The elements of BST distress are discussed and a weighting system is developed to allow the calculation of an overall distress parameter. Criteria for the selection of rehabilitation projects in the short term are discussed. Performance models are developed using Markov and regression analysis techniques for use in life-cycle cost studies needed for the ranking of projects and establishment of multiyear operating budgets. Examples based on the BST management system showing the effects of budget cuts or different maintenance strategies are included. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surface treatments KW - Budgeting KW - Canada KW - Conferences KW - Defects KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Life cycle costing KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Markov processes KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Regression analysis KW - Rehabilitation KW - Selection KW - Strategic planning KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426028 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680735 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Riley, M J AU - Bennett, C R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DETERMINING MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION PROGRAMS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS USING HDM-III: CASE STUDY FROM NEPAL SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 157-169 AB - The World Bank's Highway Design and Maintenance Standards Model (HDM-III) has become one of the most common tools in developing countries for establishing maintenance and rehabilitation strategies based on the comparison of both road user and agency costs. However, there are no common methods or guidelines available that outline a methodology for collecting the data necessary to use the model or the best way to apply the model to determine optimum strategies. This paper describes how the model was used in Nepal to define appropriate rehabilitation and maintenance programs for low-volume paved roads. It addresses three distinct areas: data collection, what data are essential for running HDM-III and how they were collected; model calibration, how HDM-III was calibrated to reflect the Nepal vehicle fleet, pavement types, and maintenance practices; model application, how the HDM-III was applied and the output interpreted to obtain meaningful strategies. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Application (Use) KW - Applications KW - Calibration KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Nepal KW - Pavement management systems KW - Planning KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426030 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680756 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Ikonen, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AMONG CENTERS IN THE UNITED STATES, FINN T2 IN FINLAND, AND THE BALTIC COUNTRIES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 320-323 AB - Success of the Local Technical Assistance Program sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, has influenced other countries of the world to establish counterparts in their individual countries or regions. A recent example is the establishment of the Finnish Technology Transfer Center (Finn T2), a regional center for the Baltic countries. This paper discusses the current activities of the Finn T2 as well as the future challenges for the center. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Baltic Countries KW - Conferences KW - Finland KW - Local Technical Assistance Program KW - Low volume roads KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426051 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680758 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Jordaan, P W AU - Mitchell, M F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPROACH TOWARD PROVISION OF LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS IN EMERGING COUNTRIES: SOUTH AFRICAN EXPERIENCE SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 330-339 AB - In developing countries, roads are one of the essential elements for socioeconomic development. However, the provision of roads that compare favorably with First-World standards is prohibitive. A better matching of road provision standards to the nature and volumes of anticipated traffic to maximize return on investment is needed. South Africa has a tertiary road network of 240,000 km, and the demand for upgrading these roads to paved standards far exceeds the available funding. Research undertaken by the South African Department of Transportation has led to a much improved insight of the need for and function of low-volume roads. The criteria for road design and construction in more-developed countries cannot be transferred unmodified to South Africa. Changes in the approach to road design and construction over the last 50 years are considered, and it is concluded that technological advances have led to a "recipe" approach to design. Road design has become more of an art than a science, and a return to sympathetic and innovative design is needed. To assist engineers in making this paradigm shift, the Department of Transportation appointed a multidisciplinary team to produce guidelines for the surfacing of low-volume roads. The holistic approach adopted toward determining appropriate standards is discussed, with special reference to geometric and safety aspects. Rather than concentrating on what must be done to provide a paved road that will support travel at 100 km/hr, consideration should be given to what speed can reasonably be provided for with limited upgrading. The need for technology transfer to familiarize highway professionals with the concepts developed and ways in which future user expectations could be met are also considered. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Design standards KW - Developing countries KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Low volume roads KW - Rural highways KW - Safety KW - Socioeconomic development KW - South Africa KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426053 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680760 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Obika, B AU - FREER-HEWISH, R J AU - WOODBRIDGE, M AU - NEWILL, D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PREVENTION OF SALT DAMAGE TO THIN BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS: DESIGN GUIDELINES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 3-12 AB - A design method to prevent soluble salt damage to thin bituminous road and runway surfacings based on laboratory tests and field trials is proposed. Remedial treatments for damaged surfacings are also suggested. The damage, characteristic of warm islands and arid and semiarid inland regions of the world, occurs when salts crystallize in the pavement, physically disrupting the bituminous surfacing and causing premature deterioration of the road. Bituminous primes have been found to be more susceptible to damage than final surface dressings. The design method has been developed from laboratory studies in the United Kingdom and field trials in the West Indies and Botswana. They apply wherever a waterbound or a chemically stabilized pavement layer is covered with a thin bituminous surfacing. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Arid land KW - Arid regions KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Botswana KW - Caribbean Area KW - Climatic regions KW - Defects KW - Design methods KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory studies KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavements KW - Prevention KW - Repairing KW - Semiarid regions KW - Sodium chloride KW - Sodium chloride KW - Surface treating KW - Warm islands KW - West Indies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426055 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680765 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Frascoia, R I AU - Cauley, R F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TIRE CHIPS IN THE BASE COURSE OF A LOCAL ROAD SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 47-52 AB - A yearly occurrence in the state of Vermont is affectionately termed the "mud season". Although this phenomenon is often viewed in a joking manner, the condition of the rural gravel roadways in Vermont every spring creates considerable distress and many times hazards for the rural traveling public. This paper presents a discussion of the installation of a layer of tire chips beneath the gravel surface of the roadway. It has been found that the tire chips interrupt ground water capillary action and provide for drainage of water seeping through the roadway surface. The resulting roadway has been found to be substantially firmer and more passable. Even though vehicle loads must be held to a minimum, the overall objective of reducing distress and hazards caused by muddy rural roads appears to have been accomplished. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Conferences KW - Crumb rubber KW - Drainage KW - Gravel roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Mud KW - Rural highways KW - Spring breakup KW - Thaw KW - Tire chips KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426060 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680767 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Han, C AU - Johnson, A M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WASTE PRODUCTS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 62-69 AB - The use of waste materials and their products for highway construction is discussed. The general legialation, local liability, and research projects related to waste materials are outlined. The waste materials and products presented include waste paving, industrial ash, taconite tailings, waste tire rubber and products, building rubble, incinerator ash and products, waste glass, waste shingle and products, waste plastics and products, and slag. For each waste category, the legislation and restrictions, material properties, construction and application, field performance, and recycling at the end of service life, if available, are discussed. In addition, procedures for evaluation of and selection from waste alternatives are presented. Results from a survey sent to Minnesota city and county agencies are presented summarizing current practices in waste reuse for highway construction. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Ashes KW - Building KW - Building rubble KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Field performance KW - Fly ash KW - Glass KW - Industrial wastes KW - Legislation KW - Liability KW - Low volume roads KW - Performance KW - Plastics KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycling KW - Research projects KW - Restrictions KW - Road construction KW - Road materials KW - Rubble KW - Salvage KW - Scrap tires KW - Selecting KW - Shingles KW - Slag KW - Solid wastes KW - Surveys KW - Tailings KW - Tires KW - Users KW - Waste paving KW - Waste products KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426062 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680720 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Danielsen, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODERNIZATION OF TRUNK HIGHWAY SYSTEM IN WESTERN NORWAY SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 33-36 AB - The road standard and travel conditions on the existing trunk highway system along the coast of western Norway (Route 1) are described. The route traverses many fjords and is frequently broken by ferry crossings, nine in all. A low geometric standard and many ferries mean that the travel standard of the route is a major hindrance to economic development, especially in the rural districts of western Norway. The Coastal Trunk Road Committee, in which the author participates, has conducted comprehensive research on various aspects of the highway system. This work has so far resulted in a joint report on Route 1 through six counties, the purpose of which is to introduce a uniform, long-term strategy for construction standards, financing, and a work schedule for the route. The Public Roads Administration in these six counties and five different research institutions in Norway have cooperated in the making of this report. The participating research institutions are the University of Bergen, the Institute of Transport Economics in Oslo, and three other research institutions in western Norway. This paper describes the effect that a modernization of the route will have on the employment, demography, and economic development of rural communities. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Demographics KW - Economic development KW - Employment KW - Financing KW - Impact studies KW - Low volume roads KW - Modernization KW - Norway KW - Primary highways KW - Rural areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426015 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680722 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Foltz, R B AU - Truebe, M A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECT OF AGGREGATE QUALITY ON SEDIMENT PRODUCTION FROM A FOREST ROAD SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 49-57 AB - Aggregate is placed on forest roads in wet climates to provide structural support for traffic and in dry climates to reduce sediment production caused by precipitation. In both climates aggregate of suitable quality is often not readily available. The substitution of poorer-quality aggregate can cause greater amounts of sediment than those produced by good-quality aggregate. To measure the differences in sedimentation rates, the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture conducted a sediment study using two aggregate qualities. The study was conducted using natural rainfall and logging truck traffic on an aggregate-surfaced road during the winters of 1992 and 1993 in western Oregon and using simulated rainfall following the winter of 1993. The results showed that the quality of the aggregate made a notable difference in sediment production. When subjected to heavy logging truck traffic, a marginal-quality aggregate produced from 2.9 to 12.8 times as much sediment as that from a similar section surfaced with good-quality aggregate. The greater difference occurred in the winter with the greater rainfall. Whereas the good-quality aggregate provided the expected level of sediment mitigation, the marginal-quality aggregate did not. These results have important implications for road use and sediment production. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aggregate quality KW - Aggregate surfacing KW - Aggregates KW - Conferences KW - Dry conditions KW - Dryness KW - Field studies KW - Forest roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Sedimentation KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426017 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680737 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Elliot, W J AU - Foltz, R B AU - Luce, C H AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VALIDATION OF WATER EROSION PREDICTION PROJECT (WEPP) MODEL FOR LOW-VOLUME FOREST ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 178-186 AB - Erosion rates of recently graded nongravel forest roads were measured under rainfall simulation on five different soils. The erosion rates observed on 24 forest road erosion plots were compared with values predicted by the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model, Version 93.1. Hydraulic conductivity and soil erodibility values were predicted from methods developed for rangeland and cropland soils. It was found that on four of the five soils, runoff values were closely predicted and that the predicted erosion was not significantly different from the observed erosion when using rangeland methods for predicting soil erodibility. It was also found that interrill erosion rates were underpredicted using rangeland methods for predicting soil erodibility, but slightly overpredicted when using cropland interrill erodibility prediction methods. Rill erosion rates for road wheel ruts were closely predicted from rangeland rill erodibility algorithms. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Cropland soils KW - Erosion KW - Erosion rates KW - Forecasting KW - Forest roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Measurement KW - Permeability coefficient KW - Rangeland soils KW - Rill erosion KW - Runoff KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Simulation KW - Soil erodibility KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426032 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680739 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - DeLozier, F J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EXCAVATION SAFETY SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 193-198 AB - Safety problems associated with routine excavations involving utility work are discussed, and the experience of the Taylor County Road Department with safety in the maintenance of timber bridges is used as an example. A method for slope protection in excavations behind existing bridge abutments is presented. Guidelines are offered to help the engineer in averting deaths and injuries of workers in these types of maintenance. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Conferences KW - Excavations KW - Guidelines KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance practices KW - Occupational safety KW - Safety KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Taylor County (Iowa) KW - Utility work KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426034 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680752 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Teppo, MPK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DAILY LEVEL OF SERVICE ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN FINLAND SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 290-293 AB - Some of the findings of the Finnish maintenance research program are described as well as the principles of the maintenance quality standards and road condition standards that the Finnish National Road Administration (FinnRA) has established on the basis of the program. The paper describes how FinnRA has implemented the results of the studies in low-volume road maintenance. To evaluate the daily level of service provided to road users, FinnRA established a monitoring and evaluation system that has been in use for 7 years. The paper also includes brief overviews of the responses to Finnish opinion polls concerning the level of service on low-volume roads and the results derived from the monitoring and evaluation process. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Evaluation KW - Finland KW - Highway maintenance KW - Level of service KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Monitoring KW - Public opinion KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Road conditions KW - Standards KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426047 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680754 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Neeley, D M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENCOURAGING SAFE SPEEDS ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 303-305 AB - Controlling speeds on low-volume paved, gravel, and native-surfaced roads poses unique challenges for road managers. Some roads may have very low traffic volumes, in some instances 100 vehicles per day or less. Road surfaces of these unpaved roads can become rough with use and slick when wet, so posted speeds are often inaccurate. Using commonsense positive guidance can help prudent drivers travel these roads safely without posted speed limits. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Gravel roads KW - Highway traffic control KW - Low volume roads KW - Positive guidance KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426049 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680769 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Humphrey, D N AU - Eaton, R A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF TIRE CHIPS AS SUBGRADE INSULATION FOR RURAL ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 77-86 AB - This paper describes a field trial that uses tire chips as an insulating layer to limit frost penetration beneath a gravel-surfaced road. Tire chips are an attractive alternative to conventional insulation boards because they have a high thermal resistivity and are durable, free draining, and low-cost. The primary goals were to determine the thickness of tire chips needed to provide effective insulation and the minimum thickness of overlying soil cover needed to produce a stable riding surface. The project is 230 m (750 ft) long and consists of five sections with either a 152-mm (6-in.) or a 305-mm (12-in.) tire chip layer overlain by 305 mm (12 in.), 457 mm (18 in.), or 610 mm (24 in.) of granular soil. In addition, there are three control sections. The project is instrumented with thermocouples, resistivity gauges, and groundwater monitoring wells. Based on an analysis of the first two winters in service, a 152-mm-thick (6-in.-thick) tire chip layer overlain by 305 mm (12 in.) of gravel reduced the depth of frost penetration by 22 to 28% compared with an adjacent control section. Likewise, a 305-mm (12-in.) tire chip layer overlain by either 457 mm (18 in.) or 610 mm (24 in.) of gravel resulted in a 15 to 37% reduction. Furthermore, the two sections with 305 mm (12 in.) of tire chips experienced a heave of between 10 mm (0.4 in.) and 40 mm (1.6 in.), whereas a nearby control section heaved 55 mm (2.3 in.) to 91 mm (3.6 in.). U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Crumb rubber KW - Electric insulating materials KW - Field performance KW - Frost KW - Frost penetration KW - Gravel roads KW - Insulating materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Performance KW - Surfacing KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Tire chips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426064 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680771 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Truebe, M A AU - Evans, G L AU - Bolander, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - LOWELL TEST ROAD: HELPING IMPROVE ROAD SURFACING DESIGN SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 98-107 AB - The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of tire pressure, aggregate thickness, and aggregate quality on surfacing performance in the context of verifying the Surfacing Thickness Program (STP). STP is a new aggregate thickness design model that has been adapted from previous U.S. Army Corps of Engineers research. Secondary objectives were to determine the relationship between surface and subgrade rutting and the implications for road maintenance, as well as to evaluate the use of the dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) as a tool for evaluating material strengths. The study was accomplished by constructing, testing, and monitoring 18 test sections in western Oregon in 1992 and 1993. Tests were conducted from January through April to obtain the effect on log haul during normal wet weather periods. Surface and subgrade rutting was measured using a pressure transducer, which gave digital elevation results. The test sites were subjected to unloaded and loaded log trucks that were varied as to high and low tire pressures. The major conclusion of the study is that the STP accurately predicts aggregate surfacing rutting. Additional findings include the following: (a) surface rutting is primarily due to densification and aggregate shear, and only a small portion of the rut is observed in the subgrade; (b) the DCP is a useful tool for rapidly evaluating material strength properties; and (c) central tire inflation (CTI) showed less rutting than highway tire pressure. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate surfaced roads KW - Aggregates KW - Computer models KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Conferences KW - Highway maintenance KW - Inflation KW - Logging roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Moisture content KW - Oregon KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Rutting KW - Strength of materials KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Wet conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426066 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680728 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pidwerbesky, B D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENT DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT FOR FORESTRY ROAD NETWORK SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 101-109 AB - Forestry companies are constructing and maintaining networks of high-quality, all-weather private arterial roads by taking advantage of New Zealand's unique highway pavement design and construction techniques, but some aspects required research to suit the specific needs of the forestry roads. Research was initiated to develop seal-coat surfacings that would withstand the high axle loads carried by the log transporters. The capacity of the granular pavement structure to carry the loads (with respect to magnitude and cumulative repetitions) was investigated. A multiyear program of monitoring and documenting the planning, design, construction, performance, and maintenance of the roads was implemented as part of a comprehensive pavement management system. Field test sections of new chip seal designs are being added and existing test sections are being monitored; the performance data are being used to develop a new chip seal design procedure. The successful application of low-cost technology has introduced new design, construction, and management techniques and has encouraged further research. This paper reports activities and results to date. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Chip seals KW - Conferences KW - Forest roads KW - Logging roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Monitoring KW - New Zealand KW - Pavement management systems KW - Seal coats KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426023 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680729 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Russell, E R AU - Babcock, m AU - Mauler, C E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STUDY OF IMPACT OF RAIL ABANDONMENT ON LOCAL ROADS AND STREETS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 110-119 AB - In the 1970s, 404 miles of Kansas rail line were abandoned. That figure rose to 745 miles in the 1980s. Railroad abandonment has had adverse consequences for Kansas farmers, rail shippers, and rural communities, including lower grain prices received by Kansas farmers, higher transportation costs and reduced profits for rail shippers, loss of market options for Kansas shippers, foreclosed economic development options in rural Kansas communities, higher road maintenance and reconstruction costs, and negative social impacts on rural Kansas communities. Kansas State University contracted to do a study of the adverse consequences for the Kansas Department of Transportation. Of the many objectives, this paper deals with the measurement of the public costs of rail abandonment in south central Kansas (e.g., increased road maintenance expenditures caused by larger truck volumes). The study area is a 10-county region in south central Kansas served by three Santa Fe branchlines that were placed in Category 1 abandonment status in June 1990. The principal findings of the project that relate to the impact on roads and streets are as follows. For the three branchlines as a group, the Santa Fe's share of wheat shipments (from study area grain elevators) fell from 74% in 1985 to about 60% in 1990. Most of the decline in market share occurred in 1990 and continued to fall in early 1991. The major 1990-1991 wheat markets for the grain elevators on study area branchlines are terminal elevators in Wichita and Hutchinson, Kansas, as well as Enid, Oklahoma. Substantial wheat volumes are sold to flour mills in Kansas and Oklahoma. Although abandonment of the Santa Fe branchlines resulted in only an 8% increase in commercial trucking of wheat, this additional trucking caused a 50% increase in road damage costs. The truck-attributable road damage costs resulting from abandonment of the three Santa Fe branchlines were slightly more than $1 million. Of this total, 27% was due to farm-to-country elevator truck movements, and 73% was attributable to shipments from country elevators to terminal elevators. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Abandonment KW - Axle loads KW - Branch lines KW - Conferences KW - Costs KW - Damage costs KW - Impacts KW - Kansas KW - Local roads KW - Local transportation KW - Loss and damage KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Railroads KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426024 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680746 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bruggeman, G E AU - Voigt, S AU - Magnusson, C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ASPHALT PAVEMENT CRACK FILLING IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 254-256 AB - Red Lake and Marshall counties have been changing from the use of asphalt concrete to polymerized crack sealant for their roads. The material changes and application methods showed higher failure rates than expected. The following types of failure were noted: the elasticity limits of the material were exceeded, the sealant pulled away from the edges, routing was inadequate, and the material was unsuitable for the extreme temperature variations experienced in northern Minnesota. The solutions were to specify a proven sealant, change the routing width and depth requirements to provide sufficient reservoir for the sealant, increase the training provided to county employees, set weather condition limits, and develop a new specification with special provisions to address the conditions that northern Minnesota experiences. These conditions, such as extreme variations in seasonal temperatures, heavy clay soils, and high water tables, cause the subsoils and base and pavement surface to move more than those of highways farther south. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Failure analysis KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Marshall County (Minnesota) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Red Lake County (Minnesota) KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426041 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680747 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Field, P C AU - Layton, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SCHEDULING ROAD MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES WITH PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 257-261 AB - Maintenance management systems assist road managers with the technical analysis to define the required maintenance activities, but then do not provide a tool for road crew supervisors to schedule those maintenance activities. Using maintenance management system information, project management software can provide a schedule to complete the year's maintenance activities within available time and resources. As maintenance budgets decrease, demand increases for road crews to perform the maximum amount of work with limited resources. This paper evaluates use of project management software as a maintenance activity scheduling tool. The parameters and logic for a future scheduling tool are developed. A low-end (under $500) commercial project management software package is used for the evaluation, and USDA Forest Service road crew supervisors are used as consultants. Two forests in Region 6 (Oregon and Washington) serve as test sites. Evaluation requires development of task names, durations, standard crews, scheduled start dates, and task links. The results suggest that maintenance activities are compatible with project management software after some development. The potential for improving maintenance activity scheduling is demonstrated using project management software. Integration of road crew activities with the maintenance management system data, ability to track resources, and creating long-range schedules are some of the improvements possible using a project management based scheduling tool. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Forest roads KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Project management KW - Schedules KW - Scheduling KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426042 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680761 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Valkonen, A AU - Nieminen, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPROVING BITUMEN-STABILIZED MIXTURES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 13-16 AB - The main purpose of this laboratory study was to research additives that could improve the early strength and water resistance of mixtures stabilized with bitumen emulsion. The study was performed on two materials: till with high fines content and recycled base-course material. Stabilization techniques have developed over the years, but some problems such as slow strengthening and low water resistance have occurred. In this laboratory study, it was found that a small amount of portland cement improves the early strength and water resistance. The early strength of mixtures treated with portland cement was 1.5 to 5.3 times higher compared with mixtures without additives. Also, water resistance was improved considerably when portland cement was added. Cementlike additives such as ground blast furnace slag also improved the early strength, whereas Ca(OH)2 and gypsum did not. Additives also had an effect on the dry density of specimens when constant compaction energy was used. The bitumen-stabilized mixture is water susceptible, and in autumn, additives are often needed. One possible additive is portland cement; laboratory tests indicate very promising results with this additive. Further information and research are needed before the dimensioning of layers can be carried out using these kinds of mixtures. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen emulsions KW - Calcium hydroxide KW - Conferences KW - Dry density KW - Emulsions KW - Gypsum KW - Laboratory studies KW - Low volume roads KW - Portland cement KW - Recycled materials KW - Slag KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Strength of materials KW - Till KW - Water resistance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426056 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680764 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Sheehy, D M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RECYCLING OF ROAD SURFACES WITH THE ROTO TRIMMER MOBILE ROCK PROCESSOR SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 33-43 AB - How can we recycle existing road materials in place to reduce their size and develop a tough, long-lasting, maintainable cushion that will weather well and cost substantially less than importing materials processed elsewhere? Current methods of reconditioning worn-out native-surfaced roads have had limited success and can be quite costly. Development of aggregate pit sites for resurfacing roads can also be an expensive and lengthy process. In addition, there may be environmental impacts connected with opening the pit and any associated road construction or reconstruction. Since 1990 the Northern Region of the USDA Forest Service has been utilizing and evaluating a machine called the Roto Trimmer mobile rock processor. It has been used to recondition approximately 185 m (115 mi) of worn-out native-surfaced roads with varying degrees of success in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Alaska. This process is expected to become a viable tool for reconditioning existing roads and provide future cost savings and environmental benefits. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Demonstration projects KW - Environmental impacts KW - Low volume roads KW - Native-surfaced roads KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Roto trimmer mobile rock processor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426059 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680718 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pienaar, P A AU - Visser, A T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MANAGEMENT OF TERTIARY ROAD NETWORKS IN RURAL AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 14-27 AB - Tertiary roads provide mobility in the local context. Since traffic volumes on these roads are low, relatively simple and low cost management techniques are required for maintaining and upgrading the network. This paper presents a methodology for providing optimal tertiary road networks. The paper addresses a management framework for tertiary roads. Techniques to optimize the layout of the network utilizing transportation demand modeling and benefit-cost analysis are then presented. Techniques for estimating traffic volumes are addressed. A method based on the visual evaluation of factors related to road characteristics and the road condition yielded good results, but the trip-generation approach was found to be unsuitable for use by itself. A methodology to identify regraveling and betterment projects on unpaved roads based on the visual evaluation of unpaved road defects is discussed. Project evaluation and prioritization methodology based on economic analysis procedures is developed. Both roads and low-level river crossings are addressed. It is concluded that the techniques developed contribute to the methods available for managing tertiary roads, and it is recommended that the techniques be applied in practice. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Economic analysis KW - Layout KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance projects KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Ratings KW - Road conditions KW - Rural areas KW - South Africa KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveying KW - Traffic estimation KW - Unpaved roads KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426013 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680725 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - GRIMSHAW, R G AU - Faiz, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VETIVER GRASS: APPLICATION FOR STABILIZATION OF STRUCTURES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 74-81 AB - The unique characteristics of vetiver grass, Vetiveria zizanioides, and its potential use for stabilizing structures, particularly those relating to earth embankments and cuts associated with roads, waterways, and building sites, are described. The paper refers to past research on the generic characteristics of vetiver grass and its application as a means of a vegetative response for the control of erosion and sedimentation problems. Case studies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are evaluated demonstrating the effectiveness of vetiver using a series of on-site photographs. It is concluded that the engineering community should take a close look at the use of vetiver because of its proven ability to stabilize soil and earth structures more effectively and at a lower cost than any other known technology. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Embankment stabilization KW - Embankments KW - Erosion control KW - Low volume roads KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Sedimentation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Vetiver grass UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426020 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680732 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Isotalo, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SEASONAL TRUCK LOAD RESTRICTIONS: MITIGATING EFFECTS OF SEASONAL ROAD STRENGTH VARIATIONS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 137-141 AB - Roads in cold climates are exposed to seasonal strength variations. A paved road with a thin overlay on top of frost-susceptible soil may lose more than 50% of its summer strength. A gravel road built without sufficient base course may lose 70% of its strength in spring. In Scandinavia it is estimated that the annual costs of road repair would be $35 million (U.S.) per country without load restrictions. A recent World Bank study in some central and eastern European countries estimated the costs of road strength variations between 1.8 to 14.8% of the gross national product. The rehabilitation of some of the most important frost-susceptible transport routes in a particular province of Finland would give a benefit-cost ratio of 1.5. Unfortunately, the scarcity of financial resources seldom allows improvement of all needed roads. Therefore, many countries apply various types of weight restrictions. However, these restrictions are seldom based on accurate measurements and uniform policies. There is a need for more accurate technical and economic methods of deciding truck load restrictions. The complexity of the thaw phenomenon requires more accurate methods of frost measurement and measurement of moisture and other soil properties related to thaw prediction and fast and cheap methods to measure bearing capacity. The World Bank is currently updating its project planning model, HDM III, by including a cold climate submodel. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Axle loads KW - Bearing capacity KW - Conferences KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Finland KW - Forecasting KW - Frigid regions KW - Frost KW - Gravel roads KW - Load limits KW - Low volume roads KW - Measurement KW - Mitigation KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Scandinavia KW - Seasonal variations KW - Seasons KW - Soil properties KW - Soil water KW - Soils KW - Strength of materials KW - Thaw KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426027 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680743 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - LIAUTAUD, G AU - Archondo-Callao, R AU - Faiz, A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEFINING OPTIMUM POLICIES FOR MAINTENANCE OF STATE HIGHWAY NETWORKS IN BRAZIL SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 225-239 AB - In low-income states such as those located in the northeastern part of Brazil, highway authorities require methodologies and analytical tools that enable them to allocate and spend the limited resources available for road maintenance activities as efficiently as possible. The framework and results are described of an analysis to define, under budgetary constraints, the most cost-effective strategies for the maintenance and upgrading of the highway networks in three neighboring Brazilian states: Maranhao, Piaui, and Tocantins in northeastern Brazil. Part 1 describes the general environment in the states, Part 2 outlines the proposed rehabilitation program and its various components, Part 3 presents the data (network and traffic surveys and vehicle and maintenance unit costs) on the basis of which the optimum maintenance strategies for both the paved and unpaved network were formulated and features the new HDM Manager developed by the World Bank to perform the economic analyses for various alternative strategies, and Part 4 develops and comments upon the results. In the conclusion, the procedures set out to monitor the performance and quality of the maintenance work program, as well as the indicators and targets defined for that purpose, are outlined. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Brazil KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Economic analysis KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Optimization KW - Strategic planning KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426038 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680750 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hall, J W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ESTABLISHING SPEED LIMITS ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 281-284 AB - This study identifies alternative methods for determining realistic speed limits for roads with insufficient traffic volumes to merit a meaningful spot speed survey. Safe curve speed, roadway geometrics, sight distance restrictions, and crash experience were found to be the primary factors deserving attention in establishing these speed limits. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Low volume roads KW - Restrictions KW - Sight distance KW - Speed limits UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426045 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680757 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Marti, M M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - RESEARCH IMPLEMENTATION: PUTTING RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 324-329 AB - The Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) is an acknowledged leader within the research community. Currently Mn/DOT is being recognized internationally for both its Mn/ROAD and Guidestar programs; however, Mn/DOT does not always concentrate its research on high-volume roads. In fact, Mn/DOT and the Minnesota legislature have specifically created an organization to oversee and fund research for low-volume roads in Minnesota known as the Minnesota Local Road Research Board (LRRB). Although technology and innovation are important factors in research, communication is arguably the most vital step in the research process. This step, however, is often overlooked. Fortunately, Mn/DOT and the LRRB have funded an ongoing project to concentrate on specifically this issue--communicating research. This research project is known as Investigation 645, entitled "Research Implementation", the focus of which is to put research into practice. This paper will briefly chronicle the history of the LRRB, discuss and describe Research Implementation, and conclude with a description of some of the products (videotapes, reports, workshops) developed under this project. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Communicating KW - Communication KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Investigation 645: research implementation KW - Low volume roads KW - Minnesota KW - Minnesota Local Road Research Board KW - Reports KW - Research projects KW - State departments of transportation KW - Videotapes KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426052 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680768 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - GASPAR, L AU - Gaspar, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS IN ECONOMICAL STANDARD LOW-VOLUME ROAD PAVEMENTS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 70-76 AB - In Hungary, 50% of the urban and about 10% of the local rural roads are paved. The extremely limited amount of financial means available makes decreased costs for these low-volume pavements necessary. According to investigations by the Institute for Transport Sciences Ltd (KTI Rt) in Budapest, this goal can be attained by (a) utilization of relevant experience, (b) maximum possible use of industrial by-products and local materials with the appropriate techniques, (c) realistic design of pavements, and (d) staged construction of pavements. Use of various soil stabilization types, chemical treatments, and various wastes is discussed. Standard pavements and typical pavement cross sections are described. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Chemical treatments KW - Chemicals KW - Conferences KW - Construction management KW - Highway design KW - Hungary KW - Industrial wastes KW - Local materials KW - Low volume roads KW - Recycling KW - Road materials KW - Rural highways KW - Salvage KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stage construction KW - Unpaved roads KW - Urban highways KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426063 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680727 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Beachy, K T AU - Eck, R W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENVIRONMENTAL DILEMMA OF ADMINISTERING AND MAINTAINING LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 88-98 AB - Across the United States, engineers, planners, and public works officials encounter environmental regulations as they administer and maintain the major portion of the country's total highway mileage--low-volume roads. Constructing, maintaining, and improving low-volume roads are major jobs; when combined with protecting the environment, the task can be daunting. Public works officials face budgetary, personnel, and equipment constraints, as well as additional political and public pressures. Because of this added burden, environmental regulations are often overlooked in infrastructure improvement projects. This paper provides an overview of various environmental regulations and restrictions imposed on Allegany County, a small rural county in western Maryland, for the maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction of low-volume roads. These regulations include waterway construction, sediment and erosion control, stormwater management, pollution discharge, archaeological and historical site preservation, revegetation, and waste disposal. Environmental considerations concerning the feasibility, design, and construction phases of various highway-type projects are analyzed in conjunction with construction costs. The paper presents several suggestions to assist public works officials in lessening the impact of environmental constraints. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Administration KW - Allegany County (Maryland) KW - Archaeology KW - Conferences KW - Drainage KW - Environmental regulations KW - Erosion control KW - Highway administration KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Historic preservation KW - Improvements KW - Low volume roads KW - Pollution discharge KW - Revegetation KW - Road improvements KW - Sedimentation KW - Storm water management KW - Storms KW - Waste disposal KW - Water control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426022 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680730 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - VIRTALA, P AU - TAPIO, R AU - MANNISTO, V AU - Transportation Research Board TI - EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC VOLUME ON OPTIMAL ROAD CONDITION SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 120-128 AB - A pavement management system was developed in Finland in the 1980s. This system is used to analyze different maintenance and rehabilitation strategies for the existing paved road network. The optimal road condition is the distribution where the sum of the user and the agency cost is at the minimum. It has also been found that the optimal condition should be better than the current condition. This optimal condition level depends on the traffic volume. Moreover, different budget strategies have been analyzed to find the optimal strategy from the current condition to the optimal condition. The short-term (8-year) budget was beneficial when high- and medium-trafficked roads were analyzed, but on low-volume roads it was not very significant. Benefits gained from the reduced traffic costs are so low that in addition to lower condition requirements, very constrained short-term budgets are sufficient for low-volume road upkeep. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Budgeting KW - Conferences KW - Finland KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Optimization KW - Road conditions KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426025 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680744 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Evans, L D AU - Badger, D A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REHABILITATION OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS BY LABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 243-247 AB - The Republic of Ghana has more than 22,000 km of low-volume roads, known as feeder roads, that provide the primary access to rural villages and to nearby agricultural crops. Feeder roads have suffered from many years of insufficient maintenance, resulting in overall deterioration of the system and interruption of the normal flow of agricultural products. Ghana recognized the importance of the feeder road system and embarked on a major campaign of rehabilitation and maintenance. Because heavy construction equipment was difficult to obtain and maintain and required substantial capital investment, a comprehensive effort was begun toward rehabilitating roads with labor-intensive technology. Privatization was emphasized in this initiative. Formal training was developed to enhance the contractors' skills in labor-intensive road building and labor management. Hands-on training in road rehabilitation activities was also provided. After the training was completed, contractors were assigned specific projects to gain further experience. The rehabilitation work generally consisted of surveying and road layout, brush clearing, grading and ditch construction, roadbed shaping, drainage structures, and gravel surfacing. Labor-intensive methods were emphasized in all phases of this work. Light construction equipment was used to haul borrow and native gravel surfacing. Since implementation, the labor-intensive program has clearly resulted in improved access from the villages to markets, has enhanced rural economies, and has created work opportunities for the local populace. It has also proven to be less costly than experience with capital-intensive methods--approximately 27% less expensive. Labor-intensive technology is ideally suited for the rehabilitation of the feeder road system and for the economic development of the rural areas of Ghana. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Contractors KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Ghana KW - Labor costs KW - Labor intensive KW - Low volume roads KW - Privatization KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rural highways KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426039 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680745 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bennett, D M AU - Provencher, Y AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USING MOBILE ROCK-CRUSHING EQUIPMENT TO REHABILITATE UNPAVED FOREST ROAD SURFACES: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CANADA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 248-253 AB - New equipment is being developed in Canada to rehabilitate worn surfaces on unpaved low-volume forest roads. The Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada has monitored trials of three road-rehabilitation options in recent years. The McNolty dual-rotor mobile windrow crusher, first introduced in British Columbia in 1989, has reached the operational stage in its development. It crushes oversize rock that has accumulated on roadsides and produces an ideal resurfacing aggregate. More recently, the single-rotor mobile windrow crusher (F.A.H.R. Industries, Edmunston, New Brunswick) has been adapted to rehabilitation work on forest roads in eastern Canada. Also, in British Columbia an excavator-mounted rock grinder has been tested to assess its ability to remove rock protruding from a worn road surface. With planning and preparation, these systems offer cost-effective alternatives for improving road surface conditions. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Canada KW - Conferences KW - Crushers KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment design KW - Equipment design features KW - Forest roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rock crushers KW - Rock grinders KW - Technology KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426040 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680762 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pylkkanen, K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG IN BASE COURSE OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 17-22 AB - The use of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) mixed with an old base and wearing course aggregate on a low-volume gravel road is presented. GBFS is a poorly graded by-product of the iron industry and has latent hydraulic properties. The purpose of using this product was to increase the bearing capacity in spring and decrease frost heave differences. In preliminary tests, the compressive strength of compacted specimens increased as a function of GBFS content (10, 30, and 50%). The rate of strength gain was slow; considerable development was not noted until after 91 days of curing. In the test section the aggregate consisted of 30% lime-activated GBFS and 70% mixed wearing and base course aggregate. All control test specimens showed increased strength with increased curing time. The rate of strength gain was slow and affected by the density of the specimens and curing conditions. Decreased density or curing temperature (field conditions) as well as water immersion before testing decreased the compressive and tensile strengths. Once up to ultimate load, stressed specimens were recompressed after a predetermined curing time. In many cases, the strength was on the same or an even higher level than in the first compression. The strength was influenced by the recovering time, the water content of the specimen, and the recuring temperature. Both in spring and autumn the total surface deflection in FWD measurements was 0.2 mm smaller on the GBFS-aggregate section than on the reference section with normal aggregate layers. The difference in maximum and minimum frost heave was on the same level before and after construction. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bearing capacity KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete curing KW - Conferences KW - Curing temperature KW - Curing time KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Frost heave KW - Frost heaving KW - Granulated slag KW - Gravel roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Slag KW - Specimens KW - Temperature KW - Tensile strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426057 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680763 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Rogers, C A AU - Szoke, S I AU - Gorman, R G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GRANULAR BASE FAILURES IN LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN ONTARIO, CANADA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 23-32 AB - In 1990, 74% of the 196,773 km of Ontario roads was low-volume roads, and 68.5% of all roads was unpaved. For the same year in Canada, there were 825,743 km of roads, and 65% was unpaved and generally classed as low volume. This large percentage of low-volume roads is a reflection of the size of Canada and its sparse population. Gravel roads may fail due to a number of mechanisms. In this paper, only those cases are considered in which the road was constructed with aggregates that met or were predicted to meet the specifications but failed either because of unforeseen changes in the materials or because of unrecognized contaminants in the materials, which still met the specification. These cases can be divided into failures because of low permeability caused by the presence of plastic or micaceous fines, failures because of low permeability caused by the presence of bacteria and algae, and failures because of breakdown of the coarse aggregate to sand sizes. The Ministry of Transportation has recently changed the specifications for granular base course aggregate to introduce a Micro-Deval test in place of petrographic examination requirements and the Los Angeles abrasion and impact test. A maximum of 25% loss is permitted for granular base and 30% for granular subbase. In addition, there are strict grading requirements and a requirement that the materials be nonplastic and that there be less than 10% mica on the 75-micrometer sieve. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aggregate breakdown KW - Aggregates KW - Algae KW - Bacteria KW - Conferences KW - Failure KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Fines content KW - Granular bases KW - Gravel roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Micro-Deval test KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Permeability KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426058 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680716 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - TERVALA, J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KEYNOTE ADDRESS: LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN FINLAND SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 1-4 AB - Finland has about 400,000 km of low-volume roads [traffic volume less than 1,500 vehicles per day (vpd)]. The Finnish National Road Administration (FinnRA) maintains roughly 15% of the total length, which accounts for about 80% of the traffic on the Finnish low-volume road network. FinnRA's roads are called public roads. The remaining 85% of low-volume road types comprises private roads for small communities and forestry and agriculture, property access roads, streets, and temporary winter roads. History and development of the Finnish low-volume road network were significantly influenced by the population movements after World War II. Finns are experts on cold-region road maintenance. Long experience, along with research and development, have led to several innovations in such fields as winter maintenance equipment and maintenance management. In Finland, emulsion gravel is a common pavement type for low-volume roads. It is a flexible mixture that makes maintenance easy. Economic analysis shows that emulsion gravel is beneficial on low-volume roads with traffic volumes from 350 vpd up to more than 1,000 vpd. Upgrading low-volume roads can only rarely be justified with cost-benefit analysis. It should rather be seen as a means of regional policy that addresses the issue of services in remote regions. Finland is helping the Baltic countries and Karelia in Russia reconstruct and maintain their road networks. The goal is to prevent roads from breaking down rather than to allocate funds as effectively as possible. A Technology Transfer Center was established in Helsinki in 1993 to provide training and other aid for these road agencies. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Emulsion gravel KW - Finland KW - Frigid regions KW - Highway maintenance KW - History KW - Low volume roads KW - Modernization KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426011 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680723 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wolanek, M D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WOOD FIBER ROAD CONSTRUCTION INFLUENCES ON STREAM WATER QUALITY IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 58-66 AB - A road segment using mill-generated bark and wood fiber as primary fill material was recently constructed on the Stikine Area of the Tongass National Forest in Alaska. Water-quality monitoring detected minimal effects of leachates from the road on the chemistry of three small streams that the road crosses. The parameter most affected is pH; increases of 0.5 to 1.5 pH units have been observed in the naturally acidic streams. Dissolved oxygen in the streams remains unaffected. All observed effects appear to be within the limits of Alaska water-quality standards. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alaska KW - Conferences KW - Fibers KW - Fills KW - Highway design KW - Leachate KW - Low volume roads KW - pH value KW - Streams KW - Water quality KW - Wood KW - Wood fibers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426018 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680734 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Boresi, A P AU - Palmer, J T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPRAISAL OF MODELS FOR UNPAVED ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 147-156 AB - Current models of unpaved roads are based on statistical analyses of experimental data guided or preceded by mechanistic analyses. The complexity of these models and their questionable transferability to new data bases must be considered to evaluate their wide acceptance as a design tool. An extensive review of models was conducted. Of the many models examined, it appears that a model originally proposed by Barber, Odom, and Patrick (WES1) and modified by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station (WES2) shows the greatest promise. The WES models predict rut depth and the required surface thickness for aggregate surface unpaved roads as functions of important variables such as tire pressure, axle load, number of passages, and so forth. In this paper, the WES model predictions of rut depth and surface thickness are compared with actual measurements. In a number of cases, the WES models underpredicted surface thickness by as much as 64%; in other cases, WES models overpredicted by as much as 290%. A study of the WES models shows that they are fairly sensitive to changes in the exponents of the variables and to changes in the variables themselves. Although the WES models have considerable merit, in many cases they require further tuning. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Low volume roads KW - Measurement KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Surface thickness KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426029 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680741 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - PAIGE-GREEN, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REEVALUATION OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN UNPAVED ROAD DETERIORATION MODELS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 208-220 AB - A number of models for the prediction of gravel loss, roughness progression, and roughness after blading were developed for use in unpaved road management systems from a large data base developed in southern Africa during the mid and late 1980s. These models differed considerably from models developed by the World Bank and were considered to be too simple, excluding a number of important parameters. This paper discusses the reevaluation of these models and concludes that the models developed were the most appropriate for the conditions under which they were developed. The inclusion of additional parameters would contribute little to their usefulness. However, application of these models on the Brazil data set (from which the World Bank models were developed) indicated major discrepancies. It is thus concluded that the transferability of this type of model requires calibration for different areas. Because of the problems associated with exponential models and low maintenance frequencies, the southern African data base was reanalyzed using nonlinear regression techniques as used in the World Bank study to provide a steady-state solution. This model is presented in the paper. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Calibration KW - Conferences KW - Deterioration KW - Low volume roads KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Regression analysis KW - Roughness KW - Simulation KW - Southern Africa KW - Steady-state models KW - Transferability KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426036 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680748 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - REIHE, M AU - APILO, L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PAVEMENTS AND MAINTENANCE OF PAVEMENTS FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN FINLAND SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 262-269 AB - Oil gravel has been the most commonly used pavement material for low-volume roads in Finland. There are 22,000 km of oil gravel pavements. The binder in oil gravel contains volatile hydrocarbons. From 1 km of oil gravel, about 1,000 kg of solvents evaporate over the life of the pavement. Environmental concerns have become increasingly important, and Finland is under contract to reduce the amount of evaporated solvents by 30% in this decade. This has created a need for a new soft asphalt mixture, emulsion gravel, with no solvents. Research methods used for mix design of emulsion gravel were studied. The investigation program on emulsified asphalt mixtures included construction of test roads and a large variety of laboratory tests, mainly to find out what material properties might have an influence on pavement behavior. A design method suitable for soft emulsified mixtures was developed. Aggregate and particularly aggregate and binder adhesion properties were studied closely. Stability of different types of mixtures was also determined with the indirect tensile test. For soft mixtures, a bitumen with a viscosity of 1000 to 3000 sq mm/sec at 60 deg C was emulsified. These types of binders seemed to give the emulsified mixture properties similar to oil gravel. These emulsion gravel mixes could be stockpiled, and the pavement could be scarified at the surface years after paving. Harder emulsified binders were used and recycled mixtures were made. The construction of emulsion gravel roads has increased rapidly. Recently, the maintenance methods suitable for oil gravel roads, especially new remixer machines, have been developed in Finland. There are two different remixer methods that are very economical. The stabilization of old oil gravel roads has increased rapidly. For stabilization, foam-bitumen and emulsions are used. The stabilization is economical and natural materials are saved. Maintenance methods used for oil gravel are suitable also for other soft pavements, for example, emulsion gravel. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Adhesion KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt emulsions KW - Binders KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finland KW - Foamed asphalt KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low volume roads KW - Mix design KW - Oil gravel pavements KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Properties of materials KW - Remixer machines KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Tension tests KW - Test sections KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426043 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680759 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Trenda, C F AU - Johns, R C AU - Transportation Research Board TI - APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PRINCIPLES TO MINNESOTA T2 PROGRAM SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 340-347 AB - Since the early 1980s, the national network of Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) centers administered by the Federal Highway Administration has evolved into an effective mechanism to translate and communicate technologies and information to local transportation agencies. Through its evolution, this national LTAP network has employed core principles to effectively transfer information from where it is created to where it is actually used. The technology transfer principles presented in this paper go beyond the more routinely discussed methods or strategies of technology transfer, such as publications, training, and video programs. Instead, the emphasis on the core principles provides transfer agents with the foundation needed to successfully transfer information and technologies to their customer groups; such a foundation is necessary for all technology transfer methods used. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the following core principles of technology transfer through a presentation of their specific application to the Minnesota Technology Transfer (T2) Program: (a) know your customer's needs, (b) be accessible, (c) be practical, (d) create cooperative partnerships, and (e) follow up on implementation. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Information transfer KW - Local Technical Assistance Program KW - Low volume roads KW - Minnesota Technology Transfer Program KW - Principles KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426054 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680766 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mullis, C F AU - Bowman, J K AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF WOODWASTE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 53-61 AB - Wood fibers have a long history of use in road construction across the United States and British Columbia. They have been used in highway and low-volume road construction to reduce landslide potential and to cross settlement-sensitive areas. The USDA Forest Service has used wood fibers in many forms as an embankment material and as an alternative surfacing material. Many forms of wood fibers may be used in construction, including brush, construction slash, chunkwood, and sawmill residue such as bark, sawdust, and planer shavings. The history of wood fiber use is discussed and a recent USDA Forest Service demonstration project that used sawmill-generated woodwaste to construct 4 km (2.8 mi) of forest access road in Wrangell, Alaska, is outlined. The project was implemented to study the suitability of these materials for use in southeast Alaska. An evaluation of the engineering performance characteristics was conducted in an effort to determine some guidelines for future use. This evaluation focused on the rutting potential and road stiffness. A series of field and laboratory tests was conducted to address these issues. The main findings of the study are that the wood fibers perform adequately as both a driving surface and as a base layer for aggregate surfacing materials such as crushed or shot rock. When wood fibers are used as a driving surface, routine maintenance must be done to correct rutting and low-frequency washboarding. Blading may be done easily with a standard motor grader or a bulldozer. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alaska KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Conferences KW - Demonstration projects KW - Forest roads KW - Highway maintenance KW - History KW - Low volume roads KW - Performance KW - Performance characteristics KW - Properties of materials KW - Road construction KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Wood waste KW - Wrangell (Alaska) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426061 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680773 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wolff, H AU - Emery, S J AU - van Zyl, G D AU - PAIGE-GREEN, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DESIGN CATALOG FOR LOW-VOLUME ROADS DEVELOPED FOR SOUTH AFRICAN CONDITIONS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 118-129 AB - The development of a design catalog for low-volume roads using granular base, subbase materials, and bituminous surfacings is described. The S-N design method was used for the development of the catalog. This is a mechanistic design method that is based on elastoplastic behavior, which implies inelasticity and nonlinearity of the material. It uses the principle of S-N curves, where S denotes a certain stress level and N denotes the number of stress repetitions to a failure condition to consider the accumulation of plastic strain (rutting) with each load cycle. The S-N design curves were developed from accurate measurements of elastic and plastic strains in granular layers under heavy vehicle simulator (HVS) testing of numerous pavements incorporating such layers. The method was verified by comparing the carrying capacities of 23 low-volume roads determined from field measurements of traffic and rut with the carrying capacities of the same roads calculated mechanistically with the S-N method based on pavement structures obtained through in situ and laboratory testing of materials taken from the roads and classified by the specification normally used for pavement materials in South Africa. Reasonable agreement was found between the carrying capacities determined from field measurements and those determined mechanistically with the S-N method. This agreement validated the use of the S-N method for the development of the catalog. The approach to the selection of materials for low-volume roads varies from other approaches since little relaxation of the materials classification used for high-volume roads is permitted. The "adjustment" for low-volume roads is made in the design catalog compiled with the S-N design method. The design catalog was compared with other catalogs, such as Transport Research Laboratory Road Note 31. It was generally found that pavement structures having fewer selected layers and constructed with lower-quality material are required by the low-volume road catalog described in this paper to get the same performance. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bearing capacity KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Calculation KW - Catalogs KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Granular bases KW - Low volume roads KW - Materials selection KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement performance KW - S-n design curves KW - South Africa KW - Subbase materials KW - Surface treating KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426068 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680719 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Mason, L E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - VISUAL PRIORITIZATION PROCESS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 28-32 AB - Incorporating aesthetics into corridor design in necessary, especially with the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). The challenge is how to incorporate aesthetic quality and transportation safety within budget constraints. The Visual Prioritization Process (VPP) was created to meet this challenge. The VPP is based on the fact that visual quality does vary and that a blanket approach to mitigation is not the best design. By prioritizing the visual elements, all areas will receive the minimal amount of mitigation with increases in mitigation only where necessary. The landscape architect and civil engineer work closely to ensure that the concerns of each are met. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Aesthetics KW - Conferences KW - Highway design KW - Landscape design KW - Low volume roads KW - Mitigation KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Visual perception KW - Visual prioritization process UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426014 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680721 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - JANSSON, AHH AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 39-48 AB - In Finland, development of a procedure for the environmental impact assessment of low-volume road projects started in 1991-1992 in connection with a road project in the region of North Karelia. A further project in North Karelia and a guideline project for the Turku region have contributed to formulating a general framework. The framework emphasizes the initial stages of project design. A common model can be given for project initiation, data gathering, interest group formation, project objective identification, and preliminary alternative design. The further process of assessment tends to vary as new facets of local interests and value show up during design. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Finland KW - Low volume roads KW - Project management KW - Projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426016 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680736 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Visser, A T AU - de Villiers, E M AU - Genade, H B AU - van Heerden, MJJ AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPTIMIZING RESOURCES THROUGH UNPAVED ROAD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE CAPE PROVINCE OF SOUTH AFRICA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 170-177 AB - The Roads Department of the Cape Province of South Africa manages a rural unpaved road network of 51,750 km of main and divisional roads. In addition, an 84,000-km length of minor roads is currently not included in the formal management systems. The unpaved roads typically carry between 20 and 300 vehicles per day. The expenditure on their maintenance is, however, of the same magnitude as is spent on paved roads but is fully justified where these roads serve the mining industry, major agricultural areas, and tourism. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the value of optimizing resources and the wide-ranging benefits to the road authority and road users that are derived. First, the characteristics of the unpaved road management system and method of implementation are briefly presented. Thereafter a range of optimization aspects are considered, and the technical benefits of optimization are demonstrated. A public relations exercise has also been carried out to publicize the information on the unpaved road management system, and this important action is also discussed. Significant benefits, demonstrated in the paper, have been derived from the formal management system, and the process is recommended to all road authorities. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Benefits KW - Cape Province (South Africa) KW - Conferences KW - Low volume roads KW - Natural resources KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Public relations KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426031 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680738 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - CUNDILL, M A AU - Withnall, S J AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ROAD TRANSPORT INVESTMENT MODEL RTIM3 SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 187-190 AB - To simplify the economic appraisal of road investments in developing countries, a new version of the Road Transport Investment Model (RTIM) has been issued by the Overseas Centre of the Transport Research Laboratory. The model consists of a series of linked compiled spreadsheets that take the user through the stages of an economic appraisal. It is easy to use and offers context-sensitive help facilities, data checking on input, and tabular and graphical outputs. The model runs quickly and easily on a small personal computer. Two examples of its use in Tanzania are described. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Case studies KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Developing countries KW - Economic analysis KW - Investments KW - Low volume roads KW - Personal computers KW - Roads KW - Spreadsheets KW - Tanzania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426033 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680753 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Russell, E R AU - Smith, B L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KANSAS LOW-VOLUME ROADS HANDBOOK: JUST ANOTHER MANUAL? SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 294-302 AB - The Kansas handbook on low-volume roads (LVR) is more than a stripped-down version of the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices". It is a guide to good signing practice aimed specifically at low-volume rural roads. Its objective is to assist local government agencies by providing guidance for making safe local roads for the traveling public within their jurisdictions. It is specifically intended for county and small-town engineers, county road supervisors, township boards, and other local officials with responsibility for road and street safety. The history and development of the LVR handbook are discussed, stressing that the handbook's acceptance by local officials and personnel came from involving them in the process. An undertaking such as the LVR handbook should have local input from the start. The more local input, the more likely that such a handbook will be accepted and used. The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 mandated several management systems, including a highway safety management system (HSMS), which both state and local governments are struggling to define and implement. The LVR handbook actually advocates a process that is essentially a basic HSMS for local government agencies. The process and the connection are explained and illustrated with examples. The principles of good operating practice, which are based on the principles of driver expectancy, positive guidance, and consistency, are defined and explained. Examples of these principles are the basis for several sections of the LVR handbook in which guidance on typical problems encountered on low-volume roads is provided. A commentary driving procedure was developed as a supplement to the handbook. Commentary driving is a simple, cost-effective technique to evaluate consistency--or to find inconsistencies that put drivers at risk for having an accident--that is described in the paper. A feature unique to Kansas and to the LVR handbook is the ABC road classification system. A driver's expectancy is influenced by the type of road being traveled and how the driver perceives the road. A prudent driver receives information from a road and will set his or her driving speed accordingly. That information will also govern the degree to which he or she is attentive to the driving task. How this relates to proper signing by road classification is discussed. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Classification KW - Commentary driving technique KW - Conferences KW - Consistency (Sameness) KW - Development KW - Driver expectancy KW - Handbooks KW - Highway classification KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - History KW - Kansas KW - Low volume roads KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Manuals KW - Positive guidance KW - Signs KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426048 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680755 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Bienvenu, M E AU - Stone, J R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 309-319 AB - Highway infrastructure in Caribbean countries is poorly documented. Its vital links provide avenues for commerce and the foundation for development. However, as the countries address national priorities, highway design and maintenance are deferred because of lack of capital and local technical expertise. In response to the need for a comprehensive data base on highway infrastructure and for an assessment of options for technology transfer, the Federal Highway Administration in cooperation with the Pan American Institute of Highways sponsored a study of eight Caribbean countries: The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. This paper presents the results of that study and provides an initial data base on which to build more comprehensive understanding of needs and strategies for transportation technology transfer in the Caribbean Community. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Caribbean Area KW - Conferences KW - Countries KW - Databases KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Low volume roads KW - Options KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426050 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680770 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - McDonald, M AU - Robinson, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF LOW-COST ROADS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 89-97 AB - The geometric design process involves selecting the alignment and cross section of a road to meet users' needs. The background and approach to developing a guide for the geometric design of roads in developing countries are described. The approach recognizes that road and driving conditions in developing countries often differ from those in the industrialized countries in terms of (a) the traffic mix between commercial vehicles and private cars, as well as between motorized and nonmotorized vehicles; (b) the rate and nature of road accidents; and (c) the level of economic development and its implications for roads. An iterative approach to design is proposed including the following steps: (a) identifying traffic flow, terrain type and road function, leading to a choice of "design class"; (b) selecting trial alignments; (c) identifying alignment elements that are of a lower geometric standard than that of the chosen design class; and (d) estimating approach speeds for the above elements. If they are acceptably consistent, the design goes forward to economic evaluation; if not, the alignment may be amended or the standards relaxed with appropriate measures for safety. The thrust of the approach has been to develop a design methodology that emphasizes the economic aspects of geometric design. The standards recommended tend to be lower than many of those in common use. Recommended standards include maximum carriageway widths of 6.5 m with shoulders for use by nonmotorized traffic, roads with 5-m carriageways to carry up to 400 vehicles per day where 1.0-m shoulders may be used for passing, roads of 2.5 to 3.0 m for very low flows of traffic, with room for passing, and horizontal radii as low as 15 m. The guide itself was published by the Transport Research Laboratory as Overseas Road Note 6. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Alignment KW - Conferences KW - Cross sections KW - Curvature KW - Design standards KW - Developing countries KW - Economic factors KW - Economic impacts KW - Geometric design KW - Horizontal curvature KW - Low cost roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement width KW - Pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Road width KW - Roads KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426065 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680772 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - van Zyl, G D AU - Visser, A T AU - DU PLESSIS, J A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - GUIDELINES FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 108-117 AB - An extensive project was recently completed in South Africa under the auspices of the Department of Transport to develop guidelines on the standards for roads that carry up to 400 vehicles per day. These guidelines were developed because traditional standards could not be justified. The guidelines encompass all aspects of road design, construction, and maintenance. The aim of this paper is to present the structural designs and material quality guidelines that were developed. In the structural design, special attention is given to evaluating the existing unpaved road since the economic construction costs do not provide for major realignment. The in situ conditions, monitored with a dynamic cone penetrometer, provide the input to the structural design, which is in a catalog format. A catalog of pavement thickness designs was developed using sophisticated analysis techniques, such as elastoplastic modeling, to allow the use of materials that fall outside the traditional specifications. The main emphasis is on using the existing road without disturbing the traffic compaction that was applied over many years and on adding the minimum amount of material. Of special interest is the approach that was adopted for selecting the asphalt surfacing, which is based on expected performance and maintenance and life-cycle costs. This paper contains the state of the art in low-volume road pavement design in South Africa and these guidelines are considered a major step in economically extending quality service to sparsely populated rural areas. The guidelines should also be valuable to practitioners worldwide. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Conferences KW - Field tests KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Low cost roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Pavement design KW - Rural highways KW - South Africa KW - State of the art studies KW - Structural design KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426067 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680715 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA, JUNE 25-29, 1995. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 2 VOLUMES SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - 743 p. AB - This conference marks the 20th anniversary of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) specialty conferences on low-volume roads. Two decades of concentrated efforts have helped solve problems and provided opportunities for low-volume road planning, design, construction, maintenance, operations, management, and evaluation. Also addressed over the past 20 years have been other low-volume road system concerns, such as economics, the environment, pavements, bridges, and safety. These conferences have also provided, along with their proceedings, a tremendous technology transfer effort. The papers and technical notes for the sixth conference published in these proceedings address up-to-date topics on who is doing research and technology transfer on low-volume roads, what is being done to improve low-volume roads, where low-volume road improvements are taking place, when additional research results are expected, and how information on low-volume roads is being disseminated. As did previous conferences, this Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume Roads provides a unique opportunity for engineers, planners, administrators, practitioners, and researchers to exchange information and benefit from recent research related to low-volume roads. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Causeways KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Conferences KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Dust control KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental policy KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway operations KW - Low volume roads KW - Low-water crossing structures KW - Materials KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Road construction KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Structural design KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic KW - Unpaved roads KW - Wastes KW - Watersheds KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426010 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680717 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Skrinskas, S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ANALYSIS OF LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN POSTWAR LITHUANIA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 7-13 AB - An overview is given of research carried out in the autumn and winter of 1992-1993 to determine the characteristic features of the road network in Lithuania as well as the main factors influencing the development of a network of low-volume roads. Estimates were used to calculate the relationship between the number of unpaved roads and the number of inhabitants in rural areas and to propose the coefficient road loss in topographical maps. The average length of all Lithuanian roads was defined for the first time. The paper is structured on a chronological as well as a geographical basis because of the way in which the analysis was organized. According to a specially prepared methodology, aerial photographs on a scale of 1/10,000 made on average in 1952 and topographical maps on a scale of 1/10,000 made on average in 1982 were analyzed and compared. Seventeen territories were selected randomly, each territory having an average size of 1,830 hectares (4,522 acres) and belonging to different geographical regions. Approximately 0.05% of the territory of Lithuania was thoroughly analyzed. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Characteristics KW - Conferences KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Geography KW - History KW - Lithuania KW - Low volume roads KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426012 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680740 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Provencher, Y AU - Transportation Research Board TI - OPTIMIZING ROAD MAINTENANCE INTERVALS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 199-207 AB - The elements that affect the performance of a forest road are discussed. Poor drainage of the rolling surface, the use of materials that do not conform with standards, or poor grading technique (or all three) can accelerate degradation of the road and require premature rehabilitation of its surface. The costs of road maintenance are compared on the basis of surfacing materials used. Different methods of managing grading are evaluated using a model developed within the framework of this project for predicting the performance of roads. One alternative of scheduling grading at fixed times, the method generally used in the industry, is proposed: localized grading with a flexible schedule. Examples demonstrate that this management method ensures good road quality and can result in savings of more than 30% on grading costs. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Drainage KW - Forest roads KW - Grading (Earthwork) KW - Highway maintenance KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance intervals KW - Maintenance management KW - Materials KW - Optimization KW - Performance KW - Surfacing KW - Time intervals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426035 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680742 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Korte, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PRIVATE ROAD MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION IN FINLAND SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 221-224 AB - Finland uses $33 million yearly to subsidize the maintenance of 18,000 private or rural roads. The Finnish principle of keeping the whole country inhabited and the rural areas vibrant is one reason private road maintenance is supported. The other reason is to equalize the maintenance costs of private road keepers and those who live along public or local roads. Those living on the same road establish road cooperatives to share the maintenance costs. Government aid covers half of the estimated yearly costs. Experience has shown that people living in Finnish rural districts can be motivated to maintain their access roads if a financial incentive and appropriate legal framework are made available by the government. The maintenance of these roads is economically optimized, and road quality is satisfactory because the people themselves must minimize their own costs and keep the quality high enough for their own traffic. Finland has provided this subsidy and gathered information about maintenance performance, quality standards, and maintenance costs on low-volume roads for 30 years. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Finland KW - Government funding KW - Highway maintenance KW - Incentives KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Optimization KW - Private roads KW - Rural highways KW - Subsidies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426037 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680749 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Seneviratne, P N AU - Kalakota, K R AU - Attaluri, P AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MODELS FOR PREDICTING ACCIDENTS ON TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 273-280 AB - Empirical and theoretical models have been used to describe the expected change in accidents at a given location with varied geometric elements. Using the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) data for a selected two-lane rural corridor in northern Utah, the differences in the functional forms, significance of explanatory variables, and predictive accuracies of previous models are examined. Three separate models are calibrated using the interactive regression approach. The first model, defined as the tangent model, was able to explain more than 90% of the variation in accident rate on tangents. The second model, developed to estimate expected accident rate on curve sections, explained 50%. The third (corridor) model, calibrated with curve and tangent data combined, explained more than 90% of the variation. Section length was found to be the most significant variable in all three models. The other geometric variables, such as degree of curvature and shoulder width, explain at most 10% of the variation. Models calibrated in the present case are reasonably valid in the same environment over short periods of time. However, previous models were found to be unsuitable for predicting accidents in the present case. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer models KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Curvature KW - Forecasting KW - Geometric design KW - Highway curves KW - Low volume roads KW - Road shoulders KW - Rural highways KW - Section length KW - Tangents KW - Two lane highways KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426044 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680751 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Daubert, D B AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STOP VERSUS YIELD SIGNS ON LOW-VOLUME RURAL ROADS SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 285-289 AB - Although research concerning Yield sign installation has been conducted in urban or suburban settings, Yield signs are prolific in rural areas. Rural areas generally have higher speed limits, low traffic volumes, and unlimited visibility. The use of Yield signs would seem to be ideal. However, the large number of accidents resulting in fatalities and serious injuries suggests that some other factors are at work in the rural areas. Because of the committed zone of the driver's vision, it is recommended that Yield signs be restricted to use on roadways with speed limits of 50 kph (30 mph) or less. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Conferences KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Low volume roads KW - Recommendations KW - Restrictions KW - Rural areas KW - Utilization KW - Yield signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426046 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00680774 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Groenier, J S AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ECONOMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES ON LOW-VOLUME ROADS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA SN - 0309060745 PY - 1995 IS - 6 SP - p. 130-136 AB - The USDA Forest Service in the Tongass National Forest has a unique task in designing bridges for low-volume roads in remote areas of southeast Alaska. This paper focuses on an overview of the methodology for the location, design, construction, and maintenance of these bridges with an emphasis on economics. The site of the bridge is located during planning of the low-volume road. Forest roads have an average daily traffic of less than 50 vehicles per day. A few of the considerations in determining the location of the bridge are preliminary hydrology and hydraulics, stream-bed strata, and environment. Other factors may also control the location and design of the bridge. The bridge is designed after the site has been located. The typical structure is designed for use by a standard U80 logging truck with an L90 yarder overload. The type and size of structure will be based on economics, design life, and environmental limitations of construction materials. The bridge will also be designed with ease of construction in mind. Construction methodology is a major consideration in design because of the remoteness of the area and limited construction equipment. Typical construction materials in southeast Alaska are steel, wood, and concrete. Concrete is not readily available and requires more maintenance with the heavy logging equipment that uses these structures. The last concern is maintenance after the bridge has been completed. The structures should have low maintenance or be easily repaired with limited equipment and resources. U1 - Sixth International Conference on Low-Volume RoadsUS Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.Minneapolis, Minnesota StartDate:19950625 EndDate:19950629 Sponsors:US Forest Service and Agricultural Marketing Service, US Department of Agriculture; Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation; US Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior; and Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. KW - Accessibility KW - Alaska KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Building materials KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Forest roads KW - Location KW - Logging roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Remote areas KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/426069 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678072 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Slater, R E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1994 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY STATMENT: A FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 2-3 AB - Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) administrator Rodney Slater reaffirms the agency's commitment to the environment in commentary regarding the FHWA Environmental Policy Statement (EPS). The 1994 version of EPS defines "environment" as the natural environment, the built environment, the cultural and social fabric of our country and our neighborhoods, and the quality of life of the people living here. Slater states that EPS is a framework for action, which sets a tone for environmental activity and reveals a path to which environmental goals can be achieved. KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental policy KW - Environmental protection KW - Environmental quality KW - Federal highway administrator KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Promotion KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Technology transfer KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp2.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425582 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678076 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Howard, T AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY BONDS: AN EMERGING OPTION FOR INCREASING HIGHWAY FINANCING PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 12-15 AB - An urgent need for investment in transportation capital infrastructure improvements and passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) is prompting transportation decision makers to explore various financing options. Bond issuance is an option that is gaining popularity. This article teaches the basic concepts of highway bond issuance in a question-and-answer format. Highway bond financing has increased dramatically in the last decade. The reasons for the current trends are program needs, reduced interest rates, and improved financial products. ISTEA and other federal legislation promote and encourage the use of bonds. The appropriateness of highway bond financing must be evaluated--along with other available financing options--to determine the revenue potential, equity, efficiency, and political acceptability. KW - Bonds KW - Capital investments KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Finance KW - Financial programming KW - Financing KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Laws and legislation KW - Needs assessment KW - Political factors KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Revenues KW - Transportation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp12.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425586 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678079 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hunter, G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESERVING A SENSE OF WILDNESS PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 21-27 AB - Wyoming's Grand Teton National Park is home to magnificent snow-covered mountains, quiet lakes, tumbling waterfalls, rippling streams, and innumerable wildlife. It was a summer home to 3 million visitors, which came in station wagons, campers, travel trailers, motor homes, and tour buses. This article describes the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) design and reconstruction of roads and supplementary facilities that serve the park's visitors. FHWA work included the relocation of a portion of Teton Park Road (one of two major routes through the park), the rebuilding of Jenny Lake Road, the relocation of String Lake Road, the construction of six parking areas, and the obliteration of several abandoned road sections. Many original structures were obsolete and badly deteriorated. FHWA's challenge was to preserve the park's wild, but delicate beauty, while providing adequate facilities. KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Environmental protection KW - Grand Teton National Park KW - Highway design KW - Parking facilities KW - Preservation KW - Recreational facilities KW - Rehabilitation KW - Relocation KW - Relocation (Facilities) KW - Road construction KW - Tourism KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Wyoming UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp21.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425589 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678080 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McNamara, M A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL SCENIC BYWAYS CLEARINGHOUSE PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 28-29 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Automobile Association (AAA) have joined forces to establish the National Scenic Byways Clearinghouse. The clearinghouse serves as a centralized source for information on scenic byways, housing technical and referral information; information on scenic byway grants; and copies of relevant reports, brochures, maps, slides, and videos. The clearinghouse is an offshoot of the National Scenic Byways Program, which designates roads with significant scenic, historic, recreational, cultural, natural, and/or archaeological value as "National Scenic Byways" or "All-American Roads." The program was mandated by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. KW - American Automobile Association KW - Databases KW - Information services KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Natural resources KW - Scenic highways KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425590 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678074 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Savonis, M J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE CMAQ PROGRAM: REALIZING ISTEA'S PROMISE PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 7-8 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) dramatically changed federal transportation funding. Project funding moved from the isolated goals of safety and mobility to mitigation of undesirable environmental impact and positive improvements in air quality via transportation projects. The Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program (CMAQ) is one vehicle through which these new transportation goals have been attained. Flexibility--the cornerstone of ISTEA legislation--allows the CMAQ program to move beyond traditional traffic flow and transit improvement to projects that focus on vehicles and fuels. Expanded flexibility fosters better planning, new partnerships in transportation decision making, enhanced public involvement, and decentralization of the decision-making process by empowering metropolitan planning organizations. This article provides a status report on the activities of the CMAQ program, calling it a front-runner in meeting the congressional mandates of ISTEA. KW - Air quality KW - Decentralization KW - Decision making KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Flexibility KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Laws and legislation KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Planning KW - Public participation KW - Public private partnerships KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp7.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425584 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678078 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Douwes, Christopher AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NATIONAL RECREATIONAL TRAILS FUNDING PROGRAM PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 18-20 AB - The National Recreational Trails Funding Program authorized by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) has been instrumental in 478 trail-related projects. The Federal Highway Administration disperses funds to states, which select projects via open competition or selection by agency. The projects have varied considerably, providing benefits for a wide range of interests. This article highlights several innovative projects. KW - Accessibility KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Education KW - Employment KW - Environmental protection KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Recreational facilities KW - Rehabilitation KW - Trails KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp18.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425588 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678081 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - TAYLOR, M B AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ARIZONA'S GENERAL HITCHCOCK HIGHWAY: BALANCING SAFETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 30-36 AB - The 40-km General Hitchcock Highway near Tucson, Arizona, is being widened to accommodate traveling needs. The original 6-m paved surface is being expanded to 8.5 m with 1.2-m foreslopes and ditch. This multiphased Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) project involves blasting rock; constructing retaining walls; creating new picnic, trail head, and scenic-view parking areas; providing improved drainage, erosion control, and snow removal; designing new channelized intersections with turn and auxiliary lanes; constructing turnouts for slow traffic and temporary roadside parking for safety and traffic operations; and ensuring environmental mitigation or enhancement. This article describes the diverse environmental setting and the impacts of this extensive project on the environment. A discussion on mitigation measures is included. The FHWA challenge has been in in balancing public safety and environmental protection. KW - Arizona KW - Channelized intersections KW - Economic impacts KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Erosion control KW - Highway design KW - Highway drainage KW - Parking facilities KW - Presplitting (Blasting) KW - Retaining walls KW - Road construction KW - Safety KW - Snow removal KW - Surface drainage KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Turnouts KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425591 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678073 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA'S ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY STATEMENT 1994 PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 3-6 AB - This article is a reprint of the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Environmental Policy Statement 1994. The purpose of the policy is stated as are the five key components of the statement: 1) full involvement of partners, 2) complete integration of environmental concerns, 3) active protection and enhancement of environment, 4) vigorous research, technology transfer, and training, and 5) effective development and promotion of environmental expertise. The term "environment" in this policy statement refers to the natural environment, the built environment, the social fabric of country and neighborhoods, and the quality of life of the people who live here. KW - Development KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental policy KW - Environmental protection KW - Environmental quality KW - Integrated systems KW - Integration KW - Promotion KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Technology transfer KW - Training KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp3.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425583 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678075 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Burbank, C J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS AND THE ENVIRONMENT PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 9-11 AB - Many environmentalists view intelligent transportation systems (ITS) as perpetuating the status quo and accommodating the auto-dominated transportation system. This article examines the environmental viability of ITS strategies. At the core of the viability problem is that ITS strategies increase vehicle speeds, which in turn increases emissions. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC)--the components of smog and ground level ozone--are regulated by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The legislation requires transportation plans and programs to conform to state air quality plans in nonattainment areas--mostly major metropolitan areas. The author concludes that ITS viability is more than a scientific challenge; advocates on both sides must develop strategies that balance environmental, economic, safety, and equity goals for their particular area. KW - Air pollution sources KW - Air quality KW - Air quality standards KW - Clean Air Act KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental protection KW - Environmental quality KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Laws and legislation KW - Ozone KW - Pollutants KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/95spring/p95sp9.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425585 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00678077 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mergenmeier, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW STRATEGIES CAN IMPROVE WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS PY - 1995 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - p. 16-17 AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is sponsoring an anti-icing test and evaluation project in 15 states with significant winter maintenance programs. Anti-icing is a winter maintenance process that involves applying chemicals that lower the freezing point of water to prevent a strong bond from forming between snow and the pavement surface. This article describes FHWA's field testing and the results to date. After 1 year, the states confirmed that safe driving conditions can be maintained with less materials; however, effective anti-icing operations require better weather information systems, improved materials and material spreaders, and additional crew training. This study is a continuation of an anti-icing study initiated under the Strategic Highway Research Program. KW - Anti-icing KW - Applications KW - Chemical treatments KW - Chemicals KW - Field tests KW - Research KW - Soil stabilization KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Winter maintenance UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/Spring95_Main/Spring95_Main.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/Spring95_Main/Spring95_Main.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/425587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675276 AU - Rosenbloom, S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL BY WOMEN (DRAFT) PY - 1995 SP - 91 p. AB - This report analyzes data from the 1990 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data in order to identify and evaluate the differences, if any, in the travel behavior of women in different household and family settings today. The data cannot tell us if these differences will continue into the future and, if they will not, what women's travel will look like instead. But the analysis is the first step in making our travel estimates more accurate, our planning efforts more responsive, and our policymaking more equitable. The report uses largely descriptive analyses and cross-tabulations to address these issues. The first major section of the report covers each issue in depth, highlighting the transportation implications for women of the profound demographic and social changes our society has witnessed in the last thirty years. The second section of the report compares and evaluates the travel patterns of men and women in terms of traditional variables: household income, employment status, and license holding. The third major section focuses on the possible impact of less commonly studied variables on the travel behavior of women and men. The fourth section summarizes the major findings and the last section briefly describes the research implications of the findings. KW - Females KW - National Personal Transportation Survey KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675186 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS 1994 PY - 1995 SP - 18 p. AB - This brochure highlights the 1994 Research and Technology Program of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The contents are organized as follows: OVERVIEW - Reinventing the Way We Do R&T; Emphasizing Our Staff; Reaching Out to the Private Sector for Solutions; Taking Our Place in National and International Forums; Reengineering the Intelligent Transportation Systems Program; and Training and Educating Our Customers; MAKING IT SMART - Intelligent Transportation Systems; Cutting-Edge Technologies; and Cutting-Edge Products and Materials; MAKING IT SOUND - Structures; Pavements; and Materials; MAKING IT SYNERGETIC - Through Teaming; Through Sharing; and Through Technology Transfer; MAKING IT SAFE - For the Driver; and For Tomorrow; MAKING IT SERVE - Creating Tools That Work; Facilitating Change; and Improving Efficiency and Productivity; and MAKING IT CONSERVE - By Improving Air Quality; and By Minimizing Impact. KW - Bridges KW - Brochures KW - Highway safety KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Materials KW - Partnerships KW - Pavements KW - Products KW - Research and technology program KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412216 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675176 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fleet, C R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. APPENDIX A: HIGHLIGHTS FROM 1994 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD ANNUAL MEETING SESSIONS ON 1990 CENSUS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 131-134 AB - This report summarizes the major discussion topics from "CTPP--Products and Applications" (Session 190A) and "Data Needs--A Look to the Future" (Session 190B) of the 1994 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board (TRB). Also included are some of the author's interpretations and observations concerning these topics. The discussion covers the major themes from the two sessions which were: (1) Application: problems and solutions; (2) Local perspective and implications for the user; (3) A view from the other side; and (4) Adapting to change. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - 1990 Census KW - Applications KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Information organization KW - Products KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-011.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415556 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675173 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Cervero, R AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USE OF CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSIT, MULTIMODAL, AND SMALL-AREA ANALYSES SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 83-94 AB - For multimodal transportation planning purposes, the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) is the crown jewel of census data because it provides flow (as well as trip end) data at a small geographic scale of analysis. The Urban Element of the CTPP, in particular, supports small-area analysis of commuting within metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The CTPP/Urban Element comes in three parts. Part 1 contains data tabulations by area of residence, Part 2 contains data by area of employment, and Part 3 contains data on zone-to-zone work trip interchanges stratified by travel modes and times. For small-area analyses, records are usually identified by transportation analysis zone (TAZ). In this paper, a number of possible uses of journey-to-work census data for transit and multimodal analysis and planning are outlined. The focus is on the use of data at a small geographic area (i.e., TAZs, census tracts, block groups). Both current and future small-area applications of census transportation data are discussed. Subheadings are as follows: Multimodal Analyses; Transit Service Analyses and Planning; Intermodal Travel; Transportation Demand Management, Ridesharing, and HOV Services; Other Small-Area Analysis Applications; and Conclusion. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Small-area analyses KW - Transit services KW - Transportation analysis zones KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-008.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415553 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675175 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Goodman, C AU - Murakami, E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USING 1990 CENSUS DATA IN NATIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 105-114 AB - Decennial census data on the journey to work from 1960 onward have been of critical importance in transportation planning at all levels of government. Census data on mobility and the journey to work are used in transportation planning, development and project impact analyses, and in supporting policy decisions at the federal, state, regional, and local/site level. The focus of this paper is on the use at the federal level, specifically, use by the U.S. Department of Transportation in developing, monitoring, and assessing transportation policies and service delivery programs, and on use by the other federal agencies for a wide range of applications. The paper begins with a short description of census products available for transportation policy at the federal level, summarizes the broad dimensions of federal use of decennial census data for policy assessment and development, and concludes with a summary of census data at the national level. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - 1990 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Federal government agencies KW - Mobility KW - National transportation policies KW - Policy analysis KW - Policy making KW - Transportation departments KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - U.S. Department of Transportation KW - United States KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-010.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415555 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675171 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Shunk, G A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - USES OF CENSUS DATA FOR TRAVEL RESEARCH SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 68-74 AB - Among the many possible uses often cited for data from the decennial census are those related to travel research. This is appropriate, because the social, economic, and locational data provided by the census are rich in information about factors that affect travel. This value has been enhanced by the journey-to-work data collected as part of several recent censuses. The availability of such information is often greeted enthusiastically by researchers unfamiliar with idiosyncrasies of journey-to-work data. This paper reports that a sample of researchers, having experienced those conditions, are apparently less enthusiastic about using these data for travel research. The value of census data appears to be greater for analyses associated with transportation planning. The findings reported here are from a brief survey of a broad spectrum of individuals and organizations that appear most likely to use census data for travel research. In this paper, the term "research" is intended to mean exploratory analysis to identify or determine relationships and includes model development. Model estimation, calibration, application, and related activities constitute the largest portion of responses to the survey and are reported here as planning activities. The paper is organized in the following sections: Summary of Findings (travel research, data bases, demographic research, land use and development research, and planning); Descriptions of Census Data Uses (travel research, transportation-related demographic research, land use research related to transportation, data bases and surveys, and transportation planning uses); Problems and Recommendations (problems with questions, with coding detail, and with coding accuracy, additional data needs, reporting problems, and data availability); Census User Survey; and Respondents to Requests for Information on Uses of Census Data for Research. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data uses KW - Problem identification KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Travel research KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-006.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415551 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675172 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, M D AU - Mazur, G AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA USE FOR STATEWIDE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN SMALLER METROPOLITAN AREAS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 75-82 AB - The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of census data in statewide transportation planning and in transportation planning that occurs in small metropolitan areas. The focus is on the future use of census data given that, in the absence of a requirement for statewide transportation planning, few state departments of transportation (SDOTs) have aggressively used census data in their planning activities. Passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) has dramatically increased the importance of statewide transportation planning. The first section of this paper briefly describes the characteristics of this new planning environment. The next section presents the results of a telephone survey of selected SDOTs that was conducted to assess past and future use of census data in statewide planning and in small urban areas. The third section provides an overview of the data needs of the future and the important role that census data can play in satisfying some of these data needs. The final section contains conclusions of this study. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Data uses KW - Information organization KW - Regional planning KW - Small cities KW - Small metropolitan areas KW - State departments of transportation KW - State planning KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-007.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415552 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675174 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dunphy, R T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - CENSUS DATA FOR REAL ESTATE DECISIONS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 95-104 AB - The changing demographics, economic attainment, and geography of the American population and workplaces will largely determine the nation's transportation needs in 2000, as they have since the first census was conducted more than 200 years ago. The use of census data in decisions on locating the buildings where we will live, work, shop, study, and play in 2000 and beyond, which will determine our needs for travel and communication, are examined in this paper. Many of the decisions are private decisions, those of builders and developers, companies, households, and institutions. On the other hand, they have an important public counterpart in regulation of the use of land. Such information probably plays an even greater role in decisions on development than the census commuting data do on transportation. Acquiring, developing, and disposing of real estate is an important ingredient of an expanding economy. Often in the past such decisions were based on "gut feelings", rudimentary rules of thumb, or "back of the envelope" calculations. Increasingly, however, such choices are being made through careful analytical procedures and as part of a broad business strategy. A number of emerging trends that appear to emphasize the value of census data in development decisions are identified in this paper. The perspectives of three important participants in real estate--developer, planner, and lender--are examined, and recent case studies of how census data are currently being used for development choices are described. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Case studies KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data uses KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Real estate development KW - Transportation planning KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-009.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415554 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675170 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Purvis, C L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE DECENNIAL CENSUS AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING: PLANNING FOR LARGE METROPOLITAN AREAS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 55-67 AB - The purpose of this resource paper is to describe the use and application of decennial census data for transportation planning purposes in large metropolitan areas in the United States. In particular, use of the 1980 Urban Transportation Planning Package (UTPP) and the 1990 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) is discussed. Large metropolitan areas are defined as regions with populations of 1 million or greater. The discussion is presented under the following subheadings: Review of Literature: Use and Application of Census Data in Transportation Planning; Getting the Data Out: Disseminating the 1990 Census; Use of Census Data in Metropolitan Transportation Planning; and Conclusions. The section on "Use of Census Data in Metropolitan Transportation Planning" covers the following: trend analysis; travel demand model estimation, calibration, and validation; demographic and land use allocation model estimation, calibration, and validation; census data and estimation of small-area employment data; census data and household travel surveys; transit market analysis; miscellaneous transportation planning applications; and nontransportation planning applications of the journey-to-work data. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Census KW - Census Transportation Planning Package KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Employment KW - Forecasting KW - Guides to the literature KW - Households KW - Information dissemination KW - Land use models KW - Large metropolitan areas KW - Literature reviews KW - Nontransportation planning applications KW - Small-area employment data KW - Socioeconomic areas KW - Transit market analysis KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-005.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415550 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675168 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fulton, P N AU - Transportation Research Board TI - IMPLICATIONS OF THE CENSUS BUREAU'S 2000 CENSUS PLANS FOR THE CONTINUED AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORTATION DATA FROM THE DECENNIAL CENSUS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 31-43 AB - Data from the decennial census are the backbone of the statistical system that supports the transportation planning process of our nation. The U.S. Department of Transportation, as well as state and local transportation planning organizations, have relied on the consistent data collection provided by the decennial census since 1960, when transportation questions were first added to the census questionnaire. Planning for the 2000 census is well under way at the Census Bureau. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is already reviewing federal agency requirements for decennial census data to set priorities among competing data needs. The decisions that OMB and the Census Bureau make will determine what transportation data will be collected in the decennial census. The continued availability of data needed by transportation planners and policy makers and historically collected in the decennial census is by no means assured. In response to congressional criticism, the Census Bureau has taken a zero-based approach to what the 2000 census will look like. The Bureau is considering alternatives designs for the census (i.e., the fundamental details of how the census is conducted). The Bureau is also questioning the justification for collecting any data in the decennial census beyond the minimal information required for congressional reapportionment and legislative redistricting. Both are meant to move the decennial census in the direction of achieving the Census Bureau's stated 2000 census objectives: to reduce the undercount of the population and the cost of conducting the census. The objective of this paper is to place current and future needs for transportation data from the decennial census within the context of the Census Bureau's plans for the 2000 census as well as within the political context of the 2000 census planning process. The history of transportation data in the decennial census is recounted and the critical need for and uses of the data to meet the requirements of federal legislation is described. An overview is provided of the political context of the 2000 census planning process and how it has influenced the Census Bureau's plans. Finally, the Census Bureau's 2000 census plans are summarized and the implications of those plans for the continued availability of transportation data from the decennial census are examined. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - 2000 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Data needs KW - Design KW - Design features KW - History KW - Information organization KW - Justification KW - Planning KW - Plans KW - Plans (Drawings) KW - Political factors KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-003.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415548 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675167 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tortora, R D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE 2000 CENSUS: A NEW DESIGN FOR COUNT AND CONTENT DATA SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 20-30 AB - This paper describes the research program for the 2000 census and outlines options for collecting count and content data. The paper is divided into two parts: (a) design features for the 2000 census count that are independent of content and (b) design features and options for data content. The choice of design features not affecting content will be selected after a 1995 census test in three locations: Oakland, California; Paterson, New Jersey; and six rural parishes in northwest Louisiana. The content determination process ends in April 1997 when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the Census Bureau recommend the final content to Congress. Federal data trends will be the major driver of content, but the Census Bureau will also obtain input from other government entities and other users of census data. In April 1998 the Census Bureau will recommend final wording of census questions to Congress. During that time period the Census Bureau will obtain input on the options being considered for content collection. In addition to use of a sample long form in 2000, the Census Bureau is conducting research on other ways to collect content. One option is to use multiple sample forms in 2000. Another option is to collect content through a continuous measurement survey--a survey conducted each month during the decade instead of the sample long form. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - 2000 Census KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Content KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Options KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-002.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415547 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675169 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Wachs, M AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE FUTURE CITY: ITS CHANGING ROLE AND PROSPECTS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 44-52 AB - This paper addresses the future of the city and the role of urban transportation systems in that future. Observations are made about the ways in which planners, politicians, and lay citizens relate to data about the city. The discussion is presented under the following subheadings: The City of the Future as a Link With the Past; Cities in the Coming Century; Social Dimensions of the City of the Future; Political Nature of Transportation Decision Making; and Conclusion: Our Role in Shaping the Urban Future. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Census KW - Cities KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Planning KW - Political factors KW - Social factors KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-004.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415549 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675165 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DECENNIAL CENSUS DATA FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE, IRVINE, CALIFORNIA, MARCH 13-16, 1994 SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - 204 p. AB - This document summarizes a conference of state and metropolitan planners, researchers, public officials from all sectors of government, and individuals from the private sector held to review the transportation community's experience with the 1990 census and to begin assessment of future needs and preparation of recommendations for the next census. The proceedings are organized as follows: Summary and Conclusions; General Overview (4 papers); Resource Papers: Use of 1980 and 1990 Census Data (6 papers); Workshop Reports; Appendix A - Highlights from 1994 Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting Sessions on 1990 Census, C.R. Fleet; Appendix B - Census Transportation Planning Package; Glossary; Steering Committee Biographical Information; and Participants. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - 1990 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - Transportation planning UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415545 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00675166 JO - Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Pisarski, A E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - HISTORIC USES OF CENSUS DATA IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND FUTURE NEEDS SN - 0309060559 PY - 1995 IS - 4 SP - p. 17-19 AB - This paper briefly reviews the history of the census journey-to-work statistics and the supporting statistical package. Three product areas are differentiated: (a) the census socioeconomic data presented at user-defined small area geography; (b) Bureau of the Census-provided journey-to-work statistical products; and (c) the package of standardized tabulations produced cooperatively with the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), which has had various names over the years but is presently called the CTPP--Census Transportation Planning Package. A table is presented which briefly summarizes the historical landmarks along the four-census (1960 to the present) history of the journey-to-work package. The vast array of issues confronting the planner-statistician considering the future of the program are discussed, and it is pointed out that the central issues from the transportation side tend to fall into two groups: issues that concern changes in the institutional mandates that define the ways in which the census data are used, and the changes in travel behavior that these statistics seek to describe. A third area concerns changes in the census program itself and how they may affect the ability to provide effective journey-to-work products. U1 - Decennial Census Data for Transportation PlanningTransportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19940313 EndDate:19940316 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board, Federal Highway Administration, and Federal Transit Administration. KW - 1990 Census KW - Census KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Institutional issues KW - Socioeconomic data KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Work trips UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conf/1995/cp4/cp4-001.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/415546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682810 AU - Chang, L M AU - Hsie, M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DEVELOPED QUALITY ACCEPTANCE SYSTEM FOR STEEL BRIDGE PAINTING CONSTRUCTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12/30 SP - 125 p. AB - The purpose of this research is to implement the steel bridge painting quality acceptance system developed in the Joint Highway Research Project HPR-2029-89-27 and to computerize the developed system into inspectors' daily practice. A training program was conducted. Field experiment of the developed inspection system was initiated immediately after the inspector training program. The new acceptance system was manually tested. Feedback from the Indiana Department of Transportation's (INDOT's) inspectors and other personnel were adopted to refine the inspection system. Meanwhile, an interactive computer graphic program was developed to assist the INDOT in designing the double sampling plan and deciding the sample size with controlled risks for both the INDOT and painting contractors. In addition, a pen-computer system for painting quality acceptance has been developed. It reduces both the need for inspectors' statistical background and tedious manual paper work. The collected data will be more accurate and timely and will provide the INDOT with more information to make better decisions. The electronic network system to transfer data between construction sites and the INDOT's central office was also tested. Once the data are collected in the field, the data inside pen-computers can be transferred to PCs in the central office. The communication between field and office was enhanced. The pen-based computer system developed in this project can be applied to many other highway inspection areas, such as bridges and pavement inspections. Many current inspection works are very time-consuming and may cause errors when the data are re-typed into computers. If the existing inspection forms can be computerized through hand-writing recognition technology, the required efforts and paper shuffling can be largely reduced. KW - Acceptance KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Computer graphics KW - Computers KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Inspection KW - Interactive graphics KW - Metal bridges KW - Painting KW - Pen-based computers KW - Quality assurance KW - Sample size KW - Sampling KW - Statistical sampling KW - Steel bridges KW - Transferring KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711828 AU - Farooq, O AU - JAMES, D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Jiang, Yong AU - Nagle, J AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGHWAY SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR INDIANA: PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12/22 SP - 39 p. AB - This report presents the work plan for the development of a highway safety management system for Indiana. It identifies major activities and responsibilities for the development and implementation of a formal, statewide, interactive safety decision-making process. The safety management system of Indiana is perceived as a continuous process of considering all opportunities to improve highway safety in all phases of highway planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation. The primary emphasis is on coordination of activities at various levels and on the development of a common information data base that can be used for selecting and implementing effective highway safety strategies and projects. KW - Coordination KW - Databases KW - Decision making KW - Development KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Indiana KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Safety management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447734 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713072 AU - Ribbens, W B AU - University of Michigan, Ann Arbor AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ERROR ANALYSIS FOR A PROPOSED MOVING DYNAMIC DEFLECTION SYSTEM FOR HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12/09 SP - 111 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study in which an error analysis of a system for dynamically measuring road deflection was conducted. The system configuration has been proposed by Surface Dynamics, Inc., and consists of an instrumented tractor-trailer truck configuration that will permit road deflection measurements to be made at highway speeds. The proposed system utilizes a beam that is configured to carry laser distance measuring sensors. The sensors are positioned to make reference measurements of undeflected surface as well as the deflected surface. Signal processing algorithms are proposed that give the system the potential to compensate for beam movement as well as the random surface texture features. This study included a complete error analysis of the system beginning with suitable mathematical models for all components as well as all signal processing steps. A random and systematic error analysis was conducted of all components and of the complete system. This study was conducted analytically as well as in computer simulation. The error analysis has shown that the system total errors are within the allowed error bands for practical application provided all components function in accordance with manufacturers stated performance capability. KW - Algorithms KW - Analysis KW - Analytical method KW - Deflection KW - Distance measuring equipment KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Error analysis KW - Lasers KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Sensors KW - Signal processing KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448198 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735952 AU - All American Soils, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS. VOLUME 3 PY - 1994/12/06 SP - 648p AB - The principal objective of the conference was to improve the cost effectiveness of deep foundation systems for transportation-related projects by documentation and exchange of innovative practices and improved techniques. The conference provided an opportunity to share technological advances in deep foundation from a global perspective. The conference subjects ranged from theoretical modeling of pile foundation systems to driven and drilled pile transportation-related case studies. Volume 1 of the proceedings consists of papers by eleven internationally known keynote speakers invited to provide state-of-the-art knowledge and perspectives on deep foundations. Volumes 2 and 3 of the proceedings consist of 115 papers selected from 191 abstracts in response to the call for papers in 1992. The papers were written by more than 300 authors and co-authors representing 23 countries. U1 - International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep FoundationsFederal Highway AdministrationOrlando, Florida StartDate:19941206 EndDate:19941208 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Deep foundations KW - Design KW - Drilled shafts KW - Driven piles KW - Foundations KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482408 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735951 AU - All American Soils, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS. VOLUME 2 PY - 1994/12/06 SP - 855p AB - The principal objective of the conference was to improve the cost effectiveness of deep foundation systems for transportation-related projects by documentation and exchange of innovative practices and improved techniques. The conference provided an opportunity to share technological advances in deep foundation from a global perspective. The conference subjects ranged from theoretical modeling of pile foundation systems to driven and drilled pile transportation-related case studies. Volume 1 of the proceedings consists of papers by eleven internationally known keynote speakers invited to provide state-of-the-art knowledge and perspectives on deep foundations. Volumes 2 and 3 of the proceedings consist of 115 papers selected from 191 abstracts in response to the call for papers in 1992. The papers were written by more than 300 authors and co-authors representing 23 countries. U1 - International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep FoundationsFederal Highway AdministrationOrlando, Florida StartDate:19941206 EndDate:19941208 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Deep foundations KW - Design KW - Drilled shafts KW - Driven piles KW - Foundations KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482407 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00735950 AU - All American Soils, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEEDINGS: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS. VOLUME 1 PY - 1994/12/06 SP - 323p AB - The principal objective of the conference was to improve the cost effectiveness of deep foundation systems for transportation-related projects by documentation and exchange of innovative practices and improved techniques. The conference provided an opportunity to share technological advances in deep foundation from a global perspective. The conference subjects ranged from theoretical modeling of pile foundation systems to driven and drilled pile transportation-related case studies. This volume, Volume 1, of the proceedings consists of papers by eleven internationally known keynote speakers invited to provide state-of-the-art knowledge and perspectives on deep foundations. Volumes 2 and 3 of the proceedings consist of 115 papers selected from 191 abstracts in response to the call for papers in 1992. The papers were written by more than 300 authors and co-authors representing 23 countries. U1 - International Conference on Design and Construction of Deep FoundationsFederal Highway AdministrationOrlando, Florida StartDate:19941206 EndDate:19941208 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Deep foundations KW - Design KW - Drilled shafts KW - Driven piles KW - Foundations KW - Pile foundations KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil structure interaction KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/482406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584330 AU - Brauen, Stanton AU - Stahnke, Gwen AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Refertilization of Roadsides PY - 1994/12//Final Report SP - 110p AB - Roadsides prone to scotch broom and alder invasion were used to evaluate the timing and rate of IBDU, Escote 150 slow release nitrogen (SRN) application and the effects of fall grass/legume overseeding on improving cover. Fall fertilization with SRN increased cover and biomass of grass along roadsides where good bentgrass or fescue populations existed. A 20 to 40% increase in grass cover was realized with fall fertilization at >90 kg SRN/ha and significantly reduced open space where seeds of invading species could germinate. Poor grass growth occurred following spring SRN application and 45 kg N/ha in the fall as SRN or 16-16-16 was too low to improve cover. Liming and overseeding of grass/legume mixes were not reliable as a one-time method to improve grass/legume cover when precipitation began by early October. Overseeding may be successful if practiced regularly and by mid September when moisture might be available during some years. No overseeding grass or legume species survived better than another when overseeded in early October. A 5-year test program is recommended. In the fall apply SRN to roadsides prone to scotch broom invasion where good bentgrass/fine fescue populations exist. The SRN should consist of a 0.6 cm minus article IBDU, Escote 150 and urea combination (40:40:20 w/w, respectively) in a 2:1:1 ratio with Pâ‚‚Oâ‚… and Kâ‚‚O. Divide each test area into annually mowed, biannually mowed or non-mowed areas. Overseeding with fertilization should occur in early September. The seed mix should consist of 70% improved varieties of slender, creeping red or hard fescue, 20% fine-leaved perennial ryegrass and 10% colonial bentgrass. Dwarf white clover, although a desirable component of the mix, is not suggested unless seed is pre-inoculated and sufficient P, K and lime have been previously applied. KW - Calcium oxide KW - Fertilization (Horticulture) KW - Grasses KW - Invasive plants KW - Legumes KW - Nitrogen KW - Phosphorus KW - Potassium KW - Roadside flora KW - Seeding KW - Vegetation control UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/310.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377473 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400989 AU - Mace, D J AU - Garvey, P M AU - Heckard, R F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D TI - Relative visibility of increased legend size vs brighter materials for traffic signs PY - 1994/12 IS - FHWA/RD-94-035 SP - 44p AB - Static and dynamic legibility studies were conducted to investigate the effects of level of reflectivity, letter series, stroke width, letter spacing, font, letter height, and driver age. The dynamic study also considered the effect of sign size and retroreflectivity on the level of conspicuity. As expected, driver age had the largest effect on both legibility and conspicuity. In fact, the daytime legibility for older drivers is almost as poor as night legibility. Level of retroreflectivity, letter series, and letter height all had a significant effect on legibility. Increases in letter height resulted in proportionate increases in legibility up to about 600 ft (183 m). In most cases, stroke width, letter spacing, and font were not significant; however, with fully retroreflective signs, a narrow stroke width significantly increased the legibility of high-contrast signs. Using spacing narrower than the standard spacing did significantly reduce legibility. With regard to conspicuity, 36-in (0.91 m) signs with type I sheeting were found to have detection distances equivalent to 24-in (0.61 m) signs with type VII sheeting. Black-on-white signs were found to have much shorter detection distances than black-on-orange or white-on-green signs. Cost comparisons (excluding life-cycle costs) using the date available suggested that larger signs with type I sheeting were less expensive than smaller signs with type VII material which provided similar performance. The effects of other materials with brightness between type I and type VII were not of significant magnitude to provide reliable cost evaluations. KW - Age KW - Age KW - Color KW - Colour KW - Conspicuity KW - Dimension KW - Legibility KW - Legibility KW - Lettering KW - Lettering KW - Reflectivity KW - Reflectivity KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Size KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility distance KW - Visibility distance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168773 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01400332 JO - McTrans PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Sabra, Z A AU - Halkias, J A TI - TRAF-NETSIM: a practical tool for traffic preemption and roundabout intersection control modeling PY - 1994/12 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 5-6 KW - Case studies KW - Case study KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Highway traffic control KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transport KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Roundabout KW - Roundabouts KW - Signalized intersection KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic management KW - Traffic signal KW - Traffic signals KW - Travel time KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle actuated KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168116 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00981895 AU - Ferguson, E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECENT NATIONWIDE DECLINES IN CARPOOLING. CHAPTER 2, VOLUME II TRAVEL MODE SPECIAL REPORTS - IN: 1990 NPTS SPECIAL REPORTS PY - 1994/12 SP - 49 p. AB - This paper discusses the recent decline in carpooling in the United States. Carpooling first appeared on the national scene during the forties, when oil and rubber shortages dictated a more sparing use of private vehicles for personal transportation. After World War II, carpooling was quickly dropped as a national policy concern. Carpooling did not reappear until the mid 1970s, when oil crises, stimulated by the cartelization of the international oil market under the leadership of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), renewed our national interest in alternatives to driving alone. In the 1980s, suburban employment in addition to suburban residences boomed, and carpooling declined. By the end of the decade, the 1990 U.S. Census and the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) confirmed that the national stock of carpools had fallen dramatically just as many of the most ambitious and innovative programs to promote increased carpooling had been put in place. What led to this result? Critics of mandatory trip reduction ordinances pointed to significant social and demographic changes in the composition of the general commuting public and the continuing rapid evolution of automotively inspired urban form in U.S. towns and cities. Increasing numbers of women in the labor force, the baby boomlet, the random scattering of trip destinations among edge cities and other suburban employment activity centers, and the increasingly time compressed and therefore complex travel patterns of urbanites and suburbanites in the 1980s and1990s all contributed to the demise of carpooling in the United States. The observed decline in carpooling was not related in any way, however, to economic principles. Pricing was not relevant to carpool formation. The gradual shift in the dissipation of urban densities and energies toward suburban and exurban areas made it increasingly difficult to find carpool partners. Social and demographic trends toward the nuclearization of ever-smaller families with increasing time commitments made carpooling irrelevant because it was less responsive to the real and pressing travel needs of U.S. families. KW - Carpools KW - Cities and towns KW - Demographics KW - Driving KW - Exurban areas KW - Females KW - History KW - Labor force KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) KW - Origin and destination KW - Social factors KW - Suburbs KW - Time KW - Travel patterns KW - United States KW - Urban areas UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/1990/doc/mode.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/743158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00981896 AU - Niemeier, D A AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION. CHAPTER 3, VOLUME II TRAVEL MODE SPECIAL REPORTS - IN: 1990 NPTS SPECIAL REPORTS PY - 1994/12 SP - 24 p. AB - The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an evaluation of travel characteristics associated with households and individuals making non-motorized trips. The data were collected as part of the National Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). The size and representation of the NPTS dataset facilitates not only comparisons between households making no non-motorized trips (i.e. bike or walk trips) and households making one or more non-motorized trips but is also sufficiently large to allow detailed examination of bike and walk trips alone. KW - Bicycling KW - Households KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Travel surveys KW - United States KW - Walking UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/1990/doc/mode.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/743159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00981894 AU - Lave, C AU - Crepeau, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL BY HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT VEHICLES. CHAPTER 1, VOLUME II TRAVEL MODE SPECIAL REPORTS - IN: 1990 NPTS SPECIAL REPORTS PY - 1994/12 SP - 45 p. AB - Over the past thirty years the federal government has funded extensive programs to improve the travel options of those people who do not have their own vehicles. During this same period, independent of government actions, economic and demographic trends have diminished the target population and made vehicle access nearly universal, even in the poorest households. It is time to study the travel characteristics of the remaining zero-vehicle households. Where are they located and how do they travel? What kind of transit access do they have, how many jobs, and how do they commute, and how do they shop and accomplish errands? Such information will help us understand the needs of these households, and whether adjustments in federal programs should be made. KW - Access KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Economic conditions KW - Federal government KW - Households KW - Jobs KW - Location KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Public transit KW - Shopping trips KW - Transportation modes KW - Travel and shipment characteristics KW - Travel surveys KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - United States KW - Zero vehicle households UR - http://nhts.ornl.gov/1990/doc/mode.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/743157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720204 AU - Padavich, J F AU - Allegheny County, Pennsylvania AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ORGANIC ZINC-RICH PAINT SYSTEM RESEARCH PROJECT NUMBER 85-102: WINDGAP, SUTERSVILLE, AND HILLCREST BRIDGES. PHASE IV FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 120 p. AB - KTA-Tator, Inc., has been contracted by Allegheny County to assess the performance (over a five-year period) of an experimental organic zinc-rich paint system applied to the Windgap, Sutersville, and Hillcrest Bridges. This is the final report for the study, which includes: 1) Summary of all field data collected for Phases II (coating installation and initial evaluations) and III (annual performance inspections over a five-year period); 2) Coating system evaluation; 3) Comparison of the experimental system performance to existing bridge coating systems; 4) Maintenance painting cycle for the next 15 years to achieve an overall 20-year life of this system, as well as life cycle costs for comparison purposes to other systems; 5) Recommendations; and 6) Coating specifications. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Inspection KW - Life cycle costing KW - Maintenance painting cycle KW - Maintenance practices KW - Organic coatings KW - Painting KW - Performance evaluations KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - Specifications KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00784537 AU - Dougan, C AU - Green, D AU - Kaufman, W AU - Kent, E AU - O'Keefe, T AU - Wang, H AU - Wentworth, J AU - Loyola College, Baltimore AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA INTERNATIONAL SCANNING REPORT ON ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY PY - 1994/12 SP - 54 p. AB - To better prepare for the task of identifying advanced technologies that may be incorporated in future highway systems, a scanning team was assembled to survey European planning and applications of advanced technologies. This advanced technology scanning team was drawn from Federal and State highway agencies, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Carnegie Mellon Research Institute. These experts in various advanced technologies met with experts in Denmark, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. Their objectives were to: assess the state of ongoing research in evolving computer-based technologies such as artificial intelligence, data visualization, etc.; assess support for longer range, high-risk research ventures; determine how these countries get innovations tested and into practice; and define technologies in which the United States can collaborate on joint research and development efforts. The team identified several technical projects that should be considered for followup. This report consists of: (1) an executive summary; (2) introductory information; (3) country summaries describing what was observed in each country in the following categories: management, design and decision-support tools, traffic management, data management, sensors, computational methods, and global positioning systems/geographic information systems applications; (4) a description of how various countries address specific technical subjects, such as traffic control, pavement management, materials research, etc.; and (5) an identification of areas and countries that should be followed up on through in-depth technical exchanges and cooperative or coordinated research. KW - Computers KW - Database management systems KW - Decision support systems KW - Denmark KW - Design KW - France KW - Geographic information systems KW - Germany KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highways KW - Management KW - Netherlands KW - Research KW - Sensors KW - Study tours KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/advtech012.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/advtech012.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636988 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00765953 AU - DeBlasio, A J AU - Borg, E F AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES PROGRAM: REVIEW OF THE SMARTRAVELER OPERATIONAL TEST PY - 1994/12 SP - 56 p. AB - The SmarTraveler operational test was chosen by the Federal Highway Administration to be the subject of a case study. Several case studies were performed under the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Institutional and Legal Issues Program, which was developed in response to the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. The objective of each case study was to detemine (1) institutional issues and legal impediments encountered during the establishment of partnerships and deployment of ITS services and products during the operational test, (2) the point in the life cycle of the operational test at which the impediments occurred, (3) how project partners and participants overcame impediments, and (4) lessons that were learned that are applicable to future deployments of ITS products and services. This case study also describes the operational test and documents its history. Interviews for this case study were conducted during the summer of 1993. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Case studies KW - Demonstration projects KW - Deployment KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal issues KW - Partnerships UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/502417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760564 AU - McAuliffe, D E AU - Bendana, L J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEMBRANES FOR PAVEMENT/SHOULDER JOINTS PY - 1994/12 SP - 19 p. AB - Shoulder drop-off on overlaid rigid pavements with asphalt concrete shoulders beneath the overlay is believed to be caused by water infiltration through the reflective crack over the old longitudinal shoulder joint. The study reported here was initiated to determine the effectiveness of 1) geotextile membranes placed over this longitudinal pavement/shoulder joint before overlaying, or 2) a saw-and-seal joint in the overlay over that joint, in reducing such water infiltration and thus preventing or minimizing the shoulder drop-off. Drop-offs are considered safe for all drivers when less than 37 mm, and safe for most drivers from 37 to 51 mm. In this study, all drop-off readings were 7 mm or less, with most being 4 mm or less. This shows that to date the test sections, although differing statistically from the control sections, are functionally the same. KW - Geotextiles KW - Infiltration KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Paved shoulders KW - Pavement/shoulder drop-off KW - Prevention KW - Reflection cracking KW - Saw-and-seal joints UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21123/PB99100208.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760551 AU - Doody, M E AU - Morgan, R L AU - Noonan, J E AU - Schips, N AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEPARATION AND RE-USE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE FROM BRIDGE PAINT REMOVAL PY - 1994/12 SP - 65 p. AB - New York has investigated various means of separating lead-based paint from blasting material to reduce the volume of hazardous waste generated in bridge maintenance operations. Alternatives to disposing of paint-removal wastes in landfills were also reviewed and assessed. Several promising techniques were identified for further research. Additional testing is recommended for the two most promising -- a waste-separation technique using a rotary incinerator furnace, and waste re-use in glass manufacture. KW - Bridges KW - Glass KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Incinerators KW - Lead based paint KW - Paint removal KW - Recycling KW - Waste separation methods UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21111/PB99100083.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740726 AU - Elrahman, O A AU - Perry, R J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NIGHT-TIME CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS PY - 1994/12 SP - 38 p. AB - Night-time construction and maintenance operations often generate widespread debate. Advocates defend them as effective tools in minimizing traffic congestion and maximizing operational efficiency of work-zone operations. Opponents voice concern over greater safety hazards and costs of night work, as compared to daytime work. This report assesses the parameters involved, provides guidance in establishing standard procedures, and offers planning recommendations to be applied before and during night work to ensure safe, efficient operations. The report is intended to complement the evaluation system provided by the New York State Department of Transportation night construction policy and operational guidelines issued in August 1994 by the Construction Division to maintain and protect traffic during these operations. KW - Construction management KW - Construction operations KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Guidelines KW - Maintenance practices KW - Night KW - Planning KW - Procedures KW - Recommendations KW - Safety KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21127/PB99100240.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573538 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667754 AU - Atteridge, D G AU - Wood, W E AU - Dighoe, R M AU - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES FOR PREDICTIONS OF PREHEATING TEMPERATURE FOR MULTIPASS BUTT WELDS IN BRIDGE STEELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 55 p. AB - There are a variety of proposed methods for estimating preheating temperature, both experimentally and analytically. This report presents a review of the methodologies for predicting (multipass) butt weld preheating temperatures for bridge steels, as well as recommendations for their use and application. KW - Bridges KW - Butt welds KW - Estimating KW - Preheating temperature KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667728 AU - Buckner, C D AU - Virginia Military Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTHS FOR PRETENSIONED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 108 p. AB - In October 1988, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) issued a memorandum that placed restrictions on the use of seven-wire strands for pretensioned members in highway bridge applications. As a result of this memorandum, about 12 research projects were initiated at institutions in the United States and Canada. The research often led to conflicting design recommendations for transfer and development lengths of pretensioned strands. In an attempt to reconcile some of the differences in the design recommendations, the FHWA requested that an independent review of the recent research be conducted. This report is a summary of that effort. The specific objectives of the present study were as follows: (1) Conduct a review of literature related to strand transfer and development length research; (2) Analyze data from recent studies and rationalize discrepancies among conclusions drawn from these studies; and (3) Recommend design criteria for strand transfer and development lengths consistent with the current state of knowledge. These objectives were fulfilled. Recommendations and equations for determining strand transfer and development lengths are presented. KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Development length KW - Equations KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Recommendations KW - Time duration KW - Transfer length KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00725549 AU - Crumpton, C AU - Wojakowski, J AU - Wallace, H AU - Hamilton, L D AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY OF D-CRACKING IN PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT. VOLUME 4: PETROGRAPHIC PHASE AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 92 p. AB - This volume, Petrographic Phase and Final Report, addresses the make-up of the aggregates and the void system of the cement paste matrix. The Volume 2 report, Laboratory and Repair Phase, derived its data from cores taken at various locations representing the pavements surveyed. Some of these cores from both the best and worst miles were designated for use in determining the void and aggregate properties, however, this report for the most part uses the data from the best mile cores. KW - Aggregate analysis KW - Aggregates KW - Alkali silica reactions KW - Concrete pavements KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - D cracking KW - Freeze thaw tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Petrography KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - http://kdot1.ksdot.org/idmws/DocContent.dll?Library=PublicDocs^dt00mx38&ID=003670496 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720268 AU - Chiang, C C AU - Roesset, J M AU - Stokoe, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF IRREGULARITIES ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF PAVEMENTS IN NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 232 p. AB - A computer program using finite elements was developed to simulate the response of defective pavements (i.e., pavements with horizontal delaminations, voids of different sizes, and vertical cracks) to dynamic loads applied at the surface. The solution of the finite element model is carried out in the time domain to obtain transient responses and steady-state amplitudes. These are easily obtained by applying the Fast Fourier Transform to the transient responses. The results obtained with this procedure were compared with those computed directly in the frequency domain with a boundary element formulation. The effect of horizontal delaminations, voids, and vertical cracks on the motions that would be recorded at the surface when an impulse is applied (also at the surface) was investigated. It was found that voids and delaminations can be easily recognized, if they are not too deep or at the interface of two layers with very different elastic properties. The impulse excites frequencies in one of two ranges: the first range corresponds to flexural waves traveling along the surface; the second to more traditional P waves traveling up and down. Each range offers some advantages and disadvantages. The flexural range provides a larger contrast and, therefore, easier identification when applicable. Vertical cracks have also a clear signature when they are surface piercing; they are, however, difficult to detect with the methods explored here when they are at depth and do not reach the surface. KW - Computer programs KW - Delamination KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Fast Fourier transforms KW - Finite element method KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Vertical cracks KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454655 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720270 AU - Cotton, B E AU - Stokoe, K H AU - Roesset, J M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY STUDIES TO DEVELOP A TRAILER-MOUNTED SYSTEM TO DELINEATE IRREGULARITIES IN RIGID PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 255 p. AB - This study involved preliminary investigation of the components needed to develop a low-cost, prototype, trailer-mounted system to nondestructively delineate irregularities and flaws in rigid pavements while rolling. The proposed system should be capable of delineating cracks, voids, debondings, and delaminations within a rigid pavement system. The design concept consists of introducing stress waves at one point on top of the pavement, and sensing the waves at another point. With this design concept, source and receiver wheels were experimentally studied, small trailer systems were prototyped, and systems to isolate the source and receiver were investigated. Preliminary full-scale tests were performed at the rigid concrete pavement test facility at the University of Texas at Austin. Testing consisted of evaluating individual components at various levels of development in a stationary mode. No successful rolling tests were performed. These tests showed that a source wheel should input stress waves with frequencies up to 25 kHz and force levels above several hundred pounds (> 1000 N). The receiver wheel is, however, the critical design element in a moving system and no successful receiver wheels were developed. A critical aspect is the negative impact that the rough texture of a rigid pavement has on the inability to couple high frequencies into the receiver wheel. Suggestions for future efforts and directions are given. KW - Cracking KW - Debonding KW - Delamination KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Prototypes KW - Research KW - Rigid pavements KW - Stress waves KW - Stresses KW - Testing equipment KW - Void ratios KW - Voids KW - Waves KW - Wheel-mounted receivers KW - Wheels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720140 AU - Flora, K S AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DR. LEO: AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 26 p. AB - The California Department of Transportation has developed an expert system program called "Dr. Leo" to help field, lab and design personnel solve reinforced concrete-related problems. The program performs three primary tasks: to diagnose reinforced concrete-related problems, to formulate repair strategies and to access approved brand name product information. Dr. Leo is limited to diagnosing and treating routine problems associated with reinforced concrete facilities. Complex problems requiring innovative solutions and the design of concrete mixes, overlays or structural elements are beyond the scope of the program. Dr. Leo has been developed in the Microsoft Windows environment and is entirely mouse driven. The program has a user-friendly interface and features color bitmap graphics, help/definition screens, explanations for repair strategies, the ability to play what if...scenarios, justification of diagnostic results, and printing of diagnostic results, repair strategies and product information. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Diagnosis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Expert systems KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454529 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720135 AU - Haroun, M A AU - Pardoen, G C AU - Shepherd, R AU - Haggag, H A AU - Kazanjy, R P AU - University of California, Irvine AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF CROSS-TIE PERFORMANCE IN BRIDGE PIER WALLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 118 p. AB - Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the California Department of Transportation intensified its efforts to verify and, if necessary, upgrade the seismic design of the structural components of highway bridges. The very early design procedures of pier walls assumed that these structural components behave as shear walls subjected to equivalent static loading. Lateral loads in the direction of the weak axis (flexural) of such walls were not considered in the design. As a result of this assumption, the pre-1971 pier wall design used relatively small reinforcement ratios in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The current design of bridge pier walls has employed clear measures to improve the seismic performance of pier walls, specifically in the weak direction, such as increasing the steel ratios of the vertical and the horizontal reinforcements, placing the horizontal reinforcement on the outside of the vertical bars, and extending the vertical bars into the foundation, thereby eliminating the need for lap splices. In addition, cross-ties have uniformly been distributed along the wall height to improve their flexural strength and ductility in the weak direction. The present study intended, specifically, to examine a range of cross-tie provisions with the objective of establishing whether existing standards are unnecessarily conservative and, if so, what level of confinement would be acceptable. In addition, two different ratios of the vertical steel reinforcement representing average and upper design limits in current Caltrans specifications were investigated. A computer program was developed to estimate both the pier wall ductility and strength. Furthermore, the current design method used by Caltrans designers was assessed. The calculated results were compared with the experimental findings, and recommendations for improved design procedures were devised. KW - Bridge piers KW - Computer programs KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flexural strength KW - Highway bridges KW - Performance evaluations KW - Railroad ties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454524 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720060 AU - Succarieh, M F AU - Sow, B G AU - Hulsey, L AU - Paramatsu, R AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STANDARD RESPONSE SPECTRA BASED ON ALASKA EARTHQUAKES. FINAL RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 405 p. AB - Results of studies of regional and local seismicity, combined with attenuation relations, are usually expressed in the form of peak particle accelerations. These values of peak particle accelerations are multiplied by the ordinates of standardized response spectra to obtain response spectra for use in design. This study involves the development of standardized response spectra from Alaska earthquakes. It includes collecting available strong motion records of Alaska earthquakes; correcting the uncorrected records using one of the available methods of earthquake record correction and providing a data bank of these corrected records; developing response spectra from each of these records; developing normalized vertical and horizontal response spectra (both mean and 85%) from the individual spectra; and comparing the developed spectra to corresponding ones from Japan and California earthquakes. KW - Alaska KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Earthquakes KW - Records KW - Records management KW - Response spectra UR - http://www.dot.state.ak.us/stwddes/research/assets/pdf/ine_trc_94_11.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720062 AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A COUPLED BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE: FOUNDATION FINITE ELEMENT CODE PY - 1994/12 SP - 146 p. AB - The report presents a novel way to drive and laterally load battered and plumb fixed head piles in flight. The pile cap is divided into two parts, with the bottom providing a template for pile driving, and the top ensuring a fixed head condition. The driving consisted of pushing three piles at a time (plumb or battered) into the soil until the two halves of the pile cap were engaged. Both halves of the cap were then epoxied together and a lateral load test was performed. The centrifuge was not stopped throughout the pile driving and load testing procedure. Based on the experimental results, the approach was very repeatable. All tests were performed at 45 g's, which modeled open ended pipe piles of 0.43 m in diameter by 13.6 m in length. In Florida, maximum battered lengths are usually less than 18 m. For the 3 x 3 battered group tests, the two outer rows were inclined at 8V to 1H, whereas the inner row had a slope of 4V to 1H. KW - Bridge piers KW - Lateral loads KW - Load tests KW - Pile driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454451 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720044 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCELERATED RIGID PAVING TECHNIQUES: STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT (SPECIAL PROJECT 201) PY - 1994/12 SP - 262 p. AB - This report represents nearly 6 years of collaboration among Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), State, and American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) engineers on the subject of Fastrack Concrete Paving. As an outgrowth of activities begun in 1986 in Storm Lake, Iowa, a Technical Working Group (TWG) assembled under the auspices of the FHWA's Special Project 201. Since the first meeting in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1988, the TWG has cooperated to construct pilot projects, test concrete material with the FHWA's mobile laboratory, sponsor workshops and conferences nationwide, simulate exercises on urban project designs, complete ACPA's Technical Bulletin on Fastrack, and support follow-on research. This report formally completes activities carried out under SP-201. It presents key information on opening-to-traffic criteria and pavement slab temperature management. It includes a summary of key projects built around the country in the last 6 years. It also includes a copy of ACPA's new bulletin and closes with reprints of several technical reports that may be of interest to the reader. Since 1986 implementation of the entire concept of Fastrack paving has progressed from its use in one project in a remote section of Iowa to its becoming an industry norm. This progress is a prime example of public and private sector cooperative efforts. KW - Construction scheduling KW - Fast track KW - Paving KW - Rigid pavements KW - State of the art reports UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454433 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675283 AU - Mace, D J AU - Garvey, P M AU - Heckard, R F AU - Last Resource, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELATIVE VISIBILITY OF INCREASED LEGEND SIZE VS. BRIGHTER MATERIALS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 49 p. AB - Static and dynamic legibility studies were conducted to investigate the effects of level of reflectivity, letter series, stroke width, letter spacing, font, letter height, and driver age. The dynamic study also considered the effect of sign size and retroreflectivity on the level of conspicuity. As expected, driver age had the largest effect on both legibility and conspicuity. In fact, the daytime legibility for older drivers is almost as poor as night legibility. Level of retroreflectivity, letter series, and letter height all had a significant effect on legibility. Increases in letter height resulted in proportionate increases in legibility up to about 600 ft (183 m). In most cases, stroke width, letter spacing, and font were not significant; however, with fully retroreflective signs, a narrow stroke width significantly increased the legibility of high-contrast signs. Using spacing narrower than the standard spacing did significantly reduce legibility. With regard to conspicuity, 36-in. (0.91-m) signs with type I sheeting were found to have detection distances equivalent to 24-in. (0.61-m) signs with type VII sheeting. Black-on-white signs were found to have much shorter detection distances than black-on-orange or white-on-green signs. Cost comparisons (excluding life-cycle costs) using the data available suggested that larger signs with type I sheeting were less expensive than smaller signs with type VII material which provided similar performance. The effects of other materials with brightness between type I and type VII were not of significant magnitude to provide reliable cost evaluations. KW - Age KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Brightness KW - Color KW - Costs KW - Days KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Legibility KW - Letter height KW - Letter spacing KW - Lettering KW - Night KW - Reflectivity KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Sheathing KW - Sign colors KW - Signs KW - Size KW - Stroke width KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675284 AU - Benoit, J AU - Sawyer, S M AU - Adams, M AU - de Alba, P A AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL GEOTECHNICAL EXPERIMENTATION SITES: CENTRAL DATA REPOSITORY. USER MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 158 p. AB - The National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recently set up a system of National Geotechnical Experimentation Sites (NGES) available to the geotechnical community at-large for the purpose of advancing the state of the art in such areas as in situ testing, field instrumentation, and prediction of soil behavior. As part of this program, the FHWA also funded the creation of a data base to document the activities and results at each test site. This report describes a data base system, the National Geotechnical Experimentation Sites Data Base (NGESDB) which stores site information and geotechnical data from the experimentation sites. NGESDB allows the user to select a site by soil type, State, or geotechnical activity. Once a site is selected, the NGESDB can be used to display site information such as the site description, representative soil properties, boring locations, owner and contact information, and references with abstracts. Geotechnical data is available for several laboratory and in situ tests as well, including test information details and complete results for each test. Descriptions of prototype and model foundations, permanent field instrumentation, and site improvement activities at each site are also included. KW - Databases KW - Field tests KW - Geotechnical data KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Information organization KW - Instrumentation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Location KW - National geotechnical experimentation sites KW - Site information KW - Soil behavior KW - Soil mechanics KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412302 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675201 AU - Zureick, A AU - Naqib, R AU - Yadlosky, J M AU - HDR Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CURVED STEEL BRIDGE RESEARCH PROJECT. INTERIM REPORT I: SYNTHESIS PY - 1994/12 SP - 109 p. AB - The objectives of the FHWA Curved Steel Bridge Program are (1) to conduct fundamental research into the structural behavior of curved steel flexural members and bridges, and (2) to address construction issues, in order to provide adequate information to develop and clarify design specifications. The work under this program is a coordinated effort between the Transportation Research Board (TRB), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and participating States under a Highway Planning and Research (HP&R) Pooled Fund Study. This program focuses on four areas: (1) synthesis of work that has been done since the Consortium of University Research Teams (CURT) Project; (2) update of the current specification in a load factor design format; (3) conduct of research recommended by Structural Stability Research Council's (SSRC's) Task Group 14 at the April 14-15, 1991 workshop; and (4) development of a load and resistance factor design specification based on research conducted area 3. Areas 1 and 3 are conducted by FHWA as a pooled fund study with an administrative contract. Area 2 is conducted by TRB under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 12-38. Area 4 is proposed to be addressed by NCHRP at a future date. This report summarizes the results of a comprehensive literature search under the FHWA research program. KW - Bibliographies KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Curved bridges KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Research KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural design KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412231 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674227 AU - Atteridge, D G AU - Devletian, J H AU - Turpin, R B AU - Wood, W E AU - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INDUSTRIAL FIELD TRIALS OF OREGON GRADUATE INSTITUTE-DEVELOPED ELECTROSLAG WELDING TECHNOLOGY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 66 p. AB - The primary objective of this program was to demonstrate that the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI)-developed electroslag welding (ESW) technology cay be successfully implemented in commercial fabrication shops. Consequently, opportunity was provided to evaluate the transferability of ESW technology and to develop additional ESW mechanical property data from commercially fabricated weldments. KW - Electroslag welding KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411843 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672599 AU - Wood, W E AU - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE STUDIES OF THERMALLY CUT STRUCTURAL STEELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 92 p. AB - Thermal cutting is a procedure that is integral to the manufacture and fabrication of steel. Thermal cutting is particularly important in the production of plate steels, where it is commonly used for trimming the as-rolled plate to the required rectangular dimensions. The influence of the heat-affected zone generated by thermal cutting on structural steel has been investigated with respect to heat-affected zone ductility and impact toughness. Due to the localized nature of the heat-affected zone, special test specimens and practices were utilized. This report considers the influence of oxy-fuel cutting conditions on the heat-affected zone properties of structural steel. KW - Cutting KW - Ductility KW - Heat KW - Heat affected zone (Metals) KW - Impact toughness KW - Oxy-fuel gas cutting KW - Steel plates KW - Structural steel KW - Thermal cutting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411627 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672589 AU - RAO, J S AU - Shah, N S AU - Mueller, G L AU - Shahin, M Y AU - George, K P AU - Carpenter, S M AU - Globetrotters Engineering Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE DATA TO DEVELOP MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL CONCEPTS FOR DETERIORATED AND REHABILITATED PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 180 p. AB - This report summarizes existing pavement condition indices, and available prediction models for each condition index. This report also identifies existing data bases, where the required variables for the prediction models have been collected. Successive chapters detail: the condition indices and their prediction models; the selected data bases (HPMS, SHRP-LTPP, Copes, FHWA Design, FHWA Rehabilitation, Texas CRCP, and FMIS) with analysis and evaluation of each; significant data elements in the SHRP-LTPP data base; data elements for future development models; current types of prediction models and modeling techniques; and a computer flow chart illustrating data requirements and the conceptual operation of models to select and design maintenance and rehabilitation alternatives. The conclusions emphasize the development of modeling tools, rather than specific models. The proposed MODEL TOOL BOX allows each user to develop models unique to their environment, soil types, and maintenance and rehabilitation most frequently used. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer models KW - Databases KW - Deteriorated pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Empirical methods KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Mechanics KW - Mechanistic design KW - Modeling tools KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672588 AU - Bowman, B L AU - Vecellio, R L AU - Auburn University AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF MEDIANS ON ROAD USERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 141 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to determine the safety impact of raised curb medians, two-way left-turn lane (TWLT) medians, and undivided cross sections on vehicular and pedestrian traffic. This study concentrates on medians located on unlimited access arterials in central business districts (CBDs) and suburban environments. A total of 32,894 vehicle and 1,012 pedestrian accidents were analyzed from 145.9 mi (234.8 km) of unlimited access arterials located in three large metropolitan areas. Operational data in the form of vehicle-pedestrian conflicts, pedestrian walking speed, and pedestrian use of medians for refuge were obtained and analyzed as part of the study. The accident data were used to develop nonlinear predictive models for estimating the effect of cross-section type on vehicular and pedestrian accidents. Raised median pedestrian accident rates are significantly less than pedestrian accident rates on undivided arterials in suburban areas, and less than both TWLT and undivided arterial pedestrian accident rates in CBD areas. No significant differences were identified between the pedestrian accident rates of raised curb and TWLT medians in suburban areas. The CBD vehicle accident rates of raised medians, for both midblock and signalized intersections, are higher than that of TWLT medians and undivided cross sections. A greater percentage of raised median vehicle accidents, however, are of lower severity (property damage only) than that of TWLT and undivided cross sections for both CBD and suburban locations. KW - Arterial highways KW - Central business districts KW - Crash data KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian vehicle interface KW - Raised curb medians KW - Refuge KW - Speed KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Traffic safety KW - Two way left turn lanes KW - Undivided cross sections KW - Walking KW - Walking speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712925 AU - Larsen, D A AU - Oliviera, D F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC DATA ACQUISITION CONFERENCE (NATDAC '94) PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 2, ROCKY HILL, CONNECTICUT, SEPTEMBER 18-22, 1994 PY - 1994/12 SP - 632 p. AB - The National Traffic Data Acquisition Conference 1994 (NATDAC '94) was held in Rocky Hill, Connecticut on September 18-22, 1994. A broad range of topics was covered during the conference, including ISTEA Management Systems, Intelligent Vehicle/Highway System Applications, Geographic Information Systems, Traffic Data Collection Technologies, and Data Quality. Concurrent sessions were held on Traffic Data Collection, Data Quality, Needs and Uses of Traffic Data, and Advanced Data Collection Technology. There were 65 speakers, panelists and moderators involved in the program. The papers within this publication are a compilation of those presented at NATDAC '94. This volume contains all concurrent session papers. KW - Analysis KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information organization KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448112 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712924 AU - Larsen, D A AU - Oliviera, D F AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC DATA ACQUISITION CONFERENCE (NATDAC '94) PROCEEDINGS, VOLUME 1, ROCKY HILL, CONNECTICUT, SEPTEMBER 18-22, 1994 PY - 1994/12 SP - 400 p. AB - The National Traffic Data Acquisition Conference 1994 (NATDAC '94) was held in Rocky Hill, Connecticut on September 18-22, 1994. A broad range of topics was covered during the conference, including: ISTEA Management Systems, Intelligent Vehicle/Highway System Applications, Geographic Information Systems, Traffic Data Collection Technologies, and Data Quality. Concurrent sessions were held on Traffic Data Collection, Data Quality, Needs and Uses of Traffic Data, and Advanced Data Collection Technology. There were 65 speakers, panelists and moderators involved in the program. The papers within this publication are a compilation of those presented at NATDAC '94. This volume contains all General Session Papers. KW - Analysis KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Conferences KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Geographic information systems KW - Information organization KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448111 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00712953 AU - Wolfe, R K AU - McNichols, R J AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIMULATION OF HOURLY TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 231 p. AB - The design of overlays on existing pavements requires an understanding of the strains at the overlay-base interface. The overlay, asphaltic concrete, is a highly temperature-sensitive viscoelastic material resulting in strains which are dependent upon the temperature profiles which exist in the asphalt layer as a result of varying weather conditions during the year. Therefore, the present study developed procedures which utilize yearly weather data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center to estimate the temperature profiles that affect the modulus of elasticity-temperature relationship. Additional input included many weather factors such as wind velocity, cloud cover, solar radiation, air temperature, latitude, longitude, and a host of other factors specific to a location and time of day. The procedures, or temperature simulations, utilize up to ten years of hourly weather data to develop the vertical and horizontal strains at the asphalt-base interface. These strains vary from hour to hour during the day and night as temperature gradients change. The results therefore are reported as density and cumulative probability histograms of strain magnitudes. Two models are presented to make these computations. The first of the two models has been designed to use hourly weather data and site-specific conditions to calculate temperature profiles for each hour in a year. This was performed for up to ten years of data for Cincinnati, Columbus, and Toledo, Ohio. The second model uses the hourly temperature profiles to modify the pavement moduli and then calculate the equivalent vertical and horizontal strains. The results include numerous histograms and plots which show hourly, maximum and minimum strains as functions of the time of day at which the maximum and minimums occur. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Density KW - Design KW - Histograms KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Periods of the day KW - Simulation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Temperature gradients KW - Thermal stresses KW - Weather conditions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682860 AU - Sarkar, P P AU - Vann, W P AU - Nash, P T AU - Mehta, K C AU - Oler, J W AU - Wang, W AU - Gupta, H AU - Yin, J AU - EUROPEAN CONSUMER SAFETY ASSOCIATION (ECOSA) AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC AND WIND LOADS ON A TIED-ARCH BRIDGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 109 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to assess the sensitivity of four highway bridges to wind and live loadings. The bridges are planned for construction on U.S. 59 in Houston, Texas. Each bridge will be of the tied-arch type and will be constructed on-grade over cut areas with clear spans in excess of 61 m (200 ft). To expedite construction, unique procedures are planned which use existing bridges as platforms for final fabrication of the tied arches. This procedure requires consideration of wind loading on the arches during construction. In this study, the bridge design is analyzed under the expected wind loadings based on assumed aerodynamic parameters and the bridge details furnished by the Texas Department of Transportation. A geometrically-scaled wind tunnel model of a typical bridge was built and tested to determine the actual aerodynamic parameters. The wind tunnel test results and the traffic loading results are presented. The analytical study shows that the completed bridge is aerodynamically stable and will not have any major problems due to dynamic vibrations. The same is true for the partially constructed state where the two arches are braced together without the deck. Vortex shedding excitation emerged as more critical than buffeting excitation of the deck and, therefore, was more closely examined. Dynamic stresses and dynamic deflections due to traffic loads are too small to cause structural fatigue or driver discomfort. It is concluded that the proposed arch bridges over U.S. 59 in Houston should not have any problems with wind or traffic loadings. KW - Aerodynamic force KW - Aerodynamics KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Deflection KW - Highway bridges KW - Scale models KW - Stresses KW - Structural design KW - Traffic loads KW - Vibration KW - Vortex shedding KW - Wind KW - Wind load KW - Wind tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682793 AU - Benson, J D AU - Dresser, G B AU - Bell, C E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EL PASO TIP AND MTP 1995 - 2015 CONFORMITY ANALYSIS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 306 p. AB - This report documents the mobile source emissions estimation methodology used for the conformity analysis of the Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) and the metropolitan transportation plan (MTP) for El Paso. Included in the report is a brief overview of the emission estimation methodology and the 24-hour traffic assignments used in the analyses; the methods used to estimate the seasonally adjusted time-of-day vehicle miles of travel and associated operating speeds; the estimation of the emission rates using the EPA's MOBILE5a program; and brief outlines of the method used to develop the emission estimates using the MOBILE5a emission rates and comparisons of the emission estimates for the Build and No-Build Options. An appendix presents the emission rates developed for conformity analysis. KW - Air quality KW - Building KW - Conformity KW - Decision making KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Estimates KW - Methodology KW - Metropolitan transportation plan/mtp KW - No build KW - Pollutants KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423053 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682796 AU - Rioux, T W AU - Inman, R F AU - Machemehl, R B AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERACTIVE GRAPHICS INTERSECTION DESIGN USER'S MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 249 p. AB - The Interactive Graphics Intersection Design System (IGIDS) has been developed at the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration. IGIDS is a package of drawing, analysis, and data manipulation tools for use by the designer of street intersections. These tools are aids to the designer in reviewing and revising existing designs or in the design of new intersections. This report serves as the IGIDS reference manual. It describes the structure of the IGIDS database and contains descriptions of each IGIDS command. KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer program documentation KW - Design KW - Interactive graphics KW - Intersections KW - Manuals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682794 AU - Prabhakar, D AU - Messer, C J AU - Woods, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE PLACEMENT OF DETECTORS AT DIAMOND INTERCHANGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 78 p. AB - This report summarizes results of a study of detector placement on the diamond interchange frontage road (ramp) using the Texas Intersection Simulation Model. The criterion used for the optimization is the minimization of delay. A secondary criterion is to reduce the dilemma zone to a minimum. The results indicate that the first detector located along the frontage road (ramp) should be placed about 30 m (10 ft) back from the stop bar. The remainder of the layout should provide a vehicle interval between 1.1 and 1.3 seconds and not trap a vehicle at the design speed in a dilemma situation. The recommended layout of detectors achieves these two goals. KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Frontage roads KW - Layout KW - Location KW - Placement KW - Traffic delays KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423054 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682774 AU - Woods, D L AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE PLACEMENT OF DETECTORS FOR COMPUTERIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 46 p. AB - Freeway management systems are used to reduce freeway traffic congestion problems. A major component of freeway management is the inductance loop detector. This research effort evaluates many aspects of inductance loop detectors in freeway management and computerized traffic signal situations to determine the best placement of detectors for computerized traffic control. This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of the eight studies performed under project 1392. Six major topics related to the inductance loop detector itself were studied: lead-in length, detector spacing, crosstalk, wire type, lag time, and speed measurement accuracy. The results pertaining to this information can be found in Research Reports 1392-1, 2, and 8. The placement of inductance loop detectors was also studied. Proper loop detector placement can effectively reduce delay at isolated intersections, diamond interchanges, ramp meters, HOV-lanes, and arterial streets. The role of inductance detectors in freeway management was evaluated. The results pertaining to this information can be found in Research Reports 1392-3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. KW - Control systems KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Information processing KW - Location KW - Loop detectors KW - Placement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423038 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682731 AU - Webb, N H AU - Selig, E T AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF POLYETHYLENE PIPE UNDER HIGH FILL. TECHNICAL REPORT. PART 1 PY - 1994/12 SP - 105 p. AB - The aim of this study is to improve the knowledge base for the design of non-pressure high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes under high earth loads. Laboratory tests were performed on HDPE pipe sections to obtain property information. The tests involved the diametrical compression (ring bending) of pipe sections both at various deformation rates to evaluate the effect on pipe stiffness, and also at fixed vertical deflections to evaluate the load relaxation with time. The performance of an HDPE pipe under high fill was monitored during fill construction and for three years after completion of construction. No wall crushing, structural buckling or excess deflection occurred. However, circumferential cracking of the unlined sections at the couplings, and buckling of the liner in the lined sections were observed. Laboratory studies of these two effects will be described in a subsequent technical report. Finite element analysis of the field installation was carried out. The analysis showed that the pipe can sustain circumferential stresses that are much higher than those proposed by current design (1992) procedures. KW - Buckling KW - Design KW - Ethylene resins KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Fracture mechanics KW - High density KW - High density polyethylene KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plastic pipe KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423027 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681979 AU - Grater, S F AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF JOINTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 104 p. AB - This report describes the behavior of jointed concrete pavement based on field performance and current analysis and design technology. Distress data from a rigid pavement database and existing analysis programs developed at the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin served as the basis for the analytical procedure. Since environmentally induced cracking in jointed concrete pavement is of considerable importance to the performance of the pavement during its service life, we developed an analysis program, termed JRCP-6, that is capable of modeling the mechanisms that lead to cracking. Specifically, this program simulates the behavior of concrete pavement subjected to changing temperatures and moisture conditions 1 year after construction. Special attention is given to modeling behavior of the pavement after cracking has occurred. In addition, calibration of the model and an explanation of program operation are presented, as well as initiatives for the incorporation of vehicular loading and distress prediction methodologies into the analysis. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Failure KW - Failure prediction KW - Loads KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement loading KW - Pavements KW - Simulation KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422706 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681981 AU - Younger, K AU - Hicks, R G AU - Gower, J AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF POROUS PAVEMENTS USED IN OREGON. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1994/12 SP - 129 p. AB - Porous pavements or open-graded asphalt mixtures have been in use in Oregon since the late 1960s. The use of this pavement type has increased over the years because the pores in the mat provide an efficient way for water to drain from the pavement surface. This greatly increases safety in the areas of skid resistance and splash and spray. An added benefit from these pavements is that tire noise is partly absorbed into the voids of the pavement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate porous pavements, especially the F-mix, as they are used in Oregon. The input from inside (i.e., contractors, ODOT personnel, asphalt experts) and outside (i.e., literature published over the years from agencies in the U.S. and abroad) Oregon was used to study open-graded mixes. This information was then used for improving porous pavements in Oregon. Laboratory and field studies were performed on Oregon's open-graded mixtures. These tests were designed to understand how the mixture types performed with Oregon's conditions. These tests included texture depth, permeability, accident analysis, skid testing, rutting, splash and spray, noise, core gradation, asphalt properties, and tack coat shear testing. A number of findings resulted from this study. Porous pavements provide a 1-2 dB A-weighted roadside noise improvement when compared to B-mix pavements. This difference would not be perceptible to an individual with average hearing. However, noticeable improvements for the F-mix did occur in the 500-4000 Hz range. Splash and spray visibility is improved, and safety on the roadway is improved. Potential problems with porous pavements include post-construction skid resistance, construction difficulties, and clogging of the pavement mat. Suggestions have been made in this study in terms of solving these problems and increasing the benefits. KW - Crash analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety KW - Laboratory tests KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Rutting KW - Shear tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Surface drainage KW - Tack coats KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422708 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681982 AU - Younger, K AU - Hicks, R G AU - Gower, J AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF POROUS PAVEMENTS USED IN OREGON. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II - APPENDICES PY - 1994/12 SP - 148 p. AB - Porous pavements or open-graded asphalt mixtures have been in use in Oregon since the late 1960s. The use of this pavement type has increased over the years because the pores in the mat provide an efficient way for water to drain from the pavement surface. This greatly increases safety in the areas of skid resistance and splash and spray. An added benefit from these pavements is that tire noise is partly absorbed into the voids of the pavement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate porous pavements, especially the F-mix, as they are used in Oregon. The input from inside (i.e., contractors, ODOT personnel, asphalt experts) and outside (i.e., literature published over the years from agencies in the U.S. and abroad) Oregon was used to study open-graded mixes. This information was then used for improving porous pavements in Oregon. Laboratory and field studies were performed on Oregon's open-graded mixtures. These tests were designed to understand how the mixture types performed with Oregon's conditions. These tests included texture depth, permeability, accident analysis, skid testing, rutting, splash and spray, noise, core gradation, asphalt properties, and tack coat shear testing. A number of findings resulted from this study. Porous pavements provide a 1-2 dB A-weighted roadside noise improvement when compared to B-mix pavements. This difference would not be perceptible to an individual with average hearing. However, noticeable improvements for the F-mix did occur in the 500-4000 Hz range. Splash and spray visibility is improved, and safety on the roadway is improved. Potential problems with porous pavements include post-construction skid resistance, construction difficulties, and clogging of the pavement mat. Suggestions have been made in this study in terms of solving these problems and increasing the benefits. KW - Crash analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Field tests KW - Highway safety KW - Laboratory tests KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Permeability KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Rutting KW - Shear tests KW - Skid resistance KW - Splashing KW - Spray control KW - Surface drainage KW - Tack coats KW - Tires KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422709 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681926 AU - Lovell, D J AU - Leiman, L AU - Lau, S AU - May, A D AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UCBTRARR: A USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE FOR RURAL HIGHWAY COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELS. RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 163 p. AB - This report documents research efforts directed at the development of a user-friendly interface for the TRARR computer simulation model of traffic on rural roads. The TRARR model was developed by the Australian Road Research Board, and has been used extensively in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries to conduct operational analyses of rural highways. This final report is preceded by a working paper, "Rural Highway Computer Simulation Model Improvements: Enhancing the TRARR Model", published in February, 1993. The material in the working paper is included in condensed form in the early part of this final report. In addition, this report includes a complete description of the completed user interface, and instructions for its use. This includes the creation and modification of input files, execution of the TRARR model, and format and interpretation of the output. A number of very useful potential improvements have been suggested but were not implemented for lack of time. These are summarized as suggestions for future improvements to the interface. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are offered. KW - Improvements KW - Instructions KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Recommendations KW - Rural highways KW - Simulation KW - Traffic simulation KW - User-friendly interface UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422676 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681922 AU - Burns, N H AU - Klingner, R E AU - Kim, J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS AFFECTING THE DESIGN THICKNESS OF BRIDGE SLABS: RESULTS OF STATIC AND FATIGUE TEST. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 52 p. AB - The punching shear behavior of concrete bridge decks under static, pulsating fatigue, and rolling fatigue loads was studied using analytical and experimental models. In this report, study results are presented for static and pulsating fatigue loads on cast-in-place and precast, prestressed panel bridge decks. Complete study conclusions will be presented and discussed in the final project report. KW - Analytical models KW - Bridge decks KW - Cast in place structures KW - Concrete KW - Experimental models KW - Experiments KW - Mathematical models KW - Precast concrete KW - Pulsating fatigue loads KW - Punching shear KW - Puncture resistance KW - Rolling fatigue loads KW - Shear stress KW - Slabs KW - Static loads KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422672 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680883 AU - Woods, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMAL DETECTOR LOCATIONS FOR HOV LANE OPERATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 24 p. AB - Operating a high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane within a relatively narrow roadway has the potential for a total blockage of the roadway when an incident occurs. This fact places special requirements on the information system for operation of the HOV facilities. This report combines the findings of other phases of this research with the special requirements of HOV facilities and recommends detector placement that will effectively meet HOV lane operational needs. The recommendations include the use of multi-conductor cable to form the loop when induction loop detectors are used for speed measurement, the use of 9 m (30 ft) spacing between loops at the monitoring station and the placement of wrong-way movement detectors on the entry roadways at the HOV lane interchanges. A spacing for mainline monitoring stations at about 800 m (2500 ft) and wrong-way detectors on the entry roadways are recommended. KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway traffic control KW - Location KW - Loop detectors KW - Spacing KW - Speed measurement KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680858 AU - Koretsky, M AU - Abooameri, F AU - Westall, J C AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF REFERENCE ELECTRODES EMBEDDED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 132 p. AB - This study evaluates the suitability of graphite electrodes for imbedded reference cells in reinforced concrete bridges which are cathodically protected with a sprayed zinc anode. It was assumed that a 100 (or 150) mV polarization decay criteria would be used. The work plan was divided into two parts: laboratory scale experimentation and computer simulation. The response of graphite probes to a varying electric potential was compared to that of an Orion silver-silver chloride electrode. Additionally, commercial and laboratory fabricated electrodes were compared and the effect of electrode conditioning was assessed. The graphite electrodes appear to be a suitable choice for a rugged monitor of the 100 mV polarization decay when the cathodic protection system is deactivated, especially when a 3 electrode configuration is used. A finite difference code was developed to solve for the potential and current distributions in a simplified rectangular geometry. The model addressed cathodic protection of reinforced concrete using a sprayed zinc anode. Input parameters were based on available experimental data. A sensitivity analysis of the input parameters was performed. The effects of pore saturation, concrete cover and applied potential were studied. Oxygen transport significantly contributes to the polarization decay of the reinforcing steel. Additionally, the environmental conditions at the structure greatly affects the potential distribution and the polarization decay. KW - Cathodic protection KW - Electrodes KW - Graphite electrodes KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polarization decay KW - Reference electrodes KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680849 AU - Jang, J AU - Columbus Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED DESIGN/PLOTTING PROGRAMMING FOR THREE-SIDED AND CLOSED TYPE PRECAST CULVERT STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 136 p. AB - The objective of this project was to develop a user friendly computer software system for automated design and plotting of three-sided and closed type precast culvert structures. When completed, the Automated Design/Plotting (ADP) program will generate complete construction contract plans for the above mentioned precast culvert structures to scale. It will compute all required detail dimensions, and select footing dimensions meeting requirements for stability and allowable subsoil bearing capacity based on a pre-engineered database. The same database is also used for reinforcing design and plotting of the wingwalls and footings. It will also compute quantities and cost estimates in accordance with current Ohio design practice. It will not, however, perform culvert hydraulic analysis, nor structural design for the culvert units. The software is primarily developed for AUTOCAD users. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Calculation KW - Computations KW - Contracts KW - Cost estimating KW - Culverts KW - Design KW - Estimates KW - Footings KW - Plotting KW - Precast concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Size KW - Software KW - Subsoil KW - Wingwalls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422258 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680805 AU - GIS/Trans, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CENSUS MAPBOOK FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PY - 1994/12 SP - 67 p. AB - Geographic display of Census data in transportation planning and policy decisions are compiled in a report of 49 maps, depicting use of the data in applications such as travel demand model development and model validation, population forecasting, corridor analysis, and transit route planning. The maps were compiled from Metropolitan Planning Organizations, State Departments of Transportation, transit agencies, and others. KW - 1990 Census KW - Census KW - Geographic information systems KW - Maps KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680694 AU - Mannering, F AU - Koehne, J AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND APPLICATION OF WASHINGTON STATE'S INCIDENT RESPONSE GUIDE. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 37 p. AB - The purpose of the project was to (1) re-evaluate the effectiveness, appropriateness, and format of the "Incident Response Guide" currently used in the Northwest Region, and (2) provide the Northwest, Olympic, Southwest, and Eastern Regions with electronic versions of an "Incident Response Guide" for them to complete with their own information and keep updated. In-depth interviews were conducted with the Northwest Region's Incident Response Team (IRT) personnel, who are currently utilizing the "Incident Response Guide". An evaluation of the Northwest Region's "Incident Response Guide" indicated the following: (1) The effectiveness of the original "Incident Response Guide, Field Reference", was minimal for field response personnel at the scene of an incident; training and experience proved more useful than documentation. (2) The original "Incident Response Guide, Office Reference", proved more effective and appropriate as a reference for administrative and new IRT personnel. (3) The format and organization of the original "Incident Response Guide" were inappropriate for use by administrators and new personnel. (4) As the IRT program has evolved, a number of procedures, resources, and contacts have changed; the electronic format of the updated "Incident Response Guide" will help facilitate these updates. The modification of the Northwest Region's "Incident Response Guide" for use in other WSDOT regions proved to be a simple step in ensuring consistency in incident response programs statewide for the following reasons: (1) Much of the required background information and recommended IRT procedures are the same statewide. (2) The impetus for developing a formal outline of incident response procedures, equipment, and resources is minimized when all the requirements are specified in a fill-in-the-blank format. KW - Effectiveness KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Incident management KW - Incident response KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modernization KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/366.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680696 AU - Ho, C L AU - Shawish, K M AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC RESPONSE SPECTRA - REFINEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 141 p. AB - Design response spectra were developed for the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) for nine soil groups representative of deposits that can be found in Washington State. These response spectra differ from the spectra developed for and adopted by the Applied Technology Council (ATC). Unlike the ATC spectra, the WSDOT spectra are based on the subduction zone setting that dominates Pacific Northwest seismicity. Both sets of spectra are based on numerical studies using SHAKE. The new response spectra were developed using new dynamic moduli curves for cohesive soils which have been accepted as more representative of the properties of the soils in the region. SHAKE tends to attenuate high frequencies. SHAKE based analysis compared well with analysis based on a nonlinear finite element code. The basis of most recent ATC attenuation maps is outlined, and found to be based on similar assumptions and methodology as the original ATC attenuation maps and not compatible with Washington State seismicity. KW - Earthquakes KW - Electromagnetic spectrum KW - Seismic response KW - Seismology KW - Soils KW - Spectra KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/333.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422203 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680692 AU - Benuska, M AU - Hansen, M AU - Ulberg, C AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOV EVALUATION AND MONITORING. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 298 p. AB - This report presents and summarizes the baseline data collected in fulfillment of the requirements for the Washington State Department of Transportation grant "HOV Lane Evaluation and Monitoring". This report provides the information necessary to analyze HOV lane performance and development. Data collection results and analysis are presented, followed by conclusions and recommendations. The data contained herein were collected during the first year of the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane monitoring project (July 1992-June 1993). The data collection methodology is described in the final report, "HOV Monitoring and Evaluation Tool". Included in this report are the following primary and secondary measures of HOV lane performance: (1) average vehicle occupancy data, (2) travel time data, (3) public opinion survey results, (4) transit ridership data, (5) enforcement, compliance, and adjudication data, and (7) accident data. Data collection issues and their implications for data availability are discussed. It is important to note that this report does not evaluate the HOV lane system in the Puget Sound region. Rather, it is a compilation of the data necessary to conduct a meaningful evaluation. Although an analysis of public opinion, transit ridership, enforcement and accident data is provided, the report's primary purpose is to simply present the data and discuss issues associated with its use--not to provide an extensive analysis. KW - Adjudication KW - Compliance KW - Crash data KW - Data KW - Data collection KW - Enforcement KW - Evaluation KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Public opinion KW - Public transit KW - Ridership KW - Travel time KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/343.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680697 AU - Muhunthan, B AU - Jennings, A T AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINITE ELEMENT STUDY OF THE REHABILITATION OF FAULTED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 60 p. AB - The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of dowel bar retrofitting of faulted PCC pavements by (1) modeling FWD Test data for computer model development and verification, (2) evaluating long term effects by simulating material degradation of the rigid pavement system, and (3) determining and classifying deficiencies and trends of the parametric study. The results of the finite element analysis show that remediation in the form of dowel bar retrofitting greatly reduces fault development. Use of a dowel bar significantly raised the stress concentration of the concrete at the dowel bar-concrete interface. However, these stresses are well below the levels that cause failure. Simulated degradation of the base course increased stresses in the dowel bar and concrete area. Pressure differentials in base course were reduced with use of a dowel bar. Recommendations for future analysis are also made. KW - Dowels KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Effectiveness KW - Faulting KW - Finite element method KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rehabilitation KW - Research KW - Retrofitting KW - Rigid pavements UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/350.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422204 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680678 AU - Fernando, E G AU - Carmona, G M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROSCAN SYSTEM EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 68 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is implementing a Profilograph-based QC/QA smoothness specification wherein surface smoothness in measured using the Profile Index (PI) determined from Profilograph data. In view of the relative importance of the daily average PI, it is imperative that the reduction of profilograms be completed expeditiously. Failure to do so can result in construction delays. This report presents a method for automated reduction of profile data from manual Profilographs. From experience, the manual method of reducing profilograms is both time consuming and subjective, and a faster and more consistent alternative is definitely warranted. To address this need, researchers evaluated a computerized data reduction system called ProScan to establish its accuracy and consistency in determining the Profile Index and defect stations from profilograms. In this method, a profilogram is scanned, and the determination of PIs and defect stations is accomplished automatically via software. Output shows the calculated Profile Indices for the scanned segments and the locations of defects (bumps and dips). In view of the potential improvement in productivity that ProScan may bring, TxDOT requested the product evaluation presented in this report. This evaluation consisted of comparing the results obtained automatically by ProScan with the results obtained manually using the method specified by TxDOT under Test Method Tex-1000-S, "Operation of Pavement Profilograph and Evaluation of Profiles". The main finding from the study is that ProScan gives accurate and consistent results, at significantly less time and effort, compared to the manual method. The operational experience in using ProScan is described, along with recommendations for additional improvements. KW - Accuracy KW - Computerized data reduction KW - Defects KW - Evaluation KW - Location KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Paving KW - Productivity KW - Profile index KW - Profilographs KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Smoothness KW - Software KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677771 AU - Sadalla, E K AU - Arizona State University, Tempe AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS IN IVHS: AGE, DRIVING STRESS AND HEALTH. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 82 p. AB - This project consisted of three distinct empirical studies of the human and environmental factors that produce driving stress. The first investigation attempted to quantify individual differences in driver personality traits that make a driver more or less stress resistant. A psychometric methodology isolated four independent traits: time urgency, risk taking, hostility-anger, and cautiousness. The second investigation explored the relationship between age related cognitive deficits and driving performance among a group of elderly drivers. Age related declines in information processing ability may affect an elderly driver's ability to deal with either typical traffic situations, or with IVHS innovations, or both. The research indicated that a measure of attention switching ability, and a cognitive inference-reading comprehension test predict driving ability in elderly subjects. The third investigation consisted of a study of driver workload. The cardiovascular responses of drivers were measured under various real-world driving environments. The goal was to begin to provide a human factors perspective of surface street and freeway driving environments that can be used to shape the design and implementation of IVHS interventions. Phasic cardiovascular responses were found to detect workload changes that distinguish surface roads and freeways, amount of traffic congestion on freeways, and the impact of various "driving events" that occur during freeway driving. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Cardiovascular system KW - Cognition KW - Cognitive impairment KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Personality KW - Personnel performance KW - Persons with disabilities KW - Risk taking KW - Stress (Psychology) KW - Workload UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677770 AU - Sabol, G V AU - Sabol (George V) Consulting Engineers, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN MANUAL, HYDROLOGY. METRIC EDITION PY - 1994/12 SP - v.p. AB - This manual was originally produced with English units of measurement (dated March 1993 with revisions dated April 1994). The Metric Edition is essentially the same manual, but with numeric values in metric units of measurement. The manual is intended to provide guidance for the performance of flood hydrology for Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) drainage design. Two analytic methods are presented, herein, to determine design discharges, and those two methods are to be used mainly for ungaged watersheds. The two analytic methods are: (1) the Rational Method that can be used for uniform drainage areas that are not larger than 160 acres in size, and (2) rainfall-runoff modeling for any size drainage area. The rainfall-runoff modeling guidance is structured to be compatible with the HEC-1 Flood Hydrology program by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. For rainfall-runoff modeling, this manual should be used in conjunction with the HEC-1 Users Manual, and the contents of this manual assume a familiarity and basic understanding of the HEC-1 program and modeling procedures. A flood frequency analysis procedure is provided for computing flood magnitude-frequency relations where systematic stream gaging records of sufficient length are available. Three indirect methods are presented for estimating flood peak discharges. This manual was prepared for use by engineers and/or hydrologists that are trained and experienced in the fundamentals of hydrology in general, and flood hydrology in particular. KW - Design KW - Flood frequency KW - Floods KW - Highway drainage KW - Hydrology KW - Manuals KW - Peak discharge KW - Surface drainage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423201 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676619 AU - McCulough, M AU - FMC Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN UPGRADE PLAN FOR FHWA ROADWAY SAFETY SIMULATION MODELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 38 p. AB - Current Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) models were reviewed and the key mathematical formulations important to roadside hardware were defined. The review included identification of the important handling models as well as finite element based formulations. An outline for a single common user interface that organizes and automates data communications between and among the modeling capabilities was prepared. A survey of the vendors of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) codes was conducted as well as the collection of data defining computational requirements for the types of problems the FHWA would be considering in the design process. These data formed the basis for a recommended nonlinear FEA code. This study concluded that the public domain version of the DYNA/NIKE suite of codes was preferred. A prototypical single common user interface was constructed and demonstrated. This demonstration software contained example programs of various kinds to illustrate functionality and key simulation technologies that should be developed in addition to nonlinear FEA. In particular, a prototype interactive vehicle dynamics model (IVM) was demonstrated. The interactive vehicle model demonstration was used to illustrate a "drive-through" capability for evaluating roadway design created on computer aided roadway design systems. KW - Evaluation KW - Finite element method KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interactive models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Simulation KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421351 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676455 AU - Jones, W K AU - Huang, Wei AU - Northwest Florida Water Management District AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE S.R. 331 CAUSEWAY AT CHOCTAWHATCHEE BAY, FL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 59 p. AB - The impact of inserting new bridge openings in the State Road 331 Causeway on the salinity and circulation of Eastern Choctawhatchee Bay is investigated numerically using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and salinity transport model. Choctawhatchee Bay is a complex and dynamic estuarine system. Tides, freshwater inflows, wind, and bathymetry constitute parameters that affect circulation patterns and salinity distributions of this bay. An understanding of the physical, hydrodynamic, and environmental impacts on the bay due to these influences is important to understand how incorporation of bridge openings might impact the health of this estuarine ecosystem. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and salinity transport model is applied to simulate the entire bay system. This model solves the Navier-Stokes and salinity transport equations in a Cartesian coordinate system. By inputting freshwater inflows, tides and wind data into the model, the time variation of the three-dimensional circulation patterns, free surface elevations and salinity profiles are obtained to describe the dynamic system. A bimonthly simulation was conducted to study the tide and freshwater induced circulation. The predicted salinity and velocity are in good agreement with the limited field measurements and the model adequately represents the physical system within the limits imposed by the small data set available. Simulations examined six scenarios during a particularly wet period. Surface flows appeared to be most affected by the presence of the causeway while the flows in the deepest areas appear to be more influenced by topography. Because of the location of the larger opening of the SR 331 Causeway, little change in bottom conditions was apparent when compared against the no-causeway scenario. Of the six scenarios, the 725m opening most closely resembled the no-causeway case and was significantly different than the other, smaller opening cases. Based on the simulation conducted here, it appears that it would take an opening or combination of openings of significant size to return the flow fields back to natural conditions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Causeways KW - Choctawhatchee bay (Florida) KW - Circulation KW - Construction KW - Ecological effects KW - Ecosystems KW - Estuaries KW - Forecasting KW - Hydrodynamics KW - Salinity KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/416224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675274 AU - Yu, S L AU - Fitch, G M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK PLAN: CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PY - 1994/12 SP - 17 p. AB - This document is the Work Plan of a proposed study to (1) monitor selected mitigated wetland sites in Virginia for stormwater impacts and for pollutant removal efficiency, (2) develop a modeling framework for simulating the fate and transport of pollutants in wetland systems and also in the watershed, and (3) develop a geographic information system (GIS) that will serve several purposes. Following an introduction, problem statement, and statement of purpose and scope, is a summary of previous work. The research design is then outlined. It consists of the following: Site selection and preparation for monitoring; Monitoring protocol and implementation; Data analysis and synthesis; Modeling framework development; and GIS development. The methodology of the study, consisting of seven tasks, is then discussed. Finally, a proposed project schedule and budget are provided. KW - Constructed wetlands KW - Drainage KW - Geographic information systems KW - Methodology KW - Mitigation KW - Research KW - Simulation KW - Storm water management KW - Storms KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Water control KW - Water pollution KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675282 AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK AND BUS ACCIDENT FACTBOOK 1992 PY - 1994/12 SP - 95 p. AB - This document presents aggregate statistics on trucks and buses involved in traffic accidents in 1992. These statistics are derived from four sources: accident statistics reported through the SAFETYNET data system operated by the Federal Highway Administration's Office of Motor Carriers; the General Estimates System file maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); the Fatal Accident Reporting System, also maintained by NHTSA; and the Trucks Involved Fatal Accidents file compiled by the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. All accidents reported on herein meet the SAFETYNET severity threshold of either a fatality, an injury transported from the scene for medical attention, or at least one vehicle towed from the scene as a result of disabling damage sustained in the accident. An estimated 139,000 trucks and 15,000 buses were involved in traffic accidents in 1992. There were 4,767 fatalities and 109,000 non-fatal injuries in accidents involving trucks. 315 persons were killed in bus accidents and 25,000 were injured. 521 truck drivers received fatal injuries as a result of traffic accidents. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Statistics KW - Truck crashes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675202 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED HIGHWAY STATISTICS AND CHARTS 1993 PY - 1994/12 SP - 40 p. AB - This publication contains selected highway statistics and charts for the year 1993. Some estimated highway statistics and charts for the year 1994 are also included. The contents are organized as follows: Introduction; Motor Fuel; Motor Vehicle; Driver License; Federal Taxes; Highway Finance; Roadway; Vehicle-Miles; and Miscellaneous. KW - Charts KW - Driver licenses KW - Federal government KW - Finance KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Highways KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Taxation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412232 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675203 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REBUILDING AMERICA: PARTNERSHIP FOR INVESTMENT PY - 1994/12 SP - 43 p. AB - This report summarizes the efforts and progress made to date by the Department of Transportation (DOT) and focuses specifically on the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) implementation of important financing initiatives in President Clinton's Executive Order 12893 of January 26, 1994. The purpose of the Executive Order is to enhance existing programs and to develop more effective investment in infrastructure. FHWA established the "Innovative Financing--Test and Evaluation Project (TE-045)" in order to identify existing transportation financing barriers and to advance innovative financing mechanisms that would increase highway investment. The initiative asks State and local governments to identify specific projects which could be advanced through new ways of financing. This document is organized as follows: Section 1 gives a overview of the "Innovative Financing Initiative". Section 2 discusses in detail the emerging financial strategies, covering traditional approaches, the increased flexibility provided by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), and the new horizons for innovative financing in the coming years. It also provides examples of the ways in which various States propose to apply new financial strategies for leveraging Federal and State funds and increasing infrastructure investment. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Innovation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investments KW - States KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675200 AU - Wood, W E AU - Devietian, J H AU - Atteridge, D G AU - Turpin, R B AU - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR OF PROCESS-RELATED DEFECTS IN ELECTROSLAG WELDING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 29 p. AB - The primary objectives of this program were to develop a welding procedure for repair of electroslag weldments and to determine if repair welding influenced the fatigue strength of electroslag weldments. Integral to this effort was the identification of the most likely types of defects, their causes, and the potential for effective repair. The electroslag welding (ESW) process is capable of producing a higher volume of defect-free weld deposit than other processes used for joining structural steel. When defects do occur, however, ESW is not well-suited for use as a repair process since it is limited to vertical position, single-pass, full-thickness welding. KW - Defects KW - Electroslag welding KW - Fatigue strength KW - Repairing KW - Structural steel KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412230 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674292 AU - Smith, S P AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY PROCEDURE TO PREDICT SCOUR IN BEDROCK. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 69 p. AB - The primary goal of this study is to develop a procedure to predict scour depths in bedrock that accounts for both the hydraulic conditions at the bridge site and the bedrock's ability to resist erosion. A methodology for determining material erodibility resulting from the erosive power of water has been presented by Annandale (1993, 1995). He introduced a relationship between stream power and a geomechanical material classification system known as the erodibility index. This report applies his findings to bridge scour analysis and presents an interim procedure for estimating bridge scour depths in bedrock and other materials defined by the erodibility index. The recommendations in this report are currently being applied as an interim method for evaluating bridge scour at the Colorado Department of Transportation. Further laboratory study is planned to refine the relationship between energy dissipation at bridge piers and pier geometry. Findings from this study will be made available in a subsequent report. KW - Bedrock KW - Depth KW - Erodibility index KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Power KW - Research KW - Scour KW - Stream power KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674291 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Far, N AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-TERM AGING OF HOT MIX ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 101 p. AB - Short-term aging is defined as the hardening or stiffening of the asphalt cement as well as the asphalt cement absorption into the aggregate as a result of the construction process. The asphalt cement ages during construction when the hot mix asphalt (HMA) is at elevated temperatures. This occurs during mixing, storage, hauling, placing, and compaction operations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the length of time to short-term age samples mixed in the laboratory in order to simulate the short-term aging that is received in the field. This was done by: 1) measuring the amount of time the HMA stays at elevated temperatures in the field, 2) comparing the quantity of asphalt absorption into the aggregate between field produced and laboratory mixed samples, and 3) comparing test results from the Hamburg wheel-tracking device between field produced and laboratory mixed samples. A previous study has shown the Hamburg wheel-tracking device is very sensitive to short-term aging. Information gathered from the field indicated that the HMA stayed at elevated temperatures for approximately 1 to 2 hours for a majority of projects. Based on test results from asphalt absorption, the short-term aging time should be 2 to 4 hours; based on test results from the Hamburg wheel-tracking device, the short-term aging should be between 1 and 3 hours. As expected, the length of short-term aging in the field is quite variable because of the variable field conditions and material properties. It was recommended to short-term age samples mixed in the laboratory for 2 hours to simulate the field aging. KW - Absorption KW - Aging KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt absorption KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Short term KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672274 AU - Horowitz, A J AU - Thompson, N A AU - University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INTERMODAL PASSENGER TRANSFER FACILITIES PY - 1994/12 SP - 216 p. AB - This report presents a selection of methods for preliminary design, location, and evaluation of intermodal passenger transfer facilities. Methods were selected or adapted from previous station, terminal or airport studies, or from multimodal transportation plans. Issues to be considered include safety/security, effective transfers, terminal access and efficiency, passenger concerns, modal enhancement, and architecture/building considerations. Specific topics discussed include establishing project objectives, principles of facility location, evaluation of site design and and access, evaluation of internal design, and user benefits. The document also includes a review of previous research on the topic, and a glossary of terms and abbreviations. KW - Design KW - Evaluation KW - Intermodal facilities KW - Location KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Passenger service KW - Transfer points UR - http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/CUTS/intermod.htm UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5500/5525/319.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411441 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672594 AU - Kranc, S C AU - LEE, J S AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF FLOODED DETENTION CONTROL STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 37 p. AB - An experimental investigation of the hydraulic performance of submerged notch weirs and orifices used for flow control is reported. Of particular interest is the effect of wall thickness and edge condition on performance. Several models of typical weir and orifice configurations have been tested in a recirculating flow facility. Results are compared to empirical configurations developed by others. Recommendations for design applications are presented. KW - Catch basins KW - Design KW - Detention basins KW - Drainage KW - Hydraulics KW - Openings KW - Orifices KW - Performance KW - Recommendations KW - Runoff KW - Submerged flow KW - Weirs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672595 AU - Sagues, Alberto A AU - Kranc, S C AU - Al-Mansur, AKM AU - Hierholzer, S AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS CONTROLLING CORROSION OF STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE SUBSTRUCTURE IN SEAWATER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 115 p. AB - Laboratory experiments and computer model calculations were performed to assess the effect of critical design variables and concrete properties on the distribution of corrosion in reinforced concrete marine bridge substructures. Instrumented laboratory test columns were exposed for a period of three years in conditions simulating field service. One set of columns was made with concrete containing fly ash, concrete with fly ash plus silica fume, and concrete with either silane or siloxane surface treatments. This set was prepared for evaluation of the effects of concrete composition and surface treatments on corrosion distribution. From concrete resistivity measurements, the concrete with fly ash plus silica fume showed evidence of having the lowest permeability at early test ages (first two years), but the differences between both types of concrete tended to be less near the end of the test. Both surface treatments tended to reduce the intake of water but did not cause excessive water retention. Another set of columns was made with concrete without pozzolanic additions, and used to evaluate the effect of partial and saturating moisture application in the region above the waterline. Corrosion macrocell measurements indicated that cathodic activity (and macrocell action) increased with partial moisture application but reaches a limiting amount upon saturation. The behavior was linked to diffusional transport limitation of the oxygen reduction reaction. The computer calculations produced a comprehensive model to predict corrosion current distribution. The predicted corrosion was greatest at the top of the active steel zone in the reinforcement assembly. The calculations indicated that the diffusivity of oxygen in the concrete was relatively more important than concrete resistivity in determining the overall extent of corrosion. Applications of the findings to design of future structures are proposed. KW - Bridge substructures KW - Computer models KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Corrosion KW - Diffusivity KW - Fly ash KW - Forecasting KW - Laboratory tests KW - Oxygen KW - Permeability KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Seawater KW - Silane KW - Silica fume KW - Siloxane KW - Surface treating KW - Surface treatments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411623 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672593 AU - Hays, C O AU - Consolazio, G R AU - Hoit, M I AU - Kakhandiki, A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RATING OF GIRDER - SLAB BRIDGES USING AUTOMATED FINITE ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY. FINAL PROJECT REPORT/FINAL CONTRACT REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 736 p. AB - This research is the final phase of a program to develop better bridge rating systems using finite element technology. Originally, a lateral load distribution factor program, SALOD, was developed for design and rating of simple span bridges. SALOD is now routinely used by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). A complete bridge rating system, BRUFEM, has now been developed that can be used for the vast majority of the bridges in Florida using a finite element model for the analyses. BRUFEM consists of four FORTRAN programs: 1) a preprocessor for steel and concrete bridges, BRUFEM1, that develops a finite element model from a relatively small amount of input data and prepares input files for the finite element program; 2) a finite element program, SIMPAL, that solves the model created by the person using the preprocessor and outputs the results of the finite element analyses for printing and post-processing; 3) a post-processor, BRUFEM3, that reads unformatted SIMPAL output files and does the bridge rating based on the appropriate service level or strength criteria; and 4) a graphics post-processor, SIMPLOT. The BRUFEM system is presently being used by FDOT for rating or design of a variety of bridges. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored three seminars on the use of the BRUFEM which were delivered in three different states during the summer of 1994. Additional seminars are planned for the summer of 1995. KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete bridges KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Ratings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672587 AU - Tsao, HSJ AU - Hall, R W AU - Shladover, Steven E AU - Plocher, T A AU - Levitan, L J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN OF AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS: FIRST GENERATION SCENARIOS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 32 p. AB - Attention to driver acceptance and performance issues during system design will be key to the success of the Automated Highway System (AHS). A first step in the process of defining driver roles and driver-system interface requirements for AHS is the definition of system visions and operational scenarios. These scenarios then become the basis for first identifying driver functions and information requirements, and, later, designing the driver's interface to the AHS. In addition, the scenarios provide a framework within which variables that potentially impact the driver can be explored systematically. Seven AHS operational scenarios, each describing a different AHS vision, were defined by varying three system dimensions with special significance for the driver. These three dimensions are: 1) the degree to which automated and manual traffic is separated, 2) the rules for vehicle following and spacing, and 3) the level of automation in traffic flow control. The seven scenarios vary in the complexity of the automated and manual driving maneuvers required, the physical space allowed for maneuvers, and the nature of the resulting demands placed on the driver. Each scenario describes the physical configuration of the system, operational events from entry to exit, and high-level driver functions. KW - Automated highway systems KW - Design KW - Driver-system interface KW - Human factors KW - Operational scenarios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672530 AU - Middleton, D AU - Fitzpatrick, K AU - Jasek, D AU - Woods, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CASE STUDIES AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TRUCK ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES ON URBAN FREEWAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 250 p. AB - To address the growing problem of congestion caused by incidents, especially truck-involved incidents, this study was undertaken to identify truck accident countermeasures which have been used nationwide. Desired conditions surrounding implemented countermeasures in this study included urban freeway volumes of 95,000 vehicles per day or higher, a significant number of trucks in the traffic stream (typically 5% or more), and countermeasures involving road design. The study omitted countermeasures directly related to the vehicle and the driver. This project included the following steps: literature search, telephone survey, and field visits to selected sites. The information collected by this project is intended to assist agencies in identifying, selecting, and implementing truck accident countermeasures. Information was gathered on the following truck accident countermeasures: lane restrictions, separate truck roadways, urban inspection stations, ramp treatments, major incident response and clearance, and truck bans/diversion and time restrictions. The detailed information found in this document is summarized in the final report, FHWA-RD-92-059 (TRIS 662764). KW - Bibliographies KW - Case studies KW - Countermeasures KW - Data collection KW - Exclusive truck roadways KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Incident response KW - Inspection stations KW - Lane restrictions KW - Literature reviews KW - Ramp treatments KW - Surveys KW - Time management KW - Time restrictions KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic lane restrictions KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic regulations KW - Truck crashes KW - Truck diversion KW - Truck facilities KW - Truck lanes KW - Trucks KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Urban truck inspection stations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670386 AU - Kelly, M J AU - Gerth, J M AU - West, P D AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARABLE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: EVALUATION OF TEN COMMAND CENTERS AS POTENTIAL SITES. TASK REPORT PY - 1994/12 SP - 47 p. AB - This report presents a background and summary of the comparable systems analysis performed to select potential study sites. Study sites are being evaluated to define the state of the art in user support and user interface technology that might be adapted to future Traffic Management Centers (TMCs) and to identify human factors lessons learned in design and implementation of these TMC systems. Site visits were made to 10 comparable systems related to highway traffic management and other types of operation control centers. A correlational analysis of ratings comparing each site to an idealized traffic management center was used to select four sites for followup study. Approach and methods to developing rating dimensions and conducting the correlational analysis are presented. This report concludes with recommendations for the followup site visits. KW - Command centers KW - Correlation analysis KW - Design KW - Human factors KW - State of the art studies KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668986 AU - Lave, C AU - Crepeau, R AU - Ferguson, E AU - Niemeier, D A AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1990 NPTS REPORT SERIES: TRAVEL MODE SPECIAL REPORTS. BASED ON DATA FROM THE NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY (NPTS) PY - 1994/12 SP - 135 p. AB - The papers in this report were commissioned by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of Highway Information Management. The papers utilize data from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) to explore specific issues in travel behavior. The papers are as follows: Travel by Households Without Vehicles, C. Lave and R. Crepeau; Recent Nationwide Declines in Carpooling, E. Ferguson; and Non-Motorized Transportation, D.A. Niemeier and G.S. Rutherford. KW - Car pooling (Railroads) KW - Carpooling KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel by mode KW - Travel modes KW - Zero vehicle households UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737986 AU - Pugh, D R AU - Nivens, J V AU - AMT Systems Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONFIGURATION DESIGN OF A SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE LATERAL POSITION OF A MOVING VEHICLE PY - 1994/11/18 SP - 12 p. AB - The Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) is currently planning the construction of a section of highway, on US 23 in northern Delaware County, which will be used to test various highway construction technologies. The specific objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and cost of instrumenting and controlling a loaded ODOT dump truck in order that it can be driven over sensors embedded in the test highway, while maintaining a lateral position accuracy of +/- one inch (2.54 cm) or better. An experiment was designed and conducted to determine if a human driver could maintain the desired lateral positioning accuracy, given a high-resolution video position feedback signal. We found that an ODOT driver could not reliably maintain lateral positioning of the truck to an accuracy of better than about +/- four inches (10 cm) at 55 mph (88.5 kph). It was concluded that an automatic steering actuation subsystem would be necessary in order to achieve the specified lateral positioning accuracy of +/- one inch (2.54 cm). A computerized video edgeline image processing approach was shown to provide ample resolution, accuracy, and data rates for this application. A component search was conducted which indicated that an automatic control system could be constructed from components costing approximately $47,000. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic steering control KW - Costs KW - Image processing KW - Motion KW - Motor vehicles KW - Moving vehicles KW - Road construction KW - Technological innovations KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680847 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Kedzierski, B AU - Talbert, L O AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11/11 SP - 132 p. AB - This laboratory research study focused on: (1) durability of wetcast, precast, box culverts with and without air entrainment; (2) durability of drycast, precast, box culverts without air entrainment; and (3) durability of wetcast and drycast, precast, box culverts made from concrete with the addition of microsilica and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBF). Based on examination of nine wetcast and four drycast box culverts, it was concluded that the use of air-entrained concrete improves the freeze-thaw durability of wetcast box culverts; drycast box culverts that are produced using non-air-entrained concrete have unsatisfactory freeze-thaw durability; the addition of microsilica and GGBF to the concrete reduced chloride ion permeability in both wetcast and drycast concrete box culverts. KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Box culverts KW - Chlorides KW - Drycast KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Permeability KW - Precast concrete KW - Silica fume KW - Slag KW - Wetcast UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680848 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Mukhtar, H AU - Kedzierski, B AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RELIABILITY OF AASHTO DESIGN EQUATION FOR PREDICTING PERFORMANCE OF FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11/05 SP - 181 p. AB - The AASHTO pavement design procedures were developed as a result of the AASHO Road Test conducted in the late '50s and early '60s. The developed design methods are empirical and relate pavement performance measurements and the loss of serviceability directly to the traffic volume and loading characteristics, the modulus of subgrade reaction, layer coefficients, and environmental factors that were present at the road site. The resulting design equations have been generalized to make them applicable to broader sets of design variables. In the 1986 AASHTO design guide, the equations were enhanced to include design reliability, the resilient modulus of the subgrade soil, material variability and drainability, and construction quality. Further, the design guide permits the user to use overall standard deviations applicable to the local conditions. These values of standard deviation are used to determine the reliability design factors. Large values of standard deviation result in pavement designed at a higher level of reliability than supposed. Therefore, any uncertainty in standard deviation will result in uncertainty in the reliability level. Since the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) has adopted the AASHTO design equations for new pavement design, it was considered needful to conduct a research study that would determine the deviations in traffic and performance prediction parameters and the overall standard deviations applicable to Ohio conditions. Pavement test sites were selected to represent the statewide distribution of pavement designs in Ohio, characterized by such factors as material type, functional classification, and different climatic and soil regions. Continuous traffic data collection was accomplished by the use of weigh-in-motion devices. Pavement serviceability index (PSI) was measured by Ohio noncontact profilometer. Core samples were obtained and several laboratory tests were conducted to determine the as-constructed material properties and variability of the design input parameters. Comparison of predicted and observed performances based on approximately four years of data indicated that AASHTO equation does not predict the performance of flexible pavements in Ohio. The predicted and the observed performance for rigid pavement sites were essentially the same that is no change in the observed and the predicted PSI, however, these observations were based on short term performance data. The overall variance estimates for flexible and rigid pavements were, however, not obtained due to lack in the change of performance data for most sections. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Equations KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Ohio KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Reliability KW - Rigid pavements KW - Serviceability KW - Serviceability Index KW - Standard deviation KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676618 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1988 MUTCD REVISION 4: REQUEST VI-82(C) QUARTZ TIMED TRAFFIC SIGNAL PY - 1994/11/01 SP - 5 p. AB - This publication contains the request for revision of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), page 79, Section 6F-8c, Temporary Traffic Signals. The text change is discussed in Interim Final Rule Docket No. 94-33. Attached to this request is a copy of the Federal Register notice (Vol. 60, No. 2, Wednesday, January 4, 1995, Rules and Regulations, pp 363-365). KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - Revisions KW - Temporary traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421350 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01444748 AU - Mountain West Management AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Comparative Study of Motor Carrier Services Programs PY - 1994/11//Final Report SP - 122p AB - The Motor Carrier Services Division of the Montana Department of Transportation commissioned this study to provide factual, comparative information about the motor carrier programs of nine selected jurisdictions, focusing on the manner in which those jurisdictions deal with the mixture of regulatory and enforcement responsibilities with which they are faced. Information included in this report was obtained through written surveys, on-site visits with motor carrier program personnel in each of the study jurisdictions, and research on motor carrier program topics through a variety of sources. Study jurisdictions included Alberta, Canada; Arizona; Colorado; Idaho; Nebraska; North Dakota; Texas; Washington; and Wyoming. KW - Alberta KW - Arizona KW - Colorado KW - Idaho KW - Law enforcement KW - Motor carriers KW - Nebraska KW - North Dakota KW - Policy KW - Regulations KW - Texas KW - Washington (State) KW - Wyoming UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/mcs/final_report_mcs.pdf UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/research/projects/mcs/mcs_prg.shtml UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45844/final_report_mcs66.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1212196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400502 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Technology applications program: demonstration projects, application projects, test and evaluation projects, special projects PY - 1994/11 IS - FHWA-SA-95-017 SP - 219p KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge design KW - Bridge management KW - Bridge management systems KW - Directory KW - Highway safety KW - Highway traffic control KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management KW - Pavement management systems KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research and educational facilities KW - Research organization KW - Road safety KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168286 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00981639 AU - Findley, K S AU - Chen, H-J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAT TRANSFER FROM VEHICULAR CATALYST TO PAVEMENT PY - 1994/11 SP - 12 p. AB - A study was undertaken to assess the effect of vehicle heat on bituminous pavement by comparing it with the effect of solar radiation. The catalytic converter (or catalyst) was chosen to represent a vehicle exhaust system. Catalysts transfer heat to pavements primarily by radiation, which can be calculated on the basis of existing theories. Two methods were used to calculate radiation from catalyst to pavement: view factor and solid angle. A simplified experiment showed that view factor calculation was closer to measured heat transfer. Data from catalysts of three vehicles were taken. Solar radiation absorbed by the pavement can be estimated from existing models and meteorological data. Results indicate that for one vehicle, pavement directly under the catalyst with an area the same as or smaller than the catalyst absorbed more radiation from it than from the sun. Size and temperature of the catalyst, distance between catalyst and pavement, and oxidation level of the catalyst material were all important factors. Because of the very small sample of vehicles studied, no general conclusions were drawn about whether vehicles on highways increase pavement surface temperature and cause rutting damage. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Catalytic converters KW - Heat transfer KW - Pavements KW - Solar radiation KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/743084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00677937 AU - Capelle, R B AU - Massachusetts Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING AND MANAGING INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: A GUIDE TO ISTEA REQUIREMENTS PY - 1994/11 SP - 100 p. AB - This guidebook is designed to be a hands-on, planner-friendly document that answers hard questions about intermodal management system planning in practice. The guidebook is written from the perspective of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' development of its statewide intermodal management system (IMS) work plan, which includes coordination with all the state's MPOs. The following subjects of interest to IMS planners are discussed in this book: ISTEA in perspective; work plan structure and content; IMS technical team and coordinating committee organization and composition; explanatory materials to provide the IMS technical team and coordinating committee; organization and implementation of a Freight Advisory Council to foster involvement of the private sector companies and organizations; and, emphasis on "issue-based data" to structure IMS data needs and narrow the data search. KW - Administration KW - Data collection KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Intermodal management systems KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Private enterprise UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5500/5583/783.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6100/6158/pmi.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675295 AU - BROWN, C M AU - Advanced Technology and Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VALIDATION OF THE ENSCO SURROGATE BOGIE VEHICLE FOIL TEST NUMBER(S): 92F028 THROUGH 92F031 PY - 1994/11 SP - 50 p. AB - This document contains the results from four crash tests conducted at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia. The crash tests involved two reusable bogie vehicles impacting an instrumented rigid pole. Two of the tests used the FOIL bogie vehicle and two tests used the ENSCO Inc. bogie vehicle. The objective of this report is to show that the FOIL and ENSCO bogie vehicles are comparable vehicles. Comparisons are made between the crush characteristics of the two bogie vehicles. The crush characteristics are presented as data plots of force vs. displacement, energy vs. displacement and peak force vs. momentum. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Crashes KW - Crush characteristics KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Fracture tests KW - Impact tests KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412312 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00805900 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE: GUIDELINES FOR USERS OF THE STRATEGIC HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM (SHRP) FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER (FWD) CALIBRATION CENTERS PY - 1994/11 SP - 7 p. AB - These guidelines are provided to ensure that a trip to a Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) calibration center is as productive and problem-free as possible. The SHRP FWD Calibration Centers were developed to calibrate SHRP'S Dynatest FWDs. The procedures and equipment have also been used to calibrate KUAB FWDs, and additional adaptations to provide calibration of Phonix and JILS are under development. The guidelines cover the following topics: what to expect from the calibration process, what to expect from the calibration center staff, what not to expect from the calibration results, what not to expect from the calibration center, specific FWD requirements for calibration, general FWD equipment requirements, calibration center procedures, and SHRP FWD calibration center contacts. KW - Calibration KW - Equipment KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Guidelines KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Pavement performance KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672501 ER - TY - SER AN - 00670396 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE MAGNITUDE AND SEVERITY OF PASSING ACCIDENTS ON TWO-LANE RURAL ROADS PY - 1994/11 SP - 4 p. AB - Questions have been raised concerning the marking criteria for no-passing zones on two-lane rural roads. The passing sight distance design criteria for a given vehicle design speed found in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) are approximately one-half those of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) "Green Book" (A Policy on Geometric Design of Streets and Highways). In response to these questions, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated a research effort to identify the critical issues and to develop experimental designs for research to address these issues. From this research, the highest priority research problem statement was the need to study the magnitude of the passing-accident problem. Based on this recommendation, two separate studies were conducted. The first study developed the methodology for identifying passing accidents and analyzed data from one State, while a later study applied this same methodology in an analysis of data from two additional States. Both efforts also examined the severity of passing accidents and the types of collisions that result from these accidents. This Highway Safety Information Systems (HSIS) summary report briefly summarizes the findings of these two studies and concludes the following: The two studies provide detailed information on the magnitude, severity, type, and location of passing accidents based on data from the three States. While the large percentage of passing accidents occurring within the passing zone may indicate that some improvements in safety could be made by revising the marking criteria for no passing zones, the overall effect is expected to be small due to the low percentage of passing accidents found in these studies. Currently, FHWA has no plans for conducting additional research on the procedures for marking passing zones. KW - Crash locations KW - Crash rates KW - Crash severity KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - No passing zones KW - Passing sight distance KW - Research KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - http://www.hsisinfo.org//pdf/94-068.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/414420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00753808 AU - Wellock, D AU - Dolan, C W AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THERMAL MOVEMENTS OF TWO STEEL COMPOSITE BRIDGES - A CASE STUDY PY - 1994/11 SP - 110 p. AB - The goal of this research was to better understand the behavior of bridge systems subjected to temperature loading, and secondly, model two Wyoming Department of Transportation bridges that are currently experiencing distress initially attributed to temperature effects. To address the first objective, finite element-based parametric studies were performed to address the sensitivity of the geometry, bearing location and stiffness, and joint gap/locking. The model used is characteristic of a medium-span bridge. The second objective was addressed by creating models of the two distressed bridges and reporting the response due to temperature loads. The present condition of these bridges was considered and recommendations for repairs are given. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Composite bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Expansion joints KW - Finite element method KW - Geometry KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Stiffness KW - Temperature KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/536624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670380 AU - Kalevela, S A AU - Arizona Transportation Research Center AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT JOINT SEALANTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 61 p. AB - In July 1986, the Arizona Transportation Research Center (ATRC) coordinated the installation of a joint sealant test site near Flagstaff, between mile posts 331.5 and 332.2, on the southbound lanes of Interstate 17. The original project was constructed in 1974, with 8 in. (20 cm) of portland cement concrete pavement (PCCP) over 6 in. (15 cm) of cement treated base (CTB). The test site consisted of 200 transverse joints sawed 2 in. (5 cm) deep, skewed 1:6, and spaced at a repeating sequence of 17, 15, 13, and 15 ft (5.2, 4.6, 4.0, and 4.6 m). The objective of the project was to evaluate the performance of five joint sealants: Dow Corning 888, Superseal 888, Allied Koch 9005, Crafco Roadsaver 231, and W.R. Meadows Sof-Seal. The highway sections abutting this test site were also rehabilitated and their pavement joints were sealed with Superseal 444 which, at that time, was a specified sealant in the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) standards. Field evaluations of the joint sealants were performed at nine months, one year, 1.5 years, 3 years, and 8 years after construction. The evaluations were based on: (i) sealant flexibility, (ii) length of joint with missing sealant, (iii) adhesive and cohesive failure of sealant, (iv) joint width and sealant depth, (v) joint spalling, (vi) sealant recess, (vii) Falling Weight Deflectometer testing, and (viii) slab faulting. Generally, it appeared that after about eight years of service all five sealants had exhibited comparable performance level. Clearly, all test sealants performed better than Superseal 444 which was an ADOT specified joint sealant when the test site was installed in 1986. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field performance KW - Joint sealers KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Test sections KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411121 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670372 AU - Chang, F M AU - Kilgore, R T AU - Woo, D C AU - Mistichelli, M P AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY LOSSES THROUGH JUNCTION MANHOLES, VOLUME I: RESEARCH REPORT AND DESIGN GUIDE. LABORATORY REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 104 p. AB - The objective of this report is to develop and test methodologies for computing energy losses at junction manholes. Laboratory data obtained over a 6-year period at the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Hydraulics Laboratory are analyzed within the framework of three methodologies: the energy grade line, power loss, and neural networks. Descriptions of the methods are presented, along with a statistical analysis comparing the accuracy with which each method computes observed depth in the junction manhole. Volume I provides an overview of the hydraulic conditions at junction manholes and identifies the need to supplement existing data for development of predictive equations for computing energy losses. Also discussed are prior research results, three analytical methods for determining junction losses, and the experimental configurations in the laboratory. This report also provides a detailed analysis and performance comparison of each of the three methodologies analyzed. Guidance is given as to which methodology may be most appropriate in computing the energy losses through a pipe system. Volume II documents the physical and hydraulic data collected for each of the 739 laboratory experiments performed. KW - Data analysis KW - Dissipation KW - Hydraulic conditions KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manholes KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Storm sewers KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411113 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667647 AU - Atteridge, D G AU - Devietian, J H AU - Wood, W E AU - Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HEAT-AFFECTED ZONE TOUGHNESS OF ELECTROSLAG WELDMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 36 p. AB - As part of a research program to improve the toughness and reliability of electroslag weldments, the Oregon Graduate Institute has developed a detailed understanding of the influence of process variables and consumables on the structure and mechanical properties of electroslag weldments. These results have been presented in a report by the Federal Highway Administration entitled "Improved Toughness and Fatigue Characteristics in Electroslag-Welded Bridge Structures" (FHWA-RD-87/026). While these initial efforts concentrated on the structure and properties of the weld metal, more recent efforts focused on the impact toughness behavior of the electroslag weld, heat-affected zone in both A527 and A588 alloys. KW - Alloy steel KW - Electroslag KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Heat affected zone (Metals) KW - Toughness KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00726702 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS IN THE DENVER METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1994/11 SP - 67 p. AB - This formal, comprehensive review of the planning process in the Denver metropolitan area was conducted by FHWA and FTA headquarters and regional staff, with the assistance of the US DOT Volpe Center. The federal team concluded that the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) activities are being carried out in accordance with FHWA and FTA regulations, policies and procedures in place prior to passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). Efforts are being made to implement a multi-modal planning approach, and the transit operator is involved in this process. This review will assist the Denver metropolitan area to prepare for future formal certification. KW - Administration KW - City planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Management KW - Planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4200/4299/39.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461275 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00726701 AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF THE TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS IN THE PORTLAND, OREGON, METROPOLITAN AREA PY - 1994/11 SP - 58 p. AB - This formal, comprehensive review of the planning process in the Portland metropolitan area was conducted by FHWA and FTA headquarters and field staff, with the assistance of the US DOT Volpe Center. The federal team concluded that Metro and other area agencies performing transportation planning conduct a competently managed and organized continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive planning process, produce adequate planning products and use acceptable planning tools. Efforts are being made to implement a multi-modal planning approach, and the transit operators are involved in the process. This review will assist the Portland metropolitan area to prepare for future formal certification. KW - Administration KW - City planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Management KW - Planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4300/4301/37.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00723818 AU - Daly, W H AU - Negulescu, I AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT CEMENTS MODIFIED WITH CRUMBED RUBBER FROM DISCARDED TIRES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 65 p. AB - The potential legislative requirement for incorporation of scrap rubber into asphalt blends mandated a thorough evaluation of the influence of scrap rubber additives on the physical properties and aging characteristics of rubber/asphalt blends. Blends with up to 20% ground vulcanized rubber (both crumb and 200 mesh powder particles) from recycled tires were prepared with asphalt cements of various grades (AC5 - AC30) and evaluated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Blends produced from powdered rubber particles exhibited Newtonian behavior at high temperatures; similar behavior was not observed with crumb rubber blends. The mechanical properties of asphalt-rubber blends depend upon the concentration of rubber additives, the particle dimensions, and the chemical composition of the asphalt. Some asphalts induced excessive swelling of the rubber particles, resulting in 135 deg C viscosities greater than Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) recommended 3 Pa-Sec. The dynamic mechanical characteristics of all blends are discussed in terms of G*sin delta and G"; comparative data are presented according to the new SHRP binder specifications. Constant stress creep and creep recovery of the polymer or rubber asphalt blends proved to be a sensitive measure of the additive content. Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) aging of the asphalt rubber blends revealed a significant difference between crumb rubber and powdered rubber additives. Simple blends of crumb rubber with asphalts ranging in grade from AC5 to AC30 exhibited phase separation during the thin film oven aging test. In contrast, blends with powdered rubber appeared to remain compatible or at least partially compatible through the PAV aging process and the blends retained the physical properties associated with the additive. The DMA data suggest that the low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt/powdered rubber blends is enhanced. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Cracking KW - Creep KW - Crumb rubber KW - Fracture resistance KW - Low temperature KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanical properties KW - Oven tests KW - Phase separation KW - Physical properties KW - Powdered rubber KW - Pressure vessels KW - Relaxation (Mechanics) KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Specifications KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Swelling KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Tires KW - Viscosity UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_291.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/460185 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722589 AU - Russell, J S AU - Swiggum, K E AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LESSONS-LEARNED AND CONSTRUCTABILITY REVIEW DATABASES PY - 1994/11 SP - 89 p. AB - Advances in computer and software abilities are continuously creating an increased number of applications that are beneficial to the construction industry. In the highway sector, computers have become an integral part of design and construction as well as communications among project participants. This report presents two example database applications that may be used to accommodate the constructability program for Wisconsin Department of Transportation: (1) lessons-learned database and (2) constructability rating database. In addition to discussing these database structures, the report presents example computer screens created for developed prototype applications. Data entered to demonstrate the lessons-learned database are also provided as an appendix. More discussion of the database structures as well as the context in which they may be used is provided in Technical Report 115 (WI-SPR-05-94) which discusses steps and tools to implement constructability on highway projects. The applications described in this report demonstrate that the database structures discussed in Technical Report 115 are feasible as well as useful and efficient. Both applications have great potential for improving the execution of highway projects by providing information to those performing planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance. KW - Applications KW - Constructability KW - Construction KW - Databases KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Prototypes KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/459777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00722588 AU - Russell, J S AU - Swiggum, K E AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF CONSTRUCTABILITY CONCEPTS AND TOOLS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PY - 1994/11 SP - v.p. AB - Highway construction involves several characteristics that may repeatedly create complications on projects. While these recurring difficulties may sometimes be unavoidable due to unexpected conditions, they could have, at other times, been avoided or minimized if addressed earlier in the facility delivery process. Doing so may result in considerable cost and schedule savings as it has in other construction industry sectors while improving other project objectives such as quality and safety. This was the premise for a research investigation sponsored by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. This report presents a constructability work process that facilitates construction input in design, creation of constructability teams, continuity and communication between design and construction, and continuous improvement of highway projects. Twenty-eight tools are also provided to assist in constructability implementation. Performing constructability steps for both pre- and post-contract award constructability generates a series of project-specific constructability resources that may be used by personnel throughout facilities development process phases to accommodate project activities. Throughout the entire project, the work process promotes documentation and feedback to facilitate evaluation and continuous improvement. A major challenge in implementing a constructability work process is ensuring that project participants perform constructability steps and activities efficiently and consistently. Therefore, a successful work process must be accompanied by tools that assist in implementation. Twenty-eight constructability tools were developed to assist in implementation of constructability on highway projects and/or allow consistent documentation so that collected information may be easily stored and retrieved for future use. Tools are provided in four categories: (1) work process, (2) lessons learned, (3) constructability review, and (4) timing of implementation. KW - Constructability KW - Construction KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Feedback KW - Feedback control KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/461555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720306 AU - Bligh, R P AU - Ross, H E AU - Alberson, D C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-RADIUS THRIE BEAM TREATMENT FOR INTERSECTING STREETS AND DRIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 144 p. AB - At sites where a driveway or secondary roadway intersects a primary roadway in close proximity to a bridge end, the available space will not accommodate a standard length of approach guardrail, and alternate treatments are required. In Study 1263, a short-radius nested W-beam treatment was developed for use at these locations. Although the design offered improved impact performance over existing systems, it failed to pass one of the design test conditions. This study was undertaken to develop and test a new short-radius thrie-beam guardrail treatment suitable for use by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) that meets nationally recognized safety standards. The new treatment consists of a single 10-ga. thrie-beam rail mounted at a height of 787 mm (31 in.) and supported on weakened, round wood posts. The system extends approximately 9.75 m (32 ft) from the bridge end along the primary roadway at which point it is curved in a 4.87-m (16-ft) radius and extended down the secondary roadway. A series of five crash tests was used to evaluate the impact performance of this short-radius thrie-beam system. Although it failed to contain a 3/4-ton (680-kg) pickup truck as required by NCHRP Report 350, subsequent testing showed that it successfully meets the guidelines and evaluation criteria set forth in NCHRP Report 230, and is suitable for implementation where site conditions warrant such a treatment. In addition to offering significantly improved impact performance over existing designs, the thrie-beam design should be much easier to install and maintain than the interim nested W-beam design developed under Study 1263. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Curvature KW - Driveways KW - End treatments KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Intersections KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - NCHRP Report 230 KW - NCHRP Report 250 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Primary highways KW - Radius KW - Radius of curvature KW - Secondary roads KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams KW - Transition zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720304 AU - Morris, D V AU - Popov, B N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORROSION EFFECTS OF CEMENT STABILIZED BACKFILL ON GALVANIZED STEEL EARTH REINFORCEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 152 p. AB - Cement stabilization of backfill has been used for some time in mechanically stabilized earth type retaining walls. However, there has been no data on the corrosion life of galvanized steel reinforcement in this environment, which is intermediate in pH between normal soil and pure cement. Field observations had indicated a potential corrosion problem at a particular site in District 12. As a result of the test program conducted during this project, it has been concluded that: (a) Cement addition to backfill in the usual quantities (i.e., 7% or more) raised the pH environment to values close to that of normal concrete. At these levels corrosion rates of zinc coatings were not significantly accelerated -- if anything, corrosion rates were less than for unstabilized fill. (b) Very small amounts of cement addition, of the order of 1% to 4% producing pH values significantly less than 12, could cause limited acceleration of corrosion. It is, therefore, advisable to control minimum cement levels and to encourage efficient mixing. (c) Elevated corrosion rates were associated primarily with the presence of inorganic ions, both for stabilized and unstabilized fill. In the case of the problem site in District 12, this appeared to be the result primarily of unusually high sulfate content in the fill. (d) The use of crushed concrete as backfill did not accelerate corrosion. This material, therefore, appears to be acceptable for this application. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Cement KW - Cement stabilization KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Corrosion resistant steel KW - Galvanized steel KW - pH value KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retaining walls KW - Soil stabilization KW - Sulfate content KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454691 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720231 AU - JHK & Associates AU - National Highway Institute TI - INTELLIGENT VEHICLE HIGHWAY SYSTEM (IVHS) PLANNING AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS -- AN OVERVIEW. PARTICIPANT WORKBOOK PY - 1994/11 SP - v.p. AB - This 3-day training course features advanced, interactive instruction in the following areas: The Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) Planning Process; IVHS Functional Areas and Supporting Technologies; and Current IVHS Activities. The curriculum includes lectures, discussions, and a workshop focusing on IVHS planning and functional requirements. The Participant Workbook has been assembled for use during the course and for reference afterward. The notebook is divided into a number of blocks and sessions, each corresponding to an individual presentation and organized in the order of the presentations. Each session contains a presentation outline, reproductions of the slides that will be presented, and references. In addition, supplemental materials have been included as appendices. KW - Curricula KW - Functional requirements KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Participant workbook KW - Planning KW - Training courses KW - Training programs KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/457085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720133 AU - Larson, G A AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A HIGH SPEED PROFILING DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 219 p. AB - A profiling device (profilometer) capable of measuring pavement profiles at freeway traffic speeds was developed. This device can be used either to supplement or to replace the Response Type Road Roughness Meters (RTRRMs) that are typically part of a pavement management system. Since profilometers determine road roughness by measuring the pavement profile directly, they are not subject to the same stringent calibration requirements as RTRRMs. In addition, a profilometer's measurements are collected independent of vehicle speed, while an RTRRM is only accurate at the speeds for which it is calibrated. The profilometer in this project uses laser height sensors to measure the distance from the vehicle to the pavement, while some other profilometers use ultrasonic sensors or broadband light sensors. Data from these laser sensors are collected by a VMEbus computer running MS-DOS. Software written in the C programming language reduces and processes the collected data into a pavement profile and an International Roughness Index (IRI) value. Additional navigation sensors provide vehicle location information during data acquisition. KW - Information processing KW - International Roughness Index KW - Laser applications KW - Lasers KW - Navigation KW - Profilometers KW - Roughness KW - Sensors KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454522 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720046 AU - McGennis, R B AU - Anderson, R M AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Solaimanian, M AU - Asphalt Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BACKGROUND OF SUPERPAVE ASPHALT MIXTURE DESIGN & ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 160 p. AB - This manual represents the first formal training document that embodies the complete series of SUPERPAVE asphalt mixture design and analysis test equipment and procedures. These tests and procedures represent the results of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) 5-year research effort to investigate and improve asphalt cement technology. This manual was developed under the Federal Highway Administration's National Asphalt Training Center. Students attending the center use this manual to better understand the underlying theory behind asphalt mixture design and analysis and how to perform each of the new procedures. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Equipment tests KW - Manuals KW - Mix design KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Superpave KW - Test equipment KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720042 AU - Anderson, R M AU - McGennis, R B AU - Asphalt Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUPERPAVE ASPHALT MIXTURE DESIGN ILLUSTRATED LEVEL 1 LAB METHOD S. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 62 p. AB - This manual provides sequential, illustrated steps for performing the SUPERPAVE test procedures on asphalt mixtures, level 1 design. It also serves as a self-contained laboratory reference document on those procedures. These tests and procedures represent the results of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) 5-year research effort to investigate and improve asphalt mix design technology. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Improvements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manuals KW - Mix design KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Superpave KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454431 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713097 AU - Webster, M T AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - Loehr, R C AU - Fowler, D W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION OF USED ABRASIVE MEDIA FOR NON-STRUCTURAL CONCRETE USING PORTLAND CEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 212 p. AB - Highway bridges in the United States are painted to resist corrosion and to help maintain the structural integrity of the bridge. Periodically, it is necessary to remove the existing paint so that the surface can be repainted. Most often the removal process consists of blasting the surface with an abrasive such as sand or slag. The blast media then contains elements present in the paint, such as cadmium, chromium and lead. The spent media may be a hazardous waste as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Toxicity Characteristic (TC) criterion. This criterion uses the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) to detemine whether a waste is classified as a hazardous waste. This procedure subjects the waste to a highly acidic environment in which chemicals can leach out of the waste. The leachate environment is then analyzed to determine the concentration of chemical leached, which must fall within the TC criterion. Some spent blasting material has been shown to have TCLP metal concentrations exceeding the TC criterion. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has begun to recycle spent abrasive media in portland cement-based concrete using solidification/stabilization (S/S) techniques. This technology is designed to immobilize the metals, while recycling the spent abrasive media as a component in non-structural concrete. This study has revealed the effectiveness of portland cement-based S/S systems in recycling contaminated spent abrasive media in portland cement-based concrete. The long-term leaching behavior of metals from these concrete products was examined using sequential extraction leaching tests. KW - Blast cleaning KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Highway bridges KW - Leaching KW - Metals KW - Paint KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Recycling KW - Removal KW - Soil stabilization KW - Solidification KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713038 AU - Smith, R E AU - Beatty, C K AU - Button, J W AU - Stacy, S E AU - Andrews, E M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF MICRO-SURFACING IN HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 312 p. AB - Micro-surfacing is a complex mixture of polymer modified emulsified asphalt cement, crushed mineral aggregate, mineral filler, water, and other additives. When designed and constructed properly, micro-surfacing can be used in thin layers as preventive maintenance and in thick layers to fill ruts as corrective maintenance treatments. Several Districts are using micro-surfacing to repair pavement in the Texas Department of Transportation. The contractor provides the mixture design, and the Department accepts the mixture. The mixture designs submitted by the contractors are based on tests that the Department has not previously used and that have questionable validity. This project developed specifications, mixture design procedures, mixture design verification procedures, usage guidelines, and quality assurance requirements for micro-surfacing treatments applied to highway pavements. The mixture design procedure tests were evaluated in the laboratory and modified as needed. Detailed protocols were developed for each test. Micro-surfacing mixture designs and quality assurance procedures were tested in the field. Quality assurance checklists were developed for use by field personnel. This report presents a method for evaluating cost-effectiveness along with preliminary results. An approach for completing forensic analysis of early failures was also prepared. KW - Additives KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Failure analysis KW - Guidelines KW - Micro-surfacing KW - Mineral fillers KW - Mix design KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Quality assurance KW - Repairing KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Surface treating KW - Surface treatments KW - Test procedures KW - Utilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448189 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711824 AU - Dossey, T AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPDATING AND MAINTAINING THE RIGID PAVEMENT DATABASE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 62 p. AB - This report summarizes the present contents of the Rigid Pavement Database after it was updated subsequent to the field surveys of 1993 through 1994. This database, which was initiated in 1974, consists of a 20-year performance record of more than two hundred pavement projects across the State of Texas. The data include visual condition survey, deflection basins taken with the Falling Weight Deflectometer, traffic data, environmental data and construction variables such as year of construction, thickness, coarse aggregate type, swelling condition, and subbase type. Since 1974, many research projects have contributed data to the database. This study, besides being the most recent effort, is especially important because it provides the first visual condition survey of the continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) sections since 1987, and revisits previously surveyed jointed concrete pavement (JCP) sections for the first time since 1984. This year, in addition to continuing the study of the historical test sections, a number of new paving projects were selected with an emphasis on expanding the database to include a representative sample of the new, thicker sections and improved steel designs now being built. A special effort was made to insure that the needs of the Texas Department of Transportation's new Pavement Management Information System (Texas PMIS) would be met now and in the foreseeable future. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Databases KW - Deflection KW - Environment KW - Environmental data KW - Evaluation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Information organization KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavements KW - Rigid pavements KW - Surveying KW - Texas KW - Traffic data KW - Variables KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447730 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711820 AU - Crawford, J A AU - Rao, K S AU - Krammes, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TCM ANALYST 1.0 AND USER'S GUIDE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 110 p. AB - Since the passage of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), transportation planning has increased its focus on the air quality impacts of transportation improvement projects. Transportation control measures (TCMs) are possible tools for improving regional air quality as defined in the CAAA. TCMs are a collection of actions previously grouped into two categories: transportation system management (TSM) and transportation demand management (TDM). The TCM Analyst computer package was prepared to provide a tool for evaluating the effectiveness of TCMs on a regionwide basis and is intended to be used by transportation engineers and planners. Traditionally, three broad categories of methodologies have been employed for TCM analysis: comparison with other areas, computer-based modeling, and sketch-planning tools. Comparison with other areas involves a simple application of the observed changes in travel activity due to TCM implementation in another area to a local scenario. Computer-based modeling involves using complex simulation tools traditionally employed in transportation planning and traffic engineering. Sketch-planning tools involve simple manual or computerized methods and fall between the two previously described methods in complexity and formality. The TCM Analyst is a sketch-planning tool that combines elements of the methodologies developed by Systems Applications International (SAI) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the San Diego Association of Governments' (SANDAG) TCM Tools program into one spreadsheet-based evaluation tool. The software uses the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet environment as a platform for TCM analysis. The TCM Analyst can be used to estimate the travel and emission effects of selected TCMs and can also evaluate their cost-effectiveness. Eleven TCMs are included for evaluation in the TCM Analyst: (1) telecommuting, (2) flextime, (3) compressed work week, (4) ridesharing, (5) transit fare decrease, (6) transit service increase, (7) transit plazas, (8) parking management, (9) HOV lanes, (10) traffic signalization, and (11) intersection improvements. Emission changes are evaluated for both the carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone emission seasons. Additionally, three analysis tools are included to help determine the effects that specific inputs have on the estimated benefits of a TCM. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Compressed work week KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Effectiveness KW - Fare reduction KW - Fares KW - Flexible hours KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Hours of labor KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Parking facilities KW - Parking management KW - Pollutants KW - Public transit KW - Ridesharing KW - Signalization KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning techniques KW - Software KW - Spreadsheets KW - Telecommuting KW - Transit malls KW - Transit plazas KW - Transit services KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711657 AU - Berry, R A AU - Walters, C H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR EVALUATING OPERATIONS OF LIGHT RAIL AT-GRADE WITHIN AN URBAN SIGNAL SYSTEM: INTERIM REPORT 3 PY - 1994/11 SP - 72 p. AB - This report identifies and recommends measures of impact that are applicable to the operation of at-grade light rail crossings within traffic signal systems. The key point in identifying measures of impact is to maintain consistency with traffic signal measures of impacts. The recommended measures of impact include average delay and queue length. This report illustrates how the analyst can apply both manual calculation methods and computer models to estimate these measures of impact. Included in the discussion is a screening procedure that is designed to minimize total work effort by identifying impacts and mitigating them with the least intensive analysis method. However, if the analysis results are marginal, then full simulation of the traffic signal system including the light rail line is warranted. The recommended programs for such evaluation are TRANSYT-7F for simpler problems and Traf-NETSIM for complex problems and analysis of system variances. KW - Computer models KW - Impact studies KW - Length KW - Light rail transit KW - Queuing KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447694 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711659 AU - Rebala, S AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Gownder, M AU - Little, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SHORT-TERM GUIDELINES TO IMPROVE CRUMB RUBBER MODIFIED ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 205 p. AB - The objective of this study was to optimize the performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt-concrete pavements through the development of materials and construction specifications, mixture design and testing procedures, binder testing procedures, and quality control and construction guidelines. These objectives were accomplished through an extensive laboratory investigation and somewhat limited field investigation. This report presents guidelines, draft material specifications, and test protocol regarding the use of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) in asphalt concrete pavements. Researchers found that CRM has the potential to improve the fatigue and thermal cracking performance of asphalt concrete pavements. Performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt concrete pavements is predicted using the Texas Flexible Pavement System (TFPS). Pavements were analyzed under a variety of climatic and structural conditions. Although state DOTs must comply with the existing legislative requirements, tire rubber, as any additive, should be used whenever possible to address a given mixture deficiency or expected deficiency in a given situation. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Climate KW - Crumb rubber KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Scrap tires KW - Solid wastes KW - Specifications KW - Test procedures KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711660 AU - McFarland, W F AU - Memmott, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BONDS FOR FINANCING STATE HIGHWAY EXPENDITURES IN TEXAS: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 58 p. AB - This is an interim report giving some preliminary findings on the evaluation of the use of bond financing for State highway investment in Texas. Criteria for evaluating use of bond financing include the following standard criteria for rating alternative revenue sources: (1) equity considerations; (2) economic efficiency; (3) revenue potential and stability; (4) acceptability; (5) administrative feasibility; and (6) applicability. Two additional criteria that are of interest in evaluating bond financing are pay-as-you-go criteria and rate-of-return analysis. Different interpretations of the pay-as-you-go criteria are discussed. Among the factors that may influence the decision about whether to use bond financing is the rate of return that can be gotten from the increased spending made possible by bond issues. A spreadsheet program was used with output from the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) program output to develop rates of return for different types of projects. Using the latest available (1992) HPMS data set for Texas, simulation runs were made for several levels of funding. The base level of funding was set at a relatively low level, indicated by expected state highway revenues for construction categories covered by the HPMS model and several alternative levels, and were run representing the situation if current spending were supplemented with funds from bond financing. The rate-of-return analysis indicates that the rate-of-return on additional highway investment in Texas is from 16 to 33%. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Bond financing KW - Bonds KW - Economic efficiency KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Expenditures KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Financing KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Investments KW - Pay-as-you-go KW - Rate of return KW - Revenues KW - Spreadsheets KW - State highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447697 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00682728 AU - McCord, M R AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO THE DEPLOYMENT OF CVO/IVHS INNOVATIONS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 265 p. AB - We investigate the institutional barriers in Ohio to deploying innovations involving the concept of Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) (now Intelligent Transportation Systems, ITS) that affect commercial vehicle operations (CVO). We limit our scope to innovations that would increase the ease with which commercial vehicles can operate on an interstate basis or that would improve the efficiency of commercial vehicle or driver safety inspections and consider institutional barriers to be those not related to economics or technical feasibility. We divide our study into three phases. Phase I describes the responsibilities of the Ohio agencies that issue and enforce credentials allowing interstate carriers to operate in Ohio and of those agencies that conduct driver and vehicle safety inspections. Phase II documents feelings of agency personnel and a small group of carrier representatives about the desirability and potential institutional barriers to a small set of CVO innovations. Phase III surveys representatives of Ohio-based motor carriers, asking them to rate the attreativeness of specified CVO innovations and to express potential concerns that they would have with innovations. We conclude that the Ohio agencies appear to be open-minded, cooperative, and willing to pursue new ways of doing business when benefits are apparent. There seem to be no major institutional barriers that would derail the deployment of IVHS/CVO innovations in Ohio, but neither are there apparent champions of the general, vague concept of IVHS/CVO innovations. The agency representatives appear to feel that the initiative should come from the motor carrier industry. The motor carriers appear to be in favor of innovations but are too fragmented to be the catalyst for deployment. Therefore, the initiative for specific IVHS/CVO projects in Ohio will probably need to be supplied from outside in the near future. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Deployment KW - Innovation KW - Inspection KW - Institutional issues KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Interstate commerce KW - Motor vehicles KW - Ohio KW - Socioeconomic development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/423024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681978 AU - Ting, FCK AU - Briaud, J-L AU - Gudavalli, S R AU - Perugu, S B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR HYDRAULIC MODELING FACILITY FOR SCOUR PROBLEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 138 p. AB - The feasibility of building a large scale scour modeling facility to help evaluate the 26,018 bridges over water which exist in Texas is studied. First, the scour problem in Texas is reviewed and tends to indicate that many bridges are built on clay. Second, the fundamental laws of hydraulic and soil modeling are detailed. These laws show that it is not possible to scale all the components of the problem properly. It is also shown that when the model soil has particles smaller than 0.1 mm, additional difficulties occur. This makes the physical modeling of clays nearly impossible. Third, five bridge case histories are used to calculate the necessary size of scaled models. Scales of 1/15 to 1/100 would be used in the proposed facility. Fourth, the results of a paper survey and visits of prominent scour modeling laboratories in the USA are presented. They show that these laboratories are relatively well equipped. Fifth, the new facility is designed and the cost is estimated at $6.7 M. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of building a new facility versus using existing facilities are outlined. KW - Case studies KW - Cost estimating KW - Data collection KW - Estimates KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Hydraulic facilities KW - Hydraulic models KW - Hydraulic structures KW - Laboratories KW - Scale models KW - Scour KW - Soil modeling KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422705 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681975 AU - Godfrey, S H AU - Long, J P AU - Rosson, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROL SELECTION - TAMUBMP COMPUTER PROGRAM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 21 p. AB - Achieving the maximum environmental benefits of an entire project's lifetime (planning and design phase, construction and maintenance) has become an important goal for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). With the implementation of the Environmental Protection Agency's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting requirements in 1992, an increased awareness and pro-active stormwater management program has been developed in TxDOT. During the past twenty years, there has been a proliferation of erosion and sediment control products and methods developed by the erosion industry. Industry standards have not kept up with the rapid changes; therefore, education, testing, and applications vary across the country. Designers need to have the appropriate guidance to be able to meet the demands placed on them today. The researchers evaluated the difficulties encountered during the design and selection process for developing stormwater pollution prevention plans (SW3P) and provided guidance in the following areas: erosion and sediment control functions, application areas, nomenclature, steps to select measures, erosion principles, and erosion prediction factors. Design aids developed include the following: PC-based computer program for SW3P reporting and selection procedures and a final report that includes a glossary for cross-referencing other publications and updated VM and K reference tables. KW - Computer programs KW - Construction sites KW - Drainage KW - Erosion control KW - Pollution control KW - Pollution prevention KW - Sediment control KW - Sediments KW - Storm water management KW - Storms KW - Water control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681906 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Tallamraju, S S AU - Trout, N D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISIBILITY AND SPACING OF LANE CONTROL SIGNALS FOR FREEWAY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 62 p. AB - Glance legibility studies conducted at the TTI Proving Grounds examined the legibility of three commercially available lane control signals (LCS) with respect to symbol, signal type, subject gender, and subject age. Also, the effect of ambient light conditions was also explored. Symbols on all three signals resulted in median glance legibility distances of 304.8 m (1000 ft) or greater, whereas the 85th percentile glance legibility distance was 213.4 m (700 ft) or greater. Of the various factors examined, only the age of the subject significantly influenced legibility distances. In general, drivers 65 years and older had to be 91.5 to 198.1 m (300 to 650 ft) closer to the signals to correctly identify the symbols being displayed than drivers aged 16 to 44 years. The report also contains the results of a meeting of Texas Department of Transportation operations personnel involved in freeway LCS design and operation. Panel members identified a number of specific problems and concerns regarding LCS on freeways, and brainstormed about potential solutions and countermeasures to address these concerns. KW - Age KW - Countermeasures KW - Freeways KW - Gender KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human subject testing KW - Lane use control signals KW - Legibility KW - Problem identification KW - Spacing KW - Symbols KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422656 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681881 AU - Pogue, L AU - American Public Works Association AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND SUCCESSES - 1993 PY - 1994/11 SP - 69 p. AB - This publication details accomplishments and successes of the 55 Technology Transfer Centers nationally that were established under the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP). The LTAP serves as the primary channel through which innovative transportation technology is prepared and delivered to both urban and rural local communities in the United States and to American Indian tribal governments. Since 1982, a network of Technology Transfer Centers has been established to work with local transportation agencies in addressing their specific transportation goals and to present new transportation technology and product alternatives to meet those goals. As of 1993, there were 55 centers; one in each State, one in Puerto Rico, and four to serve the American Tribal Governments. Base level funding for the technology transfer centers are provided by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and State and local governments match the Federal funds. The objective of LTAP is to improve roads and bridges and increase transportation safety awareness by increasing transportation expertise at the local and tribal level, and promoting the effective use of private, local, and State resources for transportation. The LTAP approach is a program of training and technical assistance geared to local and tribal engineers, technicians, and government officials. To respond to the increasing demand for new highway technology in rural and urban areas, special technical products have been developed and assistance provided specifically structured for local highway agencies. These products and assistance are available through the nationwide network of Technology Transfer Centers. With the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, the FHWA received the authority to expand the rural program to provide increased technical assistance and the transfer of usable modern highway technology to urban areas in States with two or more urbanized areas of 50,000 to 1,000,000 population to help address their road-related needs. KW - Communities KW - Governments KW - Highway departments KW - Local government KW - Local government agencies KW - Local highway agencies KW - Local Technical Assistance Program KW - Native Americans KW - Technical assistance KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology KW - Technology transfer KW - Technology transfer centers KW - Training KW - Transportation KW - Transportation technology KW - Tribal government UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422639 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681879 AU - Raza, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURFACE REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES: DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF MICRO-SURFACING, INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE PY - 1994/11 SP - 38 p. AB - This instructor's guide is designed for a 2 to 4 hour long workshop on design, construction, and performance of micro-surfacing. This workshop will be useful to Federal Highway Administration, State, and local highway agency engineers who require knowledge of micro-surfacing. Micro-surfacing consists of polymer-modified asphalt emulsion, 100% crushed aggregate, mineral filler, water, and field control additives as needed. Micro-surfacing is primarily used to improve surface friction and to fill wheel ruts. When properly designed and constructed, it has shown good performance for 4 to 7 years. Since micro-surfacing is applied in a thin layer, 10 to 15 mm, its use should be limited to structurally sound pavements. The one unresolved engineering issue concerning this technology is the lack of standard mixture design test procedures. Although the current testing procedures have resulted in micro-surfacing systems that have generally provided good performance, there is a need to further refine the existing test procedures and adjust design standards to better reflect the effect of various mixture components. Standard mixture design procedures and State acceptance criteria will further enhance the acceptance of this promising technology by the highway community. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Additives KW - Crushed aggregates KW - Design standards KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Micro-surfacing KW - Mineral fillers KW - Mix design KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rehabilitation KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Skid resistance KW - Test procedures KW - Thin films KW - Thin layers KW - Training KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681882 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS: FHWA LIFE CYCLE COST SYMPOSIUM, WASHINGTON, D.C., DECEMBER 15-16, 1993 PY - 1994/11 SP - 63 p. AB - This report summarizes results and recommendations of the Life Cycle Cost Analysis Symposium which was cosponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). The intent of the symposium was to identify implementation issues and research needs to improve the application of life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for highway project, program, and policy decisions. An important input to the symposium was an AASHTO survey of State LCCA practices. About 70 representatives from Federal and State transportation agencies, universities, consulting firms, and industry organizations attended the symposium. Many specific LCCA issues and research needs were identified at the symposium. Key technical issues included how to establish the appropriate analysis period for LCCA, how to value and properly consider user costs, how to choose the appropriate discount rate, and the relationship between LCCA and other types of economic analysis. Research needs included improved performance models for pavements and bridges, improved methods for estimating user delay costs, improved understanding of the relationship between maintenance and pavement and bridge performance, and synthesis of existing information on discount rates, analysis periods, and general LCCA methods. There was a broad consensus that training and technical assistance on LCCA techniques are needed. Recommendations from this symposium for additional research and technical assistance will be valuable to FHWA as it considers the most effective ways to promote improved application of LCCA in highway investment decisions. Work already is underway to address the most pressing needs that were cited as impediments to broader State implementation of LCCA. KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Highway planning KW - Highway programs KW - Investments KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Policy analysis KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Research KW - Technical assistance KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681875 AU - Gilleran, B F AU - Pates, G AU - Minnesota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLING & WALKING IN THE NINETIES AND BEYOND: APPLYING SCANDINAVIAN EXPERIENCE TO AMERICA'S CHALLENGES PY - 1994/11 SP - 32 p. AB - The Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) has been working with the Finnish National Road Administration (FinnRA) to develop a demonstration "bicycle/pedestrian-friendly city" project in Hutchinson, Minnesota. This project is one example of many types of technology transfer being developed through an agreement between Mn/DOT and FinnRA. The excellent Federal-State partnership that exists between Minnesota and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is the cornerstone of the cooperative effort that has produced a joint international scanning project, using both Federal and State personnel. This joint project has been undertaken to investigate the technologies and practices in place in Scandinavia that have contributed to the extensive integration of pedestrians and bicyclists into the modal mix of their transportation systems in a safe and efficient manner. This report presents the findings of this scanning effort, together with recommendations for the applicability and implementation of successful technologies and policies. The report is organized as follows: Foreword; Executive Summary; Introduction; Denmark (Overview; Pedestrian Accommodation in Copenhagen; Design of Bikeways in Denmark - Philosophy and Implementation; and Bikes on Transit in Copenhagen - A Success Story); Norway (Overview; Accident Experience; and Design Principles); Sweden (Overview; From Left to Right; Removing a Barrier; Current Accident Experience; Countermeasures in Place; Design Standards and Local Autonomy in Sweden; and City of Vasteras); Finland (Overview; Accident Experience; City of Kerava; and Traffic Calming in Kerava); and Recommendations Based Upon Study Findings. KW - Bicycles KW - Bike and ride KW - Bikeways KW - Countermeasures KW - Crashes KW - Denmark KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Finland KW - Foreign KW - Foreign policy KW - Implementation KW - Norway KW - Pedestrians KW - Policy KW - Recommendations KW - Scandinavia KW - Sweden KW - Technology KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic calming KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681865 AU - Davison, R R AU - Bullin, J A AU - Glover, C J AU - Chaffin, J M AU - Peterson, G D AU - Lunsford, K M AU - Lin, M S AU - Liu, M AU - Ferry, M A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION OF AN ASPHALT AGING TEST AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERIOR RECYCLING AGENTS AND ASPHALTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 356 p. AB - This study included an in-depth investigation of asphalt oxidation hardening and accelerated aging tests to simulate asphalt hardening on the road. A very significant finding is that the effect of both temperature and pressure on hardening rates is very asphalt dependent, so that any test run at a single elevated temperature or pressure can be very misleading. Equations are given which express asphalt oxidation as a function of both temperature and pressure which, with sufficient data, permit calculations at ambient conditions. Test section studies indicate that actual road aging is considerably slowed by diffusion resistance. Extensive studies were conducted on compositional effects in recycling. Hardening in asphalt is almost totally due to asphaltene formation. Recycling agents should be asphaltene free and low in saturates. Good mixing rules were developed for asphaltene free agents. In general, asphaltene free agents lowered the blend viscosity more than would normally be predicted from the agent viscosity. Aging studies on recycled material produced good results with some commercial agents as well as with fractions obtained by supercritical fractionation of asphalts. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphaltene KW - Diffusion resistance KW - Equations KW - Fractions KW - Materials selection KW - Oxidation KW - Pressure KW - Recycling KW - Supercritical fractionation KW - Supersonic flow KW - Temperature KW - Test sections KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422620 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681844 AU - Easley, S AU - Dossey, T AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE REMAINING LIFE OF CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 67 p. AB - By presenting a method for estimating the remaining life of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP), this report provides a means for determining the optimum time to overlay such pavements. Previously, determinations of remaining pavement life relied solely on engineering judgment. And while subjective experience can often lead to satisfactory solutions, a standardized procedure -- such as that provided by this study -- will allow more objective assessments and, hence, more uniform results. To develop a new procedure for estimating remaining pavement life, we used a failure prediction model that uses punchouts as the major failure criterion. This model, later calibrated against CRC pavement data by the Center for Transportation Research, can be used to generate a failure curve for a given pavement. The failure curve describes the relationship between punchouts (failures) and equivalent single axle loads (ESALs). If a certain number of failures per mile (FPM) is specified as the indicator for a failed pavement, and if the current number of failures per mile in known, then the number of remaining ESALs the pavement will withstand can be determined from the failure curve. From the number of remaining ESALs, the amount of remaining pavement life can be calculated using an appropriate traffic model. The procedure summarized above was incorporated into the PAVLIF computer program. We used the program to run sample problems involving actual field data; the results from the samples compared favorably with actual observations. In one sample, PAVLIF predicted 6 years of remaining life for a CRC pavement section in Bowie County, Texas. Another study of this same pavement section estimated a remaining life of 7 years, based on an extrapolation of the pavement's actual failure curve. Although PAVLIF produced favorable results for this sample (and for the other samples in this report), the program is calibrated only for certain types of pavement. Further testing and calibration of the program are required to expand its usefulness. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Estimating KW - Failure KW - Failure prediction KW - Field data KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Traffic equivalence factor UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681813 AU - Rogge, D F AU - Hislop, W P AU - Dominick, D AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORATORY STUDY OF HOT IN-PLACE RECYCLING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 194 p. AB - Hot in-place recycling (HIR) is a method for rehabilitation of asphalt pavements. Potential for cost savings and resource preservation are high because existing pavement materials are processed on-site, with only the addition of small amounts of recycling agent. The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) constructed HIR projects in 1992 and 1993. In September 1992, ODOT contracted with Oregon State University (OSU) to evaluate the HIR projects, synthesize existing information on HIR, and develop guidelines for HIR use. This report summarizes the information developed during the study: a) Construction equipment used on ODOT HIR projects is discussed; b) Field data from six HIR projects are presented; c) Results of a limited laboratory investigation of HIR are presented; d) Proper project selection was found to be extremely critical to HIR success - A selection procedure is presented; and e) Based on information from the field studies and a limited laboratory testing program, a recommended mix design procedure is presented. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Conservation KW - Construction equipment KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Resource conservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422595 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681814 AU - Rogge, D F AU - Hislop, W P AU - Dominick, D AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORATORY STUDY OF HOT IN-PLACE RECYCLING OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. VOLUME II: APPENDICES PY - 1994/11 SP - 95 p. AB - Hot in-place recycling (HIR) is a method for rehabilitation of asphalt pavements. Potential for cost savings and resource preservation are high because existing pavement materials are processed on-site, with only the addition of small amounts of recycling agent. The Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) constructed HIR projects in 1992 and 1993. In September 1992, ODOT contracted with Oregon State University (OSU) to evaluate the HIR projects, synthesize existing information on HIR, and develop guidelines for HIR use. This report summarizes the information developed during the study: a) Construction equipment used on ODOT HIR projects is discussed; b) Field data from six HIR projects are presented; c) Results of a limited laboratory investigation of HIR are presented; d) Proper project selection was found to be extremely critical to HIR success - A selection procedure is presented; and e) Based on information from the field studies and a limited laboratory testing program, a recommended mix design procedure is presented. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Conservation KW - Construction equipment KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Recycling KW - Rehabilitation KW - Resource conservation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422596 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680887 AU - Godfrey, S H AU - Long, J P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROL MEASURES DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR TXDOT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 114 p. AB - Achieving the maximum environmental benefits of an entire project's lifetime (planning and design phase, construction and maintenance) has become an important goal for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). With the implementation of the Environmental Protection Agency's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting requirements in 1992, an increased awareness and pro-active stormwater management program has been developed in TxDOT. During the past twenty years, there has been a proliferation of erosion and sediment control products and methods developed by the erosion industry. Industry standards have not kept up with the rapid changes; therefore, education, testing, and applications vary across the country. Designers need to have the appropriate guidance to be able to meet the demands placed on them today. The researchers evaluated the difficulties encountered during the design and selection process for developing stormwater pollution prevention plans (SW3P) and provided guidance in the following areas: erosion and sediment control functions, application areas, nomenclature, steps to select measures, erosion principles, and erosion prediction factors. Design aids developed include the following: PC-based computer program for SW3P reporting and selection procedures and a final report that includes a glossary for cross-referencing other publications and updated VM and K reference tables. KW - Construction sites KW - Drainage KW - Erosion control KW - Pollution control KW - Pollution prevention KW - Sediment control KW - Sediments KW - Storm water management KW - Storms KW - Temporary KW - Water control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422295 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680888 AU - Sharma, S AU - Messer, C J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR RAMP METERING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 38 p. AB - Freeway ramp metering systems are being used to alleviate urban freeway congestion. This report presents a methodology for determining the distance requirements for ramp metering for a wide range of traffic volume and freeway geometric conditions. The distance requirement for ramp metering consists of distance required for queue storage and distance required for the freeway merging operation. A queue storage model has been developed to determine distance required for queue storage. The constant acceleration models of linear motion have been used to determine distance required for the freeway merging operation. A methodology for determining the optimal placement of the ramp meter signal has been presented. Guidelines for effecting a trade-off between queue storage and freeway merging distance requirements have also been presented. A sample problem demonstrates the use of the presented methodology. KW - Distance KW - Freeways KW - Merging traffic KW - Queue storage KW - Ramp meter signal location KW - Ramp metering KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422296 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680884 AU - Venglar, S P AU - Fambro, D B AU - Walters, C H AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL TOOLS FOR EVALUATING OPERATIONS OF LIGHT RAIL AT GRADE WITHIN AN URBAN SIGNAL SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 62 p. AB - As the engineering and planning communities continue their progress toward managed and integrated transportation systems, transit will play an increasing role. Fifteen United States cities have already selected and implemented light rail transit (LRT) as a rail transit alternative. As engineers plan and design new or expanded systems, it is essential that they have at their disposal the techniques and procedures necessary to make decisions for LRT placement, system design, and operations. This report, the fourth and final report for project 0-1278, combines and enhances the information contained in the three interim reports and contains a step-by-step procedure for analyzing LRT at grade crossings and crossing impacts within signalized networks. Based on the proposed system features and location, transportation analysts identify crossing type and environment. They then select a model based on listed criteria, code and calibrate the model to existing conditions or values provided, and perform the analyses. The procedure includes checks for system failures. Finally, analysts assign user costs to the LRT impacts identified and quantified by the procedure, and select the optimum alternatives for LRT operation. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Costs KW - Evaluation KW - Impact studies KW - Light rail transit KW - Light rail transit grade crossings KW - Operations KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Simulation KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - User costs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422292 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680885 AU - Stallard, M AU - Corapcioglu, M Y AU - Beavers, T AU - Beck, B AU - Mehevec, A AU - Tiner, C AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS FROM TXDOT ACTIVITIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 43 p. AB - The process of purchasing, storing, handling and disposal of hazardous waste is demanding. The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) deals with many such compounds every day in performing its duty of maintaining over 70,000 miles of Texas roadway. With the new demands being placed on all users of hazardous materials by the new EPA guidelines, procedures must be enacted to ensure TxDOT's compliance with these ever-changing regulations. The placement of full-time safety and hazardous materials coordinators in each district office will help to ensure that employees follow reporting procedures and use disposal guidelines. This report will discuss these actions and others that might help TxDOT in this task. KW - Compliance KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials coordinators KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Materials management KW - Regulations KW - Regulations (Hazardous materials) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Texas KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency KW - Waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422293 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680881 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF MAINTENANCE TREATMENTS CONSTRUCTED WITH RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP). FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 68 p. AB - In this study, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was blended with recycling emulsions and conventional maintenance mixtures in attempts to improve its field performance as a maintenance mixture. RAP was also mixed with stabilizers and used as a base material in maintenance projects. Several field experiments were constructed throughout the state, and this report documents their performance. In general, most of the field experiments performed well and much better than district personnel anticipated at the onset of the study. It was determined that RAP could be used successfully as a maintenance mix for routine maintenance treatments by cold-mixing the RAP with recycling agents or by blending the RAP with conventional, stockpiled maintenance mixtures. RAP was also used successfully as a stabilized base material on maintenance projects. Results of this study were used to develop "Guidelines on the Use of RAP in Routine Maintenance Activities" as referenced in this report. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Experimental roads KW - Field performance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycled asphalt pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422289 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680882 AU - Pearson, D F AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING DATA. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 122 p. AB - This report documents an overview of the travel surveys done in Texas between 1984 and 1991 relative to the data requirements for development of travel demand models. A comprehensive review and evaluation of the methods and techniques for developing regional and zonal estimates of urban data for use in travel demand models is presented. This review and evaluation includes both theoretical considerations and the methods and techniques in use in urban areas within and outside of Texas. No single method or technique was found to be superior. The techniques in use vary considerably, depending on the urban area's size and complexity. Methods are recommended for the development of regional and zonal level estimates of population, households, employment, household income, and vehicle availability. These methods may not be applicable in all urban areas but may serve as useful guides for the development of local techniques in estimating the input data for travel demand modeling. KW - Data collection KW - Demand KW - Employment KW - Estimating KW - Forecasting KW - Households KW - Income KW - Population KW - Regions KW - Texas KW - Travel demand KW - Travel surveys KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle availability KW - Zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680886 AU - Lee, S W AU - Krammes, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CORRIDOR ANALYSIS GUIDELINES FOR INCIDENT MANAGEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 68 p. AB - This report provides guidelines on corridor-scale analysis using corridor traffic simulation models to evaluate traffic management alternatives for freeway incidents. It focuses on identifying the analysis requirements for corridor traffic management during freeway incidents and offering guidance on how CORFLO, an available corridor traffic simulation model, can be best used to satisfy those requirements. The analysis requirements when developing corridor incident management strategies are described as the concepts, functions, and capabilities of corridor simulation models. A case study is presented to provide an understanding of the corridor-analysis process, to discuss the difficulties involved, and to suggest the necessary precautions to take during analysis. KW - Case studies KW - Freeways KW - Highway corridors KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident management KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422294 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680558 AU - Middendorf, D P AU - Bronzini, M S AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory TI - THE PRODUCTIVITY EFFECTS OF TRUCK SIZE AND WEIGHT POLICIES PY - 1994/11 SP - 79 p. AB - While previous studies have indicated that increases in truck size and weight limits could improve motor carrier productivity, the question of whether or not freight shippers will also benefit has not been adequately addressed. It is generally assumed that competitive conditions in the motor carrier industry will result in cost savings being passed to shippers in the form of lower freight rates. Transportation costs, however, are only one component of shipper total logistics cost. Warehousing cost, inventory holding cost, order processing cost, and other categories of business logistics cost may also change as a result of the less frequent but larger shipments typically associated with the use of longer combination vehicles (LCVs). This study was undertaken to determine the net effect of truck size and weight policy changes on shipper total logistics cost and how these effects might influence the demand for alternative tractor-trailer configurations. KW - Freight rates KW - Freight traffic KW - Longer combination vehicles KW - Motor carriers KW - Rates KW - Regulation KW - Shippers KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic managers KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/pets.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680708 AU - Cooper, C D AU - Keely, D K AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINING CORRECT RVP VALUES FOR USE IN MOBILE5A IN FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 113 p. AB - Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is a measure of the volatility of gasoline. RVP is an input into MOBILE5a that influences the predicted emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. The actual RVP of gasoline varies during the year for several reasons. RVP is limited by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during the summer to 9.0 psi for ozone attainment areas and to 7.8 psi for ozone non-attainment areas. The selection of RVP for use in MOBILE5a to determine emission factors will impact the results of air quality emission and dispersion models. Records of the actual RVPs of gasolines sold in Florida were analyzed statistically using data from the EPA for the summer of 1993 and data from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer services for January 1993. Determination was made of the mean RVPs for summer and winter for the state of Florida. The mean RVPs for summer were 8.2 psi for ozone attainment areas and 7.4 psi for non-attainment areas. The winter mean RVP was 11.9 psi for the entire state. KW - Air quality KW - Carbon monoxide KW - Computer models KW - Emission factors KW - Florida KW - Gasoline KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Nitric oxide KW - Nitrogen oxides KW - Ozone KW - Pollutants KW - Summer KW - Vapor pressure KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422215 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680709 AU - Wayson, R L AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AIR QUALITY MODELING GRAPHICS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 25 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to develop a graphical utility interface (GUI) with the air pollution dispersion models: CALINE3 and CAL3QHC for use at the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). The scope of the project was expanded to include various requirements to allow the GUI to be easier to implement and more user friendly. Graphical input, in the form of a spreadsheet format, is made easy with on-line help, error checking, and color identification. This permits a quick and easy review of the input files. Ease of input, along with plotting capabilities of the modeled highway or intersection, greatly help the air quality analyst to avoid common mistakes during input and permit a quick and easy way to view the geometry of the input. Problems avoided include dealing with fixed field input formats required for FORTRAN input files, incorrect specification of input variables, and incorrect coordinate input data. KW - Air quality KW - Computer models KW - Graphical utility interface KW - Input KW - Spreadsheets UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422216 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680675 AU - Messer, C J AU - Thomadakis, M E AU - Charara, H A AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RAMP ADAPTIVE METERING BOTTLENECK OPTIMIZATION (RAMBO) USER'S MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 65 p. AB - This report is the user's manual for a software package called "RAMBO" (Ramp Adaptive Metering Bottleneck Optimization). RAMBO is the end product of research conducted within SPR research project 1232 entitled "Urban Highway Operations Research and Implementation". It was developed by the Texas Transportation Institute for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) as a practical ramp metering system, primarily for Texas applications. RAMBO consists of two complimentary programs, RAMBO I and RAMBO II. RAMBO I employs interactive graphic screens to assist the traffic engineer in evaluating local ramp traffic conditions. It generates ramp metering plans based on the TxDOT ramp meter specification TxDOT-550-80-950-02 dated December 1991. It also generates Transition Point Patterns for each metering level. RAMBO II is a system ramp metering package that evaluates ramp metering plans based on forecasted traffic conditions along an extended section of freeway containing up to 12 metered entrance ramps and 12 exit ramps. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Computer graphics KW - Computer program documentation KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Interactive graphics KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Ramp metering KW - Software KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422182 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680677 AU - Knowles, W E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION IMPACTS OF HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE FACILITIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 100 p. AB - This report documents the verification and validation of two methods which estimate the potential mobile source emission reduction of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities. A brief overview of HOV mobile source emission evaluation methodologies currently available for use, verification and validation of the San Diego Association of Governments' Transportation Control Measures Tools and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored Systems Applications International (SAI) procedure, the recommended modifications of the SAI procedure to enhance the method's logic, and guidelines for the use of the modified SAI procedure are included in this report. KW - Air quality KW - Bus and high occupancy vehicle facilities KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Pollutants UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422184 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680676 AU - Middleton, D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF SELECTED WARNING DEVICES FOR REDUCING TRUCK SPEEDS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 164 p. AB - Providing effective roadside warning devices for drivers of large trucks is critical on freeway connectors where speeds are relatively high but design speeds may be substantially lower than on mainlanes. Identifying and testing appropriate methods of monitoring traffic on freeway connectors was included in an earlier phase of this research. Two monitoring systems evolved, one using roadway sensors and the other using roadside sensors. Roadway sensors consisted of both piezoelectric and inductive loop sensors, while roadside sensors applied infrared sensor technology. The roadway warning devices tested can be categorized as passive devices and active devices. Passive devices consisted of "truck tipping" warning signs, while the active device consisted of flashing lights mounted one above and one below a set of passive truck tipping signs on both sides of the roadway. Speed reduction, as associated with accident reduction, was the ultimate goal of these tests. The "null hypothesis" tested by ANOVA of no treatment effect in the presence of initial speed was rejected in all but one of four models, using the probability of a Type I error equal to 0.05. Speed reductions due to the active system were significant downstream of the first curve on the connector, suggesting that truck drivers reduced speeds due to the lights, but beyond the desired location. Cumulative speed distributions showed that the fastest trucks decreased their speeds by approximately 3 to 5 km/h (2 to 3 mi/h) during the test period. Five of the single-vehicle truck accidents recorded on the I-610/US-59 connector in an 8 1/2 year period were speed-related, resulting in rollover. None occurred after installation of warning treatments being tested, although there were other prior years before treatment with no recorded accidents. KW - Design speed KW - Flashing lights KW - Flashing traffic signals KW - Freeway connectors KW - Freeways KW - Safety KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks KW - Warning devices KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422183 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676579 AU - Decina, L E AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACQUIRING HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION FROM ABROAD: HANDBOOK PY - 1994/11 SP - 109 p. AB - The objective of this handbook is to provide reference sources for identifying and acquiring foreign and domestic highway transportation information. The handbook identifies the following reference sources: North American highway transportation libraries and information centers; commercial online vendors; databases with highway transportation information coverage; document delivery vendors covering international material; international document delivery vendors; international highway and transportation associations and professional societies; foreign highway and transportation research centers; and foreign highway agencies. KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Documents KW - Foreign KW - Handbooks KW - Highway transportation KW - Information acquisition KW - Information dissemination UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/finalrep.cfm UR - http://www.bts.gov/ntl/DOCS/handbook.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/7000/7900/7968/ahti.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676578 AU - Decina, L E AU - Ketron Division of the Bionetics Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACQUIRING HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION FROM ABROAD: FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 76 p. AB - The objective of the project was to provide suggestions for improving the acquisition and dissemination of transportation information from developed countries. The study included a survey of FHWA staff and other highway professionals, a visit to information database producers in Europe and Japan, an inventory of foreign information sources and document vendors, a citation and document acquisition analysis of databases that contain foreign records, and a final report with recommendations. Study results concluded that the U.S. highway community does not regularly access foreign and domestic online databases; foreign database producers (OECD and ECMT) collect records (in English, French, and German) from approximately 30 advanced countries; research-in-progress information is not consistently included in these databases; Japanese information is not easily accessible in the U.S.; and foreign documents cited in subject databases of NTIS and COMPENDEX can probably be acquired domestically, whereas in TRIS, IRRD, and TRANSDOC, probably only about one-third to one half of the documents cited can be acquired in the U.S. Recommendations include: improving access to information resources by developing a national transportation library system; providing education and training; conducting periodic international conferences for information providers and users; developing a national transportation information link connecting catalogs and databases from different sources; providing better access to translation services and products; and providing resources to TRIS to include foreign-language records and other bibliographic information from abroad. KW - Data collection KW - Databases KW - Documents KW - Foreign KW - Highway transportation KW - Information acquisition KW - Information dissemination KW - Recommendations UR - http://www.bts.gov/ntl/DOCS/finalrep.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6929/finalrep.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421332 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676552 AU - Bligh, R P AU - Ross, H E AU - Bullard, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEST AND EVALUATION OF ARIZONA SLIP-AWAY BASE LUMINAIRE SUPPORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 97 p. AB - A study was undertaken to evaluate the impact performance of the Arizona Department of Transportation's (ADOT's) slip-away base luminaire supports. For purposes of this evaluation, three full-scale crash tests were conducted in accordance with the requirements of NCHRP Report 350. During this test program, ADOT's 13.7-m (45-ft) constant tapered luminaire support was found to exhibit unacceptable impact performance. Although the slip base activated readily and the occupant impact velocity was within recommended limits, a secondary impact of the pole with the roof of the vehicle resulted in substantial deformation of the roof structure. A subsequent test of ADOT's standard 12.2-m (40-ft) luminaire system was judged to be marginally acceptable. Although the luminaire support readily yielded to the vehicle and the occupant risk criteria were well within the recommended limits established by NCHRP Report 350, the test vehicle once again sustained substantial deformation to the roof structure from a secondary impact with the luminaire pole. However, the magnitude and localized extent of the crush was judged to be within acceptable limits based on results of other approved systems. Several candidate systems were identified which provide a mounting height of 13.7 m (45 ft) or greater and which could serve as replacements for ADOT's deficient 13.7-m (45-ft) poles. The most promising of these is a steel 4-bolt slip-base design developed by the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) which has a mounting height of 15.8 m (52 ft) and was successfully crash tested. As an alternative to adopting a new design, it is also recommended that the current design requirements be carefully reviewed and options for reducing the weight of the existing system be considered. Maintenance practices related to slip-bolt torque were also reviewed. Although no specific post-installation inspection procedure for slip-base bolt torques is offered at this time, periodic visual inspections of slip-base poles should be considered to determine if debris, soil, corrosion, erosion, or other hindrances that could compromise proper actuation of the slip-base are present. It was also noted that although proper performance of slip-base supports depends on the clamping force in the slip-base bolts, crash tests and analytical studies indicate that the performance is not overly sensitive to the clamping force. KW - Bolts KW - Breakaway supports KW - Clamps KW - Crashes KW - Height KW - Impact tests KW - Inspection KW - Luminaires KW - Maintenance KW - Mounting KW - Performance evaluations KW - Secondary crashes KW - Structural supports KW - Supports KW - Testing KW - Torque KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421316 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675317 AU - Mantilla, C A AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRIME COAT METHODS AND MATERIALS TO REPLACE CUTBACK ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 156 p. AB - A prime coat is the application of a suitable bituminous binder applied to a non-bituminous granular base as a preliminary treatment before the application of a bituminous surfacing. The purpose of this research is to establish practical applications of successful prime coats to replace cutback asphalt. An investigation was conducted in order to (1) examine the importance of the bond between the base and various types of surface courses, (2) explore materials and construction techniques to improve prime coat performance, (3) evaluate alternative prime materials in the laboratory, and (4) develop specialized test procedures for prime coats. Laboratory tests were developed to (1) measure the penetration of prime materials in a granular base, (2) measure the shear strength of the different alternatives and evaluate the importance of the prime coat in strengthening the interface between the asphalt layer and the granular base layer, and (3) evaluate the benefits of specific construction methods in providing additional stability to the pavement system. Field evaluations of the different alternatives were performed. End-to-end test pavements were constructed using different prime coat products and construction techniques. Construction and early performance of the different alternatives were monitored. KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Bonding KW - Construction management KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Granular bases KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Paving KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance KW - Prime coats KW - Primers (Materials) KW - Shear strength KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675296 AU - Chang, F M AU - Kilgore, R T AU - Woo, D C AU - Mistichelli, M P AU - GKY & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENERGY LOSSES THROUGH JUNCTION MANHOLES, VOLUME II: EXPERIMENTAL DATA. LABORATORY REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 766 p. AB - The objective of this report is to develop and test methodologies for computing energy losses at junction manholes. Laboratory data obtained over a 6-year period at the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Hydraulics Laboratory are analyzed within the framework of three methodologies: the energy grade line, power loss, and neural networks. Descriptions of the methods are presented, along with a statistical analysis comparing the accuracy with which each method computes observed depth in the junction manhole. Volume I provides an overview of the hydraulic conditions at junction manholes and identifies the need to supplement existing data for development of predictive equations for computing energy losses. Also discussed are prior research results, three analytical methods for determining junction losses, and the experimental configurations in the laboratory. This report also provides a detailed analysis and performance comparison of each of the three methodologies analyzed. Guidance is given as to which methodology may be most appropriate in computing the energy losses through a pipe system. Volume II documents the physical and hydraulic data collected for each of the 739 laboratory experiments performed. KW - Data analysis KW - Dissipation KW - Experimental data KW - Hydraulic conditions KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manholes KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Storm sewers KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674294 AU - Goble, G G AU - Aboumatar, H AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS ON PENETROMETERS FOR DETERMINATION OF FOUNDATION DESIGN PARAMETERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 140 p. AB - The historical background of the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is reviewed with particular emphasis of those efforts to make dynamic measurements during the driving operation. The mechanics of one dimensional wave propagation is reviewed with emphasis on those aspects of the theory that applies to SPT operations. During the course of the project it was discovered that the accuracy of measurements produced by available accelerometers was questionable. A major effort was devoted to testing accelerometers in the laboratory and evaluating the results. A wave of mechanics analysis of both the Safety Hammer and the CME Automatic Hammer is presented and shown to agree closely with measurements. The conclusion was reached that the measurement system is now accurate and reasonably reliable. Measurements were made at field sites to evaluate the ability to calculate Wave Equations soil constants. Force and motion was calculated at the sampler from the top measurements. Results are presented for two different conditions. These results must be considered as preliminary, but they offer justification for optimism in the future use of the method. KW - Accelerometers KW - Accuracy KW - Design KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Hammers KW - History KW - One dimensional KW - Reliability KW - Soil penetration test KW - Wave equations KW - Wave motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411913 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674263 AU - Peapully, S AU - Zollinger, D G AU - McCullough, B F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PROCEDURE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF COARSE AGGREGATES BASED ON PROPERTIES AFFECTING PERFORMANCE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 129 p. AB - Coarse aggregate is the major constituent of both Portland cement concrete and asphalt concrete and is therefore widely used for construction purposes. A classification system for coarse aggregates would provide a systematic means for the identification of aggregates which could be used in the selection of aggregates for different construction activities. The objectives of this research were as follows: (1) to characterize the aggregates based on their properties, (2) to develop a framework for an Aggregate Classification System (ACS), (3) to provide the basis for the implementation of ACS, and (4) to recommend test procedures and equipment needed to carry out tests on aggregates as required by the ACS. The classification system is developed in two stages: (1) comprehensive aggregate classification system incorporating all significant aggregate properties affecting pavement performance, and (2) simplified version of the comprehensive aggregate classification system. The ACS is recommended for implementation at three levels: (1) identification of aggregates, (2) simplified aggregate evaluation, and (3) detailed aggregate evaluation to supplement (1) and (2) as needed. This report also discusses the basic tests recommended for aggregate evaluation and lists the required equipment for these tests. Aggregate properties and their respective performance indicators are tabulated. Various areas of further research are identified and recommendations are made for the implementation of the proposed classification system. KW - Aggregate characteristics KW - Aggregate testing KW - Aggregates KW - Classification systems KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Implementation KW - Materials tests KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Properties of materials KW - Recommendations KW - Research KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674189 AU - Carvell, J D AU - Seymour, E J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HARDWARE/SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT/IVHS SYSTEMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 156 p. AB - Traditional contracting and procurement procedures when applied to electronic data communication, computing, and software are not entirely appropriate for Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMSs), particularly if low-bid is the prime consideration for award. Purchasing and procurement legislation for the State of Texas and other states was reviewed to determine applicability in procuring Advanced Traffic Management/Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (ATM/IVHSs). In particular, researchers considered compatibility issues in expanding existing systems. The current Texas Information Resources Act (SB 381), enacted in mid-1994, appears to offer the most flexible mechanism for implementing and expanding these complex systems. Through the catalog purchase procedure, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has the opportunity to more nearly specify the most appropriate traffic management system for a given set of circumstances and to provide for expansion and extension of systems with minimal compatibility problems. National efforts to develop a standard architecture and communications protocol will further enhance the ability to procure compatible system components. TxDOT should continue to monitor and participate in those national development activities. Given the implementation of the Texas Information Resources Act and the anticipation of a national standard architecture and communications protocol, the following recommendations are offered in relation to procurement and expansion of ATM/IVHSs: Utilize catalog or competitive proposal procedures to procure and expand systems; Use new National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) protocol for future traffic controller procurement; Develop, in conjunction with other freeway management states, message structures supported by the National Traffic Control/IVHS Communications Protocol (NTCIP) which accommodate IVHS functionality with devices such as Changeable Message Signs (CMSs), Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), detectors, Lane Control Signals (LCSs), Highway Advisory Radio (HAR), etc.; and Specify, to the extent possible, standard, off-the-shelf hardware for communications and control. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Compatibility KW - Hardware KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legislation KW - Procurement KW - Protocol KW - Purchasing KW - Recommendations KW - Software KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672597 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE USE OF STROBE LIGHTS IN THE RED LENS OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 20 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using strobe lights in the red lens of traffic signals and, if appropriate, to recommend guidelines for their use. Strobe lights are used as a supplement to the red lens to draw the attention of drivers to a traffic signal. The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has 22 intersections with strobe lights in six of its nine districts; this is up from 3 intersections in 1987. Nineteen of these are in the western part of the state, and most have the strobe light in the red signal over the left through lane. The Barlo strobe light, a horizontal bar positioned across the middle of the red lens with about 60 flashes of white light per minute, is used at all 22 intersections. The cost of a red signal head with a Barlo strobe light is about $765. Strobe lights are used by VDOT primarily for (1) areas with a high truck volume and high speed; (2) areas with a high accident rate; (3) areas with road geometrics, especially grades (downgrade), horizontal curves, and other features, that result in limited sight distance; and (4) isolated intersections where a signal is unexpected. Based on the analyses, there was no evidence indicating that strobe lights are consistently effective in reducing accidents. The limitations of the analyses are identified in the study. There is no basis for recommending the use of strobe lights unless there are other bona fide measures of effectiveness that can be used to justify installing them. KW - Alertness KW - Attention KW - Costs KW - Effectiveness KW - Light KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Red lenses KW - Safety KW - Strobe lights KW - Strobes KW - Traffic safety KW - Traffic signals UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/SLR.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/SLR.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6987/95-TAR5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672576 AU - Liu, J-CS AU - Kim, J L AU - Chen, Yao AU - Hao, Y AU - Lee, S W AU - Kim, T AU - Thomadakis, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ADVANCED REAL-TIME RAMP METERING SYSTEM (ARMS): THE SYSTEM CONCEPT PY - 1994/11 SP - 92 p. AB - This research report presents a three-level, highway ramp-metering control scheme. In the first level, ramp controllers distributively compute ramp metering rates based on system-wide information. The system adapts quickly to changing traffic conditions; it is modular and allows scalable and robust implementation. The O-D prediction algorithm is adaptive and very accurate. The second level consists of an optimal, self-learning, congestion predictor algorithm that may predict all short-term traffic flow-breakdowns. The algorithm, using self-learning, utilizes sequences of traffic patterns to improve its prediction accuracy. The third level is a congestion resolution scheme which overcomes many of the drawbacks of existing techniques. It balances the congestion resolution time with the service quality of the surface streets. Simulation results show that application of the three-level control algorithm will improve the freeway and surface street service. KW - Advanced systems KW - Algorithms KW - Forecasting KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Optimization KW - Quality of service KW - Ramp metering KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Simulation KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670412 AU - Tia, M AU - Ruth, B E AU - Huang, S-C AU - Chiu, C-T AU - RICHARDSON, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR DURABILITY OF MODIFIED ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 259 p. AB - A laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of a few promising modifiers on the long-term aging characteristics of typical asphalt cements and asphalt concrete mixtures used in Florida. The seven types of modifiers evaluated in this study include (1) gilsonite, (2) carbon black, (3) fine ground tire rubber (GTR-80), (4) coarse ground tire rubber (GTR-40), (5) styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), (6) ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and (7) styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS). These modifiers were blended with an AC-30, AC-20, and AC-5 to produce various modified asphalts for this study. The results of the study indicate that the addition of modifiers generally reduces the rate of aging of the asphalts. AC-30 asphalt appears to be too hard and AC-5 asphalt appears to be too soft for use in modified asphalts in Florida. A more effective grade of asphalt to be used for this purpose appears to be somewhere in between these two grades. The laboratory aging processes of the TFOR, RTFOT, California tilt over and SHRP PAV appear to simulate the field aging process quite adequately as seen from the similar rheological properties of the aged asphalt binders. The RTFOT is found to be a more severe aging process than the TFOT as seen from the percent penetration retained and absolute viscosity ratio of the aged modified asphalts. The RTFOT is found to be not suitable for use on the coarse ground tire rubber modified asphalts because the modified asphalt binders tend to spill out from the bottle during the RTFOT process. Skin formation tends to occur on the surface of certain modified asphalts during the TFOT process. KW - Acetates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - California tilt oven KW - Carbon black KW - Crumb rubber KW - Durability KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Gilsonite KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modifiers KW - Oven tests KW - Rheological properties KW - Rolling thin film oven test KW - Styrene butadiene rubber KW - Styrene butadiene styrene KW - Styrenes KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411157 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670413 AU - Tia, M AU - Ruth, B E AU - Huang, S-C AU - Chiu, C-T AU - RICHARDSON, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR DURABILITY OF MODIFIED ASPHALT. APPENDICES OF FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/11 SP - 124 p. AB - A laboratory investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of a few promising modifiers on the long-term aging characteristics of typical asphalt cements and asphalt concrete mixtures used in Florida. This volume contains the appendices of the final report, which are as follows: (A) Properties of Marshall Specimens; (B) Results of Consistency and Rheology Tests; (C) Results of Consistency and Rheology Tests After TFOT & RTFOT Aging Process; (D) Results of Mixture Strength Tests; (E) Results of Rheological and Chemical Tests on Recovered Residues; and (F) Relationship between Penetration and Viscosity on Recovered Residues. KW - Acetates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt concrete KW - California tilt oven KW - Carbon black KW - Crumb rubber KW - Durability KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Gilsonite KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modifiers KW - Oven tests KW - Rheological properties KW - Rolling thin film oven test KW - Styrene butadiene rubber KW - Styrene butadiene styrene KW - Styrenes KW - Thin film oven test KW - Thin films KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668965 AU - Stringer, W C AU - Rice, J S AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED TALL FESCUE FOR HIGHWAY CORRIDORS: MORE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS TOLERANCE AND ADAPTABILITY? FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10/30 SP - 18 p. AB - Tall fescue was evaluated as an alternative species to bahiagrass for highway corridor vegetation. It was hypothesized that fungal endophyte-infected tall fescue might possess sufficiently more environmental stress tolerance advantage than non-infected fescue that it might be used instead of bahiagrass over much of the state. Roadside plots were established at three locations along the I-26 corridor from Clinton to Dorchester. Three fescue cultivars, each in endophyte-infected and -free form, were planted in plots on north and south-facing slopes. Establishment and persistence were evaluated by estimating percentage ground cover. Establishment was similar for all experimental entries. Of the four experimental factors, location and slope direction were the most commonly significant factors. Establishment was faster at Clinton than at the Coastal Plain location. Endophyte infection had very little effect on establishment. Within one year of planting, all plantings were about equal in terms of percentage ground cover. Ample rainfall for much of the four years of the study may have prevented the expected advantage of endophyte infected tall fescue from being expressed, by allowing non-infected plants to establish and persist without undue stress. As a result of these experimental conditions and results, the authors cannot recommend that endophyte-infected fescue be planted in preference to any tall fescue variety. Also, fescue showed adequate persistence at all locations. It may be necessary to do additional studies to confidently make recommendations concerning tall fescue in sandy Coastal Plains highway corridors. KW - Grasses KW - Ground cover KW - Highway corridors KW - Roadside KW - Vegetation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410603 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01003881 AU - Raza, Hassan AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Summary Report - 1993 Field Evaluations of SPS-3 and SPS-4 Test Sites PY - 1994/10//Summary Report SP - 14p AB - This report summarizes findings of nationwide field evaluations of preventive maintenance treatment test sites constructed under the Strategic Highway Research Program's (SHRP) specific pavement studies SPS-3 and SPS-4. The flexible pavement treatments (SPS-3) were crack sealing, chip seals, slurry seals, and thin hot mix overlays. The treatments for rigid pavements (SPS-4) consisted of joint/crack sealing, and undersealing. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of treatments on pavement service life, and to develop information on the optimum timing of the application of various treatments. Field evaluations were conducted in 1993 by members of the Highway Operations Expert Task Group (ETG) as part of FHWA's SHRP implementation efforts. In order to facilitate field evaluations the ETG was divided into four groups, each responsible for one SHRP region. Regional reviews ranged from 7 to 10 days each. A total of 87 test sites were reviewed nationwide. Field observations indicate that pavement sections on which preventive maintenance treatments were applied have generally outperformed the sections that received no treatment. In addition, it was noted that the treatments will be more effective if they are applied before significant deterioration has set in. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Crack sealing KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Joint sealing KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Service life KW - Slurry seals KW - Specific Pavement Studies (LTPP) KW - SPS-3 KW - SPS-4 KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Undersealing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/760111 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667747 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Widby, T AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DRIVING FORCES THAT HAVE SHAPED TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 77-85 AB - The practice of travel demand management (TDM) is shaped by several driving forces. These include evolving government regulations, economic forces affecting employers, individual behavior, and the combination of demographics and land use. Each contributes to the strategies that have been tested and applied. Each also contributes to the perception of TDM. Probably the most significant driving force today is the general topic of government regulations. The principal means of government influence on travel demand now include federal and state air quality requirements, local congestion management actions, and federal and state tax rules. Some employers have applied TDM strategies at their own sites in the absence of regulations but have done so for some clear reasons of self-interest. Similarly, most ridesharing and transit occurs because individual riders see self-interest reasons to use those modes. Demographic and land use change have contributed to the demand management field through the increase of women in the work force, the dispersion of home and work locations, and other trends. These driving forces are reviewed in this paper and their implications for TDM are highlighted. Demand management is likened to asset management and comparisons are made with driving forces affecting the transit and highway fields. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Demographics KW - Economic conditions KW - Government regulations KW - Land use KW - Regulations KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412902 ER - TY - SER AN - 00672516 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE APPLICATION OF AN IMPROVED ACCIDENT ANALYSIS METHOD FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY EVALUATIONS PY - 1994/10 SP - 3 p. AB - The evaluation of safety effects for various treatments has long been a subject of controversy within the transportation safety research community. Safety evaluations mostly rely on assessment of accident experience over before-and-after periods. One of the common pitfalls in the assessment methodologies is the failure to account for regression-to-the-mean (r-t-m) bias. In a recent Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) study, a new method, titled Empirical Bayes Estimation of Safety and Transportation (EBEST), was developed for providing a better estimate of the expected accident experience for a treated site, adjusted for any r-t-m bias. With this method, a microcomputer program was developed to allow easy application of the analysis. The study reported here was undertaken to apply the EBEST methodology to actual data from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS). The installation of traffic signal controls at previously unsignalized intersections was selected as the treatment to be evaluated. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bias (Statistics) KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Studies KW - Study methods KW - Traffic signals KW - Treatments KW - Unsignalized intersections UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/94082.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/414823 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00727369 AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPENDIUM OF AVAILABLE BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN TRIP GENERATION DATA IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1994/10 SP - 143 p. AB - The purpose of this project was to gather information to aid in the determination of trip generation rates for various bicycling and walking facilities, such as signed and marked bicycle lanes, wide curb lanes, multi-use paths, and sidewalks. In the current climate of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), States, metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), and localities have more flexibility to plan for and implement bicyclist and pedestrian facilities and related programs. Planners, engineers, researchers, and bicycling/walking advocates thus all have a great need for information related to the use of bicycling and walking facilities. Two primary ways were used to gather information for this report: (1) a selected literature review and (2) contacts with individuals in communities across the United States known to have active bicyclist and pedestrian programs. The data in this report provide the reader with an idea of the levels of bicycling and walking in a broad spectrum of communities and on a variety of facility types. The report is organized in the following chapters: (1) Introduction and Method; (2) Urban Design for Pedestrians and Bicyclists; (3) Exposure, Level of Service, and Other Concepts; (4) Bicycle Trip Counts; (5) Pedestrian Trip Counts; (6) Multi-Use Trails and Paths; (7) Bicycling and Walking Mode Share; and (8) Summary and Conclusions. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Bicycle lanes KW - Bicycle travel KW - Bikeways KW - Case studies KW - Crash exposure KW - Exposure KW - Guides to the literature KW - Level of service KW - Literature reviews KW - Modal split KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrians KW - Sidewalks KW - Traffic counts KW - Trails KW - Trip generation KW - United States KW - Urban design KW - Walking KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/465273 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00713022 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Cynecki, M AU - Fegan, J AU - Gilleran, B AU - Lagerwey, P AU - Tan, C AU - Works, R AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Loyola College, Baltimore TI - SUMMARY REPORT ON FHWA STUDY TOUR FOR PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLIST SAFETY IN ENGLAND, GERMANY, AND THE NETHERLANDS PY - 1994/10 SP - 115 p. AB - This report documents the findings of a United States study team that visited England, The Netherlands, and Germany. The trip was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and conducted on September 3-19, 1993. Certain members of the study team also spent 1 day in Basel, Switzerland, and a limited amount of information is provided from that visit. The purpose of the trip was to learn as much as possible about practices and policies for improving pedestrian and bicyclist safety and promoting use of these modes. Topics covered included roadway facilities, educational and promotional programs, traffic enforcement issues, and relevant pedestrian and bicyclist safety research. Study team members met with local and federal officials, visited pedestrian and bicyclist facilities, and compiled relevant literature and other written documentation. KW - Basel (Switzerland) KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - England KW - Germany KW - Netherlands KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Promotion KW - Research KW - Safety KW - Safety education KW - Safety research KW - Study tours KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.bts.gov/NTL/DOCS/bikeped.html UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6300/6337/bikeped.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/448172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00711665 AU - Istre, M R AU - Marshek, K M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY MOWING PROCEDURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF MOWER THROWN OBJECT ACCIDENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 140 p. AB - Control of roadside vegetation is achieved primarily through mowing operations and the use of herbicides. An unfortunate side effect of mowing operations to manage vegetation growth is the occurrence of mower thrown object (MTO) accidents. The most significant effort to reduce MTO accidents is for mowers to travel opposite traffic flow. A computer database of MTO accidents was developed to determine the effectiveness of mowing against traffic on the severity and frequency of accidents. A detailed analysis of the underlying concepts related to thrown objects and mower direction was performed. Surveillance of mowing operations showed the degree and ease of implementation of mowing against traffic. Modifications to the mowing against traffic requirement are presented along with other recommendations on increasing safety on Texas roadways for both mower operators and motorists and increasing the efficiency of highway mowing. KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Highway safety KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Modifications KW - Mower thrown objects KW - Mowing KW - Mowing against traffic KW - Recommendations KW - Roadside KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Vegetation control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/447702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681916 AU - Chen, D-H AU - Zaman, Musharraf AU - Laguros, J AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COOLING PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT SURFACES PY - 1994/10 SP - 71 p. AB - Cooling properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) are important to transportation agencies and contractors in a surfacing or resurfacing operation. The cooling rate of an HMA overlay dictates how soon a roadway can be opened to traffic without having any potentially serious consequences on the pavement performance. The ease or difficulty of compacting HMA paving mixtures by rolling is influenced by the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the asphalt cement and the temperature of the mix during compaction. Thus, knowing the cooling rate of HMA provides the contractor information such as the extent of time within which breakdown rolling must be completed to ensure quality of the pavement and also when a roadway can be opened to traffic following a surfacing/resurfacing job without any detrimental consequences. A telephone interview was conducted with selected state departments of transportation (DOTs). From the interviews, it became evident that although several DOTs do not specify a certain temperature range, they do suggest, based on their experiences, that it is preferable to open a roadway to traffic when the HMA temperature is below 140 deg F (60 deg C). This temperature is close to the 150 deg F (66 deg C) reported in the Synthesis of Highway Practice by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP). HMA thickness and wind velocity have been rated by the DOTs as the most significant factors that influence the cooling rate of HMA. A finite difference computer code provided in the reference as well as a general purpose finite element program ABAQUS were used to compute the time needed by an HMA layer to cool to 150 deg F (66 deg C). In this work, the time to cool to various given average mat temperatures was computed for various laydown [200-300 deg F (93-149 deg C)] and base temperatures [50-120 deg F (10-49 deg C)]. Some field data were collected from a site on I-35 near its intersection with State Highway 51. The field data compare favorably with data obtained from the numerical model predictions for similar conditions. Therefore, the results reported here can be used, with proper engineering judgement, to determine the time required to open the road to traffic. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cooling KW - Cooling rate KW - Data collection KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Forecasting KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Interviewing KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys KW - Thickness KW - Velocity KW - Wind KW - Wind velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681867 AU - Woods, D L AU - Koniki, L M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZING DETECTOR PLACEMENT FOR HIGH SPEED ISOLATED SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS USING VEHICULAR DELAY AS THE CRITERION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 106 p. AB - On high speed approaches to an isolated intersection, providing for dilemma zone protection may result in sluggish operation and this, in turn, may result in higher delays. A trade-off analysis of detector placement is, therefore, essential for optimization of dilemma zone protection and reducing delays. TEXAS Model (Version 3.2) was employed to determine optimal detector placement strategies on high speed isolated intersections. Traffic volumes varied between 200 vehicles per hour (vph) per approach to 800 vph per approach. Mean speeds of 90 km/h (55 mph), 70 km/h (45 mph), and 55 km/h (35 mph) were simulated. Detector placements were developed for mean as well as for 85th percentile speeds. At approach volumes less than 500 vph per approach (250 vphpl), three detector layouts with the first or innermost detector located between 0 m (0 ft) to 18 m (60 ft) from the stop line, resulted in lower delay, whereas at traffic volumes greater than 500 vph per approach (250 vphpl), three detector layouts, with the first detector between 24 m (80 ft) and 36 m (120 ft) from the stop line, resulted in lower delay. This trend exists for detector layouts for both mean and 85th percentile speed. Statistical analysis shows that there was no significant difference in delays for detector layouts with the first detector between 0 m (0 ft) to 18 m (60 ft) from the stop line within that group. Detector layouts with the first detector placed between 24 m (80 ft) to 36 m (120 ft) from the stop line had no significant difference in delays within this group. Regression analysis performed on delay and cycle length for different detector layouts showed a strong linear relationship between them. At low approach volumes, there was no effect of both mean and 85th percentile speeds on delay, whereas at higher approach volumes, 85th percentile speeds resulted in higher delay. KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Dilemma zone KW - High speed approaches KW - Isolated intersections KW - Location KW - Mean (Statistics) KW - Mean speed KW - Optimization KW - Placement KW - Regression analysis KW - Speed KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal cycle KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00681810 AU - Pearson, D F AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF URBAN TRAVEL SURVEY METHODOLOGIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 166 p. AB - This report documents the evaluation of the methodologies used in the travel surveys done in five urban areas in Texas in 1990 and 1991. Based on those evaluations, specific recommendations are made in the areas of sample size estimation, survey methodologies, data specifications, survey instruments, etc. Surveys evaluated include household surveys, workplace surveys, special generator surveys, external station surveys, and truck surveys. Several travel data gaps are also identified where current survey efforts are not sufficient in terms of providing data for their estimation or modeling. KW - Evaluation KW - Methodology KW - Texas KW - Travel surveys KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422592 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680865 AU - Bass, P AU - Perkinson, D G AU - Keitgen, B AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL FORECASTING GUIDELINES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 312 p. AB - Implementing transportation improvements requires a significant effort that may involve several levels of planning; social, economic and environmental documentation; geometric and structural design; operations analysis; signalized intersection design; and/or pavement design. Accurate and timely traffic estimates and forecasts are basic to the entire transportation planning process and are essential to enable the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to effectively meet the mobility needs of the state. This guide provides an introduction to the transportation planning and travel demand forecasting requirements and establishes the policies, processes and methodologies for developing traffic forecasts for the various stages of TxDOT project development. KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422274 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680867 AU - Henk, R H AU - Morris, D E AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANES IN TEXAS, 1993. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 338 p. AB - This report evaluates the operation of freeway high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes in Texas through calendar year 1993. As of the end of 1993, HOV lanes were in operation on the five following Houston freeways: 1) Katy Freeway (I-10W); 2) North Freeway (I-45N); 3) Northwest Freeway (U.S. 290); 4) Gulf Freeway (I-45S); and 5) Southwest Freeway (U.S. 59S). The only HOV facility in operation in Dallas as of the end of 1993 was on the East R.L. Thornton Freeway (I-30E). This research report provides an analysis of data related to the: 1) operation of the HOV lanes; 2) operation of the freeway mainlanes; 3) combined HOV lane and freeway data; and 4) data relating to transit usage and operations. Both a "before" and "after" trend line analysis (where applicable) and a comparison to control freeways are used as a means of assessing the impacts of the HOV facilities. As of December 1993, 93.5 km (58.1 mi) of barrier-separated HOV facilities were in operation in Houston, while 8.4 km (5.2 mi) were in operation in Dallas. Approximately 78,000 daily person trips are served on the Houston HOV lane system. 64% of total person trips on the Houston HOV lanes are being served by carpools and vanpools, with the remaining 36% being served by buses. The East R.L. Thornton HOV lane in Dallas serves approximately 14,000 daily person trips. 65% of these trips are being served by carpools and vanpools, with the remaining 35% being served by buses. KW - Before and after studies KW - Bus transit KW - Carpools KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Freeway operations KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impact studies KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Public transit KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422276 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00680679 AU - Buffington, J L AU - Chui, M K AU - Memmott, J L AU - Saad, F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHYSICAL AND ACCESS/LOCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REMAINDERS OF PARTIAL TAKINGS SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING RIGHT-OF-WAY COSTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 84 p. AB - Highway right-of-way costs have accelerated in recent years, especially in suburban and urban areas of Texas. Thus, further efforts are being made by Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) officials to find ways to reduce or hold down such costs. One of the efforts helped to enact a new law determining the compensation paid property owners for partial takings of right-of-way for highways. This law, subsequently declared unconstitutional by the Texas Supreme Court, allowed consideration of special or direct benefits arising from the highway improvement in awarding compensation for the taking or assessing damages to the remainder, and it did help to reduce right-of-way costs. The purchase of partial takings can cause some remainders to suffer considerable severance and/or proximity damages. The state only gains title to the partial taking, and the property owner keeps title to the remainder. Although enhancements can offset some of these damages, purchasing agencies are still paying many property owners more than the taking value. Often, small and irregularly shaped remainders are created and damaged to 100% of value (the whole property's value). This study seeks to determine which remainder characteristics significantly affect right-of-way costs. The more specific objectives of the study are to determine (1) the significant remainder property, access, and location characteristics that affect right-of-way costs and (2) the effects of the 1984-87 right-of-way evaluation law on right-of-way costs. A thorough study of the literature; a mail survey of selected right-of-way fee appraisers, TxDOT appraisers, and attorneys on the state attorney general's staff; the preparation and analysis of a sample of old remainder case histories developed by the Texas Transportation Institute and TxDOT during the 1960s; and the collection and analysis of a new sample of remainders created before, during, and after the new law was in effect are all being accomplished under the research plan. The new sample data cover three time periods: 1) January 1, 1974 to October 1, 1984; 2) October 1, 1984 to August 17, 1987; and 3) August 17, 1987 to December 31, 1991. All the work plan has been completed, except for the collection and analysis of the new data base of remainders. The literature survey has helped identify several important remainder characteristics to be tested. A total of 70 out of 91 persons surveyed responded and gave importance scores to a list of remainder characteristics. At least the top 10 or 12 characteristics are being used in the regression models of the two data samples. Lastly, the regression analysis of the sample of old remainder case histories has identified several important characteristics related to the remainder, i.e., size, value, and use of whole property; remainder shape, value total damages paid; and proportion of taking. Researchers expect the analysis of the new database to confirm these findings and yield other characteristics that significantly affect right-of-way cost. KW - Access KW - Appraisals KW - Appraisers KW - Case studies KW - Characteristics KW - Compensation (Law) KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Financial responsibility KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Partial taking KW - Property acquisition KW - Property values KW - Remainders (Property law) KW - Right of way (Land) KW - State laws KW - Surveys KW - Taking (Property) KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/422186 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675419 AU - Yeggoni, M AU - Button, J W AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE ON RUTTING OF HOT MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 147 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the influence of coarse aggregate shape and surface texture on deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete, 2) characterize aggregate elongation, shape, and texture using fractal dimensional analysis, and 3) study the correlation between the physical properties of coarse aggregates and the permanent deformation characteristics of asphalt concrete. In order to study the influence of coarse aggregate type on the properties of asphalt concrete mixture, seven different blends of aggregates of the same gradation were prepared using three types of aggregates: 1) uncrushed river gravel, 2) crushed river gravel, and 3) crushed limestone. These seven aggregate blends were used to prepare specimens for a laboratory testing program. The laboratory investigation was conducted in two phases: 1) an asphalt concrete mixture study and 2) the characterization of coarse aggregate elongation, shape, and surface texture using fractal dimensional analysis. The asphalt concrete mixture analysis focused on evaluating permanent deformation characteristics of mixtures made with different percentages of crushed coarse aggregate. An increase in the percentage of crushed coarse aggregate resulted in increased Hveem and Marshall stability and increased resistance to creep and permanent deformation of hot mix asphalt concrete. Resilient modulus of the specimens was also enhanced by increasing the amount of crushed aggregate in the mix at high temperature (115 deg F (40 deg C)). Fractal dimensional analysis was shown to be a viable technique for characterizing aggregate particle shape and surface texture. Researchers found a direct correlation between permanent deformation of asphalt concrete mixtures and shape characteristics of coarse aggregate particles used in the mixtures. KW - Aggregate blends KW - Aggregate shape KW - Aggregate surface texture KW - Aggregates KW - Aggregates by shape and surface texture KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Creep tests KW - Crushed limestone KW - Crushed river gravel KW - Deformation KW - Fractal dimensional analysis KW - Fractals KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Physical properties KW - Rutting KW - Uncrushed river gravel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675423 AU - Dolan, V AU - Frank, K H AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FAILURE IN BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINT RAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 48 p. AB - Strip seal expansion joint systems are composed of two structural parts; the rail and the concrete deck. Failures of expansion joints can be due to failures of either one of these components or a combination of both. The results of this investigation have indicated that the failure of the expansion joints in McAllen was due to a failure in the concrete part of the system. This failure resulted in unintended loads on the anchorage studs leading to the observed joint failures. Testing of the rail sections, studs and welds showed no predisposition of the rails to failure. The steel makeup and stud welding appeared to be of uniform consistency and acceptable quality. Although failure of the expansion joints expresses itself in the rails and studs, this is a secondary effect which is induced by problems with the concrete placement. Failure of the concrete was due to the lack of complete concrete consolidation under the rail. Incomplete consolidation of the concrete is attributed to several factors including: lack of weep holes, form placement and pouring sequence. Weep holes in the top flange of the rail are necessary to allow for excess air and bleed water to escape from underneath the rail. The holes also act as a method of quality assurance. The presence of concrete in these holes after concrete placement indicates the presence of concrete under the rail. Correct form placement at the ends of the slab is necessary so that concrete is present under the lower lip of the vertical flange. Pouring sequence of the slab is also an important factor to consider when using strip seal expansion joints, especially on sloped bridges. The pouring sequence used on the McAllen bridges was typically downhill. By starting concrete placement at the highest point and proceeding to the lowest there is a possibility that the plastic concrete will flow downhill. This flow will pull concrete away from the inside of the rail and result in detrimental voids. Consideration to the concrete flow problem should be given when deciding on concrete pouring sequences and consolidation practices. Congestion of the slab reinforcement at the rail aggravates proper placement of the concrete. The spacing between the bars should follow the standard practices regarding reinforcing steel spacing. KW - Bridges KW - Concrete placing KW - Expansion joints KW - Failure KW - Form placement KW - Pouring KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675192 AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN HIGHWAY OPERATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 32 p. AB - This report summarizes the main conclusions resulting from the research study. The study provided an effective implementation document, the "Texas Highway Operations Manual", and a coordinated program of highway operations research that has advanced the practice traffic operations in Texas and the United States. KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Manuals KW - Operations research KW - Traffic operations research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675180 AU - Jernigan, J D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR THE DESIGN AND CREATION OF A SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 146 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) required that states develop systems for managing highway pavement, bridges, safety, congestion, public transportation, and intermodal transportation. This document is Virginia's work plan for establishing and implementing the required safety management system (SMS). Although Virginia already has many of the components necessary for an SMS, an inventory and assessment of Virginia's highway safety-related programs revealed five challenges Virginia needs to meet to build its SMS. These challenges are (1) to coordinate and integrate safety efforts more fully; (2) to provide guidelines for the replacement and upgrade of safety hardware, highway elements, and operational features; (3) to increase the sharing of data and the integration of data systems that support transportation safety; (4) to provide for more rigorous evaluation of transportation safety efforts; and (5) to target injury reduction. A schedule of activities needed to implement Virginia's SMS by October 1, 1996, is included. KW - Coordination KW - Data systems KW - Equipment replacement KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Information systems KW - Injuries KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Replacements KW - Safety equipment KW - Safety management KW - System safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Transportation safety KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36917/95-R8.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674254 AU - Teets, M K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY STATISTICS 1993 SN - 0160454263 PY - 1994/10 SP - 300 p. AB - This is an annual report containing analyzed statistical data on motor fuel; motor vehicles; driver licensing; highway-user taxation; State highway finance; highway mileage; Federal aid for highways; highway finance data for municipalities, counties, townships, and other units of local government; and international data. This annual report is for the year 1993. The series has been published since 1945. KW - Annual reports KW - Data collection KW - Driver licensing KW - Federal aid KW - Finance KW - Highway statistics KW - Highway user taxation KW - Highways KW - International KW - Local government KW - Mileage KW - Motor fuels KW - Motor vehicles KW - State highways KW - Statistics UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim/hs93/hs93page.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411869 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674040 AU - Transportation Research Board AU - Federal Transit Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT INNOVATION AND RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM: SETTING A STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE. SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS PY - 1994/10 SP - 150 p. AB - These proceedings summarize the highlights from the Symposium that was held on November 15 and 16, 1993, at the Key Bridge Marriott in Arlington, VA. The Symposium brought together a wide range of individuals from throughout the country to discuss the current status of Travel Demand Management (TDM) activities and to help chart a course to advance the state of TDM practice into the next century. The Symposium proceedings represent the collective experiences of the foremost TDM practitioners and researchers in 1993. The results of the Symposium, as summarized in these proceedings, provide the basis for a vibrant ongoing research program focused on advancing the state of the practice related to TDM planning, implementation, and evaluation. KW - Conferences KW - Development KW - Innovation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411758 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670453 AU - Ho, C L AU - Knutson, R A AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PILOT STUDY OF AN UNSTABLE SLOPE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 75 p. AB - Previously, an Unstable Slope Management System (USMS) had been developed to prioritize the repair of unstable slopes. This report describes the process of implementing and testing the USMS. The original system was comprised of two parts, a database and programs that determined the priority ratings of the slopes. These components of the USMS were modified to create a system that was more user friendly and better able to prevent errors than the original USMS. During the course of the project changes were made as necessary to the programs or databases to correct for errors. Modifications to the USMS included upgrading the software used to create the USMS. The USMS was tested using data on actual slopes having various degrees of active failure located in District 4 of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). District 4 was selected because it exhibits a wide variety of conditions applicable to the USMS. Sites were selected by WSDOT personnel who were familiar with the area. A total of thirty-nine failure sites were identified and entered into the USMS. A parametric study of the results was performed to determine the effect of changing of the weighting factors used. KW - Implementation KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Pilot studies KW - Pilot study KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Software KW - Testing KW - Unstable soil UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/297.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670447 AU - Fitch, G M AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - University of Virginia, Charlottesville AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES IN CREATED WETLANDS. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 8 p. AB - The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) has been using a herbicide in the form of glyphosate for the control of unwanted species in created wetlands. Results with this particular herbicide have been somewhat mixed. It was requested that the Virginia Transportation Research Council investigate other means of invasive species control that are being used or have been found to be effective and new products being developed. This report summarizes those methods of invasive wetland species control that have been researched within the past few years to determine if they could be utilized by VDOT. It was determined that the majority of the invasive species control methods that are not chemical in nature will not be feasible for use by VDOT at its created wetland sites (with the possible exception of pothole blasting with ammonium nitrate). Most of the herbicides reported on have been available and in use for several years. Although this is advantageous in that application methods have been refined, it does not appear that new, more effective chemicals will soon be available. It appears that glyphosate (Rodeo) is still one of the most effective herbicides available for control of invasive species in wetland settings due to its effectiveness on a wide variety of species and its benign effects on the surrounding environment. KW - Effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Glyphosate KW - Herbicides KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Vegetation control KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411191 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670368 AU - Chang, EC-P AU - Messer, C J AU - Wang, S-H AU - Huang, Wei AU - Li, A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERIM PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION ON SYSTEM RAMP CONTROL OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 113 p. AB - Freeway ramp metering systems have been used to improve urban freeway flow. However, control strategies must be properly adjusted to account for ramp queue overflow onto surface streets and to provide equitable on-ramp control during various operating periods. An improved solution can be obtained by optimizing this problem simultaneously for an extended control period (a group of time slices). This study identifies and examines a microcomputer-based optimization scheme that will assist engineers in developing efficient freeway control strategies to enhance the real-time freeway surveillance and control. This programmer's manual basically describes the software design aspects of the proposed freeway ramp metering system. The report documents the various programming issues of the component modules, including the main program, input data processor, graphics user interface, and the optional output interface program using Quattro Pro system. KW - Algorithms KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Microcomputers KW - Optimization KW - Programming manuals KW - Ramp metering KW - Software KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic surveillance KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411109 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668967 AU - Kerr, A D AU - Kwak, S S AU - University of Delaware, Newark AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SEMI-INFINITE PLATE ON THE WINKLER BASE, FREE ALONG THE EDGE, AND SUBJECTED TO A VERTICAL FORCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 16 p. AB - At first, a brief review of published analyses for the floating semi-infinite plate subjected to a vertical force is presented. Then a solution is derived for the case when the plate edge is "free" and the plate is subjected to a concentrated force at any point on the plate. As in the reviewed papers, the analysis is based on the linear bending theory of thin plates. The solution procedure utilizes the closed-form Green's function for the infinite plate, in conjunction with the Fourier integral method. The advantage of the present approach is that the characteristic response of the plate near the load is represented by the closed-form Green's function which contains the proper singularity, whereas the other terms represent the needed correction for satisfying the boundary conditions along the free edge. To study the mechanical features of the problem under consideration, deflection profiles and the bending moment distributions were calculated and are presented as graphs. KW - Bending moments KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Fourier analysis KW - Green's function KW - Linear bending theory KW - Loads KW - Pavement design KW - Plates (Engineering) KW - Semi-infinite plate KW - Structural design KW - Thin plates KW - Vertical loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668916 AU - Jooste, F J AU - Fernando, E G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VICTORIA SUPERHEAVY LOAD MOVE: REPORT ON ROUTE ASSESSMENT AND PAVEMENT MODELING. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1994/10 SP - 86 p. AB - The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has been issuing an increasing number of permits for movement of superheavy loads. The effect of superheavy loads on pavements is not well established at the present time. To address this problem, TxDOT has funded a research project with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) with the objective of developing a procedure to evaluate the potential for pavement damage on a proposed superheavy load route, as well as to determine whether temporary strengthening measures are needed. During the study a number of superheavy loads will be monitored. This report describes the data collection and analysis results for a superheavy load move which took place in Victoria during December, 1992. The move involved the transport of two superheavy loads. A Multi-Depth Deflectometer measured pavement deflection under the superheavy loads. This study used the deflection data to evaluate the applicability of linear elastic layered theory to predict pavement response under the loading. Predicted displacement from the theory compared favorably with corresponding measurements. To evaluate the effects of multiple wheel loads, an analysis was done to establish how predicted pavement response varies with distance from a given load and with different load configurations. The results indicate that stresses based on a single-axle model yield conservative estimates of the potential for pavement damage. This analysis showed that the road had adequate structural capacity to sustain the superheavy loads without developing visible distress. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometers KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Elasticity (Mechanics) KW - Forecasting KW - Linear elastic layered theory KW - Loads KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Multiple wheel loads KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Permits KW - Superheavy load KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410571 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667741 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Tischer, M L AU - Transportation Research Board TI - STATE-OF-THE-PRACTICE, DRIVING FORCES, AND DEMOGRAPHICS. SUMMARY OF SYMPOSIUM RESOURCE PAPERS PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 13-15 AB - This Symposium presentation summarizes the following resource papers: "State-of-Practice of Travel Demand Management" by M.D. Meyer, S. Siwek, and W. Berman; "Demographics and Market Definition" by B. Edmondson; and "Driving Forces That Have Shaped Travel Demand Management" by T. Widby. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Demographics KW - Economic factors KW - Innovation KW - Markets KW - Regulations KW - Research KW - State of the art KW - Strategic planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412896 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00667743 JO - Transportation Research Circular PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Garvey, J F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT INNOVATION AND RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM: SETTING A STRATEGIC AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE, NOVEMBER 15 AND 16, 1993, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA. KEYNOTE SPEECH (GARVEY) PY - 1994/10 IS - 433 SP - p. 27-29 AB - This keynote speech by the Deputy Administrator of the Federal Highway Administration raises points for discussion in the Symposium working groups. Among these are the following: Travel Demand Management (TDM) strategies are an important component in managing the transportation system and will continue to play a critical role in the future. TDM will be an important element of our transportation policy in the future as a result of the federal, state, and local efforts to clean the air, reduce energy use, relieve traffic congestion, and improve mobility. We need to rethink what TDM is and what it can be. TDM should be viewed as more than just a regional ridematching service or a promotional campaign. While these activities are part of TDM, they are certainly not what will sustain it in the future. We know that TDM can have localized impacts and benefits. While the areawide and environmental benefits of TDM are being studied and debated, we should not lose sight of the significant impacts TDM can have on meeting our mobility needs. We need to think of TDM in terms of mobility and what that means to the public, expecially those in economically disadvantaged situations. TDM could be thought of as providing transportation choices as well as tools that help us meet congestion and environmental goals. We need to rethink where the TDM planning, implementation, and evaluation functions are placed within our transportation and environmental institutions. We need to promote and foster public-private partnerships to implement TDM programs. U1 - Travel Demand Management Innovation and Research Symposium: Setting a Strategic Agenda for the FutureTransportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19931115 EndDate:19931116 Sponsors:Transportation Research Board; Federal Transit Administration; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Benefits KW - Conferences KW - Environmental impacts KW - Impacts KW - Innovation KW - Mobility KW - Public private partnerships KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412898 ER -